西

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (西):
* → Japanese: 西(さい) (sai); 西(せい) (sei)
* → Korean: 서(西) (seo)
* → Vietnamese: tây (西)

ja-r

Japanese: 西(シャー) (shā, “west wind (mahjong tile)”)

Pictogram (象形) – a bag or basket, borrowed for phonetic value. Compare 東 (OC *toːŋ, “bundle > east”), 束 and 鹵. Traditionally explained as a pictogram of a bird settling into its nest, which by analogy with the setting of the sun means “west”. This etymology has been disputed (Sears), but Sagart (2004) stands by it.
See also the top component of 票, originally two hands holding an object vaguely similar to a bag, basket or nest.
The word is traditionally reconstructed to have a /*s/-initial in Old Chinese, e.g. /*sɯːl/ in Zhengzhang (2003). However, recent scholarship has suggested that the Old Chinese initial should instead be reconstructed as /*s-nˤ/, one of the reasons being 西 appears to be the phonetic in 迺 (nǎi), the archaic graphic variant of 乃 (OC *nɯːʔ). The new reconstruction, /*s-nˤər/ in Baxter and Sagart (2014), also accounts for how 西 can be the phonetic in 哂 (shěn, “to smile”). For more information, see Sagart (2004), Baxter and Sagart (2014) and Nohara (2018).
In light of the new construction with the initial consonant cluster /*s-nˤ/, the possibilities of the etymology of 西, aside from being cognate with 棲／栖 (qī, “to roost; to rest”) (B-S OC /*s-nˤər/), include:
* Related to Tibetan ནེར་བ (ner ba, “to sink; to fall gradually”) (Unger, 1990).
* Related to Chepang नेलःसा (nelʔ‑, “to go down; to sink”), which may be the same etymon as the Written Tibetan word above (Schuessler, 2007).
* Related to the root 尼 (nǐ, “to stop”) (OC /*nˤərʔ/ for intransitive form, /*nˤərʔ-s/ for transitive form in Baxter and Sagart (2014)).
* Related to Tibetan མནལ (mnal, “sleep”) and Burmese နား (na:, “to rest; to stop for a while”) (Hill, 2019).
* An Austroasiatic nominal n-infix derivative from the root "go down", as in Old Mon cnis (“ghat”) < Old Mon cis (“to go down”) , with Proto-Austroasiatic *tsn- > Proto-Sinitic *sn-. If true, then this etymon literally means "the place where one goes down to" > Mon "ghat" > OC "nest, west" and its base form is 濟 (OC *ʔsliːls) via Austroasiatic (Schuessler, 2007).


魔

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *maːl): phonetic 麻 (OC *mraːl) + semantic 鬼 (“demon”).
Clipping of 魔羅 (MC ma la), from Sanskrit मार (māra, “killing; death; destroyer; demon”). According to Zhengzitong, First attested in 548 October 29, in an epitaph

bor

Suì dēng zhèngjué, shén tōng zìrán. Qúnmó qǐshǒu, líng guàn zhūtiān. Cíbēi wànyǒu, guāngzhào dàqiān.

遂登正覺，神通自然。群魔稽首，靈冠諸天。慈悲萬有，光照大千。

遂登正觉，神通自然。群魔稽首，灵冠诸天。慈悲万有，光照大千。


空

Jingpho language
Proto-Sino-Tibetan language

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs): semantic 穴 (“cave, hole”) + phonetic 工 (OC *koːŋ).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(g/k)uŋ (“hole; orifice; inner part”). 孔 (OC *kʰloːŋʔ, “hole”) is probably the endoactive derivation of 空 (OC *kʰoːŋ, “hollow; empty”) (Schuessler, 2007). Cognate with Tibetan ཁུང (khung, “hole”), Jingpho ladi hku (“nostril”), Chepang घाङ् (gʰaŋ, “hole”), Burmese ခေါင်း (hkaung:, “cavity”), Naxi ko³³ (“cave; hole; pit”) (STEDT). See also 坑 (OC *kʰraːŋ, “pit”) and 肛 (OC *kroːŋ, *qʰroːŋ, “anus”), which may or may not be related.

inh-lite

(Buddhism) sunyata; emptiness; void of the world of the senses


中國

Abhidharmakośakārikā
Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā
Ekottara Āgama

Semantic loan from Sanskrit मध्यदेशे m sg (madhyadeśe, locative, literally “in the Middle Country”) (Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā; see Karashima, 2010) or मध्येषु जनपदेषु m pl (madhyeṣu janapadeṣu, “in [the] central countries”) (Abhidharmakośakārikā); as opposed to the 邊地／边地 (biāndì, “borderlands; frontiers”), from Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit प्रत्यन्तिम (pratyantima) / प्रत्यन्त (pratyanta) or Pali paccantima. Cognate to the Pali majjhimesu janapadesu (locative, literally “in the middlemost countries”) in the text parallel to the Ekottara Āgama in the Pali Canon.

cog

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ kuɛ²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂuŋ²⁴ kuei⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂuŋ²⁴ kuə⁵¹/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³/

/t͡sɵŋ³³ kɔk̚⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kuɛt̚¹/

/tyŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋuɔʔ²⁴/

/tœŋ⁵³³⁻¹³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɒʔ²¹/

/tyøŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²⁴ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɒʔ²/

/tiɔŋ³³ kɔk̚⁵/

/tiɔŋ³³⁻²¹ kɔk̚³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/toŋ³³⁻²³ kok̚²/

/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ koʔ²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ kuɛ²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂuŋ²⁴ kuei⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂuŋ²⁴ kuə⁵¹/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³/

/t͡sɵŋ³³ kɔk̚⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kuɛt̚¹/

/tyŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋuɔʔ²⁴/

/tœŋ⁵³³⁻¹³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɒʔ²¹/

/tyøŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²⁴ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɒʔ²/

/tiɔŋ³³ kɔk̚⁵/

/tiɔŋ³³⁻²¹ kɔk̚³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/toŋ³³⁻²³ kok̚²/

/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ koʔ²¹/

Why is this? The rebirth of a bodhisattva must be in the central regions of a country, his faculties will be sharp and he distinguishes all wise words. He knows well that semantics are the tools of the Buddhadharma, and he knows well śramaṇas, brahmins, and others.

Héyǐ gù? Púsà shòushēng bì zài zhōngguó, lì gēn zhìhuì yáncí biàn le, shàn zhī yǔyì shì fófǎ qì, shàn zhī shāmén, póluómén děng.

何以故？菩薩受生必在中國，利根智慧言詞辯了，善知語義是佛法器，善知沙門、婆羅門等。

何以故？菩萨受生必在中国，利根智慧言词辩了，善知语义是佛法器，善知沙门、婆罗门等。

(Buddhism) "central countries"; lands with advanced civilization and other conditions helpful for teaching Buddhism


乘

Borrowed from Tocharian B klenke (“vehicle”) or Tocharian B klānk, Tocharian A klānk (“to ride, travel (by vehicle)”).

bor

大乘


佛

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (佛):
* → Japanese: 仏(ふつ) (futsu); 仏(ぶつ) (butsu)
* → Korean: 불(佛) (bul)
* → Vietnamese: Phật (佛)

→ Chadong: fut⁸

⇒ Mongolian: ᠪᠤᠷᠬᠠᠨ (burqan) / бурхан (burxan)

desc

→ Vietnamese: Bụt (“Buddha; a wise and kind old man in folklore”)

→ Zhuang: baed

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *bɯd): semantic 亻 (“person”) + phonetic 弗 (OC *pɯd).
Ji (1998v7) considers it likely borrowed from Iranian (compare Sogdian 𐼾𐼴𐽂𐼷 (pwty), 𐫁𐫇𐫤𐫏 (bwty /Pute, Bute, βute/), Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (bwt'), 𐫁𐫇𐫤 (bwt /But/), Parthian 𐫁𐫇𐫎 (bwṯ /But, Butt/)), ultimately from Sanskrit बुद्ध (buddha, “awakened, enlightened”, past passive participle), whence also 佛陀 (MC bjut da), but the Chinese morpheme 佛 is not a direct contraction or clipping of the latter.

der

仏
𰁰
㚕
仸
𠑵
𠇛
𦤲
拂

佛陀

佛教


俗

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ljoɡ): semantic 亻 (“person”) + phonetic 谷 (OC *ɦkroːɡ, *kloːɡ, *ɡ·loːɡ) – customs of people.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *luk (“custom; manner”) (STEDT). Cognate with Tibetan ལུགས (lugs, “tradition; custom”).

cog

(Buddhism) those of the secular world; non-monks


偈

(Buddhism) Short for 偈陀 (jìtuó, “gatha”).


傘

Pictographic (象形) representation of an umbrella.

繖
伞
*繖/𦇕/𰬷
𢄻
仐
𠌂
𠍘
𡙫
𠋔
𠎃
𡙘
𰂝
𧝠


僧

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sɯːŋ): semantic 亻 (“person”) + phonetic 曾 (OC *ʔsɯːŋ, *zɯːŋ) – a kind of person (a Buddhist monk).
Clipping of 僧伽 (MC song gja, “sangha; community of monks, nuns, novices and laity”); see there for more.


內

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (內):
* → Japanese: 内(ない) (nai)
* → Korean: 내(內) (nae)
* → Vietnamese: nội (內)

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 冂 (“city outskirts”) + 入 (“to enter”) – entering the city through its outskirts - inside, within.
Related to 入 (OC *njub, “to enter”); see there for more.

Han compound

內典

内典

內學

内学


剎

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sʰraːd): phonetic 殺 (OC *sreːds, *sreːd) + semantic 刂.
Transcription of the kṣV (क्ष) sequence in various Sanskrit words, probably via Khotanese or Gandhari 𐨐𐨿𐨮 (kṣ /*tʂ(ə), *ʈʂ(ə)/) (Bailey, 1946), including:
* Sanskrit क्षेत्र (kṣetra, “land; place of pilgrimage”) (剎多羅)
* Sanskrit क्षण (kṣaṇa, “instant (in time)”) (剎那)
* Sanskrit क्षेम (kṣema, “residence”) (剎摩)
* Sanskrit क्षत्रिय (kṣatriya, “warrior caste; kshatriya”) (剎怛利耶, 剎帝利, 剎利)

noncog

Clipping of 剎多羅／刹多罗 (chàduōluó).
(Buddhism) land; world; place; area

Clipping of 剎多羅／刹多罗 (chàduōluó).
land; world; place; area

古剎

古刹

(Buddhism) place of pilgrimage; kshetra; Buddhist temple; Buddhist monastery; pagoda

(Buddhism) instant; moment; impermanence

Clipping of 剎那／刹那 (chànà).
instant; moment; impermanence


劫

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (劫):
* → Japanese: 劫(こう) (kō)
* → Korean: 겁(劫) (geop)
* → Vietnamese: kiếp (劫)

→ Vietnamese: cướp

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kab, *kab): phonetic 去 (OC *kʰaʔ, *kʰas) + semantic 力 (“power, force”)
; “(Buddhism) disaster”

Han compound

刧
刦
𠛗
*刼
𠉨
𠞏

(Buddhism) Short for 劫波 (jiébō, “kalpa”).

Short for 劫波 (jiébō, “kalpa”).
extremely long time

(figurative, by extension) disaster; calamity; catastrophe

Short for 劫波 (jiébō, “kalpa”).
disaster; calamity; catastrophe


受

Possibly a ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 爪 (“hand”) + 凡 (“plate”) + 又 (“hand”) – to hand over.
凡 in the middle was corrupted into 舟 (OC *tjɯw), which acted as a phonetic component. Alternatively, the character may have always been a phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *tuːs, *djuʔ): semantic 爪 (“hand”) + phonetic 舟 (OC *tjɯw, “boat”) + semantic 又 (“hand”). The
凡 or 舟 has been simplified to 冖 since the seal script.
; “bottom; uke”


唄

Likely from Sanskrit or via Middle Indo-Aryan. The Yiqiejing Yinyi lists the form 唄匿 (MC baejH nrik), likely related Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit भाणक (bhāṇaka, “chanter; speaker”), from Sanskrit भणति (bhaṇati) and cognate with Pali bhāṇaka (“reciter of the scriptures”); and also the more "orthodox" 婆師 (MC ba srij), likely from भाषते (bhāṣate, “to speak”), compare Gandhari 𐨧𐨮𐨡𐨁 (bhaṣadi, “speaks; to speak”), Sanskrit भाषा (bhāṣā, “speech”). In the Pali parallels, the verb for chanting or reciting a verse (gāthā) is often the cognate bhāsati.
Some older works suggest derivation from Sanskrit पाठ (pāṭha) (e.g. Soothill & Hodous, 1937), but with semantic and phonological difficulties.

cog

(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese, Buddhism) chanting; sound of chanting

(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese, Buddhism) to chant


嘢

The character is found volume 8 of the 40-volume version of the Chinese translation of the Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra.


嚫

(Buddhism) to practise dana; to give alms to monks


塵

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 鹿 (“deer”) + 土 (“soil, dust”) – cloud of dust produced by a (group of) running deer. Ancient simplification of 𪋻, which pictures three deer on top instead of one.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-durl (“dust”). Cognate with Tibetan རྡུལ (rdul, “dust, particle”).

Han compound

Obsolete. 皮 is used for SI prefix pico-.

(Buddhism) this world; mundane world; this mortal life


寺

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (寺):
* → Japanese: 寺(じ) (ji)
* → Korean: 사(寺) (sa)

/t͡siː²²⁻³⁵/

/t͡siː²²⁻³⁵/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ljɯs): phonetic 𡳿 (OC *tjɯ, “to go”) + semantic 又 (“hand”) – to grasp, to hold. Phonetic 𡳿 (之), which represents a footprint pointing up, became 土 or 士 in the clerical script from the late Western Han to the Eastern Han, and semantic 又 become 寸 in Small Seal Script. The derivative 持 (OC *l'ɯ) refers to the original word.
The character was often used in the place of a more specialized form. For example, in the Chu Silk Manuscript (see table above) it clearly stood for 時 (OC *djɯ, “season”).

Han compound

白馬寺／白马寺

少林寺

哲蚌寺


幢

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ɑŋ³⁵/

(Buddhism) stone pillar inscribed with religious writings


度

Originally an ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 石 (“rock”) + 又 (“hand”) — hand measuring a piece of rock. Also a phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声), with 石 (OC *djaɡ) as a phonetic component. 石 is then corrupted into ⿸广廿.
Shuowen considers it to be a phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *daːɡs, *daːɡ): phonetic 庶 (OC *hljaɡs) + semantic 又.
Compare 庶 (OC *hljaɡs) and 席 (OC *ljaːɡ).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-twa (“handspan”). Cognate with Tibetan མཐོ (mtho, “span; span of thumb and middle finger”), Burmese ထွာ (htwa, “to measure by a handspan; a quarter yard”), အထွာ (a.htwa, “handspan; quarter yard”), တွက် (twak, “to consider, to reckon; to calculate; to refuse to do things because others would not”), အတွက် (a.twak, “calculation; because of; for the sake of”). It is unclear whether Proto-Mon-Khmer *cɗaʔ (“span; handspan”) (whence Mon ဍ (daˀ, “to measure by spans of thumb and middle finger”)) is related. Related to 圖 (OC *daː, “to plan; to consider; plan; map”).

och-l

廣度／广度

(Buddhism) to say prayers or perform Buddhist service to release souls from purgatory


庵

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qoːm, *qoːb): semantic 广 (“house”) + phonetic 奄 (OC *qromʔ).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *k-jim ~ k-jum (“house; pit; womb”). Cognate with Tibetan ཁྱིམ (khyim, “house”) and Burmese အိမ် (im, “house”).


念

Characters in the same phonetic series (今) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Shuowen: Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *nɯːms): phonetic 今 (OC *krɯm) + semantic 心 (“heart”).
Alternatively: Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 今 + 心 (see: 張富海：《利用諧聲構擬上古音應該註意的幾個問題》，《出土文獻》，2021年第1期，頁134。)
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-njam. Cognate with Tibetan ཉམ (nyam), ཉམས (nyams, “soul, mind, heart”), སྙམ (snyam, “to think, to feel”) (Quan, 1996). Related to 恁 (OC *njɯm, *njɯmʔ, “to think, to miss”).
Schuessler (2007) notes it may be an area word; compare Khmer ចំណាំ (cɑmnam, “memory; recollection”), Proto-Austronesian *nemnem (“to think”).


惑

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡʷɯːɡ): phonetic 或 (OC *ɡʷɯːɡ) + semantic 心 (“heart”).


想

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (想):
* → Vietnamese: tưởng (想)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *slaŋʔ): phonetic 相 (OC *slaŋ, *slaŋs) + semantic 心 (“heart, mind”) – to think, to consider. The phonetic component has a reference as well to the act of thinking, hence "visualizing" in one's own mind.
From 相 (OC *slaŋ, *slaŋs, “to observe; appearance”) (“appearance > to visualise > to think”).
Cognate to Japhug sɯso (“to think”) and Situ ka-səsō (“to think”) (Zhang, Jacques and Lai 2019 p. 84); from this, one can reconstruct Proto-Sino-Tibetan *saŋ (“to think”).

少年袂曉想，食老毋成樣 / 少年袂晓想，食老毋成样

siàu-liân bē-hiáu siūⁿ, chia̍h-lāu m̄-chiâⁿ-iūⁿ


戒

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 戈 (“halberd”) + 廾 (“hands”) – to hold up a weapon as warning.

Han compound

(Buddhism) rules governing behavior; precepts


根

Monic languages
redundancy (linguistics)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kɯːn): semantic 木 + phonetic 艮 (OC *kɯːns).
Possibly of Austroasiatic origin (Schuessler, 2007). Compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *(d)kər (“tree, plant”) (whence Proto-Vietic *kəl > Vietnamese cây, Muong câl), *d₂gəl ~ d₂g(əə)l (“trunk; stump”) (whence Khmer គល់ (kŭəl, “stump; floating log”), Proto-Monic *t(l)gəl (“stump”)).
Alternatively, Smith (2011) proposes a derivation from 荄 (OC *kɯː, “grassroot”) with redundant nominalizing suffix *-n. See 荄 for more.

Han compound

(Buddhism) indriya; faculty; spiritual faculty


梵

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *bloms, *bum): semantic 林 (“forest”) + phonetic 凡 (OC *bom) – lush. Originally a variant form of 芃 (OC *boːŋ, *bum).
As a word for transcribing Indic languages, the reading 梵 (MC bjomH) probably derives from Gandhari and transcribes the syllables such as bram̄(a), bra(m)m-, etc. (Bailey, 1946) in words like 𐨦𐨿𐨪𐨨𐨸 (bram̄a, “Brahma”), 𐨦𐨿𐨪𐨨𐨞 (bramaṇa, “a brahmin”), and it appears in the classical Chinese lexicon in 梵天 (“Brahma, name of a deity”), 梵志 (“a person dedicated to religion”), 梵行 (“good, pure conduct”), etc. The sense for "Sanskrit" originally refers to its status as a religious language. In modern usage, it is also used to translate various terms in Hinduism, such as Brahman.

Han compound

(Buddhism) to chant sutras; to recite sutras


業

Various explanations exist:
* Pictogram (象形) – a beam from which bells and chimes hang.
* Pictogram (象形) – a person lifting said beam.
* Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 丵 (“chisel”) + 大 (“person; big”) – to launch a great attack.
Up until the Warring States period, the character was written doubled as 𪴨 and sometimes as 𫨱. The latter is a phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声) using 去 (the original form of 盍 (OC *ɡaːb)) as a phonetic component. In bamboo slips the vertical stroke of 丵 extended such that the bottom looks like 木.
; work; achievement
; large; terrific


法

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (法):
* → Japanese: 法(ほう) (hō)
* → Korean: 법(法) (beop)
* → Vietnamese: pháp (法)

→ Proto-Tai

desc

Lao: ແບບ (bǣp, “form; model, standard, example; method; style, manner; brand, type”)

Thai: แบบ (bɛ̀ɛp, “kind; design, pattern; style; type; model”)

→ Khmer: បែប (baep, “kind, sort, model, type; style, form, shape; aspect; method, way, situation, condition”)

→ Vietnamese: phép (“rule, custom, usage, method; permission, authorisation; magical power”)

→ Manchu: ᡶᠠᡶᡠᠨ (fafun, “law; rule; punishment”)

Simplified from earlier 灋, which was originally used to represent 廢 (OC *pads, “to cast aside; to abrogate”).
Sino-Tibetan. Cognate with Tibetan བབས (babs, “shape, form, appearance”), དབྱིབས (dbyibs, “shape, form, figure”), Burmese ပုံ (pum, “shape, form”). Possibly cognate with 凡 (OC *bom, “all, general, every; pattern, general rule”); see there for more.

och-l

法輪

法轮

末法時期

末法时期

(Buddhism) dharma; principle of the universe; teachings of Buddha


洹

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡʷaːn, *ɢʷan): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 亘 (xuān).


生

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 屮 (“bud”) + 一 (“ground”) – sprouting from the ground. A conservative version is 𤯓, which is unrelated to 㞷 (匩 > 匡) and 𡴀 > 丰.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *sreŋ (“to live; to be alive; to give birth; raw; green”). Cognate with Burmese ရှင် (hrang, “to live; alive”), Mizo hring (“to bear; to bring forth; to give birth to; green”).
Schuessler (2007) proposes that Proto-Sino-Tibetan *sriŋ is derived from the root *sri (“to exist”) (whence possibly Chinese 體 (OC *r̥ʰiːʔ, “body; shape; form”)) + *-ŋ (terminative suffix).
Both level tone and falling tone readings are found in Middle Chinese, but the latter has since been lost and is merged into the level-tone reading in modern dialects.
Related to 青 (OC *sʰleːŋ, “blue-green”), 蒼 (OC *sʰaːŋ, *sʰaːŋʔ, “dark blue; deep green”).
Derivatives: 性 (OC *sleŋs, “nature; character; personality; quality”), 姓 (OC *sleŋs, “family name”).
Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese is *sraeng, but it comes from an earlier *srjaeng, as seen in Wang Renxu's edition of the Qieyun.

och-l

GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)

(Buddhism) to go into society; to be reincarnated


痴

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (痴):
* → Japanese: 痴(ち) (chi)
* → Korean: 치(痴) (chi)
* → Vietnamese: si (痴)


眺

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *l̥ʰeːws): semantic 目 (“eye”) + phonetic 兆 (OC *l'ewʔ).

Han compound

(archaic, Buddhism) to examine; to investigate


眾

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (衆 /众):
* → Japanese: 衆(しゅう) (shū)
* → Vietnamese: chúng (眾)

Pictogram (象形): a sun (日) above three humans (㐺) – people gathered or working under the sun.
The top, originally 日 (“sun”) in oracle script has been modified, in bronze script resembling instead a horizontal eye (early form of 目) – reinterpreted as “a crowd under someone’s gaze”, and now resembles 罒.
The bottom, originally three figures (人人人), uses various forms of 人 and 亻, with variation depending on font.
Possibly from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-toŋ (“thousand”) (Peiros and Starostin, 1996; STEDT); if so, cognate with Tibetan སྟོང (stong, “thousand”), Burmese ထောင် (htaung, “thousand”), Drung tu (“thousand”), Nuosu ꄙ (dur, “thousand”).
Alternatively, Schuessler (2007) compares this word with Classical Tibetan [script needed] (yong, “in all, at all times, ever before”) and Tibetan ཡོངས (yongs, “all, whole”).

cog

众
衆
乑
㐺
𥅫
𠱧
𠱦
𠂝


瞋

द्वेष द्वेष#Sanskrit

(Buddhism) anger; hatred (as a translation of Sanskrit द्वेष (dveṣa))


磬

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (磬):
* → Japanese: 磬(きょう) (kyō); 磬(けい) (kei)
* → Korean: 경(磬) (gyeong)
* → Vietnamese: khánh (磬)

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 殸 + 石 (“stone”).

Han compound

(Buddhism) inverted bell (a Buddhist percussion instrument)


禪

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (禪):
* → Japanese: 禅(ぜん) (zen) (see there for further descendants)
* → Korean: 선(禪) (seon)
* → Vietnamese: thiền (禪)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *djan, *djans): semantic 示 + phonetic 單 (OC *taːn, *djan, *djanʔ, *djans).
Pronunciation 1 is short for 禪那, which is a borrowing from Sanskrit ध्यान (dhyāna, “dhyana”).

Han compound

(Buddhism) dhyana; deep meditation; contemplation


纖

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sem): semantic 糸 (“silk”) + phonetic 韱 (OC *sem).


缽

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *poːd): semantic 缶 (“pot”) + phonetic 本 (OC *pɯːnʔ). Originally written as 鉢 (OC *poːd) or 盋 (OC *poːd).
Short for 缽多羅／钵多罗 (bōduōluó), from Sanskrit पात्र (pātra, “(drinking) vessel; bowl; cup; plate; etc.”).


色

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (色):
* → Japanese: 色(しき) (shiki); 色(しょく) (shoku)
* → Korean: 색(色) (saek)
* → Vietnamese: sắc (色)

Burmese language
Japhug language
Mizo language
Proto-Sino-Tibetan language
Shuowen

Characters in the same phonetic series (色) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 爪 (“claw; hand”) + 卩 (“kneeling person”) – complexion.
Shuowen interprets this character as an ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 人 (“person; human”) + 卩 (“etiquette”) – complexion.
Compare 印, 抑.
Sometimes, especially in folk etymology, the character is misinterpreted as a proto-form of 絕. The bottom part of the radical is unrelated to 巴.
Possibly from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *srək (“ashamed; shy”), whence Burmese ရှက် (hrak, “ashamed; shy”), Japhug tɤ-zraʁ (“shame”) (Schuessler, 2007; Jacques, 2015b).
Alternatively, Schuessler (2007) connects this word to Mizo sâr (“prismatic colours seen in the sky in fine weather; to be healthy-looking, ruddy”), which would point to a form *sər-k from which the Old Chinese was derived.
彩 (OC *s.r̥ˤəʔ, “colour”) may be a dialectal variant (Baxter, 1992; Baxter and Sagart, 2014).

cog-lite

色即是空，空即是色。

(Buddhism) rūpa (form; material element; form of existence; etc.)


願

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (願):
* → Japanese: 願(がん) (gan)
* → Korean: 원(願) (won)
* → Vietnamese: nguyện (願)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ŋʷans): phonetic 原 (OC *ŋʷan) + semantic 頁.


葷

(Buddhism) strong-smelling vegetables, such as spring onion, garlic and garlic chives


蓮

→⇒ Old Uyghur: 𐾁𐽶𐽺𐽲𐽳𐽰 (lénhua)

→ Vietnamese: sen

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *renʔ, *reːn): semantic 艹 + phonetic 連 (OC *ren).
Related to 蕑 (OC *kreːn, “lotus seed”) (Schuessler, 2007).


蘊

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *quns): semantic 艸 (“grass”) + phonetic 縕.
Compare 韞／韫 (yùn).


蛻

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g/s-lwat (“free, release, slip, dislocate”) (STEDT).

inh

(Taoism, Buddhism) to die; to ascend; to depart for one's next life


行

Characters in the same phonetic series (行) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Pictogram (象形) – a street intersection.
Originally symmetric, it has been simplified asymmetrically; the left half 彳 (chì) is widely used as a radical, while the right half 亍 (chù) finds occasional use, and the character can be broken up as 彳 + 亍, though originally it was not a compound.


衍

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 行 (“path; way; to go; to move”) + 水 (“water”).


諦

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *teːɡs): semantic 言 + phonetic 帝 (OC *teːɡs).


識

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *tjɯɡs, *hljɯɡ): semantic 言 (“say”) + phonetic 戠 (OC *tjɯɡ).


變

Tai Languages

→ Proto-Southwestern Tai: *pliənᴮ²

Thai: เปลี่ยน (bplìian)

Lao: ປ່ຽນ (pīan)

desc

Lü: ᦵᦔᧃᧈ (ṗen¹)

Lü: ᦵᦔᧃᧈ (ṗen¹)

Tai Dam: ꪜꪸ꪿ꪙ

Shan: ပိၼ်ႇ (pìn)

Tai Nüa: ᥙᥤᥢᥱ (pǐn)

Northern Tai

Zhuang: bienq

Central Tai

Nong Zhuang: byenq, benq

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *prons): phonetic 䜌 (OC *b·roːn, *b·ron, *b·rons) + semantic 攴.
Likely related to 亂 (OC *roːns, “disorder”) (Baxter, 1992). Perhaps related to Tibetan སྤྲུལ་བ (sprul ba, “to transform”) (Shi, 2000) and Burmese ပြောင်း (praung:, “to change”).

改觀

to change appearance, to change one's view

春天後母面，欲變一時間 / 春天后母面，欲变一时间

chhun-thiⁿ āu-bú bīn, beh piàn chi̍t sî-kan

(Buddhism) bianwen (form of narrative literature from the Tang dynasty)


道

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (道):
* → Japanese: 道(どう) (dō)
* → Korean: 도(道) (do)
* → Vietnamese: đạo (道)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *l'uːʔ): semantic 辵 (“walking”) + phonetic 首 (OC *hljuʔ, *hljus).
Possibly derived from 導 (OC *duːs, “to go along, to bring along, to conduct”):
* > "to explain" > "to talk about", and
* > "road, way".
Possibly cognate with Proto-Hmong-Mien *kləuX (“road, way”) (> White Hmong kev (“road”)). See also 首 (OC *hljuʔ, *hljus).

och-l

噵
衜
衟
𡬹
𨔞
𨕐
𨕥
𨖁
𨗓

(Buddhism) the Marga; the Way of bodhi or enlightenment leading to nirvana through spiritual stages


釋

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (釋):
* → Japanese: 釈(しゃく) (shaku)
* → Korean: 석(釋) (seok)
* → Vietnamese: Thích (釋)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *hljaɡ): semantic 釆 (“distinguish”) + phonetic 睪 (OC *neb, *laːɡ, *kuː).
;Buddhist monastic surname
Popularized by Dao'an as a common surname for all Buddhist monastics by taking the first character of Śākyamuni Buddha's transliterated Chinese name, 釋迦牟尼／释迦牟尼 (Shìjiāmóuní).

zh-l

釋迦牟尼／释迦牟尼 (Shìjiāmóuní)

At the beginning of the Wei and Jin, śramaṇas all took their surname from their teachers, and thus their surnames were all different. Dao'an believed that the archetype of all great teachers could not be anyone other than Śākya[muni], and thus gave Shi as their lineage.

Chū Wèi Jìn shāmén yī shī wèi xìng, gù xìng gè bùtóng, Ān yǐwèi dàshī zhī běn, mò zūn Shìjiā, nǎi yǐ Shì mìng shì.

初魏晉沙門依師為姓，故姓各不同，安以為大師之本，莫尊釋迦，乃以釋命氏。

初魏晋沙门依师为姓，故姓各不同，安以为大师之本，莫尊释迦，乃以释命氏。

釋迦牟尼 釋迦牟尼#Chinese

释迦牟尼 释迦牟尼#Chinese

(Buddhism) Short for 釋迦牟尼／释迦牟尼 (Shìjiāmóuní, “Shakyamuni”).


量

Characters in the same phonetic series (量) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Inconclusive. In the oracle bone and bronze scripts, the most common form was 日 (“sun”) + 東 (“bag; east”). Here are a few proposed interpretations as an ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意):
* 日 was sometimes replaced with 田, so Qiu Xigui thinks that it may be the original character of 糧 (OC *raŋ, “grain field”).
* Yu Xingwu interprets it as measuring something under the sun.
* Guo Moruo interprets it as the sun rising in the east – original character of 亮 (OC *raŋs).
* Huang Dekuan suspects the 日 is actually 昜 (OC *laŋ) as the phonetic component.
Shuowen interprets this as a phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *raŋ, *raŋs): phonetic 曏 (OC *qʰjaŋʔ, *qʰjaŋs, *qʰaŋʔ, *qʰaŋs) + semantic 重 (“weight; heavy”).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *k-raŋ (“to count, to measure”) (STEDT under *(g/k)raŋ; Schuessler, 2007). Cognate to Tibetan བགྲང (bgrang, “to count”), Khaling ʾkhran-ne, Burmese ခြင် (hkrang, “to measure capacity”), Nusu xɹɯ³¹ (“to count”).
Pronunciation 2 is possibly a *-s suffixed exopassive derivation of Pronunciation 1; thus it means "what is measured → a measure" and is cognate to Tibetan གྲངས (grangs, “number”) (see also Unger (1983))


釪

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɢʷa): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 于 (OC *ɢʷa).


齋

→ Thai: เจ (jee)

→ Vietnamese: chay

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ʔsriːl): phonetic 齊 (OC *zliːl, *zliːls) + semantic 示 (“god; deity”).

Han compound

(Buddhism, Taoism) religious ceremony (Classifier: 堂 c)


法語

/fä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

(Buddhism) words about Buddhist doctrine


人道

/ʐən³⁵ tɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/t͡siŋ¹³⁻⁴² tɒ¹¹/

/t͡siŋ²⁴⁻⁴² tɒ²¹/

/lin²⁴⁻¹¹ to³³/

/lin²⁴⁻²² to²²/

/lin²⁴⁻²² tɔ²²/

/zin²³⁻³³ tɤ³³/

/d͡zin¹³⁻²² to²²/

/ʐən³⁵ tɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/t͡siŋ¹³⁻⁴² tɒ¹¹/

/t͡siŋ²⁴⁻⁴² tɒ²¹/

/lin²⁴⁻¹¹ to³³/

/lin²⁴⁻²² to²²/

/lin²⁴⁻²² tɔ²²/

/zin²³⁻³³ tɤ³³/

/d͡zin¹³⁻²² to²²/


世界

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (世界):
* → Japanese: 世(せ)界(かい) (sekai)
* → Okinawan: 世(し)界(けー) (shikē)
* → Korean: 세계(世界) (segye)
* → Vietnamese: thế giới (世界)

→ Zhuang: seiqgyaiq

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹/

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹ d͡ʑ̥i̯ɛ¹/

/ʂʐ̩⁴⁴ t͡ɕiə⁴⁴/

/sɐi̯³³ kaːi̯³³/

/sɨ⁵⁵ ki̯e⁵⁵/

/sɨ⁵⁵ ki̯ai̯⁵⁵/

/sie²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ɑi²¹³/

/ɬe⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ai⁴²/

/se²¹⁻⁴² kai²¹/

/se²¹⁻³³ kai²¹/

/se²¹⁻⁴¹ kai²¹/

/se⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kai⁴¹/

/se¹²⁻⁵³ kai¹²/

/se³¹⁻⁵³ kai³¹/

/se¹¹⁻⁵³ kai¹¹/

/se²¹⁻⁵³ kai²¹/

/si²¹⁻⁵³ kai²¹/

/si²¹³⁻⁵⁵ kai²¹³/

/sz̩ʷ⁵² kɑ¹¹/

/ʂʐ̩⁴⁵ kai̯⁴⁵/

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹/

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹ d͡ʑ̥i̯ɛ¹/

/ʂʐ̩⁴⁴ t͡ɕiə⁴⁴/

/sɐi̯³³ kaːi̯³³/

/sɨ⁵⁵ ki̯e⁵⁵/

/sɨ⁵⁵ ki̯ai̯⁵⁵/

/sie²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ɑi²¹³/

/ɬe⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ai⁴²/

/se²¹⁻⁴² kai²¹/

/se²¹⁻³³ kai²¹/

/se²¹⁻⁴¹ kai²¹/

/se⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kai⁴¹/

/se¹²⁻⁵³ kai¹²/

/se³¹⁻⁵³ kai³¹/

/se¹¹⁻⁵³ kai¹¹/

/se²¹⁻⁵³ kai²¹/

/si²¹⁻⁵³ kai²¹/

/si²¹³⁻⁵⁵ kai²¹³/

/sz̩ʷ⁵² kɑ¹¹/

/ʂʐ̩⁴⁵ kai̯⁴⁵/

Coined by Buddhist translators (c. 3rd century) to translate Sanskrit लोकधातु (lokadhātu, “world”). In its original Buddhist sense, the word encompassed a range of spatial meanings from a 小世界 (xiǎo shìjiè, “minor world”) with a single sun and moon to the billion-world 三千大千世界 (sānqiān-dàqiān-shìjiè, “trichiliocosm”). Its modern sense dates from Japanese 世(せ)界(かい) (sekai) re-adaptation of the word in the nineteenth century and it has since largely displaced the classical 天下 (tiānxià, “all-under-Heaven”) in general usage.

All Buddhas, the World-Honored Ones, of the worlds of the Ten Directions, and those of the past, future, and present are also thus.

The Lotus Sutra 《正法華經》, translated by Dharmarakṣa c. 3rd century CE

Shífāng shìjiè zhū fó shìzūn, qù lái xiànzài yì fù rúshì.

十方世界諸佛世尊，去來現在亦復如是。

十方世界诸佛世尊，去来现在亦复如是。


比丘

/pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/

/pei̯³⁵ jɐu̯⁵⁵/

/pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰiu⁴⁴/

/pi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kʰiu³³/

/pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰiu⁴⁴/

/pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰiu⁴⁴/

/pi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kʰiu⁴⁴/

/pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/

/pei̯³⁵ jɐu̯⁵⁵/

/pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰiu⁴⁴/

/pi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kʰiu³³/

/pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰiu⁴⁴/

/pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰiu⁴⁴/

/pi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kʰiu⁴⁴/

Borrowed from Pali bhikkhu. Cognate with Sanskrit भिक्षु (bhikṣu).


和尚

Sino-Xenic (和尚):
* → Japanese: 和(お)尚(しょう) (oshō); 和(か)尚(しょう) (kashō); 和(わ)尚(じょう) (wajō)
* → Korean: 화상(和尙) (hwasang)
* → Vietnamese: hoà thượng (和尚)

→ Tangut: 𗇇𗀒 (*xwa¹ śjow²)

→ Zhuang: hozsiengh

/xɤ³⁵ ʂɑŋ⁵¹/

/xə²⁴ ʂɑŋ⁵¹/

/xuə²⁴ ʂɑŋ⁵¹/

/wɔː²¹ sœːŋ²²⁻³⁵/

/vᵘɔ²² siaŋ³²⁻³²⁵/

/vo⁵⁵ ʃoŋ³³/

/ʋo¹¹ sɔŋ⁵³/

/xuɤ¹¹ sɒ̃⁴⁵/

/hu⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾luɔŋ²⁴²/

/huo⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾luɔŋ²⁴²/

/hɒ¹³⁻⁴² ^((ɬ-))lyɒŋ¹¹/

/hɒ²⁴⁻⁴² ^((ɬ-))lyøŋ²¹/

/he²⁴⁻²² siũ²²/

/he²⁴⁻¹¹ siũ³³/

/he²⁴⁻²² siũ⁴¹/

/hə²⁴⁻¹² siũ²²/

/hə²⁴⁻²² siũ⁴¹/

/hue¹³⁻²² siɔ̃²²/

/hue²⁴⁻³³ siɔ̃³³/

/hue²⁴⁻³³ siũ³³/

/hue²³⁻³³ siũ³³/

/hə²⁴⁻²² siũ³³/

/hue²³⁻²¹ siãu²¹/

/hue⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sĩẽ¹¹/

/hue⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sĩõ¹¹/

/hua⁵⁵⁻¹¹ siaŋ³⁵/

/ɦu²² zɑ̃⁴⁴/

/xɤ³⁵ ʂɑŋ⁵¹/

/xə²⁴ ʂɑŋ⁵¹/

/xuə²⁴ ʂɑŋ⁵¹/

/wɔː²¹ sœːŋ²²⁻³⁵/

/vᵘɔ²² siaŋ³²⁻³²⁵/

/vo⁵⁵ ʃoŋ³³/

/ʋo¹¹ sɔŋ⁵³/

/xuɤ¹¹ sɒ̃⁴⁵/

/hu⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾luɔŋ²⁴²/

/huo⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾luɔŋ²⁴²/

/hɒ¹³⁻⁴² ^((ɬ-))lyɒŋ¹¹/

/hɒ²⁴⁻⁴² ^((ɬ-))lyøŋ²¹/

/he²⁴⁻²² siũ²²/

/he²⁴⁻¹¹ siũ³³/

/he²⁴⁻²² siũ⁴¹/

/hə²⁴⁻¹² siũ²²/

/hə²⁴⁻²² siũ⁴¹/

/hue¹³⁻²² siɔ̃²²/

/hue²⁴⁻³³ siɔ̃³³/

/hue²⁴⁻³³ siũ³³/

/hue²³⁻³³ siũ³³/

/hə²⁴⁻²² siũ³³/

/hue²³⁻²¹ siãu²¹/

/hue⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sĩẽ¹¹/

/hue⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sĩõ¹¹/

/hua⁵⁵⁻¹¹ siaŋ³⁵/

/ɦu²² zɑ̃⁴⁴/

Phono-semantic matching
Yiqiejing yinyi (Xuanying)
zh:慧苑

“Senior monk who holds the precepts-granting ceremony; preceptor” > “high priest; head monk” > “Buddhist monks in general”. First attested in the 3rd–4th centuries CE, as 和上.
Borrowed from Prakrit 𑀉𑀯𑀚𑁆𑀛𑀸𑀅 (uvajjhāa), 𑀉𑀅𑀚𑁆𑀛𑀸𑀅 (uajjhāa), 𑀉𑀚𑁆𑀛𑀸𑀅 (ujjhāa), 𑀑𑀚𑁆𑀛𑀸𑀅 (ŏjjhāa), 𑀑𑀛𑀸𑀅 (ojhāa), 𑀉𑀚𑁆𑀛 (ujjha, “teacher; religious teacher”), all from Sanskrit उपाध्याय (upādhyāya, “teacher; preceptor; spiritual adviser”) (Chu, 2002). The use of 上 (MC dzyangH) or 尚 (MC dzyangH) to render Prakrit jjhāa /d̚d͡ʑʱɑː.ɐ/ was probably influenced by:
# The weakening of the nasal –ŋ coda in the ancient northwestern dialect of Middle Chinese, and
# The use of phono-semantic matching in transcription, with 尚 taken to mean “noble; virtuous; to revere” (idem).
Compare Gandhari 𐨀𐨂𐨬𐨗𐨸𐨩 (uvaj̄aya, “teacher”), Pali upajjhāya, upajjhā, upajjha (“spiritual teacher or preceptor”), Hindi ओझा (ojhā, “exorcist”), Sindhi واڍو / वाढो (vāḍho, “carpenter”), Assamese ওজা (üza, “one well-versed in any art; teacher; sorcerer”), Bengali ওঝা (ōjha, “snake-charmer; exorcist”), Odia ଓଝା (ojhā, “teacher; one who cures snake-bites; wizard; exorcist; title of blacksmiths and carpenters”), Malayalam വാധ്യായൻ (vādhyāyaṉ, “teacher; family priest”), Tamil வாத்தியார் (vāttiyār, “teacher; family priest; one who trains actors and dancers”).
Alternative theories, such as those put forth by Tang Dynasty monks Xuanying and Huiyuan, hypothesise that this was borrowed from Khotanese or language of the Shule Kingdom, but these appear less likely.

cog

和尙
和上
和闍
和社
鶻社
殟社
烏社

(Buddhism) preceptor; high priest; head monk


菩薩

→ Peranakan Indonesian: powsat

→ Manchu: ᡦᡠᠰᠠ (pusa)

Short for 菩提薩埵／菩提萨埵 (pútísàduǒ), itself from Sanskrit बोधिसत्त्व (bodhi-sattva, “enlightened existence”) or Pali bodhisatta. Later semantically extended to refer to a particularly virtuous person. (Dassanayake (2021))

bor

/pʰu³⁵ sä⁵¹/

/pʰᵘɔ²² ɬat̚³³/

/pu⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɑʔ²⁴/

/pʰɔ²⁴⁻²² sat̚³²/

/pʰɔ²⁴⁻²² sat̚⁵/

/pʰɔ¹³⁻²² sat̚³²/

/pʰɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ sat̚³²/

/pʰɔ²³⁻³³ sat̚³²/

/pʰu⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sak̚²/

/bu¹¹ sɑʔ⁵³/

/pʰu¹³ sa̠²⁴/

/pʰu³⁵ sä⁵¹/

/pʰᵘɔ²² ɬat̚³³/

/pu⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɑʔ²⁴/

/pʰɔ²⁴⁻²² sat̚³²/

/pʰɔ²⁴⁻²² sat̚⁵/

/pʰɔ¹³⁻²² sat̚³²/

/pʰɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ sat̚³²/

/pʰɔ²³⁻³³ sat̚³²/

/pʰu⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sak̚²/

/bu¹¹ sɑʔ⁵³/

/pʰu¹³ sa̠²⁴/


摩訶薩埵

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (摩訶薩埵):
* → Japanese: 摩(ま)訶(か)薩(さっ)埵(た) (makasatta)

ㄇㄛˊ ㄏㄜ ㄙㄚˋ ㄉㄨㄛˇ

ㄇㄛˊ ㄏㄜ ㄙㄚˋ ㄉㄨㄛˇ

/mu̯ɔ³⁵ xɤ⁵⁵ sä⁵¹ tu̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mɔː⁵⁵ hɔː⁵⁵ saːt̚³ tɔː³⁵/

/mu̯ɔ³⁵ xɤ⁵⁵ sä⁵¹ tu̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mɔː⁵⁵ hɔː⁵⁵ saːt̚³ tɔː³⁵/

Borrowed from Sanskrit महासत्त्व (mahāsattva, “great creature; great being”).

bor

(Buddhism) mahasattva, a "great bodhisattva", one explicitly defined by their devotion to bodhicitta


不可思議

ㄅㄨˋ ㄎㄜˇ ㄙ ㄧˋ

ㄅㄨˋ ㄎㄜˇ ㄙ ㄧˋ

/pu⁵¹ kʰɤ²¹⁴⁻²¹ sz̩⁵⁵ i⁵¹/

/pɐt̚⁵ hɔː³⁵ siː⁵⁵ jiː¹³/

/put̚³²⁻⁴ kʰo⁵³⁻⁴⁴ su⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡi³³/

/put̚³²⁻⁴ kʰɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ su⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡi³³/

/puk̚²⁻⁴ kʰo⁵²⁻³⁵ sɯ³³⁻²³ ŋi⁵²/

/pəʔ³³ kʰu⁵⁵ sz̩³³ n̠ʲi²¹/

/pu⁵¹ kʰɤ²¹⁴⁻²¹ sz̩⁵⁵ i⁵¹/

/pɐt̚⁵ hɔː³⁵ siː⁵⁵ jiː¹³/

/put̚³²⁻⁴ kʰo⁵³⁻⁴⁴ su⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡi³³/

/put̚³²⁻⁴ kʰɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ su⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡi³³/

/puk̚²⁻⁴ kʰo⁵²⁻³⁵ sɯ³³⁻²³ ŋi⁵²/

/pəʔ³³ kʰu⁵⁵ sz̩³³ n̠ʲi²¹/

Calque of Sanskrit अचिन्त्य (acintya, “inconceivable”) or calque of Pali acinteyya (“imponderable”).

cal

(Buddhism) incomprehensible by the human mind


那由他

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (那由他):
* → Japanese: 那(な)由(ゆ)他(た) (nayuta)
* → Korean: 나유타(那由他) (nayuta)

/nä⁵¹ joʊ̯³⁵ tʰä⁵⁵/

/nä⁵¹ joʊ̯³⁵ tʰä⁵⁵/

Borrowed from Sanskrit नयुत (nayuta, “myriad”), by Buddhist translators in the 4th century.

(Buddhism, historical) extremely large number, usually interpreted as the number 10²⁸


阿僧祇

/ˀä⁵⁵ sɤŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/ˀä⁵⁵ sɤŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

Borrowed from Sanskrit असङ्ख्येय (asaṅkhyeya, “innumerable”).


阿僧祇

/ˀä⁵⁵ sɤŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/ˀä⁵⁵ sɤŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

(Buddhism) asaṃkhyeya, the number 10⁵⁶ or 10^(7×2103)


法王

ja-r

法王(ほうおう) (hōō)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (法王):
* → Japanese: 法王(ほうおう) (hōō)
* → Korean: 법왕(法王) (beobwang)
* → Vietnamese: pháp vương (法王)

/fä²¹⁴⁻²¹ wɑŋ³⁵/

/faːt̚³ wɔːŋ²¹/

/fä²¹⁴⁻²¹ wɑŋ³⁵/

/faːt̚³ wɔːŋ²¹/

Calque of Sanskrit धर्मराज (dharmarāja).

All Buddhas, the dharma-kings, will protect this bodhisattva-mahasattva.

Zhū fó fǎwáng, jiē xī shǒuhù cǐ púsà móhēsà.

諸佛法王，皆悉守護此菩薩摩訶薩。

诸佛法王，皆悉守护此菩萨摩诃萨。

(Buddhism) dharma-king, an epithet for a Buddha


畜生

Sino-Xenic (畜生):
* → Japanese: 畜生(ちくしょう) (chikushō)
* → Korean: 축생(畜生) (chuksaeng)
* → Vietnamese: súc sinh (畜生), súc sanh (畜生)

/ʈ͡ʂʰu⁵¹ ʂɤŋ¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu⁵¹ ʂɤ̃ɻ¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu⁵¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰʊk̚⁵ saːŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰʊk̚⁵ sɐŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ sẽ⁴⁴/

/tʰiɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ sŋ̍³³/

/tʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ sĩ⁴⁴/

/tʰiɔk̚³²⁻⁴ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/hiɔk̚³²⁻⁵ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/tʰiok̚²⁻⁴ sẽ³³/

/t͡sʰoʔ³³ sɑ̃⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu⁵¹ ʂɤŋ¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu⁵¹ ʂɤ̃ɻ¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu⁵¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰʊk̚⁵ saːŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰʊk̚⁵ sɐŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ sẽ⁴⁴/

/tʰiɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ sŋ̍³³/

/tʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ sĩ⁴⁴/

/tʰiɔk̚³²⁻⁴ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/hiɔk̚³²⁻⁵ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/tʰiok̚²⁻⁴ sẽ³³/

/t͡sʰoʔ³³ sɑ̃⁴⁴/

Book of Sui
Han Feizi (book)
Six Dynasties

First attested in Han Feizi (circa 2nd century BC). The expletive sense was attested in the Book of Sui (7th century AD). Influenced, through Buddhism, by Sanskrit तिर्यग्योनि (tiryagyoni, “animal creation”) and Pali tiracchānayoni (“the realm of the brute creation”) during the Six Dynasties times, as this word was used as a translation of the Sanskrit and Pali terms. Compare 牲畜 (shēngchù).

der

(Buddhism) a beast: a generic term for animals, birds, fish and insects, as the reincarnated form of one who had bad karma in a previous life


獅子

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (獅子):
* → Japanese: 獅子(しし) (shishi)
* → Korean: 사자(獅子) (saja)
* → Vietnamese: sư tử (獅子)

→ Bouyei: siyzij

→ English: Shih Tzu

ja-r

シーズー (shīzū)

→ Japanese: シーズー (shīzū)

→ Zhuang: saeceij

/ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ d͡z̥z̩²/

/sz̩⁵⁵ t͡sz̩⁵³/

/sz̩²⁴ t͡sz̩²⁴/

/siː⁵⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

/sz̩¹¹ t͡səʔ²/

/sai⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡su⁵³/

/sai⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡su⁴¹/

/sz̩⁵⁵ t͡sz̩²¹/

/sz̩⁴⁴⁵ t͡sz̩³/

/ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ d͡z̥z̩²/

/sz̩⁵⁵ t͡sz̩⁵³/

/sz̩²⁴ t͡sz̩²⁴/

/siː⁵⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

/sz̩¹¹ t͡səʔ²/

/sai⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡su⁵³/

/sai⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡su⁴¹/

/sz̩⁵⁵ t͡sz̩²¹/

/sz̩⁴⁴⁵ t͡sz̩³/

獅子吼／狮子吼

獅子座／狮子座


律師

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (律師):
* → Japanese: 律(りっ)師(し) (risshi)
* → Korean: 율사(律師) (yulsa)
* → Vietnamese: luật sư (律師)

→ Zhuang: lizswh

/ly⁵¹ ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/

/lɵt̚² siː⁵⁵/

/lɵt̚³² ɬu³³/

/lyəʔ²⁻⁵⁴ sz̩¹¹/

/l̃uʔ⁵⁻⁵⁵ sy⁵⁵/

/lɔʔ⁴⁻²¹ ɬo⁵³³/

/luoʔ⁴⁻² ɬo⁵⁴⁴/

/lut̚¹²¹⁻²¹ su⁴⁴/

/lut̚⁴⁻³² su⁴⁴/

/lut̚²⁴⁻² sɯ³³/

/lut̚³⁵⁻² sɨ³³/

/lut̚²⁴⁻² si³³/

/luk̚⁴⁻² sɯ³³/

/luʔ⁴⁻² sɯ³³/

/liɪʔ¹¹ sz̩²³/

/liɪʔ²² sz̩⁵¹/

/ly⁵¹ ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/

/lɵt̚² siː⁵⁵/

/lɵt̚³² ɬu³³/

/lyəʔ²⁻⁵⁴ sz̩¹¹/

/l̃uʔ⁵⁻⁵⁵ sy⁵⁵/

/lɔʔ⁴⁻²¹ ɬo⁵³³/

/luoʔ⁴⁻² ɬo⁵⁴⁴/

/lut̚¹²¹⁻²¹ su⁴⁴/

/lut̚⁴⁻³² su⁴⁴/

/lut̚²⁴⁻² sɯ³³/

/lut̚³⁵⁻² sɨ³³/

/lut̚²⁴⁻² si³³/

/luk̚⁴⁻² sɯ³³/

/luʔ⁴⁻² sɯ³³/

/liɪʔ¹¹ sz̩²³/

/liɪʔ²² sz̩⁵¹/

(Buddhism) people who understand religious discipline


地藏王菩薩

ㄉㄧˋ ㄗㄤˋ ㄨㄤˊ ㄆㄨˊ ㄙㄚˋ

ㄉㄧˋ ㄗㄤˋ ㄨㄤˊ ㄆㄨˊ ㄙㄚˋ

ㄉㄧˋ ㄗㄤˋ ㄨㄤˊ ㄆㄨˊ ˙ㄙㄚ

Дицзанван Пуса

/ti⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡sɑŋ⁵¹ wɑŋ³⁵ pʰu³⁵ sä⁵¹/

/ti⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡sɑŋ⁵¹ wɑŋ³⁵ pʰu³⁵ sä³/

/te³³⁻²¹ t͡sɔŋ²³⁻³³ ɔŋ²³⁻³³ pʰɔ²³⁻³³ sat̚³²/

/te³³⁻¹¹ t͡sɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ pʰɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ sat̚³²/

/tue³³⁻¹¹ t͡sɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ pʰɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ sat̚³²/

/ti⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡sɑŋ⁵¹ wɑŋ³⁵ pʰu³⁵ sä⁵¹/

/ti⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡sɑŋ⁵¹ wɑŋ³⁵ pʰu³⁵ sä³/

地藏菩薩 地藏菩薩#Chinese

地藏菩萨 地藏菩萨#Chinese

(Buddhism) Alternative name for 地藏菩薩／地藏菩萨 (Dìzàng Púsà).


般若波羅蜜多心經

ㄅㄛ ㄖㄜˇ ㄅㄛ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄇㄧˋ ㄉㄨㄛ ㄒㄧㄣ ㄐㄧㄥ

ㄅㄛ ㄖㄜˇ ㄅㄛ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄇㄧˋ ㄉㄨㄛ ㄒㄧㄣ ㄐㄧㄥ

Божэ Боломидо Синьцзин

/pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ ʐɤ²¹⁴⁻²¹ pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ mi⁵¹ tu̯ɔ⁵⁵ ɕin⁵⁵ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/pɔː⁵⁵ jɛː¹³ pɔː⁵⁵ lɔː²¹ mɐt̚² tɔː⁵⁵ sɐm⁵⁵ kɪŋ⁵⁵/


無常

/u³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵/

/mou̯²¹ sœːŋ²¹/

/vu¹¹ t͡sʰɒ̃¹¹/

/bu²⁴⁻²² siɔŋ²⁴/

/bu²⁴⁻¹¹ siɔŋ²⁴/

/bu²³⁻³³ siɔŋ²³/

/bu¹³⁻²² siaŋ¹³/

/u³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵/

/mou̯²¹ sœːŋ²¹/

/vu¹¹ t͡sʰɒ̃¹¹/

/bu²⁴⁻²² siɔŋ²⁴/

/bu²⁴⁻¹¹ siɔŋ²⁴/

/bu²³⁻³³ siɔŋ²³/

/bu¹³⁻²² siaŋ¹³/


阿羅漢

Sino-Xenic (阿羅漢):
* → Japanese: 阿(あ)羅(ら)漢(かん) (arakan)
* → Korean: 아라한(阿羅漢) (arahan)
* → Vietnamese: A-la-hán (阿羅漢)

/ˀä⁵⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ xän⁵¹/

/aː³³ lɔː²¹ hɔːn³³/

/ˀä⁵⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ xän⁵¹/

/aː³³ lɔː²¹ hɔːn³³/

Phonetic borrowing from Pali arahant, ultimately from Sanskrit अर्हत् (árhat, “worthy of worship”).

der

(Buddhism) arhat (saint of one of the higher ranks)


觀自在菩薩

ja-r

^かん%じ%ざい ^ぼ%さつ

desc

^관자재보살(觀自在菩薩)

CJKV/code

^かん%じ%ざい ^ぼ%さつ

Sino-Xenic (觀自在菩薩):
* → Japanese: 観(かん)自(じ)在(ざい)菩(ぼ)薩(さつ) (Kanjizai Bosatsu)
* → Korean: 관자재보살(觀自在菩薩) (Gwanjajaebosal)
* → Vietnamese: Quán Tự Tại Bồ Tát (觀自在菩薩)

CJKV

^かん%じ%ざい ^ぼ%さつ

ㄍㄨㄢ ㄗˋ ㄗㄞˋ ㄆㄨˊ ㄙㄚˋ

ㄍㄨㄢ ㄗˋ ㄗㄞˋ ㄆㄨˊ ㄙㄚˋ

Гуаньцзыцзай Пуса

/ku̯än⁵⁵ t͡sz̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡saɪ̯⁵¹ pʰu³⁵ sä⁵¹/

/kuːn⁵⁵ t͡siː²² t͡sɔːi̯²² pʰou̯²¹ saːt̚³/

Version preferred by Xuanzang and used in his translations, most notably in the Heart Sutra.


我慢

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (我慢):
* → Japanese: 我(が)慢(まん) (gaman, “arrogant”)
* → Korean: 아만(我慢) (aman)

/wɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ män⁵¹/

/ŋɔː¹³ maːn²²/

/wɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ män⁵¹/

/ŋɔː¹³ maːn²²/


齋月

/ʈ͡ʂaɪ̯⁵⁵ ɥɛ⁵¹/

/t͡sai̯²⁴⁻¹¹ ŋi̯et̚⁵/

/t͡sai̯²⁴⁻¹¹ ŋi̯at̚⁵/

/t͡sai⁴⁴⁻²² ɡeʔ⁴/

/t͡sai³³ ɡəʔ²⁴/

/t͡sai⁴⁴⁻²² ɡueʔ¹²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂaɪ̯⁵⁵ ɥɛ⁵¹/

/t͡sai̯²⁴⁻¹¹ ŋi̯et̚⁵/

/t͡sai̯²⁴⁻¹¹ ŋi̯at̚⁵/

/t͡sai⁴⁴⁻²² ɡeʔ⁴/

/t͡sai³³ ɡəʔ²⁴/

/t͡sai⁴⁴⁻²² ɡueʔ¹²¹/

(Buddhism) three months of abstinence (first, fifth and ninth months)


阿修羅

/ˀä⁵⁵ ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵/

/aː³³ sɐu̯⁵⁵ lɔː²¹/

/ˀä⁵⁵ ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵/

/aː³³ sɐu̯⁵⁵ lɔː²¹/


天花

Sino-Xenic (天花):
* → Japanese: 天花(てんか) (tenka)
* → Korean: 천화(天花) (cheonhwa)
* → Vietnamese: thiên hoa (天花)

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵⁵/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ xu̯ɑɻ⁵⁵/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ faː⁵⁵/

/tʰi̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ fa²⁴/

/tʰieŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua⁵⁵/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ hua⁴⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² hua⁴⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ hue⁴⁴/

/tʰiaŋ³³⁻²³ hue³³/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵⁵/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ xu̯ɑɻ⁵⁵/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ faː⁵⁵/

/tʰi̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ fa²⁴/

/tʰieŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua⁵⁵/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ hua⁴⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² hua⁴⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ hue⁴⁴/

/tʰiaŋ³³⁻²³ hue³³/

Originally the Chinese translation of several Sanskrit and Pali words, including Sanskrit खपुष्प (khapuṣpa, “flower in the sky”), as well as several plant names, such as Sanskrit दिव्यपुष्प (divyapuṣpa, “oleander [heaven-flower]”) / Pali devapuppha, and Sanskrit शालपुष्प (śālapuṣpa, “confederate rose [house-flower]”).
The development from “heaven-flower” (or other interpretations of the combination) to “smallpox” is unknown. It may be due to the shape resemblance of smallpox pustules to the divine flowers in Buddhism. Compare Tibetan ལྷ་འབྲུམ (lha 'brum, “smallpox [deva-pustule]”), མེ་ཏོག (me tog, “flower; (dialectal) smallpox”), and Mongolian ᠰᠠᠯᠬᠢᠨ
ᠴᠡᠴᠡᠭ (salkin čečeg) / салхин цэцэг (salxin ceceg, “smallpox; chickenpox [wind-flower]”).

cog

ᠰᠠᠯᠬᠢᠨ ᠴᠡᠴᠡᠭ

(Buddhism) flower of the sky; divine flower, stated in the Lotus Sutra as of four kinds, two white and two red


方便

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (方便):
* → Japanese: 方便(ほうべん) (hōben)
* → Korean: 방편(方便) (bangpyeon)
* → Vietnamese: phương tiện (方便)

→ Zhuang: fuengbienh

/fɑŋ⁵⁵ pi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/fɑŋ⁵⁵ b̥i̯ɛn²/

/fɑŋ²⁴ piæ̃²⁴/

/fɔːŋ⁵⁵ piːn²²/

/fɔŋ³³ pen³²/

/ˈfɔŋ⁴² pʰiɛn¹¹/

/foŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ pʰi̯en⁵⁵/

/fɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ pʰiɛn⁵³/

/huoŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾miɛŋ²⁴²/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² piɛn²²/

/hɔŋ³³ piɛn⁴¹/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² piɛn²²/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ piɛn³³/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ piɛn³³/

/huaŋ³³⁻²³ pieŋ³⁵/

/huaŋ³³⁻²³ piaŋ³⁵/

/fɑ̃⁵⁵ bi²¹/

/fɑŋ⁵⁵ pi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/fɑŋ⁵⁵ b̥i̯ɛn²/

/fɑŋ²⁴ piæ̃²⁴/

/fɔːŋ⁵⁵ piːn²²/

/fɔŋ³³ pen³²/

/ˈfɔŋ⁴² pʰiɛn¹¹/

/foŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ pʰi̯en⁵⁵/

/fɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ pʰiɛn⁵³/

/huoŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾miɛŋ²⁴²/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² piɛn²²/

/hɔŋ³³ piɛn⁴¹/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² piɛn²²/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ piɛn³³/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ piɛn³³/

/huaŋ³³⁻²³ pieŋ³⁵/

/huaŋ³³⁻²³ piaŋ³⁵/

/fɑ̃⁵⁵ bi²¹/

(Buddhism) upāya; heuristic or provisional reasoning


火車

Sino-Xenic (火車):
* → Japanese: 火(か)車(しゃ) (kasha)
* → Korean: 화차(火車) (hwacha, “hwacha”)
* → Vietnamese: hỏa xa (火車)

→ Bouyei: hojcey

→ Malay: kereta api (calque)

Indonesian: kereta api

desc

→ Mongolian: галт тэрэг (galt tereg) (calque)

→ Thai: รถไฟ (rót-fai) (calque)

→ Tibetan: མེ་འཁོར (me 'khor) (calque)

→ Zhuang: hojceh, → cifeiz (calque)

→ Vietnamese: xe lửa (calque)

/xu̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤ⁵⁵/

/xu̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤɻ⁵⁵/

/xo⁵³ t͡sʰɛ⁵⁵/

/xuo⁵³ ʈ͡ʂʰɤ²¹/

/xo¹¹⁻¹² ʈ͡ʂʰe³¹/

/xuə⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰə²⁴/

/fɔː³⁵ t͡sʰɛː⁵⁵/

/fɔ³⁵ t͡sʰø²¹³⁻⁵⁵/

/fᵘɔ⁵⁵ t͡sʰiɛ³³/

/ˈfo²¹³⁻¹³ t͡sʰa⁴²/

/fo²⁴⁻³³ t͡ʃʰa⁵³/

/xuɤ⁵³ t͡sʰɤ¹¹/

/he⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰia³³/

/he⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/

/hə⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰia³³/

/hə⁵⁵⁻³⁵ t͡sʰia³³/

/hə⁵³⁻²⁴ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/

/hue⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/

/hue⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ t͡sʰia³³/

/hue⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/

/hue⁴²⁻²⁴ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/

/hue⁵³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/

/hue⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡sʰia³³/

/həu⁵² t͡sʰo³³/

/hu³³⁵ t͡sʰo⁵²/

/həu³³ t͡sʰo³⁵/

/huɤ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰia³³⁴/

/xo⁴¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤ̞³³/

/xo⁴¹ t͡sʰɤ̞³³/

/xʊ⁴² t͡ɕʰi̯ɔ⁴⁴⁻³³/

/xo³³ t͡ɕʰi̯e̞⁴⁴⁵/

/xu̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤ⁵⁵/

/xu̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤɻ⁵⁵/

/xo⁵³ t͡sʰɛ⁵⁵/

/xuo⁵³ ʈ͡ʂʰɤ²¹/

/xo¹¹⁻¹² ʈ͡ʂʰe³¹/

/xuə⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰə²⁴/

/fɔː³⁵ t͡sʰɛː⁵⁵/

/fɔ³⁵ t͡sʰø²¹³⁻⁵⁵/

/fᵘɔ⁵⁵ t͡sʰiɛ³³/

/ˈfo²¹³⁻¹³ t͡sʰa⁴²/

/fo²⁴⁻³³ t͡ʃʰa⁵³/

/xuɤ⁵³ t͡sʰɤ¹¹/

/he⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰia³³/

/he⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/

/hə⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰia³³/

/hə⁵⁵⁻³⁵ t͡sʰia³³/

/hə⁵³⁻²⁴ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/

/hue⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/

/hue⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ t͡sʰia³³/

/hue⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/

/hue⁴²⁻²⁴ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/

/hue⁵³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/

/hue⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡sʰia³³/

/həu⁵² t͡sʰo³³/

/hu³³⁵ t͡sʰo⁵²/

/həu³³ t͡sʰo³⁵/

/huɤ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰia³³⁴/

/xo⁴¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤ̞³³/

/xo⁴¹ t͡sʰɤ̞³³/

/xʊ⁴² t͡ɕʰi̯ɔ⁴⁴⁻³³/

/xo³³ t͡ɕʰi̯e̞⁴⁴⁵/

(Buddhism) fiery chariot that sends a sinner to hell


餓鬼

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (餓鬼):
* → Japanese: 餓(が)鬼(き) (gaki)
* → Korean: 아귀(餓鬼) (agwi)
* → Vietnamese: ngạ quỷ (餓鬼)

/ˀɤ⁵¹ ku̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ŋɔː²² kʷɐi̯³⁵/

/ɡo²²⁻²¹ kui⁵³/

/ɡo⁴¹⁻²² kui⁵⁵⁴/

/ɡo²²⁻²¹ kui⁵³/

/ɡo³³⁻¹¹ kui⁵³/

/ɡɤ³³⁻²¹ kui⁴¹/

/ˀɤ⁵¹ ku̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ŋɔː²² kʷɐi̯³⁵/

/ɡo²²⁻²¹ kui⁵³/

/ɡo⁴¹⁻²² kui⁵⁵⁴/

/ɡo²²⁻²¹ kui⁵³/

/ɡo³³⁻¹¹ kui⁵³/

/ɡɤ³³⁻²¹ kui⁴¹/

The Buddhism sense is a translation of Sanskrit प्रेत (preta).

(Buddhism) hungry ghost (one of the six realms of reincarnation in Buddhist cosmology)


無心

Sino-Xenic (無心):
* → Japanese: 無心(むしん) (mushin)
* → Korean: 무심(無心) (musim)
* → Vietnamese: vô tâm (無心)

/u⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾liŋ⁵⁵/

/bo⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sim³³/

/u⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾liŋ⁵⁵/

/bo⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sim³³/


道具

Sino-Xenic (道具):
* → Japanese: 道(どう)具(ぐ) (dōgu)
* → Korean: 도구(道具) (dogu)
* → Vietnamese: đạo cụ (道具)

/tɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕy⁵¹/

/tou̯²² kɵy̯²²/

/to²²⁻²¹ ku²²/

/to²²⁻²¹ ki²²/

/tau³⁵⁻¹¹ ku³⁵/

/dɔ²² t͡ɕy⁴⁴/

/tɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕy⁵¹/

/tou̯²² kɵy̯²²/

/to²²⁻²¹ ku²²/

/to²²⁻²¹ ki²²/

/tau³⁵⁻¹¹ ku³⁵/

/dɔ²² t͡ɕy⁴⁴/

(Buddhism) implement (an accessory that aids one in the Way)


大師

/tä⁵¹ ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/

/taːi̯²² siː⁵⁵/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² sɯ³³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ su⁴⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ su⁴⁴/

/tai³³⁻²¹ su⁴⁴/

/tä⁵¹ ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/

/taːi̯²² siː⁵⁵/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² sɯ³³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ su⁴⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ su⁴⁴/

/tai³³⁻²¹ su⁴⁴/

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/

星雲大師

星云大师

(Buddhism) Great Master (courtesy title used to address a Buddhist monk)


初心

Sino-Xenic (初心):
* → Japanese: 初心(しょしん) (shoshin)
* → Korean: 초심(初心) (chosim)
* → Vietnamese: sơ tâm (初心)

/ʈ͡ʂʰu⁵⁵ ɕin⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɔː⁵⁵ sɐm⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰo³³⁻²³ sim³³/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu⁵⁵ ɕin⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɔː⁵⁵ sɐm⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰo³³⁻²³ sim³³/

(Buddhism) mind of a novice, an attitude to learn resembling that of a beginner's, possibly in spite of one's mastery


羯磨

Sino-Xenic (羯磨):
* → Japanese: 羯磨(かつま) (katsuma)
* → Vietnamese: Yết-ma (羯磨)

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵ mu̯ɔ³⁵/

/kʰiːt̚³ mɔː²¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵ mu̯ɔ³⁵/

/kʰiːt̚³ mɔː²¹/

Borrowed from Sanskrit कर्मन् (karman, literally “act, action”).

bor

(Buddhism) a formal religious proceeding or event


化緣

/xu̯ä⁵¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

/hua¹¹⁻⁵³ iɛn²⁴/

/hua²¹⁻⁵³ iɛn²⁴/

/hua⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ iɛn²⁴/

/hua²¹⁻⁵³ iɛn¹³/

/hua²¹⁻⁴¹ iɛn²³/

/hue²¹⁻⁵³ iɛn²⁴/

/xu̯ä⁵¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

/hua¹¹⁻⁵³ iɛn²⁴/

/hua²¹⁻⁵³ iɛn²⁴/

/hua⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ iɛn²⁴/

/hua²¹⁻⁵³ iɛn¹³/

/hua²¹⁻⁴¹ iɛn²³/

/hue²¹⁻⁵³ iɛn²⁴/

(Buddhism) to beg for alms; to collect alms


須臾

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (須臾):
* → Japanese: 須(しゅ)臾(ゆ) (shuyu); 須(す)臾(ゆ) (suyu)

/sɵy̯⁵⁵ jyː²¹/

/su⁴⁴⁻³³ zu²³/

/sɵy̯⁵⁵ jyː²¹/

/su⁴⁴⁻³³ zu²³/

(Buddhism, archaic) A unit of time consisting of one-thirtieth of a day (approximately 48 minutes).


聖人

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹ ʐən³⁵/

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹ ʐən¹/

/ʂəŋ⁴⁴ ʐəŋ²⁴/

/ʂəŋ⁴⁴ ʐəŋ⁰/

/sɪŋ³³ jɐn²¹/

/səŋ⁴⁵ ʐəŋ¹¹/

/siŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ^((Ø-))ŋiŋ⁵³/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ d͡zin¹³/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ zin²³/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ lin²⁴/

/siɪŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ lin²⁴/

/siɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ lin²⁴/

/sən³³ zən⁴⁴/

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹ ʐən³⁵/

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹ ʐən¹/

/ʂəŋ⁴⁴ ʐəŋ²⁴/

/ʂəŋ⁴⁴ ʐəŋ⁰/

/sɪŋ³³ jɐn²¹/

/səŋ⁴⁵ ʐəŋ¹¹/

/siŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ^((Ø-))ŋiŋ⁵³/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ d͡zin¹³/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ zin²³/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ lin²⁴/

/siɪŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ lin²⁴/

/siɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ lin²⁴/

/sən³³ zən⁴⁴/

/siã²¹⁻⁵³ laŋ²⁴/

/siã⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ laŋ²⁴/

/siã²¹⁻⁵³ laŋ¹³/

/siã¹¹⁻⁵³ laŋ²⁴/

/siã²¹⁻⁴¹ laŋ²³/

/siã²¹⁻⁵³ laŋ²⁴/

/siã⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ laŋ²⁴/

/siã²¹⁻⁵³ laŋ¹³/

/siã¹¹⁻⁵³ laŋ²⁴/

/siã²¹⁻⁴¹ laŋ²³/

(Buddhism) enlightened individual; Buddha; bodhisattva


上岸

下海

antonym(s) of “to leave the pornography or sex work industry”

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ˀän⁵¹/

/sœːŋ¹³ ŋɔːn²²/

/siaŋ³³ ᵑɡᵘɔn³²/

/sɔŋ¹¹ ŋɵn¹¹/

/soŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ŋan⁵⁵/

/suoŋ²⁴²⁻⁵³ ŋiɑŋ²⁴²/

/t͡siũ³³⁻¹¹ huã³³/

/t͡siũ²²⁻²¹ huã²²/

/t͡siũ³³⁻²¹ huã³³/

/t͡siɔ̃²²⁻²¹ huã²²/

/t͡siũ²² huã⁴¹/

/t͡sĩõ³⁵⁻¹¹ ŋai³⁵/

/zɑ̃²² ŋø⁴⁴/

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ˀän⁵¹/

/sœːŋ¹³ ŋɔːn²²/

/siaŋ³³ ᵑɡᵘɔn³²/

/sɔŋ¹¹ ŋɵn¹¹/

/soŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ŋan⁵⁵/

/suoŋ²⁴²⁻⁵³ ŋiɑŋ²⁴²/

/t͡siũ³³⁻¹¹ huã³³/

/t͡siũ²²⁻²¹ huã²²/

/t͡siũ³³⁻²¹ huã³³/

/t͡siɔ̃²²⁻²¹ huã²²/

/t͡siũ²² huã⁴¹/

/t͡sĩõ³⁵⁻¹¹ ŋai³⁵/

/zɑ̃²² ŋø⁴⁴/

(Loudi Xiang, chiefly Buddhism) to pass away


真人

/ʈ͡ʂən⁵⁵ ʐən³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂən⁵⁵ ʐəɻ³⁵/

/t͡sɐn⁵⁵ jɐn²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂən⁵⁵ ʐən³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂən⁵⁵ ʐəɻ³⁵/

/t͡sɐn⁵⁵ jɐn²¹/


般若

/pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ ʐɤ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pɔː⁵⁵ jɛː¹³/

/puːt̚³ jɛː¹³/

/po⁴⁴⁻²² lia⁵³/

/po⁴⁴⁻²² d͡zia⁵³/

/pat̚³²⁻⁵ d͡ze⁵³/

/po³³⁻²³ d͡zia⁵²/

/pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ ʐɤ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pɔː⁵⁵ jɛː¹³/

/puːt̚³ jɛː¹³/

/po⁴⁴⁻²² lia⁵³/

/po⁴⁴⁻²² d͡zia⁵³/

/pat̚³²⁻⁵ d͡ze⁵³/

/po³³⁻²³ d͡zia⁵²/

From Pali paññā, from Sanskrit प्रज्ञा (prajñā).

(Buddhism) prajñā; Buddhist transcendental wisdom


大悟

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ u⁵¹/

/taːi̯²² ŋ̍²²/

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ u⁵¹/

/taːi̯²² ŋ̍²²/

(Buddhism) to be (suddenly and) completely enlightened; to come to realise


恆河沙

Sino-Xenic (恆河沙):
* → Japanese: 恒(ごう)河(が)沙(しゃ) (gōgasha)
* → Korean: 항하사(恒河沙) (hanghasa)
* → Vietnamese: hằng hà sa (恒河沙)

/xɤŋ³⁵ xɤ³⁵ ʂä⁵⁵/

/hɐŋ²¹ hɔː²¹ saː⁵⁵/

/xɤŋ³⁵ xɤ³⁵ ʂä⁵⁵/

/hɐŋ²¹ hɔː²¹ saː⁵⁵/

Calque of Sanskrit गंगानदी वालुका (gaṃgānadī vālukā, “sand of the Ganges River”).
The current usage as the number 10⁵² was re-imported from the Japanese usage which first fixed by the Jinkōki (塵劫記), 1634.

calque

गंगानदी वालुका

650-661, Bhagavaddharma, transl., Sūtra of the Vast, Perfect, Unimpeded Great-Compassionate Heart of the Thousand-Handed Thousand-Eyed Bodhisattva Avalokitasvara's Dhāraṇī (千手千眼觀世音菩薩廣大圓滿無礙大悲心陀羅尼經):

If there is who slanders this mantra, that is to slander those 9.9 billion times the number of the Ganges river sand, of buddhas.

Ruò yǒu bàng cǐ zhòu zhě, jí wèi bàng bǐ jiǔshíjiǔyì hénghéshā zhūfó.

若有謗此咒者，即為謗彼九十九億恆河沙諸佛。

若有谤此咒者，即为谤彼九十九亿恒河沙诸佛。

(etymology, Buddhism) countless number like the total of the grains of sand on the Ganges


般若波羅蜜多

ja-r

はん%にゃ% は%ら%みっ%た

desc

반야 바라밀다(般若波羅蜜多)

CJKV/code

はん%にゃ% は%ら%みっ%た

Sino-Xenic (般若波羅蜜多):
* → Japanese: 般(はん)若(にゃ)波(は)羅(ら)蜜(みっ)多(た) (hannya haramitta)
* → Korean: 반야 바라밀다(般若波羅蜜多) (banya baramilda)
* → Vietnamese: bát-nhã-ba-la-mật-đa (般若波羅蜜多)

CJKV

はん%にゃ% は%ら%みっ%た

ㄅㄛ ㄖㄜˇ ㄅㄛ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄇㄧˋ ㄉㄨㄛ

ㄅㄛ ㄖㄜˇ ㄅㄛ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄇㄧˋ ㄉㄨㄛ

божэ боломидо

/pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ ʐɤ²¹⁴⁻²¹ pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ mi⁵¹ tu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/pɔː⁵⁵ jɛː¹³ pɔː⁵⁵ lɔː²¹ mɐt̚² tɔː⁵⁵/

/pɔː⁵⁵ jɛː¹³ pɔː⁵⁵ lɔː²¹ mɐt̚² tɔː⁵⁵/

Transcription of Sanskrit प्रज्ञापारमिता (prajñāpāramitā).

der

प्रज्ञापारमिता

觀自在菩薩，行深般若波羅蜜多時，照見五蘊皆空，度一切苦厄。 [MSC, trad.]
观自在菩萨，行深般若波罗蜜多时，照见五蕴皆空，度一切苦厄。 [MSC, simp.]
Guānzìzài Púsà, xíng shēn bōrě bōluómìduō shí, zhào jiàn wǔyùn jiē kōng, dù yīqiē kǔè... [Pinyin]

(Buddhism) prajnaparamita: the Perfection of (Transcendent) Wisdom

(Buddhism) the body of sutras relating to this subject


波羅蜜多

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (波羅蜜多):
* → Vietnamese: ba-la-mật-đa (波羅蜜多)

ㄅㄛ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄇㄧˋ ㄉㄨㄛ

ㄅㄛ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄇㄧˋ ㄉㄨㄛ

/pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ mi⁵¹ tu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ mi⁵¹ tu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

Borrowed from Sanskrit पारमिता (pāramitā).

(Buddhism) Alternative name for 波羅蜜／波罗蜜 (bōluómì, “paramita”).


心經

/ɕin⁵⁵ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/sɐm⁵⁵ kɪŋ⁵⁵/

/ɕin⁵⁵ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/sɐm⁵⁵ kɪŋ⁵⁵/


宿命

Sino-Xenic (宿命):
* → Japanese: 宿命(しゅくめい) (shukumei)
* → Korean: 숙명(宿命) (sungmyeong)
* → Vietnamese: túc mệnh (宿命)

/su⁵¹⁻⁵³ miŋ⁵¹/

/sʊk̚⁵ mɪŋ²²/

/sɔk̚³²⁻⁴ miã²²/

/sɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ miã⁴¹/

/sɔk̚³²⁻⁵ miã²²/

/sɔk̚³²⁻⁴ miã³³/

/sɔk̚³²⁻⁴ miã³³/

/su⁵¹⁻⁵³ miŋ⁵¹/

/sʊk̚⁵ mɪŋ²²/

/sɔk̚³²⁻⁴ miã²²/

/sɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ miã⁴¹/

/sɔk̚³²⁻⁵ miã²²/

/sɔk̚³²⁻⁴ miã³³/

/sɔk̚³²⁻⁴ miã³³/

Translation of Sanskrit जातिस्मर (jātismara, “recollecting a former existence; memory of previous births”). The Tibetan equivalent is ཚེ་རབས་དྲན་པ (tshe rabs dran pa).

der

(Buddhism) destiny; fate; fatality; karma


彌勒菩薩

ja-r

^み%ろく% ^ぼ%さつ

CJKV/code

^み%ろく% ^ぼ%さつ

Sino-Xenic (彌勒菩薩):
* → Japanese: 弥(み)勒(ろく)菩(ぼ)薩(さつ) (Miroku Bosatsu)
* → Korean: 미륵보살(彌勒菩薩) (Mireukbosal)
* → Vietnamese: Di Lặc Bồ Tát (彌勒菩薩)

CJKV

^み%ろく% ^ぼ%さつ

ㄇㄧˊ ㄌㄜˋ ㄆㄨˊ ㄙㄚˋ

ㄇㄧˊ ㄌㄜˋ ㄆㄨˊ ㄙㄚˋ

/mi³⁵ lɤ⁵¹ pʰu³⁵ sä⁵¹/

/mei̯²¹ lɐk̚² pʰou̯²¹ saːt̚³/

/mi⁵³⁻³³ l̃ɛiʔ⁵ pu⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɑʔ²⁴/

/mi³⁵ lɤ⁵¹ pʰu³⁵ sä⁵¹/

/mei̯²¹ lɐk̚² pʰou̯²¹ saːt̚³/

/mi⁵³⁻³³ l̃ɛiʔ⁵ pu⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɑʔ²⁴/


上座部

ㄕㄤˋ ㄗㄨㄛˋ ㄅㄨˋ

ㄕㄤˋ ㄗㄨㄛˋ ㄅㄨˋ

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡su̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ pu⁵¹/

/sœːŋ²² t͡sɔː²² pou̯²²/

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡su̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ pu⁵¹/

/sœːŋ²² t͡sɔː²² pou̯²²/


悟入

/u⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʐu⁵¹/

/u⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʐu⁵¹/

(Buddhism) to comprehend the ultimate essence of things


真空

/ʈ͡ʂən⁵⁵ kʰʊŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sɐn⁵⁵ hʊŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sin⁴⁴⁻²² kʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡sin³³ kʰɔŋ³³/

/t͡sin⁴⁴⁻²² kʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡sin⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡sin⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡sən⁵⁵ kʰoŋ²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂən⁵⁵ kʰʊŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sɐn⁵⁵ hʊŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sin⁴⁴⁻²² kʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡sin³³ kʰɔŋ³³/

/t͡sin⁴⁴⁻²² kʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡sin⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡sin⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡sən⁵⁵ kʰoŋ²¹/

(Buddhism) any phenomenon without material existence


小僧

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ sɤŋ⁵⁵/

/siːu̯³⁵ t͡sɐŋ⁵⁵/

/siːu̯³⁵ sɐŋ⁵⁵/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ sɤŋ⁵⁵/

/siːu̯³⁵ t͡sɐŋ⁵⁵/

/siːu̯³⁵ sɐŋ⁵⁵/


小僧

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (小僧):
* → Japanese: 小(こ)僧(ぞう) (kozō)
* → Korean: 소승(小僧) (soseung)

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ sɤŋ⁵⁵/

/siːu̯³⁵ t͡sɐŋ⁵⁵/

/siːu̯³⁵ sɐŋ⁵⁵/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ sɤŋ⁵⁵/

/siːu̯³⁵ t͡sɐŋ⁵⁵/

/siːu̯³⁵ sɐŋ⁵⁵/


七寶

/t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵ pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰɐt̚⁵ pou̯³⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵ pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰɐt̚⁵ pou̯³⁵/

Calque of Sanskrit सप्तरत्न (saptaratna). The seven treasures refers to the seven gems and precious metals, referenced in the Buddhist Prajñā sutras and others.

cal

(Buddhism) the seven treasures (gold, silver, crystal, tridacna, agate, amber, coral)


西方

/ɕi⁵⁵ fɑŋ⁵⁵/

/ɕi⁵⁵ faŋ⁵⁵/

/ɕi²⁴ fɑŋ²⁴/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ fɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/si²⁴⁻¹¹ foŋ²⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/se³³ hɔŋ³³/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/se³³ hŋ̍³³/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² hŋ̍⁴⁴/

/ɕi⁵⁵ fɑŋ⁵⁵/

/ɕi⁵⁵ faŋ⁵⁵/

/ɕi²⁴ fɑŋ²⁴/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ fɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/si²⁴⁻¹¹ foŋ²⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/se³³ hɔŋ³³/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/se³³ hŋ̍³³/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² hŋ̍⁴⁴/

(Buddhism) Alternative name for 西天 (xītiān, “Western Paradise”).


四聖諦

/sz̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂɤŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ti⁵¹/

/sz̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂɤŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ti⁵¹/


聖諦

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ti⁵¹/

/sɪŋ³³ tɐi̯³³/

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ti⁵¹/

/sɪŋ³³ tɐi̯³³/

translated from Sanskrit: 聖 (sacred) + 諦 (truths)


天台

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ tʰaɪ̯⁵⁵/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ tʰaɪ̯³⁵/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ tʰɔːi̯²¹/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ tʰaɪ̯⁵⁵/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ tʰaɪ̯³⁵/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ tʰɔːi̯²¹/

天台宗

(Buddhism) Tiantai (a school of Mahayana Buddhism that stresses the Lotus Sutra)


世論

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ lu̯ən⁵¹/

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ lu̯ən⁵¹/

(Buddhism) non-Buddhist religions and philosophies


經藏

ja-r

経蔵(きょうぞう) (kyōzō)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (經藏):
* → Japanese: 経蔵(きょうぞう) (kyōzō)
* → Korean: 경장(經藏) (gyeongjang)
* → Vietnamese: kinh tạng (經藏)

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɑŋ⁵¹/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɑŋ⁵¹/


傘蓋

/sän²¹⁴⁻²¹ kaɪ̯⁵¹/

/sän²¹⁴⁻²¹ kaɪ̯⁵¹/


請願

/t͡ɕʰiŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɥɛn⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɪŋ³⁵ jyːn²²/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan²²/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ɡuan⁴¹/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan²²/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan³³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan³³/

/t͡sʰĩã⁵²⁻³⁵ ŋuaŋ³⁵/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɥɛn⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɪŋ³⁵ jyːn²²/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan²²/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ɡuan⁴¹/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan²²/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan³³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan³³/

/t͡sʰĩã⁵²⁻³⁵ ŋuaŋ³⁵/


出世

/ʈ͡ʂʰu⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɵt̚⁵ sɐi̯³³/

/t͡sʰɨt̚⁵ sz̩³⁵/

/t͡ʃʰut⁵⁻² ʃe¹¹/

/t͡sʰuʔ²⁴⁻⁵⁵ siɛ²¹³/

/t͡sʰɔʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ ɬi⁴²/

/t͡sʰuoʔ²⁻⁴ ɬi⁴²/

/t͡sʰut̚³²⁻⁴ si²¹/

/t͡sʰut̚⁵⁻²⁴ si⁴¹/

/t͡sʰut̚³²⁻⁵ si²¹/

/t͡sʰut̚³²⁻⁴ si¹¹/

/t͡sʰut̚³²⁻⁴ si²¹/

/t͡sʰuk̚²⁻⁴ si²¹³/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɵt̚⁵ sɐi̯³³/

/t͡sʰɨt̚⁵ sz̩³⁵/

/t͡ʃʰut⁵⁻² ʃe¹¹/

/t͡sʰuʔ²⁴⁻⁵⁵ siɛ²¹³/

/t͡sʰɔʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ ɬi⁴²/

/t͡sʰuoʔ²⁻⁴ ɬi⁴²/

/t͡sʰut̚³²⁻⁴ si²¹/

/t͡sʰut̚⁵⁻²⁴ si⁴¹/

/t͡sʰut̚³²⁻⁵ si²¹/

/t͡sʰut̚³²⁻⁴ si¹¹/

/t͡sʰut̚³²⁻⁴ si²¹/

/t͡sʰuk̚²⁻⁴ si²¹³/

/t͡sʰut̚³²⁻⁴ se¹¹/

/t͡sʰut̚⁵⁻²⁴ se⁴¹/

/t͡sʰut̚³²⁻⁴ se²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɵt̚⁵ sɐi̯³³/

/t͡sʰut̚³²⁻⁴ se¹¹/

/t͡sʰut̚⁵⁻²⁴ se⁴¹/

/t͡sʰut̚³²⁻⁴ se²¹/

/t͡sʰut̚³²⁻⁵ si²¹/

(Buddhism) to attain liberation from samsara


唯心

Sino-Xenic (唯心):
* → Japanese: 唯心(ゆいしん) (yuishin)
* → Korean: 유심(唯心) (yusim)
* → Vietnamese: duy tâm (唯心)

/weɪ̯³⁵ ɕin⁵⁵/

/wɐi̯²¹ sɐm⁵⁵/

/ui²⁴⁻²² sim⁴⁴/

/ui²⁴⁻²² sim³³/

/ui¹³⁻²² sim⁴⁴/

/weɪ̯³⁵ ɕin⁵⁵/

/wɐi̯²¹ sɐm⁵⁵/

/ui²⁴⁻²² sim⁴⁴/

/ui²⁴⁻²² sim³³/

/ui¹³⁻²² sim⁴⁴/


化身

Sino-Xenic (化身):
* → Japanese: 化(け)身(しん) (keshin)
* → Korean: 화신(化身) (hwasin)
* → Vietnamese: hoá thân (化身)

/xu̯ä⁵¹ ʂən⁵⁵/

/faː³³ sɐn⁵⁵/

/hua⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ sin³³/

/hue²¹³⁻⁵⁵ siŋ³³/

/xu̯ä⁵¹ ʂən⁵⁵/

/faː³³ sɐn⁵⁵/

/hua⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ sin³³/

/hue²¹³⁻⁵⁵ siŋ³³/

Calque of Sanskrit निर्माणकाय (nirmāṇakāya, “body of transformations”). The Tibetan equivalent is སྤྲུལ་སྐུ (sprul sku).


彼岸

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (彼岸):
* → Japanese: 彼岸(ひがん) (higan)
* → Korean: 피안(彼岸) (pian)
* → Vietnamese: bỉ ngạn (彼岸)

/pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ ˀän⁵¹/

/pei̯³⁵ ŋɔːn²²/

/pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡan²²/

/pi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ɡan⁴¹/

/pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡan²²/

/pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡan³³/

/pi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɡan³³/

/pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ ˀän⁵¹/

/pei̯³⁵ ŋɔːn²²/

/pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡan²²/

/pi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ɡan⁴¹/

/pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡan²²/

/pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡan³³/

/pi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɡan³³/

Literal translation of Sanskrit पारमिता (pāramitā). Compare the phonetic translation 波羅蜜多／波罗蜜多 (bōluómìduō).

zh-l

波羅蜜多／波罗蜜多 (bōluómìduō)

(Buddhism) paramita; the perfection of a virtue; the goal to be reached


功課

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (功課):
* → Japanese: 功課(こうか) (kōka)
* → Vietnamese: công khoá (功課)

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ fɔː³³/

/ˈkuŋ⁴² kʰuo²¹³/

/kʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kʰo⁵³/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰɤ²¹/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰo¹¹/

/kɔŋ³³ kʰo⁴¹/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰo²¹/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰo²¹/

/koŋ³³⁻²³ kʰue²¹³/

/koŋ⁵⁵ kʰu²¹/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ fɔː³³/

/ˈkuŋ⁴² kʰuo²¹³/

/kʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kʰo⁵³/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰɤ²¹/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰo¹¹/

/kɔŋ³³ kʰo⁴¹/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰo²¹/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰo²¹/

/koŋ³³⁻²³ kʰue²¹³/

/koŋ⁵⁵ kʰu²¹/


大乘佛教

ㄉㄚˋ ㄔㄥˊ ㄈㄛˊ ㄐㄧㄠˋ

ㄉㄚˋ ㄕㄥˋ ㄈㄛˊ ㄐㄧㄠˋ

Дачэн Фоцзяо

/tä⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ fu̯ɔ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

Дашэн Фоцзяо

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂɤŋ⁵¹ fu̯ɔ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/taːi̯²² sɪŋ²² fɐt̚² kaːu̯³³/

/tä⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ fu̯ɔ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂɤŋ⁵¹ fu̯ɔ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/taːi̯²² sɪŋ²² fɐt̚² kaːu̯³³/


大乘

Sino-Xenic (大乘):
* → Japanese: 大(だい)乗(じょう) (daijō)
* → Korean: 대승(大乘) (daeseung)
* → Vietnamese: Đại thừa (大乘)

/tä⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂɤŋ⁵¹/

/taːi̯²² sɪŋ²²/

/tai²²⁻²¹ siɪŋ²⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² siɪŋ²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ siɪŋ¹³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ siɪŋ²⁴/

/tai³³⁻²¹ siɪŋ²³/

/tä⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂɤŋ⁵¹/

/taːi̯²² sɪŋ²²/

/tai²²⁻²¹ siɪŋ²⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² siɪŋ²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ siɪŋ¹³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ siɪŋ²⁴/

/tai³³⁻²¹ siɪŋ²³/


眾生

Sino-Xenic (眾生):
* → Japanese: 衆(しゅ)生(じょう) (shujō)
* → Korean: 중생(衆生/眾生)
* → Vietnamese: chúng sinh (眾生)

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ³³ sɐŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡siɔŋ²¹⁻⁵³ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡siɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ siɪŋ³³/

/t͡siɔŋ²¹⁻⁵³ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡siɔŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡siɔŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡seŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ sẽ³³/

/t͡soŋ³³ sã⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ³³ sɐŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡siɔŋ²¹⁻⁵³ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡siɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ siɪŋ³³/

/t͡siɔŋ²¹⁻⁵³ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡siɔŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡siɔŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡seŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ sẽ³³/

/t͡soŋ³³ sã⁴⁴/

博愛眾生

博爱众生

(Buddhism) all living things, all sentient beings


往生

ja-r

往生(おうじょう) (ōjō)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (往生):
* → Japanese: 往生(おうじょう) (ōjō)
* → Korean: 왕생(往生) (wangsaeng)
* → Vietnamese: vãng sanh (往生)

/wɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/wɔːŋ¹³ sɐŋ⁵⁵/

/voŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ sen²⁴/

/ɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ siɪŋ³³/

/ɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/wɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/wɔːŋ¹³ sɐŋ⁵⁵/

/voŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ sen²⁴/

/ɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ siɪŋ³³/

/ɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

被難

to be killed in a disaster, political incident

(Buddhism) to be reborn; to be reincarnated in the Pure Land


入寂

/ʐu⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕi⁵¹/

/ʐu⁵¹ t͡ɕi³⁵/

/ʐu⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕi⁵¹/

/ʐu⁵¹ t͡ɕi³⁵/

(Buddhism, of Buddhist monks) to pass away; to die


入定

/ʐu⁵¹⁻⁵³ tiŋ⁵¹/

/jɐp̚² tɪŋ²²/

/lip̚⁴⁻³² tiɪŋ²²/

/ʐu⁵¹⁻⁵³ tiŋ⁵¹/

/jɐp̚² tɪŋ²²/

/lip̚⁴⁻³² tiɪŋ²²/

(Buddhism) to sit in meditation (a technique for mental self-discipline)


功德

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ tɤ³⁵/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ tɐk̚⁵/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚³²/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɪk̚³²/

/koŋ³³⁻²³ tek̚²/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ tɤ³⁵/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ tɐk̚⁵/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚³²/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɪk̚³²/

/koŋ³³⁻²³ tek̚²/

(Buddhism) charitable and pious deeds; benefaction; beneficence; works


住持

/ʈ͡ʂu⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩³⁵/

/t͡su²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰi²⁴/

/t͡su⁴¹⁻²² t͡sʰi²⁴/

/t͡su²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰi¹³/

/t͡su³³⁻¹¹ t͡sʰi²⁴/

/t͡su³³⁻²¹ t͡sʰi²³/

/ʈ͡ʂu⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩³⁵/

/t͡su²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰi²⁴/

/t͡su⁴¹⁻²² t͡sʰi²⁴/

/t͡su²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰi¹³/

/t͡su³³⁻¹¹ t͡sʰi²⁴/

/t͡su³³⁻²¹ t͡sʰi²³/

(Taoism, Buddhism) to administer a monastery


住持

/ʈ͡ʂu⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩³⁵/

/t͡su²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰi²⁴/

/t͡su⁴¹⁻²² t͡sʰi²⁴/

/t͡su²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰi¹³/

/t͡su³³⁻¹¹ t͡sʰi²⁴/

/t͡su³³⁻²¹ t͡sʰi²³/

/ʈ͡ʂu⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩³⁵/

/t͡su²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰi²⁴/

/t͡su⁴¹⁻²² t͡sʰi²⁴/

/t͡su²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰi¹³/

/t͡su³³⁻¹¹ t͡sʰi²⁴/

/t͡su³³⁻²¹ t͡sʰi²³/


丈席

/ʈ͡ʂɑŋ⁵¹ ɕi³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂɑŋ⁵¹ ɕi³⁵/


檀信

/tʰän³⁵ ɕin⁵¹/

/tʰän³⁵ ɕin⁵¹/

(Buddhism) devotee; follower; worshiper; believer


衣缽

/i⁵⁵ pu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/i⁴⁴⁻²² puat̚³²/

/i⁴⁴⁻²² puat̚³²/

/i⁴⁴⁻³³ puat̚³²/

/i⁴⁴⁻³³ puat̚³²/

/i⁵⁵ pu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/i⁴⁴⁻²² puat̚³²/

/i⁴⁴⁻²² puat̚³²/

/i⁴⁴⁻³³ puat̚³²/

/i⁴⁴⁻³³ puat̚³²/

(Buddhism) a Buddhist monk's mantle and alms bowl (handed down to his favorite disciple)


合爪

/xɤ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂu̯ä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/xɤ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂu̯ä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

(archaic, Buddhism) to press the palms of one's hands together in devotion


解脫

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/kaːi̯³⁵ tʰyːt̚³/

/kai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰuat̚³²/

/kai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tʰuat̚⁵/

/kai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰuat̚³²/

/kai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰuat̚³²/

/kai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tʰuat̚³²/

/koi⁵²⁻³⁵ tʰuk̚²/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/kaːi̯³⁵ tʰyːt̚³/

/kai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰuat̚³²/

/kai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tʰuat̚⁵/

/kai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰuat̚³²/

/kai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰuat̚³²/

/kai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tʰuat̚³²/

/koi⁵²⁻³⁵ tʰuk̚²/


法界

Sino-Xenic (法界):
* → Japanese: 法界(ほうかい) (hōkai)
* → Korean: 법계(法界) (beopgye)
* → Vietnamese: pháp giới (法界)

/fä²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹/

/fä²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹/

Calque of Sanskrit धर्मधातु (dharmadhātu), comprised of धर्म (“dharma”) + धातु (“expanse”).


大士

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

Calque of Sanskrit महापुरुष (mahāpuruṣa).


普門

/pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ mən³⁵/

/pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ mən³⁵/

(Buddhism) universal door (a door or gate for transcending to a higher plain of existence)


普門

/pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ mən³⁵/

/pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ mən³⁵/

(Buddhism) chapter title (within the Lotus Sutra): the Universal Door (of the Avalokiteśvara Bodhisattva)


來世

/laɪ̯³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/lɔːi̯²¹ sɐi̯³³/

/loi̯¹¹ sɨ⁵⁵/

/lai²⁴⁻¹¹ se¹¹/

/lai²³⁻³³ se²¹/

/lai²⁴⁻²² se²¹/

/lai²⁴⁻²² se⁴¹/

/lai¹³⁻²² si²¹/

/laɪ̯³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/lɔːi̯²¹ sɐi̯³³/

/loi̯¹¹ sɨ⁵⁵/

/lai²⁴⁻¹¹ se¹¹/

/lai²³⁻³³ se²¹/

/lai²⁴⁻²² se²¹/

/lai²⁴⁻²² se⁴¹/

/lai¹³⁻²² si²¹/

(Buddhism) the future world; the next world; the world to come; the afterlife; the next life


道人

/tɑʊ̯⁵¹ ʐən³⁵/

/tɑʊ̯⁵¹ ʐən¹/

/to²²⁻²¹ lin²⁴/

/tau³⁵⁻¹¹ d͡ziŋ⁵⁵/

/tɒu̯⁴⁵ ʐən¹³/

/tɑʊ̯⁵¹ ʐən³⁵/

/tɑʊ̯⁵¹ ʐən¹/

/to²²⁻²¹ lin²⁴/

/tau³⁵⁻¹¹ d͡ziŋ⁵⁵/

/tɒu̯⁴⁵ ʐən¹³/

有买粪于寺者，道人索倍价。 [MSC, simp.]
Yǒu mǎi fèn yú sì zhě, dàorén suǒ bèi jià. [Pinyin]

1899, unknown, 笑林廣記 有買糞於寺者，道人索倍價。 [MSC, trad.]

A man wanted to buy human waste from a temple. The monk asked for twice the price.

(archaic, historical, Buddhism) Buddhist monk without a government certificate


後世

/xoʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/hɐu̯²² sɐi̯³³/

/heu̯⁵⁵ sɨ⁵⁵/

/au³³⁻²¹ se²¹/

/au³³⁻¹¹ se¹¹/

/au²²⁻²¹ se²¹/

/au²²⁻²¹ si²¹/

/au³³⁻²¹ si²¹/

/au³³⁻¹¹ si¹¹/

/hɔ³³⁻¹¹ se¹¹/

/hɔ³³⁻²¹ se²¹/

/hiɤ³³⁻²¹ se²¹/

/hio³³⁻¹¹ se¹¹/

/xoʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/hɐu̯²² sɐi̯³³/

/heu̯⁵⁵ sɨ⁵⁵/

/au³³⁻²¹ se²¹/

/au³³⁻¹¹ se¹¹/

/au²²⁻²¹ se²¹/

/au²²⁻²¹ si²¹/

/au³³⁻²¹ si²¹/

/au³³⁻¹¹ si¹¹/

/hɔ³³⁻¹¹ se¹¹/

/hɔ³³⁻²¹ se²¹/

/hiɤ³³⁻²¹ se²¹/

/hio³³⁻¹¹ se¹¹/

(Buddhism) the future world; the next world; the world to come; the afterlife


方丈

/fɑŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂɑŋ⁵¹/

/fɑŋ⁵⁵ ɖ͡ʐ̥ɑŋ²/

/fɔːŋ⁵⁵ t͡sœːŋ²²/

/huaŋ³³⁻²³ t͡siaŋ³⁵/

/fɑ̃⁵⁵ zã²¹/

/fɑŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂɑŋ⁵¹/

/fɑŋ⁵⁵ ɖ͡ʐ̥ɑŋ²/

/fɔːŋ⁵⁵ t͡sœːŋ²²/

/huaŋ³³⁻²³ t͡siaŋ³⁵/

/fɑ̃⁵⁵ zã²¹/

(Buddhism) abbot's room or quarter, i.e. a small square-zhang room, as Vimalakīrti's room is described in the Vimalakīrti Sūtra

(by extension) residence of Buddhist abbots, including the bedroom and its accessory facilities

(Hong Kong Cantonese, neologism, slang) narrow-minded person; petty person


三時

/sän⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/sän⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

(Buddhism) the three epochs: 正法 (zhèngfǎ, “the age of legitimacy”) , 像法 (xiàngfǎ, “the age of imitation”) and 末法 (mòfǎ, “the age of decadence”)


煩惱

/fän³⁵ nɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/huan²³⁻³³ lɤ⁴¹/

/huan²⁴⁻²² lo⁵⁵⁴/

/huan²⁴⁻²² ho⁵⁵⁴/

/hueŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lo⁵²/

/huaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lo⁵²/

/fän³⁵ nɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/huan²³⁻³³ lɤ⁴¹/

/huan²⁴⁻²² lo⁵⁵⁴/

/huan²⁴⁻²² ho⁵⁵⁴/

/hueŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lo⁵²/

/huaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lo⁵²/


高僧

ja-r

高僧(こうそう) (kōsō)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (高僧):
* → Japanese: 高僧(こうそう) (kōsō)
* → Korean: 고승(高僧) (goseung)
* → Vietnamese: cao tăng (高僧)

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ sɤŋ⁵⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ t͡sɐŋ⁵⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ sɐŋ⁵⁵/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ko³³ siɪŋ³³/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻³³ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ sɤŋ⁵⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ t͡sɐŋ⁵⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ sɐŋ⁵⁵/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ko³³ siɪŋ³³/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻³³ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ siɪŋ⁴⁴/


閻王

Cebuano: yawa

Hiligaynon: yawa

Tagalog: yawa

Waray-Waray: yawa

/jɛn³⁵ wɑŋ³⁵/

/nʲiɛn²¹ uaŋ²¹⁻⁵⁵/

/jiːm²¹ wɔːŋ²¹/

/iɛn³⁵ uɔŋ²/

/iam¹¹ ʋɔŋ¹¹/

/ŋia⁵³⁻⁵⁵ uoŋ⁵³/

/ŋiɛŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ^((Ø-))mɒŋ²⁴/

ngieng² orng² [Phonetic:ngieng⁵ ngorng²]

/ŋiɛŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ^((Ø-))ŋɒŋ²⁴/

/ɡiam²⁴⁻²² ɔŋ²⁴/

/ɡiam²⁴⁻²² ɔŋ²⁴/

/ɡiam¹³⁻²² ɔŋ¹³/

/ɡiam²⁴⁻¹¹ ɔŋ²⁴/

/ɡiam²³⁻³³ ɔŋ²³/

/n̠ʲi²² ɦuɑ̃⁴⁴/

/n̠ʲi̯ẽ¹³ u̯an¹³/

/jɛn³⁵ wɑŋ³⁵/

/nʲiɛn²¹ uaŋ²¹⁻⁵⁵/

/jiːm²¹ wɔːŋ²¹/

/iɛn³⁵ uɔŋ²/

/iam¹¹ ʋɔŋ¹¹/

/ŋia⁵³⁻⁵⁵ uoŋ⁵³/

/ŋiɛŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ^((Ø-))mɒŋ²⁴/

/ŋiɛŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ^((Ø-))ŋɒŋ²⁴/

/ɡiam²⁴⁻²² ɔŋ²⁴/

/ɡiam²⁴⁻²² ɔŋ²⁴/

/ɡiam¹³⁻²² ɔŋ¹³/

/ɡiam²⁴⁻¹¹ ɔŋ²⁴/

/ɡiam²³⁻³³ ɔŋ²³/

/n̠ʲi²² ɦuɑ̃⁴⁴/

/n̠ʲi̯ẽ¹³ u̯an¹³/

Partial calque of Sanskrit यमराज (yamarāja).

閻王叫你三更死，誰敢留人到五更 / 阎王叫你三更死，谁敢留人到五更

Yánwáng jiào nǐ sāngēng sǐ, shéi gǎn liú rén dào wǔgēng

(Buddhism, Chinese mythology) Synonym of 閻羅 /阎罗 (Yánluó, “Yama (god of the underworld)”)


不二法門

ㄅㄨˋ ㄦˋ ㄈㄚˇ ㄇㄣˊ

ㄅㄨˋ ㄦˋ ㄈㄚˇ ㄇㄣˊ

/pu⁵¹⁻³⁵ ˀɤɻ⁵¹ fä²¹⁴⁻²¹ mən³⁵/

/pɐt̚⁵ jiː²² faːt̚³ muːn²¹/

/put̚³²⁻⁴ zi³³⁻²¹ huat̚³²⁻⁴ mŋ̍²³/

/put̚³²⁻⁴ li³³⁻¹¹ huat̚³²⁻⁴ mŋ̍²⁴/

/pu⁵¹⁻³⁵ ˀɤɻ⁵¹ fä²¹⁴⁻²¹ mən³⁵/

/pɐt̚⁵ jiː²² faːt̚³ muːn²¹/

/put̚³²⁻⁴ zi³³⁻²¹ huat̚³²⁻⁴ mŋ̍²³/

/put̚³²⁻⁴ li³³⁻¹¹ huat̚³²⁻⁴ mŋ̍²⁴/

Originally Buddhist, first attested in 406, in《維摩詰經》 (“Vimalakirti Sutra”), translated by Kumarajiva.

(Buddhism) the dharma gateway of nonduality


法門

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (法門):
* → Japanese: 法門(ほうもん) (hōmon)
* → Korean: 법문(法門) (beommun)
* → Vietnamese: pháp môn (法門)

/fä²¹⁴⁻²¹ mən³⁵/

/huaʔ²⁴⁻²¹ muoŋ⁵³/

/haʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ mɔŋ¹³/

/haʔ²⁻⁴ muoŋ²⁴/

/huat̚³²⁻⁴ mŋ̍²³/

/huat̚³²⁻⁴ mŋ̍²⁴/

/faʔ³³ mən⁴⁴/

/fä²¹⁴⁻²¹ mən³⁵/

/huaʔ²⁴⁻²¹ muoŋ⁵³/

/haʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ mɔŋ¹³/

/haʔ²⁻⁴ muoŋ²⁴/

/huat̚³²⁻⁴ mŋ̍²³/

/huat̚³²⁻⁴ mŋ̍²⁴/

/faʔ³³ mən⁴⁴/

Calque of Sanskrit धर्मपर्याय (dharmaparyāya), comprised of धर्म (dharma, “dharma”) + पर्याय (paryāya, “method”).

compound

(Buddhism) gateway for entry into the dharma


夜叉

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (夜叉):
* → Japanese: 夜(や)叉(しゃ) (yasha)
* → Korean: 야차(夜叉) (yacha)
* → Vietnamese: dạ-xoa (夜叉)

/jɛ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰä⁵⁵/

/jɛ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰä¹/

/jɛː²² t͡sʰaː⁵⁵/

/ia³³⁻¹¹ t͡sʰe⁴⁴/

/ia³³⁻²¹ t͡sʰe⁴⁴/

/jɛ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰä⁵⁵/

/jɛ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰä¹/

/jɛː²² t͡sʰaː⁵⁵/

/ia³³⁻¹¹ t͡sʰe⁴⁴/

/ia³³⁻²¹ t͡sʰe⁴⁴/


魔羅

Sino-Xenic (魔羅):
* → Japanese: 魔羅(まら) (mara)

/mu̯ɔ³⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵/

/mu̯ɔ³⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵/

From Sanskrit मार (māra, “killing; death; destroyer; demon”).


小乘

ja-r

小(しょう)乗(じょう) (shōjō)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (小乘):
* → Japanese: 小(しょう)乗(じょう) (shōjō)
* → Korean: 소승(小乘) (soseung)
* → Vietnamese: Tiểu thừa (小乘)

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂɤŋ⁵¹/

/siːu̯³⁵ sɪŋ²²/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂɤŋ⁵¹/

/siːu̯³⁵ sɪŋ²²/

Calque of Sanskrit हीनयान (hīnayāna, “lesser vehicle”).

calque

(Buddhism, originally derogatory, now usually neutral) Hinayana (early Buddhism; Theravada Buddhism)


三昧

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (三昧):
* → Japanese: 三(さん)昧(まい) (sanmai)
* → Korean: 삼매(三昧) (sammae)
* → Vietnamese: tam muội (三昧)

/sän⁵⁵ meɪ̯⁵¹/

/sän⁵⁵ meɪ̯⁵¹/


獅子座

/ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ d͡z̥z̩² t͡su̯ɔ⁵¹/

/siː⁵⁵ t͡siː³⁵ t͡sɔː²²/

/ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ d͡z̥z̩² t͡su̯ɔ⁵¹/

/siː⁵⁵ t͡siː³⁵ t͡sɔː²²/

(Buddhism) the throne of a Buddha or bodhisattva


四天王

/sz̩⁵¹ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ wɑŋ³⁵/

/sei̯³³ tʰiːn⁵⁵ wɔːŋ²¹/

/sz̩⁵¹ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ wɑŋ³⁵/

/sei̯³³ tʰiːn⁵⁵ wɔːŋ²¹/

四大天王 四大天王#Chinese

(Buddhism) Synonym of 四大天王 (sìdàtiānwáng, “the four heavenly kings”)


智慧

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ xu̯eɪ̯⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹ xu̯eɪ̯¹/

/t͡siː³³ wɐi̯²²/

/t͡siː³³ wɐi̯³³/

/t͡sɨ⁵⁵ fi⁵⁵/

/ti²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾iɛ²⁴²/

/ti²¹⁻⁵³ hui²²/

/ti⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ hui⁴¹/

/ti²¹⁻⁵³ hui²²/

/ti¹¹⁻⁵³ hui³³/

/ti²¹⁻⁴¹ hui³³/

/ti²¹³⁻⁵⁵ hui³⁵/

/t͡sz̩³³ ɦue⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ xu̯eɪ̯⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹ xu̯eɪ̯¹/

/t͡siː³³ wɐi̯²²/

/t͡siː³³ wɐi̯³³/

/t͡sɨ⁵⁵ fi⁵⁵/

/ti²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾iɛ²⁴²/

/ti²¹⁻⁵³ hui²²/

/ti⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ hui⁴¹/

/ti²¹⁻⁵³ hui²²/

/ti¹¹⁻⁵³ hui³³/

/ti²¹⁻⁴¹ hui³³/

/ti²¹³⁻⁵⁵ hui³⁵/

/t͡sz̩³³ ɦue⁴⁴/


禪那

Sino-Xenic (禪那):
* → Japanese: 禅(ぜん)那(な) (zenna)
* → Korean: 선나(禪那) (seonna)
* → Vietnamese: thiền na (禪那)

/ʈ͡ʂʰän³⁵ nu̯ɔ³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰän³⁵ nä⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʰän³⁵ nu̯ɔ³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰän³⁵ nä⁵¹/


不信

Sino-Xenic (不信):
* → Japanese: 不信(ふしん) (fushin)
* → Korean: 불신(不信) (bulsin)
* → Vietnamese: bất tín (不信)

Translation of Sanskrit अश्रद्ध्य (aśraddhya, “unbelief”) or Pali asaddha (“not believing”). The Tibetan equivalent is མ་དད་པ (ma dad pa).

der

/pu⁵¹⁻³⁵ ɕin⁵¹/

/pɐt̚⁵ sɵn³³/

/pu⁵¹⁻³⁵ ɕin⁵¹/

/pɐt̚⁵ sɵn³³/

(Buddhism) unbelief or non-faith; inability of a person to generate tacit belief or confidence in a teacher and the doctrines that is necessary to undertake practice in earnest


緣分

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (緣分):
* → Korean: 연분(緣分) (yeonbun)
* → Vietnamese: duyên phận (緣分)

/ɥɛn³⁵ fən⁵¹/

/ɥɛn³⁵ fən³/

/iɛn²⁴⁻²² hun²²/

/iɛn²⁴⁻²² hun⁴¹/

/iɛn¹³⁻²² hun²²/

/iɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ hun³³/

/iɛn²³⁻³³ hun³³/

/uaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ huŋ¹¹/

/ɥɛn³⁵ fən⁵¹/

/ɥɛn³⁵ fən³/

/iɛn²⁴⁻²² hun²²/

/iɛn²⁴⁻²² hun⁴¹/

/iɛn¹³⁻²² hun²²/

/iɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ hun³³/

/iɛn²³⁻³³ hun³³/

/uaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ huŋ¹¹/

(Buddhism) the predetermined principle that dictates a person's relationships and encounters, usually positive, such as the affinity among friends or lovers


叢林

Sino-Xenic (叢林):
* → Japanese: 叢林(そうりん) (sōrin)
* → Korean: 총림(叢林) (chongnim)
* → Vietnamese: tùng lâm (叢林)

/t͡sʰʊŋ³⁵ lin³⁵/

/t͡sʰʊŋ²¹ lɐm²¹/

/tɵŋ²² lim²²/

/t͡sɔŋ¹³⁻²² lim¹³/

/t͡sɔŋ²⁴⁻²² lim²⁴/

/t͡sʰʊŋ³⁵ lin³⁵/

/t͡sʰʊŋ²¹ lɐm²¹/

/tɵŋ²² lim²²/

/t͡sɔŋ¹³⁻²² lim¹³/

/t͡sɔŋ²⁴⁻²² lim²⁴/

(archaic, Buddhism) Zen Buddhist monastery (Classifier: 座 m)


世尊

Sino-Xenic (世尊):
* → Japanese: 世(せ)尊(そん) (seson)
* → Korean: 세존(世尊) (sejon)
* → Vietnamese: Thế Tôn (世尊)

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹ t͡su̯ən⁵⁵/

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹ t͡su̯ən⁵⁵/

Calque of Sanskrit भगवान् (bhagavān), Pali bhagavā, etc.

worshipped by all; the world's reverence

Then the Bodhisattva Earth Holder rose from his seat, went before the Buddha, and said to him: "World-Honored One, if any living being hears this Bodhisattva Regarder of the Cries of the World chapter, hears of the freedom of his actions and the divine power of the revelation of the universal gateway, it should be known that this person's blessings are not few."

Lotus Sutra, translated by Kumārajīva, 406 CE

Ěrshí Chídì púsà jí cóng zuò qǐ qián bái Fó yán: “Shìzūn, ruò yǒu zhòngshēng, wén shì Guānshìyīn púsà pǐn, zìzài zhī yè, pǔmén shìxiàn shéntōnglì zhě, dāng zhī shì rén gōngdé bùshào.

爾時持地菩薩即從座起前白佛言：「世尊，若有衆生，聞是觀世音菩薩品，自在之業，普門示現神通力者，當知是人功德不少。

尔时持地菩萨即从座起前白佛言：「世尊，若有众生，闻是观世音菩萨品，自在之业，普门示现神通力者，当知是人功德不少。

(honorific, chiefly Buddhism) Bhagavan; Lord; Honoured One (title of the Buddha)


因果

Sino-Xenic (因果):
* → Japanese: 因果(いんが) (inga)
* → Korean: 인과(因果) (in'gwa)
* → Vietnamese: nhân quả (因果)

/in⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jɐn⁵⁵ kʷɔː³⁵/

/in⁴⁴⁻³³ ko⁵³/

/in⁴⁴⁻²² ko⁵³/

/in⁴⁴⁻³³ kɤ⁴¹/

/in³³ kɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/in⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jɐn⁵⁵ kʷɔː³⁵/

/in⁴⁴⁻³³ ko⁵³/

/in⁴⁴⁻²² ko⁵³/

/in⁴⁴⁻³³ kɤ⁴¹/

/in³³ kɔ⁵⁵⁴/

Calque of Sanskrit हेतु (hetu, “impulse, cause”) and फल (phala, “fruit, result”) arising from translation of Buddhist texts. (Dassanayake (2021), pg. 124)


苦惱

/kʰu²¹⁴⁻³⁵ nɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʰɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lo⁵⁵⁴/

/kʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nãu⁵³/

/kʰɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ nãu⁴¹/

/kʰou⁵²⁻³⁵ nau⁵²⁻²¹/

/kʰu³³ nɔ⁴⁴/

/kʰu³⁵ nɔ³¹/

/kʰəu⁵² næ¹¹/

/kʰu²¹⁴⁻³⁵ nɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʰɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lo⁵⁵⁴/

/kʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nãu⁵³/

/kʰɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ nãu⁴¹/

/kʰou⁵²⁻³⁵ nau⁵²⁻²¹/

/kʰu³³ nɔ⁴⁴/

/kʰu³⁵ nɔ³¹/

/kʰəu⁵² næ¹¹/

; suffering
Calque of Sanskrit दुःख (duḥkha).


觀念

/ku̯än⁵⁵ ni̯ɛn⁵¹/

/kon²⁴⁻¹¹ ŋi̯am⁵⁵/

/kuɔn⁴⁴⁻³⁵ ŋiam⁵³/

/kuaŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ nˡiɛŋ²⁴²/

/kuaŋ⁵³³⁻¹³ niɛŋ¹¹/

/kuoŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²⁴ niɛŋ²¹/

/kuø⁵⁵ n̠ʲi²¹/

/kuø⁵⁵ n̠ʲie²¹/

/ku̯än⁵⁵ ni̯ɛn⁵¹/

/kon²⁴⁻¹¹ ŋi̯am⁵⁵/

/kuɔn⁴⁴⁻³⁵ ŋiam⁵³/

/kuaŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ nˡiɛŋ²⁴²/

/kuaŋ⁵³³⁻¹³ niɛŋ¹¹/

/kuoŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²⁴ niɛŋ²¹/

/kuø⁵⁵ n̠ʲi²¹/

/kuø⁵⁵ n̠ʲie²¹/

(Buddhism) to observe and contemplate one's thoughts


大德

/tai²²⁻²¹ tiɪk̚³²/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² tiɪk̚⁵/

/tai²²⁻²¹ tiɪk̚³²/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ tiɪk̚³²/

/tai³³⁻²¹ tiɪk̚³²/

/tai²²⁻²¹ tiɪk̚³²/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² tiɪk̚⁵/

/tai²²⁻²¹ tiɪk̚³²/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ tiɪk̚³²/

/tai³³⁻²¹ tiɪk̚³²/

(Buddhism) honorific for elderly monks, Buddha or Bodhisattva


金剛

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (金剛):
* → Japanese: 金剛(こんごう) (kongō)
* → Vietnamese: kim cương (金剛)

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ kɑŋ⁵⁵/

/kɐm⁵⁵ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/kim²⁴⁻¹¹ koŋ²⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kim³³ kɔŋ³³/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kim³³⁻²³ kɯŋ³³/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ kɑŋ⁵⁵/

/kɐm⁵⁵ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/kim²⁴⁻¹¹ koŋ²⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kim³³ kɔŋ³³/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kim³³⁻²³ kɯŋ³³/

1883, Adele Marion Fielde, “金”, in A Pronouncing and Defining Dictionary of the Swatow Dialect, Arranged According to Syllables and Tones, Shanghai: American Presbyterian Mission Press, page 249:

Though he were the gods that guard the temple gates I would treat him as if he were clay.

zu⁷ si⁶ gim¹ geng¹, ua² ia⁷ ain³ kang³ i¹ go³ thou⁵.

就是金剛，我亦欲看伊處土。

就是金刚，我亦欲看伊处土。

(Buddhism) tutelary of Buddhist teaching


加護

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ xu⁵¹/

/ka⁴⁴⁻²² hɔ²²/

/ka⁴⁴⁻²² hɔ²²/

/ka⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔ³³/

/ka⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔ³³/

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ xu⁵¹/

/ka⁴⁴⁻²² hɔ²²/

/ka⁴⁴⁻²² hɔ²²/

/ka⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔ³³/

/ka⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔ³³/

(Buddhism, of a god) to watch over; to protect


加持

Sino-Xenic (加持):
* → Japanese: 加持(かじ) (kaji)
* → Korean: 가지(加持) (gaji)
* → Vietnamese: gia trì (加持)

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩³⁵/

/kaː⁵⁵ t͡sʰiː²¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩³⁵/

/kaː⁵⁵ t͡sʰiː²¹/

Translation of Sanskrit अधिष्ठान (adhiṣṭhāna, “standing by”) or Pali adhiṭṭhāna. Tibetan equivalent is བྱིན་རླབས (byin rlabs).

der

(Buddhism) adhiṣṭhāna; initiations or blessings


開示

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² si²²/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² si²²/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ si³³/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ si³³/

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² si²²/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² si²²/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ si³³/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ si³³/

(Buddhism) a sermon by an eminent monastic


居士

/t͡ɕy⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/kɵy̯⁵⁵ siː²²/

/ˈt͡ɕy⁴² sz̩¹¹/

/ky⁵³³⁻¹³ ɬo¹¹/

/ky⁵⁴⁴⁻²⁴ ɬo²¹/

/ku⁴⁴⁻²² su²²/

/ku⁴⁴⁻³³ su³³/

/ki⁴⁴⁻³³ su³³/

/kɯ³³⁻²³ sɯ³⁵/

/t͡ɕy⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/kɵy̯⁵⁵ siː²²/

/ˈt͡ɕy⁴² sz̩¹¹/

/ky⁵³³⁻¹³ ɬo¹¹/

/ky⁵⁴⁴⁻²⁴ ɬo²¹/

/ku⁴⁴⁻²² su²²/

/ku⁴⁴⁻³³ su³³/

/ki⁴⁴⁻³³ su³³/

/kɯ³³⁻²³ sɯ³⁵/

"Master Gotama, there are these four castes: aristocrats, brahmins, merchants, and workers. Three of these castes — aristocrats, merchants, and workers — in fact succeed only in serving the brahmins," (said the youth)

c. 413. Buddhayaśas (佛陀耶舍) and Zhu Fonian (竺佛念), trans. The Dīrghāgama 《長阿含經》 DA 20. English text based on the translation by Bhikkhu Sujato of the parallel text DN 3 in the Pali Tipiṭaka

Mónà bái Fó yán: “Shì yǒu sì xìng — chàlì, póluómén, jūshì, shǒutuóluó; qí bǐ sān xìng, cháng zūnzhòng, gōngjìng, gōngyǎng póluómén.”

摩納白佛言：「世有四姓——剎利、婆羅門、居士、首陀羅；其彼三姓，常尊重、恭敬、供養婆羅門。」

摩纳白佛言：「世有四姓——刹利、婆罗门、居士、首陀罗；其彼三姓，常尊重、恭敬、供养婆罗门。」

(Buddhism, Hinduism, uncommon) Vaishya (one of the four castes of the varna system)


結界

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹/

(Buddhism) a gloss for the Sanskrit term sīmābandha


究竟

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵ t͡ɕiŋ⁵¹/

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕiŋ⁵¹/

/kɐu̯³³ kɪŋ³⁵/

/kiu²¹⁻⁵³ kiɪŋ²¹/

/kiu⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kiɪŋ⁴¹/

/kiu²¹⁻⁵³ kiɪŋ²¹/

/kiu¹¹⁻⁵³ kiɪŋ¹¹/

/kiu²¹⁻⁴¹ kiɪŋ²¹/

/kiu²¹³⁻⁵⁵ keŋ⁵²⁻²¹/

/t͡ɕiɤ⁵⁵ t͡ɕin²¹/

/t͡ɕiɤ³³ t͡ɕin⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵ t͡ɕiŋ⁵¹/

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕiŋ⁵¹/

/kɐu̯³³ kɪŋ³⁵/

/kiu²¹⁻⁵³ kiɪŋ²¹/

/kiu⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kiɪŋ⁴¹/

/kiu²¹⁻⁵³ kiɪŋ²¹/

/kiu¹¹⁻⁵³ kiɪŋ¹¹/

/kiu²¹⁻⁴¹ kiɪŋ²¹/

/kiu²¹³⁻⁵⁵ keŋ⁵²⁻²¹/

/t͡ɕiɤ⁵⁵ t͡ɕin²¹/

/t͡ɕiɤ³³ t͡ɕin⁴⁴/

(Buddhism) niṣṭhā; ultimate end; culmination


奈落

/naɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ lu̯ɔ⁵¹/

/naɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ lu̯ɔ⁵¹/

Transliteration of Sanskrit नरक (naraka).


在家

/t͡saɪ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵/

/t͡sɔːi̯²² kaː⁵⁵/

/t͡saɪ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵/

/t͡sɔːi̯²² kaː⁵⁵/


鬼畜

zh-l

餓鬼／饿鬼 (èguǐ)

/ku̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu⁵¹/

/kʷɐi̯³⁵ t͡sʰʊk̚⁵/

/ku̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu⁵¹/

/kʷɐi̯³⁵ t͡sʰʊk̚⁵/


善男

/ʂän⁵¹ nän³⁵/

/siɛn²²⁻²¹ lam²⁴/

/siɛn⁴¹⁻²² lam²⁴/

/siɛn²²⁻²¹ lam¹³/

/siɛn³³⁻¹¹ lam²⁴/

/siɛn³³⁻²¹ lam²³/

/ʂän⁵¹ nän³⁵/

/siɛn²²⁻²¹ lam²⁴/

/siɛn⁴¹⁻²² lam²⁴/

/siɛn²²⁻²¹ lam¹³/

/siɛn³³⁻¹¹ lam²⁴/

/siɛn³³⁻²¹ lam²³/


福田

/fu³⁵ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/fʊk̚⁵ tʰiːn²¹/

/hok̚²⁻⁴ t͡sʰaŋ⁵⁵/

/fu³⁵ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/fʊk̚⁵ tʰiːn²¹/

/hok̚²⁻⁴ t͡sʰaŋ⁵⁵/

Calque of Sanskrit पुण्यक्षेत्र (puṇyakṣetra), from पुण्य (puṇya, “merit”) + क्षेत्र (kṣetra, “field”).

cal

पुण्यक्षेत्र

compound

(Buddhism) field for growing happiness; domain for practices leading to enlightenment


安居

/ˀän⁵⁵ t͡ɕy⁵⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ kɵy̯⁵⁵/

/on²⁴⁻¹¹ ki²⁴/

/ˀän⁵⁵ t͡ɕy⁵⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ kɵy̯⁵⁵/

/on²⁴⁻¹¹ ki²⁴/


朝山

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

(Buddhism) to make a pilgrimage to a great mountain


無明

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (無明):
* → Japanese: 無明(むみょう) (mumyō)
* → Korean: 무명(無明) (mumyeong)
* → Vietnamese: vô minh (無明)

/mou̯²¹ mɪŋ²¹/

/bu²⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/

/bu²⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/

/bu¹³⁻²² biɪŋ¹³/

/bu²⁴⁻¹¹ biɪŋ²⁴/

/bu²³⁻³³ biɪŋ²³/

/mou̯²¹ mɪŋ²¹/

/bu²⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/

/bu²⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/

/bu¹³⁻²² biɪŋ¹³/

/bu²⁴⁻¹¹ biɪŋ²⁴/

/bu²³⁻³³ biɪŋ²³/


法師

Sino-Xenic (法師):
* → Japanese: 法(ほう)師(し) (hōshi)
* → Korean: 법사(法師) (beopsa)
* → Vietnamese: pháp sư (法師)

/fä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/

/fap⁵⁻² sɨ⁵³/

/haʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ ɬo⁵³³/

/haʔ²⁻⁴ ɬo⁵⁴⁴/

/huat̚⁵⁻²⁴ sɯ³³/

/fä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/

/fap⁵⁻² sɨ⁵³/

/haʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ ɬo⁵³³/

/haʔ²⁻⁴ ɬo⁵⁴⁴/

/huat̚⁵⁻²⁴ sɯ³³/

(Buddhism) one who has mastered the sutras


手板

/ʂoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ pän²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɐu̯³⁵ paːn³⁵/

/t͡sʰiu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pan⁵³/

/t͡sʰiu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ pan⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sʰiu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pan⁵³/

/t͡sʰiu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pan⁵³/

/t͡sʰiu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ pan⁴¹/

/ʂəu̯⁴¹ pan⁴¹/

/ʂoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ pän²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɐu̯³⁵ paːn³⁵/

/t͡sʰiu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pan⁵³/

/t͡sʰiu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ pan⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sʰiu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pan⁵³/

/t͡sʰiu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pan⁵³/

/t͡sʰiu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ pan⁴¹/

/ʂəu̯⁴¹ pan⁴¹/


修羅場

ㄒㄧㄡ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄔㄤˇ

ㄒㄧㄡ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄔㄤˊ

/ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵/

/ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵/

(Buddhism) location of the fight between the asura and Śakra-led deva


釋迦牟尼

ㄕˋ ㄐㄧㄚ ㄇㄡˊ ㄋㄧˊ

ㄕˋ ㄐㄧㄚ ㄇㄡˊ ㄋㄧˊ

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ moʊ̯³⁵ ni³⁵/

/sɪk̚⁵ kaː⁵⁵ mɐu̯²¹ nei̯²¹/

/siɪk̚³²⁻⁴ kʰia⁴⁴⁻³³ mɔ̃²⁴⁻¹¹ nĩ²⁴/

/siɪk̚³²⁻⁴ kʰia⁴⁴⁻³³ mɔ̃²³⁻³³ nĩ²³/

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ moʊ̯³⁵ ni³⁵/

/sɪk̚⁵ kaː⁵⁵ mɐu̯²¹ nei̯²¹/

/siɪk̚³²⁻⁴ kʰia⁴⁴⁻³³ mɔ̃²⁴⁻¹¹ nĩ²⁴/

/siɪk̚³²⁻⁴ kʰia⁴⁴⁻³³ mɔ̃²³⁻³³ nĩ²³/

Borrowed from Sanskrit शाक्यमुनि (Śākyamuni, “sage of the Śākyas”).


六道

/li̯oʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ tɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/li̯oʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ tɑʊ̯⁵¹/

(Buddhism) the six realms of existence into which souls are reborn in the cycle of samsara


悲願

/peɪ̯⁵⁵ ɥɛn⁵¹/

/peɪ̯⁵⁵ ɥɛn⁵¹/

(Buddhism) merciful wish (of a bodhisattva); cherished desire


魔道

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (魔道):
* → Japanese: 魔道(まどう) (madō)
* → Korean: 마도(魔道) (mado)
* → Vietnamese: ma đạo (魔道)

/mu̯ɔ³⁵ tɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/mɔː⁵⁵ tou̯²²/

/mu̯ɔ³⁵ tɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/mɔː⁵⁵ tou̯²²/


阿賴耶識

Sino-Xenic (阿賴耶識):
* → Japanese: 阿頼耶(あらや)識(しき) (arayashiki)
* → Korean: 아뢰야식(阿賴耶識) (aroeyasik)
* → Vietnamese: A-lại-da thức (阿賴耶識)

ㄚ ㄌㄞˋ ㄧㄝˊ ㄕˊ

ㄚ ㄌㄞˋ ㄧㄝˊ ㄕˋ

/ˀä⁵⁵ laɪ̯⁵¹ jɛ³⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/ˀä⁵⁵ laɪ̯⁵¹ jɛ³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/ˀä⁵⁵ laɪ̯⁵¹ jɛ³⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/ˀä⁵⁵ laɪ̯⁵¹ jɛ³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

Borrowed from Sanskrit आलयविज्ञान (ālaya-vijñāna, literally “dwelling-consciousness”).

bor+

(Buddhism) storehouse consciousness, last of the Eight Consciousnesses, ultimate source of the consciousnesses


涅槃

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (涅槃):
* → Japanese: 涅(ね)槃(はん) (nehan)
* → Korean: 열반(涅槃) (yeolban)
* → Vietnamese: niết bàn (涅槃)

/ni̯ɛ⁵¹ pʰän³⁵/

/liɛt̚⁴⁻³² pʰuan²⁴/

/ni̯ɛ⁵¹ pʰän³⁵/

/liɛt̚⁴⁻³² pʰuan²⁴/

From Sanskrit निर्वाण (nirvāṇa, “blown or put out, extinguished”) or Pali nibbāna. Compare Thai นิพพาน (níp-paan).

der

(Buddhism) nirvana (a state of perfect happiness, harmony and freedom; enlightenment).


喇嘛

/laː⁵⁵ maː²¹/

/la(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ mã⁵³/

/la³³⁻²³ ma³³/

/laː⁵⁵ maː²¹/

/la(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ mã⁵³/

/la³³⁻²³ ma³³/

Borrowed from Manchu ᠯᠠᠮᠠ (lama), from Classical Mongolian ᠯᠠᠮᠠ (lam-a) and ᠪᠯᠠᠮᠠ (blam-a), from Classical Tibetan བླ་མ (bla ma).


醍醐

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (醍醐):
* → Japanese: 醍(だい)醐(ご) (daigo)
* → Korean: 제호(醍醐) (jeho)
* → Vietnamese: đề hồ (醍醐)

/tʰɐi̯²¹ wuː²¹/

/tʰɐi̯²¹ wuː²¹/

(literary, figurative, Buddhism) the essence of Buddhism


業火

/jɛ⁵¹ xu̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jɛ⁵¹ xu̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/


穢土

Sino-Xenic (穢土):
* → Japanese: 穢土(えど) (edo)
* → Korean: 예토(穢土) (yeto)

/xu̯eɪ̯⁵¹ tʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/wɐi̯³³ tʰou̯³⁵/

/xu̯eɪ̯⁵¹ tʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/wɐi̯³³ tʰou̯³⁵/

(Buddhism) impure land; earthly realm; land of the living


錫杖

Sino-Xenic (錫杖):
* → Japanese: 錫杖(しゃくじょう) (shakujō)
* → Korean: 석장(錫杖) (seokjang)
* → Vietnamese: tích trượng (錫杖)

/ɕi⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂɑŋ⁵¹/

/ɕi³⁵ ʈ͡ʂɑŋ⁵¹/

/sɛːk̚³ t͡sœːŋ²²/

/siak̚⁵⁻²⁴ tʰŋ̍²²/

/sia(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ tʰŋ̍³³/

/sia(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ tʰŋ̍²²/

/sia(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ tʰŋ̍³³/

/sia(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ tʰiaŋ²²/

/ɕi⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂɑŋ⁵¹/

/ɕi³⁵ ʈ͡ʂɑŋ⁵¹/

/sɛːk̚³ t͡sœːŋ²²/

/siak̚⁵⁻²⁴ tʰŋ̍²²/

/sia(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ tʰŋ̍³³/

/sia(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ tʰŋ̍²²/

/sia(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ tʰŋ̍³³/

/sia(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ tʰiaŋ²²/


元明

/ɥɛn³⁵ miŋ³⁵/

/ɥɛn³⁵ miŋ³⁵/


前身

Sino-Xenic (前身):
* → Japanese: 前身(ぜんしん) (zenshin)
* → Korean: 전신(前身) (jeonsin)
* → Vietnamese: tiền thân (前身)

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵ ʂən⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰiːn²¹ sɐn⁵⁵/

/t͡siɛn²⁴⁻²² sin⁴⁴/

/t͡siɛn²⁴⁻²² sin³³/

/t͡siɛn¹³⁻²² sin⁴⁴/

/t͡siɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ sin⁴⁴/

/t͡siɛn²³⁻³³ sin⁴⁴/

/ʑi²² sən⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵ ʂən⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰiːn²¹ sɐn⁵⁵/

/t͡siɛn²⁴⁻²² sin⁴⁴/

/t͡siɛn²⁴⁻²² sin³³/

/t͡siɛn¹³⁻²² sin⁴⁴/

/t͡siɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ sin⁴⁴/

/t͡siɛn²³⁻³³ sin⁴⁴/

/ʑi²² sən⁴⁴/

(Buddhism) previous incarnation; past life


覺悟

Sino-Xenic (覺悟):
* → Japanese: 覚(かく)悟(ご) (kakugo)
* → Korean: 각오(覺悟) (gago)
* → Vietnamese: giác ngộ (覺悟)

/t͡ɕy̯ɛ³⁵ u⁵¹/

/t͡ɕy̯ɛ³⁵ u³/

/kɔːk̚³ ŋ̍²²/

/kak̚³²⁻⁴ ŋɔ̃³³/

/kak̚³²⁻⁴ ŋɔ̃²²/

/kak̚⁵⁻²⁴ ŋɔ̃⁴¹/

/kak̚³²⁻⁵ ɡɔ²²/

/kak̚³²⁻⁴ ɡɔ³³/

/kak̚²⁻⁴ ŋo³⁵/

/t͡ɕiaʔ³³ ŋu⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕy̯ɛ³⁵ u⁵¹/

/t͡ɕy̯ɛ³⁵ u³/

/kɔːk̚³ ŋ̍²²/

/kak̚³²⁻⁴ ŋɔ̃³³/

/kak̚³²⁻⁴ ŋɔ̃²²/

/kak̚⁵⁻²⁴ ŋɔ̃⁴¹/

/kak̚³²⁻⁵ ɡɔ²²/

/kak̚³²⁻⁴ ɡɔ³³/

/kak̚²⁻⁴ ŋo³⁵/

/t͡ɕiaʔ³³ ŋu⁴⁴/


曼荼羅

ㄇㄢˋ ㄊㄨˊ ㄌㄨㄛˊ

ㄇㄢˋ ㄊㄨˊ ㄌㄨㄛˊ

/män⁵¹ tʰu³⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵/

/maːn²² tʰou̯²¹ lɔː²¹/

/män⁵¹ tʰu³⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵/

/maːn²² tʰou̯²¹ lɔː²¹/

Borrowed from Sanskrit मण्डल (maṇḍala, “round; circular”).

bor

曼荼罗
曼陀羅
慢怛羅
滿拏囉
曼達拉


梵天

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (梵天):
* → Japanese: 梵天(ぼんてん) (Bonten)
* → Korean: 범천(梵天) (Beomcheon)
* → Vietnamese: Phạm Thiên (梵天)

/fän⁵¹ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/fän³⁵ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/fän⁵¹ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/fän³⁵ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/


法螺

Sino-Xenic (法螺):
* → Japanese: 法(ほ)螺(ら) (hora); 法(ほう)螺(ら) (hōra)
* → Korean: 법라(法螺) (beomna)
* → Vietnamese: pháp loa (法螺)

/fä²¹⁴⁻²¹ lu̯ɔ³⁵/

/faːt̚³ lɔː²¹/

/fä²¹⁴⁻²¹ lu̯ɔ³⁵/

/faːt̚³ lɔː²¹/

Calque of Sanskrit धर्म शङ्ख (dharma śaṅkha, “conch shell of religion; conch of the law”). Tibetan equivalent is ཆོས་དུང (chos dung).

cal

(Buddhism) conch shell used as a Buddhist trumpet

(Buddhism) power and command of Buddhist teaching; doctrines of Buddhism


法衣

ja-r

法衣(ほうい) (hōi)

法衣(ほうえ) (hōe)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (法衣):
* → Japanese: 法衣(ほうい) (hōi); 法衣(ほうえ) (hōe)
* → Korean: 법의(法衣) (beobui)

/fä²¹⁴⁻²¹ i⁵⁵/

/fä²¹⁴⁻²¹ i⁵⁵/


念力

/ni̯ɛn⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹/

/ni̯ɛn⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹/


微塵

/weɪ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰən³⁵/

/weɪ̯³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰən³⁵/

/mei̯²¹ t͡sʰɐn²¹/

/weɪ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰən³⁵/

/weɪ̯³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰən³⁵/

/mei̯²¹ t͡sʰɐn²¹/


無念

/u³⁵ ni̯ɛn⁵¹/

/u³⁵ ni̯ɛn⁵¹/


業果

/jɛ⁵¹ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jɛ⁵¹ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/


䭀

(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese, Taoism, Buddhism) Short for 青䭀飯／青𩠇饭 (“black rice made by soaking rice in the extract of the oriental blueberry (Vaccinium bracteatum), used as a food offering”).

obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese; Taoism; obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese; Taoism


五戒

Sino-Xenic (五戒):
* → Japanese: 五(ご)戒(かい) (gokai)
* → Korean: 오계(五戒) (ogye)
* → Vietnamese: ngũ giới (五戒)

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹/

/ŋ̍¹³ kaːi̯³³/

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹/

/ŋ̍¹³ kaːi̯³³/


如來

Sino-Xenic (如來):
* → Japanese: 如來(にょらい) (nyorai)
* → Korean: 여래(如來) (yeorae)
* → Vietnamese: Như Lai (如來)

/ʐu³⁵ laɪ̯³⁵/

/jyː²¹ lɔːi̯²¹/

/y⁵³⁻³³ l̃ai⁵³/

/y⁵³⁻³³ l̃i⁵³/

/zu²³⁻³³ lai²³/

/lu²⁴⁻¹¹ lai²⁴/

/zi²³⁻³³ lai²³/

/li²⁴⁻¹¹ lai²⁴/

/ʐu³⁵ laɪ̯³⁵/

/jyː²¹ lɔːi̯²¹/

/y⁵³⁻³³ l̃ai⁵³/

/y⁵³⁻³³ l̃i⁵³/

/zu²³⁻³³ lai²³/

/lu²⁴⁻¹¹ lai²⁴/

/zi²³⁻³³ lai²³/

/li²⁴⁻¹¹ lai²⁴/

How [does he know all this]? Oh sagely ones, it is because the Thus-Come-One is skilled in distinguishing the nature of dharmas that he knows all this, and because the devas speak to him that he knows this.

〈大本經〉"The Scripture of the Great Origin" in 《長阿含經》 Dirgha Agama, Later Qin, Hongshi era (399-416 CE), Chinese translation by 佛陀耶舍 Buddhayaśsa and 竺佛念 Zhu Fonian; English translation based on John Kieschnick 2016

Yúnhé? Zhūxián, rúlái wèi shàn bié fǎxìng zhī rúshì shì, wèi zhūtiān lái yǔ, nǎi zhī cǐ shì.

云何？諸賢，如來為善別法性知如是事，為諸天來語，乃知此事。

云何？诸贤，如来为善别法性知如是事，为诸天来语，乃知此事。

A Thus-Come-One has divine powers, and his authority is vast. [He] know[s] entirely events from countless kalpas in the past. It is owing to [his] skill in understanding the nature of dharmas, and also because the devas come to speak to [him] that [he] know[s] these matters."

Rúlái shéntōng, wēilì hóngdà. Jìn zhī guòqù wúshù jié shì, yǐ néng shàn jiě fǎxìng gù zhī, yì yǐ zhūtiān lái yǔ gù zhī.

如來神通，威力弘大。盡知過去無數劫事，以能善解法性故知，亦以諸天來語故知。

如来神通，威力弘大。尽知过去无数劫事，以能善解法性故知，亦以诸天来语故知。


出息

/ʈ͡ʂʰu⁵⁵ ɕi²/

/t͡sʰɵt̚⁵ sɪk̚⁵/

/t͡sʰut̚³²⁻⁴ siɪk̚³²/

/t͡sʰut̚³²⁻⁵ sit̚³²/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu⁵⁵ ɕi²/

/t͡sʰɵt̚⁵ sɪk̚⁵/

/t͡sʰut̚³²⁻⁴ siɪk̚³²/

/t͡sʰut̚³²⁻⁵ sit̚³²/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu⁵⁵ ɕi³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu⁵⁵ ɕi³⁵/

/t͡sʰɵt̚⁵ sɪk̚⁵/


藥師

/jɑʊ̯⁵¹ ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/

/jœːk̚² siː⁵⁵/

/i̯ok̚⁵ sɨ²⁴/

/iɤ(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ su⁴⁴/

/jɑʊ̯⁵¹ ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/

/jœːk̚² siː⁵⁵/

/i̯ok̚⁵ sɨ²⁴/

/iɤ(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ su⁴⁴/

(Buddhism) Short for 藥師佛／药师佛 (Yàoshīfó, “Bhaiṣajyaguru”).


五蘊

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ yn⁵¹/

/ŋ̍¹³ wɐn³³/

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ yn⁵¹/

/ŋ̍¹³ wɐn³³/

Translation of Sanskrit पञ्चस्कन्ध (pañca-skandha).

When the Bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara was coursing in the deep Prajñāparamitā, He saw that all the five skandhas are empty; thus He overcame all sufferings and ills.

 7th century, Xuanzang (translator), Prajnaparamita Heart Sutra;
Translation from: Zhenji Zhang (1971) Garma C. C. Chang, editor, The Buddhist Teaching of Totality: The Philosophy of Hwa Yen Buddhism, Pennsylvania State University Press, →ISBN, page 65

Guānzìzài Púsà, xíng shēn bōrě bōluómìduō shí, zhào jiàn wǔyùn jiē kōng, dù yīqiè kǔ è.

觀自在菩薩，行深般若波羅蜜多時，照見五蘊皆空，度一切苦厄。

观自在菩萨，行深般若波罗蜜多时，照见五蕴皆空，度一切苦厄。

(Buddhism) the five skandhas (aggregates)


本尊

Sino-Xenic (本尊):
* → Japanese: 本尊(ほんぞん) (honzon)
* → Korean: 본존(本尊) (bonjon)

/pən²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡su̯ən⁵⁵/

/pən²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡su̯ən⁵⁵/

(Buddhism) the idol or other main object of worship at a temple; the principal image; yidam


聖母

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹ mu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɪŋ³³ mou̯¹³/

/siɪŋ³¹⁻⁵³ bio⁵⁵/

/siɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ bio⁵⁵⁴/

/siɪŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ bio⁵³/

/siɪŋ¹²⁻⁴⁴ bio⁵³/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ biɤ⁴¹/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ biɤ⁵³/

/siɪŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ bu⁵³/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ bɔ⁵³/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ bɤ⁴¹/

/siɪŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ bo⁵³/

/sĩã²¹³⁻⁵⁵ bo⁵²⁻²¹/

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹ mu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɪŋ³³ mou̯¹³/

/siɪŋ³¹⁻⁵³ bio⁵⁵/

/siɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ bio⁵⁵⁴/

/siɪŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ bio⁵³/

/siɪŋ¹²⁻⁴⁴ bio⁵³/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ biɤ⁴¹/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ biɤ⁵³/

/siɪŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ bu⁵³/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ bɔ⁵³/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ bɤ⁴¹/

/siɪŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ bo⁵³/

/sĩã²¹³⁻⁵⁵ bo⁵²⁻²¹/

Kṣitigarbha replied: "Holy Mother! Please listen and I shall roughly explain that [matter]."

The Kṣitigarbha Bodhisattva Pūrvapraṇidhāna Sūtra

Dìcáng dá yán: “Shèngmǔ! Wéi yuàn tīng shòu, wǒ cū shuō zhī.”

地藏答言：「聖母！唯願聽受，我粗說之。」

地藏答言：「圣母！唯愿听受，我粗说之。」

(Buddhism) Lady Maya, mother of the Buddha


大黑天

Sino-Xenic (大黑天):
* → Japanese: 大黒天(だいこくてん) (Daikokuten)
* → Korean: 대흑천(大黑天) (Daeheukcheon)
* → Vietnamese: Đại Hắc Thiên (大黑天)

Calque of Sanskrit महाकाल (mahākāla, literally “Great Time”). Compare Tibetan ནག་པོ་ཆེན་པོ (nag po chen po, literally “Great Black One”).

cog

ནག་པོ་ཆེན་པོ

/tä⁵¹ xeɪ̯⁵⁵ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/tä⁵¹ xeɪ̯⁵⁵ tʰi̯ɑɻ⁵⁵/

/taːi̯²² hɐk̚⁵ tʰiːn⁵⁵/

/tä⁵¹ xeɪ̯⁵⁵ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/tä⁵¹ xeɪ̯⁵⁵ tʰi̯ɑɻ⁵⁵/

/taːi̯²² hɐk̚⁵ tʰiːn⁵⁵/


法輪

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (法輪):
* → Japanese: 法輪(ほうりん) (hōrin)
* → Korean: 법륜(法輪) (beomnyun)
* → Vietnamese: pháp luân (法輪)

/fä²¹⁴⁻²¹ lu̯ən³⁵/

/huaʔ²⁴⁻²¹ l̃uŋ⁵³/

/haʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ lɔŋ¹³/

/haʔ²⁻⁴ luoŋ²⁴/

/faʔ³³ lən⁴⁴/

/fä²¹⁴⁻²¹ lu̯ən³⁵/

/huaʔ²⁴⁻²¹ l̃uŋ⁵³/

/haʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ lɔŋ¹³/

/haʔ²⁻⁴ luoŋ²⁴/

/faʔ³³ lən⁴⁴/

Calque of Sanskrit धर्मचक्र (dharmacakra, “wheel or range of the law”) or Pali dhammacakka (“wheel of the law”). Tibetan equivalent is ཆོས་འཁོར (chos 'khor).

calque

法輪常轉

法轮常转

(Buddhism) dharmachakra; wheel of the dharma (law); the eternal wheel of life


釋義

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ i⁵¹/

/sɪk̚⁵ jiː²²/

/siak̚⁵⁻²⁴ ɡi⁴¹/

/siɪk̚³²⁻⁵ ɡi²²/

/siɪk̚³²⁻⁴ ɡi³³/

/siɪk̚³²⁻⁴ ɡi²²/

/sek̚²⁻⁴ ŋi³⁵/

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ i⁵¹/

/sɪk̚⁵ jiː²²/

/siak̚⁵⁻²⁴ ɡi⁴¹/

/siɪk̚³²⁻⁵ ɡi²²/

/siɪk̚³²⁻⁴ ɡi³³/

/siɪk̚³²⁻⁴ ɡi²²/

/sek̚²⁻⁴ ŋi³⁵/


五體投地

five body parts (both hands/elbows, both knees and head) touching the ground

ㄨˇ ㄊㄧˇ ㄊㄡˊ ㄉㄧˋ

ㄨˇ ㄊㄧˇ ㄊㄡˊ ㄉㄧˋ

/u²¹⁴⁻³⁵ tʰi²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰoʊ̯³⁵ ti⁵¹/

/ŋ̍¹³ tʰɐi̯³⁵ tʰɐu̯²¹ tei̯²²/

/ŋ̍²² tʰi³³ dɤ³³ di²³/

/u³³ tʰi³³ dɤ³³ di²³/

/u²¹⁴⁻³⁵ tʰi²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰoʊ̯³⁵ ti⁵¹/

/ŋ̍¹³ tʰɐi̯³⁵ tʰɐu̯²¹ tei̯²²/

/ŋ̍²² tʰi³³ dɤ³³ di²³/

/u³³ tʰi³³ dɤ³³ di²³/

(Buddhism) to prostrate oneself (as the highest form of worship)


僧家

/sɤŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵/

/sɤŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵/


大悲咒

/tä⁵¹ peɪ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵¹/

/taːi̯²² pei̯⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯³³/

/tä⁵¹ peɪ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵¹/

/taːi̯²² pei̯⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯³³/

(Buddhism) Nīlakaṇṭha Dhāraṇī, the Great Compassion Mantra


往生咒

/wɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵¹/

/wɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵¹/

(Buddhism) Mantra for Rebirth in the Pure Land (chant in Pure Land Buddhism)


不動明王

ㄅㄨˋ ㄉㄨㄥˋ ㄇㄧㄥˊ ㄨㄤˊ

ㄅㄨˋ ㄉㄨㄥˋ ㄇㄧㄥˊ ㄨㄤˊ

Будун Минван

/pu⁵¹⁻⁵³ tʊŋ⁵¹ miŋ³⁵ wɑŋ³⁵/

/pu⁵¹⁻⁵³ tʊŋ⁵¹ miŋ³⁵ wɑŋ³⁵/

Calque of Sanskrit अचलनाथ विद्याराज (acalanātha vidyārāja).

cal

अचलनाथ विद्याराज

(Buddhism) Acala अचल (acala), a deity associated with Vajrayana Buddhism.


明王

ja-r

明王(みょうおう) (myōō)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (明王):
* → Japanese: 明王(みょうおう) (myōō)
* → Korean: 명왕(明王) (myeong'wang)

/miŋ³⁵ wɑŋ³⁵/

/mɪŋ²¹ wɔːŋ²¹/

/biɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ɔŋ²⁴/

/biɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ɔŋ²⁴/

/biɪŋ¹³⁻²² ɔŋ¹³/

/biɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ɔŋ²⁴/

/biɪŋ²³⁻³³ ɔŋ²³/

/miŋ³⁵ wɑŋ³⁵/

/mɪŋ²¹ wɔːŋ²¹/

/biɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ɔŋ²⁴/

/biɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ɔŋ²⁴/

/biɪŋ¹³⁻²² ɔŋ¹³/

/biɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ɔŋ²⁴/

/biɪŋ²³⁻³³ ɔŋ²³/

From a calque of Sanskrit विद्याराज (vidyārāja, “knowledge king”).

calque

(Buddhism) a Wisdom King in Vajrayana Buddhism


梵唄

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (梵唄):
* → Japanese: 梵唄(ぼんばい) (bonbai)
* → Korean: 범패(梵唄) (beompae)

/fän⁵¹⁻⁵³ paɪ̯⁵¹/

/fän³⁵ paɪ̯⁵¹/

/fän⁵¹⁻⁵³ paɪ̯⁵¹/

/fän³⁵ paɪ̯⁵¹/


造孽

/t͡sɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ni̯ɛ⁵¹/

/t͡sau²¹³ nʲiɛ²¹/

/t͡so²²⁻²¹ ɡiɛt̚⁴/

/t͡so³³⁻¹¹ ɡiɛt̚⁴/

/t͡sɤ³³⁻²¹ ɡiɛt̚⁴/

/t͡so²²⁻²¹ ɡiɛt̚¹²¹/

/t͡so²² ɡiɛt̚²⁴/

/t͡sʰɒu̯⁴⁵ n̠ʲi̯e̞²⁴/

/t͡sɒu̯²¹⁻¹¹ n̠ʲi̯e̞²⁴/

/d͡zɤ¹¹ ni³⁵/

/t͡sɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ni̯ɛ⁵¹/

/t͡sau²¹³ nʲiɛ²¹/

/t͡so²²⁻²¹ ɡiɛt̚⁴/

/t͡so³³⁻¹¹ ɡiɛt̚⁴/

/t͡sɤ³³⁻²¹ ɡiɛt̚⁴/

/t͡so²²⁻²¹ ɡiɛt̚¹²¹/

/t͡so²² ɡiɛt̚²⁴/

/t͡sʰɒu̯⁴⁵ n̠ʲi̯e̞²⁴/

/t͡sɒu̯²¹⁻¹¹ n̠ʲi̯e̞²⁴/

/d͡zɤ¹¹ ni³⁵/


西天

/ɕi⁵⁵ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ tʰiːn⁵⁵/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² tʰiɛn⁴⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² tʰiɛn⁴⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰiɛn⁴⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰiɛn⁴⁴/

/ɕi⁵⁵ tʰi²¹/

/ɕi⁵⁵ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ tʰiːn⁵⁵/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² tʰiɛn⁴⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² tʰiɛn⁴⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰiɛn⁴⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰiɛn⁴⁴/

/ɕi⁵⁵ tʰi²¹/

(Buddhism) the western skies; ancient India


禪定

Sino-Xenic (禪定):
* → Japanese: 禅(ぜん)定(じょう) (zenjō)
* → Korean: 선정(禪定) (seonjeong)
* → Vietnamese: thiền định (禪定)

/ʈ͡ʂʰän³⁵ tiŋ⁵¹/

/siːm²¹ tɪŋ²²/

/ʈ͡ʂʰän³⁵ tiŋ⁵¹/

/siːm²¹ tɪŋ²²/

Clipping of Sanskrit ध्यान (dhyāna) + Chinese 定 (dìng).


念經

→ Indonesian: liam keng

/ni̯ɛn⁵¹ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/niːm²² kɪŋ⁵⁵/

/n̠ʲiɛn¹¹ t͡ɕin⁴²/

/nie⁴⁵ t͡ɕiŋ¹¹/

/nˡɛiŋ²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋiŋ⁵⁵/

/niɛŋ¹¹ kiŋ⁵³³/

/niɛŋ²¹ kiŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/liam²²⁻²¹ kiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/liam⁴¹⁻²² kiɪŋ³³/

/liam²²⁻²¹ kiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/liam³³⁻¹¹ kiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/liam³³⁻²¹ kiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/n̠ʲie²² t͡ɕin⁴⁴/

/n̠ʲi̯ẽ²¹⁻¹¹ t͡ɕin³³/

/ni̯ɛn⁵¹ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/niːm²² kɪŋ⁵⁵/

/n̠ʲiɛn¹¹ t͡ɕin⁴²/

/nie⁴⁵ t͡ɕiŋ¹¹/

/nˡɛiŋ²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋiŋ⁵⁵/

/niɛŋ¹¹ kiŋ⁵³³/

/niɛŋ²¹ kiŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/liam²²⁻²¹ kiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/liam⁴¹⁻²² kiɪŋ³³/

/liam²²⁻²¹ kiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/liam³³⁻¹¹ kiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/liam³³⁻²¹ kiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/n̠ʲie²² t͡ɕin⁴⁴/

/n̠ʲi̯ẽ²¹⁻¹¹ t͡ɕin³³/


變現

/pi̯ɛn⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/pieŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ hiŋ¹¹/

/piaŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ hiŋ¹¹/

/pi̯ɛn⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/pieŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ hiŋ¹¹/

/piaŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ hiŋ¹¹/

Having chanted thus, the king arranged depictions on either side of the road, illustrating the myriad embodiments from the five hundred former lives prior to Buddhahood, including Sudana (Vessantara), Samaka (Syama), the king of elephants, a deer and a horse. (Wiktionary translation)

Rúshì chàng yǐ, wáng biàn jiādào liǎngbiān, zuò púsà wǔbǎi shēn yǐlái zhǒngzhǒng biànxiàn, huò zuò Xūdàná, huò zuò Shǎn biàn, huò zuò xiàngwáng, huò zuò lù, mǎ.

如是唱已，王便夾道兩邊，作菩薩五百身已來種種變現，或作須大拏，或作睒變，或作象王，或作鹿、馬。

如是唱已，王便夹道两边，作菩萨五百身已来种种变现，或作须大拏，或作睒变，或作象王，或作鹿、马。

(Buddhism, obsolete) incarnation; embodiment


摩羯

/mu̯ɔ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵/

/mɔː⁵⁵ kʰiːt̚³/

/mɔ̃²³⁻³³ kiɛt̚³²/

/mɔ̃²⁴⁻¹¹ kiɛt̚³²/

/mu̯ɔ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵/

/mɔː⁵⁵ kʰiːt̚³/

/mɔ̃²³⁻³³ kiɛt̚³²/

/mɔ̃²⁴⁻¹¹ kiɛt̚³²/


盂蘭盆

/y³⁵ län³⁵ pʰən³⁵/

/jyː²¹ laːn²¹ pʰuːn²¹/

/y³⁵ län³⁵ pʰən³⁵/

/jyː²¹ laːn²¹ pʰuːn²¹/

Commonly thought to have been derived from Sanskrit उल्लम्बन (ullambana, “hanging upside down”), a word that was sparsely, if at all, attested (Ashikaga, 1951).
Alternatively, Junjirō Takakusu (apud Ashikaga, 1951) propounded that the origin was in fact Pali ullumbana, a colloquial corruption of Pali ullumpana (“raising up; saving; helping”), and that the etymology was mistakenly attributed to Sanskrit.
The second sense is a result of rebracketing of the word as 盂蘭 + 盆 (“basin”).

cog

(Buddhism) helping hungry ghosts who are suffering by offering them food


少林寺

/ʂɑʊ̯⁵¹ lin³⁵ sz̩⁵¹/

/siːu̯³³ lɐm²¹ t͡siː²²⁻³⁵/

/siau²¹⁻⁵³ lim²⁴⁻²² si²²/

/siau⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ lim²⁴⁻²² si⁴¹/

/siau²¹⁻⁵³ lim¹³⁻²² si²²/

/siau¹¹⁻⁵³ lim²⁴⁻¹¹ si³³/

/siau²¹⁻⁴¹ lim²³⁻³³ si³³/

/sɔ³³ lin⁵⁵ zz̩²¹/

/ʂɑʊ̯⁵¹ lin³⁵ sz̩⁵¹/

/siːu̯³³ lɐm²¹ t͡siː²²⁻³⁵/

/siau²¹⁻⁵³ lim²⁴⁻²² si²²/

/siau⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ lim²⁴⁻²² si⁴¹/

/siau²¹⁻⁵³ lim¹³⁻²² si²²/

/siau¹¹⁻⁵³ lim²⁴⁻¹¹ si³³/

/siau²¹⁻⁴¹ lim²³⁻³³ si³³/

/sɔ³³ lin⁵⁵ zz̩²¹/


孽障

/ni̯ɛ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂɑŋ⁵¹/

/niə²⁴ ʈ͡ʂɑŋ⁴⁴/

/jiːp̚² t͡sœːŋ³³/

/ni̯ɛ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂɑŋ⁵¹/

/niə²⁴ ʈ͡ʂɑŋ⁴⁴/

/jiːp̚² t͡sœːŋ³³/

(Buddhism) retribution for the sins of a previous life


彈指

/tʰän³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰaːn²¹ t͡siː³⁵/

/tan²⁴⁻²² t͡si⁵⁵⁴/

/tan²⁴⁻²² t͡si⁵³/

/tan¹³⁻²² t͡si⁵³/

/tʰän³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰaːn²¹ t͡siː³⁵/

/tan²⁴⁻²² t͡si⁵⁵⁴/

/tan²⁴⁻²² t͡si⁵³/

/tan¹³⁻²² t͡si⁵³/

(obsolete, Buddhism, archaic) small unit of time (depending on source, either 7.2 or 0.25 seconds long)


機緣

/t͡ɕi⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/ki⁴⁴⁻²² iɛn²⁴/

/ki⁴⁴⁻²² iɛn¹³/

/ki⁴⁴⁻³³ iɛn²⁴/

/ki⁴⁴⁻³³ iɛn²³/

/t͡ɕi⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/ki⁴⁴⁻²² iɛn²⁴/

/ki⁴⁴⁻²² iɛn¹³/

/ki⁴⁴⁻³³ iɛn²⁴/

/ki⁴⁴⁻³³ iɛn²³/


轉世

/ʈ͡ʂu̯än²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/t͡syːn³⁵ sɐi̯³³/

/ʈ͡ʂu̯än²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/t͡syːn³⁵ sɐi̯³³/

(Buddhism) to reincarnate; to transmigrate


轉世

/ʈ͡ʂu̯än²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/t͡syːn³⁵ sɐi̯³³/

/ʈ͡ʂu̯än²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/t͡syːn³⁵ sɐi̯³³/


十戒

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹/

/sɐp̚² kaːi̯³³/

/zəʔ¹¹ ka²³/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹/

/sɐp̚² kaːi̯³³/

/zəʔ¹¹ ka²³/


布施

/pu⁵¹ ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/

/pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ si⁴⁴/

/pɔ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ si³³/

/pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ si⁴⁴/

/pɔ¹¹⁻⁵³ si⁴⁴/

/pɔ²¹⁻⁴¹ si⁴⁴/

/pu⁵¹ ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/

/pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ si⁴⁴/

/pɔ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ si³³/

/pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ si⁴⁴/

/pɔ¹¹⁻⁵³ si⁴⁴/

/pɔ²¹⁻⁴¹ si⁴⁴/

(Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism) to practice dana


布施

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (布施):
* → Japanese: 布施(ふせ) (fuse)
* → Korean: 보시(布施) (bosi)

/pu⁵¹ ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/

/pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ si⁴⁴/

/pɔ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ si³³/

/pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ si⁴⁴/

/pɔ¹¹⁻⁵³ si⁴⁴/

/pɔ²¹⁻⁴¹ si⁴⁴/

/pu⁵¹ ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/

/pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ si⁴⁴/

/pɔ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ si³³/

/pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ si⁴⁴/

/pɔ¹¹⁻⁵³ si⁴⁴/

/pɔ²¹⁻⁴¹ si⁴⁴/


香客

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹/

/hœːŋ⁵⁵ haːk̚³/

/hiũ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰeʔ³²/

/hiũ³³ kʰeʔ⁵/

/hiũ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰeʔ³²/

/hiɔ̃⁴⁴⁻²² kʰɛʔ³²/

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹/

/hœːŋ⁵⁵ haːk̚³/

/hiũ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰeʔ³²/

/hiũ³³ kʰeʔ⁵/

/hiũ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰeʔ³²/

/hiɔ̃⁴⁴⁻²² kʰɛʔ³²/


慧眼

Sino-Xenic (慧眼):
* → Japanese: 慧眼(けいがん) (keigan); 慧眼(えげん) (egen)
* → Korean: 혜안(慧眼) (hyean)
* → Vietnamese: tuệ nhãn (慧眼), huệ nhãn (慧眼)

/xu̯eɪ̯⁵¹ jɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/wɐi̯²² ŋaːn¹³/

/hie²⁴²⁻⁵³ ŋaŋ³³/

/hui²²⁻²¹ ɡan⁵³/

/hui⁴¹⁻²² ɡan⁵⁵⁴/

/hui²²⁻²¹ ɡan⁵³/

/hui³³⁻¹¹ ɡan⁵³/

/hui³³⁻²¹ ɡan⁴¹/

/ɦue²² ŋe⁴⁴/

/xu̯eɪ̯⁵¹ jɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/wɐi̯²² ŋaːn¹³/

/hie²⁴²⁻⁵³ ŋaŋ³³/

/hui²²⁻²¹ ɡan⁵³/

/hui⁴¹⁻²² ɡan⁵⁵⁴/

/hui²²⁻²¹ ɡan⁵³/

/hui³³⁻¹¹ ɡan⁵³/

/hui³³⁻²¹ ɡan⁴¹/

/ɦue²² ŋe⁴⁴/

Translation of Sanskrit प्रज्ञाचक्षुस् (prajñācakṣus, “eye of understanding; eye of wisdom”) or Pali paññācakkhu (“idem”). Tibetan equivalent is ཤེས་རབ་ཀྱི་སྤྱན (shes rab kyi spyan, “eye of wisdom”).

der

प्रज्ञाचक्षुस्

(Buddhism) mind which perceives both past and future; an all-seeing mind


仁波切

/ʐən³⁵ pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛ⁵¹/

/ʐən³⁵ pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛ⁵¹/

Borrowed from Tibetan རིན་པོ་ཆེ (rin po che).


恩田

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (恩田):
* → Japanese: 恩田(おんでん) (onden)
* → Korean: 은전(恩田) (eunjeon)
* → Vietnamese: ân điền (恩田)

/ˀən⁵⁵ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/jɐn⁵⁵ tʰiːn²¹/

/ˀən⁵⁵ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/jɐn⁵⁵ tʰiːn²¹/

(Buddhism) field of gratitude, referring to gratitude for parents, teachers, elders and monks


波羅蜜

/pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ mi⁵¹/

/pɔː⁵⁵ lɔː²¹ mɐt̚²/

/pʰɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ lɤ²³⁻³³ bit̚⁴/

/pʰo⁴⁴⁻³³ lo²⁴⁻¹¹ bit̚⁴/

/pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ mi⁵¹/

/pɔː⁵⁵ lɔː²¹ mɐt̚²/

/pʰɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ lɤ²³⁻³³ bit̚⁴/

/pʰo⁴⁴⁻³³ lo²⁴⁻¹¹ bit̚⁴/

Borrowed from Sanskrit पारमिता (pāramitā).

(Buddhism) paramita; perfection or culmination of certain virtues


八戒

/pä⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹/

/pä⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹/


山門

/ʂän⁵⁵ mən³⁵/

/ʂän⁵⁵ mən³⁵/


魔障

/mu̯ɔ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂɑŋ⁵¹/

/mu̯ɔ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂɑŋ⁵¹/


我人

/wɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʐən³⁵/

/ŋɔː¹³ jɐn²¹/

/wɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʐən³⁵/

/ŋɔː¹³ jɐn²¹/

(Buddhism) conceptions of a self and of a person


得道

/tɤ³⁵ tɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/tit̚³²⁻⁴ to²²/

/tit̚⁵⁻²⁴ to⁴¹/

/tit̚³²⁻⁵ to²²/

/tit̚³²⁻⁴ to³³/

/tit̚³²⁻⁴ tɤ³³/

/tɤ³⁵ tɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/tit̚³²⁻⁴ to²²/

/tit̚⁵⁻²⁴ to⁴¹/

/tit̚³²⁻⁵ to²²/

/tit̚³²⁻⁴ to³³/

/tit̚³²⁻⁴ tɤ³³/

(Buddhism, Taoism) to attain the Way; to become enlightened; to attain salvation


大聖

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂɤŋ⁵¹/

/taːi̯²² sɪŋ³³/

/tai²²⁻²¹ siɪŋ²¹/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² siɪŋ⁴¹/

/tai²²⁻²¹ siɪŋ²¹/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ siɪŋ¹¹/

/tai³³⁻²¹ siɪŋ²¹/

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂɤŋ⁵¹/

/taːi̯²² sɪŋ³³/

/tai²²⁻²¹ siɪŋ²¹/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² siɪŋ⁴¹/

/tai²²⁻²¹ siɪŋ²¹/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ siɪŋ¹¹/

/tai³³⁻²¹ siɪŋ²¹/


俗人

/su³⁵ ʐən³⁵/

/t͡sʊk̚² jɐn²¹/

/su³⁵ ʐən³⁵/

/t͡sʊk̚² jɐn²¹/


前塵

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰən³⁵/

/t͡sʰiːn²¹ t͡sʰɐn²¹/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰən³⁵/

/t͡sʰiːn²¹ t͡sʰɐn²¹/

(Buddhism) impurity contracted previously (in the sentient world)


護法

/xu⁵¹ fä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔu¹¹⁻⁴² haʔ²¹/

/hɔu²¹⁻⁴² haʔ²/

/hɔ²²⁻²¹ huat̚³²/

/hɔ⁴¹⁻²² huat̚⁵/

/hɔ²²⁻²¹ huat̚³²/

/hɔ³³⁻¹¹ huat̚³²/

/hɔ³³⁻²¹ huat̚³²/

/xu⁵¹ fä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔu¹¹⁻⁴² haʔ²¹/

/hɔu²¹⁻⁴² haʔ²/

/hɔ²²⁻²¹ huat̚³²/

/hɔ⁴¹⁻²² huat̚⁵/

/hɔ²²⁻²¹ huat̚³²/

/hɔ³³⁻¹¹ huat̚³²/

/hɔ³³⁻²¹ huat̚³²/

Calque of Sanskrit धर्मपाल (dharmapāla).


性靈

/ɕiŋ⁵¹ liŋ³⁵/

/sɪŋ³³ lɪŋ²¹/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ liɪŋ²³/

/siɪŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ liɪŋ²⁴/

/siɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ liɪŋ²⁴/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ liɪŋ¹³/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ liɪŋ²⁴/

/ɕiŋ⁵¹ liŋ³⁵/

/sɪŋ³³ lɪŋ²¹/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ liɪŋ²³/

/siɪŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ liɪŋ²⁴/

/siɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ liɪŋ²⁴/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ liɪŋ¹³/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ liɪŋ²⁴/


白衣

/paɪ̯³⁵ i⁵⁵/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ i⁴⁴/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ i⁴⁴/

/pe(ʔ)²⁴⁻² i³³/

/pɛ(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ i⁴⁴/

/paɪ̯³⁵ i⁵⁵/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ i⁴⁴/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ i⁴⁴/

/pe(ʔ)²⁴⁻² i³³/

/pɛ(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ i⁴⁴/

Greedy for profit and support, they speak the dharma for laypeople. They are respected by the world, just as arhats who possess the six powers.

Tān zhù lì yǎng gù, yǔ báiyī shuōfǎ, wèi shì suǒ gōngjìng, rú liùtōng luóhàn.

貪著利養故，與白衣說法，為世所恭敬，如六通羅漢。

贪著利养故，与白衣说法，为世所恭敬，如六通罗汉。

(Buddhism) layperson (a non-monastic Buddhist)


芥子

Sino-Xenic (芥子):
* → Japanese: 芥(かい)子(し) (kaishi); 芥(がい)子(し) (gaishi)
* → Korean: 개자(芥子) (gaeja)

→ Middle Korean: 계ᄌᆞ (kyeyco)

Korean: 겨자 (gyeoja)

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Wu Cheng'en, Journey to the West, 16ᵗʰ century CE

Zìgǔ dào: ‘Qiǎn tàishān qīng rú jièzǐ, xié fánfū nán tuō hóngchén.’

自古道：『遣泰山輕如芥子，攜凡夫難脫紅塵。』

自古道：『遣泰山轻如芥子，携凡夫难脱红尘。』


毒氣

Sino-Xenic (毒氣):
* → Korean: 독기(毒氣) (dokgi)

/tu³⁵ t͡ɕʰi⁵¹/

/tɔk̚⁴⁻³² kʰi²¹/

/tɔk̚²⁴⁻² kʰi⁴¹/

/tɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ kʰi²¹/

/tɔk̚⁴⁻³² kʰi¹¹/

/tɔk̚⁴⁻³² kʰi²¹/

/tu³⁵ t͡ɕʰi⁵¹/

/tɔk̚⁴⁻³² kʰi²¹/

/tɔk̚²⁴⁻² kʰi⁴¹/

/tɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ kʰi²¹/

/tɔk̚⁴⁻³² kʰi¹¹/

/tɔk̚⁴⁻³² kʰi²¹/

(Buddhism) poisonous fluid (manifestation of passion, anger, etc.)


極樂

Sino-Xenic (極樂):
* → Japanese: 極楽(ごくらく) (gokuraku)
* → Korean: 극락(極樂) (geungnak)
* → Vietnamese: cực lạc (極樂)

/t͡ɕi³⁵ lɤ⁵¹/

/kɪk̚² lɔːk̚²/

/kiɪk̚⁴⁻³² lɔk̚⁴/

/d͡ʑiɪʔ¹¹ loʔ²³/

/t͡ɕi³⁵ lɤ⁵¹/

/kɪk̚² lɔːk̚²/

/kiɪk̚⁴⁻³² lɔk̚⁴/

/d͡ʑiɪʔ¹¹ loʔ²³/

Translation of Sanskrit सुखावती (sukhāvatī, “full of joy; blissful”). Compare Tibetan བདེ་བ་ཅན། (bde ba can, “blissful”).


野狐禪

/jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ xu³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰän³⁵/

/jɛː¹³ wuː²¹ siːm²¹/

/jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ xu³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰän³⁵/

/jɛː¹³ wuː²¹ siːm²¹/

(Buddhism) misinterpreted Buddhist doctrines