三重

/sän⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ³⁵/

/saːm⁵⁵ t͡sʰʊŋ²¹/

/sam⁴⁴⁻²² tiɔŋ²⁴/

/sam⁴⁴⁻²² tiɔŋ¹³/

/sam⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɔŋ²⁴/

/sam⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɔŋ²³/

/sän⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ³⁵/

/saːm⁵⁵ t͡sʰʊŋ²¹/

/sam⁴⁴⁻²² tiɔŋ²⁴/

/sam⁴⁴⁻²² tiɔŋ¹³/

/sam⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɔŋ²⁴/

/sam⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɔŋ²³/

From 三重埔 (Saⁿ-têng-po͘, literally “the third plain”).

zh-m

(～區, formerly ～市, ～鎮) Sanchong (a district of New Taipei City, Taiwan)


三重

/sän⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ³⁵/

/saːm⁵⁵ t͡sʰʊŋ²¹/

/sän⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ³⁵/

/saːm⁵⁵ t͡sʰʊŋ²¹/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 三重(みえ) (Mie)


倉頡

/t͡sʰɑŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵/

/t͡sʰɔːŋ⁵⁵ kʰiːt̚³/

/t͡sʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰiɛt̚³²/

/t͡sʰɔŋ³³ kʰiɛt̚⁵/

/t͡sʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰiɛt̚³²/

/t͡sʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰiɛt̚³²/

/t͡sʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰiɛt̚³²/

/t͡sʰɑŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵/

/t͡sʰɔːŋ⁵⁵ kʰiːt̚³/

/t͡sʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰiɛt̚³²/

/t͡sʰɔŋ³³ kʰiɛt̚⁵/

/t͡sʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰiɛt̚³²/

/t͡sʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰiɛt̚³²/

/t͡sʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰiɛt̚³²/


天命

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ miŋ⁵¹/

/tʰiæ̃²⁴ miŋ⁴⁴/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ mɪŋ²²/

/tʰi̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ min⁵⁵/

/tʰɛŋ⁵³³⁻¹³ miŋ¹¹/

/tʰɛŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²⁴ miŋ²¹/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²²/

/tʰiɛn³³ biɪŋ⁴¹/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²²/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ biɪŋ³³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ biɪŋ³³/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ miŋ⁵¹/

/tʰiæ̃²⁴ miŋ⁴⁴/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ mɪŋ²²/

/tʰi̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ min⁵⁵/

/tʰɛŋ⁵³³⁻¹³ miŋ¹¹/

/tʰɛŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²⁴ miŋ²¹/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²²/

/tʰiɛn³³ biɪŋ⁴¹/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²²/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ biɪŋ³³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ biɪŋ³³/

Attested earliest on Zhou dynasty's bronze inscriptions, though during the Western Zhou period, the concept was not exactly worded as 天命 (tiānmìng) but 大令 (dàlìng), 大命 (dàmìng), 魯令 (lǔlìng) & 天令 (tiānlìng) (however, 令 (lìng) and 命 (mìng) were indeed used interchangeably). Goldin (2017) links Zhou's concept 天命 (tiānmìng) to Shang's concept 帝令 (dìlìng) "the Deity's command" attested in the Shang's oracle bones.
For the era name, see also Manchu ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ
ᡶᡠᠯᡳᠩᡤᠠ (abkai fulingga).

m+

ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ ᡶᡠᠯᡳᠩᡤᠠ

(historical) the Tianming era (a Chinese era name; the era of Nurhaci as khan of the Later Jin, from the proclamation of the dynasty in 1616 until 1627)


臺灣

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (臺灣):
* → Japanese: 台(たい)湾(わん) (Taiwan)
* → Korean: 대만(臺灣) (Daeman)
* → Vietnamese: Đài Loan (臺灣)

→ Arabic: تَايْوَان (tāywān)

→ Armenian: Թայվան (Tʻayvan)

→ Bulgarian: Тайван (Tajvan)

→ Burmese: ထိုင်ဝမ် (htuing-wam)

→ Catalan: Taiwan

→ Czech: Tchaj-wan, Taiwan

→ Dutch: Taiwan

→ English: Taiwan

→ Korean: 타이완 (Taiwan)

→ Portuguese: Taiwan

→ French: Taïwan

→ Manchu: ᡨᠠᡳᠸᠠᠨ (taiwan)

→ Persian: تایوان (tâyvân)

→ Polish: Tajwan

→ Russian: Тайвань (Tajvanʹ)

→ Spanish: Taiwán

→ Tibetan: ཐའེ་ཝན (tha'e wan)

→ Turkish: Tayvan

→ Zhuang: Daizvanh

/tʰaɪ̯³⁵ wän⁵⁵/

/tʰɛ²⁴ væ̃²⁴/

/tʰɔːi̯²¹ waːn⁵⁵/

/tʰoɪ¹¹ ʋan⁴⁴/

/tai⁵³⁻⁵⁵ uaŋ⁵⁵/

/tai⁵³⁻³³ uaŋ⁵³/

/tai¹³⁻¹¹ uaŋ¹³/

/tai²⁴⁻²¹ uoŋ²⁴/

/tʰai⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ueŋ³³/

/tʰai⁵⁵⁻¹¹ uaŋ³³/

/tʰaɪ̯³⁵ wän⁵⁵/

/tʰɛ²⁴ væ̃²⁴/

/tʰɔːi̯²¹ waːn⁵⁵/

/tʰoɪ¹¹ ʋan⁴⁴/

/tai⁵³⁻⁵⁵ uaŋ⁵⁵/

/tai⁵³⁻³³ uaŋ⁵³/

/tai¹³⁻¹¹ uaŋ¹³/

/tai²⁴⁻²¹ uoŋ²⁴/

/tʰai⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ueŋ³³/

/tʰai⁵⁵⁻¹¹ uaŋ³³/

Appears to be first attested in a memorial to the imperial government by official He Kai (何楷) in 1635:
:
Officially, no later than 1684 with the creation of Taiwan Prefecture (臺灣府). A phonetic transliteration of an ethnonym of a tribe in the southwest part of the island in the area of Anping, Tainan, southwest Taiwan, variously recorded in Dutch records as Tayouan or Tayowan or Taiouwang. A Dutch missionary referred to this group as Taiouwang no later than 1636. Other phonetic transliterations in Chinese characters included 大員 [1603], 大圓 [1617], 臺員, and 大灣 [circa 1624], as placenames initially referring to a sandbank peninsula that later silted up now wholly part of the island in the area of modern-day Anping District, Tainan that eventually became the name of the entire island.
Possibly derived from Siraya.
By surface analysis, 臺 /台 (tái, “terraced”) + 灣 /湾 (wān, “bay”).

surf

If we are to subdue the bandits, we must destroy their hideout. Where is their hideout, then? It's Taiwan. Taiwan is further from Penghu, with a distance of two days away from Zhangzhou and Quanzhou, and the land is large and fertile.

Jīn yù jìng kòufēn, fēi xū qí kū bùkě. Qí kū wéi hé? Táiwān shì yě. Táiwān zài Pénghú dǎo wài, jù Zhāng, Quán zhǐ liǎng rì yè chéng, dì guǎng ér yú.

今欲靖寇氛，非墟其窟不可。其窟維何？臺灣是也。臺灣在彭湖島外，距漳、泉止兩日夜程，地廣而腴。

今欲靖寇氛，非墟其窟不可。其窟维何？台湾是也。台湾在彭湖岛外，距漳、泉止两日夜程，地广而腴。

臺灣原住民族

台湾原住民族

臺灣文學專題

台湾文学专题

(～省) Taiwan Province (administrative division in both the Republic of China and People's Republic of China)

Republic of China
Republic of China#English

(～地區) Taiwan Area (Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu, and some minor islands, which are de facto governed by the Republic of China)


MK

/ɛːm⁵⁵ kʰei̯⁵⁵/

/ɛːm⁵⁵ kʰei̯⁵⁵/

Initialism of English Mong Kok, transliteration of Cantonese 芒角 (mong⁴ gok³), now known as 旺角 (wong⁶ gok³). Mong Kok was a place where many fashionable products were sold.


里約熱內盧

ㄌㄧˇ ㄩㄝ ㄖㄜˋ ㄋㄟˋ ㄌㄨˊ

ㄌㄧˇ ㄩㄝ ㄖㄜˋ ㄋㄟˋ ㄌㄨˊ

Лиюэ Жэнэйлу

/li²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɥɛ⁵⁵ ʐɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ neɪ̯⁵¹ lu³⁵/

/lei̯¹³ jœːk̚³ jiːt̚² nɔːi̯²² lou̯²¹/

/li⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ iɔk̚³²⁻⁴ ziɛt̚⁴⁻³² lai³³⁻²¹ lɔ²³/

/li²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɥɛ⁵⁵ ʐɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ neɪ̯⁵¹ lu³⁵/

/lei̯¹³ jœːk̚³ jiːt̚² nɔːi̯²² lou̯²¹/

Borrowed from Portuguese Rio de Janeiro.

Yǒu Lǐyuērènèilú jīngchéng, zuìhǎo wān chuán chù, duō yǒu wàiguórén dào cǐ mǎimài, chuánzhī rú yǐ jù.

有里約熱內盧京城，最好灣船處，多有外國人到此買賣，船隻如蟻聚。

有里约热内卢京城，最好湾船处，多有外国人到此买卖，船只如蚁聚。

Rio de Janeiro (a municipality, the state capital of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil)

Southeast Region
Southeast Region#English

(～州) Rio de Janeiro (a state of the Southeast Region, Brazil)


亞太經濟合作會議

ㄧㄚˋ ㄊㄞˋ ㄐㄧㄥ ㄐㄧˋ ㄏㄜˊ ㄗㄨㄛˋ ㄏㄨㄟˋ ㄧˋ

ㄧㄚˋ ㄊㄞˋ ㄐㄧㄥ ㄐㄧˋ ㄏㄜˊ ㄗㄨㄛˋ ㄏㄨㄟˋ ㄧˋ

Ятай цзинцзи хэцзо хуэйи

/jä⁵¹⁻⁵³ tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi⁵¹ xɤ³⁵ t͡su̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ xu̯eɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ i⁵¹/

(Taiwan) Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)


亞得里亞海

ㄧㄚˋ ㄉㄜˊ ㄌㄧˇ ㄧㄚˋ ㄏㄞˇ

ㄧㄚˇ ㄉㄜˊ ㄌㄧˇ ㄧㄚˇ ㄏㄞˇ

/jä⁵¹ tɤ³⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹ jä⁵¹ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jä²¹⁴⁻²¹ tɤ³⁵ li²¹⁴⁻³⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/aː³³ tɐk̚⁵ lei̯¹³ aː³³ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/jä⁵¹ tɤ³⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹ jä⁵¹ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/aː³³ tɐk̚⁵ lei̯¹³ aː³³ hɔːi̯³⁵/


朝日

/ʈ͡ʂɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ʐ̩⁵¹/

/t͡siːu̯⁵⁵ jɐt̚²/

/ʈ͡ʂɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ʐ̩⁵¹/

/t͡siːu̯⁵⁵ jɐt̚²/

An orthographic borrowing of the Japanese surname 朝日, Asahi


奧運會

/ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ yn⁵¹⁻⁵³ xu̯eɪ̯⁵¹/

/ou̯³³ wɐn²² wuːi̯²²⁻³⁵/

/o²¹⁻⁵³ un²²⁻²¹ hue²²/

/o⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ un⁴¹⁻²² hue⁴¹/

/o²¹⁻⁵³ un²²⁻²¹ hue²²/

/o¹¹⁻⁵³ un³³⁻¹¹ hue³³/

/ɤ²¹⁻⁴¹ un³³⁻²¹ hue³³/

/o²¹³⁻⁵⁵ uŋ¹¹ hue³⁵/

/ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ yn⁵¹⁻⁵³ xu̯eɪ̯⁵¹/

/ou̯³³ wɐn²² wuːi̯²²⁻³⁵/

/o²¹⁻⁵³ un²²⁻²¹ hue²²/

/o⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ un⁴¹⁻²² hue⁴¹/

/o²¹⁻⁵³ un²²⁻²¹ hue²²/

/o¹¹⁻⁵³ un³³⁻¹¹ hue³³/

/ɤ²¹⁻⁴¹ un³³⁻²¹ hue³³/

/o²¹³⁻⁵⁵ uŋ¹¹ hue³⁵/

Short for 奧林匹克運動會／奥林匹克运动会 (Àolínpǐkè Yùndònghuì).

zh-etym-short

舉辦奧運會

举办奥运会

During the Olympics we pay special attention to gold medalists.

Àoyùnhuì de shíhou, wǒmen guānzhù jīnpái de yùndòngyuán.

奧運會的時候，我們關注金牌的運動員。

奥运会的时候，我们关注金牌的运动员。


共產黨

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (共產黨):
* → Japanese: 共(きょう)産(さん)党(とう) (kyōsantō)
* → Korean: 공산당(共産黨) (gongsandang)
* → Vietnamese: cộng sản đảng (共產黨)

→ Lü: ᦷᦂᧂᧈᦌᦱᧃᦑᦱᧂ (k̇ong¹saantaang)

→ Zhuang: gungcanjdangj

ㄍㄨㄥˋ ㄔㄢˇ ㄉㄤˇ

/kʊŋ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰän²¹⁴⁻³⁵ tɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/koŋ²¹³ t͡sʰan⁵³ taŋ⁵³/

/kuŋ²⁴ t͡sʰæ̃⁵¹ tɑŋ⁵¹/

/kuŋ²⁴ t͡sʰæ̃²⁴ tɑŋ⁵¹/

/kʊŋ²² t͡sʰaːn³⁵ tɔːŋ³⁵/

/kɵŋ³² t͡sʰan⁵⁵ ɔŋ⁵⁵/

/kʰi̯uŋ⁵⁵ san³¹ toŋ³¹/

/kʰiuŋ³³ san²⁴⁻³³ toŋ²⁴/

/kyŋ²⁴²⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾naŋ³³⁻³⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nouŋ³³/

/kiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ san⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tɔŋ⁵³/

/kiɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² san⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/kiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ san⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tɔŋ⁵³/

/kiɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ san⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tɔŋ⁵³/

/kiɔŋ³³⁻²¹ san⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tɔŋ⁴¹/

/kaŋ¹¹ sũã⁵²⁻³⁵ taŋ⁵²⁻²¹/

/ɡoŋ²² t͡sʰe⁵⁵ tɑ̃²¹/

/kʊŋ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰän²¹⁴⁻³⁵ tɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/koŋ²¹³ t͡sʰan⁵³ taŋ⁵³/

/kuŋ²⁴ t͡sʰæ̃⁵¹ tɑŋ⁵¹/

/kuŋ²⁴ t͡sʰæ̃²⁴ tɑŋ⁵¹/

/kʊŋ²² t͡sʰaːn³⁵ tɔːŋ³⁵/

/kɵŋ³² t͡sʰan⁵⁵ ɔŋ⁵⁵/

/kʰi̯uŋ⁵⁵ san³¹ toŋ³¹/

/kʰiuŋ³³ san²⁴⁻³³ toŋ²⁴/

/kyŋ²⁴²⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾naŋ³³⁻³⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nouŋ³³/

/kiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ san⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tɔŋ⁵³/

/kiɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² san⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/kiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ san⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tɔŋ⁵³/

/kiɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ san⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tɔŋ⁵³/

/kiɔŋ³³⁻²¹ san⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tɔŋ⁴¹/

/kaŋ¹¹ sũã⁵²⁻³⁵ taŋ⁵²⁻²¹/

/ɡoŋ²² t͡sʰe⁵⁵ tɑ̃²¹/

The great Communist Party leads us in continuing the Long March!

1978 March 5, National anthem of the People's Republic of China (1978-1982)

Wěidà de Gòngchǎndǎng lǐngdǎo wǒmen xīn de chángzhēng.

偉大的共產黨領導我們新的長征。

伟大的共产党领导我们新的长征。


蝌蝌啃蠟

ㄎㄜ ㄎㄜ ㄎㄣˇ ㄌㄚˋ

ㄎㄜ ㄎㄜ ㄎㄣˇ ㄌㄚˋ

/kʰɤ⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵⁵ kʰən²¹⁴⁻²¹ lä⁵¹/

/kʰɤ⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵⁵ kʰən²¹⁴⁻²¹ lä⁵¹/

Phono-semantic matching of English Coca-Cola. This was one of the very first names for Coca-Cola used in China in 1927, at a time when each vendor would come up with their own rendition of foreign names in Chinese.


可口可樂

ㄎㄜˇ ㄎㄡˇ ㄎㄜˇ ㄌㄜˋ

ㄎㄜˇ ㄎㄡˇ ㄎㄜˇ ㄌㄜˋ

/kʰɤ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ kʰɤ²¹⁴⁻²¹ lɤ⁵¹/

/hɔː³⁵ hɐu̯³⁵ hɔː³⁵ lɔːk̚²/

/kʰo⁵²⁻³⁵ kʰau⁵²⁻³⁵ kʰo⁵²⁻³⁵ lak̚⁴/

/kʰu³³ kʰɤ⁵⁵ kʰu³³ loʔ²¹/

/kʰɤ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ kʰɤ²¹⁴⁻²¹ lɤ⁵¹/

/hɔː³⁵ hɐu̯³⁵ hɔː³⁵ lɔːk̚²/

/kʰo⁵²⁻³⁵ kʰau⁵²⁻³⁵ kʰo⁵²⁻³⁵ lak̚⁴/

/kʰu³³ kʰɤ⁵⁵ kʰu³³ loʔ²¹/

Phono-semantic matching of English Coca-Cola.


聯合國

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (聯合國):
* → Korean: 연합국(聯合國) (yeonhapguk)
* → Vietnamese: Liên Hợp Quốc (聯合國)

→ Zhuang: Lenzhozgoz

ㄌㄧㄢˊ ㄏㄜˊ ㄍㄨㄛˊ

ㄌㄧㄢˊ ㄏㄜˊ ㄍㄨㄛˊ

/li̯ɛn³⁵ xɤ³⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/lyːn²¹ hɐp̚² kʷɔːk̚³/

/l̃ieŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋaʔ⁵⁻²¹ kuɔʔ²⁴/

leng² hah⁷ gorh⁶ [Phonetic:leng⁵ hah⁷ gorh⁶]

/lɛŋ¹³⁻¹¹ haʔ⁴ kɒʔ²¹/

/lɛŋ²⁴⁻²¹ haʔ⁴ kɒʔ²/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²² hap̚⁴⁻³² kɔk̚³²/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²² hap̚²⁴⁻² kɔk̚⁵/

/liɛn¹³⁻²² hap̚¹²¹⁻²¹ kɔk̚³²/

/liɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ hap̚⁴⁻³² kɔk̚³²/

/liɛn²³⁻³³ hap̚⁴⁻³² kɔk̚³²/

/li̯ɛn³⁵ xɤ³⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/lyːn²¹ hɐp̚² kʷɔːk̚³/

/l̃ieŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋaʔ⁵⁻²¹ kuɔʔ²⁴/

/lɛŋ¹³⁻¹¹ haʔ⁴ kɒʔ²¹/

/lɛŋ²⁴⁻²¹ haʔ⁴ kɒʔ²/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²² hap̚⁴⁻³² kɔk̚³²/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²² hap̚²⁴⁻² kɔk̚⁵/

/liɛn¹³⁻²² hap̚¹²¹⁻²¹ kɔk̚³²/

/liɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ hap̚⁴⁻³² kɔk̚³²/

/liɛn²³⁻³³ hap̚⁴⁻³² kɔk̚³²/


底格里斯河

ㄉㄧˇ ㄍㄜˊ ㄌㄧˇ ㄙ ㄏㄜˊ

ㄉㄧˇ ㄍㄜˊ ㄌㄧˇ ㄙ ㄏㄜˊ

/ti²¹⁴⁻²¹ kɤ³⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹ sz̩⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/tɐi̯³⁵ kaːk̚³ lei̯¹³ siː⁵⁵ hɔː²¹/

/ti³¹ ki̯et̚² li²⁴⁻¹¹ sɨ²⁴ ho¹¹/

/ti³¹ ki̯at̚² li²⁴⁻¹¹ sɨ²⁴ ho¹¹/

/ti²¹⁴⁻²¹ kɤ³⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹ sz̩⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/tɐi̯³⁵ kaːk̚³ lei̯¹³ siː⁵⁵ hɔː²¹/

/ti³¹ ki̯et̚² li²⁴⁻¹¹ sɨ²⁴ ho¹¹/

/ti³¹ ki̯at̚² li²⁴⁻¹¹ sɨ²⁴ ho¹¹/


底特律

Ti³-tʻê⁴-lü⁴

/ti²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ly⁵¹/

/tɐi̯³⁵ tɐk̚² lɵt̚²/

/ti²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ly⁵¹/

/tɐi̯³⁵ tɐk̚² lɵt̚²/

Detroit (a city in Michigan, United States)


大名

/tä⁵¹ miŋ³⁵/

/tä⁵¹ miɤ̯̃ɻ³⁵/

/taːi̯²² mɪŋ²¹/

/taːi̯²² mɛːŋ²¹⁻³⁵/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ mi̯aŋ¹¹/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² miã²⁴/

/tua²²⁻²¹ miã¹³/

/tua³³⁻¹¹ miã²⁴/

/tua³³⁻²¹ miã²³/

/tua²²⁻²¹ miã²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ biɪŋ¹³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ biɪŋ²⁴/

/tai³³⁻²¹ biɪŋ²³/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ biɪŋ²⁴/

/tä⁵¹ miŋ³⁵/

/tä⁵¹ miɤ̯̃ɻ³⁵/

/taːi̯²² mɪŋ²¹/

/taːi̯²² mɛːŋ²¹⁻³⁵/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ mi̯aŋ¹¹/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² miã²⁴/

/tua²²⁻²¹ miã¹³/

/tua³³⁻¹¹ miã²⁴/

/tua³³⁻²¹ miã²³/

/tua²²⁻²¹ miã²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ biɪŋ¹³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ biɪŋ²⁴/

/tai³³⁻²¹ biɪŋ²³/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ biɪŋ²⁴/

(～縣) Daming (a county of Handan, Hebei, China)


莎士比亞

ㄕㄚ ㄕˋ ㄅㄧˇ ㄧㄚˋ

ㄕㄚ ㄕˋ ㄅㄧˇ ㄧㄚˇ

/ʂä⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹ pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ jä⁵¹/

/ʂä⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹ pi²¹⁴⁻³⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/saː⁵⁵ siː²² pei̯³⁵ aː³³/

/ʂä⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹ pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ jä⁵¹/

/ʂä⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹ pi²¹⁴⁻³⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/saː⁵⁵ siː²² pei̯³⁵ aː³³/


阿斯旺高壩

ㄚ ㄙ ㄨㄤˋ ㄍㄠ ㄅㄚˋ

ㄚ ㄙ ㄨㄤˋ ㄍㄠ ㄅㄚˋ

Асыван гаоба

/ˀä⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ wɑŋ⁵¹ kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ pä⁵¹/

/ˀä⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ wɑŋ⁵¹ kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ pä⁵¹/


彼得羅巴甫洛夫斯克

ㄅㄧˇ ㄉㄜˊ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄅㄚ ㄈㄨˇ ㄌㄨㄛˋ ㄈㄨ ㄙ ㄎㄜˋ

ㄅㄧˇ ㄉㄜˊ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄅㄚ ㄈㄨˇ ㄌㄨㄛˋ ㄈㄨ ㄙ ㄎㄜˋ

Бидэлобафулофусыкэ

/pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ tɤ³⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ pä⁵⁵ fu²¹⁴⁻²¹ lu̯ɔ⁵¹ fu⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹/

From Russian Петропавловск (Petropavlovsk).

bor

Петропавловск


斯堪的納維亞半島

ㄙ ㄎㄢ ㄉㄧˊ ㄋㄚˋ ㄨㄟˊ ㄧㄚˋ ㄅㄢˋ ㄉㄠˇ

ㄙ ㄎㄢ ㄉㄧˊ ㄋㄚˋ ㄨㄟˊ ㄧㄚˇ ㄅㄢˋ ㄉㄠˇ

Сыканьдинавэйя Баньдао

/sz̩⁵⁵ kʰän⁵⁵ ti³⁵ nä⁵¹ weɪ̯³⁵ jä⁵¹⁻⁵³ pän⁵¹ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sz̩⁵⁵ kʰän⁵⁵ ti³⁵ nä⁵¹ weɪ̯³⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹ pän⁵¹ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/siː⁵⁵ hɐm⁵⁵ tɪk̚⁵ naːp̚² wɐi̯²¹ aː³³ puːn³³ tou̯³⁵/


采爾馬特

ㄘㄞˇ ㄦˇ ㄇㄚˇ ㄊㄜˋ

ㄘㄞˇ ㄦˇ ㄇㄚˇ ㄊㄜˋ

/t͡sʰaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰɤ⁵¹/


世貿組織

ㄕˋ ㄇㄠˋ ㄗㄨˇ ㄓ

ㄕˋ ㄇㄠˋ ㄗㄨˇ ㄓ

шимао цзучжи

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ mɑʊ̯⁵¹ t͡su²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/

/sɐi̯³³ mɐu̯²² t͡sou̯³⁵ t͡sɪk̚⁵/

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ mɑʊ̯⁵¹ t͡su²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/

/sɐi̯³³ mɐu̯²² t͡sou̯³⁵ t͡sɪk̚⁵/

Short for 世界貿易組織／世界贸易组织 (shìjiè màoyì zǔzhī).

zh-etym-short

中國加入世貿組織

中国加入世贸组织


泰米爾語

ㄊㄞˋ ㄇㄧˇ ㄦˇ ㄩˇ

ㄊㄞˋ ㄇㄧˇ ㄦˇ ㄩˇ

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ mi²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰaːi̯³³ mɐi̯¹³ jiː¹³ jyː¹³/

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ mi²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰaːi̯³³ mɐi̯¹³ jiː¹³ jyː¹³/

(Mainland China, Hong Kong) Tamil (language)


布列塔尼語

ㄅㄨˋ ㄌㄧㄝˋ ㄊㄚˇ ㄋㄧˊ ㄩˇ

ㄅㄨˋ ㄌㄧㄝˋ ㄊㄚˇ ㄋㄧˊ ㄩˇ

/pu⁵¹⁻⁵³ li̯ɛ⁵¹ tʰä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ni³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pou̯³³ liːt̚² tʰaːp̚³ nei̯²¹ jyː¹³/

/pou̯³³ liːt̚² tʰaːp̚³ nei̯²¹ jyː¹³/


葡萄牙

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (葡萄牙):
* → Korean: 포도아(葡萄牙) (Podoa)
* → Vietnamese: Bồ Đào Nha (葡萄牙)

/pʰu³⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³⁵ jä³⁵/

/pʰou̯²¹ tʰou̯²¹ ŋaː²¹/

/pʰu²² hau²² ᵑɡa²²/

/pʰu¹¹ tʰo¹¹ ŋa¹¹/

/pʰu¹¹ tʰau¹¹ ŋa¹¹/

/puo⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lo⁵³⁻³³ ŋa⁵³/

/pʰu²³⁻³³ tɤ²³⁻³³ ɡa²³/

/pʰu²⁴⁻¹¹ to²⁴⁻¹¹ ɡa²⁴/

/pʰu²⁴⁻²² to²⁴⁻²² ɡa²⁴/

/pʰɤ²⁴⁻³³ tɤ²⁴⁻³³ ɡa²⁴/

/pʰu²⁴⁻¹¹ to²⁴⁻¹¹ ɡe²⁴/

/pʰu²³⁻³³ tɤ²³⁻³³ ɡe²³/

/pʰo¹³⁻²² to¹³⁻²² ɡɛ¹³/

/pʰu⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tʰo⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ɡe⁵⁵/

/bu²² dɔ⁵⁵ ŋa²¹/

/pʰu³⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³⁵ jä³⁵/

/pʰou̯²¹ tʰou̯²¹ ŋaː²¹/

/pʰu²² hau²² ᵑɡa²²/

/pʰu¹¹ tʰo¹¹ ŋa¹¹/

/pʰu¹¹ tʰau¹¹ ŋa¹¹/

/puo⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lo⁵³⁻³³ ŋa⁵³/

/pʰu²³⁻³³ tɤ²³⁻³³ ɡa²³/

/pʰu²⁴⁻¹¹ to²⁴⁻¹¹ ɡa²⁴/

/pʰu²⁴⁻²² to²⁴⁻²² ɡa²⁴/

/pʰɤ²⁴⁻³³ tɤ²⁴⁻³³ ɡa²⁴/

/pʰu²⁴⁻¹¹ to²⁴⁻¹¹ ɡe²⁴/

/pʰu²³⁻³³ tɤ²³⁻³³ ɡe²³/

/pʰo¹³⁻²² to¹³⁻²² ɡɛ¹³/

/pʰu⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tʰo⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ɡe⁵⁵/

/bu²² dɔ⁵⁵ ŋa²¹/

Phono-semantic matching of Portuguese Portugal, possibly via Hokkien 葡萄牙 (Phû-tô-gâ). Attested in 海國聞見錄 [1730] by Chen Lunjiong (陳倫烱).
The selection of 葡萄 (“grape”) in the phonetic transcription alludes to the importance of viniculture to the early Portuguese missionaries to China, who used grapes to make sacramental wine (葡萄酒).
Compare 西班牙 (Xībānyá, “Spain”).

psm

葡萄牙者，澳門之祖家也。

葡萄牙者，澳门之祖家也。

1848, 徐繼畬 [Xu Jiyu], editor, 瀛寰志略, volume 3, page 11:

Qiánmíng zhōngyè, Pútáoyá jù Xīlán hǎikǒu, lì bùtóu, xún wéi Hélán suǒ duó.

前明中葉，葡萄牙據錫蘭海口，立埔頭，尋為荷蘭所奪。

前明中叶，葡萄牙据锡兰海口，立埔头，寻为荷兰所夺。


波希米亞人

ㄅㄛ ㄒㄧ ㄇㄧˇ ㄧㄚˋ ㄖㄣˊ

ㄅㄛ ㄒㄧ ㄇㄧˇ ㄧㄚˋ ㄖㄣˊ

Босимия жэнь

/pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵ mi²¹⁴⁻²¹ jä⁵¹ ʐən³⁵/

/pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵ mi²¹⁴⁻²¹ jä⁵¹ ʐən³⁵/


法屬圭亞那

ㄈㄚˇ ㄕㄨˇ ㄍㄨㄟ ㄧㄚˋ ㄋㄚˋ

ㄈㄚˋ ㄕㄨˇ ㄍㄨㄟ ㄧㄚˇ ㄋㄚˋ

/fä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ku̯eɪ̯⁵⁵ jä⁵¹⁻⁵³ nä⁵¹/

/fä⁵¹ ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ku̯eɪ̯⁵⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹ nä⁵¹/

/faːt̚³ sʊk̚² kʷɐi̯⁵⁵ aː³³ naː¹³/

/huat̚⁵⁻²⁴ siɔk̚²⁴⁻² kui³³ a³³ nã⁴¹/

/huat̚³²⁻⁵ siɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ kui⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴⁻²² nã⁵³/

/huat̚³²⁻⁴ siɔk̚⁴⁻³² kui⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴⁻²² nã⁵³/

/fä⁵¹ ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ku̯eɪ̯⁵⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹ nä⁵¹/

/faːt̚³ sʊk̚² kʷɐi̯⁵⁵ aː³³ naː¹³/

/huat̚⁵⁻²⁴ siɔk̚²⁴⁻² kui³³ a³³ nã⁴¹/

French Guiana
French Guiana#English:_Q3769

administrative region
administrative region

French Guiana (an overseas department and administrative region of France in South America)


圭亞那

/ku̯eɪ̯⁵⁵ jä⁵¹⁻⁵³ nä⁵¹/

/ku̯eɪ̯⁵⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹ nä⁵¹/

/kʷɐi̯⁵⁵ aː³³ naː¹³/

/kʷɐi̯⁵⁵ aː³³ naː²¹/

/kui³³ a³³ nã⁴¹/

/kui⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴⁻²² nã⁵³/

/ku̯eɪ̯⁵⁵ jä⁵¹⁻⁵³ nä⁵¹/

/ku̯eɪ̯⁵⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹ nä⁵¹/

/kʷɐi̯⁵⁵ aː³³ naː¹³/

/kʷɐi̯⁵⁵ aː³³ naː²¹/

/kui³³ a³³ nã⁴¹/

/kui⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴⁻²² nã⁵³/

(Mainland China) Guyana (a country in South America)


德國

/tɤ³⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/tɐk̚⁵ kʷɔːk̚³/

/ak̚⁵⁵ kɔk̚⁵⁵/

/tɛiʔ²⁴⁻⁵⁵ kuɔʔ²⁴/

/tɛʔ²¹⁻⁴² kɒʔ²¹/

/tɛʔ²⁻⁴ kɒʔ²/

/tiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ kɔk̚³²/

/tiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ kɔk̚³²/

/tiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ kɔk̚⁵/

/təʔ³³ koʔ⁴⁴/

/tɤ³⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/tɐk̚⁵ kʷɔːk̚³/

/ak̚⁵⁵ kɔk̚⁵⁵/

/tɛiʔ²⁴⁻⁵⁵ kuɔʔ²⁴/

/tɛʔ²¹⁻⁴² kɒʔ²¹/

/tɛʔ²⁻⁴ kɒʔ²/

/tiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ kɔk̚³²/

/tiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ kɔk̚³²/

/tiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ kɔk̚⁵/

/təʔ³³ koʔ⁴⁴/

From 德 (Dé, abbreviation of 德意志 (Déyìzhì), from German Deutsch) + 國／国 (guó, “country”).

zh-m

德意志 (Déyìzhì)

Germany (a country in Central Europe, formed in 1949 as West Germany, with its provisional capital Bonn until 1990, when it incorporated East Germany)


基輔

/t͡ɕi⁵⁵ fu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ki⁴⁴⁻²² hu⁵³/

/t͡ɕi⁵⁵ vu²¹/

/t͡ɕi⁵⁵ fu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ki⁴⁴⁻²² hu⁵³/

/t͡ɕi⁵⁵ vu²¹/

(～市) Kyiv, Kiev (a city, the capital city of Ukraine)


索非亞

/su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ feɪ̯⁵⁵ jä⁵¹/

/su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ feɪ̯⁵⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɔːk̚³ fei̯⁵⁵ aː³³/

/sak̚⁵⁻²⁴ hui³³ a³³/

/siɪk̚³²⁻⁴ hui⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/siɪk̚³²⁻⁵ hui⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/so(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ hui⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ feɪ̯⁵⁵ jä⁵¹/

/su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ feɪ̯⁵⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɔːk̚³ fei̯⁵⁵ aː³³/

/sak̚⁵⁻²⁴ hui³³ a³³/

/siɪk̚³²⁻⁴ hui⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/siɪk̚³²⁻⁵ hui⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/so(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ hui⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

Sofia (a city, the capital city of Bulgaria)


斯里賈亞瓦德納普拉科特

ㄙ ㄌㄧˇ ㄐㄧㄚˇ ㄧㄚˋ ㄨㄚˇ ㄉㄜˊ ㄋㄚˋ ㄆㄨˇ ㄌㄚ ㄎㄜ ㄊㄜˋ

ㄙ ㄌㄧˇ ㄐㄧㄚˇ ㄧㄚˇ ㄨㄚˇ ㄉㄜˊ ㄋㄚˋ ㄆㄨˇ ㄌㄚ ㄎㄜ ㄊㄜˋ

si¹ lei⁵ gaa² aa³ ngaa⁵ dak¹ naap⁶ pou² laai¹ fo¹ dak⁶

Sīlǐ Jiǎyàwǎdénàpǔlā Kētè [Phonetic:sīlíjiǎyàwǎdénàpǔlākētè]

Сыли Цзяявадэнапула Кэтэ

/sz̩⁵⁵ li²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä²¹⁴⁻²¹ jä⁵¹ wä²¹⁴⁻²¹ tɤ³⁵ nä⁵¹ pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ lä⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵⁵ tʰɤ⁵¹/

Sīlǐ Jiǎyǎwǎdénàpǔlā Kētè [Phonetic:sīlíjiáyáwǎdénàpǔlākētè]

/sz̩⁵⁵ li²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ wä²¹⁴⁻²¹ tɤ³⁵ nä⁵¹ pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ lä⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵⁵ tʰɤ⁵¹/

sī léih gá a ngáh dāk naahp póu lāai fō dahk

si¹ lei⁵ gaa² aa³ ngaa⁵ dak⁷ naap⁹ pou² laai¹ fo¹ dak⁹

xi¹ léi⁵ ga² a³ nga⁵ deg¹ nab⁶ pou² lai¹ fo¹ deg⁶

/siː⁵⁵ lei̯¹³ kaː³⁵ aː³³ ŋaː¹³ tɐk̚⁵ naːp̚² pʰou̯³⁵ laːi̯⁵⁵ fɔː⁵⁵ tɐk̚²/

Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte
Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte#English

Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte (the administrative capital of Sri Lanka located in Colombo district, Western, Sri Lanka)


胡志明市

ㄏㄨˊ ㄓˋ ㄇㄧㄥˊ ㄕˋ

ㄏㄨˊ ㄓˋ ㄇㄧㄥˊ ㄕˋ

Ху Чжимин Ши

/xu³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹ miŋ³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/wuː²¹ t͡siː³³ mɪŋ²¹ siː¹³/

/fu¹¹ t͡sɨ⁵⁵ min¹¹ sɨ⁵⁵/

/hu⁵³ t͡si²¹³⁻⁵⁵ miŋ⁵³ t͡sʰɛi²⁴²/

/ɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡si¹¹⁻⁵³ biɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰi³³/

/ɔ²³⁻³³ t͡si²¹⁻⁴¹ biɪŋ²³⁻³³ t͡sʰi³³/

/ɔ¹³⁻²² t͡si²¹⁻⁵³ biɪŋ¹³⁻²² t͡sʰi²²/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² t͡si²¹⁻⁵³ biɪŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰi²²/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² t͡si⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ biɪŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰi²²/

/xu³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹ miŋ³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/wuː²¹ t͡siː³³ mɪŋ²¹ siː¹³/

/fu¹¹ t͡sɨ⁵⁵ min¹¹ sɨ⁵⁵/

/hu⁵³ t͡si²¹³⁻⁵⁵ miŋ⁵³ t͡sʰɛi²⁴²/

/ɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡si¹¹⁻⁵³ biɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰi³³/

/ɔ²³⁻³³ t͡si²¹⁻⁴¹ biɪŋ²³⁻³³ t͡sʰi³³/

/ɔ¹³⁻²² t͡si²¹⁻⁵³ biɪŋ¹³⁻²² t͡sʰi²²/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² t͡si²¹⁻⁵³ biɪŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰi²²/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² t͡si⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ biɪŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰi²²/

Calque of Vietnamese Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh

cal

Ho Chi Minh City
Ho Chi Minh City#English


胡志明

/xu³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹ miŋ³⁵/

/wuː²¹ t͡siː³³ mɪŋ²¹/

/hu⁵³ t͡si²¹³⁻⁵⁵ miŋ⁵³/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² t͡si²¹⁻⁵³ biɪŋ²⁴/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² t͡si⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ biɪŋ²⁴/

/ɔ¹³⁻²² t͡si²¹⁻⁵³ biɪŋ¹³/

/ɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡si¹¹⁻⁵³ biɪŋ²⁴/

/ɔ²³⁻³³ t͡si²¹⁻⁴¹ biɪŋ²³/

/xu³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹ miŋ³⁵/

/wuː²¹ t͡siː³³ mɪŋ²¹/

/hu⁵³ t͡si²¹³⁻⁵⁵ miŋ⁵³/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² t͡si²¹⁻⁵³ biɪŋ²⁴/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² t͡si⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ biɪŋ²⁴/

/ɔ¹³⁻²² t͡si²¹⁻⁵³ biɪŋ¹³/

/ɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡si¹¹⁻⁵³ biɪŋ²⁴/

/ɔ²³⁻³³ t͡si²¹⁻⁴¹ biɪŋ²³/


阿根廷

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (阿根廷):
* → Vietnamese: Á Căn Đình (阿根廷)

/ˀä⁵⁵ kən⁵⁵ tʰiŋ³⁵/

/aː³³ kɐn⁵⁵ tʰɪŋ²¹/

/a²⁴⁻¹¹ kin²⁴ tʰin¹¹/

/a⁴⁴ kɛn⁴⁴⁻³⁵ tʰin¹¹/

/a⁴⁴⁻³³ kun⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɪŋ²⁴/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² kun⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪŋ²⁴/

/a³³ kun³³ tiɪŋ²⁴/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² kin⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪŋ¹³/

/a⁴⁴⁻³³ kin⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɪŋ²³/

/a³³⁻²³ kɯŋ³³⁻²³ tʰeŋ⁵⁵/

/aʔ³³ kən⁵⁵ din²¹/

/ˀä⁵⁵ kən⁵⁵ tʰiŋ³⁵/

/aː³³ kɐn⁵⁵ tʰɪŋ²¹/

/a²⁴⁻¹¹ kin²⁴ tʰin¹¹/

/a⁴⁴ kɛn⁴⁴⁻³⁵ tʰin¹¹/

/a⁴⁴⁻³³ kun⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɪŋ²⁴/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² kun⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪŋ²⁴/

/a³³ kun³³ tiɪŋ²⁴/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² kin⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪŋ¹³/

/a⁴⁴⁻³³ kin⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɪŋ²³/

/a³³⁻²³ kɯŋ³³⁻²³ tʰeŋ⁵⁵/

/aʔ³³ kən⁵⁵ din²¹/

Borrowed from French Argentine or English Argentine.

1898, 薛福成 [Xue Fucheng], 出使日記續刻, volume 3, page 80:

Běncháo Jiāqìng shíwǔ nián, Nánměizhōu gè guó jiē pàn Xībānyá, gǎiwéi zìzhǔ, Bālāguī yì chéng zìzhǔguó. Tóngzhì sì nián zhì jiǔ nián, yǔ Bāxī, Āgēntíng, Wūlāguāi gòubīng, bùshèng, nǎi yìhé, hùkǒu hào qù shí fēn zhī bā.

本朝嘉慶十五年，南美洲各國皆叛西班牙，改為自主，巴拉圭亦成自主國。同治四年至九年，與巴西、阿根廷、烏拉乖構兵，不勝，乃議和，戶口耗去十分之八。

本朝嘉庆十五年，南美洲各国皆叛西班牙，改为自主，巴拉圭亦成自主国。同治四年至九年，与巴西、阿根廷、乌拉乖构兵，不胜，乃议和，户口耗去十分之八。


烏克蘭

Sino-Xenic (烏克蘭):
* → Vietnamese: Ô Khắc Lan (烏克蘭)

/u⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹ län³⁵/

/wuː⁵⁵ hɐk̚⁵ laːn²¹/

/ʋu⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kʰɛt̚¹ lan¹¹/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ lan⁴⁴/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ lan⁴⁴/

/ɔ³³ kʰiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ lan²⁴/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ lan²⁴/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ lan²³/

/u⁵⁵ kʰəʔ³³ le²¹/

/u⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹ län³⁵/

/wuː⁵⁵ hɐk̚⁵ laːn²¹/

/ʋu⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kʰɛt̚¹ lan¹¹/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ lan⁴⁴/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ lan⁴⁴/

/ɔ³³ kʰiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ lan²⁴/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ lan²⁴/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ lan²³/

/u⁵⁵ kʰəʔ³³ le²¹/

Possibly borrowed from English Ukraine, or Russian Украина (Ukraina); attested as early as 1903.

Ukraine (a country in Eastern Europe, bordering on the north shore of the Black Sea)


烏克蘭語

ㄨ ㄎㄜˋ ㄌㄢˊ ㄩˇ

ㄨ ㄎㄜˋ ㄌㄢˊ ㄩˇ

/u⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹ län³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/wuː⁵⁵ hɐk̚⁵ laːn²¹ jyː¹³/

/ɔ³³ kʰiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ lan²⁴⁻²² ɡɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ lan⁴⁴⁻²² ɡu⁵³/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ lan⁴⁴⁻²² ɡi⁵³/

/u⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹ län³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/wuː⁵⁵ hɐk̚⁵ laːn²¹ jyː¹³/

/ɔ³³ kʰiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ lan²⁴⁻²² ɡɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ lan⁴⁴⁻²² ɡu⁵³/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ lan⁴⁴⁻²² ɡi⁵³/


約翰

/ɥɛ⁵⁵ xän⁵¹/

/jœːk̚³ hɔːn²²/

/yoʔ²⁴⁻⁵⁵ hɑŋ²⁴²/

/iɔk̚³²⁻⁴ han³³/

/iɔk̚³²⁻⁴ han²²/

/iɤ(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ han³³/

/ɥɛ⁵⁵ xän⁵¹/

/jœːk̚³ hɔːn²²/

/yoʔ²⁴⁻⁵⁵ hɑŋ²⁴²/

/iɔk̚³²⁻⁴ han³³/

/iɔk̚³²⁻⁴ han²²/

/iɤ(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ han³³/

Transliterated from Latin Iōhannēs or Ancient Greek Ἰωάννης (Iōánnēs), both ultimately from Biblical Hebrew יוֹחָנָן (Yōḥānān). [mid-19th c.]
Earlier transliterations include: 曜輪 [8th c.] and 若望/若翰 [17th c.].

(Protestantism) John (biblical character)

A transliteration of the English male given name and surname John

A transliteration of the German male given name Johann


胡笳十八拍

Eighteen Stanzas for a Barbarian Reed Leaf Pipe

ㄏㄨˊ ㄐㄧㄚ ㄕˊ ㄅㄚ ㄆㄞ

ㄏㄨˊ ㄐㄧㄚ ㄕˊ ㄅㄚ ㄆㄞ

хуцзя шиба пай

/xu³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵ pä⁵⁵ pʰaɪ̯⁵⁵/

/xu³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵ pä⁵⁵ pʰaɪ̯⁵⁵/

Eighteen Songs of a Nomad Flute (a famous piece of music written by Cai Yan (蔡琰) at the end of the Eastern Han dynasty)


英吉利海峽

ㄧㄥ ㄐㄧˊ ㄌㄧˋ ㄏㄞˇ ㄒㄧㄚˊ

ㄧㄥ ㄐㄧˊ ㄌㄧˋ ㄏㄞˇ ㄒㄧㄚˊ

Инцзили хайся

/iŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi³⁵ li⁵¹ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi̯ä³⁵/

/jɪŋ⁵⁵ kɐt̚⁵ lei̯²² hɔːi̯³⁵ haːp̚²/

/iŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi³⁵ li⁵¹ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi̯ä³⁵/

/jɪŋ⁵⁵ kɐt̚⁵ lei̯²² hɔːi̯³⁵ haːp̚²/


韓國

→ Zhuang: Hanzgoz

/xän³⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/hɔːn²¹ kʷɔːk̚³/

/haŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋuɔʔ²⁴/

/haŋ¹³⁻⁴² kɒʔ²¹/

/haŋ²⁴⁻⁴² kɒʔ²/

/han²⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/han²⁴⁻²² kɔk̚⁵/

/han¹³⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/han²⁴⁻¹¹ kɔk̚³²/

/han²³⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

/haŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kok̚²/

/ɦø²² koʔ⁴⁴/

/ɦø²² koʔ³³/

/xän³⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/hɔːn²¹ kʷɔːk̚³/

/haŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋuɔʔ²⁴/

/haŋ¹³⁻⁴² kɒʔ²¹/

/haŋ²⁴⁻⁴² kɒʔ²/

/han²⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/han²⁴⁻²² kɔk̚⁵/

/han¹³⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/han²⁴⁻¹¹ kɔk̚³²/

/han²³⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

/haŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kok̚²/

/ɦø²² koʔ⁴⁴/

/ɦø²² koʔ³³/

韓國燒酒

韩国烧酒

(chiefly Mainland China, increasingly in Hong Kong) South Korea (a country in East Asia, comprising the southern part of the Korean Peninsula)

(chiefly Taiwan, Hong Kong) Korea (a geographic region consisting of two countries in East Asia, commonly known as South Korea and North Korea; formerly a single country)

Korean Peninsula
Korean Peninsula#English

(chiefly Taiwan, Hong Kong) Korea (a peninsula in East Asia, containing the countries of North Korea and South Korea; in full, Korean Peninsula)

(historical) Han, a minor state that existed during the Western Zhou Dynasty and was conquered in 757 BCE

(historical) Han, a state during the Warring States period that existed between 403 BCE and 230 BCE


迪斯尼樂園

ㄉㄧˊ ㄙ ㄋㄧˊ ㄌㄜˋ ㄩㄢˊ

ㄉㄧˊ ㄙ ㄋㄧˊ ㄌㄜˋ ㄩㄢˊ

Дисыни лэюань

/ti³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ ni³⁵ lɤ⁵¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

/ti³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ ni³⁵ lɤ⁵¹ ɥɛn³⁵/


迪士尼樂園

ㄉㄧˊ ㄕˋ ㄋㄧˊ ㄌㄜˋ ㄩㄢˊ

ㄉㄧˊ ㄕˋ ㄋㄧˊ ㄌㄜˋ ㄩㄢˊ

Дишини лэюань

/ti³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹ ni³⁵ lɤ⁵¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

/tɪk̚² siː²² nei̯²¹ lɔːk̚² jyːn²¹/

/ti³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹ ni³⁵ lɤ⁵¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

/tɪk̚² siː²² nei̯²¹ lɔːk̚² jyːn²¹/


天理

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰi̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ li²⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁵³/

/tʰiɛn³³ li⁵⁵⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² li⁵³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁴¹/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² li⁵³/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁵³/

/tʰĩ³³⁴ li²¹/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁴¹/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰi̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ li²⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁵³/

/tʰiɛn³³ li⁵⁵⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² li⁵³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁴¹/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² li⁵³/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁵³/

/tʰĩ³³⁴ li²¹/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁴¹/

(～市) Tenri (a city in Nara Prefecture, Japan)


星加坡

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ pʰu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/sɪŋ⁵⁵ kaː³³ pɔː⁵⁵/

/siŋ⁵⁵⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋa⁵⁵ ^((pʰ-))βo⁵⁵/

/ɕin⁵⁵ ka³³ pʰu²¹/

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ pʰu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/sɪŋ⁵⁵ kaː³³ pɔː⁵⁵/

/siŋ⁵⁵⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋa⁵⁵ ^((pʰ-))βo⁵⁵/

/ɕin⁵⁵ ka³³ pʰu²¹/

1904, Liang Qichao, 新大陸遊記 [Travel Notes of the New Continent], 廣智書局, published 1907, page 1:

Hearing of the change in Hankow, he turned south and went south from Hong Kong to Singapore and Penang to India, circumnavigating Australia for a week.

Jù wén Hànkǒu zhī biàn, zhì bùsuì, suì zhé ér nán, yóu Xiānggǎng ér Xīngjiāpō ér Bīnlángyǔ ér Yìndù, rào Àodàlìyàzhōu yī zhōu.

遽聞漢口之變，志不遂，遂折而南，由香港而星加坡而檳榔嶼而印度，繞澳大利亞洲一週。

遽闻汉口之变，志不遂，遂折而南，由香港而星加坡而槟榔屿而印度，绕澳大利亚洲一周。

1989 November 1, Francis K. Loo, 香港工業: 政策、 企業特點及前景, Hong Kong University Press, →ISBN, page 1:

In terms of industrial development, Hong Kong is often ranked alongside South Korea, Taiwan and Singapore as the "Asian Tigers".

xiānggǎng zài gōngyè fāzhǎn shàng, hěnduō shí bèi rén yǔ nánhán, táiwān hé xīngjiāpō bìngliè, chēngwèi “yàzhōusìxiǎolóng”

香港在工業發展上，很多時被人與南韓、台灣和星加坡並列，稱爲「亞洲四小龍」

香港在工业发展上，很多时被人与南韩、台湾和星加坡并列，称为「亚洲四小龙」

(dated, still common in Cantonese) Singapore (an island and city-state in Southeast Asia, located off the southernmost tip of the Malay Peninsula; a former British crown colony and state of Malaysia (1963-1965))


三字經

/sän⁵⁵ t͡sz̩⁵¹ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

саньцзыцзинр

/sän⁵⁵ t͡sz̩⁵¹ t͡ɕiɤ̯̃ɻ⁵⁵/

/saːm⁵⁵ t͡siː²² kɪŋ⁵⁵/

/sam²⁴⁻¹¹ sɨ⁵⁵ kin²⁴/

/saŋ⁵⁵⁻²¹ ^((t͡s-))ʒi²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾iŋ⁵⁵/

/sam⁴⁴⁻³³ zi³³⁻²¹ kiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/sam⁴⁴⁻²² d͡zi²²⁻²¹ kiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/sam⁴⁴⁻³³ li³³⁻¹¹ kiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/sam³³ li⁴¹⁻²² kiɪŋ³³/

/sam⁴⁴⁻²² li²²⁻²¹ kiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/se⁵⁵ zz̩³³ t͡ɕin²¹/

/sän⁵⁵ t͡sz̩⁵¹ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/sän⁵⁵ t͡sz̩⁵¹ t͡ɕiɤ̯̃ɻ⁵⁵/

/saːm⁵⁵ t͡siː²² kɪŋ⁵⁵/

/sam²⁴⁻¹¹ sɨ⁵⁵ kin²⁴/

/saŋ⁵⁵⁻²¹ ^((t͡s-))ʒi²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾iŋ⁵⁵/

/sam⁴⁴⁻³³ zi³³⁻²¹ kiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/sam⁴⁴⁻²² d͡zi²²⁻²¹ kiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/sam⁴⁴⁻³³ li³³⁻¹¹ kiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/sam³³ li⁴¹⁻²² kiɪŋ³³/

/sam⁴⁴⁻²² li²²⁻²¹ kiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/se⁵⁵ zz̩³³ t͡ɕin²¹/

(literature) the Three Character Classic (a classic Chinese text)


聖誕

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ tän⁵¹/

/sɪŋ³³ taːn³³/

/siŋ²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nɑŋ²¹³/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ tan²¹/

/siɪŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ tan¹¹/

/siɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tan⁴¹/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ tan²¹/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ tan²²/

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ tän⁵¹/

/sɪŋ³³ taːn³³/

/siŋ²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nɑŋ²¹³/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ tan²¹/

/siɪŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ tan¹¹/

/siɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tan⁴¹/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ tan²¹/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ tan²²/


神聖羅馬帝國

ㄕㄣˊ ㄕㄥˋ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄇㄚˇ ㄉㄧˋ ㄍㄨㄛˊ

ㄕㄣˊ ㄕㄥˋ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄇㄚˇ ㄉㄧˋ ㄍㄨㄛˊ

Шэньшэн Лома Диго

/ʂən³⁵ ʂɤŋ⁵¹ lu̯ɔ³⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ti⁵¹ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/sɐn²¹ sɪŋ³³ lɔː²¹ maː¹³ tɐi̯³³ kʷɔːk̚³/

/sɨn¹¹ sɨn⁵⁵ lo¹¹ ma²⁴⁻¹¹ ti⁵⁵ ku̯et̚²/

/siŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nɛiŋ²¹³ l̃o⁵³⁻³³ ma³³ tɛ²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾uɔʔ²⁴/

/sin²⁴⁻²² siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ lo²⁴⁻²² mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ te²¹⁻⁵³ kɔk̚³²/

/sin²⁴⁻²² siɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ lo²⁴⁻²² mã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ te⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kɔk̚⁵/

/sin¹³⁻²² siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ lo¹³⁻²² mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ te²¹⁻⁵³ kɔk̚³²/

/sin²⁴⁻¹¹ siɪŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ lo²⁴⁻¹¹ mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ te¹¹⁻⁵³ kɔk̚³²/

/sin²³⁻³³ siɪŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ lɤ²³⁻³³ mã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ te²¹⁻⁴¹ kɔk̚³²/

/sɨn¹¹ sɨn⁵⁵ lo¹¹ ma²⁴⁻¹¹ ti⁵⁵ ku̯et̚²/

Holy Roman Empire
Holy Roman Empire#English:_Q12548

(historical) Holy Roman Empire (a former polity and medieval empire forming a loose conglomeration of largely independent mostly Germanic entities in Central Europe from at least 962 C.E. until 1806)


神農本草經

ㄕㄣˊ ㄋㄨㄥˊ ㄅㄣˇ ㄘㄠˇ ㄐㄧㄥ

ㄕㄣˊ ㄋㄨㄥˊ ㄅㄣˇ ㄘㄠˇ ㄐㄧㄥ

Шэньнун Бэньцаоцзин

/ʂən³⁵ nʊŋ³⁵ pən²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sʰɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/sɐn²¹ nʊŋ²¹ puːn³⁵ t͡sʰou̯³⁵ kɪŋ⁵⁵/

/sɐn²¹ nʊŋ²¹ puːn³⁵ t͡sʰou̯³⁵ kɪŋ⁵⁵/

Shennong Ben Cao Jing, or, The Divine Farmer's Herb-Root Classic, an ancient medical text dating from the Western Han Dynasty


般若波羅蜜多心經

ㄅㄛ ㄖㄜˇ ㄅㄛ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄇㄧˋ ㄉㄨㄛ ㄒㄧㄣ ㄐㄧㄥ

ㄅㄛ ㄖㄜˇ ㄅㄛ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄇㄧˋ ㄉㄨㄛ ㄒㄧㄣ ㄐㄧㄥ

Божэ Боломидо Синьцзин

/pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ ʐɤ²¹⁴⁻²¹ pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ mi⁵¹ tu̯ɔ⁵⁵ ɕin⁵⁵ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/pɔː⁵⁵ jɛː¹³ pɔː⁵⁵ lɔː²¹ mɐt̚² tɔː⁵⁵ sɐm⁵⁵ kɪŋ⁵⁵/


首府

/ʂoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ fu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɐu̯³⁵ fuː³⁵/

/siu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hu⁵³/

/siu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ hu⁵⁵⁴/

/siu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hu⁵³/

/siu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hu⁵³/

/siu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ hu⁴¹/

/ʂoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ fu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɐu̯³⁵ fuː³⁵/

/siu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hu⁵³/

/siu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ hu⁵⁵⁴/

/siu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hu⁵³/

/siu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hu⁵³/

/siu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ hu⁴¹/

An alternate name used for various capitals, particularly Dali (大理) when it served as the capital of an independent medieval kingdom.


馬其頓

ㄇㄚˇ ㄑㄧˊ ㄉㄨㄣˋ

ㄇㄚˇ ㄑㄧˊ ㄉㄨㄣˋ

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi³⁵ tu̯ən⁵¹/

/maː¹³ kʰei̯²¹ tɵn²²/

/ma³³⁻⁵⁵ ki⁵³⁻²¹ touŋ²¹³/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ki²⁴⁻²² tun²¹/

/mã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ki²⁴⁻²² tun⁴¹/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ki¹³⁻²² tun²¹/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ki²⁴⁻¹¹ tun¹¹/

/mã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ki²³⁻³³ tun²¹/

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi³⁵ tu̯ən⁵¹/

/maː¹³ kʰei̯²¹ tɵn²²/

/ma³³⁻⁵⁵ ki⁵³⁻²¹ touŋ²¹³/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ki²⁴⁻²² tun²¹/

/mã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ki²⁴⁻²² tun⁴¹/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ki¹³⁻²² tun²¹/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ki²⁴⁻¹¹ tun¹¹/

/mã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ki²³⁻³³ tun²¹/

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English

Macedonia (a geographic region in Southeast Europe in the Balkans, including North Macedonia and parts of Greece, Bulgaria, Albania and Serbia)

(historical) Macedonia (an ancient Greek kingdom in Southeast Europe)

Macedonia (former name of North Macedonia: a country in Southeast Europe in the Balkans)

Macedonia (a geographic region and former administrative region of Greece)

Bulgarian Macedonia
Bulgarian Macedonia#English

Macedonia (a geographic region in southwestern Bulgaria; in full, Pirin Macedonia or Bulgarian Macedonia)

(historical) Macedonia (a former constituent republic of Yugoslavia)


日光

/ʐ̩⁵¹ ku̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/jɐt̚² kʷɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/ŋit̚² koŋ²⁴/

/lit̚²⁴⁻² kŋ̍³³/

/lit̚⁴⁻³² kŋ̍⁴⁴/

/d͡zit̚¹²¹⁻²¹ kuĩ⁴⁴/

/zit̚⁴⁻³² kŋ̍⁴⁴/

/lit̚⁴⁻³² kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lit̚²⁴⁻² kɔŋ³³/

/zit̚⁴⁻³² kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/n̠ʲiɪʔ¹¹ kuɑ̃²³/

/ʐ̩⁵¹ ku̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/jɐt̚² kʷɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/ŋit̚² koŋ²⁴/

/lit̚²⁴⁻² kŋ̍³³/

/lit̚⁴⁻³² kŋ̍⁴⁴/

/d͡zit̚¹²¹⁻²¹ kuĩ⁴⁴/

/zit̚⁴⁻³² kŋ̍⁴⁴/

/lit̚⁴⁻³² kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lit̚²⁴⁻² kɔŋ³³/

/zit̚⁴⁻³² kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/n̠ʲiɪʔ¹¹ kuɑ̃²³/

(～市) Nikkō (a city in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan)


尺八

/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ pä⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ pä⁵⁵/

(～鎮) Chiba (a town in Jianli, Jingzhou, Hubei, China)


丹朱

/tän⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂu⁵⁵/

/tän⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂu⁵⁵/


穀神星

/ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂən³⁵ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/kʊk̚⁵ sɐn²¹ sɪŋ⁵⁵/

/koʔ³³ zən⁵⁵ ɕin²¹/

/ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂən³⁵ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/kʊk̚⁵ sɐn²¹ sɪŋ⁵⁵/

/koʔ³³ zən⁵⁵ ɕin²¹/


柯伊伯帶

ㄎㄜ ㄧ ㄅㄛˊ ㄉㄞˋ

ㄎㄜ ㄧ ㄅㄛˊ ㄉㄞˋ

/kʰɤ⁵⁵ i⁵⁵ pu̯ɔ³⁵ taɪ̯⁵¹/

/kʰɤ⁵⁵ i⁵⁵ pu̯ɔ³⁵ taɪ̯⁵¹/


國際天文學聯會

ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄐㄧˋ ㄊㄧㄢ ㄨㄣˊ ㄒㄩㄝˊ ㄌㄧㄢˊ ㄏㄨㄟˋ

ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄐㄧˋ ㄊㄧㄢ ㄨㄣˊ ㄒㄩㄝˊ ㄌㄧㄢˊ ㄏㄨㄟˋ

Гоцзи Тяньвэньсюэ Ляньхуэй

/ku̯ɔ³⁵ t͡ɕi⁵¹ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ wən³⁵ ɕy̯ɛ³⁵ li̯ɛn³⁵ xu̯eɪ̯⁵¹/

(astronomy) International Astronomical Union


國際天文聯會

ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄐㄧˋ ㄊㄧㄢ ㄨㄣˊ ㄌㄧㄢˊ ㄏㄨㄟˋ

ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄐㄧˋ ㄊㄧㄢ ㄨㄣˊ ㄌㄧㄢˊ ㄏㄨㄟˋ

Гоцзи Тяньвэнь Ляньхуэй

/ku̯ɔ³⁵ t͡ɕi⁵¹ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ wən³⁵ li̯ɛn³⁵ xu̯eɪ̯⁵¹/


月球

/ɥɛ⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯³⁵/

/ɥɛ⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi̯ɤʊ̯ɻʷ³⁵/

/jyːt̚² kʰɐu̯²¹/

/ŋi̯et̚⁵ kʰi̯u¹¹/

/ŋi̯at̚⁵ kʰi̯u¹¹/

/yəʔ²⁻⁵⁴ t͡ɕʰiəu¹¹/

/ŋuoʔ⁵⁻³³ kieu⁵³/

/ɡə(ʔ)²⁴⁻² kiu²⁴/

/ɡe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ kiu²⁴/

/ɡe(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ kiu²⁴/

/ɡue(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ kiu¹³/

/ɦyɪʔ¹¹ d͡ʑiɤ²³/

/ɦioʔ¹¹ d͡ʑiɤ²³/

/y̯e̞²⁴ t͡ɕʰi̯əu̯¹³/

/ɥɛ⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯³⁵/

/ɥɛ⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi̯ɤʊ̯ɻʷ³⁵/

/jyːt̚² kʰɐu̯²¹/

/ŋi̯et̚⁵ kʰi̯u¹¹/

/ŋi̯at̚⁵ kʰi̯u¹¹/

/yəʔ²⁻⁵⁴ t͡ɕʰiəu¹¹/

/ŋuoʔ⁵⁻³³ kieu⁵³/

/ɡə(ʔ)²⁴⁻² kiu²⁴/

/ɡe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ kiu²⁴/

/ɡe(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ kiu²⁴/

/ɡue(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ kiu¹³/

/ɦyɪʔ¹¹ d͡ʑiɤ²³/

/ɦioʔ¹¹ d͡ʑiɤ²³/

/y̯e̞²⁴ t͡ɕʰi̯əu̯¹³/

(astronomy) the Moon (referring to the astronomical object)


冥衛一

/miŋ³⁵ weɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ i⁵⁵⁻⁵¹/

/miŋ³⁵ weɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ i⁵⁵⁻⁵¹/

(astronomy) Charon (The largest of the five moons of Pluto)


冥王星

ㄇㄧㄥˊ ㄨㄤˊ ㄒㄧㄥ

ㄇㄧㄥˊ ㄨㄤˊ ㄒㄧㄥ

/miŋ³⁵ wɑŋ³⁵ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/mɪŋ²¹ wɔːŋ²¹ sɪŋ⁵⁵/

/mɪŋ¹³ wɔːŋ²¹ sɪŋ⁵⁵/

/miŋ⁵³⁻³³ ^((Ø-))ŋuoŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾niŋ⁵⁵/

/biɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴/

/biɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰĩ³³/

/biɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴/

/biɪŋ²³⁻³³ ɔŋ²³⁻³³ t͡sʰẽ⁴⁴/

/biɪŋ¹³⁻²² ɔŋ¹³⁻²² t͡sʰɛ̃⁴⁴/

/mĩ²⁴⁻¹¹ ɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴/

/mẽ²³⁻³³ ɔŋ²³⁻³³ t͡sʰẽ⁴⁴/

/min²² ɦuɑ̃⁵⁵ ɕin²¹/

/miŋ³⁵ wɑŋ³⁵ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/mɪŋ²¹ wɔːŋ²¹ sɪŋ⁵⁵/

/mɪŋ¹³ wɔːŋ²¹ sɪŋ⁵⁵/

/miŋ⁵³⁻³³ ^((Ø-))ŋuoŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾niŋ⁵⁵/

/biɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴/

/biɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰĩ³³/

/biɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴/

/biɪŋ²³⁻³³ ɔŋ²³⁻³³ t͡sʰẽ⁴⁴/

/biɪŋ¹³⁻²² ɔŋ¹³⁻²² t͡sʰɛ̃⁴⁴/

/mĩ²⁴⁻¹¹ ɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴/

/mẽ²³⁻³³ ɔŋ²³⁻³³ t͡sʰẽ⁴⁴/

/min²² ɦuɑ̃⁵⁵ ɕin²¹/

(astronomy) Pluto (The largest dwarf planet and formerly the ninth planet)


水星

desc

→ Old Uyghur: 𐽻𐽳𐽱 𐽶𐽳𐾁𐾀𐽳𐽴 (swβ ywltwz /Suv yultuz/) (calque)

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/sɵy̯³⁵ sɪŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sui³³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾liŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰĩ³³/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰẽ⁴⁴/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰɛ̃⁴⁴/

/sz̩³³ ɕin⁴⁴/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/sɵy̯³⁵ sɪŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sui³³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾liŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰĩ³³/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰẽ⁴⁴/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰɛ̃⁴⁴/

/sz̩³³ ɕin⁴⁴/

太阳系的行星: 水星 · 金星 · 地球 · 火星 · 木星 · 土星 · 天王星 · 海王星 [edit]


木星

𐽰𐽶𐽲𐽰𐽽 𐽶𐽳𐾁𐾀𐽳𐽴

→ Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽶𐽲𐽰𐽽 𐽶𐽳𐾁𐾀𐽳𐽴 (ʾyqʾc ywltwz /Ïġač yultuz/) (calque)

/mu⁵¹ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/mʊk̚² sɪŋ⁵⁵/

/muʔ⁵⁻⁵⁵ siŋ⁵⁵/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² t͡sʰẽ⁴⁴/

/bɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡sʰɛ̃⁴⁴/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴/

/bɔk̚²⁴⁻² t͡sʰĩ³³/

/bak̚⁴⁻² t͡sʰẽ³³/

/moʔ¹¹ ɕin²³/

/mu⁵¹ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/mʊk̚² sɪŋ⁵⁵/

/muʔ⁵⁻⁵⁵ siŋ⁵⁵/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² t͡sʰẽ⁴⁴/

/bɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡sʰɛ̃⁴⁴/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴/

/bɔk̚²⁴⁻² t͡sʰĩ³³/

/bak̚⁴⁻² t͡sʰẽ³³/

/moʔ¹¹ ɕin²³/


天王星

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ wɑŋ³⁵ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ wɔːŋ²¹ sɪŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰieŋ⁵⁵ ^((Ø-))ŋuoŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾niŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰiɛn³³ ɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰĩ³³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ ɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² ɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² ɔŋ¹³⁻²² t͡sʰɛ̃⁴⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ ɔŋ²³⁻³³ t͡sʰẽ⁴⁴/

/tʰi⁵⁵ ɦuɑ̃³³ ɕin²¹/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ wɑŋ³⁵ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ wɔːŋ²¹ sɪŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰieŋ⁵⁵ ^((Ø-))ŋuoŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾niŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰiɛn³³ ɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰĩ³³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ ɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² ɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² ɔŋ¹³⁻²² t͡sʰɛ̃⁴⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ ɔŋ²³⁻³³ t͡sʰẽ⁴⁴/

/tʰi⁵⁵ ɦuɑ̃³³ ɕin²¹/


金星

𐽰𐽰𐾁𐾀𐽳𐽺 𐽶𐽳𐾁𐾀𐽳𐽴

→ Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽰𐾁𐾀𐽳𐽺 𐽶𐽳𐾁𐾀𐽳𐽴 (ʾʾltwn ywltwz /Altun yultuz/) (calque)

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/kɐm⁵⁵ sɪŋ⁵⁵/

/kiŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾niŋ⁵⁵/

/kim³³ t͡sʰĩ³³/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰɛ̃⁴⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰẽ⁴⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/kim³³⁻²³ t͡sʰẽ³³/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ ɕin²¹/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/kɐm⁵⁵ sɪŋ⁵⁵/

/kiŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾niŋ⁵⁵/

/kim³³ t͡sʰĩ³³/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰɛ̃⁴⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰẽ⁴⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/kim³³⁻²³ t͡sʰẽ³³/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ ɕin²¹/


開漳聖王

ㄎㄞ ㄓㄤ ㄕㄥˋ ㄨㄤˊ

ㄎㄞ ㄓㄤ ㄕㄥˋ ㄨㄤˊ

Кай Чжан Шэнван

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂɑŋ⁵⁵ ʂɤŋ⁵¹ wɑŋ³⁵/

/hɔːi̯⁵⁵ t͡sœːŋ⁵⁵ sɪŋ³³ wɔːŋ²¹/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ siɪŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ ɔŋ²⁴/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ siɪŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ ɔŋ²³/

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂɑŋ⁵⁵ ʂɤŋ⁵¹ wɑŋ³⁵/

/hɔːi̯⁵⁵ t͡sœːŋ⁵⁵ sɪŋ³³ wɔːŋ²¹/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ siɪŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ ɔŋ²⁴/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ siɪŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ ɔŋ²³/


大麻

/taːi̯²² maː²¹/

/tua²²⁻²¹ muã²⁴/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² muã²⁴/

/tua²²⁻²¹ muã¹³/

/tua³³⁻¹¹ muã²⁴/

/tua³³⁻²¹ muã²³/

/taːi̯²² maː²¹/

/tua²²⁻²¹ muã²⁴/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² muã²⁴/

/tua²²⁻²¹ muã¹³/

/tua³³⁻¹¹ muã²⁴/

/tua³³⁻²¹ muã²³/

/taːi̯²² maː²¹/

(～鎮) Dama (a town in Dabu, Meizhou, Guangdong)

(～鎮) Dama (a town in Tongxiang, Jiaxing, Zhejiang)


雪梨

/ɕy̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ li³⁵/

/ɕiɛt̚¹ li¹¹/

/ɕy̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ li³⁵/

/ɕiɛt̚¹ li¹¹/

Borrowed from English Sydney, via Cantonese.

Soat-lê sī Ò-chiu siōng tōa ê siâⁿ-chhī.

雪梨是澳洲上大的城市。

1891, 薛福成 [Xue Fucheng], 出使英法義比四國日記, volume 3, page 24:

Xuělí Yuè shāng èrshíjiǔ jiā, Huárén shāng gōng gòng sì qiān, qí zài nèidì kāi diàn jí Zhǒngzhí zhě yì liù qiān yú. Qí kēzhèng yóu wúlǐ zhě, huá shāng yóu Xuělí wǎng Měilìbīn, yòu xū zhòng shōu shēnshuì shí bàng.

雪梨粵商二十九家，華人商工共四千，其在內地開店及種植者亦六千餘。其苛政尤無理者，華商由雪梨往美利濱，又須重收身稅十磅。

雪梨粤商二十九家，华人商工共四千，其在内地开店及种植者亦六千余。其苛政尤无理者，华商由雪梨往美利滨，又须重收身税十磅。

(chiefly Taiwan, dated elsewhere) Sydney (a city in New South Wales, Australia)

(Cantonese) Sydney (a city in Nova Scotia, Canada)


悉尼

/siɪk̚³²⁻⁴ nĩ²⁴/

/ɕiɪʔ³³ n̠ʲi⁴⁴/

/siɪk̚³²⁻⁴ nĩ²⁴/

/ɕiɪʔ³³ n̠ʲi⁴⁴/

悉尼是澳大利亞最大的城市。

悉尼是澳大利亚最大的城市。

1844, Karl Gützlaff, 萬國地理全集; quoted in 魏源 [Wei Yuan], 海國圖志 [Illustrated Treatise on the Maritime Kingdoms], 1852:

Qí jīngdū nǎi Xīní, zài guǎng hǎimén, xì shǔ dàdì zhī gǎngkǒu.

其京都乃悉尼，在廣海門，係屬大地之港口。

其京都乃悉尼，在广海门，系属大地之港口。

(chiefly Mainland China, Hong Kong) Sydney (a city in New South Wales, Australia)

Proper Names And Translation Service, Xinhua News Agency

世界人名翻译大辞典 w:zh:世界人名翻译大辞典

A transliteration of the English surname and unisex given name Sydney or Sidney


雙魚座

/ʂu̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ y³⁵ t͡su̯ɔ⁵¹/

/sœːŋ⁵⁵ jyː²¹ t͡sɔː²²/

/ʂu̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ y³⁵ t͡su̯ɔ⁵¹/

/sœːŋ⁵⁵ jyː²¹ t͡sɔː²²/


馬六甲海峽

ㄇㄚˇ ㄌㄧㄡˋ ㄐㄧㄚˇ ㄏㄞˇ ㄒㄧㄚˊ

ㄇㄚˇ ㄌㄧㄡˋ ㄐㄧㄚˇ ㄏㄞˇ ㄒㄧㄚˊ

Малюцзя Хайся

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ li̯oʊ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi̯ä³⁵/

/maː¹³ lʊk̚² kaːp̚³ hɔːi̯³⁵ haːp̚²/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lak̚⁴⁻³² ka(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiap̚³²/

/mã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lak̚²⁴⁻² ka(ʔ)⁵ hai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kiap̚⁵/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lak̚¹²¹⁻²¹ ka(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiap̚³²/

/mã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lak̚⁴⁻³² ka(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ hai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kiap̚³²/

/maː¹³ lʊk̚² kaːp̚³ hɔːi̯³⁵ haːp̚²/


麻省理工學院

ㄇㄚˊ ㄕㄥˇ ㄌㄧˇ ㄍㄨㄥ ㄒㄩㄝˊ ㄩㄢˋ

Máshěng Lǐgōng Xuéyuàn [Phonetic:máshénglǐgōngxuéyuàn]

ㄇㄚˊ ㄕㄥˇ ㄌㄧˇ ㄍㄨㄥ ㄒㄩㄝˊ ㄩㄢˋ

Машэн Лигун Сюэюань

/mä³⁵ ʂɤŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹ kʊŋ⁵⁵ ɕy̯ɛ³⁵ ɥɛn⁵¹/

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).


湯姆歷險記

ㄊㄤ ㄇㄨˇ ㄌㄧˋ ㄒㄧㄢˇ ㄐㄧˋ

ㄊㄤ ㄇㄨˇ ㄌㄧˋ ㄒㄧㄢˇ ㄐㄧˋ

Танму лисянь цзи

/tʰɑŋ⁵⁵ mu²¹⁴⁻²¹ li⁵¹ ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi⁵¹/


湄公河三角洲

ㄇㄟˊ ㄍㄨㄥ ㄏㄜˊ ㄙㄢ ㄐㄧㄠˇ ㄓㄡ

ㄇㄟˊ ㄍㄨㄥ ㄏㄜˊ ㄙㄢ ㄐㄧㄠˇ ㄓㄡ

Мэйгунхэ Саньцзяочжоу

/meɪ̯³⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵ sän⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/mei̯²¹ kʊŋ⁵⁵ hɔː²¹ saːm⁵⁵ kɔːk̚³ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/


宙斯

/ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵/

/t͡sɐu̯²² siː⁵⁵/

/tiu²²⁻²¹ su⁴⁴/

/tiu³³⁻²¹ su⁴⁴/

/tiu³³⁻¹¹ su⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵/

/t͡sɐu̯²² siː⁵⁵/

/tiu²²⁻²¹ su⁴⁴/

/tiu³³⁻²¹ su⁴⁴/

/tiu³³⁻¹¹ su⁴⁴/


寧波

/niŋ³⁵ pu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/nɪŋ²¹ pɔː⁵⁵/

/ⁿden²² pᵘɔ³³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² pʰo⁴⁴/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² pʰo³³/

/liɪŋ¹³⁻²² pʰo⁴⁴/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ pʰo⁴⁴/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ pʰɤ⁴⁴/

/niŋ³⁵ pu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/nɪŋ²¹ pɔː⁵⁵/

/ⁿden²² pᵘɔ³³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² pʰo⁴⁴/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² pʰo³³/

/liɪŋ¹³⁻²² pʰo⁴⁴/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ pʰo⁴⁴/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ pʰɤ⁴⁴/

(～市) Ningbo (a port city, prefecture-level city, and subprovincial city in eastern Zhejiang, China)


天國

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kuɛt̚¹/

/tʰɛŋ⁵³³⁻¹³ kɒʔ²¹/

/tʰɛŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²⁴ kɒʔ²/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/tʰiɛn³³ kɔk̚⁵/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

/tʰiaŋ³³⁻²³ kok̚²/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kuɛt̚¹/

/tʰɛŋ⁵³³⁻¹³ kɒʔ²¹/

/tʰɛŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²⁴ kɒʔ²/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/tʰiɛn³³ kɔk̚⁵/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

/tʰiaŋ³³⁻²³ kok̚²/


古琴

/ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰin³⁵/

/kuː³⁵ kʰɐm²¹/

/ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰin³⁵/

/kuː³⁵ kʰɐm²¹/

Alternative name for 古琴臺／古琴台 (Gǔqín Tái).


費城

/feɪ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/fɐi̯³³ sɪŋ²¹/

/hui²¹⁻⁵³ siã²⁴/

/hui⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ siã²⁴/

/hui²¹⁻⁵³ siã¹³/

/hui¹¹⁻⁵³ siã²⁴/

/hui²¹⁻⁴¹ siã²³/

/feɪ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/fɐi̯³³ sɪŋ²¹/

/hui²¹⁻⁵³ siã²⁴/

/hui⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ siã²⁴/

/hui²¹⁻⁵³ siã¹³/

/hui¹¹⁻⁵³ siã²⁴/

/hui²¹⁻⁴¹ siã²³/

費城大學

费城大学

Philadelphia (a large city in Pennsylvania, United States)


開元天寶遺事

ㄎㄞ ㄩㄢˊ ㄊㄧㄢ ㄅㄠˇ ㄧˊ ㄕˋ

ㄎㄞ ㄩㄢˊ ㄊㄧㄢ ㄅㄠˇ ㄧˊ ㄕˋ

Кайюань Тяньбао иши

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ i³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

Anecdotes of the Emperor Xuanzong of Tang


奧克拉荷馬

ㄠˋ ㄎㄜˋ ㄌㄚ ㄏㄜˊ ㄇㄚˇ

ㄠˋ ㄎㄜˋ ㄌㄚ ㄏㄜˊ ㄇㄚˇ

/ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ kʰɤ⁵¹ lä⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ou̯³³ hɐk̚⁵ laːi̯⁵⁵ hɔː²¹ maː¹³/

/ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ kʰɤ⁵¹ lä⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ou̯³³ hɐk̚⁵ laːi̯⁵⁵ hɔː²¹ maː¹³/

(～州) (Hong Kong, Taiwan) Oklahoma (a state in the central United States, formerly a territory)


俄克拉何馬

ㄜˊ ㄎㄜˋ ㄌㄚ ㄏㄜˊ ㄇㄚˇ

ㄜˊ ㄎㄜˋ ㄌㄚ ㄏㄜˊ ㄇㄚˇ

/ˀɤ³⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹ lä⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ŋɔː²¹ hɐk̚⁵ laːi̯⁵⁵ hɔː²¹ maː¹³/

/ˀɤ³⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹ lä⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ŋɔː²¹ hɐk̚⁵ laːi̯⁵⁵ hɔː²¹ maː¹³/

(～州) (Mainland China) Oklahoma (a state in the central United States, formerly a territory)


愛沙尼亞

ㄞˋ ㄕㄚ ㄋㄧˊ ㄧㄚˋ

ㄞˋ ㄕㄚ ㄋㄧˊ ㄧㄚˇ

/ˀaɪ̯⁵¹ ʂä⁵⁵ ni³⁵ jä⁵¹/

/ˀaɪ̯⁵¹ ʂä⁵⁵ ni³⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ɔːi̯³³ saː⁵⁵ nei̯²¹ aː³³/

/oi̯⁵⁵ sa²⁴ ni¹¹ a³¹/

/oi̯⁵⁵ sa²⁴ ni¹¹ a²⁴/

/ai²¹⁻⁵³ sa⁴⁴⁻²² nĩ²⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/ai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ sa³³ nĩ²⁴⁻²² a³³/

/ai²¹⁻⁵³ sɛ⁴⁴⁻²² nĩ¹³⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/e³³ so⁵⁵ n̠ʲi³³ ia²¹/

/ˀaɪ̯⁵¹ ʂä⁵⁵ ni³⁵ jä⁵¹/

/ˀaɪ̯⁵¹ ʂä⁵⁵ ni³⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ɔːi̯³³ saː⁵⁵ nei̯²¹ aː³³/

/oi̯⁵⁵ sa²⁴ ni¹¹ a³¹/

/oi̯⁵⁵ sa²⁴ ni¹¹ a²⁴/

/ai²¹⁻⁵³ sa⁴⁴⁻²² nĩ²⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/ai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ sa³³ nĩ²⁴⁻²² a³³/

/ai²¹⁻⁵³ sɛ⁴⁴⁻²² nĩ¹³⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/e³³ so⁵⁵ n̠ʲi³³ ia²¹/

Estonia (a country in northeastern Europe, on the southeastern coast of the Baltic Sea)


愛神

/ˀaɪ̯⁵¹ ʂən³⁵/

/ɔːi̯³³ sɐn²¹/

/ai²¹⁻⁵³ sin²⁴/

/ai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ sin²⁴/

/ai²¹⁻⁵³ sin¹³/

/ai¹¹⁻⁵³ sin²⁴/

/ai²¹⁻⁴¹ sin²³/

/ˀaɪ̯⁵¹ ʂən³⁵/

/ɔːi̯³³ sɐn²¹/

/ai²¹⁻⁵³ sin²⁴/

/ai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ sin²⁴/

/ai²¹⁻⁵³ sin¹³/

/ai¹¹⁻⁵³ sin²⁴/

/ai²¹⁻⁴¹ sin²³/


創世記

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (創世記):
* → Japanese: 創(そう)世(せい)記(き) (Sōseiki)
* → Korean: 창세기(創世記) (Changsegi)
* → Vietnamese: Sáng thế kí (創世記)

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ɑŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕi⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɔːŋ³³ sɐi̯³³ kei̯³³/

/t͡sʰoŋ³¹ sɨ⁵⁵ ki⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɔŋ³³ si³³ ki³³/

/t͡sʰouŋ²¹³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nie²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ɛi²¹³/

/t͡sʰɒŋ⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ^((ɬ-))ne⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾i⁴²/

/t͡sʰɔŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ se²¹⁻⁴¹ ki²¹/

/t͡sʰɔŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ se¹¹⁻⁵³ ki¹¹/

/t͡sʰɔŋ²¹⁻⁵³ se²¹⁻⁵³ ki²¹/

/t͡sʰɑ̃³³ sz̩⁵⁵ t͡ɕi²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ɑŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕi⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɔːŋ³³ sɐi̯³³ kei̯³³/

/t͡sʰoŋ³¹ sɨ⁵⁵ ki⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɔŋ³³ si³³ ki³³/

/t͡sʰouŋ²¹³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nie²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ɛi²¹³/

/t͡sʰɒŋ⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ^((ɬ-))ne⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾i⁴²/

/t͡sʰɔŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ se²¹⁻⁴¹ ki²¹/

/t͡sʰɔŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ se¹¹⁻⁵³ ki¹¹/

/t͡sʰɔŋ²¹⁻⁵³ se²¹⁻⁵³ ki²¹/

/t͡sʰɑ̃³³ sz̩⁵⁵ t͡ɕi²¹/

創世／创世 (chuàngshì, “creation of the world”) + 記／记 (jì, “record”)

zh-l

(Protestantism) Genesis (first book of the Bible)


溫哥華

/wən⁵⁵ kɤ⁵⁵ xu̯ä³⁵/

/wɐn⁵⁵ kɔː⁵⁵ waː²¹/

/wɐn⁵⁵ kɔː⁵⁵ waː²¹⁻³⁵/

/vun³³ kᵘɔ⁵⁵ va²²/

/wən⁵⁵ kɤ⁵⁵ xu̯ä³⁵/

/wɐn⁵⁵ kɔː⁵⁵ waː²¹/

/wɐn⁵⁵ kɔː⁵⁵ waː²¹⁻³⁵/

/vun³³ kᵘɔ⁵⁵ va²²/

Borrowed from English Vancouver, via Cantonese.

1904, Liang Qichao, 新大陸遊記 [Travel Notes of the New Continent], 廣智書局, published 1907, page 6:

Qí tiělù zhī chēzhàn, lúnchuán zhī mǎtóu, jiē yǐ Wēngēhuá wéi zhōngdiǎn, gù Wēngēhuá zhòu shèng. Gēlúnbǐyà shěng běn yǐ Yùduōlì wéi shǒufǔ, jīn zé shìlì quán qū yú Wēngēhuá yǐ.

其鐵路之車站，輪船之碼頭，皆以溫哥華為終點，故溫哥華驟盛。哥侖比亞省本以域多利為首府，今則勢力全趨於溫哥華矣。

其铁路之车站，轮船之码头，皆以温哥华为终点，故温哥华骤盛。哥仑比亚省本以域多利为首府，今则势力全趋于温哥华矣。

British Columbia
British Columbia#English

(～市) Vancouver (a seaport, the largest city in British Columbia, Canada)

(～市) Vancouver (a city, the county seat of Clark County, Washington, United States)


賓夕法尼亞州

ㄅㄧㄣ ㄒㄧˋ ㄈㄚˇ ㄋㄧˊ ㄧㄚˇ ㄓㄡ

ㄅㄧㄣ ㄒㄧˋ ㄈㄚˇ ㄋㄧˊ ㄧㄚˇ ㄓㄡ

Биньсифания Чжоу

/pin⁵⁵ ɕi⁵¹ fä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ni³⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

Pennsylvania (a state of the United States)


盧溝橋事變

ㄌㄨˊ ㄍㄡ ㄑㄧㄠˊ ㄕˋ ㄅㄧㄢˋ

ㄌㄨˊ ㄍㄡ ㄑㄧㄠˊ ㄕˋ ㄅㄧㄢˋ

Лугоу Цяо шибянь

/lu³⁵ koʊ̯⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ pi̯ɛn⁵¹/


盧溝橋

/lu³⁵ koʊ̯⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵/

/lou̯²¹ kʰɐu̯⁵⁵ kʰiːu̯²¹/

/lu³⁵ koʊ̯⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵/

/lou̯²¹ kʰɐu̯⁵⁵ kʰiːu̯²¹/

1989, Cui Jian, “讓我睡個好覺 [Let Me Sleep Tight]”, in 新長征路上的搖滾 [Rock 'n' Roll on the New Long March], performed by Cui Jian:

Don't say whether I look bad or good / Don't say whether I'm old or young / Don't care why I'm named Lugou Bridge / Don't blame me for telling you I know nothing

Bié shuō wǒ de yàngzi shì huài háishì hǎo / Bié shuō wǒ de niánlíng shì dà háishì xiǎo / Bié guǎn wǒ wèishénme míngjiào Lúgōu Qiáo / Bié guài wǒ duì nǐ shuō wǒ shénme dōu bù zhīdào

別說我的樣子是壞還是好/別說我的年齡是大還是小/別管我為什麼名叫盧溝橋/別怪我對你說我什麼都不知道

别说我的样子是坏还是好/别说我的年龄是大还是小/别管我为什么名叫卢沟桥/别怪我对你说我什么都不知道

Marco Polo Bridge, Lugou Bridge (a bridge in Fengtai district, Beijing, China)


霓裳羽衣曲

ㄋㄧˊ ㄔㄤˊ ㄩˇ ㄧ ㄑㄩˇ

ㄋㄧˊ ㄔㄤˊ ㄩˇ ㄧ ㄑㄩˇ

Ничанъюйицюй

/ni³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹ i⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰy²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

The sound of the war drums from Yuyang began to shake the earth,
And broke the spell of the Song of rainbow skirts and feather robes.

 806: Bai Juyi, Song of Everlasting Regret
Note: Yuyang county is now known as Miyun County. The capital city of Yuyang county was Fanyang. An Lushan was the regional military governor of Fanyang during this time. It was from there that he staged the An Lushan Rebellion, which forced the emperor to flee the capital.

Yúyáng pí gǔ dòng dì lái, jīng pò nícháng yǔyī qǔ.

漁陽鼙鼓動地來，驚破霓裳羽衣曲。

渔阳鼙鼓动地来，惊破霓裳羽衣曲。

(archaic) Song of rainbow skirts and feather robes (a famous musical composition from the Tang Dynasty)


茨城

/t͡sʰz̩³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰiː²¹ sɪŋ²¹/

/t͡sʰz̩³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰiː²¹ sɪŋ²¹/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 茨(いばら)城(き) (Ibaraki).


北海道

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ tɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/pɐk̚⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵ tou̯²²/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ hai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tɤ³³/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ to³³/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ tɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/pɐk̚⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵ tou̯²²/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ hai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tɤ³³/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ to³³/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 北海道(ほっかいどう) (Hokkaidō).

Hokkaido (an island and prefecture of Japan)


蘇伊士運河

ㄙㄨ ㄧ ㄕˋ ㄩㄣˋ ㄏㄜˊ

ㄙㄨ ㄧ ㄕˋ ㄩㄣˋ ㄏㄜˊ

/su⁵⁵ i⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ yn⁵¹ xɤ³⁵/

/sou̯⁵⁵ jiː⁵⁵ siː²² wɐn²² hɔː²¹/

/su⁵⁵ i⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ yn⁵¹ xɤ³⁵/

/sou̯⁵⁵ jiː⁵⁵ siː²² wɐn²² hɔː²¹/


田中

/tʰi̯ɛn³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰiːn²¹ t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵/

/tiɛn²³⁻³³ tiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tiɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ tiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tʰi̯ɛn³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰiːn²¹ t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵/

/tiɛn²³⁻³³ tiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tiɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ tiɔŋ⁴⁴/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 田(た)中(なか) (Tanaka).
; "Tianzhong Township"

(～鎮) Tianzhong (an urban township in Changhua County, Taiwan)

An orthographic borrowing of the Japanese surname 田中, Tanaka


山田

/ʂän⁵⁵ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/ʂän⁵⁵ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

An orthographic borrowing of the Japanese surname 山田, Yamada


山村

/ʂän⁵⁵ t͡sʰu̯ən⁵⁵/

/ʂän⁵⁵ t͡sʰu̯əɻ⁵⁵/

/ʂän⁵⁵ t͡sʰu̯ən⁵⁵/

/ʂän⁵⁵ t͡sʰu̯əɻ⁵⁵/

An orthographic borrowing of the Japanese surname 山村, Yamamura


神話

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (神話):
* → Japanese: 神(しん)話(わ) (shinwa)
* → Korean: 신화(神話) (sinhwa)
* → Vietnamese: thần thoại (神話)

/ʂən³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/ʂəŋ⁴⁴ xua⁴⁴/

/sɐn²¹ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/siŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ^((Ø-))ŋuɑ²⁴²/

/sin²⁴⁻²² ue²²/

/sin²⁴⁻¹¹ ue³³/

/sin²⁴⁻²² ue⁴¹/

/sin²³⁻³³ ue³³/

/sin¹³⁻²² ua²²/

/zən²² ɦo⁴⁴/

/ʂən³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/ʂəŋ⁴⁴ xua⁴⁴/

/sɐn²¹ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/siŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ^((Ø-))ŋuɑ²⁴²/

/sin²⁴⁻²² ue²²/

/sin²⁴⁻¹¹ ue³³/

/sin²⁴⁻²² ue⁴¹/

/sin²³⁻³³ ue³³/

/sin¹³⁻²² ua²²/

/zən²² ɦo⁴⁴/


木村

/mu⁵¹ t͡sʰu̯ən⁵⁵/

/mʊk̚² t͡sʰyːn⁵⁵/

/mu⁵¹ t͡sʰu̯ən⁵⁵/

/mʊk̚² t͡sʰyːn⁵⁵/

An orthographic borrowing of the Japanese surname 木村, Kimura


觀自在菩薩

ja-r

^かん%じ%ざい ^ぼ%さつ

desc

^관자재보살(觀自在菩薩)

CJKV/code

^かん%じ%ざい ^ぼ%さつ

Sino-Xenic (觀自在菩薩):
* → Japanese: 観(かん)自(じ)在(ざい)菩(ぼ)薩(さつ) (Kanjizai Bosatsu)
* → Korean: 관자재보살(觀自在菩薩) (Gwanjajaebosal)
* → Vietnamese: Quán Tự Tại Bồ Tát (觀自在菩薩)

CJKV

^かん%じ%ざい ^ぼ%さつ

ㄍㄨㄢ ㄗˋ ㄗㄞˋ ㄆㄨˊ ㄙㄚˋ

ㄍㄨㄢ ㄗˋ ㄗㄞˋ ㄆㄨˊ ㄙㄚˋ

Гуаньцзыцзай Пуса

/ku̯än⁵⁵ t͡sz̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡saɪ̯⁵¹ pʰu³⁵ sä⁵¹/

/kuːn⁵⁵ t͡siː²² t͡sɔːi̯²² pʰou̯²¹ saːt̚³/

Version preferred by Xuanzang and used in his translations, most notably in the Heart Sutra.


奈良

/naɪ̯⁵¹ li̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/nɔːi̯²² lœːŋ²¹/

/nãi³³⁻¹¹ liɔŋ²⁴/

/nãi³³⁻²¹ liɔŋ²³/

/naɪ̯⁵¹ li̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/nɔːi̯²² lœːŋ²¹/

/nãi³³⁻¹¹ liɔŋ²⁴/

/nãi³³⁻²¹ liɔŋ²³/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 奈良 (Nara).

obor

(～市) Nara (a city in Nara Prefecture, Japan)


勝利

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹/

/ʂəŋ²⁴ li⁵¹/

/sɪŋ³³ lei̯²²/

/sən⁵³⁻⁵⁵ li⁵³/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ li²²/

/siɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ li⁴¹/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ li²²/

/siɪŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ li³³/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ li³³/

/seŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ li³⁵/

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹/

/ʂəŋ²⁴ li⁵¹/

/sɪŋ³³ lei̯²²/

/sən⁵³⁻⁵⁵ li⁵³/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ li²²/

/siɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ li⁴¹/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ li²²/

/siɪŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ li³³/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ li³³/

/seŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ li³⁵/

(～鄉) Shengli (a township in Wuxi, Chongqing, China)

(～社區) Shengli (a residential community in Lucheng, Yidu, Yichang, Hubei, China)

(～社區) Shengli (a residential community in Ruoqiang, Ruoqiang, Bayingolin prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


京都府

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ tu⁵⁵ fu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɪŋ⁵⁵ tou̯⁵⁵ fuː³⁵/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ tu⁵⁵ fu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɪŋ⁵⁵ tou̯⁵⁵ fuː³⁵/


車站

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂän⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɛ⁵⁵ t͡san²¹³/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤ²¹ t͡sã⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɛː⁵⁵ t͡saːm²²/

/t͡ʃʰɛ³³ t͡ʃam⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰa²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sam⁵⁵/

/t͡ʃʰa⁵³ t͡ʃam¹¹/

/t͡sʰa⁴⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sam⁵³/

/t͡sʰɤ¹¹ t͡sæ̃⁴⁵/

/t͡sʰia⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ^((t͡s-))ʒɑŋ²⁴²/

/t͡sʰia⁵³³⁻¹³ t͡saŋ¹¹/

/t͡sʰia⁵⁴⁴⁻²⁴ t͡saŋ²¹/

/t͡sʰia⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sam³³/

/t͡sʰia⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sam²²/

/t͡sʰia³³⁻²¹ t͡sam²¹/

/t͡sʰia³³⁻²³ t͡sam³⁵/

/t͡sʰɤ̞³³ t͡san²¹⁻¹¹/

/t͡sʰɤ̞³³ t͡san⁴⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂän⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɛ⁵⁵ t͡san²¹³/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤ²¹ t͡sã⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɛː⁵⁵ t͡saːm²²/

/t͡ʃʰɛ³³ t͡ʃam⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰa²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sam⁵⁵/

/t͡ʃʰa⁵³ t͡ʃam¹¹/

/t͡sʰa⁴⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sam⁵³/

/t͡sʰɤ¹¹ t͡sæ̃⁴⁵/

/t͡sʰia⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ^((t͡s-))ʒɑŋ²⁴²/

/t͡sʰia⁵³³⁻¹³ t͡saŋ¹¹/

/t͡sʰia⁵⁴⁴⁻²⁴ t͡saŋ²¹/

/t͡sʰia⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sam³³/

/t͡sʰia⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sam²²/

/t͡sʰia³³⁻²¹ t͡sam²¹/

/t͡sʰia³³⁻²³ t͡sam³⁵/

/t͡sʰɤ̞³³ t͡san²¹⁻¹¹/

/t͡sʰɤ̞³³ t͡san⁴⁵/

(～街道) Chezhan (a subdistrict of Jiang'an district, Wuhan, Hubei, China)

(～街道) Chezhan (a subdistrict of Xiaonan district, Xiaogan, Hubei, China)


水源

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

/sɵy̯³⁵ jyːn²¹/

/ʃui²⁴⁻³³ ŋien⁵⁵/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan¹³/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan²³/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan²⁴/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ɡuan²⁴/

/sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan²³/

/sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan²⁴/

/t͡sui⁵²⁻³⁵ ŋuaŋ⁵⁵/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

/sɵy̯³⁵ jyːn²¹/

/ʃui²⁴⁻³³ ŋien⁵⁵/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan¹³/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan²³/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan²⁴/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ɡuan²⁴/

/sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan²³/

/sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan²⁴/

/t͡sui⁵²⁻³⁵ ŋuaŋ⁵⁵/

(～鎮) Shuiyuan (a town in Yongchang, Jinchang, Gansu, China)

(～鄉) (historical) Shuiyuan (a former township in Yongchang, Jinchang, Gansu, China)

(～里) an urban village in Tamsui district, New Taipei City, Taiwan


三一

Thereupon, our Trinity being divided in nature, the illustrious and honorable Messiah, veiling his true dignity, appeared in the world as a man.

Yúshì wǒ Sānyī fēnshēn jǐng zūn Míshīhē jí yǐn zhēn wēi, tóng rén chū dài.

於是我三一分身㬌尊弥施訶戢隱真威，同人出代。

于是我三一分身㬌尊弥施诃戢隐真威，同人出代。

(Church of the East, historical) the Trinity


高潮

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ t͡sʰiːu̯²¹/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ tiau⁴⁴/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ tiau²³/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² tio¹³/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ t͡sʰiːu̯²¹/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ tiau⁴⁴/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ tiau²³/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² tio¹³/

(～村) Gaochao (a village in Xinshi, Jingshan, Jingmen, Hubei, China)


學院

/ɕy̯ɛ³⁵ ɥɛn⁵¹/

/ɕyə²⁴ yæ̃⁴⁴/

/hɔːk̚² jyːn²²⁻³⁵/

/haʔ⁴⁻⁴² iŋ¹¹/

/hak̚⁴⁻³² ĩ²²/

/hak̚²⁴⁻² ĩ⁴¹/

/hak̚¹²¹⁻²¹ ĩ²²/

/hak̚⁴⁻³² ĩ³³/

/hak̚⁴⁻³² ĩ³³/

/hak̚⁴⁻² ĩ¹¹/

/ɕy̯ɛ³⁵ ɥɛn⁵¹/

/ɕyə²⁴ yæ̃⁴⁴/

/hɔːk̚² jyːn²²⁻³⁵/

/haʔ⁴⁻⁴² iŋ¹¹/

/hak̚⁴⁻³² ĩ²²/

/hak̚²⁴⁻² ĩ⁴¹/

/hak̚¹²¹⁻²¹ ĩ²²/

/hak̚⁴⁻³² ĩ³³/

/hak̚⁴⁻³² ĩ³³/

/hak̚⁴⁻² ĩ¹¹/

(～街道) Xueyuan (a subdistrict of Xiling district, Yichang, Hubei, China)


大衛

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ weɪ̯⁵¹/

/taːi̯²² wɐi̯²²/

/tai¹¹⁻⁴² e¹¹/

/tai²¹⁻⁴² e²¹/

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ weɪ̯⁵¹/

/taːi̯²² wɐi̯²²/

/tai¹¹⁻⁴² e¹¹/

/tai²¹⁻⁴² e²¹/

Borrowed from Biblical Hebrew דּוד (Dāwîḏ, “David”).

David (the second king of Judah and Israel, the successor of Saul in the Old Testament)

A transliteration of the English male given name David


九州

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kɐu̯³⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kɐu̯³⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

The Verses of Chu, 4ᵗʰ century BCE – 2ⁿᵈ century CE

Sī Jiǔzhōu zhī bódà xī, qǐ wéi shì qí yǒu nǚ?

思九州之博大兮，豈惟是其有女？

思九州之博大兮，岂惟是其有女？

Xī Hòuhàn huāng jūn, xìn huò xiéwěi, wàng jiǎ shuìmèng, shì hú yāoguǐ, yǐ luàn tiāncháng, zìgǔ Jiǔzhōu zhīzhōng wú cǐ yě.

昔後漢荒君，信惑邪偽，妄假睡夢，事胡妖鬼，以亂天常，自古九州之中無此也。

昔后汉荒君，信惑邪伪，妄假睡梦，事胡妖鬼，以乱天常，自古九州之中无此也。

(historical) the Nine Provinces of ancient China; China

Kyushu (the third largest island of Japan)


中部

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ pu⁵¹/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ pou̯²²/

/t͡suŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ pʰu⁵⁵/

/tiɔŋ³³ pɔ²²/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² pɔ²²/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ pɔ³³/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ pu⁵¹/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ pou̯²²/

/t͡suŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ pʰu⁵⁵/

/tiɔŋ³³ pɔ²²/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² pɔ²²/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ pɔ³³/


蜜斯佛陀

ㄇㄧˋ ㄙ ㄈㄛˊ ㄊㄨㄛˊ

ㄇㄧˋ ㄙ ㄈㄛˊ ㄊㄨㄛˊ

/mi⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵ fu̯ɔ³⁵ tʰu̯ɔ³⁵/

/mɐt̚² siː⁵⁵ fɐt̚² tʰɔː²¹/

/mi⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵ fu̯ɔ³⁵ tʰu̯ɔ³⁵/

/mɐt̚² siː⁵⁵ fɐt̚² tʰɔː²¹/


蓮花

/li̯ɛn³⁵ xu̯ä⁵⁵/

/li̯ɛn³⁵ xu̯ɑɻ⁵⁵/

/nø¹³⁻¹¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ua⁵³³/

/ny²⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ua⁵⁴⁴/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²¹ hue⁴⁴/

/liɛn²³⁻³³ hue⁴⁴/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²² hue⁴⁴/

/liɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ hue⁴⁴/

/nuĩ²⁴⁻²² hue³³/

/liɛn¹³⁻²² hua⁴⁴/

/nõĩ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hue³³/

/li̯ɛn³⁵ xu̯ä⁵⁵/

/li̯ɛn³⁵ xu̯ɑɻ⁵⁵/

/nø¹³⁻¹¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ua⁵³³/

/ny²⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ua⁵⁴⁴/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²¹ hue⁴⁴/

/liɛn²³⁻³³ hue⁴⁴/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²² hue⁴⁴/

/liɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ hue⁴⁴/

/nuĩ²⁴⁻²² hue³³/

/liɛn¹³⁻²² hua⁴⁴/

/nõĩ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hue³³/

(～縣) Lianhua (a county of Pingxiang, Jiangxi, China)

(～村) Lianhua (a village in Wenquan, Yingshan, Huanggang, Hubei, China)


飛龍

New Latin: Feilongus

/feɪ̯⁵⁵ lʊŋ³⁵/

/fei̯⁵⁵ lʊŋ²¹/

/pue⁴⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/pue⁴⁴⁻²² liɪŋ¹³/

/pue⁴⁴⁻³³ liɪŋ²⁴/

/pue⁴⁴⁻³³ liɪŋ²³/

/pue³³⁻²³ leŋ⁵⁵/

/feɪ̯⁵⁵ lʊŋ³⁵/

/fei̯⁵⁵ lʊŋ²¹/

/pue⁴⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/pue⁴⁴⁻²² liɪŋ¹³/

/pue⁴⁴⁻³³ liɪŋ²⁴/

/pue⁴⁴⁻³³ liɪŋ²³/

/pue³³⁻²³ leŋ⁵⁵/


斯文

/sz̩⁵⁵ wən³⁵/

/siː⁵⁵ mɐn²¹/

/su⁴⁴⁻²² bun²⁴/

/su⁴⁴⁻³³ bun²³/

/su⁴⁴⁻²² bun¹³/

/su⁴⁴⁻³³ bun²⁴/

/sɯ³³⁻²³ buŋ⁵⁵/

/sz̩⁵⁵ wən³⁵/

/siː⁵⁵ mɐn²¹/

/su⁴⁴⁻²² bun²⁴/

/su⁴⁴⁻³³ bun²³/

/su⁴⁴⁻²² bun¹³/

/su⁴⁴⁻³³ bun²⁴/

/sɯ³³⁻²³ buŋ⁵⁵/

A transliteration of the Swedish male given name Sven


米老鼠

/mi²¹⁴⁻²¹ lɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mɐi̯¹³ lou̯¹³ syː³⁵/

/mi²¹⁴⁻²¹ lɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mɐi̯¹³ lou̯¹³ syː³⁵/


太子

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰaːi̯³³ t͡siː³⁵/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ t͡sɨ³¹/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡su⁴¹/

/tʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡su⁵³/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ t͡su⁵³/

/tʰai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡sɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/tʰai²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sɯ⁵²⁻²¹/

/tʰa³³ t͡sz̩⁴⁴/

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰaːi̯³³ t͡siː³⁵/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ t͡sɨ³¹/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡su⁴¹/

/tʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡su⁵³/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ t͡su⁵³/

/tʰai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡sɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/tʰai²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sɯ⁵²⁻²¹/

/tʰa³³ t͡sz̩⁴⁴/

(～鎮) Taizi (a town in Yangxin, Huangshi, Hubei, China)

Prince Edward
w:Prince Edward, Hong Kong


三菱

/sän⁵⁵ liŋ³⁵/

/saːm⁵⁵ lɪŋ²¹/

/sam⁴⁴⁻³³ liɪŋ²³/

/sam⁴⁴⁻²² liɪŋ¹³/

/sam⁴⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/sam⁴⁴⁻³³ liɪŋ²⁴/

/sän⁵⁵ liŋ³⁵/

/saːm⁵⁵ lɪŋ²¹/

/sam⁴⁴⁻³³ liɪŋ²³/

/sam⁴⁴⁻²² liɪŋ¹³/

/sam⁴⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/sam⁴⁴⁻³³ liɪŋ²⁴/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 三菱 (Mitsubishi).

Mitsubishi (a Japanese industrial company)


鈴木

/lɪŋ²¹ mʊk̚²/

/lɪŋ²¹ mʊk̚²/

An orthographic borrowing of the Japanese surname 鈴木, Suzuki


東北

→ Korean: 둥베이 (dungbei)

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ pɐk̚⁵/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² pak̚³²/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² pak̚³²/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ pak̚³²/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ pak̚³²/

/taŋ³³⁻²³ pak̚²/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ pɐk̚⁵/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² pak̚³²/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² pak̚³²/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ pak̚³²/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ pak̚³²/

/taŋ³³⁻²³ pak̚²/

(～地區) Northeast China (a region of China; consisting of Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang, and sometimes the northeast part of Inner Mongolia)

大行政區 大行政區#Chinese

(～大行政區, ～區) (historical) Northeast China (a former greater administrative region of China from 1949 to 1954, consisting of Liaodong, Liaoxi, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Songjiang, Rehe and Suiyuan, Shenyang, Lüda, Fushun, Anshan and Benxi)


新宿

/sɐn⁵⁵ sʊk̚⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ sʊk̚⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 新(しん)宿(じゅく) (Shinjuku).

(～區) Shinjuku (one of 23 special wards in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


地中海

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (地中海):
* → Japanese: 地(ち)中(ちゅう)海(かい) (Chichūkai)
* → Korean: 지중해(地中海) (Jijunghae)
* → Vietnamese: Địa Trung Hải (地中海)

/ti⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tei̯²² t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/tʰi⁵⁵ t͡suŋ²⁴ hoi̯³¹/

/te²²⁻²¹ tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hai⁵³/

/te⁴¹⁻²² tiɔŋ³³ hai⁵⁵⁴/

/te²²⁻²¹ tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hai⁵³/

/te³³⁻¹¹ tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hai⁵³/

/te³³⁻²¹ tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hai⁴¹/

/ti⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tei̯²² t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/tʰi⁵⁵ t͡suŋ²⁴ hoi̯³¹/

/te²²⁻²¹ tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hai⁵³/

/te⁴¹⁻²² tiɔŋ³³ hai⁵⁵⁴/

/te²²⁻²¹ tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hai⁵³/

/te³³⁻¹¹ tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hai⁵³/

/te³³⁻²¹ tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hai⁴¹/

Calque of Latin Mare Mediterraneum, first attested in the 1602 《坤輿萬國全圖》 (Kunyu Wanguo Quantu) world map.

The country [Spain] has two major famous cities. One is Seville, near the Mediterranean Sea. All the ships of America gathered there.

Guó zhōng yǒu èr dà míngchéng, yī yuē Xīwèilìyà, jìn Dìzhōnghǎi, wéi Yàmòlìjiā zhū bó suǒ jù.

國中有二大名城，一曰西未利亞，近地中海，為亞墨利加諸舶所聚。

国中有二大名城，一曰西未利亚，近地中海，为亚墨利加诸舶所聚。

Mediterranean Sea
Mediterranean Sea#English

the Mediterranean Sea (a sea between Europe and Africa)


北海

→ English: Beihai, Pakhoi

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pɐk̚⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ hai⁵⁵⁴/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pɐk̚⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ hai⁵⁵⁴/

(literary) most remote area in the north

most remote area in the north
Caspian Sea

most remote area in the north
Baikal Lake

Your ruler dwells near the northern sea, while I, the unworthy one, dwell near the southern sea. Even when our horses and cattle are in heat, they cannot come close to one another.

Commentary of Zuo, c. 4ᵗʰ century BCE, translation from Zuozhuan: Commentary on the "Spring and Autumn Annals" (2017), by Stephen Durrant, Wai-yee Li and David Schaberg

Jūn chù běihǎi, guǎrén chù nánhǎi, wéi shì fēng mǎ niú bù xiàngjí yě.

君處北海，寡人處南海，唯是風馬牛不相及也。

君处北海，寡人处南海，唯是风马牛不相及也。

Though the North Sea is far away, one can still get there with the help of the strong wind. Though the morning is gone, it is not too late to make up the loss in the evening.

Běihǎi suī shē, fúyáo kě jiē; dōngyú yǐ shì, sāngyú fēi wǎn.

北海雖賒，扶搖可接；東隅已逝，桑榆非晚。

北海虽赊，扶摇可接；东隅已逝，桑榆非晚。

In such a thing as taking Mount Taishan under your arm, and leaping over the Bohai Sea with it, if you say to another one “I’m not able to do it,” that is a real case of not being able.

Xié Tàishān yǐ chāo Běihǎi, yù rén yuē “wǒ bùnéng”, shì chéng bùnéng yě.

挾太山以超北海，語人曰「我不能」，是誠不能也。

挟太山以超北海，语人曰「我不能」，是诚不能也。

Down the river he travelled east until he reached the North Sea; then he looked eastward at the boundless expanse of water.

Shùnliú ér dōng xíng, zhìyú Běihǎi, dōngmiàn ér shì, bùjiàn shuǐ duān.

順流而東行，至於北海，東面而視，不見水端。

顺流而东行，至于北海，东面而视，不见水端。

北海公園

北海公园

(～市) Beihai (a prefecture-level city of the Guangxi autonomous region, China)

(historical) Kingdom of Beihai (west of present-day Changle County, Shandong)

Butterworth (a town in Penang, Malaysia)


紅海

/xʊŋ³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hʊŋ²¹ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/øyŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai³³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² hai⁵³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² hai⁵⁵⁴/

/aŋ¹³⁻²² hai⁵³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ hai⁵³/

/aŋ²³⁻³³ hai⁴¹/

/xʊŋ³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hʊŋ²¹ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/øyŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai³³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² hai⁵³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² hai⁵⁵⁴/

/aŋ¹³⁻²² hai⁵³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ hai⁵³/

/aŋ²³⁻³³ hai⁴¹/


日本海

/ʐ̩⁵¹ pən²¹⁴⁻³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jɐt̚² puːn³⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/ʐ̩⁵¹ pən²¹⁴⁻³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jɐt̚² puːn³⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵/

First attested in the 1602 《坤輿萬國全圖》 (Kunyu Wanguo Quantu) world map.


北極海

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pɐk̚⁵ kɪk̚² hɔːi̯³⁵/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiɪk̚⁴⁻³² hai⁴¹/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiɪk̚⁴⁻³² hai⁵³/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pɐk̚⁵ kɪk̚² hɔːi̯³⁵/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiɪk̚⁴⁻³² hai⁴¹/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiɪk̚⁴⁻³² hai⁵³/


大西洋

/tä⁵¹ ɕi⁵⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/taːi̯²² sɐi̯⁵⁵ jœːŋ²¹/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ si²⁴ i̯oŋ¹¹/

dai⁵ se¹ yorng² [Phonetic:dai⁵ se⁵ yorng²]

/tai¹¹ ɬe⁵³³⁻¹¹ yɒŋ¹³/

dai⁵ se¹ yoeng² [Phonetic:dai⁵ se⁵ yoeng²]

/tai²¹ ɬe⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ yøŋ²⁴/

/tai³³⁻²¹ se⁴⁴⁻³³ iũ²³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ se⁴⁴⁻³³ iũ²⁴/

/tä⁵¹ ɕi⁵⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/taːi̯²² sɐi̯⁵⁵ jœːŋ²¹/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ si²⁴ i̯oŋ¹¹/

/tai¹¹ ɬe⁵³³⁻¹¹ yɒŋ¹³/

/tai²¹ ɬe⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ yøŋ²⁴/

/tai³³⁻²¹ se⁴⁴⁻³³ iũ²³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ se⁴⁴⁻³³ iũ²⁴/

Attested in Kunyu Wanguo Quantu by Matteo Ricci in 1602, literally “great west sea”, from 大 (“great”, meaning great distance) and 西洋 (“west sea”, meaning any seas in the west of Indochina), as opposed to 小西洋 (“lesser west sea”, i.e. Indian Ocean), 小東洋 (“lesser east sea”, i.e. West Pacific around Japan) and 大東洋 (“great east sea”, i.e. East Pacific around Mexico) (Zhang, 2012).


太平洋

ㄊㄞˋ ㄆㄧㄥˊ ㄧㄤˊ

ㄊㄞˋ ㄆㄧㄥˊ ㄧㄤˊ

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ pʰiŋ³⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/tʰaːi̯³³ pʰɪŋ²¹ jœːŋ²¹/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ pʰin¹¹ i̯oŋ¹¹/

/tʰai²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βiŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ^((Ø-))ŋyoŋ⁵³/

tai⁴ bing² yorng² [Phonetic:tai⁴ bing⁵ ngyorng²]

/tʰai⁴² piŋ¹³⁻¹¹ ^((Ø-))ŋyɒŋ¹³/

tai⁴ bing² yoeng² [Phonetic:tai¹ bing⁵ ngyoeng²]

/tʰai⁴²⁻⁵⁵ piŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ^((Ø-))ŋyøŋ²⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ piɪŋ²³⁻³³ iũ²³/

/tʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ piɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ iũ²⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² iũ²⁴/

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ pʰiŋ³⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/tʰaːi̯³³ pʰɪŋ²¹ jœːŋ²¹/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ pʰin¹¹ i̯oŋ¹¹/

/tʰai²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βiŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ^((Ø-))ŋyoŋ⁵³/

/tʰai⁴² piŋ¹³⁻¹¹ ^((Ø-))ŋyɒŋ¹³/

/tʰai⁴²⁻⁵⁵ piŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ^((Ø-))ŋyøŋ²⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ piɪŋ²³⁻³³ iũ²³/

/tʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ piɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ iũ²⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² iũ²⁴/

Earlier translations include 太平大海, 太平海, and 大東洋／大东洋.

1853 September 1, “地形論 [Form of the Earth]”, in 遐邇貫珍 [Chinese Serial], volume I, number 2, page 6:

Xīguó duō rén, cháng jià dà zhōu, yóu Yīngjílì kāixíng, xiàng xīnán ér qù, guò yàmòlìjiā hǎijiǎo, zhuǎnxiàng xīběi, guò Tàipíngyáng, réng xiàng xī xíng, jīng Zhōngguó jí Yìndùhǎi, guò Yàfēilìjiā hǎijiǎo, zé néng huí Yīngjílì.

西國多人，嘗駕大舟，由英吉利開行，向西南而去，過亞墨利加海角，轉向西北，過太平洋，仍向西行，經中國及印度海，過亞非利加海角，則能回英吉利。

西国多人，尝驾大舟，由英吉利开行，向西南而去，过亚墨利加海角，转向西北，过太平洋，仍向西行，经中国及印度海，过亚非利加海角，则能回英吉利。


南極海

/nän³⁵ t͡ɕi³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/nän³⁵ t͡ɕi³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/


南極

Sino-Xenic (南極):
* → Japanese: 南極(なんきょく) (Nankyoku)
* → Korean: 남극(南極) (Namgeuk)
* → Vietnamese: Nam cực (南極)

/nän³⁵ t͡ɕi³⁵/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ kiɪk̚⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² kiɪk̚⁴/

/lam²³⁻³³ kiɪk̚⁴/

/lam¹³⁻²² kiɪk̚¹²¹/

/nän³⁵ t͡ɕi³⁵/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ kiɪk̚⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² kiɪk̚⁴/

/lam²³⁻³³ kiɪk̚⁴/

/lam¹³⁻²² kiɪk̚¹²¹/

First attested in Kunyu Wanguo Quantu [1602].


五大湖

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ tä⁵¹ xu³⁵/

/ŋ̍¹³ taːi̯²² wuː²¹/

/ɡɔ²²⁻²¹ tua²²⁻²¹ ɔ²⁴/

/ɡɔ⁴¹⁻²² tua⁴¹⁻²² ɔ²⁴/

/ɡɔ²²⁻²¹ tua²²⁻²¹ ɔ¹³/

/ɡɔ³³⁻¹¹ tua³³⁻¹¹ ɔ²⁴/

/ɡɔ³³⁻²¹ tua³³⁻²¹ ɔ²³/

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ tä⁵¹ xu³⁵/

/ŋ̍¹³ taːi̯²² wuː²¹/

/ɡɔ²²⁻²¹ tua²²⁻²¹ ɔ²⁴/

/ɡɔ⁴¹⁻²² tua⁴¹⁻²² ɔ²⁴/

/ɡɔ²²⁻²¹ tua²²⁻²¹ ɔ¹³/

/ɡɔ³³⁻¹¹ tua³³⁻¹¹ ɔ²⁴/

/ɡɔ³³⁻²¹ tua³³⁻²¹ ɔ²³/


中華

Sino-Xenic (中華):
* → Japanese: 中(ちゅう)華(か) (Chūka)
* → Korean: 중화(中華) (Junghwa)
* → Vietnamese: Trung Hoa (中華)

→ Indonesian: Tionghoa

→ Zhuang: Cunghvaz

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä³⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ waː²¹/

/t͡ʃuŋ⁵³ fa⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ fa¹¹/

/tyŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua⁵³/

/tœŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ hua¹³/

/tœŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua¹³/

/tyøŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ hua²⁴/

/tyøŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua¹³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua⁴⁴/

/toŋ³³⁻²³ hua⁵⁵/

/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ ɦo²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä³⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ waː²¹/

/t͡ʃuŋ⁵³ fa⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ fa¹¹/

/tyŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua⁵³/

/tœŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ hua¹³/

/tœŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua¹³/

/tyøŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ hua²⁴/

/tyøŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua¹³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua⁴⁴/

/toŋ³³⁻²³ hua⁵⁵/

/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ ɦo²¹/

So named because the first ancient Chinese settlements were around the Yellow River, which was considered to be the center, and because the culture was considered to be magnificent and flourishing.
First attested in Huan Wen's memorial recommending Qiao Xiu (dated [347 CE]), quoted in Sun Sheng's lost Annals of Jin (晉陽秋) [4th century] and later quoted in Pei Songzhi's Annotations [early 5th century] to Chen Shou's Records of the Three Kingdoms [late 3rd century] (translation by Farmer, 2017).
:
Pei himself uses 中華 when annotating Chen's "Biography of Zhuge Liang"

At this time, the imperial court has encountered a time of decline in the Way, the peasants have been trampled down by oppressive hardships, Zhonghua has the anguish of looking backward [toward the former capital at Luoyang], and the dark valley has no hope of moving upward.

Pei Songzhi, Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms, circa 5ᵗʰ century CE

Yú shí huángjí gòu dàoxiāo zhī huì, qúnlí dǎo diānpèi zhī jiān, zhōnghuá yǒu gùzhān zhī āi, yōugǔ wú qiānqiáo zhī wàng.

於時皇極遘道消之會，群黎蹈顛沛之艱，中華有顧瞻之哀，幽谷無遷喬之望。

于时皇极遘道消之会，群黎蹈颠沛之艰，中华有顾瞻之哀，幽谷无迁乔之望。

If [Zhuge Liang] [were] allowed to roam Zhonghua and give free rein to his dragon's brilliance, how could [its] literati's abilities drown and obscure him?

Ruò shǐ yóubù Zhōnghuá, chěng qí lóngguāng, qǐ fú duōshì suǒ néng chényì zāi!

若使游步中華，騁其龍光，豈夫多士所能沈翳哉！

若使游步中华，骋其龙光，岂夫多士所能沈翳哉！

中華文明／中华文明

中華世紀壇／中华世纪坛

Ever since the powerful barbarians unleashed violence, China proper has fallen into chaos; [the people] have become desperate and dispossessed; and [the imperial court] has been temporarily relocated to the region of Yangyue. (translation based on Choo's 2014 version)

362 CE, 桓溫 (Huan Wen), 請還都洛陽疏 "Memorial [in Support of] Moving the Capital Back to Luoyang", in 648, Book of Jin

Zì qiáng hú língbào, Zhōnghuá dàngfù, lángbèi shījù, quán xìng Yángyuè.

自強胡陵暴，中華蕩覆，狼狽失據，權幸揚越。

自强胡陵暴，中华荡覆，狼狈失据，权幸扬越。

I wear the robes of zhonghua and recite the literature of zhonghua. I have indeed heard much from my three teachers about the reasons one should venerate zhonghua, so that even with hoary hair, I always sing of zhonghua. People of the world, lend me your ears; listen to my song for zhonghua.

《中華歌》("Song of zhonghua") by Yu Inseok, circa 1910

중화의관^((을)) 아착복^((하고)) 중화시서^((를)) 아송독^((하니라).) 아삼사존중화의체^((를)) 문역다^((하야)) 백수상아중화가^((하니)) 천하인^((아)) 경이청아중화가^((하라).)
Junghwa uigwan[-eul] a chakbok[-hago] Junghwa siseo[-reul] a songdok[-hanira]. A sam sa jon Junghwa uiche[-reul] mun yeok da[-haya] baeksu sang a Junghwa ga[-hani] cheonha in[-a] gyeong'i cheong a Junghwa ga[-hara].

中華衣冠我着服，中華詩書我誦讀。我三師尊中華義諦聞亦多，白首常我中華歌。天下人，傾耳聽我中華歌。

(formal, poetic, exalted) China (a cultural region and civilization in East Asia, occupying the region around the Yellow, Yangtze, and Pearl Rivers, taken as a whole under its various dynasties)

振興中華／振兴中华

中華名小吃／中华名小吃

中華文化／中华文化

People's Republic of China
People's Republic of China

(formal, poetic, exalted) China (a large country in East Asia, occupying the region around the Yellow, Yangtze, and Pearl Rivers; the People's Republic of China, since 1949)

(～里) an urban village in Songshan district, Taipei, Taiwan

中華隊／中华队

中華臺北 中華臺北#Chinese

中华台北 中华台北#Chinese

short for 中華臺北／中华台北 (Zhōnghuá Táiběi, “Chinese Taipei”)


文化

/wən³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/vəŋ²⁴ xua⁵¹/

/mɐn²¹ faː³³/

/uŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋuɑ²¹³/

/mɔŋ¹³⁻⁵⁵ hua⁴²/

/muoŋ²⁴⁻⁵⁵ hua⁴²/

/buŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hue²¹³/

/wən³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/vəŋ²⁴ xua⁵¹/

/mɐn²¹ faː³³/

/uŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋuɑ²¹³/

/mɔŋ¹³⁻⁵⁵ hua⁴²/

/muoŋ²⁴⁻⁵⁵ hua⁴²/

/buŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hue²¹³/

The modern Chinese term is an Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 文化(ぶんか) (bunka, “culture”), which is a direct translation of the German word Kultur.
In its classical form, the term can be interpreted as 文教 (wénjiào, “humanistic education”) + 化育 (huàyù, “transformational development”). Often cited are the following examples:
先秦, 《周易·賁卦彖傳》:
觀於天文、以察時變、觀乎人文、以化成天下
We observe the patterns of the skies in order to inspect seasonal changes. We observe the patterns of human behavior in order to transform and actualize all under Heaven.
南朝劉宋, 范曄, 《後漢書·荀淑傳》:
宣文教以章其化、立武備以秉其威。
Spread humanistic education in order to manifest its transformative potential. Establish military capabilities in order to have a grasp on (its) power.
Humanistic education, based on the tradition of rites and propriety 禮教 /礼教 (lǐjiào) have the transformative potential to actualize all under Heaven 人文化成. This is often juxtaposed or contrasted with the use of punishment 刑 (xíng) or military might 武 (wǔ) to establish power and control over a populace, as can be seen in the quote below:
南北朝, 齊王融, 〈從武帝琅邪城講武應詔詩〉, quoted in 《藝文類聚》卷五十九 ，武部，戰伐:
早逢文化洽，復屬武功宣
Having reached an ideal state of (governance by the means of) transformative education at an early stage, we can now focus on the establishment of military power (in the region).
文化 over here is synonymous with 文治 (wénzhì, “governance by means of culture, education, rites and music”). This is not the same as culture in the modern sense of the term.
It is within this classical context that the Japanese first coined the term 文化(ぶんか) (bunka) to name an era during the Edo period.
When used to translate Kultur during the Meiji restoration, 文化(ぶんか) (bunka) is possibly a contraction of 文明開化(ぶんめいかいか) (bunmeikaika, “to open up and transform through civilization”), which takes the meaning of a civilizing agent i.e. Culture.

quote-book

《周易·賁卦彖傳》

觀於天文、以察時變、觀乎人文、以化成天下

《後漢書·荀淑傳》

宣文教以章其化、立武備以秉其威。

〈從武帝琅邪城講武應詔詩〉

早逢文化洽，復屬武功宣

《藝文類聚》卷五十九 ，武部，戰伐

ja-r

(～里) an urban village in Tamsui district, New Taipei City, Taiwan

(～社區) Wenhua (a residential community in Ruoqiang, Ruoqiang, Bayingolin prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


真主黨

/ʈ͡ʂən⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂu²¹⁴⁻³⁵ tɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sɐn⁵⁵ t͡syː³⁵ tɔːŋ³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂən⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂu²¹⁴⁻³⁵ tɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sɐn⁵⁵ t͡syː³⁵ tɔːŋ³⁵/

Calque of Arabic حِزْب اللّٰه (ḥizb allāh).

cal

حِزْب اللّٰه


什葉派

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ jɛ⁵¹⁻⁵³ pʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/sɐp̚² jiːp̚² pʰaːi̯³³/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ jɛ⁵¹⁻⁵³ pʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/sɐp̚² jiːp̚² pʰaːi̯³³/


遜尼派

ㄒㄩㄣˋ ㄋㄧˊ ㄆㄞˋ

ㄒㄩㄣˋ ㄋㄧˊ ㄆㄞˋ

/ɕyn⁵¹ ni³⁵ pʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/sɵn³³ nei̯²¹ pʰaːi̯³³/

/ɕyn⁵¹ ni³⁵ pʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/sɵn³³ nei̯²¹ pʰaːi̯³³/


世界語

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɐi̯³³ kaːi̯³³ jyː¹³/

/se²¹⁻⁵³ kai²¹⁻⁵³ ɡi⁵³/

/se⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ɡi⁵⁵⁴/

/se²¹⁻⁵³ kai²¹⁻⁵³ ɡi⁵³/

/se¹¹⁻⁵³ kai¹¹⁻⁵³ ɡi⁵³/

/se²¹⁻⁴¹ kai²¹⁻⁴¹ ɡi⁴¹/

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɐi̯³³ kaːi̯³³ jyː¹³/

/se²¹⁻⁵³ kai²¹⁻⁵³ ɡi⁵³/

/se⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ɡi⁵⁵⁴/

/se²¹⁻⁵³ kai²¹⁻⁵³ ɡi⁵³/

/se¹¹⁻⁵³ kai¹¹⁻⁵³ ɡi⁵³/

/se²¹⁻⁴¹ kai²¹⁻⁴¹ ɡi⁴¹/

Wasei kango (和製漢語), orthographically borrowed from Japanese 世(せ)界(かい)語(ご) (sekaigo, “world language”). Spread by Futabatei Shimei's 1906 book of the same name.


後壁

/au¹¹⁻⁴² ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾ia¹¹/

/au²¹⁻⁴² ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βia²¹/

/au³³⁻²¹ piaʔ²/

/au³³⁻²¹ piaʔ³²/

/au³¹⁻²² piaʔ⁵/

/au²²⁻¹² piaʔ³²/

/au²²⁻²¹ piaʔ³²/

/au³³⁻¹¹ piaʔ³²/

/au³³⁻²² piaʔ⁵/

/au³⁵⁻¹¹ piaʔ²/

/au¹¹⁻⁴² ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾ia¹¹/

/au²¹⁻⁴² ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βia²¹/

/au³³⁻²¹ piaʔ²/

/au³³⁻²¹ piaʔ³²/

/au³¹⁻²² piaʔ⁵/

/au²²⁻¹² piaʔ³²/

/au²²⁻²¹ piaʔ³²/

/au³³⁻¹¹ piaʔ³²/

/au³³⁻²² piaʔ⁵/

/au³⁵⁻¹¹ piaʔ²/

/xoʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ pi⁵¹/

/hɐu̯²² pɪk̚⁵/

/au³³⁻¹¹ piaʔ³²/

/xoʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ pi⁵¹/

/hɐu̯²² pɪk̚⁵/

/au³³⁻²¹ piaʔ³²/

/au³³⁻¹¹ piaʔ³²/

(～區) Houbi (a district of Tainan, Taiwan)


驚蟄

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (驚蟄):
* → Japanese: 啓蟄(けいちつ) (Keichitsu)
* → Korean: 경칩(驚蟄) (gyeongchip)
* → Vietnamese: Kinh trập (驚蟄)

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂɤ³⁵/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ t͡sz̩²¹³/

/kɪŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɪk̚²/

/kɪŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɐt̚²/

/t͡ɕin⁴² ˈt͡sɛt̚⁵/

/ki̯aŋ²⁴ t͡sʰɨt̚²/

/kiaŋ⁴⁴ t͡sʰət̚⁵/

/t͡ɕiŋ¹¹ t͡saʔ⁵⁴/

/kiŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾niʔ⁵/

/kiŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾niʔ⁴/

/kiŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ tiʔ⁴/

/kiŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ t͡siʔ⁴/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tip̚⁴/

/kĩ⁴⁴⁻²² tit̚⁴/

/kĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ tit̚⁴/

/kɛ̃⁴⁴⁻²² tit̚¹²¹/

/kẽ⁴⁴⁻³³ tit̚⁴/

/kɛ̃⁴⁴⁻²² tat̚¹²¹/

/keŋ³³⁻²³ tek̚⁴/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ zəʔ²¹/

/t͡ɕin³³ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²⁴/

/t͡ɕin³³ t͡sz̩²⁴/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂɤ³⁵/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ t͡sz̩²¹³/

/kɪŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɪk̚²/

/kɪŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɐt̚²/

/t͡ɕin⁴² ˈt͡sɛt̚⁵/

/ki̯aŋ²⁴ t͡sʰɨt̚²/

/kiaŋ⁴⁴ t͡sʰət̚⁵/

/t͡ɕiŋ¹¹ t͡saʔ⁵⁴/

/kiŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾niʔ⁵/

/kiŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾niʔ⁴/

/kiŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ tiʔ⁴/

/kiŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ t͡siʔ⁴/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tip̚⁴/

/kĩ⁴⁴⁻²² tit̚⁴/

/kĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ tit̚⁴/

/kɛ̃⁴⁴⁻²² tit̚¹²¹/

/kẽ⁴⁴⁻³³ tit̚⁴/

/kɛ̃⁴⁴⁻²² tat̚¹²¹/

/keŋ³³⁻²³ tek̚⁴/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ zəʔ²¹/

/t͡ɕin³³ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²⁴/

/t͡ɕin³³ t͡sz̩²⁴/

Jingzhe, the "Waking of Insect", the third of the twenty-four solar terms, around March 5th, 6th, or 7th, when nature reawakens after the winter sleep

立春、雨水、驚蟄

二十四節氣／二十四节气 (Èrshísì Jiéqì, “The twenty-four solar terms”); Spring

立夏、小滿

二十四節氣／二十四节气 (Èrshísì Jiéqì, “The twenty-four solar terms”); Summer

立秋、處暑

二十四節氣／二十四节气 (Èrshísì Jiéqì, “The twenty-four solar terms”); Autumn

立冬、小雪、大雪、冬至、小寒、大寒

二十四節氣／二十四节气 (Èrshísì Jiéqì, “The twenty-four solar terms”); Winter


火車

/xu̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤ⁵⁵/

/xu̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤɻ⁵⁵/

/xo⁵³ t͡sʰɛ⁵⁵/

/xuo⁵³ ʈ͡ʂʰɤ²¹/

/xo¹¹⁻¹² ʈ͡ʂʰe³¹/

/xuə⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰə²⁴/

/fɔː³⁵ t͡sʰɛː⁵⁵/

/fɔ³⁵ t͡sʰø²¹³⁻⁵⁵/

/fᵘɔ⁵⁵ t͡sʰiɛ³³/

/ˈfo²¹³⁻¹³ t͡sʰa⁴²/

/fo²⁴⁻³³ t͡ʃʰa⁵³/

/xuɤ⁵³ t͡sʰɤ¹¹/

/he⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰia³³/

/he⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/

/hə⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰia³³/

/hə⁵⁵⁻³⁵ t͡sʰia³³/

/hə⁵³⁻²⁴ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/

/hue⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/

/hue⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ t͡sʰia³³/

/hue⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/

/hue⁴²⁻²⁴ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/

/hue⁵³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/

/hue⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡sʰia³³/

/həu⁵² t͡sʰo³³/

/hu³³⁵ t͡sʰo⁵²/

/həu³³ t͡sʰo³⁵/

/huɤ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰia³³⁴/

/xo⁴¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤ̞³³/

/xo⁴¹ t͡sʰɤ̞³³/

/xʊ⁴² t͡ɕʰi̯ɔ⁴⁴⁻³³/

/xo³³ t͡ɕʰi̯e̞⁴⁴⁵/

/xu̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤ⁵⁵/

/xu̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤɻ⁵⁵/

/xo⁵³ t͡sʰɛ⁵⁵/

/xuo⁵³ ʈ͡ʂʰɤ²¹/

/xo¹¹⁻¹² ʈ͡ʂʰe³¹/

/xuə⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰə²⁴/

/fɔː³⁵ t͡sʰɛː⁵⁵/

/fɔ³⁵ t͡sʰø²¹³⁻⁵⁵/

/fᵘɔ⁵⁵ t͡sʰiɛ³³/

/ˈfo²¹³⁻¹³ t͡sʰa⁴²/

/fo²⁴⁻³³ t͡ʃʰa⁵³/

/xuɤ⁵³ t͡sʰɤ¹¹/

/he⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰia³³/

/he⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/

/hə⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰia³³/

/hə⁵⁵⁻³⁵ t͡sʰia³³/

/hə⁵³⁻²⁴ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/

/hue⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/

/hue⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ t͡sʰia³³/

/hue⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/

/hue⁴²⁻²⁴ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/

/hue⁵³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/

/hue⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡sʰia³³/

/həu⁵² t͡sʰo³³/

/hu³³⁵ t͡sʰo⁵²/

/həu³³ t͡sʰo³⁵/

/huɤ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰia³³⁴/

/xo⁴¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤ̞³³/

/xo⁴¹ t͡sʰɤ̞³³/

/xʊ⁴² t͡ɕʰi̯ɔ⁴⁴⁻³³/

/xo³³ t͡ɕʰi̯e̞⁴⁴⁵/

(Hong Kong, colloquial, somewhat dated) East Rail line


星期

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵/

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/ɕiŋ²⁴ t͡ɕʰi²⁴/

/sɪŋ⁵⁵ kʰei̯²¹/

/sən⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kʰi¹¹/

/siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ki²⁴/

/siɪŋ³³ ki²⁴/

/siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ki¹³/

/siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ki²⁴/

/siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ki²³/

/t͡sʰẽ³³⁻²³ kʰi⁵⁵/

/ɕin⁵⁵ d͡ʑi²¹/

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵/

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/ɕiŋ²⁴ t͡ɕʰi²⁴/

/sɪŋ⁵⁵ kʰei̯²¹/

/sən⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kʰi¹¹/

/siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ki²⁴/

/siɪŋ³³ ki²⁴/

/siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ki¹³/

/siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ki²⁴/

/siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ki²³/

/t͡sʰẽ³³⁻²³ kʰi⁵⁵/

/ɕin⁵⁵ d͡ʑi²¹/

(literary) Alternative name for 七夕 (Qīxī, “Qixi Festival”).


現代英語

ㄒㄧㄢˋ ㄉㄞˋ ㄧㄥ ㄩˇ

ㄒㄧㄢˋ ㄉㄞˋ ㄧㄥ ㄩˇ

Сяньдай Инъюй

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹⁻⁵³ taɪ̯⁵¹ iŋ⁵⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jiːn²² tɔːi̯²² jɪŋ⁵⁵ jyː¹³/

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹⁻⁵³ taɪ̯⁵¹ iŋ⁵⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jiːn²² tɔːi̯²² jɪŋ⁵⁵ jyː¹³/


新港

/ɕin⁵⁵ kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɐn⁵⁵ kɔːŋ³⁵/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁵³/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁵³/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ kaŋ⁵³/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ kaŋ⁴¹/

/ɕin⁵⁵ kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɐn⁵⁵ kɔːŋ³⁵/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁵³/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁵³/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ kaŋ⁵³/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ kaŋ⁴¹/

Porto-Novo (the official capital of Benin)

Xingang, Hsinkang (a township in Chiayi County, Taiwan)

Shinkō, Shinko (various townships in Japan)

(～鄉) Xingang (a rural township in Chiayi County, Taiwan)

(～街道) Xingang (a subdistrict of Haizhu district, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China)

(～村) Xingang (a village in Zhucheng, Xinzhou district, Wuhan, Hubei, China)

(～縣) Newport (a county of Rhode Island, United States)


包子

/pɑʊ̯⁵⁵ d͡z̥z̩²/

/pɔ⁵¹ t͡sz̩²⁴/

/paːu̯⁵⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

/pɔ⁵⁵ t͡sz̩²¹/

/pɒu̯³³ t͡sz̩³/

/pɑʊ̯⁴⁴⁵ t͡sz̩³/

/pɑʊ̯⁵⁵ d͡z̥z̩²/

/pɔ⁵¹ t͡sz̩²⁴/

/paːu̯⁵⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

/pɔ⁵⁵ t͡sz̩²¹/

/pɒu̯³³ t͡sz̩³/

/pɑʊ̯⁴⁴⁵ t͡sz̩³/

(Internet slang, humorous, sarcastic, sometimes derogatory) Xi Jinping


土豆

/tʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ toʊ̯⁵¹/

/tʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ toʊ̯⁵¹/

Phono-semantic matching of French Trudeau.


北朝鮮

ㄅㄟˇ ㄔㄠˊ ㄒㄧㄢˇ

ㄅㄟˇ ㄔㄠˊ ㄒㄧㄢˇ

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

Бэй Чжаосянь

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/pɐk̚⁵ t͡sʰiːu̯²¹ siːn⁵⁵/

/pɐk̚⁵ t͡siːu̯⁵⁵ siːn⁵⁵/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ tiau²⁴⁻²² siɛn⁵³/

/pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ tiau²⁴⁻²² siɛn⁵⁵⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁵ tiau¹³⁻²² siɛn⁵³/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ tiau²⁴⁻¹¹ siɛn⁵³/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ tiau²³⁻³³ siɛn⁴¹/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/pɐk̚⁵ t͡sʰiːu̯²¹ siːn⁵⁵/

/pɐk̚⁵ t͡siːu̯⁵⁵ siːn⁵⁵/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ tiau²⁴⁻²² siɛn⁵³/

/pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ tiau²⁴⁻²² siɛn⁵⁵⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁵ tiau¹³⁻²² siɛn⁵³/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ tiau²⁴⁻¹¹ siɛn⁵³/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ tiau²³⁻³³ siɛn⁴¹/


新世界

/ɕin⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹/

/sɐn⁵⁵ sɐi̯³³ kaːi̯³³/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² se²¹⁻⁵³ kai²¹/

/sin³³ se⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kai⁴¹/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² se²¹⁻⁵³ kai²¹/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ se¹¹⁻⁵³ kai¹¹/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ se²¹⁻⁴¹ kai²¹/

/ɕin⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹/

/sɐn⁵⁵ sɐi̯³³ kaːi̯³³/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² se²¹⁻⁵³ kai²¹/

/sin³³ se⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kai⁴¹/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² se²¹⁻⁵³ kai²¹/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ se¹¹⁻⁵³ kai¹¹/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ se²¹⁻⁴¹ kai²¹/


珠峰

/ʈ͡ʂu⁵⁵ fɤŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡syː⁵⁵ fʊŋ⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂu⁵⁵ fɤŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡syː⁵⁵ fʊŋ⁵⁵/

珠穆朗瑪峰 珠穆朗瑪峰#Chinese

珠穆朗玛峰 珠穆朗玛峰#Chinese

short for 珠穆朗瑪峰／珠穆朗玛峰 (Zhūmùlǎngmǎ Fēng, “Mount Everest”)


北斗七星

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (北斗七星):
* → Japanese: 北斗七星(ほくとしちせい) (hokutoshichisei)
* → Korean: 북두칠성(北斗七星) (bukduchilseong)
* → Vietnamese: Bắc Đẩu thất tinh (北斗七星)

ㄅㄟˇ ㄉㄡˇ ㄑㄧ ㄒㄧㄥ

ㄅㄟˇ ㄉㄡˇ ㄑㄧ ㄒㄧㄥ

Бэйдоу Цисин

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ toʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/pɐk̚⁵ tɐu̯³⁵ t͡sʰɐt̚⁵ sɪŋ⁵⁵/

/pei⁵³⁻¹¹ təu⁵³ t͡ɕʰiəʔ²⁻⁵⁴ ɕiŋ¹¹/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ toʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/pɐk̚⁵ tɐu̯³⁵ t͡sʰɐt̚⁵ sɪŋ⁵⁵/

/pei⁵³⁻¹¹ təu⁵³ t͡ɕʰiəʔ²⁻⁵⁴ ɕiŋ¹¹/


南十字星

ㄋㄢˊ ㄕˊ ㄗˋ ㄒㄧㄥ

ㄋㄢˊ ㄕˊ ㄗˋ ㄒㄧㄥ

Наньшицзы Син

/nän³⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵ t͡sz̩⁵¹ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/naːm²¹ sɐp̚² t͡siː²² sɪŋ⁵⁵/

/nän³⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵ t͡sz̩⁵¹ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/naːm²¹ sɐp̚² t͡siː²² sɪŋ⁵⁵/

南十字座 南十字座#Chinese

(astronomy) Alternative name for 南十字座 (Nánshízì Zuò, “Crux”).


北極星

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi³⁵ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/pɐk̚⁵ kɪk̚² sɪŋ⁵⁵/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiɪk̚⁴⁻³² t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴/

/pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ kiak̚²⁴⁻² t͡sʰĩ³³/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiɪk̚⁴⁻³² t͡sʰẽ⁴⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁵ kiɪk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡sʰɛ̃⁴⁴/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi³⁵ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/pɐk̚⁵ kɪk̚² sɪŋ⁵⁵/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiɪk̚⁴⁻³² t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴/

/pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ kiak̚²⁴⁻² t͡sʰĩ³³/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiɪk̚⁴⁻³² t͡sʰẽ⁴⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁵ kiɪk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡sʰɛ̃⁴⁴/


安定

/ˀän⁵⁵ tiŋ⁵¹/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ tɪŋ²²/

/on²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰin⁵⁵/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪŋ²²/

/an³³ tiɪŋ⁴¹/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪŋ²²/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɪŋ³³/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɪŋ³³/

/ũã³³⁻²³ tĩã¹¹/

/ˀän⁵⁵ tiŋ⁵¹/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ tɪŋ²²/

/on²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰin⁵⁵/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪŋ²²/

/an³³ tiɪŋ⁴¹/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪŋ²²/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɪŋ³³/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɪŋ³³/

/ũã³³⁻²³ tĩã¹¹/

(～區) Anding (a district of Tainan, Taiwan)

(～區) Anding (a district of Dingxi, Gansu, China)


葡萄

Phono-semantic matching of Burmese ပူတာအို (putaui).

psm

蒲陶
蒲萄
葡桃
蒲桃
孛萄
浮萄
孛陶

/pʰu³⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³⁵/

/pʰu³⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³/

/pʰu³⁵ tʰaʊ̯ɻʷ³⁵/

/pʰou²⁴ tʰɔ⁵¹/

/pʰou̯²¹ tʰou̯²¹/

/pʰu¹¹ tʰo¹¹/

/pʰu⁵⁵ tʰo⁵⁵/

/pʰuo⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lo⁵³/

/puo⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lo⁵³/

/pu⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lo⁵³/

/pʰu²³⁻²¹ to²³/

/pʰu²⁴⁻²² to²⁴/

/pʰu²⁴⁻¹² to²⁴/

/pʰo²³⁻²¹ to²³/

/pʰɤ²⁴⁻³³ tɤ²⁴/

/pʰo²⁴⁻¹¹ to²⁴/

/pʰo¹³⁻²² to¹³/

/pʰɤ²³⁻³³ tɤ²³/

/pʰɔ¹³⁻²² to¹³/

/po²⁴⁻³³ to²⁴/

/pʰue²⁴⁻³³ tɤ²⁴/

/pu²⁴⁻²² to²⁴/

/pɔ²³⁻³³ tɤ²³/

/pɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ to²⁴/

/pʰu⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tʰo⁵⁵/

/bəʔ¹¹ dɔ²³/

/bəʔ²² dæ⁵¹/

/pʰu³⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³⁵/

/pʰu³⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³/

/pʰu³⁵ tʰaʊ̯ɻʷ³⁵/

/pʰou²⁴ tʰɔ⁵¹/

/pʰou̯²¹ tʰou̯²¹/

/pʰu¹¹ tʰo¹¹/

/pʰu⁵⁵ tʰo⁵⁵/

/pʰuo⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lo⁵³/

/puo⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lo⁵³/

/pu⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lo⁵³/

/pʰu²³⁻²¹ to²³/

/pʰu²⁴⁻²² to²⁴/

/pʰu²⁴⁻¹² to²⁴/

/pʰo²³⁻²¹ to²³/

/pʰɤ²⁴⁻³³ tɤ²⁴/

/pʰo²⁴⁻¹¹ to²⁴/

/pʰo¹³⁻²² to¹³/

/pʰɤ²³⁻³³ tɤ²³/

/pʰɔ¹³⁻²² to¹³/

/po²⁴⁻³³ to²⁴/

/pʰue²⁴⁻³³ tɤ²⁴/

/pu²⁴⁻²² to²⁴/

/pɔ²³⁻³³ tɤ²³/

/pɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ to²⁴/

/pʰu⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tʰo⁵⁵/

/bəʔ¹¹ dɔ²³/

/bəʔ²² dæ⁵¹/


青年

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (青年):
* → Japanese: 青年(せいねん) (seinen)
* → Korean: 청년(靑年) (cheongnyeon)
* → Vietnamese: thanh niên (青年)

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ni̯ɛn³⁵/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ niːn²¹/

/t͡sʰi̯aŋ²⁴ ŋi̯en¹¹/

/t͡sʰi̯aŋ²⁴ ŋi̯an¹¹/

/t͡sʰiŋ⁵⁵ nˡieŋ⁵³/

/t͡sʰiŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ nɛŋ¹³/

/t͡sʰiŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ nɛŋ²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ liɛn²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ liɛn²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² liɛn¹³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ liɛn²³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² liɛn²⁴/

/t͡sʰẽ³³⁻²³ ni⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰin⁵⁵ n̠ʲi²¹/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ni̯ɛn³⁵/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ niːn²¹/

/t͡sʰi̯aŋ²⁴ ŋi̯en¹¹/

/t͡sʰi̯aŋ²⁴ ŋi̯an¹¹/

/t͡sʰiŋ⁵⁵ nˡieŋ⁵³/

/t͡sʰiŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ nɛŋ¹³/

/t͡sʰiŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ nɛŋ²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ liɛn²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ liɛn²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² liɛn¹³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ liɛn²³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² liɛn²⁴/

/t͡sʰẽ³³⁻²³ ni⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰin⁵⁵ n̠ʲi²¹/

(～村) Qingnian (a village in Yonglong, Jingshan, Jingmen, Hubei, China)


大洋

/tä⁵¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/taːi̯²² jœːŋ²¹/

/taːi̯²² jœːŋ²¹⁻³⁵/

/tai²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ yoŋ⁵³/

/tua²¹ ĩũ²⁴/

/tua³³⁻¹¹ iũ²⁴/

/tua²²⁻²¹ iũ²⁴/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² iũ²⁴/

/tua³³⁻²¹ iũ²³/

/tua²²⁻²¹ iɔ̃¹³/

/tai³³⁻²¹ iũ²³/

/tai²²⁻²¹ iũ²⁴/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ iũ²⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² iɔŋ²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ iaŋ¹³/

/tä⁵¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/taːi̯²² jœːŋ²¹/

/taːi̯²² jœːŋ²¹⁻³⁵/

/tai²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ yoŋ⁵³/

/tua²¹ ĩũ²⁴/

/tua³³⁻¹¹ iũ²⁴/

/tua²²⁻²¹ iũ²⁴/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² iũ²⁴/

/tua³³⁻²¹ iũ²³/

/tua²²⁻²¹ iɔ̃¹³/

/tai³³⁻²¹ iũ²³/

/tai²²⁻²¹ iũ²⁴/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ iũ²⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² iɔŋ²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ iaŋ¹³/

(～鎮) Dayang (a town in Jiande, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China)

(～鎮) Dayang (a town in Jinyun, Lishui, Zhejiang, China)

(～鎮) Dayang (a town in Yongtai, Fuzhou, Fujian, China)

(～鎮) Dayang (a town in Guiping, Guigang, Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region, China)

(～鄉) Dayang (a township in Tang, Baoding, Hebei, China)

(～鄉) Dayang (a township in Hanjiang district, Putian, Fujian, China)


銀河系

/in³⁵ xɤ³⁵ ɕi⁵¹/

/ŋɐn²¹ hɔː²¹ hɐi̯²²/

/ɡun²⁴⁻²² ho²⁴⁻²² he⁴¹/

/ɡun²⁴⁻¹¹ ho²⁴⁻¹¹ he³³/

/ɡun²⁴⁻²² ho²⁴⁻²² he²²/

/ɡin²³⁻³³ hɤ²³⁻³³ he³³/

/ɡin¹³⁻²² ho¹³⁻²² he²²/

/ŋɯŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ho⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hi³⁵/

/in³⁵ xɤ³⁵ ɕi⁵¹/

/ŋɐn²¹ hɔː²¹ hɐi̯²²/

/ɡun²⁴⁻²² ho²⁴⁻²² he⁴¹/

/ɡun²⁴⁻¹¹ ho²⁴⁻¹¹ he³³/

/ɡun²⁴⁻²² ho²⁴⁻²² he²²/

/ɡin²³⁻³³ hɤ²³⁻³³ he³³/

/ɡin¹³⁻²² ho¹³⁻²² he²²/

/ŋɯŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ho⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hi³⁵/


銀河

/ŋɐn²¹ hɔː²¹/

/ŋɐn⁴² hɔ⁴²/

/ɡun²⁴⁻¹¹ ho²⁴/

/ɡun²⁴⁻²² ho²⁴/

/ɡin¹³⁻²² ho¹³/

/ɡin²³⁻³³ hɤ²³/

/ŋɯŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ho⁵⁵/

/n̠ʲin²² ɦu⁴⁴/

/ŋɐn²¹ hɔː²¹/

/ŋɐn⁴² hɔ⁴²/

/ɡun²⁴⁻¹¹ ho²⁴/

/ɡun²⁴⁻²² ho²⁴/

/ɡin¹³⁻²² ho¹³/

/ɡin²³⁻³³ hɤ²³/

/ŋɯŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ho⁵⁵/

/n̠ʲin²² ɦu⁴⁴/

Fēiliú zhí xià sān qiān chǐ, yí shì yínhé luò jiǔtiān.

飛流直下三千尺，疑是銀河落九天。

飞流直下三千尺，疑是银河落九天。


蛇口

/ʂɤ³⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɛː²¹ hɐu̯³⁵/

/t͡sua⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kʰau⁵²/

/ʂɤ³⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɛː²¹ hɐu̯³⁵/

/t͡sua⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kʰau⁵²/

(～街道) Shekou (a subdistrict of Nanshan district, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China)


昭和

/ʈ͡ʂɑʊ̯⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/t͡sʰiːu̯⁵⁵ wɔː²¹/

/t͡siau⁴⁴⁻³³ hɤ²³/

/ʈ͡ʂɑʊ̯⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/t͡sʰiːu̯⁵⁵ wɔː²¹/

/t͡siau⁴⁴⁻³³ hɤ²³/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 昭和 (Shōwa).


平成

/pʰiŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/piŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾niŋ⁵³/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² siɪŋ²⁴/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² siɪŋ²⁴/

/piɪŋ¹³⁻²² siɪŋ¹³/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ siɪŋ²⁴/

/piɪŋ²³⁻³³ siɪŋ²³/

/pʰiŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/piŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾niŋ⁵³/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² siɪŋ²⁴/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² siɪŋ²⁴/

/piɪŋ¹³⁻²² siɪŋ¹³/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ siɪŋ²⁴/

/piɪŋ²³⁻³³ siɪŋ²³/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 平成 (Heisei).


建設

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂɤ⁵¹/

/kyoŋ²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾niɛʔ²⁴/

/kœŋ⁴² ɬɛʔ²¹/

/kyøŋ⁴² ɬɛʔ²/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ siɛt̚³²/

/kiɛn⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ siɛt̚⁵/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ siɛt̚³²/

/kiɛn¹¹⁻⁵³ siɛt̚³²/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁴¹ siɛt̚³²/

/t͡ɕi³³ səʔ⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕɪ⁵² səʔ³³/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂɤ⁵¹/

/kyoŋ²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾niɛʔ²⁴/

/kœŋ⁴² ɬɛʔ²¹/

/kyøŋ⁴² ɬɛʔ²/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ siɛt̚³²/

/kiɛn⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ siɛt̚⁵/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ siɛt̚³²/

/kiɛn¹¹⁻⁵³ siɛt̚³²/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁴¹ siɛt̚³²/

/t͡ɕi³³ səʔ⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕɪ⁵² səʔ³³/

Jianshe
w:Jianshe Subdistrict, Guangzhou

(～街道) Jianshe (a subdistrict of Yuexiu district, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China)

(～鎮) Jianshe (a town in Baiyü, Garzê prefecture, Sichuan, China)

(～村) Jianshe (a village in Liuji, Dawu, Xiaogan, Hubei, China)


電報

/ti̯ɛn⁵¹⁻⁵³ pɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/tiæ̃⁴⁴ pɔ⁴⁴/

/tieŋ²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾mɔ²¹³/

/tɛŋ¹¹⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾mo⁴²/

/tɛŋ²¹⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾mo⁴²/

/tiɛn²²⁻²¹ po²¹/

/tiɛn⁴¹⁻²² po⁴¹/

/tiɛn²²⁻²¹ po²¹/

/tiɛn³³⁻¹¹ po¹¹/

/tiɛn³³⁻²¹ pɤ²¹/

/tieŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ po²¹³/

/ti̯ɛn⁵¹⁻⁵³ pɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/tiæ̃⁴⁴ pɔ⁴⁴/

/tieŋ²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾mɔ²¹³/

/tɛŋ¹¹⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾mo⁴²/

/tɛŋ²¹⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾mo⁴²/

/tiɛn²²⁻²¹ po²¹/

/tiɛn⁴¹⁻²² po⁴¹/

/tiɛn²²⁻²¹ po²¹/

/tiɛn³³⁻¹¹ po¹¹/

/tiɛn³³⁻²¹ pɤ²¹/

/tieŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ po²¹³/

電報群

电报群

(unofficial) Telegram (an instant messaging service)


南極大陸

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (南極大陸):
* → Japanese: 南極大陸(なんきょくたいりく) (Nankyoku tairiku)
* → Korean: 남극대륙(南極大陸) (Namgeukdaeryuk)

ㄋㄢˊ ㄐㄧˊ ㄉㄚˋ ㄌㄨˋ

ㄋㄢˊ ㄐㄧˊ ㄉㄚˋ ㄌㄨˋ

Наньцзи Далу

/nän³⁵ t͡ɕi³⁵ tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ lu⁵¹/

/naːm²¹ kɪk̚² taːi̯²² lʊk̚²/

/nän³⁵ t͡ɕi³⁵ tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ lu⁵¹/

/naːm²¹ kɪk̚² taːi̯²² lʊk̚²/

Antarctica (the southernmost continent, south of the Southern Ocean, containing the South Pole)


北極

Sino-Xenic (北極):
* → Japanese: 北極(ほっきょく) (Hokkyoku)
* → Korean: 북극(北極) (Bukgeuk)
* → Vietnamese: Bắc cực (北極)

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi³⁵/

/pɐk̚⁵ kɪk̚²/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiɪk̚⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁵ kiɪk̚¹²¹/

/pɔk̚³²⁻⁴ kiɪk̚⁴/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi³⁵/

/pɐk̚⁵ kɪk̚²/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiɪk̚⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁵ kiɪk̚¹²¹/

/pɔk̚³²⁻⁴ kiɪk̚⁴/

2014, 詹雅雯, “北極星”, in 北極星, performed by 詹雅雯:

That star in the North Pole guides the road; [it is] the light of hope in the dark.

Pak-ke̍k hit lia̍p chhiⁿ, chí-ín lō͘-sòaⁿ, o͘-àm tiong hi-bāng ê kng-iáⁿ

北極彼粒星 指引路線 黑暗中希望的光影

北极彼粒星 指引路线 黑暗中希望的光影


印度

Sino-Xenic (印度):
* → Japanese: 印度(インド) (Indo)
* → Korean: 인도(印度) (Indo)
* → Vietnamese: Ấn Độ (印度)

/in⁵¹⁻⁵³ tu⁵¹/

/ʒaŋ¹¹ tʰu³³/

/in⁵³⁻⁵⁵ tʰu⁵³/

/iŋ²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nou²⁴²/

/iŋ⁴² tɔu¹¹/

/iŋ⁴² tɔu²¹/

/in²¹⁻⁵³ tɔ²²/

/in⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tɔ⁴¹/

/in²¹⁻⁵³ tɔ²²/

/in¹¹⁻⁵³ tɔ³³/

/in²¹⁻⁴¹ tɔ³³/

/iŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ tou¹¹/

/in⁵¹⁻⁵³ tu⁵¹/

/ʒaŋ¹¹ tʰu³³/

/in⁵³⁻⁵⁵ tʰu⁵³/

/iŋ²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nou²⁴²/

/iŋ⁴² tɔu¹¹/

/iŋ⁴² tɔu²¹/

/in²¹⁻⁵³ tɔ²²/

/in⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tɔ⁴¹/

/in²¹⁻⁵³ tɔ²²/

/in¹¹⁻⁵³ tɔ³³/

/in²¹⁻⁴¹ tɔ³³/

/iŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ tou¹¹/

A transcription of an exonym for India during the Tang dynasty.
Introduced by Xuanzang (a Chinese Buddhist monk who had travelled to India) in his book The Great Tang Records on the Western Regions [646 CE], Xuanzang proposed that this “correct” name be used, in preference to the many other alternative names for India:
:
This Tang-dynasty transcription reflected a source form of *In-du or *In-dak, although the source language is unclear. It is unlikely to be an endonym used by the Indians, who ― as Xuanzang described ― used the names of the local states. Later in the same passage, Xuanzang explained the name Yin-du as one of the many names for “Moon” (in India), evidently referring to the Sanskrit word इन्दु (indu, “Moon”). Xuanzang also explained that:
:
Although now deemed etymologically unsound, this was likely suggesting that the transcription Yin-du was a phono-semantic matching, to be interpreted literally as “trace (印 (yìn)) + transmigration (度)”.
The source language for this borrowing is unclear. The glottal-stop initial of the first syllable in this term is unusual; it is also reflected in 印特伽 (MC 'jinH dok gja), the Kuchean name for “India” recorded in Song Gaoseng Zhuan [988 CE]. On the basis of this, Wang et al. (2011: 8–9) proposed that Yin-du was borrowed from Tocharian B; compare Tocharian B yentuke (“Indian”), with a similar phonological shape.

When looking closely at the names for India (in the records), one finds that there are many different versions: formerly it was called Juandu, or Xiandou; but now (we should) follow the correct pronunciation, and adopt the name Yindu.

Xuanzang, Great Tang Records on the Western Regions, 646 CE

Xiáng fú Tiānzhú zhī chēng, yìyì jiūfēn, jiù yún Juāndú, huò yuē Xiándòu, jīn cóng zhèngyīn, yí yún Yìndù.

詳夫天竺之稱，異議糾紛，舊云身毒，或曰賢豆，今從正音，宜云印度。

详夫天竺之称，异议纠纷，旧云身毒，或曰贤豆，今从正音，宜云印度。

The Moon was a symbolism for endless transmigrations of all beings, and […] the name for India was derived from “Moon”, since the land of India featured a succession of sages and prophets who provided guidance to the common people and things, like the moonlight.

Yán zhū qúnshēng lúnhuí bùxī...... Yīn'ér pì yuè. Liáng yǐ qí tǔ shèngxián jì guǐ, dǎo fán yù wù, rú yuè zhàolín.

言諸群生輪迴不息……因而譬月。良以其土聖賢繼軌，導凡御物，如月照臨。

言诸群生轮回不息……因而譬月。良以其土圣贤继轨，导凡御物，如月照临。

印度商人


馬來西亞

→ Zhuang: Majlaizsihya

ㄇㄚˇ ㄌㄞˊ ㄒㄧ ㄧㄚˋ

ㄇㄚˇ ㄌㄞˊ ㄒㄧ ㄧㄚˇ

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ laɪ̯³⁵ ɕi⁵⁵ jä⁵¹/

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ laɪ̯³⁵ ɕi⁵⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/maː¹³ lɔːi̯²¹ sɐi̯⁵⁵ aː³³/

/ᵐba²¹ lᵘɔi²² ɬai³³ a³³/

/ma²⁴ loi̯¹¹ si²⁴⁻¹¹ a²⁴/

/ma³³⁻²¹ l̃ai⁵³⁽⁻²¹⁾ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɛ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ a³³/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lai²⁴⁻²² se⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/mã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lai²⁴⁻²² se³³ a³³/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lai¹³⁻²² se⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lai²⁴⁻¹¹ se⁴⁴⁻³³ a⁴⁴/

/mã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lai²³⁻³³ se⁴⁴⁻³³ a⁴⁴/

/ma⁵²⁻³⁵ lai⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sai³³⁻²³ a³³/

/be⁵²⁻³⁵ lai⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sai³³⁻²³ a³³/

/ma²² le⁵⁵ ɕi³³ ia²¹/

/mo²² le⁵⁵ ɕi³³ ia²¹/

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ laɪ̯³⁵ ɕi⁵⁵ jä⁵¹/

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ laɪ̯³⁵ ɕi⁵⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/maː¹³ lɔːi̯²¹ sɐi̯⁵⁵ aː³³/

/ᵐba²¹ lᵘɔi²² ɬai³³ a³³/

/ma²⁴ loi̯¹¹ si²⁴⁻¹¹ a²⁴/

/ma³³⁻²¹ l̃ai⁵³⁽⁻²¹⁾ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɛ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ a³³/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lai²⁴⁻²² se⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/mã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lai²⁴⁻²² se³³ a³³/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lai¹³⁻²² se⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lai²⁴⁻¹¹ se⁴⁴⁻³³ a⁴⁴/

/mã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lai²³⁻³³ se⁴⁴⁻³³ a⁴⁴/

/ma⁵²⁻³⁵ lai⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sai³³⁻²³ a³³/

/be⁵²⁻³⁵ lai⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sai³³⁻²³ a³³/

/ma²² le⁵⁵ ɕi³³ ia²¹/

/mo²² le⁵⁵ ɕi³³ ia²¹/

馬來

usage generally frowned upon by Malaysians


令狐

/lɪŋ²¹ wuː²¹/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² hɔ²⁴/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² hɔ²⁴/

/liɪŋ¹³⁻²² hɔ¹³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ hɔ²⁴/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ hɔ²³/

/lɪŋ²¹ wuː²¹/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² hɔ²⁴/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² hɔ²⁴/

/liɪŋ¹³⁻²² hɔ¹³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ hɔ²⁴/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ hɔ²³/

Spring and Autumn Period
w:Spring and Autumn Period

Linyi County, Shanxi
w:Linyi County, Shanxi

(historical) Linghu (a place in the state of Jin (晉) during the Spring and Autumn Period in modern day Linyi County, Shanxi)


南宮

→ English: Namgung, Nangong

desc

南宮, なんぐう, なんきゅう

→ Japanese: 南宮, なんぐう, なんきゅう

→ Japanese: 南宮, なんぐう, なんきゅう

→ English: Nangyu, Nangu, Nanguu, Nankyu, Nanku, Nankuu

→ Korean: 南宮, 남궁

→ English: Namgung, Namgoong, Namkung, Namkoong

→ Vietnamese: 南宮, Namcung, Nam Cung

→ English: Namcung

/nän³⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/naːm²¹ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/lam²⁴⁻²² kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² kiɔŋ³³/

/lam¹³⁻²² kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam²³⁻³³ kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/nän³⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/naːm²¹ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/lam²⁴⁻²² kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² kiɔŋ³³/

/lam¹³⁻²² kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam²³⁻³³ kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

(～市) Nangong (a county-level city of Xingtai, Hebei, China)


天井

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ t͡ɕiŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ t͡sɛːŋ³⁵/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ t͡sɪŋ³⁵/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³⁵ t͡ɕiaŋ³¹/

/tʰĩ³³ t͡sĩ⁵⁵⁴/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sĩ⁵³/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sĩ⁵³/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sẽ⁴¹/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sɛ̃⁵³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sĩ⁵³/

/tʰieŋ³³⁻²³ t͡sẽ⁵²/

/tʰi⁵⁵ t͡ɕin²¹/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ t͡ɕiŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ t͡sɛːŋ³⁵/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ t͡sɪŋ³⁵/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³⁵ t͡ɕiaŋ³¹/

/tʰĩ³³ t͡sĩ⁵⁵⁴/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sĩ⁵³/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sĩ⁵³/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sẽ⁴¹/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sɛ̃⁵³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sĩ⁵³/

/tʰieŋ³³⁻²³ t͡sẽ⁵²/

/tʰi⁵⁵ t͡ɕin²¹/

(～村) Tianjing (a village in Sanhe, Yingcheng, Xiaogan, Hubei, China)


中華人民共和國

ja-r

中%華 人%民 共%和%国

^ちゅう%か ^じん%みん ^きょう%わ%こく

desc

^중화인민공화국(中華人民共和國)

CJKV/code

^ちゅう%か ^じん%みん ^きょう%わ%こく

中%華 人%民 共%和%国

Sino-Xenic (中華人民共和國):
* → Japanese: 中(ちゅう)華(か)人(じん)民(みん)共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) (Chūka Jinmin Kyōwakoku)
* → Korean: 중화인민공화국(中華人民共和國) (Junghwainmin'gonghwaguk)

CJKV

中%華 人%民 共%和%国

^ちゅう%か ^じん%みん ^きょう%わ%こく

desc

→ Bouyei: Zungyhuaf Renfminf Gungqhofguef

→ Bouyei: Zungyhuaf Renfminf Gungqhofguef

→ Hlai: Dongxhwax Naengsmiens Gong'hwasgok

→ Zhuang: Cunghvaz Yinzminz Gunghozgoz

→ Vietnamese: Cộng hoà Nhân dân Trung Hoa (calque)

ㄓㄨㄥ ㄏㄨㄚˊ ㄖㄣˊ ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄍㄨㄥˋ ㄏㄜˊ ㄍㄨㄛˊ

Җунхуа Жынмин Гунхәгуә

Җунхуа Жынмин Гунхәгуй

doeng¹ hua² zing² ming² goeng⁵ hor² gorh⁶

Чжунхуа Жэньминь Гунхэго

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä³⁵ ʐən³⁵ min³⁵ kʊŋ⁵¹ xɤ³⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ xua²¹ zən²¹ min²¹ koŋ²¹³ xo²¹ kuɛ²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂuŋ²⁴ xua²⁴ ʐəŋ²⁴ miŋ²⁴ kuŋ²⁴ xə²⁴ kuə²⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂuŋ²⁴ xua²⁴ ʐəŋ²⁴ miŋ²⁴ kuŋ²⁴ xə²⁴ kuei²⁴/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ waː²¹ jɐn²¹ mɐn²¹ kʊŋ²² wɔː²¹ kʷɔːk̚³/

/t͡suŋ⁴² fa³⁵ lɨn³⁵ min³⁵ kʰuŋ¹¹ fo³⁵ kuɛt̚⁵/

/t͡suŋ²⁴ fa¹¹ ŋin¹¹ min¹¹ kʰi̯uŋ⁵⁵ fo¹¹ ku̯et̚²/

/t͡suŋ¹¹ xua¹¹ t͡səŋ¹¹ miŋ¹¹ kuŋ⁴⁵ xuɤ¹¹ kuəʔ²/

/tɔŋ³³ ua²¹ neiŋ³³ meiŋ²¹ kɔŋ⁵⁵ ua²¹ ko²⁴/

/tyŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua⁵³ iŋ⁵³ miŋ⁵³ kyŋ²⁴² ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋuo⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾uɔʔ²⁴/

doeng¹ hua² zing² ming² goeng⁵ hor² gorh⁶ [Phonetic:doeng⁵ hua² zing⁵ ming² goeng⁵ hor² gorh⁶]

/tœŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ hua¹³ t͡siŋ¹³⁻¹¹ miŋ¹³ kœŋ¹¹ hɒ¹³ kɒʔ²¹/

doeng¹ hua² zing² ming² goeng⁵ hor² gorh⁶ [Phonetic:doeng⁵ ngua² zing⁵ ming² goeng⁵ ngor² gorh⁶]

/tœŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua¹³ t͡siŋ¹³⁻¹¹ miŋ¹³ kœŋ¹¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋɒ¹³ kɒʔ²¹/

dyoeng¹ hua² zing² ming² gyoeng⁵ hor² gorh⁶ [Phonetic:dyoeng⁵ hua² zing⁵ ming² gyoeng⁵ hor² gorh⁶]

/tyøŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ hua²⁴ t͡siŋ²⁴⁻²¹ miŋ²⁴ kyøŋ²¹ hɒ²⁴ kɒʔ²/

dyoeng¹ hua² zing² ming² gyoeng⁵ hor² gorh⁶ [Phonetic:dyoeng⁵ ngua² zing⁵ ming² gyoeng⁵ ngor² gorh⁶]

/tyøŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua²⁴ t͡siŋ²⁴⁻²¹ miŋ²⁴ kyøŋ²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋɒ²⁴ kɒʔ²/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua¹³ d͡zin¹³⁻²² bin¹³ kiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ ho¹³⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²³ zin²³⁻³³ bin²³ kiɔŋ³³⁻²¹ hɤ²³⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²⁴ lin²⁴⁻¹¹ bin²⁴ kiɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ ho²⁴⁻¹¹ kɔk̚³²/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua²⁴ lin²⁴⁻²² bin²⁴ kiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ ho²⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/tiɔŋ³³ hua²⁴ lin²⁴⁻²² bin²⁴ kiɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² hɔ²⁴⁻²² kɔk̚⁵/

/toŋ³³⁻²³ hua⁵⁵⁻¹¹ d͡ziŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ miŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kaŋ¹¹ hua⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kok̚²/

tson^平 gho^去 zen^去 min^去 gon^去 wu^去 koh^入

/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ ɦo³³ zən²² min³³ ɡoŋ²² ɦu⁵⁵ koʔ²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ³³ ɸa̠¹³ ʐən¹³ min¹³ kʊŋ²¹⁻¹¹ xo¹³ ku̯ɤ̞²⁴/

/t͡sən³³ ɸa̠¹³ ʐən¹³ min¹³ kən²¹⁻¹¹ xo¹³ ku̯ɤ̞²⁴/

/tɔŋ³³ ua²¹ neiŋ³³ meiŋ²¹ kɔŋ⁵⁵ ua²¹ ko²⁴/

[Phonetic: doeng⁵ hua² zing⁵ ming² goeng⁵ hor² gorh⁶]

[Phonetic: doeng⁵ ngua² zing⁵ ming² goeng⁵ ngor² gorh⁶]

[Phonetic: dyoeng⁵ hua² zing⁵ ming² gyoeng⁵ hor² gorh⁶]

[Phonetic: dyoeng⁵ ngua² zing⁵ ming² gyoeng⁵ ngor² gorh⁶]

In 1949, Chairman Mao Zedong declared the founding of the People’s Republic of China.

1949 nián, Máo Zédōng zhǔxí xuāngào Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó chénglì.

1949年，毛澤東主席宣告中華人民共和國成立。

1949年，毛泽东主席宣告中华人民共和国成立。

People's Republic of China#English:_Q148

People's Republic of China (official name of China: a country in East Asia)


民族

/mɐn²¹ t͡sʊk̚²/

/bin²⁴⁻²² t͡sɔk̚⁴/

/bin²⁴⁻²² t͡sɔk̚²⁴/

/bin¹³⁻²² t͡sɔk̚¹²¹/

/bin²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sɔk̚⁴/

/bin²³⁻³³ t͡sɔk̚⁴/

/miŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sok̚⁴/

/mɐn²¹ t͡sʊk̚²/

/bin²⁴⁻²² t͡sɔk̚⁴/

/bin²⁴⁻²² t͡sɔk̚²⁴/

/bin¹³⁻²² t͡sɔk̚¹²¹/

/bin²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sɔk̚⁴/

/bin²³⁻³³ t͡sɔk̚⁴/

/miŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sok̚⁴/

Book of Qi
Nancy S. Steinhardt
Victor H. Mair

First attested in a 5th-century essay by Gu Huan (顧歡), which is reproduced in the 6th-century Book of Southern Qi (translation from Mather, 2005):
According to Ru (2001), 民族's early meaning was closer to 民眾 (“the general populace”).

Today all the Chinese gentlemen and ladies, as well as the common people, have not changed [their natures], but they insist on squatting with exposed heads, wantonly using the manners of the Yi Barbarians. They talk to the shorn-headed crowd, all of them Hu Barbarians. The state has its own long-standing mores; its laws are not to be altered.

The Book of Southern Qi, by Xiao Zixian, 6ᵗʰ century CE

Jīn zhūhuá shìnǚ, mínzú fú gé, ér lù shǒu piān jù, lànyòng Yí lǐ, yún yú jiǎnluò zhī tú, quán shì Húrén, guó yǒu jiù fēng, fǎ bùkě biàn.

今諸華士女，民族弗革，而露首偏踞，濫用夷禮，云於翦落之徒，全是胡人，國有舊風，法不可變。

今诸华士女，民族弗革，而露首偏踞，滥用夷礼，云于翦落之徒，全是胡人，国有旧风，法不可变。

(～街道) Minzu (a subdistrict of Jianghan district, Wuhan, Hubei, China)


四川

→ Catalan: Sichuan

→ English: Sichuan, Szechuan, Szechwan

→ French: Sichuan, Sétchouan

→ Korean: 쓰촨 (Sseuchwan)

→ Manchu: ᠰᡟᠴᡠᠸᠠᠨ (sycuwan)

→ Portuguese: Sichuan, Setsuan, Szechwan, Sujuão

→ Russian: Сычуа́нь (Syčuánʹ), сычуа́нец (syčuánec)

→ Spanish: Sichuán

→ Zhuang: Swconh

/sz̩⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/ɬu³³ t͡sʰun³³/

/si¹¹ t͡ʃʰon⁵³/

/ɕi⁵³ t͡sʰɔn⁴⁴/

/ɬo⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ^((t͡sʰ-))lœŋ⁵³³/

/ɬo⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ^((t͡sʰ-))lyøŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/su²¹⁻⁵³ t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/su²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/su¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/sɯ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡sʰuan³³/

/si⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡sʰuan³³/

/si²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sʰueŋ³³/

/si²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sʰuaŋ³³/

/sz̩³³ t͡sʰø⁴⁴/

/sz̩⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/ɬu³³ t͡sʰun³³/

/si¹¹ t͡ʃʰon⁵³/

/ɕi⁵³ t͡sʰɔn⁴⁴/

/ɬo⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ^((t͡sʰ-))lœŋ⁵³³/

/ɬo⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ^((t͡sʰ-))lyøŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/su²¹⁻⁵³ t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/su²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/su¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/sɯ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡sʰuan³³/

/si⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡sʰuan³³/

/si²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sʰueŋ³³/

/si²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sʰuaŋ³³/

/sz̩³³ t͡sʰø⁴⁴/

During the Tang dynasty, the area of what is now Sichuan was administratively divided into three regions based on the main throughfares through the mountains 川道 (“mountain pass (often near a river)”) at the time. During the Song dynasty, these regions were further redivided into four separate regions, giving rise to its modern name.

zh-l

(～省) Sichuan (a province in central China)


OP

/ou̯⁵⁵ pʰiː⁵⁵/

/ou̯⁵⁵ pʰiː⁵⁵/


大膽

/tä⁵¹ tän²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tuai²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾laŋ³³/

/tua²²⁻²¹ tã⁵³/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² tã⁵⁵⁴/

/tua²²⁻²¹ tã⁵³/

/tua³³⁻¹¹ tã⁵³/

/tua³³⁻²¹ tã⁴¹/

/tä⁵¹ tän²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tuai²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾laŋ³³/

/tua²²⁻²¹ tã⁵³/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² tã⁵⁵⁴/

/tua²²⁻²¹ tã⁵³/

/tua³³⁻¹¹ tã⁵³/

/tua³³⁻²¹ tã⁴¹/

(～島) Dadan Island (an island of Lieyu, Kinmen County, Taiwan)


上午

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ u²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/saŋ²¹³ vu⁵³/

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ vou²⁴/

/sœːŋ²² ŋ̍¹³/

/sɒ̃⁴⁵ vu⁵³/

/siɔŋ²²⁻²¹ ŋɔ̃⁵³/

/siɔŋ³³⁻²¹ ŋɔ̃⁴¹/

/siɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ ŋɔ̃⁵³/

/siaŋ²²⁻²¹ ŋɔ̃⁵³/

/siɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² ɡɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/ʂan²¹⁻¹¹ u⁴¹/

/san²¹⁻¹¹ u⁴¹/

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ u²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/saŋ²¹³ vu⁵³/

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ vou²⁴/

/sœːŋ²² ŋ̍¹³/

/sɒ̃⁴⁵ vu⁵³/

/siɔŋ²²⁻²¹ ŋɔ̃⁵³/

/siɔŋ³³⁻²¹ ŋɔ̃⁴¹/

/siɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ ŋɔ̃⁵³/

/siaŋ²²⁻²¹ ŋɔ̃⁵³/

/siɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² ɡɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/ʂan²¹⁻¹¹ u⁴¹/

/san²¹⁻¹¹ u⁴¹/

(～村) Shangwu (a village in Gangwei, Longhai, Zhangzhou, Fujian, China)


明治

/miŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/mɪŋ²¹ t͡siː²²/

/biɪŋ¹³⁻²² ti²²/

/biɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ti²²/

/biɪŋ²³⁻³³ ti³³/

/biɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ti³³/

/biɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ti²²/

/miŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/mɪŋ²¹ t͡siː²²/

/biɪŋ¹³⁻²² ti²²/

/biɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ti²²/

/biɪŋ²³⁻³³ ti³³/

/biɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ti³³/

/biɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ti²²/

明治憲法

明治宪法


雲南

→ English: Yunnan

→ Manchu: ᠶᡡᠨ
ᠨᠠᠨ (yūn nan)

Unclear. First attested in the Book of Han as a county under 益州郡, located in modern-day Xiangyun county, Yunnan.

/huŋ⁵³⁻³³ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/ɔŋ¹³⁻¹¹ naŋ¹³/

/uoŋ²⁴⁻²¹ naŋ²⁴/

/in¹³⁻²² lam¹³/

/huŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lam⁵⁵/

/ɦyn²² nø⁴⁴/

/huŋ⁵³⁻³³ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/ɔŋ¹³⁻¹¹ naŋ¹³/

/uoŋ²⁴⁻²¹ naŋ²⁴/

/in¹³⁻²² lam¹³/

/huŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lam⁵⁵/

/ɦyn²² nø⁴⁴/

(～省) Yunnan (a province in southwestern China, bordering Myanmar (Burma), Laos and Vietnam)

The Book of the Later Han, circa 5ᵗʰ century CE

Yúnnán xiàn yǒu shén lù, liǎng tóu, néng shí dúcǎo.

雲南縣有神鹿，兩頭，能食毒草。

云南县有神鹿，两头，能食毒草。

(～縣) (historical) Yunnan (a former county of Yunnan province, China; now Xiangyun county, Yunnan)


雲南

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 雲南(うんなん) (Unnan).

/huŋ⁵³⁻³³ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/ɔŋ¹³⁻¹¹ naŋ¹³/

/uoŋ²⁴⁻²¹ naŋ²⁴/

/in¹³⁻²² lam¹³/

/huŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lam⁵⁵/

/ɦyn²² nø⁴⁴/

/huŋ⁵³⁻³³ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/ɔŋ¹³⁻¹¹ naŋ¹³/

/uoŋ²⁴⁻²¹ naŋ²⁴/

/in¹³⁻²² lam¹³/

/huŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lam⁵⁵/

/ɦyn²² nø⁴⁴/

(～市) Unnan (a city in Shimane Prefecture, Japan)


廈門

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (廈門):
* → Korean: 하문(廈門) (Hamun)
* → Vietnamese: Hạ Môn (廈門)

→ Arabic: شْيَامِن (šyāmin)

→ Dutch: Xiamen, Emoi

desc

→ English: Amoy, Hsia-men, Hsiamen, Xiamen

→ French: Amoy, Xiamen

→ Georgian: სიამენი (siameni)

→ Japanese: 廈(シア)門(メン) (Shiamen)

→ Korean: 샤먼 (Syameon)

→ Portuguese: Amoy, Xiamen

→ Japanese: 廈(ア)門(モイ) (Amoi)

→ Spanish: Emuy

/ɕi̯ä⁵¹ mən³⁵/

/ha³² ᵐbᵘɔn²²/

/ˈha¹¹ mɨn³⁵/

/ha⁵³⁻⁵⁵ mun¹¹/

/xa⁵⁵ mɔŋ³³/

/a²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ muoŋ⁵³/

/e⁴¹⁻²² mŋ̍²⁴/

/e²²⁻²¹ mŋ̍²⁴/

/e³³⁻²¹ mŋ̍²³/

/e³³⁻¹¹ mŋ̍²⁴/

/ɛ²²⁻²¹ muĩ¹³/

/ɛ⁵³⁻¹¹ muĩ¹¹/

/e³⁵⁻¹¹ muŋ⁵⁵/

/ɦo²² mən⁴⁴/

/ɕi̯ä⁵¹ mən³⁵/

/ha³² ᵐbᵘɔn²²/

/ˈha¹¹ mɨn³⁵/

/ha⁵³⁻⁵⁵ mun¹¹/

/xa⁵⁵ mɔŋ³³/

/a²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ muoŋ⁵³/

/e⁴¹⁻²² mŋ̍²⁴/

/e²²⁻²¹ mŋ̍²⁴/

/e³³⁻²¹ mŋ̍²³/

/e³³⁻¹¹ mŋ̍²⁴/

/ɛ²²⁻²¹ muĩ¹³/

/ɛ⁵³⁻¹¹ muĩ¹¹/

/e³⁵⁻¹¹ muŋ⁵⁵/

/ɦo²² mən⁴⁴/

A homophone of the original name 下門／下门 (Xiàmén) that came into official use for its more elegant sense.

zh-l

下門／下门 (Xiàmén)

(historical) Xiamen (a fortification which formerly protected Xiamen Bay, Fujian, China)

(～市) Xiamen (a subprovincial city of Fujian, China)

(～島) Xiamen Island, Amoy Island (an island of Xiamen Bay, Fujian, China)


日中

/ʐ̩⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵/

/jɐt̚² t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵/

/ʐ̩⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵/

/jɐt̚² t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵/

Japan and China; (attributive) Japanese–Chinese


楊梅

/jɑŋ³⁵ meɪ̯³⁵/

/jœːŋ²¹ muːi̯²¹/

/jœːŋ²¹ muːi̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/iɔŋ³⁵ mi³⁵/

/i̯oŋ¹¹ moi̯¹¹/

/ʒoŋ⁵⁵ moi⁵⁵/

/iɔŋ¹¹ moɪ¹¹/

/iɔŋ³³ mo³³/

/yoŋ⁵³⁻³³ mui⁵³/

/t͡sʰiũ²⁴⁻²² m̩²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɔ̃¹³⁻²² m̩¹³/

/t͡sʰiu²⁴⁻¹¹ m̩²⁴/

/t͡sʰiu²⁴⁻¹² m̩²⁴/

/t͡sʰiu²⁴⁻²² m̩²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɔ̃³³⁻¹¹ m̩²⁴/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻²² muĩ²⁴/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ muĩ²⁴/

/iɔŋ²³⁻³³ muĩ²³/

/t͡sʰiu²²⁻¹¹ m̩²⁴/

/iũ²⁴⁻²¹ mui²⁴/

/iũ²⁴⁻¹¹ muĩ²⁴/

/iũ²³⁻³³ muĩ²³/

/iũ²⁴⁻¹¹ bue²⁴/

/iũ²³⁻³³ bue²³/

/iũ²⁴⁻²¹ bue²⁴/

/iũ²⁴⁻²¹ mue²⁴/

/ĩõ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ bue⁵⁵/

/ɦiã²² me⁴⁴/

/jɑŋ³⁵ meɪ̯³⁵/

/jœːŋ²¹ muːi̯²¹/

/jœːŋ²¹ muːi̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/iɔŋ³⁵ mi³⁵/

/i̯oŋ¹¹ moi̯¹¹/

/ʒoŋ⁵⁵ moi⁵⁵/

/iɔŋ¹¹ moɪ¹¹/

/iɔŋ³³ mo³³/

/yoŋ⁵³⁻³³ mui⁵³/

/t͡sʰiũ²⁴⁻²² m̩²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɔ̃¹³⁻²² m̩¹³/

/t͡sʰiu²⁴⁻¹¹ m̩²⁴/

/t͡sʰiu²⁴⁻¹² m̩²⁴/

/t͡sʰiu²⁴⁻²² m̩²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɔ̃³³⁻¹¹ m̩²⁴/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻²² muĩ²⁴/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ muĩ²⁴/

/iɔŋ²³⁻³³ muĩ²³/

/t͡sʰiu²²⁻¹¹ m̩²⁴/

/iũ²⁴⁻²¹ mui²⁴/

/iũ²⁴⁻¹¹ muĩ²⁴/

/iũ²³⁻³³ muĩ²³/

/iũ²⁴⁻¹¹ bue²⁴/

/iũ²³⁻³³ bue²³/

/iũ²⁴⁻²¹ bue²⁴/

/iũ²⁴⁻²¹ mue²⁴/

/ĩõ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ bue⁵⁵/

/ɦiã²² me⁴⁴/

/iũ²³⁻³³ muẽ²³/

/iũ²⁴⁻¹¹ muẽ²⁴/

/jɑŋ³⁵ meɪ̯³⁵/

/jœːŋ²¹ muːi̯²¹/

/i̯oŋ¹¹ moi̯¹¹/

/iũ²³⁻³³ muĩ²³/

/iũ²⁴⁻¹¹ muĩ²⁴/

/iũ²⁴⁻¹¹ bue²⁴/

/iũ²³⁻³³ bue²³/

/iũ²³⁻³³ muẽ²³/

/iũ²⁴⁻¹¹ muẽ²⁴/

(～區, formerly ～市, ～鎮) Yangmei (a district of Taoyuan, Taiwan, formerly a city and an urban township)

(～鎮) Yangmei, Huazhou, Maoming, Guangdong, China

(～鎮) Yangmei, Yangshan, Qingyuan, Guangdong, China

(～鎮) Yangmei, Rong County, Yulin, Guangxi, China


加利略

ㄐㄧㄚ ㄌㄧˋ ㄌㄩㄝˋ

ㄐㄧㄚ ㄌㄧˋ ㄌㄩㄝˋ

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ li⁵¹⁻⁵³ ly̯ɛ⁵¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ li⁵¹⁻⁵³ ly̯ɛ⁵¹/


美國民權聯盟

ㄇㄟˇ ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄑㄩㄢˊ ㄌㄧㄢˊ ㄇㄥˊ

ㄇㄟˇ ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄑㄩㄢˊ ㄌㄧㄢˊ ㄇㄥˊ

Мэйго Миньцюань Ляньмэн

/meɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ku̯ɔ³⁵ min³⁵ t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵ li̯ɛn³⁵ mɤŋ³⁵/

the American Civil Liberties Union; ACLU


銅山

/tʰʊŋ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/tʰʊŋ²¹ saːn⁵⁵/

/tʰʊŋ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/tʰʊŋ²¹ saːn⁵⁵/

(～區) Tongshan District (district of Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China)

(～村) Tongshan (a village in Shihua, Gucheng, Xiangyang, Hubei, China)


京阪

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ pän²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɪŋ⁵⁵ paːn³⁵/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ pän²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɪŋ⁵⁵ paːn³⁵/


寧夏

→ English: Ninghsia, Ningsia, Ningxia

/niŋ³⁵ ɕi̯ä⁵¹/

/niŋ²⁴ ɕia⁵¹/

/nɪŋ²¹ haː²²/

/nˡiŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋɑ²⁴²/

/nɛŋ¹³⁻⁴² ha¹¹/

/nɛŋ²⁴⁻⁴² ha²¹/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ ha³³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ha³³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ha⁴¹/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ha²²/

/liɪŋ¹³⁻²² hɛ²²/

/leŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ he¹¹/

/n̠ʲin²² ɦia⁴⁴/

/niŋ³⁵ ɕi̯ä⁵¹/

/niŋ²⁴ ɕia⁵¹/

/nɪŋ²¹ haː²²/

/nˡiŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋɑ²⁴²/

/nɛŋ¹³⁻⁴² ha¹¹/

/nɛŋ²⁴⁻⁴² ha²¹/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ ha³³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ha³³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ha⁴¹/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ha²²/

/liɪŋ¹³⁻²² hɛ²²/

/leŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ he¹¹/

/n̠ʲin²² ɦia⁴⁴/

～回族自治區 寧夏回族自治區#Chinese

Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region
w:Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region

(～回族自治區, formerly ～省) Ningxia, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (a Hui autonomous region of China)


維新運動

ㄨㄟˊ ㄒㄧㄣ ㄩㄣˋ ㄉㄨㄥˋ

ㄨㄟˊ ㄒㄧㄣ ㄩㄣˋ ㄉㄨㄥˋ

Вэйсинь Юньдун

/weɪ̯³⁵ ɕin⁵⁵ yn⁵¹⁻⁵³ tʊŋ⁵¹/

/weɪ̯³⁵ ɕin⁵⁵ yn⁵¹⁻⁵³ tʊŋ⁵¹/


洋務運動

ㄧㄤˊ ㄨˋ ㄩㄣˋ ㄉㄨㄥˋ

ㄧㄤˊ ㄨˋ ㄩㄣˋ ㄉㄨㄥˋ

/jɑŋ³⁵ u⁵¹⁻⁵³ yn⁵¹⁻⁵³ tʊŋ⁵¹/

/jɑŋ³⁵ u⁵¹⁻⁵³ yn⁵¹⁻⁵³ tʊŋ⁵¹/


淋病

/lɐm²¹ pɛːŋ²²/

/lɐm²¹ pɛːŋ²²/

Near homophonous pair between 淋病 (lam⁴ beng⁶) and 林鄭 /林郑 (lam⁴ zeng⁶). Ultimately 林 (lam⁴)+鄭 /郑 (zeng⁶), the former as her married surname (from Lam Siu-por) and the latter as her maiden surname.

2017 January 25, 漢江泄, quoting Fam Ho, “一卷廁紙醜出國際 林鄭月娥出口成災”, in 成報 [Sing Pao], page A01:

The Lam disease can't at all fulfil the fourth article of Wang Guangya's four articles. Her being Chief Executive my ass!

gan¹ bun² lam⁴ beng⁶ dou¹ fu⁴ hap⁶ m⁴ dou³⁻² wong⁴ gwong¹ aa³ sei³ tiu⁴ dik¹ dai⁶ sei³ tiu⁴, zou⁶ tiu⁴ mou⁴ dak⁶ sau² me¹

根本淋病都符合唔到王光亞四條的第四條，做條毛特首咩

根本淋病都符合唔到王光亚四条的第四条，做条毛特首咩

2018 June 13, 一世一香港討論區, quotee, 土地供應專責小組公眾參與報告 [Public Engagement of the Task Force on Land Supply Final PE Report]^(https://www.devb.gov.hk/filemanager/tc/content_1171/annex_4_(Chi).pdf), 附件 4：已分析的網上媒體意見清單 [Annex 4: List of Online Media included in the analysis]:

Lam disease spoke lie after lie and refused to use the Lands Resumption Ordinance to confiscate land from the big four property developers!

lam⁴ beng⁶ fong¹ waa⁶ lin⁴ pin¹ keoi⁵ zyut⁶ dung⁶ jung⁶ tou² dei⁶ sau¹ wui⁴ tiu⁴ lai⁶ hoeng³ sei³ daai⁶ dei⁶ caan² soeng¹ hoi¹ dou¹!

淋病謊話連篇拒絕動用土地收回條例向四大地產商開刀！

淋病谎话连篇拒绝动用土地收回条例向四大地产商开刀！

2019 July 20, 文森, “「連儂牆」滿粗言 咒官警極惡毒”, in 文匯報 [Wen Wei Po], page A19:

Similarly, on the Lennon Wall in Kowloon Bay, where a brawl broke out earlier between pro-amendment and anti-amendment radicals, there are numerous memos with vulgarities and insults, including "**** your mother, Hong Kong police dogs", "Lam disease, go die, the earlier the better", "corrupt police, may your whole family die" and "fucking **** bitch".

zou² cin⁴ baau³ faat³ caang³ sau¹ lai⁶ kap⁶ faan² sau¹ lai⁶ gik¹ zeon³ fan⁶ zi² zi¹ tai² cung¹ dat⁶ dik¹ gau² lung⁴ waan¹ “lin⁴ nung⁴ coeng⁴”, tung⁴ joeng⁶ jau⁵ hoi² loeng⁶ dik¹ cou¹ hau² kap⁶ mou⁵ juk⁶ sing³ zi⁶ tiu⁴, baau¹ kut³ “× nei⁵ lou⁵ mou⁵⁻² hoeng¹ gong² ging² hyun²”, “lam⁴ beng⁶ zou² si¹ zou² zoek⁶”, “haak¹ ging² sei² cyun⁴ gaa¹”, “sei² × po⁴” dang².

早前爆發撐修例及反修例激進分子肢體衝突的九龍灣「連儂牆」，同樣有海量的粗口及侮辱性字條，包括「×你老母香港警犬」、「淋病早C早着」、「黑警死全家」、「死×婆」等。

早前爆发撑修例及反修例激进分子肢体冲突的九龙湾「连侬墙」，同样有海量的粗口及侮辱性字条，包括「×你老母香港警犬」、「淋病早C早着」、「黑警死全家」、「死×婆」等。

(Hong Kong, derogatory) Carrie Lam, 4th Chief Executive of Hong Kong