民意

/mɐn²¹ jiː³³/

/bin²⁴⁻²² i²¹/

/bin²⁴⁻²² i⁴¹/

/bin¹³⁻²² i²¹/

/bin²⁴⁻¹¹ i¹¹/

/bin²³⁻³³ i²¹/

/mɐn²¹ jiː³³/

/bin²⁴⁻²² i²¹/

/bin²⁴⁻²² i⁴¹/

/bin¹³⁻²² i²¹/

/bin²⁴⁻¹¹ i¹¹/

/bin²³⁻³³ i²¹/

(～街道) Minyi (a subdistrict of Jianghan district, Wuhan, Hubei, China)


呂洞賓

ㄌㄩˇ ㄉㄨㄥˋ ㄅㄧㄣ

ㄌㄩˇ ㄉㄨㄥˋ ㄅㄧㄣ

/ly²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʊŋ⁵¹ pin⁵⁵/

/lɵy̯¹³ tʊŋ²² pɐn⁵⁵/

/li³³⁻²¹ tɔŋ³³⁻²¹ pin⁴⁴/

/lu³³⁻¹¹ tɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ pin⁴⁴/

/ly²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʊŋ⁵¹ pin⁵⁵/

/lɵy̯¹³ tʊŋ²² pɐn⁵⁵/

/li³³⁻²¹ tɔŋ³³⁻²¹ pin⁴⁴/

/lu³³⁻¹¹ tɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ pin⁴⁴/


會同

/xu̯eɪ̯⁵¹ tʰʊŋ³⁵/

/wuːi̯²² tʰʊŋ²¹/

/hue²²⁻²¹ tɔŋ²⁴/

/hue⁴¹⁻²² tɔŋ²⁴/

/hue²²⁻²¹ tɔŋ¹³/

/hue³³⁻¹¹ tɔŋ²⁴/

/hue³³⁻²¹ tɔŋ²³/

/xu̯eɪ̯⁵¹ tʰʊŋ³⁵/

/wuːi̯²² tʰʊŋ²¹/

/hue²²⁻²¹ tɔŋ²⁴/

/hue⁴¹⁻²² tɔŋ²⁴/

/hue²²⁻²¹ tɔŋ¹³/

/hue³³⁻¹¹ tɔŋ²⁴/

/hue³³⁻²¹ tɔŋ²³/

(～縣) Huitong (a county of Huaihua, Hunan, China)


新興

/ɕin⁵⁵ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ hɪŋ⁵⁵/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ɕin⁵⁵ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ hɪŋ⁵⁵/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ɕin⁵⁵ ɕiŋ⁵¹/

/sɐn⁵⁵ hɪŋ³³/

/ɕin⁵⁵ ɕiŋ⁵¹/

/sɐn⁵⁵ hɪŋ³³/

(～縣) Xinxing (a county of Yunfu, Guangdong, China)

(～區) Sinsing (a district of Kaohsiung, Taiwan)

(～里) an urban village in Tamsui district, New Taipei City, Taiwan


上交

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/sœːŋ¹³ kaːu̯⁵⁵/

/siɔŋ²²⁻²¹ kau⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ³³⁻²¹ kau⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² kau³³/

/siɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ kau⁴⁴/

/siaŋ²²⁻²¹ kau⁴⁴/

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/sœːŋ¹³ kaːu̯⁵⁵/

/siɔŋ²²⁻²¹ kau⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ³³⁻²¹ kau⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² kau³³/

/siɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ kau⁴⁴/

/siaŋ²²⁻²¹ kau⁴⁴/

short for 上海交通大学 (“Shanghai Jiao Tong University”)


小米

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ mi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ miə̯ɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/siːu̯³⁵ mɐi̯¹³/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bi⁵³/

/sio⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ bi⁵⁵⁴/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bi⁵³/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bi⁵³/

/siɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ bi⁴¹/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ mi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ miə̯ɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/siːu̯³⁵ mɐi̯¹³/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bi⁵³/

/sio⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ bi⁵⁵⁴/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bi⁵³/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bi⁵³/

/siɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ bi⁴¹/


滎陽

→ English: Hsing-yang; Xingyang

/ɕiŋ³⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/jɪŋ²¹ jœːŋ²¹/

/ɕiŋ³⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/jɪŋ²¹ jœːŋ²¹/

(～市) Xingyang (a county-level city of Zhengzhou, Henan, China)


申報

/ʂən⁵⁵ pɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² po²¹/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² po²¹/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ po¹¹/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ pɤ²¹/

/siŋ³³⁻²³ po²¹³/

/ʂən⁵⁵ pɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² po²¹/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² po²¹/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ po¹¹/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ pɤ²¹/

/siŋ³³⁻²³ po²¹³/

Shun Pao, a newspaper published in Shanghai (1872-1949).


荷花

/xɤ³⁵ xu̯ä⁵⁵/

/xɤ³⁵ xu̯ɑɻ⁵⁵/

/hɔː²¹ faː⁵⁵/

/ho⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ua⁵⁵/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ hue⁴⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻²² hue⁴⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻²² hue³³/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ hue⁴⁴/

/ho¹³⁻²² hua⁴⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ hua⁴⁴/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ hua⁴⁴/

/ho⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hue³³/

/xo¹³ ɸa̠³³/

/xɤ³⁵ xu̯ä⁵⁵/

/xɤ³⁵ xu̯ɑɻ⁵⁵/

/hɔː²¹ faː⁵⁵/

/ho⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ua⁵⁵/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ hue⁴⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻²² hue⁴⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻²² hue³³/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ hue⁴⁴/

/ho¹³⁻²² hua⁴⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ hua⁴⁴/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ hua⁴⁴/

/ho⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hue³³/

/xo¹³ ɸa̠³³/

(～鎮) Hehua (a town in Yuan'an, Yichang, Hubei, China)


仁愛

/ʐən³⁵ ˀaɪ̯⁵¹/

/jɐn²¹ ɔːi̯³³/

/d͡zin¹³⁻²² ai²¹/

/zin²³⁻³³ ai²¹/

/lin²⁴⁻²² ai⁴¹/

/lin²⁴⁻²² ai²¹/

/lin²⁴⁻¹¹ ai¹¹/

/ʐən³⁵ ˀaɪ̯⁵¹/

/jɐn²¹ ɔːi̯³³/

/d͡zin¹³⁻²² ai²¹/

/zin²³⁻³³ ai²¹/

/lin²⁴⁻²² ai⁴¹/

/lin²⁴⁻²² ai²¹/

/lin²⁴⁻¹¹ ai¹¹/

(～區) Ren-ai (a district of Keelung, Taiwan)

(～鄉) Ren-ai, Ren'ai (a mountain indigenous township in Nantou County, Taiwan)

(～里, formerly ～村) an urban village in Linkou district, New Taipei City, Taiwan, formerly a rural village


天秤座

ㄊㄧㄢ ㄔㄥˋ ㄗㄨㄛˋ

ㄊㄧㄢ ㄆㄧㄥˊ ㄗㄨㄛˋ

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡su̯ɔ⁵¹/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵ t͡su̯ɔ⁵¹/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ pʰɪŋ²¹ t͡sɔː²²/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡su̯ɔ⁵¹/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵ t͡su̯ɔ⁵¹/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ pʰɪŋ²¹ t͡sɔː²²/


渡口

/tu⁵¹ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tu²¹³ kʰəu⁵³/

/tou̯²² hɐu̯³⁵/

/tu⁴⁵ kʰəu⁵³/

/tɔ²²⁻²¹ kʰau⁵³/

/tɔ⁴¹⁻²² kʰau⁵⁵⁴/

/tɔ²²⁻²¹ kʰau⁵³/

/tɔ³³⁻¹¹ kʰau⁵³/

/tɔ³³⁻²¹ kʰau⁴¹/

/du²² kʰɤ⁴⁴/

/təu̯²¹⁻¹¹ kʰəu̯⁴¹/

/tu⁵¹ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tu²¹³ kʰəu⁵³/

/tou̯²² hɐu̯³⁵/

/tu⁴⁵ kʰəu⁵³/

/tɔ²²⁻²¹ kʰau⁵³/

/tɔ⁴¹⁻²² kʰau⁵⁵⁴/

/tɔ²²⁻²¹ kʰau⁵³/

/tɔ³³⁻¹¹ kʰau⁵³/

/tɔ³³⁻²¹ kʰau⁴¹/

/du²² kʰɤ⁴⁴/

/təu̯²¹⁻¹¹ kʰəu̯⁴¹/

(～市) former name of 攀枝花 (pānzhīhuā, “Panzhihua”) (used between 1965 and 1987)


民主

/min³⁵ ʈ͡ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mɐn²¹ t͡syː³⁵/

/bin²⁴⁻²² t͡su⁵³/

/bin²⁴⁻²² t͡su⁵⁵⁴/

/bin¹³⁻²² t͡su⁵³/

/bin²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡su⁵³/

/bin²³⁻³³ t͡su⁴¹/

/miŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡su⁵²/

/min³⁵ ʈ͡ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mɐn²¹ t͡syː³⁵/

/bin²⁴⁻²² t͡su⁵³/

/bin²⁴⁻²² t͡su⁵⁵⁴/

/bin¹³⁻²² t͡su⁵³/

/bin²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡su⁵³/

/bin²³⁻³³ t͡su⁴¹/

/miŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡su⁵²/

In Classical Chinese, 民主 meant "sovereign", as in 民之主, or "ruler of the people". This was repurposed in the mid-1860s to mean "democracy", "democratic" during the translation of the book Elements of International Law.

(～村) Minzhu (a village in Zhonglu, Lichuan, Enshi prefecture, Hubei, China)


化成

/xu̯ä⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/xu̯ä⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

(～郡) Former name of Myonggan, a county of North Hamgyong Province, North Korea


建章殿

ㄐㄧㄢˋ ㄓㄤ ㄉㄧㄢˋ

ㄐㄧㄢˋ ㄓㄤ ㄉㄧㄢˋ

цзяньчжандянь

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂɑŋ⁵⁵ ti̯ɛn⁵¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂɑŋ⁵⁵ ti̯ɛn⁵¹/

Jianzhang was originally the name of a palace hall in the ancient city of Chang'an. Later on, it also came to refer generically to any palace hall.

(archaic) Jianzhang Hall (the name of a palace hall in ancient Chang'an)


建章

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂɑŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂɑŋ⁵⁵/


南越

/nän³⁵ ɥɛ⁵¹/

/lam²⁴⁻²² uat̚²⁴/

/lam¹³⁻²² uat̚¹²¹/

/nän³⁵ ɥɛ⁵¹/

/lam²⁴⁻²² uat̚²⁴/

/lam¹³⁻²² uat̚¹²¹/

(～國) (historical) Nanyue (the Zhao Dynasty's successor state to the Qin Empire in modern-day Guangdong, Guangxi, and northern Vietnam)

area around modern Guangdong and Guangxi

South Vietnam
South Vietnam#English:_Q180573

(historical) South Vietnam (a former country in Southeast Asia that governed southern Vietnam from 1955 to 1975)


紫微垣

/t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ weɪ̯⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ weɪ̯³⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ weɪ̯⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ weɪ̯³⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/


紫微

/t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ weɪ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ weɪ̯³⁵/

/t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ weɪ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ weɪ̯³⁵/


帝星

/ti⁵¹ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/tɐi̯³³ sɪŋ⁵⁵/

/ti⁵¹ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/tɐi̯³³ sɪŋ⁵⁵/

It is located in the middle of the constellation known as Purple Forbidden enclosure (紫微垣), which resembles an imperial palace. Consequently, many of the stars were named for the person or building that might have been located in a given part of the palace.


扶南

Related to Modern Khmer ភ្នំ (phnum, “mountain”).

(historical) Funan (an ancient pre-Angkor Indianized kingdom located around the Mekong Delta)


永昌

/jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/wɪŋ¹³ t͡sʰœːŋ⁵⁵/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ³³/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/iɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/wɪŋ¹³ t͡sʰœːŋ⁵⁵/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ³³/

/iɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ³³/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/iɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/iɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

(～縣) Yongchang (a county of Jinchang, Gansu, China)

(historical) the Yongchang era (a Chinese era name):

The third era of Emperor Yuan of Jin, from 322 to 323.

Emperor Ruizong
w:Emperor Ruizong of Tang

The fourth era of Emperor Ruizong of Tang, in 689.

The era of Li Zicheng as emperor of Shun, from 1644 to 1645.


安全理事會

ㄢ ㄑㄩㄢˊ ㄌㄧˇ ㄕˋ ㄏㄨㄟˋ

ㄢ ㄑㄩㄢˊ ㄌㄧˇ ㄕˋ ㄏㄨㄟˋ

Аньцюань Лишихуэй

/ˀän⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ xu̯eɪ̯⁵¹/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ t͡sʰyːn²¹ lei̯¹³ siː²² wuːi̯²²⁻³⁵/


荊山

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

Mount Jing (west of Nanzhang County, Hubei)


始皇

/ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰiː³⁵ wɔːŋ²¹/

/*l̥əʔ [ɢ]ʷˤaŋ/

/ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰiː³⁵ wɔːŋ²¹/


洞庭湖

ㄉㄨㄥˋ ㄊㄧㄥˊ ㄏㄨˊ

ㄉㄨㄥˋ ㄊㄧㄥˊ ㄏㄨˊ

/tʊŋ⁵¹ tʰiŋ³⁵ xu³⁵/

/tʊŋ²² tʰɪŋ²¹ wuː²¹/

/tʊŋ⁵¹ tʰiŋ³⁵ xu³⁵/

/tʊŋ²² tʰɪŋ²¹ wuː²¹/

Lake Dongting (a lake northeastern Hunan, China)


洞庭

/tʊŋ⁵¹ tʰiŋ³⁵/

/tʊŋ²² tʰɪŋ²¹/

/tʊŋ⁵¹ tʰiŋ³⁵/

/tʊŋ²² tʰɪŋ²¹/

(～湖) Lake Dongting (a lake northeastern Hunan, China)

(～社區) Dongting (a community in Yiyuan, Jiang'an district, Wuhan, Hubei, China)


華陰

/xu̯ä⁵¹ in⁵⁵/

/waː²² jɐm⁵⁵/

/xu̯ä⁵¹ in⁵⁵/

/waː²² jɐm⁵⁵/

Yin (north) of Mount Hua; based on Yin and yang toponymy in which north is associated with yin. Huayin is situated to the north of Mount Hua.

(～市, formerly ～縣) Huayin (a county-level city of Weinan, Shaanxi, China)


祖龍

/t͡su²¹⁴⁻²¹ lʊŋ³⁵/

/t͡su²¹⁴⁻²¹ lʊŋ³⁵/

Literally: the founding (i.e. the one who founded the empire) dragon

Qin Shihuang's soubriquet (259 B.C.E. - 210 B.C.E.)


子嬰

/t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ iŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡siː³⁵ jɪŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ iŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡siː³⁵ jɪŋ⁵⁵/


漢高祖

/xän⁵¹ kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ t͡su²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/xän⁵¹ kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ t͡su²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Emperor Gaozu of Han (256 B.C.E. or 247 B.C.E.–June 1, 195 B.C.E.)


孝元

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

Empress Dowager Xiaoyuan (69 B.C.E. – 13)


夸父

/kʰu̯ä⁵⁵ fu⁵¹/

/kʰu̯ä⁵⁵ fu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʰu̯ä⁵⁵ fu⁵¹/

/kʰu̯ä⁵⁵ fu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

(Chinese mythology) Kua Fu (giant who wished to capture the Sun)


宜陽

/jiː²¹ jœːŋ²¹/

/jiː²¹ jœːŋ²¹/

(～縣) Yiyang (a county of Luoyang, Henan, China)


南蠻

/nän³⁵ män³⁵/

/ⁿdam³³ ᵐban²²⁻²²⁵/

/nän³⁵ män³⁵/

/ⁿdam³³ ᵐban²²⁻²²⁵/

(derogatory, chiefly historical) the "Southern Barbarians", a catch-all term for the Yue and other peoples living south of the Chinese cultural sphere (chiefly) in Antiquity


馬特洪峰

ㄇㄚˇ ㄊㄜˋ ㄏㄨㄥˊ ㄈㄥ

ㄇㄚˇ ㄊㄜˋ ㄏㄨㄥˊ ㄈㄥ

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰɤ⁵¹ xʊŋ³⁵ fɤŋ⁵⁵/

/maː¹³ tɐk̚² hʊŋ²¹ fʊŋ⁵⁵/

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰɤ⁵¹ xʊŋ³⁵ fɤŋ⁵⁵/

/maː¹³ tɐk̚² hʊŋ²¹ fʊŋ⁵⁵/


泰諾

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ nu̯ɔ⁵¹/

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ nu̯ɔ⁵¹/


福建

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (福建):
* → Japanese: 福(ふっ)建(けん) (Fukken)
* → Okinawan: 福(ふ)建(ちゃん) (Fuchan)
* → Korean: 복건(福建) (Bokgeon)
* → Vietnamese: Phúc Kiến (福建)

desc

→ English: Fujian, Fuhkien, Fukien, Fu-chien, Fookien, Fokien, Hokkien

→ Georgian: ფუძიენი (puʒieni)

→ Khmer: ហុកកៀន (hokkiən)

→ Korean: 푸젠 (Pujen)

→ Malay: Fujian, Hokkien, Hokkian

→ Russian: Фуцзя́нь (Fuczjánʹ), фуцзя́нец (fuczjánec)

→ Spanish: Fujian, Fokien, Fukién

→ Tagalog: Fukien, Hokkien

→ Thai: ฝูเจี้ยน, ฮกเกี้ยน

→ Thai: ฝูเจี้ยน, ฮกเกี้ยน

/fu³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/huʔ²⁴⁻⁵⁵ kyɔŋ²¹³/

/hɒʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ kœŋ⁴²/

/hɒʔ²⁻⁴ kyøŋ⁴²/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ kiɛn¹¹/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ kiɛn²¹/

/hɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ kiɛn⁴¹/

/hɔk̚³⁻⁴ kiɛn²¹/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁵ kiɛn²¹/

/hok̚²⁻⁴ kieŋ²¹³/

/hok̚²⁻⁴ kiaŋ²¹³/

/foʔ³³ t͡ɕi⁴⁴/

/foʔ⁵⁵ t͡ɕie²¹/

/fu³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/huʔ²⁴⁻⁵⁵ kyɔŋ²¹³/

/hɒʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ kœŋ⁴²/

/hɒʔ²⁻⁴ kyøŋ⁴²/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ kiɛn¹¹/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ kiɛn²¹/

/hɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ kiɛn⁴¹/

/hɔk̚³⁻⁴ kiɛn²¹/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁵ kiɛn²¹/

/hok̚²⁻⁴ kieŋ²¹³/

/hok̚²⁻⁴ kiaŋ²¹³/

/foʔ³³ t͡ɕi⁴⁴/

/foʔ⁵⁵ t͡ɕie²¹/

Short for 福州 (Fúzhōu) + 建州 (Jiànzhōu), two ancient prefectures in modern Fujian. Coined with the establishment of 福建路 (“Fujian Circuit”) in 985 CE by the Northern Song court.

People's Republic of China
People's Republic of China#English

(～省) Fujian (a province of the People's Republic of China (mainland China), located on the southeastern coast)


麥金利山

ㄇㄞˋ ㄐㄧㄣ ㄌㄧˋ ㄕㄢ

ㄇㄞˋ ㄐㄧㄣ ㄌㄧˋ ㄕㄢ

Майцзиньли Шань

/maɪ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕin⁵⁵ li⁵¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

/maɪ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕin⁵⁵ li⁵¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

Mount McKinley, Denali (a mountain in Alaska, United States)


湖北

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (湖北):
* → Japanese: 湖(こ)北(ほく) (Kohoku)
* → Korean: 호북(湖北) (Hobuk)
* → Vietnamese: Hồ Bắc (湖北)

→ English: Hubei, Hupeh

→ Korean: 후베이 (Hubei)

→ Manchu: ᡥᡡᠪᡝ (hūbe)

→ Mongolian: ᠬᠤᠪᠧᠢ (qubēi)

→ Russian: Хубэ́й (Xubɛ́j)

→ Uyghur: خۇبېي (xubëy)

→ Zhuang: Huzbwz

/xu³⁵ peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/wuː²¹ pɐk̚⁵/

/hu⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βɔyʔ²⁴/

/hɔu¹³⁻⁴² paʔ²¹/

/hɔu²⁴⁻⁴² paʔ²/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² pak̚³²/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² pak̚⁵/

/ɔ¹³⁻²² pak̚³²/

/ɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ pak̚³²/

/ɔ²³⁻³³ pak̚³²/

/ou⁵⁵⁻¹¹ pak̚²/

/ɦu²² poʔ⁴⁴/

/xu³⁵ peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/wuː²¹ pɐk̚⁵/

/hu⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βɔyʔ²⁴/

/hɔu¹³⁻⁴² paʔ²¹/

/hɔu²⁴⁻⁴² paʔ²/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² pak̚³²/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² pak̚⁵/

/ɔ¹³⁻²² pak̚³²/

/ɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ pak̚³²/

/ɔ²³⁻³³ pak̚³²/

/ou⁵⁵⁻¹¹ pak̚²/

/ɦu²² poʔ⁴⁴/

So named as it lies on the north of Lake Dongting.

(～省) Hubei (a province in central China)


粟特

/su⁵¹⁻⁵³ tʰɤ⁵¹/

/sʊk̚⁵ tɐk̚²/

/su⁵¹⁻⁵³ tʰɤ⁵¹/

/sʊk̚⁵ tɐk̚²/

From Sogdian 𐼑𐼇𐼄𐼌𐼀𐼊𐼋 (swɣδʾyk /*suɣdīk/, “a Sogdian”) and related forms, attested in Northern-Dynasties sources.


孟津

/mɤŋ⁵¹ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/maːŋ²² t͡sɵn⁵⁵/

/mɤŋ⁵¹ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/maːŋ²² t͡sɵn⁵⁵/

Mengjin began as an ancient ferry crossing for the Yellow River. According to legend, King Wu of Zhou crossed the Yellow River at this location, after forming an alliance (盟/méng/alliance + 津/jīn/ferry crossing) with the other nobles. One theory goes that the original name was actually 盟津 (literally: the ferry crossing of the alliance) rather than 孟津 (盟 and 孟 are both rendered as Meng). According to this theory, it was only in later times that the character 盟 was mistakenly replaced by 孟. The ferry crossing was an important strategic location during times of war.

ltc-l

會盟 (MC hwajH mjaeng, “to meet and form an alliance”)

(～區, formerly ～縣) Mengjin (a district and former county of Luoyang, Henan, China)

(historical) the site of a ferry crossing for the Yellow River (located in the northeastern part of present day Mengjin County)


酸棗

/su̯än⁵⁵ t͡sɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sŋ̍⁴⁴⁻²² t͡so⁵³/

/su̯än⁵⁵ t͡sɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sŋ̍⁴⁴⁻²² t͡so⁵³/

The place is named as where the plant produced.

(archaic) Suanzao (southwest of present day Yanjin County, Henan)


敖倉

/ˀɑʊ̯³⁵ t͡sʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/ˀɑʊ̯³⁵ t͡sʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

The Aocang Granary was built on top of Mount Mang during the Qin Dynasty for the purpose of storing grains and cereals. Later on, this term came to refer to granaries in general.

(archaic) Aocang Granary (a granary which was located atop Mount Mang)


轘轅

/xu̯än³⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/xu̯än⁵¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

/xu̯än³⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/xu̯än⁵¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

Huanyuan Mountain; Huanyuan Pass (the site of an ancient strategic mountain pass, located approximately 3 kilometers northwest of the Shaolin Monastery in Henan)


大谷

/tä⁵¹ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tä⁵¹ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

(archaic) Dagu Pass (a strategic pass to the south of Luoyang)

An orthographic borrowing of the Japanese surname 大谷 (Ōtani)


阿姆斯特丹

ㄚ ㄇㄨˇ ㄙ ㄊㄜˋ ㄉㄢ

ㄚ ㄇㄨˇ ㄙ ㄊㄜˋ ㄉㄢ

/ˀä⁵⁵ mu²¹⁴⁻²¹ sz̩⁵⁵ tʰɤ⁵¹ tän⁵⁵/

/aː³³ mou̯¹³ siː⁵⁵ tɐk̚² taːn⁵⁵/

/a³³ bu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sɯ³³ tiak̚²⁴⁻² tan³³/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ su⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚⁴⁻³² tan⁴⁴/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² bo⁵³⁻⁴⁴ su⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ tan⁴⁴/

/ˀä⁵⁵ mu²¹⁴⁻²¹ sz̩⁵⁵ tʰɤ⁵¹ tän⁵⁵/

/aː³³ mou̯¹³ siː⁵⁵ tɐk̚² taːn⁵⁵/

/a³³ bu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sɯ³³ tiak̚²⁴⁻² tan³³/

Amsterdam (a city, the capital city of the Netherlands)


武關

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ ku̯än⁵⁵/

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ ku̯än⁵⁵/

Wuguan was one of four strategic mountain passes along the southern border of the ancient state of Qin.


山西

/ʂän⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/

/saːn⁵⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/san²⁴⁻¹¹ si²⁴/

/saŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nɛ⁵⁵/

/ɬaŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ^((ɬ-))ne⁵³³/

/ɬaŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ^((ɬ-))ne⁵⁴⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² sai⁴⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ se⁴⁴/

/sũã³³⁻²³ sai³³/

/ʂän⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/

/saːn⁵⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/san²⁴⁻¹¹ si²⁴/

/saŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nɛ⁵⁵/

/ɬaŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ^((ɬ-))ne⁵³³/

/ɬaŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ^((ɬ-))ne⁵⁴⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² sai⁴⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ se⁴⁴/

/sũã³³⁻²³ sai³³/

(～省) Shanxi (a province in the northern part of China)

(historical, specifically) a geographical area to the west of the Taihang Mountains

(historical, specifically) a geographical area to the west of Mount Hua


高平

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ pʰɪŋ²¹/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ pʰɪŋ²¹/

(～縣) (historical) Gaoping County (of Shanyang Commandery) (ancient county in present-day Shandong province, China)

(～市) Gaoping (a county-level city of Jincheng, Shanxi, China)

(～省) Cao Bằng Province (a province of Vietnam)


魯國

/lu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/lou̯¹³ kʷɔːk̚³/

/lu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/lou̯¹³ kʷɔːk̚³/


中廬

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ lu³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ lu³⁵/

(archaic) Zhonglu (southwest of present day Xiangyang, Hubei)


襄陽

desc

→ English: Xiangyang, Siangyang, Siang-yang, Hsiang-yang

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² iɔŋ²⁴/

/siɔŋ³³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² iɔŋ¹³/

/siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ iɔŋ²³/

/ɕiã⁵⁵ ɦiã²¹/

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² iɔŋ²⁴/

/siɔŋ³³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² iɔŋ¹³/

/siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ iɔŋ²³/

/ɕiã⁵⁵ ɦiã²¹/

Book of Documents
Fancheng
Han River (Hubei and Shaanxi)
Mount Hua

Surprisingly unclear.
襄 (xiāng) is speculated to imply "tall and prone to floods", which is recorded in the Book of Documents. The city precincts received chronic floods up until the 1930's.
The term 陽／阳 (yáng, “sunny”) is typically used to refer to establishments on the north bank of a river or the south side of a mountain. Xiangyang is, however, situated north of Mount Hua and on the south bank of the Han River. The settlement north of the Han is Fancheng).
Several theories have been proposed, though very little geographical evidence has been found for any of them. Some include:
* The Han River may have flowed south of Xiangyang, hence the modern-day bend just east of the city
* There was a small river called the Xiang that used to flow south of the city
* There was a "Mount Xiang" in the past that was north of Xiangyang

(～市) Xiangyang (a prefecture-level city of Hubei, China)

(～區) (historical) Xiangyang (a district of Xiangfan, Hubei, China)

(～郡) Yangyang (a county of Gangwon Province, South Korea)


佳木斯

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ mu⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵/

/kaːi̯⁵⁵ mʊk̚² siː⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ mu⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵/

/kaːi̯⁵⁵ mʊk̚² siː⁵⁵/

Borrowed from Manchu ᡤᡳᠶᠠᠮᡠᠰᡳ (giyamusi).

(～市) Jiamusi (a prefecture-level city of Heilongjiang, China)


磐河

/pʰän³⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/pʰän³⁵ xɤ³⁵/

(archaic) The Pan River (an ancient river that was located near present day Ling County, Shandong)


觀世音

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (觀世音):
* → Japanese: 観(かん)世(ぜ)音(おん) (Kanzeon)
* → Korean: 관세음(觀世音) (Gwanseeum)
* → Vietnamese: Quan Thế Âm (觀世音), Quán Thế Âm (觀世音)

/ku̯än⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹ in⁵⁵/

/kuːn⁵⁵ sɐi̯³³ jɐm⁵⁵/

/kuaŋ⁵⁵⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾ni²¹³⁻⁵⁵ iŋ⁵⁵/

/kuan⁴⁴⁻²² se²¹⁻⁵³ im⁴⁴/

/kuan³³ se⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ im³³/

/kuan⁴⁴⁻²² se²¹⁻⁵³ im⁴⁴/

/kuan⁴⁴⁻³³ se¹¹⁻⁵³ im⁴⁴/

/kuan⁴⁴⁻³³ se²¹⁻⁴¹ im⁴⁴/

/ku̯än⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹ in⁵⁵/

/kuːn⁵⁵ sɐi̯³³ jɐm⁵⁵/

/kuaŋ⁵⁵⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾ni²¹³⁻⁵⁵ iŋ⁵⁵/

/kuan⁴⁴⁻²² se²¹⁻⁵³ im⁴⁴/

/kuan³³ se⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ im³³/

/kuan⁴⁴⁻²² se²¹⁻⁵³ im⁴⁴/

/kuan⁴⁴⁻³³ se¹¹⁻⁵³ im⁴⁴/

/kuan⁴⁴⁻³³ se²¹⁻⁴¹ im⁴⁴/

“One who perceives the sound of the world”. See 觀音／观音 (Guānyīn).

zh-l

觀音／观音 (Guānyīn)

～菩薩 觀世音菩薩#Chinese


大乘佛教

ㄉㄚˋ ㄔㄥˊ ㄈㄛˊ ㄐㄧㄠˋ

ㄉㄚˋ ㄕㄥˋ ㄈㄛˊ ㄐㄧㄠˋ

Дачэн Фоцзяо

/tä⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ fu̯ɔ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

Дашэн Фоцзяо

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂɤŋ⁵¹ fu̯ɔ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/taːi̯²² sɪŋ²² fɐt̚² kaːu̯³³/

/tä⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ fu̯ɔ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂɤŋ⁵¹ fu̯ɔ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/taːi̯²² sɪŋ²² fɐt̚² kaːu̯³³/


大乘

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (大乘):
* → Japanese: 大(だい)乗(じょう) (daijō)
* → Korean: 대승(大乘) (daeseung)
* → Vietnamese: Đại thừa (大乘)

/tä⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂɤŋ⁵¹/

/taːi̯²² sɪŋ²²/

/tai²²⁻²¹ siɪŋ²⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² siɪŋ²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ siɪŋ¹³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ siɪŋ²⁴/

/tai³³⁻²¹ siɪŋ²³/

/tä⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂɤŋ⁵¹/

/taːi̯²² sɪŋ²²/

/tai²²⁻²¹ siɪŋ²⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² siɪŋ²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ siɪŋ¹³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ siɪŋ²⁴/

/tai³³⁻²¹ siɪŋ²³/


燕代

/jɛn⁵⁵ taɪ̯⁵¹/

/jɛn⁵⁵ taɪ̯⁵¹/

(archaic) the area which spans the ancient states of Yan (in present day Hebei) and Dai (northeast of present day Yu County)


太和殿

ㄊㄞˋ ㄏㄜˊ ㄉㄧㄢˋ

ㄊㄞˋ ㄏㄜˊ ㄉㄧㄢˋ

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ xɤ³⁵ ti̯ɛn⁵¹/

/tʰaːi̯³³ wɔː²¹ tiːn²²/

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ xɤ³⁵ ti̯ɛn⁵¹/

/tʰaːi̯³³ wɔː²¹ tiːn²²/

Hall of Supreme Harmony (the largest hall within the Forbidden City in Beijing, China)


冷戰

/lɤŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂän⁵¹/

/laːŋ¹³ t͡siːn³³/

/liɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siɛn²¹/

/liɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡siɛn⁴¹/

/liɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siɛn²¹/

/liɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siɛn¹¹/

/liɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡siɛn²¹/

/lɤŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂän⁵¹/

/laːŋ¹³ t͡siːn³³/

/liɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siɛn²¹/

/liɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡siɛn⁴¹/

/liɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siɛn²¹/

/liɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siɛn¹¹/

/liɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡siɛn²¹/


阮朝

/ʐu̯än²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵/

/ʐu̯än²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵/

Nguyen dynasty (a dynasty of Vietnam (1802–1945))


GG

/ku⁵⁵ g̊oʊ̯²/

/ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ kɤ⁵⁵/

/ku⁵⁵ g̊oʊ̯²/

/ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ kɤ⁵⁵/


孔夫子

Sino-Xenic (孔夫子):
* → Japanese: 孔(こう)夫(ふう)子(し) (Kōfūshi)
* → Korean: 공부자(孔夫子) (Gongbuja)
* → Vietnamese: Khổng Phu Tử (孔夫子)

desc

→ Classical Mongolian: ᠺᠦᠩᠹᠦᠽᠢ (küngfüzi)

Mongolian: ᠺᠦᠩᠹᠦᠽᠢ (küngfüzi), Күнфүз (Künfüz)

→ Finnish: Kungfutse, Konfutse

→ Indonesian: Konghucu, Khonghucu, Kong Hu Cu, Khong Hu Cu

→ Latin: Confucius

→ English: Confucius

→ French: Confucius

→ German: Konfuzius

→ Italian: Confucio

→ Portuguese: Confúcio

⇒ Russian: Конфуцій (Konfucij), Конфуций (Konfucij)

→ Spanish: Confucio

→ Manchu: ᡴᡠᠩᡶᡠᡯ (kungfudz)

→ Tibetan: ཁུང་ཧྥུ་ཙི (khung hphu tsi)

/kʰʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ fu⁵⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hʊŋ³⁵ fuː⁵⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

/kʰuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ fu²⁴ t͡sɨ³¹/

/kʰɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ hu³³ t͡sɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/kʰɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hu⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡su⁵³/

/kʰɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hu⁴⁴⁻²² t͡su⁵³/

/kʰɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ hu⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡su⁴¹/

/kʰoŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ hu³³⁻²³ t͡sɯ⁵²/

/kʰʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ fu⁵⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hʊŋ³⁵ fuː⁵⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

/kʰuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ fu²⁴ t͡sɨ³¹/

/kʰɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ hu³³ t͡sɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/kʰɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hu⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡su⁵³/

/kʰɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hu⁴⁴⁻²² t͡su⁵³/

/kʰɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ hu⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡su⁴¹/

/kʰoŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ hu³³⁻²³ t͡sɯ⁵²/


五代十國

ㄨˇ ㄉㄞˋ ㄕˊ ㄍㄨㄛˊ

ㄨˇ ㄉㄞˋ ㄕˊ ㄍㄨㄛˊ

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ taɪ̯⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/ŋ̍¹³ tɔːi̯²² sɐp̚² kʷɔːk̚³/

/ŋ̍³¹ tʰoi̯⁵⁵ sɨp̚⁵ ku̯et̚²/

/ŋ²⁴⁻³³ tʰoi³³ ʃip² kuet⁵/

/ŋu³³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lɑi²⁴² sɛiʔ⁵⁻²¹ kuɔʔ²⁴/

gou³ dai⁵ sih⁷ gorh⁶ [Phonetic:gou² dai⁵ sih⁴ gorh⁶]

/kɔu⁴⁵³⁻¹³ tai¹¹ ɬiʔ⁴⁻⁴² kɒʔ²¹/

gou³ dai⁵ sih⁷ gorh⁶ [Phonetic:gou² dai⁵ sih⁷ gorh⁶]

/kɔu³³²⁻²⁴ tai²¹ ɬiʔ⁴ kɒʔ²/

/ɡɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tai⁴¹⁻²² sip̚²⁴⁻² kɔk̚⁵/

/ŋɔ̃⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tai³³⁻²¹ sip̚⁴⁻³² kɔk̚³²/

/ŋɔ̃⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tai²²⁻²¹ sip̚⁴⁻³² kɔk̚³²/

/ŋɔ̃⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tai²²⁻²¹ sip̚¹²¹⁻²¹ kɔk̚³²/

/ŋɔ̃⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tai³³⁻¹¹ sip̚⁴⁻³² kɔk̚³²/

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ taɪ̯⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/ŋ̍¹³ tɔːi̯²² sɐp̚² kʷɔːk̚³/

/ŋ̍³¹ tʰoi̯⁵⁵ sɨp̚⁵ ku̯et̚²/

/ŋ²⁴⁻³³ tʰoi³³ ʃip² kuet⁵/

/ŋu³³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lɑi²⁴² sɛiʔ⁵⁻²¹ kuɔʔ²⁴/

/kɔu⁴⁵³⁻¹³ tai¹¹ ɬiʔ⁴⁻⁴² kɒʔ²¹/

/kɔu³³²⁻²⁴ tai²¹ ɬiʔ⁴ kɒʔ²/

/ɡɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tai⁴¹⁻²² sip̚²⁴⁻² kɔk̚⁵/

/ŋɔ̃⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tai³³⁻²¹ sip̚⁴⁻³² kɔk̚³²/

/ŋɔ̃⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tai²²⁻²¹ sip̚⁴⁻³² kɔk̚³²/

/ŋɔ̃⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tai²²⁻²¹ sip̚¹²¹⁻²¹ kɔk̚³²/

/ŋɔ̃⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tai³³⁻¹¹ sip̚⁴⁻³² kɔk̚³²/

the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period (907–979)

Cao Wei
Chen dynasty
Eastern Han dynasty
Eastern Wei
Eastern Wu
Eastern Zhou dynasty
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
Han dynasty
Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
Jin dynasty (265–420)
Liang dynasty
Liao dynasty
Liu Song dynasty
Ming dynasty
Northern Qi
Northern Wei
Northern Zhou
Northern and Southern dynasties
Qin dynasty
Qing dynasty
Shang dynasty
Shu Han
Song dynasty
Southern Qi
Southern and Northern dynasties
Spring and Autumn period
Sui dynasty
Tang dynasty
Three Kingdoms
Warring States period
Western Han dynasty
Western Liao
Western Wei
Western Xia
Western Zhou dynasty
Xia dynasty
Xin dynasty
Yuan dynasty
Zhou dynasty


福島

/fu³⁵ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fu³⁵ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 福(ふく)島(しま) (Fukushima).

(～市) Fukushima (a city in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan)


交州

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kaːu̯⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kaːu̯⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

(historical) Jiaozhou (a province of imperial China, located in modern Guangxi and Vietnam)

(historical) Jiaozhou (a province of imperial China, located in modern Gansu)


燕京

/jɛn⁵⁵ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/jiːn⁵⁵ kɪŋ⁵⁵/

/jɛn⁵⁵ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/jiːn⁵⁵ kɪŋ⁵⁵/

The archaic name for Beijing, being the name of the capital of the state of Yan, one of the powers of the Warring States period.


潮汕

→ English: Chaoshan, Teoswa

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ʂän⁵¹/

/t͡sʰiːu̯²¹ saːn³³/

/tio²⁴⁻²² suã²¹/

/tio²⁴⁻²² suã⁴¹/

/tio¹³⁻²² suã²¹/

/tio²⁴⁻¹¹ suã¹¹/

/tiɤ²³⁻³³ suã²¹/

/tie⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sũã³³/

/tio⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sũã³³/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ʂän⁵¹/

/t͡sʰiːu̯²¹ saːn³³/

/tio²⁴⁻²² suã²¹/

/tio²⁴⁻²² suã⁴¹/

/tio¹³⁻²² suã²¹/

/tio²⁴⁻¹¹ suã¹¹/

/tiɤ²³⁻³³ suã²¹/

/tie⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sũã³³/

/tio⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sũã³³/

Short for 潮州 (Cháozhōu) + 汕頭／汕头 (Shàntóu).

zh-etym-short

潮汕民系

Chaoshan (a region in northeastern Guangdong, China)


堤岸

/ti⁵⁵ ˀän⁵¹/

/tʰi³⁵ ˀän⁵¹/

/tʰɐi̯²¹ ŋɔːn²²/

/tʰe²⁴⁻²² huã²²/

/tʰe²⁴⁻²² huã⁴¹/

/tʰe¹³⁻²² huã²²/

/tʰe²⁴⁻¹¹ huã³³/

/tʰe²³⁻³³ huã³³/

/ti⁵⁵ ˀän⁵¹/

/tʰi³⁵ ˀän⁵¹/

/tʰɐi̯²¹ ŋɔːn²²/

/tʰe²⁴⁻²² huã²²/

/tʰe²⁴⁻²² huã⁴¹/

/tʰe¹³⁻²² huã²²/

/tʰe²⁴⁻¹¹ huã³³/

/tʰe²³⁻³³ huã³³/

;Cholon
:See Sài Gòn for further etymology.

Cholon (the Chinatown of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam)


喀什

→ English: Kashi, K'a-shih, K'o-shih

/kʰä⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/kʰä⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/kʰä⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/kʰä⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

(～地區) Kashgar, Kashi (a prefecture of the Xinjiang autonomous region, China)

(～市) Kashgar, Kashi (a county-level city of Kashgar Prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


喀什

From Mongolian Хаш (Xaš), from Mongolian хаш (xaš, “jade”).

/kʰä⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/kʰä⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/kʰä⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/kʰä⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

(～河) Kash (a river in Ili prefecture, Xinjiang, China)

(～鎮, formerly ～鄉) Kashi, Qash (a town and former township on the Kash in Yining, Ili prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


中華民族

→ Zhuang: Cunghvaz Minzcuz

ㄓㄨㄥ ㄏㄨㄚˊ ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄗㄨˊ

ㄓㄨㄥ ㄏㄨㄚˊ ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄗㄨˊ

Чжунхуа миньцзу

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä³⁵ min³⁵ t͡su³⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ waː²¹ mɐn²¹ t͡sʊk̚²/

/tyŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua⁵³ miŋ⁵³⁻³³ ^((t͡s-))ʒuʔ⁵/

doeng¹ hua² ming² zorh⁷ [Phonetic:doeng⁵ hua² ming⁵ zorh⁷]

/tœŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ hua¹³ miŋ¹³⁻¹¹ t͡sɒʔ⁴/

doeng¹ hua² ming² zorh⁷ [Phonetic:doeng⁵ ngua² ming⁵ norh⁷]

/tœŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua¹³ miŋ¹³⁻¹¹ ^((t͡s-))nɒʔ⁴/

dyoeng¹ hua² ming² zorh⁷ [Phonetic:dyoeng⁵ hua² ming⁵ zorh⁷]

/tyøŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ hua²⁴ miŋ²⁴⁻²¹ t͡sɒʔ⁴/

dyoeng¹ hua² ming² zorh⁷ [Phonetic:dyoeng⁵ ngua² ming⁵ norh⁷]

/tyøŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua²⁴ miŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ^((t͡s-))nɒʔ⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua²⁴⁻²² bin²⁴⁻²² t͡sɔk̚⁴/

/tiɔŋ³³ hua²⁴⁻²² bin²⁴⁻²² t͡sɔk̚²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua¹³⁻²² bin¹³⁻²² t͡sɔk̚¹²¹/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²⁴⁻¹¹ bin²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sɔk̚⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²³⁻³³ bin²³⁻³³ t͡sɔk̚⁴/

/toŋ³³⁻²³ hua⁵⁵⁻¹¹ miŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sok̚⁴/

/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ ɦo³³ min²² zoʔ⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä³⁵ min³⁵ t͡su³⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ waː²¹ mɐn²¹ t͡sʊk̚²/

/tœŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ hua¹³ miŋ¹³⁻¹¹ t͡sɒʔ⁴/

/tyøŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ hua²⁴ miŋ²⁴⁻²¹ t͡sɒʔ⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua²⁴⁻²² bin²⁴⁻²² t͡sɔk̚⁴/

/tiɔŋ³³ hua²⁴⁻²² bin²⁴⁻²² t͡sɔk̚²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua¹³⁻²² bin¹³⁻²² t͡sɔk̚¹²¹/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²⁴⁻¹¹ bin²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sɔk̚⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²³⁻³³ bin²³⁻³³ t͡sɔk̚⁴/

/toŋ³³⁻²³ hua⁵⁵⁻¹¹ miŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sok̚⁴/

/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ ɦo³³ min²² zoʔ⁴⁴/

Filial piety is a traditional virtue of the Chinese people.

Xiàoshùn shì zhōnghuá mínzú de chuántǒng měidé.

孝順是中華民族的傳統美德。

孝顺是中华民族的传统美德。

(Can we date this quote?), “義勇軍進行曲 [Yìyǒngjūn Jìnxíngqǔ, March of the Volunteers]”, 田漢 [Tian Han] (lyrics):

The Chinese nation faces its greatest peril.

zhōnghuá mínzú dào liǎo zuì wēixiǎn de shíhòu

中華民族到了最危險的時候

中华民族到了最危险的时候

the Chinese nation; the Chinese ethnic peoples (a supra-ethnic concept of a Chinese nationality, which includes the Han Chinese as well as the Zhuang, Tibetans, and other established ethnic groups who have lived within the borders of China since at least the Qing dynasty, 1644–1911)


陳朝

/ʈ͡ʂʰən³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵/

/t͡sʰɐn²¹ t͡sʰiːu̯²¹/

/tiŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nieu⁵³/

/ʈ͡ʂʰən³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵/

/t͡sʰɐn²¹ t͡sʰiːu̯²¹/

/tiŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nieu⁵³/

(Chinese history) the Chen dynasty (557-589), one of the southern dynasties of China

(Vietnamese history) the Trần dynasty (1225-1400)


常山

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/sœːŋ²¹ saːn⁵⁵/

/siɔŋ²⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ²⁴⁻²² san³³/

/siɔŋ¹³⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ san⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ²³⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/sœːŋ²¹ saːn⁵⁵/

/siɔŋ²⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ²⁴⁻²² san³³/

/siɔŋ¹³⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ san⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ²³⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

(～郡) (historical) Changshan Commandery (near present-day Shijiazhuang)

(～縣) Changshan (a county of Quzhou, Zhejiang, China)

(used to avoid naming taboo) Alternative term for 恆山／恒山 (Héng Shān, “Mount Heng”).


真定

/ʈ͡ʂən⁵⁵ tiŋ⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂən⁵⁵ tiŋ⁵¹/

(archaic) Zhending County (now known as Zhengding County)


羌人

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ʐən³⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ʐən³⁵/


切羅基

ㄑㄧㄝˋ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄐㄧ

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛ⁵⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ t͡ɕi⁵⁵/

ㄑㄧㄝˋ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄐㄧ

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛ⁵¹ lu̯ɔ³⁵ t͡ɕi⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰiːt̚³ lɔː²¹ kei̯⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛ⁵⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ t͡ɕi⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛ⁵¹ lu̯ɔ³⁵ t͡ɕi⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰiːt̚³ lɔː²¹ kei̯⁵⁵/


奇克索

ㄑㄧˊ ㄎㄜˋ ㄙㄨㄛˇ

ㄑㄧˊ ㄎㄜˋ ㄙㄨㄛˇ

/t͡ɕʰi³⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹ su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡ɕʰi³⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹ su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/


布加勒斯特

ㄅㄨˋ ㄐㄧㄚ ㄌㄜˋ ㄙ ㄊㄜˋ

ㄅㄨˋ ㄐㄧㄚ ㄌㄜˋ ㄙ ㄊㄜˋ

/pu⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ lɤ⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵ tʰɤ⁵¹/

/pou̯³³ kaː⁵⁵ lɐk̚² siː⁵⁵ tɐk̚²/

/pɔ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ka³³ liak̚²⁴⁻² sɯ³³ tiak̚²⁴/

/pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ ka⁴⁴⁻²² liɪk̚⁴⁻³² su⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚⁴/

/pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ kɛ⁴⁴⁻²² liɪk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ su⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚¹²¹/

/pu³³ ka⁵⁵ ləʔ³³ sz̩³³ dəʔ²¹/

/pu⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ lɤ⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵ tʰɤ⁵¹/

/pou̯³³ kaː⁵⁵ lɐk̚² siː⁵⁵ tɐk̚²/

/pɔ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ka³³ liak̚²⁴⁻² sɯ³³ tiak̚²⁴/

/pu³³ ka⁵⁵ ləʔ³³ sz̩³³ dəʔ²¹/

Borrowed from English Bucharest, from Romanian București.

Bucharest (a city, the capital city of Romania)


界橋

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵/


第戎

/ti⁵¹ ʐʊŋ³⁵/

/ti⁵¹ ʐʊŋ³⁵/

Dijon (the capital city of Côte-d'Or department, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, France)


意大利航空

ㄧˋ ㄉㄚˋ ㄌㄧˋ ㄏㄤˊ ㄎㄨㄥ

ㄧˋ ㄉㄚˋ ㄌㄧˋ ㄏㄤˊ ㄎㄨㄥ

Идали Ханкун

/i⁵¹⁻⁵³ tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹ xɑŋ³⁵ kʰʊŋ⁵⁵/

/i⁵¹⁻⁵³ tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹ xɑŋ³⁵ kʰʊŋ⁵⁵/


意大利

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (意大利):
* → Vietnamese: Ý Đại Lợi (意大利)

/i⁵¹⁻⁵³ tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹/

/jiː³³ taːi̯²² lei̯²²/

/i⁵⁵ tʰai̯⁵⁵ li⁵⁵/

/i⁵³⁻⁵⁵ tʰaɪ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ li⁵³/

/i²¹³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lai²⁴²⁻⁵³ l̃ɛi²¹³/

/i²¹⁻⁵³ tai²²⁻²¹ li²²/

/i⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tai⁴¹⁻²² li⁴¹/

/i²¹⁻⁵³ tai²²⁻²¹ li²²/

/i¹¹⁻⁵³ tai³³⁻¹¹ li³³/

/i²¹⁻⁴¹ tai³³⁻²¹ li³³/

/i²¹³⁻⁵⁵ tai³⁵⁻¹¹ li³⁵/

/ɦi²² da⁵⁵ li²¹/

/i⁵¹⁻⁵³ tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹/

/jiː³³ taːi̯²² lei̯²²/

/i⁵⁵ tʰai̯⁵⁵ li⁵⁵/

/i⁵³⁻⁵⁵ tʰaɪ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ li⁵³/

/i²¹³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lai²⁴²⁻⁵³ l̃ɛi²¹³/

/i²¹⁻⁵³ tai²²⁻²¹ li²²/

/i⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tai⁴¹⁻²² li⁴¹/

/i²¹⁻⁵³ tai²²⁻²¹ li²²/

/i¹¹⁻⁵³ tai³³⁻¹¹ li³³/

/i²¹⁻⁴¹ tai³³⁻²¹ li³³/

/i²¹³⁻⁵⁵ tai³⁵⁻¹¹ li³⁵/

/ɦi²² da⁵⁵ li²¹/

Borrowed from English Italy. Attested as early as 1837, in the Eastern Western Monthly Magazine.

1891, 薛福成 [Xue Fucheng], 出使英法義比四國日記, volume 1, page 33:

Chǒu zhèng, guò Yìdàlì zhī Nábōlì hǎi kǒu. Xī Xǔ Zhúyún xīngshǐ yóucǐ dēng'àn, chéng huǒchē zhì Bólíng. Nábōlì xīběi yībǎi èrshí yánglǐ, jí Yìdàlì zhī Luómǎ dūchéng yě.

丑正，過意大利之拿波利海口。昔許竹篔星使由此登岸，乘火車至伯靈。拿波利西北一百二十洋里，即意大利之羅馬都城也。

丑正，过意大利之拿波利海口。昔许竹筼星使由此登岸，乘火车至伯灵。拿波利西北一百二十洋里，即意大利之罗马都城也。

(Mainland China, Hong Kong) Italy (a country in Southern Europe)


不列顛哥倫比亞

ㄅㄨˋ ㄌㄧㄝˋ ㄉㄧㄢ ㄍㄜ ㄌㄨㄣˊ ㄅㄧˇ ㄧㄚˋ

ㄅㄨˋ ㄌㄧㄝˋ ㄉㄧㄢ ㄍㄜ ㄌㄨㄣˊ ㄅㄧˇ ㄧㄚˇ

Bùlièdiān Gēlúnbǐyà [Phonetic:búlièdiān Gēlúnbǐyà]

буледянь Гэлуньбия

/pu⁵¹⁻³⁵ li̯ɛ⁵¹ ti̯ɛn⁵⁵ kɤ⁵⁵ lu̯ən³⁵ pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ jä⁵¹/

/pu⁵¹⁻³⁵ li̯ɛ⁵¹ ti̯ɛn⁵⁵ kɤ⁵⁵ lu̯ən³⁵ pi²¹⁴⁻³⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pɐt̚⁵ liːt̚² tiːn⁵⁵ kɔː⁵⁵ lɵn²¹ pei̯³⁵ aː³³/

British Columbia
British Columbia#English:_Q1973

British Columbia (a province in western Canada)


哥倫比亞

ㄍㄜ ㄌㄨㄣˊ ㄅㄧˇ ㄧㄚˋ

ㄍㄜ ㄌㄨㄣˊ ㄅㄧˇ ㄧㄚˇ

/kɤ⁵⁵ lu̯ən³⁵ pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ jä⁵¹/

/kɤ⁵⁵ lu̯ən³⁵ pi²¹⁴⁻³⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɔː⁵⁵ lɵn²¹ pei̯³⁵ aː³³/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² lun²⁴⁻²² pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ a⁴⁴/

/ko³³ lun²⁴⁻²² pi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ a³³/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² lun¹³⁻²² pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ a⁴⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻³³ lun²⁴⁻¹¹ pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ a⁴⁴/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ lun²³⁻³³ pi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ a⁴⁴/

/kɤ⁵⁵ lu̯ən³⁵ pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ jä⁵¹/

/kɤ⁵⁵ lu̯ən³⁵ pi²¹⁴⁻³⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɔː⁵⁵ lɵn²¹ pei̯³⁵ aː³³/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² lun²⁴⁻²² pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ a⁴⁴/

/ko³³ lun²⁴⁻²² pi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ a³³/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² lun¹³⁻²² pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ a⁴⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻³³ lun²⁴⁻¹¹ pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ a⁴⁴/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ lun²³⁻³³ pi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ a⁴⁴/

Columbia (the capital city of South Carolina, United States)


魁北克

ㄎㄨㄟˊ ㄅㄟˇ ㄎㄜˋ

ㄎㄨㄟˊ ㄅㄟˇ ㄎㄜˋ

/kʰu̯eɪ̯³⁵ peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ kʰɤ⁵¹/

/fuːi̯⁵⁵ pɐk̚⁵ hɐk̚⁵/

/kʰu̯eɪ̯³⁵ peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ kʰɤ⁵¹/

/fuːi̯⁵⁵ pɐk̚⁵ hɐk̚⁵/

(～省) Quebec (a province in eastern Canada)


新斯科細亞

ㄒㄧㄣ ㄙ ㄎㄜ ㄒㄧˋ ㄧㄚˋ

ㄒㄧㄣ ㄙ ㄎㄜ ㄒㄧˋ ㄧㄚˇ

Синь Сыкэсия

/ɕin⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵⁵ ɕi⁵¹⁻⁵³ jä⁵¹/

/ɕin⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵⁵ ɕi⁵¹ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ɕin⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵⁵ ɕi⁵¹⁻⁵³ jä⁵¹/

/ɕin⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵⁵ ɕi⁵¹ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

(～省) (Taiwan) Nova Scotia (a province in eastern Canada)


朴次茅斯

ㄆㄨˇ ㄘˋ ㄇㄠˊ ㄙ

ㄆㄨˇ ㄘˋ ㄇㄠˊ ㄙ

/pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰz̩⁵¹ mɑʊ̯³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵/

/pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰz̩⁵¹ mɑʊ̯³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵/

Portsmouth (a city and unitary authority of Hampshire, in southern England)

Rockingham County
Rockingham County#English

Portsmouth (a city in Rockingham County, New Hampshire)


約克郡

約克夏㹴 /约克夏㹴 (yuēkèxià gēng)

約克夏豬 /约克夏猪 (yuēkèxià zhū)

/ɥɛ⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕyn⁵¹/

/jœːk̚³ hɐk̚⁵ kʷɐn²²/

/ɥɛ⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕyn⁵¹/

/jœːk̚³ hɐk̚⁵ kʷɐn²²/


深圳

→ English: Shenzhen, Shumchun

/ʂən⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂən⁵¹/

/sɐm⁵⁵ t͡sɐn³³/

/t͡sʰɨm²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sun⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰəm⁴⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sun⁵³/

/t͡sʰim⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sun²¹/

/t͡sʰim⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sun²¹/

/t͡sʰim⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sun¹¹/

/t͡sʰim⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sun²¹/

/t͡sʰim³³⁻²³ t͡suŋ²¹³/

/ʂən⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂən⁵¹/

/sɐm⁵⁵ t͡sɐn³³/

/t͡sʰɨm²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sun⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰəm⁴⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sun⁵³/

/t͡sʰim⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sun²¹/

/t͡sʰim⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sun²¹/

/t͡sʰim⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sun¹¹/

/t͡sʰim⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sun²¹/

/t͡sʰim³³⁻²³ t͡suŋ²¹³/

Army Map Service
Gazetteer of Xin'an County

Originally as 深圳墟 (Shēnzhèn xū, “Shenzhen Market”) and referred to a market town located in present-day Dongmen, Luohu District, Shenzhen. The name is first attested in Gazetteer of Xin'an County (新安縣志) [1688].
In 1979, Bao'an County (寶安縣 /宝安县) of Guangdong was renamed and converted to Shenzhen City (深圳市 (Shēnzhèn shì)).

(～市) Shenzhen (a subprovincial city of Guangdong, China)

(～鎮) (historical) Shenzhen (a former town in Bao'an county, Guangdong, China)


福娃

Fuwa, the mascots for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China


嫩江

/nən⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/nyːn²² kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/nən⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/nyːn²² kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

(～市) Nenjiang (a county-level city of Heihe, Heilongjiang, China)

(～省) Nenjiang (a former province of China)


松花江

/sʊŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰʊŋ²¹ faː⁵⁵ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/sʊŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰʊŋ²¹ faː⁵⁵ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

松花 is a phono-semantic matching of Manchu ᠰᡠᠩᡤᠠᡵᡳ (sunggari), as in ᠰᡠᠩᡤᠠᡵᡳ
ᡠᠯᠠ (sunggari ula, “Songhua River”). The original meaning of sunggari may be “Milky Way”; cf. ᠰᡠᠩᡤᠠᡵᡳ
ᠪᡳᡵᠠ (sunggari bira, “Milky Way”).

psm

Songhua River (a river in northeastern China)


太行山

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ xɑŋ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ xɑŋ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

Taihang Mountains (a mountain range running down the eastern edge of the Loess Plateau in the Henan, Shanxi, and Hebei provinces of China)


可可西里

ㄎㄜˇ ㄎㄜˇ ㄒㄧ ㄌㄧˇ

ㄎㄜˇ ㄎㄜˇ ㄒㄧ ㄌㄧˇ

/kʰɤ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ kʰɤ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi⁵⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔː³⁵ hɔː³⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵ lei̯¹³/

/kʰɤ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ kʰɤ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi⁵⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔː³⁵ hɔː³⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵ lei̯¹³/

Borrowed from Mongolian ᠬᠥᠬᠡ
ᠰᠢᠯ (köke sil, “blue ridge”).

bor

Hoh Xil, an isolated region in the northwestern part of the Tibetan Plateau in China


青海

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (青海):
* → Japanese: 青海(せいかい) (Seikai)
* → Korean: 청해(青海) (Cheonghae)
* → Vietnamese: Thanh Hải (青海)

desc

→ English: Tsinghai, Tsing-hai, Qinghai, Ch'ing-hai

→ Georgian: ცინგხაი (cingxai)

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/t͡sʰi̯aŋ²⁴ hoi̯³¹/

/t͡ɕʰiaŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ hoɪ³¹/

/t͡sʰiŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai³³/

/t͡sʰiŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai⁴⁵³/

/t͡sʰiŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai³³²/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hai⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ hai⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hai⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hai⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hai⁴¹/

/t͡sʰẽ³³⁻²³ hai⁵²/

/t͡ɕʰin⁵⁵ he²¹/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/t͡sʰi̯aŋ²⁴ hoi̯³¹/

/t͡ɕʰiaŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ hoɪ³¹/

/t͡sʰiŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai³³/

/t͡sʰiŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai⁴⁵³/

/t͡sʰiŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai³³²/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hai⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ hai⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hai⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hai⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hai⁴¹/

/t͡sʰẽ³³⁻²³ hai⁵²/

/t͡ɕʰin⁵⁵ he²¹/

Compare similar-meaning names for Qinghai Lake in other languages: Tibetan མཚོ་སྔོན (mtsho sngon), མཚོ་སྔོན་པོ (mtsho sngon po, “blue lake”), Mongolian ᠬᠥᠬᠡ
ᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ (köke naɣur, “blue lake”).

ncog

Haven’t you seen by Kokonor white bones from ancient times that have never been recovered?

8th century, 杜甫 (Du Fu), 兵車行 (The Army Wagons: A Ballad); translated by Stephen Owen

Jūn bùjiàn Qīnghǎi tóu, gǔlái báigǔ wúrén shōu.

君不見青海頭，古來白骨無人收。

君不见青海头，古来白骨无人收。

(～湖) Qinghai, Qinghai Lake (a large lake in Qinghai province, the largest in China)

(～省) Qinghai (a province of China; capital: Xining)


黃河

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (黃河):
* → Japanese: 黄(こう)河(が) (Kōga)
* → Korean: 황하(黃河) (Hwangha)
* → Vietnamese: Hoàng Hà (黃河)

desc

خْوَانْغْخِي

هْوَانْغْهِي

اَلنَّهْر اَلْأَصْفَر

→ Arabic: خْوَانْغْخِي (ḵwānḡḵī), هْوَانْغْهِي (hwānḡhī), اَلنَّهْر اَلْأَصْفَر (an-nahr al-ʔaṣfar) (calque)

→ Armenian: Հուանհե (Huanhe)

→ Czech: Chuang-che, Žlutá řeka (calque)

→ Dutch: Hoangho, Gele Rivier (calque)

→ English: Huang He, Huang Ho, Hwang Ho, Yellow River (calque)

→ Finnish: Keltainenjoki (calque)

→ French: Huang He, Houang-Ho, fleuve Jaune (calque)

→ German: Huang He, Gelber Fluss (calque)

Κίτρινος Ποταμός

→ Greek: Κίτρινος Ποταμός (Kítrinos Potamós) (calque)

→ Hindi: ह्वांगहो (hvāṅgho)

→ Hungarian: Sárga-folyó (calque)

→ Italian: Huang He, Fiume Giallo (calque)

→ Korean: 황허 (Hwangheo)

→ Malay: Sungai Kuning (calque)

ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠩ ᡥᠣ ᠪᡳᡵᠠ

⇒ Manchu: ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠩ
ᡥᠣ
ᠪᡳᡵᠠ (hūwang ho bira)

→ Mongolian: Шар мөрөн (Šar mörön) (calque)

→ Mangghuer: xira muroon (calque)

→ Persian: رود زرد (calque)

→ Polish: Rzeka Żółta (calque)

→ Portuguese: Huang He, Rio Amarelo (calque)

Жёлтая река́

→ Russian: Хуанхэ́ (Xuanxɛ́), Жёлтая река́ (Žóltaja reká) (calque)

→ Spanish: Huang He, río Amarillo (calque)

→ Tagalog: Ilog na Dilaw (calque)

→ Uyghur: سېرىق دەريا (sëriq derya) (calque)

⇒ Zhuang: Dahvangzhoz

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/xuɑŋ²⁴ xə²⁴/

/wɔːŋ²¹ hɔː²¹/

/vɔŋ²² hᵘɔ²²/

/hɔŋ²³⁻³³ hɤ²³/

/hɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ho²⁴/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ ho²⁴/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻²² ho²⁴/

/ŋ̍²³⁻³³ hɤ²³/

/uĩ¹³⁻²² ho¹³/

/ŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ho⁵⁵/

/ɦuɑ̃²² ɦu⁴⁴/

/ɦuɑ̃²² ɦəu³³/

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/xuɑŋ²⁴ xə²⁴/

/wɔːŋ²¹ hɔː²¹/

/vɔŋ²² hᵘɔ²²/

/hɔŋ²³⁻³³ hɤ²³/

/hɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ho²⁴/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ ho²⁴/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻²² ho²⁴/

/ŋ̍²³⁻³³ hɤ²³/

/uĩ¹³⁻²² ho¹³/

/ŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ho⁵⁵/

/ɦuɑ̃²² ɦu⁴⁴/

/ɦuɑ̃²² ɦəu³³/

The large amount of sand in the river makes the river appear yellow.
Earliest extant authentic attestions of 黃河 are in Pei Songzhi's Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms [5th century CE]:
*
*
Lee (2004) and Hargett (2021) propose that the earliest occurrence of 黃河 is in Book of Han 16.527 [1st century CE]; yet Wang Niansun (王念孫) (1831) stated that the letter 黃 there was a later interpolation.

In Weishi Chunqiu, (Yuan) Shao's exhortation to the provinces and commanderies is recorded thus: “… my main armies sail across the Yellow River to assail his (Cao Cao's) front, and the Jing province's troops descend on Wan and Ye to attack his rear, …”

Pei Songzhi, Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms, circa 5ᵗʰ century CE

“Wèishì Chūnqiū” zǎi Shào xí zhōujùn wén yuē: “...... Dàjūn fàn Huánghé yǐ jué qí qián, Jīngzhōu xià wǎn yè ér jī qí hòu......”

《魏氏春秋》載紹檄州郡文曰：「……大軍汎黃河以角其前，荊州下宛葉而犄其後……」

《魏氏春秋》载绍檄州郡文曰：「……大军泛黄河以角其前，荆州下宛叶而犄其后……」

In Account of Emperor Xian, it's said: … (Ju) Shou looked over the ford, sighed, and said: “Above filled with ambition, below obsessed with achievements. O everlasting Yellow River, shall I return?”

“Xiàndì zhuàn” yuē:...... Shòu lín jì tàn yuē: “Shàng yíng qí zhì, xià wù qí gōng, yōuyōu Huánghé, wú qí fǎn hū?”

《獻帝傳》曰：……授臨濟歎曰：「上盈其志，下務其功，悠悠黃河，吾其反乎？」

《献帝传》曰：……授临济叹曰：「上盈其志，下务其功，悠悠黄河，吾其反乎？」

The Yellow River is spacious; its fishes are numerous; I came to the ford yet did not cross.

3rd century, 孔叢子 (Kǒngcóngzǐ) (The Many Kong Family Master's Anthology), attributed to 孔鮒 (Kong Fu)

Huánghé yángyáng, yōuyōu zhī yú, lín jīn bù jì.

黃河洋洋，悠悠之魚，臨津不濟。

黄河洋洋，悠悠之鱼，临津不济。

Have you not seen that the waters of the Yellow River come from the sky, surging into the ocean, never to return again.

Jūn bùjiàn Huánghé zhī shuǐ tiānshàng lái, bēnliú dào hǎi bù fùhuí.

君不見黃河之水天上來，奔流到海不復回。

君不见黄河之水天上来，奔流到海不复回。

Yellow River, Huang He (a major river in northern China, passing through Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan and Shandong provinces as well as Ningxia and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Regions)


夏威夷

/ɕi̯ä⁵¹ weɪ̯⁵⁵ i³⁵/

/ɕi̯ä⁵¹ weɪ̯³⁵ i³⁵/

/haː²² wɐi̯⁵⁵ jiː²¹/

/ha⁵³ ʋi⁴⁴⁻³⁵ i¹¹/

/ha³³⁻¹¹ ui⁴⁴⁻³³ i²⁴/

/ha⁴¹⁻²² ui³³ i²⁴/

/ha²²⁻²¹ ui⁴⁴⁻²² i²⁴/

/ha³³⁻²¹ ui⁴⁴⁻³³ i²³/

/hɛ²²⁻²¹ ui⁴⁴⁻²² i¹³/

/he¹¹ ui³³⁻²³ i⁵⁵/

/ɕi̯ä⁵¹ weɪ̯⁵⁵ i³⁵/

/ɕi̯ä⁵¹ weɪ̯³⁵ i³⁵/

/haː²² wɐi̯⁵⁵ jiː²¹/

/ha⁵³ ʋi⁴⁴⁻³⁵ i¹¹/

/ha³³⁻¹¹ ui⁴⁴⁻³³ i²⁴/

/ha⁴¹⁻²² ui³³ i²⁴/

/ha²²⁻²¹ ui⁴⁴⁻²² i²⁴/

/ha³³⁻²¹ ui⁴⁴⁻³³ i²³/

/hɛ²²⁻²¹ ui⁴⁴⁻²² i¹³/

/he¹¹ ui³³⁻²³ i⁵⁵/

From English Hawaii, originally borrowed into Cantonese.

Hawaiian Islands
Hawaiian Islands#English

Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands (an archipelago of the Pacific Ocean, between North America and Oceania)

(～州) Hawaii (an insular state of the United States, formerly a territory)


占城

/ʈ͡ʂän⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂän⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/t͡siːm⁵⁵ sɪŋ²¹/

/t͡siam⁴⁴⁻²² siɪŋ²⁴/

/t͡siam⁴⁴⁻²² siɪŋ¹³/

/t͡siam⁴⁴⁻³³ siɪŋ²⁴/

/t͡siam⁴⁴⁻³³ siɪŋ²³/

/ʈ͡ʂän⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂän⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/t͡siːm⁵⁵ sɪŋ²¹/

/t͡siam⁴⁴⁻²² siɪŋ²⁴/

/t͡siam⁴⁴⁻²² siɪŋ¹³/

/t͡siam⁴⁴⁻³³ siɪŋ²⁴/

/t͡siam⁴⁴⁻³³ siɪŋ²³/

(historical) Champa (a former kingdom in southern Vietnam)


延安

→ English: Yan'an, Yanan, Yenan, Yen-an

/jɛn³⁵ ˀän⁵⁵/

/jiːn²¹ ɔːn⁵⁵/

/yoŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ^((Ø-))ŋaŋ⁵⁵/

/ɛŋ¹³⁻¹¹ aŋ⁵³³/

/ɛŋ²⁴⁻²¹ aŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/iɛn²⁴⁻²² an⁴⁴/

/iɛn²⁴⁻²² an³³/

/iɛn¹³⁻²² an⁴⁴/

/iɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ an⁴⁴/

/iɛn²³⁻³³ an⁴⁴/

/jɛn³⁵ ˀän⁵⁵/

/jiːn²¹ ɔːn⁵⁵/

/yoŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ^((Ø-))ŋaŋ⁵⁵/

/ɛŋ¹³⁻¹¹ aŋ⁵³³/

/ɛŋ²⁴⁻²¹ aŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/iɛn²⁴⁻²² an⁴⁴/

/iɛn²⁴⁻²² an³³/

/iɛn¹³⁻²² an⁴⁴/

/iɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ an⁴⁴/

/iɛn²³⁻³³ an⁴⁴/

(～市) Yan'an, Yanan (a prefecture-level city of Shaanxi, China)

(～郡) Yŏnan (a county of South Hwanghae Province, North Korea)


杜魯斯

/tu⁵¹ lu²¹⁴⁻²¹ sz̩⁵⁵/

/tu⁵¹ lu²¹⁴⁻²¹ sz̩⁵⁵/

Duluth (a city in Minnesota, United States)


耶路撒冷

ㄧㄝ ㄌㄨˋ ㄙㄚ ㄌㄥˇ

ㄧㄝ ㄌㄨˋ ㄙㄚ ㄌㄥˇ

/jɛ⁵⁵ lu⁵¹ sä⁵⁵ lɤŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jɛː²¹ lou̯²² saːt̚³ laːŋ¹³/

/i̯a²⁴⁻¹¹ lu⁵⁵ sat̚² laŋ²⁴/

/ia¹¹ lu⁵³⁻⁵⁵ sat̚¹ laŋ⁴⁴/

/ia⁵³⁻²¹ l̃u²⁴²⁽⁻²¹⁾ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾laʔ²⁴⁻³⁵ l̃ɛiŋ³³/

e² lou⁵ sah⁶ leng³ [Phonetic:e² lou² sah⁷ leng³]

/e¹³ lɔu¹¹⁻¹³ ɬaʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ lɛŋ⁴⁵³/

/e²⁴ lɔu²¹⁻²⁴ ɬaʔ²⁻⁴ lɛŋ³³²/

/ia²⁴⁻²² lɔ²²⁻²¹ sat̚³²⁻⁴ liɪŋ⁵³/

/ia²⁴⁻²² lɔ⁴¹⁻²² sat̚⁵⁻²⁴ liɪŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/ia¹³⁻²² lɔ²²⁻²¹ sat̚³²⁻⁵ liɪŋ⁵³/

/ia²⁴⁻¹¹ lɔ³³⁻¹¹ sat̚³²⁻⁴ liɪŋ⁵³/

/ia²³⁻³³ lɔ³³⁻²¹ sat̚³²⁻⁴ liɪŋ⁴¹/

/ia⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lou¹¹ sak̚²⁻⁴ leŋ⁵²⁻²¹/

ya^去 lu^去 sah^入 lan^去; ya^去 lu^去 sah^入 lan^去

/ɦia⁵⁵ lu³³ saʔ²¹ lã²³/

/ɦia⁵⁵ lu³³ saʔ³³ lã²¹/

/jɛ⁵⁵ lu⁵¹ sä⁵⁵ lɤŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jɛː²¹ lou̯²² saːt̚³ laːŋ¹³/

/i̯a²⁴⁻¹¹ lu⁵⁵ sat̚² laŋ²⁴/

/ia¹¹ lu⁵³⁻⁵⁵ sat̚¹ laŋ⁴⁴/

/e¹³ lɔu¹¹⁻¹³ ɬaʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ lɛŋ⁴⁵³/

/e²⁴ lɔu²¹⁻²⁴ ɬaʔ²⁻⁴ lɛŋ³³²/

/ia²⁴⁻²² lɔ²²⁻²¹ sat̚³²⁻⁴ liɪŋ⁵³/

/ia²⁴⁻²² lɔ⁴¹⁻²² sat̚⁵⁻²⁴ liɪŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/ia¹³⁻²² lɔ²²⁻²¹ sat̚³²⁻⁵ liɪŋ⁵³/

/ia²⁴⁻¹¹ lɔ³³⁻¹¹ sat̚³²⁻⁴ liɪŋ⁵³/

/ia²³⁻³³ lɔ³³⁻²¹ sat̚³²⁻⁴ liɪŋ⁴¹/

/ia⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lou¹¹ sak̚²⁻⁴ leŋ⁵²⁻²¹/

/ɦia⁵⁵ lu³³ saʔ²¹ lã²³/

/ɦia⁵⁵ lu³³ saʔ³³ lã²¹/

Jerusalem (the claimed (and de-facto) capital city of Israel; the claimed capital city of Palestine)


大進

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕin⁵¹/

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕin⁵¹/

(～鎮) Dajin (a town in Kaizhou district, Chongqing, China)


塔林

/tʰä²¹⁴⁻²¹ lin³⁵/

/tʰaːp̚³ lɐm²¹/

/tʰa(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ lim²⁴/

/tʰa(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ lim¹³/

/tʰä²¹⁴⁻²¹ lin³⁵/

/tʰaːp̚³ lɐm²¹/

/tʰa(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ lim²⁴/

/tʰa(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ lim¹³/

Tallinn (a city, the capital city of Estonia)


陶斯

/tʰɑʊ̯³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵/

/tʰɑʊ̯³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵/

the pueblo of the Taos Indians in New Mexico

the town of Taos (near Taos Pueblo, New Mexico)


極東

/t͡ɕi³⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kɪk̚² tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kiʔ⁵⁻⁵⁵ tøyŋ⁵⁵/

/kiɪk̚⁴⁻³² taŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕi³⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kɪk̚² tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kiʔ⁵⁻⁵⁵ tøyŋ⁵⁵/

/kiɪk̚⁴⁻³² taŋ⁴⁴/

(dated) Far East (a geographical region of Asia, consisting of East Asia (Korea, Japan, China, the Russian Far East, etc.) and Southeast Asia, taken as a whole)


王城

/wɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/wɔːŋ²¹ sɪŋ²¹/

/voŋ¹¹ saŋ¹¹/

/ɔŋ²⁴⁻²² siã²⁴/

/ɔŋ²⁴⁻²² siã²⁴/

/ɔŋ¹³⁻²² siã¹³/

/ɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ siã²⁴/

/ɔŋ²³⁻³³ siã²³/

/wɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/wɔːŋ²¹ sɪŋ²¹/

/voŋ¹¹ saŋ¹¹/

/ɔŋ²⁴⁻²² siã²⁴/

/ɔŋ²⁴⁻²² siã²⁴/

/ɔŋ¹³⁻²² siã¹³/

/ɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ siã²⁴/

/ɔŋ²³⁻³³ siã²³/

(historical) Wangcheng (a town in Henan, China; modern Luoyang)

(～鎮) Wangcheng (a town in Zaoyang, Xiangyang, Hubei, China)

(～區) Intramuros (a district of Manila, Metro Manila, Philippines)


XP

/ʈ͡ʂʰä⁵⁵ pʰi⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʰä⁵⁵ pʰi⁵¹/

(Internet slang) Hanyu Pinyin initialism of 性癖


天堂

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ tʰɑŋ³⁵/

/tʰiæ̃²⁴ tʰɑŋ²⁴/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ tʰɔːŋ²¹/

/hen³³ hɔŋ²²/

/tʰi̯en²⁴ tʰoŋ¹¹/

/tʰieŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nouŋ⁵³/

/tʰɛŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ tɒŋ¹³/

/tʰɛŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ tɒŋ²⁴/

/tʰiɛn³³ tɔŋ²⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔŋ²⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² tɔŋ¹³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔŋ²³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² tɔŋ²⁴/

/tʰĩ³³ tŋ̍²⁴/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² tŋ̍²⁴/

/tʰĩ³³⁻²³ tɯŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰi⁵⁵ dɑ̃²¹/

/tʰie⁴⁴ dɑ̃³¹/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ tʰɑŋ³⁵/

/tʰiæ̃²⁴ tʰɑŋ²⁴/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ tʰɔːŋ²¹/

/hen³³ hɔŋ²²/

/tʰi̯en²⁴ tʰoŋ¹¹/

/tʰieŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nouŋ⁵³/

/tʰɛŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ tɒŋ¹³/

/tʰɛŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ tɒŋ²⁴/

/tʰiɛn³³ tɔŋ²⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔŋ²⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² tɔŋ¹³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔŋ²³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² tɔŋ²⁴/

/tʰĩ³³ tŋ̍²⁴/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² tŋ̍²⁴/

/tʰĩ³³⁻²³ tɯŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰi⁵⁵ dɑ̃²¹/

/tʰie⁴⁴ dɑ̃³¹/

Calque of Sanskrit देवसभा (devasabhā, “hall of the gods”).

cal

(～鎮) Tiantang (a town in Ningyuan, Yongzhou, Hunan, China)


國姓爺

ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄒㄧㄥˋ ㄧㄝˊ

ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄒㄧㄥˋ ㄧㄝˊ

/ku̯ɔ³⁵ ɕiŋ⁵¹ jɛ³⁵/

/kʷɔːk̚³ sɪŋ³³ jɛː²¹/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ ia²⁴/

/kɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ siɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ia²⁴/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁵ siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ ia¹³/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ siɪŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ ia²⁴/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ siɪŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ ia²³/

/ku̯ɔ³⁵ ɕiŋ⁵¹ jɛ³⁵/

/kʷɔːk̚³ sɪŋ³³ jɛː²¹/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ ia²⁴/

/kɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ siɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ia²⁴/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁵ siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ ia¹³/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ siɪŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ ia²⁴/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ siɪŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ ia²³/


荷屬東印度

ㄏㄜˊ ㄕㄨˇ ㄉㄨㄥ ㄧㄣˋ ㄉㄨˋ

ㄏㄜˊ ㄕㄨˇ ㄉㄨㄥ ㄧㄣˋ ㄉㄨˋ

Хэшу Дун Иньду

/xɤ³⁵ ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʊŋ⁵⁵ in⁵¹⁻⁵³ tu⁵¹/

/hɔː²¹ sʊk̚² tʊŋ⁵⁵ jɐn³³ tou̯²²/

/xɤ³⁵ ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʊŋ⁵⁵ in⁵¹⁻⁵³ tu⁵¹/

/hɔː²¹ sʊk̚² tʊŋ⁵⁵ jɐn³³ tou̯²²/

Moreover, Japan wants to occupy the Philippines, Siam, Indo-China, the Malay Peninsula and the Dutch East Indies in order to cut off other countries from China and monopolize the southwestern Pacific.

1938, 毛澤東 (Mao Zedong), 《論持久戰》 (On Protracted War), 《毛澤東選集》. English translation based on the Foreign Languages Press edition

Bìngqiě Rìběn hái xiǎng zhànlǐng Fēilǜbīn, Xiānluó, Yuènán, Mǎlái Bàndǎo hé Héshǔ Dōng Yìndù, bǎ wàiguó hé Zhōngguó qiēkāi, dúzhàn xīnán Tàipíngyáng.

並且日本還想佔領菲律賓、暹羅、越南、馬來半島和荷屬東印度，把外國和中國切開，獨佔西南太平洋。

并且日本还想占领菲律宾、暹罗、越南、马来半岛和荷属东印度，把外国和中国切开，独占西南太平洋。

Dutch East Indies
Dutch East Indies#English:_Q188161

(historical) Dutch East Indies (a former Dutch colony in modern-day Indonesia, existing from 1800 to 1949)


蘇門答臘

ㄙㄨ ㄇㄣˊ ㄉㄚˊ ㄌㄚˋ

ㄙㄨ ㄇㄣˊ ㄉㄚˊ ㄌㄚˋ

/su⁵⁵ mən³⁵ tä³⁵ lä⁵¹/

/su⁵⁵ mən³⁵ tä³⁵ lä⁵¹/

From Indonesian Sumatra or Sanskrit समुद्र (samudra, “sea”).

(～島) Sumatra (the largest island entirely in Indonesia and the world’s sixth largest island)


亞齊

/jä⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/aː³³ t͡sʰɐi̯²¹/

/jä⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/aː³³ t͡sʰɐi̯²¹/


霍尼亞拉

ㄏㄨㄛˋ ㄋㄧˊ ㄧㄚˋ ㄌㄚ

ㄏㄨㄛˋ ㄋㄧˊ ㄧㄚˋ ㄌㄚ

/xu̯ɔ⁵¹ ni³⁵ jä⁵¹ lä⁵⁵/

/xu̯ɔ⁵¹ ni³⁵ jä⁵¹ lä⁵⁵/

Honiara (a city, the capital city of the Solomon Islands)


珍珠港

/ʈ͡ʂən⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂu⁵⁵ kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sɐn⁵⁵ t͡syː⁵⁵ kɔːŋ³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂən⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂu⁵⁵ kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sɐn⁵⁵ t͡syː⁵⁵ kɔːŋ³⁵/


巴哈馬

/pä⁵⁵ xä⁵⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/paː⁵⁵ haː⁵⁵ maː¹³/

/pa⁴⁴⁻²² ha(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ mã⁵³/

/pä⁵⁵ xä⁵⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/paː⁵⁵ haː⁵⁵ maː¹³/

/pa⁴⁴⁻²² ha(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ mã⁵³/

Bahamas (an archipelago and country in the Caribbean)


安那翰

/ˀän⁵⁵ nä⁵¹⁻⁵³ xän⁵¹/

/ˀän⁵⁵ nä⁵¹⁻⁵³ xän⁵¹/

From German Annaheim, later changed to English Anaheim.

Anaheim (a city in California, United States)


白帝

/paɪ̯³⁵ ti⁵¹/

/paɪ̯³⁵ ti⁵¹/

(archaic) the White Emperor (one of the five legendary Emperors, the Emperor of the West)

(～鎮) Baidi (a town in Fengjie, Chongqing, China)


赤帝

/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ ti⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɪk̚³ tɐi̯³³/

/t͡sʰɛːk̚³ tɐi̯³³/

/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ ti⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɪk̚³ tɐi̯³³/

/t͡sʰɛːk̚³ tɐi̯³³/

(archaic) the Red Emperor (another of the five legendary Emperors, the Emperor of the South)


大都

(historical) Khanbalik, the capital of the Mongolian Yuan dynasty at the site of modern downtown Beijing, China


科特迪瓦

ㄎㄜ ㄊㄜˋ ㄉㄧˊ ㄨㄚˇ

ㄎㄜ ㄊㄜˋ ㄉㄧˊ ㄨㄚˇ

/kʰɤ⁵⁵ tʰɤ⁵¹ ti³⁵ wä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fɔː⁵⁵ tɐk̚² tɪk̚² ŋaː¹³/

/kʰo⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ tiɪk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ ua⁵³/

/kʰo⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚⁴⁻³² tiɪk̚⁴⁻³² ua⁵³/

/kʰə³³ tiak̚²⁴⁻² tiak̚²⁴⁻² ua⁵⁵⁴/

/kʰɤ⁵⁵ tʰɤ⁵¹ ti³⁵ wä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fɔː⁵⁵ tɐk̚² tɪk̚² ŋaː¹³/

/kʰo⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ tiɪk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ ua⁵³/

/kʰo⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚⁴⁻³² tiɪk̚⁴⁻³² ua⁵³/

/kʰə³³ tiak̚²⁴⁻² tiak̚²⁴⁻² ua⁵⁵⁴/

Borrowed from French Côte d'Ivoire. Doublet of 象牙海岸 (Xiàngyá Hǎi'àn).

(Mainland China) Ivory Coast, Côte d'Ivoire (a country in West Africa)


契丹

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (契丹):
* → Japanese: 契丹(きったん) (Kittan)
* → Korean: 거란(契丹) (Georan)

desc

→ English: Qidan, Ch'itan, Khitan, Cathay

→ Russian: Китай (Kitaj)

/t͡ɕʰi⁵¹ tän⁵⁵/

/kʰɐi̯³⁵ taːn⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi⁵¹ tän⁵⁵/

/kʰɐi̯³⁵ taːn⁵⁵/

A Middle Chinese transcription of Khitan 𘱿𘲫 (*qid ún, “Khitan”). First attested in the Book of Wei [554].

the Khitans (the Mongolic people who ruled Manchuria, then Northern China as the Liao, then Central Asia as the Qara Khitai, from the 9th to 13th century C.E.)


吳夫人

/u³⁵ fu⁵⁵ ʐən³⁵/

/u³⁵ fu⁵⁵ ʐən³⁵/


長子

→ English: Ch'ang-tzu, Zhangzi

/ʈ͡ʂɑŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʈ͡ʂɑŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

(～縣) Zhangzi (a county of Changzhi, Shanxi, China)


夫子

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (夫子):
* → Japanese: 夫(ふう)子(し) (fūshi)

/fu⁵⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fuː⁵⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

/hu³³ t͡sɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/hu⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡su⁴¹/

/hu⁴⁴⁻²² t͡su⁵³/

/hu⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡su⁵³/

/fu⁵⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fuː⁵⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

/hu³³ t͡sɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/hu⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡su⁴¹/

/hu⁴⁴⁻²² t͡su⁵³/

/hu⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡su⁵³/

Zi Qin asked Zi Gong, saying, "When our master comes to any country, he does not fail to learn all about its government. Does he ask his information? or is it given to him?" Zi Gong said, "Our master is benign, upright, courteous, temperate, and complaisant and thus he gets his information. The master’s mode of asking information! - is it not different from that of other men?"

The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE

Zǐqín wèn yú zǐgòng yuē: “Fūzǐ zhì yúshì bāng yě, bì wén qí zhèng, qiú zhī yǔ? Yì yǔ zhī yǔ?” Zǐgòng yuē: “Fūzǐ wēn, liáng, gōng, jiǎn, ràng yǐ dé zhī. Fūzǐ zhī qiúzhī yě, qí zhū yì hū rén zhī qiúzhī yú?”

子禽問於子貢曰：「夫子至於是邦也，必聞其政，求之與？抑與之與？」子貢曰：「夫子溫、良、恭、儉、讓以得之。夫子之求之也，其諸異乎人之求之與？」

子禽问于子贡曰：「夫子至于是邦也，必闻其政，求之与？抑与之与？」子贡曰：「夫子温、良、恭、俭、让以得之。夫子之求之也，其诸异乎人之求之与？」


樊城

/fän³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/fän³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

(～區) Fancheng (a district of Xiangyang, Hubei, China)


鄧城

/tɤŋ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/tɤŋ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

(archaic) Dengcheng (in present day Dengzhou)


漢水

/xän⁵¹ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔːn³³ sɵy̯³⁵/

/xän⁵¹ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔːn³³ sɵy̯³⁵/

Alternative name for 漢江／汉江 (Hànjiāng, “Han River, a left tributary of the Yangtze”).


漢江

/xän⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/hɔːn³³ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/han²¹⁻⁵³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/han⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kaŋ³³/

/han²¹⁻⁵³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/han¹¹⁻⁵³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/han²¹⁻⁴¹ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/xän⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/hɔːn³³ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/han²¹⁻⁵³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/han⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kaŋ³³/

/han²¹⁻⁵³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/han¹¹⁻⁵³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/han²¹⁻⁴¹ kaŋ⁴⁴/

Han River (a left tributary of the Yangtze in Shaanxi and Hubei, China)

(～街道) Hanjiang (a subdistrict of Fancheng district, Xiangyang, Hubei, China)


西洋

Macanese: Saiong (“Portugal”)

/ɕi⁵⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ jœːŋ²¹/

/si²⁴ i̯oŋ¹¹/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ iũ²⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ iũ²³/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² iũ²⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² iɔ̃¹³/

/sai⁴⁴⁻³³ iũ²⁴/

/sai⁴⁴⁻³³ iũ²³/

/ɕi⁵⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ jœːŋ²¹/

/si²⁴ i̯oŋ¹¹/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ iũ²⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ iũ²³/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² iũ²⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² iɔ̃¹³/

/sai⁴⁴⁻³³ iũ²⁴/

/sai⁴⁴⁻³³ iũ²³/

/sai⁴⁴⁻²² iũ²⁴/

/sai⁴⁴⁻²² iɔ̃¹³/

/sai⁴⁴⁻³³ iũ²⁴/

/sai⁴⁴⁻²² iũ²⁴/

/sai⁴⁴⁻³³ iũ²³/

/sai⁴⁴⁻²² iɔ̃¹³/

[Voyages of] Zheng He down the Western Seas

鄭和下西洋

郑和下西洋

(literary, historical) Western Seas (region west of the South China Sea)


峴山

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ ʂän⁵⁵/


將星

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/


上山

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

/sœːŋ¹³ saːn⁵⁵/

/soŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ san²⁴/

/t͡siũ³³⁻²¹ suã⁴⁴/

/t͡siũ³³⁻¹¹ suã⁴⁴/

/t͡siũ²²⁻²¹ suã⁴⁴/

/t͡siɔ̃²²⁻²¹ suã⁴⁴/

/t͡siũ²² suã³³/

/t͡sĩẽ³⁵⁻¹¹ sũã³³/

/zɑ̃²² se⁴⁴/

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

/sœːŋ¹³ saːn⁵⁵/

/soŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ san²⁴/

/t͡siũ³³⁻²¹ suã⁴⁴/

/t͡siũ³³⁻¹¹ suã⁴⁴/

/t͡siũ²²⁻²¹ suã⁴⁴/

/t͡siɔ̃²²⁻²¹ suã⁴⁴/

/t͡siũ²² suã³³/

/t͡sĩẽ³⁵⁻¹¹ sũã³³/

/zɑ̃²² se⁴⁴/

(～市) Kaminoyama (a city in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan)


京阪神

Цзинбаньшэнь

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ pän²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂən³⁵/

/kɪŋ⁵⁵ paːn³⁵ sɐn²¹/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ pän²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂən³⁵/

/kɪŋ⁵⁵ paːn³⁵ sɐn²¹/


大工

/tä⁵¹ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/taːi̯²² kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/tä⁵¹ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/taːi̯²² kʊŋ⁵⁵/

大連理工大學 w:zh:大連理工大學


曲阿

/t͡ɕʰy⁵⁵ ˀɤ⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰy⁵⁵ ˀɤ⁵⁵/


江都

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ tu⁵⁵/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ tou̯⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ tu⁵⁵/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ tou̯⁵⁵/

(historical) Jiangdu (the former capital of China), now Yangzhou


廣東

ja-r

広東(こうとう) (Kōtō)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (廣東):
* → Japanese: 広東(こうとう) (Kōtō)
* → Okinawan: 広東(くゎんとぅん) (Kwantun)
* → Korean: 광동(廣東) (Gwangdong)
* → Vietnamese: Quảng Đông (廣東)

→ English: Guangdong, Kwangtung

→ French: Guangdong, Kouang-tong

→ Korean: 광둥 (Gwangdung)

→ Manchu: ᡤᡠᠸᠠᠩᡩᡠᠩ (guwangdung)

→ Mongolian: ᠭᠤᠸᠠᠩᠳᠦᠩ (ɣuwangdüng)

→ Portuguese: Cantão

→ English: Canton

→ Japanese: 広東(カントン) (Kanton)

→ French: Canton

→ Italian: Canton

→ Russian: Канто́н (Kantón)

→? Spanish: Cantón

→ Russian: Гуанду́н (Guandún)

→ Thai: กวางตุ้ง (gwaang-dtûng)

→ Zhuang: Guengjdoeng, Gvangjdungh

/ku̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kʷɔːŋ³⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kɔŋ⁵⁵ ɵŋ³³/

/koŋ³¹ tuŋ²⁴/

/koŋ²⁴⁻³³ tuŋ⁵³/

/kuɔŋ³¹ tʊŋ⁴⁴/

/kuoŋ³³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nøyŋ⁵⁵/

/kuŋ⁴⁵³⁻¹¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nɒŋ⁵³³/

/kŋ̍³³²⁻²¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nɒŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/kŋ̍⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ taŋ³³/

/kŋ̍⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ taŋ⁴⁴/

/kŋ̍⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ taŋ³³/

/kŋ̍⁵³⁻⁴⁴ taŋ⁴⁴/

/kuĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ taŋ⁴⁴/

/kɯŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ taŋ³³/

/kuɑ̃³³ toŋ⁴⁴/

/ku̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kʷɔːŋ³⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kɔŋ⁵⁵ ɵŋ³³/

/koŋ³¹ tuŋ²⁴/

/koŋ²⁴⁻³³ tuŋ⁵³/

/kuɔŋ³¹ tʊŋ⁴⁴/

/kuoŋ³³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nøyŋ⁵⁵/

/kuŋ⁴⁵³⁻¹¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nɒŋ⁵³³/

/kŋ̍³³²⁻²¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nɒŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/kŋ̍⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ taŋ³³/

/kŋ̍⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ taŋ⁴⁴/

/kŋ̍⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ taŋ³³/

/kŋ̍⁵³⁻⁴⁴ taŋ⁴⁴/

/kuĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ taŋ⁴⁴/

/kɯŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ taŋ³³/

/kuɑ̃³³ toŋ⁴⁴/

Named after Guangnan East Circuit (廣南東路／广南东路 (Guǎngnán Dōng Lù)) of the Song dynasty, which was abbreviated as 廣東路 (Guǎngdōng Lù).

zh-l

廣南東路／广南东路 (Guǎngnán Dōng Lù)

Zhou Qufei, Representative Answers from the Region beyond the Mountains, 12ᵗʰ century CE

Zì Qín shì yǒu Wǔlǐng zhī shuō, jiē zhǐ shān míng zhī. Kǎo zhī, nǎi rù lǐng zhī tú wǔ ěr, fēi bì shān yě. Zì Fújiàn zhī Tīng, rù Guǎngdōng zhī Xún, Méi, yī yě.

自秦世有五嶺之說，皆指山名之。考之，乃入嶺之途五耳，非必山也。自福建之汀，入廣東之循、梅，一也。

自秦世有五岭之说，皆指山名之。考之，乃入岭之途五耳，非必山也。自福建之汀，入广东之循、梅，一也。

(～省) Guangdong (a populous province of China, located on the southern coast)


鴛鴦

/ɥɛn⁵⁵ jɑŋ⁵⁵/

/ɥɛn⁵⁵ jɑŋ²/

/jyːn⁵⁵ jœːŋ⁵⁵/

/jiːn⁵⁵ jœːŋ⁵⁵/

/yɵn⁴² iɔŋ²/

/i̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ i̯oŋ²⁴/

/ʒan⁵³ ʒoŋ⁵³/

/yiŋ⁵⁴ iɔŋ⁵⁴/

/ɛŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ^((Ø-))ŋieu⁵³³/

/ɛŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ^((Ø-))nieu⁵³³/

/ɛŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ^((Ø-))ŋiu⁵⁴⁴/

/uan⁴⁴⁻²² iũ⁴⁴/

/uan⁴⁴⁻³³ iũ⁴⁴/

/uan⁴⁴⁻²² iɔ̃⁴⁴/

/uaŋ³³⁻²³ ĩõ³³/

/ɥɛn⁵⁵ jɑŋ⁵⁵/

/ɥɛn⁵⁵ jɑŋ²/

/jyːn⁵⁵ jœːŋ⁵⁵/

/jiːn⁵⁵ jœːŋ⁵⁵/

/yɵn⁴² iɔŋ²/

/i̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ i̯oŋ²⁴/

/ʒan⁵³ ʒoŋ⁵³/

/yiŋ⁵⁴ iɔŋ⁵⁴/

/ɛŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ^((Ø-))ŋieu⁵³³/

/ɛŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ^((Ø-))nieu⁵³³/

/ɛŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ^((Ø-))ŋiu⁵⁴⁴/

/uan⁴⁴⁻²² iũ⁴⁴/

/uan⁴⁴⁻³³ iũ⁴⁴/

/uan⁴⁴⁻²² iɔ̃⁴⁴/

/uaŋ³³⁻²³ ĩõ³³/

(～鄉) Yuanyang (a township in Maojian district, Shiyan, Hubei, China)


麻生

/mä³⁵ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/maː²¹ sɐŋ⁵⁵/

/mä³⁵ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/maː²¹ sɐŋ⁵⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 麻生 (Asō).

obor

An orthographic borrowing of the Japanese surname 麻生, Asō

(～町) Asō (a town located in Namegata District, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan)


尚父

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ fu⁵¹/

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ fu⁵¹/

尚 (Jiang Shang's given name) + 父 (a fatherly figure)

Jiang Shang (a title given to him by King Wen of Zhou)


郿塢

/meɪ̯³⁵ u⁵¹/

/meɪ̯³⁵ u⁵¹/

(archaic) Fort Mei (in present day Mei County, Shaanxi)


橫門

/xɤŋ³⁵ mən³⁵/

/waːŋ²¹ muːn²¹⁻³⁵/

/vaŋ²² ᵐbᵘɔn²²⁻²²⁵/

/xɤŋ³⁵ mən³⁵/

/waːŋ²¹ muːn²¹⁻³⁵/

/vaŋ²² ᵐbᵘɔn²²⁻²²⁵/

(archaic) Guangmen gate (the northwest gate to the ancient city of Chang'an)


司空

/sz̩⁵⁵ kʰʊŋ⁵⁵/

/siː⁵⁵ hʊŋ⁵⁵/

/su⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/su⁴⁴⁻²² kʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/sɯ³³ kʰɔŋ³³/

/sz̩⁵⁵ kʰʊŋ⁵⁵/

/siː⁵⁵ hʊŋ⁵⁵/

/su⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/su⁴⁴⁻²² kʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/sɯ³³ kʰɔŋ³³/

Written as 司工 (OC *slɯ koːŋ) in the bronze inscription.


貂蟬

/ti̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰän³⁵/

/ti̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰän³⁵/

Romance of the Three Kingdoms
w:Romance of the Three Kingdoms

Diaochan (a character in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms)


江山

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/koŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ san²⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/kɑ̃⁵⁵ se²¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/koŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ san²⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/kɑ̃⁵⁵ se²¹/

(～市) Jiangshan (a county-level city of Quzhou, Zhejiang, China)


青衣

→ English: Tsing Yi

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ i⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ²¹ i/

/t͡ɕʰĩ³¹⁻³³ i³¹/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ jiː⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɛːŋ⁵⁵ jiː⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰəŋ²¹³ zi²¹/

/ˈt͡ɕʰin⁴² i⁴²/

/t͡sʰaŋ⁵⁴ i⁵⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² i⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕʰin⁵⁵ i²¹/

/t͡ɕʰin³³ i³⁴/

/t͡sʰiŋ³³ i⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰin³³ i³³/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ i⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ²¹ i/

/t͡ɕʰĩ³¹⁻³³ i³¹/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ jiː⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɛːŋ⁵⁵ jiː⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰəŋ²¹³ zi²¹/

/ˈt͡ɕʰin⁴² i⁴²/

/t͡sʰaŋ⁵⁴ i⁵⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² i⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕʰin⁵⁵ i²¹/

/t͡ɕʰin³³ i³⁴/

/t͡sʰiŋ³³ i⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰin³³ i³³/

(～江) Qingyi River (a river in Sichuan, China)


巴蜀

/pä⁵⁵ ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/paː⁵⁵ sʊk̚²/

/pä⁵⁵ ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/paː⁵⁵ sʊk̚²/

(historical) the kingdoms of Ba (巴) and Shu (蜀) which existed within the Sichuan Basin (?–c. 316 BCE)

(by extension) the area of the Sichuan Basin, covered by modern-day Sichuan province and city of Chongqing


巴蜀

Phono-semantic matching of Thai ประจวบ (“Prachuap”, short for Prachuap Khiri Khan), via Teochew.

psm

/pä⁵⁵ ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/paː⁵⁵ sʊk̚²/

/pä⁵⁵ ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/paː⁵⁵ sʊk̚²/

Prachuap Khiri Khan
Prachuap Khiri Khan#English

(～府) Prachuap Khiri Khan (a province of Thailand)


鎌倉

/li̯ɛn³⁵ t͡sʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/li̯ɛn³⁵ t͡sʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 鎌倉 (Kamakura).

obor

(～市) Kamakura (a city in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan)


錦繡

/t͡ɕin²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵¹/

/kɐm³⁵ sɐu̯³³/

/kim⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ siu⁴¹/

/ɡim⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siu¹¹/

/ɡim⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ siu²¹/

/ɡim⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siu²¹/

/t͡ɕin²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵¹/

/kɐm³⁵ sɐu̯³³/

/kim⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ siu⁴¹/

/ɡim⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siu¹¹/

/ɡim⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ siu²¹/

/ɡim⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siu²¹/

(～村) Jinxiu (a village in Zhonglu, Lichuan, Enshi prefecture, Hubei, China)


伊周

/i⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/i⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

(archaic) Yi Yin and Duke of Zhou (examples of great and wise ministers)


教坊

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹ fɑŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹ fɑŋ⁵⁵/

O how could I forget the hurried parting day
When by the band the farewell songs were played!

c. 976, 李煜 (Li Yu),《破陣子·四十年來家國》, translated by X. Y. Z.

Zuìshì cānghuáng cí miào rì, jiàofāng yóu zòu biélí gē.

最是倉皇辭廟日，教坊猶奏別離歌。

最是仓皇辞庙日，教坊犹奏别离歌。

(archaic) Royal Academy (the ministry in charge of music and dance at court)


昭陽

/ʈ͡ʂɑʊ̯⁵⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰiːu̯⁵⁵ jœːŋ²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂɑʊ̯⁵⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰiːu̯⁵⁵ jœːŋ²¹/

(～區) Zhaoyang (a district of Zhaotong, Yunnan, China)

(literary) short for 昭陽殿／昭阳殿 (Zhāoyáng Diàn, “Zhaoyang Palace”)


梁州

/li̯ɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/li̯ɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

(archaic) the Melody of Liangzhou (the name of an ancient song)


陽春

/jɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən⁵⁵/

/jœːŋ²¹ t͡sʰɵn⁵⁵/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰun⁴⁴/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰun³³/

/iɔŋ¹³⁻²² t͡sʰun⁴⁴/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰun⁴⁴/

/iɔŋ²³⁻³³ t͡sʰun⁴⁴/

/jɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən⁵⁵/

/jœːŋ²¹ t͡sʰɵn⁵⁵/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰun⁴⁴/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰun³³/

/iɔŋ¹³⁻²² t͡sʰun⁴⁴/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰun⁴⁴/

/iɔŋ²³⁻³³ t͡sʰun⁴⁴/

(literary) the third month of the Chinese lunar calendar

(～市) Yangchun (a county-level city of Yangjiang, Guangdong, China)

(～社區) Yangchun (a community in Guanshan, Hongshan district, Wuhan, Hubei, China)


蜀錦

/ʂu²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡ɕin²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʂu²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡ɕin²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Sichuan brocade (a traditional silk product from Sichuan province)


匈奴

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (匈奴):
* → Japanese: 匈(きょう)奴(ど) (Kyōdo)
* → Korean: 흉노(匈奴) (Hyungno)
* → Vietnamese: Hung Nô (匈奴)

→ English: Xiongnu

desc

→ Russian: сю́нну (sjúnnu), сюнну́ (sjunnú)

/ɕi̯ʊŋ⁵⁵ nu³⁵/

/hʊŋ⁵⁵ nou̯²¹/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² lɔ²⁴/

/hiɔŋ³³ lɔ²⁴/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² lɔ¹³/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ lɔ²⁴/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ lɔ²³/

/hioŋ³³⁻²³ nou³³/

/ɕi̯ʊŋ⁵⁵ nu³⁵/

/hʊŋ⁵⁵ nou̯²¹/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² lɔ²⁴/

/hiɔŋ³³ lɔ²⁴/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² lɔ¹³/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ lɔ²⁴/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ lɔ²³/

/hioŋ³³⁻²³ nou³³/

Schuessler (2014) reconstructs its 318 BCE pronunciation as *hoŋ-nâ and later *hɨoŋ-nɑ, which he suggests to be a Han or pre-Han transcription of foreign *Hŏna or *Hŭna, which may be connected to Sanskrit हूण (hūṇa), Huns, Latin Hunni, Ancient Greek Οὗννοι (Hoûnnoi) (ibid.; Pulleyblank, 2000).

Zhanguo Ce, circa 5ᵗʰ – 3ʳᵈ centuries BCE

Fú Fán jiāngjūn kùnqióng yú tiānxià, guīshēn yú Dān, Dān zhōng bù pò yú qiáng Qín, ér qì suǒ āilián zhī jiāo zhì zhī Xiōngnú, shì Dān mìng gù zú zhī shí yě.

夫樊將軍困窮於天下，歸身於丹，丹終不迫於強秦，而棄所哀憐之交置之匈奴，是丹命固卒之時也。

夫樊将军困穷于天下，归身于丹，丹终不迫于强秦，而弃所哀怜之交置之匈奴，是丹命固卒之时也。

(historical) Xiongnu (ancient nomadic-based people that formed a state or confederation north of the agriculture-based empire of the Han dynasty)


馬場

/mä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵/

/maː¹³ t͡sʰœːŋ²¹/

/be⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiũ²⁴/

/be⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tiũ²⁴/

/be⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tiũ²³/

/bɛ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiɔ̃¹³/

/bɛ⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ tiãu²³/

/mä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵/

/maː¹³ t͡sʰœːŋ²¹/

/be⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiũ²⁴/

/be⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tiũ²⁴/

/be⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tiũ²³/

/bɛ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiɔ̃¹³/

/bɛ⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ tiãu²³/

(～鎮) Machang (name of various towns in China)

(～村) Machang (name of various villages in China)


大士

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/tua²²⁻²¹ su²²/

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/tua²²⁻²¹ su²²/

Borrowed from Malay Tuas, via a southern dialect, where the pronunciation of 大 phonetically resembles the Malay source.

Tuas (a planning area in the West Region, Singapore)


普門

/pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ mən³⁵/

/pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ mən³⁵/

(Buddhism) chapter title (within the Lotus Sutra): the Universal Door (of the Avalokiteśvara Bodhisattva)


延祐

/jɛn³⁵ joʊ̯⁵¹/

/jɛn³⁵ joʊ̯⁵¹/

the Yanyou era (1314 - 1320), a Chinese era name for Emperor Renzong of Yuan


翰林

/hɔːn²² lɐm²¹/

/hɔːn²² lɐm²¹/


蛤蟆

/haː²¹ maː²¹/

/xaʔ²⁻⁵⁴ ma¹¹/

/ha⁵³⁻³³ ma⁵³/

/ɦɑ̃²² mo³³/

/kɤ̞¹³ ma̠³/

/haː²¹ maː²¹/

/xaʔ²⁻⁵⁴ ma¹¹/

/ha⁵³⁻³³ ma⁵³/

/ɦɑ̃²² mo³³/

/kɤ̞¹³ ma̠³/

Onomatopoeic (Schuessler, 2007). Compare Old Mon kma(c) /kmɔc/ (ibid.).
The original form is 蝦蟆／虾蟆. In Beijing Mandarin, há is the vernacular reading of 蝦／虾 (xiā) used in this word alone.

蝦蟆/蝦蟇/虾蟆
蝦䗫*
鰕䗫*
鰕䲈*

(Mainland China, Internet slang) Nickname of Jiang Zemin


江陵

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ liŋ³⁵/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ lɪŋ²¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ liŋ³⁵/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ lɪŋ²¹/

(～縣) Jiangling (a county of Jingzhou, Hubei, China)

(archaic) Alternative name for 荊州／荆州 (Jīngzhōu, “Jingzhou”).


喬丹

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ tän⁵⁵/

/kʰiːu̯²¹ taːn⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ tän⁵⁵/

/kʰiːu̯²¹ taːn⁵⁵/

Jordan (a small town, the county seat of Garfield County, Montana, United States)

A transliteration of the English unisex given name and surname Jordan


仙居

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ t͡ɕy⁵⁵/

/siːn⁵⁵ kɵy̯⁵⁵/

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ t͡ɕy⁵⁵/

/siːn⁵⁵ kɵy̯⁵⁵/

(～鄉) Xianju (a township in Dongbao district, Jingmen, Hubei, China)


元首

/ɥɛn³⁵ ʂoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jyːn²¹ sɐu̯³⁵/

/ɡuan²⁴⁻²² siu⁵³/

/ɡuan²⁴⁻²² siu⁵⁵⁴/

/ɡuan¹³⁻²² siu⁵³/

/ɡuan²⁴⁻¹¹ siu⁵³/

/ɡuan²³⁻³³ siu⁴¹/

/ɥɛn³⁵ ʂoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jyːn²¹ sɐu̯³⁵/

/ɡuan²⁴⁻²² siu⁵³/

/ɡuan²⁴⁻²² siu⁵⁵⁴/

/ɡuan¹³⁻²² siu⁵³/

/ɡuan²⁴⁻¹¹ siu⁵³/

/ɡuan²³⁻³³ siu⁴¹/

(historical or Internet slang) Führer (the title of Adolf Hitler when he was the leader of Nazi Germany)

Yang di-Pertuan Agong
Yang di-Pertuan Agong


中堂

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ tʰɑŋ³⁵/

/tœŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ tɒŋ¹³/

dyoeng¹ dorng² [Phonetic:dyoeng⁵ dorng²]

/tyøŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ tɒŋ²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tɔŋ²⁴/

/tiɔŋ³³ tɔŋ²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tɔŋ¹³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔŋ²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔŋ²³/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ tʰɑŋ³⁵/

/tœŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ tɒŋ¹³/

/tyøŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ tɒŋ²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tɔŋ²⁴/

/tiɔŋ³³ tɔŋ²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tɔŋ¹³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔŋ²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔŋ²³/

(～鎮) Zhongtang (a town in Dongguan, Guangdong, China)


名家

/miŋ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵/

/mɪŋ²¹ kaː⁵⁵/

/biɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ka³³/

/biɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ka⁴⁴/

/miã²⁴⁻¹¹ ka⁴⁴/

/miã²³⁻³³ ka⁴⁴/

/biɪŋ¹³⁻²² kɛ⁴⁴/

/mia⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ke³³/

/miŋ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵/

/mɪŋ²¹ kaː⁵⁵/

/biɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ka³³/

/biɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ka⁴⁴/

/miã²⁴⁻¹¹ ka⁴⁴/

/miã²³⁻³³ ka⁴⁴/

/biɪŋ¹³⁻²² kɛ⁴⁴/

/mia⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ke³³/

(historical) School of Names (during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States period)


問安

/wən⁵¹ ˀän⁵⁵/

/mɐn²² ɔːn⁵⁵/

/bun²²⁻²¹ an⁴⁴/

/bun⁴¹⁻²² an³³/

/bun³³⁻²¹ an⁴⁴/

/bun³³⁻¹¹ an⁴⁴/

/mŋ̍³³⁻²¹ an⁴⁴/

/mŋ̍²²⁻²¹ an⁴⁴/

/mŋ̍³³⁻¹¹ an⁴⁴/

/wən⁵¹ ˀän⁵⁵/

/mɐn²² ɔːn⁵⁵/

/bun²²⁻²¹ an⁴⁴/

/bun⁴¹⁻²² an³³/

/bun³³⁻²¹ an⁴⁴/

/bun³³⁻¹¹ an⁴⁴/

/mŋ̍³³⁻²¹ an⁴⁴/

/mŋ̍²²⁻²¹ an⁴⁴/

/mŋ̍³³⁻¹¹ an⁴⁴/

(～鎮) Wen'an (a town in Zhijiang, Yichang, Hubei, China)


鳳儀

(～鄉) Fengyi (a township in Zongyang, Tongling, Anhui, China)


莎拉

/saː⁵⁵ laːi̯⁵⁵/

/sa²⁴⁻¹¹ la²⁴/

/sa⁴⁴⁻³³ la⁴⁴/

/saː⁵⁵ laːi̯⁵⁵/

/sa²⁴⁻¹¹ la²⁴/

/sa⁴⁴⁻³³ la⁴⁴/

A transliteration of the English female given name Sarah or Sara

(Protestantism, uncommon) Sarah (wife of Abraham)


漢陽

→ English: Hanyang, Han-yang

/xän⁵¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/hɔːn³³ jœːŋ²¹/

/xän⁵¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/hɔːn³³ jœːŋ²¹/

Yang (north) of the Han River; based on Yin and yang toponymy in which north is associated with yang. Hanyang was situated to the north of the Han River until a later shift in the course of the river.

(historical) Hanyang (an old term for Seoul)

Every tree in Han-yang becomes clear in the water,
And Parrot Island is a nest of sweet grasses;

8th century CE, 1920, trans., Cui Hao, Witter Bynner, trans., The Yellow Crane Terrace 黃鶴樓, p.329, p.331, trans. →ISBN

Qíng chuān lìlì Hànyáng shù, fāngcǎo qīqī yīngwǔ zhōu.

晴川歷歷漢陽樹，芳草萋萋鸚鵡洲。

晴川历历汉阳树，芳草萋萋鹦鹉洲。

(～區) Hanyang (a district of Wuhan, Hubei, China)


扶桑

/fu³⁵ sɑŋ⁵⁵/

/fuː²¹ sɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/hu²⁴⁻²² sɔŋ⁴⁴/

/hu²⁴⁻²² sɔŋ³³/

/hu¹³⁻²² sɔŋ⁴⁴/

/hu²⁴⁻¹¹ sɔŋ⁴⁴/

/hu²³⁻³³ sɔŋ⁴⁴/

/fu³⁵ sɑŋ⁵⁵/

/fuː²¹ sɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/hu²⁴⁻²² sɔŋ⁴⁴/

/hu²⁴⁻²² sɔŋ³³/

/hu¹³⁻²² sɔŋ⁴⁴/

/hu²⁴⁻¹¹ sɔŋ⁴⁴/

/hu²³⁻³³ sɔŋ⁴⁴/

The Ruists reason that: "The sun at dawn rises from the Supportive Mulberry-tree, at dusk sets into the Lissom Willow."

Wang Chong, Lun Heng (Discussive Weighing), 80 CE

Rúzhě lùn: “Rì dàn chū fúsāng, mù rù xìliǔ.”

儒者論：「日旦出扶桑，暮入細柳。」

儒者论：「日旦出扶桑，暮入细柳。」

(Chinese mythology) legendary mulberry tree in the ocean where the sun is supposed to rise

(Chinese mythology) Fusang, legendary land to the East commonly assumed to be Japan


斯蒂芬

/sz̩⁵⁵ ti⁵¹ fən⁵⁵/

/siː⁵⁵ tɐi̯³³ fɐn⁵⁵/

/sz̩⁵⁵ ti⁵¹ fən⁵⁵/

/siː⁵⁵ tɐi̯³³ fɐn⁵⁵/

Borrowed from English Stephen or Steven.

A transliteration of the English male given name Stephen or Steven


史蒂文

/ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ ti⁵¹ wən³⁵/

/siː³⁵ tɐi̯³³ mɐn²¹/

/ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ ti⁵¹ wən³⁵/

/siː³⁵ tɐi̯³³ mɐn²¹/

Borrowed from English Steven or Stephen.

A transliteration of the English male given name Steven or Stephen


安徽

English: Anhui, Anhuei, An-hwei, Anhwei, An-hui (Wade–Giles)

Georgian: ანხუეი (anxuei)

/ˀän⁵⁵ xu̯eɪ̯⁵⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ fɐi̯⁵⁵/

/ᵘɔn³³ fei³³/

/on²⁴⁻¹¹ fi²⁴/

/aŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋui⁵⁵/

/aŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ hui⁵³³/

/aŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ hui⁵⁴⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² hui⁴⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² hui⁴⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ hui⁴⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ hui⁴⁴/

/aŋ³³⁻²³ hui³³/

/ˀän⁵⁵ xu̯eɪ̯⁵⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ fɐi̯⁵⁵/

/ᵘɔn³³ fei³³/

/on²⁴⁻¹¹ fi²⁴/

/aŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋui⁵⁵/

/aŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ hui⁵³³/

/aŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ hui⁵⁴⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² hui⁴⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² hui⁴⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ hui⁴⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ hui⁴⁴/

/aŋ³³⁻²³ hui³³/

From the names of two cities in southern Anhui: 安慶／安庆 (Ānqìng, “Anqing”) and 徽州 (Huīzhōu, “Huizhou”, now Huangshan City).

zh-m

(～省) Anhui (a province in eastern China)


書院

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (書院):
* → Japanese: 書(しょ)院(いん) (shoin)
* → Korean: 서원(書院) (seowon)
* → Vietnamese: thư viện (書院)

/ʂu⁵⁵ ɥɛn⁵¹/

/syː⁵⁵ jyːn²²⁻³⁵/

/su²⁴⁻¹¹ i̯en⁵⁵/

/ʃu⁵³ ʒan¹¹/

/t͡sy⁵⁵⁻⁵³ iɛŋ²⁴²/

/su⁴⁴⁻³³ ĩ³³/

/su⁴⁴⁻²² ĩ²²/

/t͡sɯ³³ ĩ⁴¹/

/si⁴⁴⁻²² ĩ²²/

/t͡sɯ³³⁻²³ ĩ¹¹/

/sz̩⁵⁵ ɦyø²¹/

/ʂu⁵⁵ ɥɛn⁵¹/

/syː⁵⁵ jyːn²²⁻³⁵/

/su²⁴⁻¹¹ i̯en⁵⁵/

/ʃu⁵³ ʒan¹¹/

/t͡sy⁵⁵⁻⁵³ iɛŋ²⁴²/

/su⁴⁴⁻³³ ĩ³³/

/su⁴⁴⁻²² ĩ²²/

/t͡sɯ³³ ĩ⁴¹/

/si⁴⁴⁻²² ĩ²²/

/t͡sɯ³³⁻²³ ĩ¹¹/

/sz̩⁵⁵ ɦyø²¹/

(～街道) Shuyuan (a subdistrict of Xiaonan district, Xiaogan, Hubei, China)

(～社區) Shuyuan (a community in Shuyuan Subdistrict, Xiaonan district, Xiaogan, Hubei, China)


雅集

/jä²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi³⁵/

/ŋaː¹³ t͡saːp̚²/

/jä²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi³⁵/

/ŋaː¹³ t͡saːp̚²/


迦太基

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕi⁵⁵/

/kaː⁵⁵ tʰaːi̯³³ kei̯⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕi⁵⁵/

/kaː⁵⁵ tʰaːi̯³³ kei̯⁵⁵/


萬年

/wän⁵¹ ni̯ɛn³⁵/

/ban⁴¹⁻²² nĩ²⁴/

/ban²²⁻²¹ nĩ²⁴/

/wän⁵¹ ni̯ɛn³⁵/

/ban⁴¹⁻²² nĩ²⁴/

/ban²²⁻²¹ nĩ²⁴/

(～縣) Wannian (a county of Shangrao, Jiangxi, China)


士孫

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹ su̯ən⁵⁵/

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹ su̯ən⁵⁵/


未央殿

/weɪ̯⁵¹ jɑŋ⁵⁵ ti̯ɛn⁵¹/

/weɪ̯⁵¹ jɑŋ⁵⁵ ti̯ɛn⁵¹/


未央

/weɪ̯⁵¹ jɑŋ⁵⁵/

/mei̯²² jœːŋ⁵⁵/

/weɪ̯⁵¹ jɑŋ⁵⁵/

/mei̯²² jœːŋ⁵⁵/


未央宮

/weɪ̯⁵¹ jɑŋ⁵⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/weɪ̯⁵¹ jɑŋ⁵⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵/


阿布達比

ㄚ ㄅㄨˋ ㄉㄚˊ ㄅㄧˇ

ㄚ ㄅㄨˋ ㄉㄚˊ ㄅㄧˇ

/ˀä⁵⁵ pu⁵¹ tä³⁵ pi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ˀä⁵⁵ pu⁵¹ tä³⁵ pi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

United Arab Emirates
United Arab Emirates#English

Abu Dhabi (the capital city of the United Arab Emirates; the capital city of Abu Dhabi Emirate, United Arab Emirates)

Abu Dhabi (an emirate of the United Arab Emirates, the largest of the seven emirates)


齊宣王

Ци Сюань Ван

/t͡ɕʰi³⁵ ɕy̯ɛn⁵⁵ wɑŋ³⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi³⁵ ɕy̯ɛn⁵⁵ wɑŋ³⁵/

King Xuan of Qi (350 B.C.E. – 301 B.C.E.)


宣王

/ɕy̯ɛn⁵⁵ wɑŋ³⁵/

/ɕy̯ɛn⁵⁵ wɑŋ³⁵/


南郭

/nän³⁵ ku̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/nän³⁵ ku̯ɔ⁵⁵/


湣王

/min²¹⁴⁻²¹ wɑŋ³⁵/

/min²¹⁴⁻²¹ wɑŋ³⁵/

King Min of Qi (323 B.C.E. - 284 B.C.E.)


涼州

ja-r

涼州(りょうしゅう) (Ryōshū)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (涼州):
* → Japanese: 涼州(りょうしゅう) (Ryōshū)
* → Korean: 양주(涼州) (Yangju)

/li̯ɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/lœːŋ²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/li̯ɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/lœːŋ²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

(historical) Liang Province, Liangzhou (a province in ancient China)

(～區) Liangzhou (a district of Wuwei, Gansu, China)


珠寶

/ʈ͡ʂu⁵⁵ pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻²² po⁵³/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻²² po⁵³/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻³³ po⁵³/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻³³ pɤ⁴¹/

/t͡su³³⁻²³ po⁵²/

/t͡sz̩⁵⁵ pɔ²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂu⁵⁵ pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻²² po⁵³/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻²² po⁵³/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻³³ po⁵³/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻³³ pɤ⁴¹/

/t͡su³³⁻²³ po⁵²/

/t͡sz̩⁵⁵ pɔ²¹/

Chemor (a town in Kinta district, Perak, Malaysia)


孝武

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹ u²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹ u²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

the posthumous name of Emperor Wu of Han (157 B.C.E. - 87 B.C.E.)


隆中

/lʊŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵/

/lʊŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵/

(～街道) Longzhong (a subdistrict of Xiangcheng district, Xiangyang, Hubei, China)


赤兒

/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩⁵¹ ˀɤɻ³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩⁵¹ ˀɤɻ³⁵/

Hu Chi'er's given name (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms)


城池

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩³⁵/

/sɪŋ²¹ t͡sʰiː²¹/

/saŋ¹¹ t͡sʰɨ¹¹/

/siã²⁴⁻²² ti²⁴/

/siã²⁴⁻²² ti²⁴/

/siã¹³⁻²² ti¹³/

/siã²⁴⁻¹¹ ti²⁴/

/siã²³⁻³³ ti²³/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩³⁵/

/sɪŋ²¹ t͡sʰiː²¹/

/saŋ¹¹ t͡sʰɨ¹¹/

/siã²⁴⁻²² ti²⁴/

/siã²⁴⁻²² ti²⁴/

/siã¹³⁻²² ti¹³/

/siã²⁴⁻¹¹ ti²⁴/

/siã²³⁻³³ ti²³/

(～村) Chengchi (a village in Zhonglu, Lichuan, Enshi prefecture, Hubei, China)


宣平門

ㄒㄩㄢ ㄆㄧㄥˊ ㄇㄣˊ

ㄒㄩㄢ ㄆㄧㄥˊ ㄇㄣˊ

Сюаньпин Мэнь

/ɕy̯ɛn⁵⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵ mən³⁵/

/syːn⁵⁵ pʰɪŋ²¹ muːn²¹/

/ɕy̯ɛn⁵⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵ mən³⁵/

/syːn⁵⁵ pʰɪŋ²¹ muːn²¹/

Xuanping Gate (northernmost gate on the eastern side of the ancient city of Chang'an)


宣平

/ɕy̯ɛn⁵⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/syːn⁵⁵ pʰɪŋ²¹/

/ɕy̯ɛn⁵⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/syːn⁵⁵ pʰɪŋ²¹/

(～門) Xuanping Gate (northernmost gate on the eastern side of the ancient city of Chang'an)


泰雅

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰaːi̯³³ ŋaː¹³/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ ŋã⁵³/

/tʰai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ŋã⁵⁵⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ ŋã⁵³/

/tʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ ŋã⁵³/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ ŋã⁴¹/

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰaːi̯³³ ŋaː¹³/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ ŋã⁵³/

/tʰai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ŋã⁵⁵⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ ŋã⁵³/

/tʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ ŋã⁵³/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ ŋã⁴¹/

(～族) Atayal (a Taiwanese aborigine ethnic group)


郡山

/t͡ɕyn⁵¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

/kʷɐn²² saːn⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕyn⁵¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

/kʷɐn²² saːn⁵⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 郡山 (Kōriyama).

obor

(～市) Kōriyama (a city in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan)


唐山

Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan

Arising from the position of coastal Guangdong and Fujian (both primary origin points for overseas Chinese migrants, the latter also being an origin point for many "early" Han Chinese settlers in Taiwan before the Chinese Civil War and Nationalist flight) between the sea and inland mountains and the use of 唐 (táng, “Tang”) to refer to China in general due to its perception as a "golden age" in Chinese history.

lang

教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典

教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典

thcwd

“唐山”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2025.

/tʰɑŋ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/tʰɔːŋ²¹ saːn⁵⁵/

/hɔŋ²² san³³/

/tʰɔŋ¹¹ san⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²² suã³³/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²¹ suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²³⁻²¹ suã³³/

/tŋ̍¹³⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²³⁻³³ suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ suã⁴⁴/

/tʰaŋ¹¹ suã³³⁴/

/tɯŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sũã³³/

/tʰɑŋ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/tʰɔːŋ²¹ saːn⁵⁵/

/hɔŋ²² san³³/

/tʰɔŋ¹¹ san⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²² suã³³/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²¹ suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²³⁻²¹ suã³³/

/tŋ̍¹³⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²³⁻³³ suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ suã⁴⁴/

/tʰaŋ¹¹ suã³³⁴/

/tɯŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sũã³³/

Chinese Elder Brother (The Big Boss, 1971 film featuring Bruce Lee)

《唐山大兄》

possibly based on the Zhongshan variety of Yue

Please do, for I have to go back to China soon.

do¹ faan⁴ nei⁵ laa³. jan¹ wai⁶ ngo⁵ soeng² zou² jat⁶ faan¹ tong⁴ saan¹.

多煩你嚹。因為我想早日翻唐山。

多烦你嚹。因为我想早日翻唐山。

As people went from mainland China over to Taiwan, their hearts became weighed down. (an idiom about the Chinese migration toward Taiwan in Qing Dynasty)

Tn̂g-soaⁿ kòe Tâi-oân, sim-koaⁿ kiat kui oân

唐山過台灣，心肝結規丸

唐山过台湾，心肝结规丸

(Can we date this quote?), “客家本色 [Natural Color of Hakka]”, performed by 涂敏恆 [Tu Min-Heng]:

[From] mainland China [they] went over to Taiwan, without any money, diligently cultivating the hill lands and tilling the fields.

Thòng-sân ko Thòi-vàn, mò pan tiám chhièn, sat-mâng tá-piang kâng-sân-kâng-thièn.

唐山過台灣，無半點錢，煞猛打拚耕山耕田。

唐山过台湾，无半点钱，煞猛打拚耕山耕田。

(Taiwan, Philippine Hokkien, dated) mainland China


唐山

→ English: Tangshan, T'ang-shan

Named after the Tang Mountain in the city; the Tang Mountain was named after the Tang Dynasty

/tʰɑŋ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/tʰɔːŋ²¹ saːn⁵⁵/

/hɔŋ²² san³³/

/tʰɔŋ¹¹ san⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²² suã³³/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²¹ suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²³⁻²¹ suã³³/

/tŋ̍¹³⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²³⁻³³ suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ suã⁴⁴/

/tʰaŋ¹¹ suã³³⁴/

/tɯŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sũã³³/

/tʰɑŋ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/tʰɔːŋ²¹ saːn⁵⁵/

/hɔŋ²² san³³/

/tʰɔŋ¹¹ san⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²² suã³³/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²¹ suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²³⁻²¹ suã³³/

/tŋ̍¹³⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²³⁻³³ suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ suã⁴⁴/

/tʰaŋ¹¹ suã³³⁴/

/tɯŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sũã³³/

Great Tangshan earthquake (1976 Tangshan earthquake)

唐山大地震

(～市) Tangshan (a prefecture-level city in northeastern Hebei, China)

Dacheng Mountain
Dacheng Mountain#English

Tang Mountain, Dacheng Mountain (a hill in the central part of the city of Tangshan, Hebei, China)


古英語

/ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ iŋ⁵⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kuː³⁵ jɪŋ⁵⁵ jyː¹³/

/ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ iŋ⁵⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kuː³⁵ jɪŋ⁵⁵ jyː¹³/


池陽

/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩³⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩³⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

Chiyang (a subdistrict of Guichi district, Chizhou, Anhui, China)


平陽

/pʰiŋ³⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ jœːŋ²¹/

/pʰi̯aŋ¹¹ i̯oŋ¹¹/

/piɪŋ²³⁻³³ iũ²³/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ iũ²⁴/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² iũ²⁴/

/pĩ²⁴⁻²² iũ²⁴/

/pĩ²⁴⁻¹¹ iũ²⁴/

/pẽ²³⁻³³ iũ²³/

/pɛ̃¹³⁻²² iɔ̃¹³/

/pʰiŋ³⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ jœːŋ²¹/

/pʰi̯aŋ¹¹ i̯oŋ¹¹/

/piɪŋ²³⁻³³ iũ²³/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ iũ²⁴/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² iũ²⁴/

/pĩ²⁴⁻²² iũ²⁴/

/pĩ²⁴⁻¹¹ iũ²⁴/

/pẽ²³⁻³³ iũ²³/

/pɛ̃¹³⁻²² iɔ̃¹³/

(～縣) Pingyang County (a county of Zhejiang, China)

(～郡) (historical) Pingyang Commandery (present-day Linfen, Shanxi province, China)

Bình Dương Province
w:Bình Dương Province

(～省) Bình Dương Province (a province of Vietnam)


王者

/wɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂɤ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/wɔːŋ²¹ t͡sɛː³⁵/

/ɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sia⁵³/

/ɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sia⁵⁵⁴/

/ɔŋ¹³⁻²² t͡sia⁵³/

/ɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sia⁵³/

/ɔŋ²³⁻³³ t͡sia⁴¹/

/uaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sia⁵²/

/wɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂɤ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/wɔːŋ²¹ t͡sɛː³⁵/

/ɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sia⁵³/

/ɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sia⁵⁵⁴/

/ɔŋ¹³⁻²² t͡sia⁵³/

/ɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sia⁵³/

/ɔŋ²³⁻³³ t͡sia⁴¹/

/uaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sia⁵²/

(video games, informal) short for 王者榮耀／王者荣耀 (Wángzhě Róngyào, “Honor of Kings”)


霹靂

/pʰɪk̚⁵ lɪk̚⁵/

/pʰiʔ²⁴⁻²¹ l̃iʔ⁵/

/pʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ liɪk̚¹²¹/

/pʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ liɪk̚⁴/

/pe²²⁻²¹ laʔ⁴/

/pʰɪk̚⁵ lɪk̚⁵/

/pʰiʔ²⁴⁻²¹ l̃iʔ⁵/

/pʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ liɪk̚¹²¹/

/pʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ liɪk̚⁴/

/pe²²⁻²¹ laʔ⁴/

霹雳
*辟歷
*辟历
礔礰
礕礰
劈歷
霹雳
吡叻


并州

/piŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/piŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

(archaic) Bingzhou (southwest of present day Taiyuan)


盩厔

→ English: Chou-chih

/ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵ t͡sɐt̚²/

/ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵ t͡sɐt̚²/

(dated) synonym of 周至 (zhōuzhì): Zhouzhi (a county of Xi'an, Shaanxi, China)


周至

/ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵ t͡siː³³/

/ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵ t͡siː³³/

In 1964, the characters for the county were changed from 盩厔 (Zhōuzhì) to 周至 (zhōuzhì).

(～縣) Zhouzhi (a county of Xi'an, Shaanxi, China)


下門

/ɕi̯ä⁵¹ mən³⁵/

/a²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ muoŋ⁵³/

/e⁴¹⁻²² mŋ̍²⁴/

/e²²⁻²¹ mŋ̍²⁴/

/e³³⁻²¹ mŋ̍²³/

/e³³⁻¹¹ mŋ̍²⁴/

/ɛ²²⁻²¹ muĩ¹³/

/ɛ⁵³⁻¹¹ muĩ¹¹/

/ɕi̯ä⁵¹ mən³⁵/

/a²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ muoŋ⁵³/

/e⁴¹⁻²² mŋ̍²⁴/

/e²²⁻²¹ mŋ̍²⁴/

/e³³⁻²¹ mŋ̍²³/

/e³³⁻¹¹ mŋ̍²⁴/

/ɛ²²⁻²¹ muĩ¹³/

/ɛ⁵³⁻¹¹ muĩ¹¹/

(historical) Old name for 廈門／厦门 (Xiàmén): Xiamen (a prefecture-level city and subprovincial city of Fujian, in southeastern China)


竹林七賢

ㄓㄨˊ ㄌㄧㄣˊ ㄑㄧ ㄒㄧㄢˊ

ㄓㄨˊ ㄌㄧㄣˊ ㄑㄧ ㄒㄧㄢˊ

Чжулинь Цисянь

/ʈ͡ʂu³⁵ lin³⁵ t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵ ɕi̯ɛn³⁵/

/t͡sʊk̚⁵ lɐm²¹ t͡sʰɐt̚⁵ jiːn²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂu³⁵ lin³⁵ t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵ ɕi̯ɛn³⁵/

/t͡sʊk̚⁵ lɐm²¹ t͡sʰɐt̚⁵ jiːn²¹/

the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove (group of Chinese scholars, writers and musicians of the 3rd century CE)


螺螄

/lu̯ɔ³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵/

/lu̯ɔ³⁵ sz̩³/

/lɔː²¹ siː⁵⁵/

/lu̯ɔ³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵/

/lu̯ɔ³⁵ sz̩³/

/lɔː²¹ siː⁵⁵/

(～村) Luosi (a village in Huilong, Hanchuan, Xiaogan, Hubei, China)


泉州

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (泉州):
* → Japanese: 泉州(せんしゅう) (Senshū)
* → Korean: 천주(泉州) (Cheonju)
* → Vietnamese: Tuyền Châu (泉州)

desc

→ English: Chinchew, Chin-chiu, Chinchu, Ch'uan-chou, Ch'üan-chou, Chuanchow, Cyuanjhou, Quanzhou, Tsuan-tsiu

→ French: Quanzhou

→ Georgian: ციუენჭოუ (ciuenč̣ou)

→ German: Quanzhou

→ Korean: 취안저우 (Chwianjeou)

→ Portuguese: Quanzhou

→ Russian: Цюаньчжо́у (Cjuanʹčžóu)

→ Spanish: Quanzhou

/t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰyːn²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sũĩ²⁴⁻²¹ t͡siu⁵⁴⁴/

/t͡sỹ²⁴⁻²¹ t͡siu⁵⁴⁴/

/t͡suã¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡sĩ¹¹ t͡siu³³⁴/

/t͡sũã⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡siu³³/

/ʑi²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰyːn²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sũĩ²⁴⁻²¹ t͡siu⁵⁴⁴/

/t͡sỹ²⁴⁻²¹ t͡siu⁵⁴⁴/

/t͡suã¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡sĩ¹¹ t͡siu³³⁴/

/t͡sũã⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡siu³³/

/ʑi²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

(～市) Quanzhou (a prefecture-level city in southeastern Fujian, China)


湖南

/hu⁵³⁻³³ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/hɔu¹³⁻¹¹ naŋ¹³/

/hɔu²⁴⁻²¹ naŋ²⁴/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² lam²⁴/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² lam²⁴/

/ɔ¹³⁻²² lam¹³/

/ɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ lam²⁴/

/ɔ²³⁻³³ lam²³/

/ou⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lam⁵⁵/

/ou⁵⁵⁻¹¹ nam⁵⁵/

/ɸu¹³ l̃an¹³/

/hu⁵³⁻³³ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/hɔu¹³⁻¹¹ naŋ¹³/

/hɔu²⁴⁻²¹ naŋ²⁴/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² lam²⁴/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² lam²⁴/

/ɔ¹³⁻²² lam¹³/

/ɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ lam²⁴/

/ɔ²³⁻³³ lam²³/

/ou⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lam⁵⁵/

/ou⁵⁵⁻¹¹ nam⁵⁵/

/ɸu¹³ l̃an¹³/

(～省) Hunan (a province of China, located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and south of Lake Dongting)

(～市) Konan (a city in Shiga Prefecture, Japan)


蓬萊

Uncertain.
It bears striking resemblance to a Southeast Asian word for “sea”. Compare Burmese ပင်လယ် (panglai, “sea; ocean”), Shan ပၢင်ႇလၢႆႇ (pàang làai, “sea; ocean”), Jingpho pang lai (“sea”), S'gaw Karen ပီၣ်လဲၣ် (paẁ leh̀, “sea”). These seem to be borrowings, possibly from a Mon-Khmer language; compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *d[n]liʔ (“sea”), whence Old Khmer danle, danley (“large river; lake; sea”) > Khmer ទន្លេ (tɔɔtŭənlei, “river”), Thai ทะเล (tá-lee, “sea”) (Schuessler, 2007).
Alternatively, it may be a transcription of an earlier Austroasiatic name; cf. 萊國／莱国 (Láiguó, “Lai”), an ancient Dongyi tribe, where 萊／莱 (lái) has been argued to transcribe a native word for "mountain" or "wilderness". The latter interpretation was mentioned in the Classical Chinese text Yue Jue Shu (越絕書 [Eastern Han]) and discussed by Zhengzhang (1999).

cog

/pʰɤŋ³⁵ laɪ̯³⁵/

/pʰʊŋ²¹ lɔːi̯²¹/

/fʊŋ²¹ lɔːi̯²¹/

/hɔŋ²⁴⁻²² lai²⁴/

/hɔŋ²⁴⁻²² lai²⁴/

/hɔŋ¹³⁻²² lai¹³/

/hɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ lai²⁴/

/hɔŋ²³⁻³³ lai²³/

/pʰɤŋ³⁵ laɪ̯³⁵/

/pʰʊŋ²¹ lɔːi̯²¹/

/fʊŋ²¹ lɔːi̯²¹/

/hɔŋ²⁴⁻²² lai²⁴/

/hɔŋ²⁴⁻²² lai²⁴/

/hɔŋ¹³⁻²² lai¹³/

/hɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ lai²⁴/

/hɔŋ²³⁻³³ lai²³/

See also: 瀛洲, 方丈

(Chinese mythology) Penglai (a mythical eastern isle of immortals)

(～區, formerly ～縣, ～市) Penglai (a district, former county, and former county-level city of Yantai, Shandong, China)


兄貴

/ɕi̯ʊŋ⁵⁵ ku̯eɪ̯⁵¹/

/ɕi̯ʊŋ⁵⁵ ku̯eɪ̯⁵¹/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 兄貴 (aniki).


高砂

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ʂä⁵⁵/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² sa⁴⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² sa⁴⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻³³ sa⁴⁴/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ sa⁴⁴/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ʂä⁵⁵/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² sa⁴⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² sa⁴⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻³³ sa⁴⁴/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ sa⁴⁴/

(～市) Takasago (a city in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan)


十三

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ sän⁵⁵/

/ʂʐ̩²⁴ sæ̃²⁴/

/səʔ⁵⁴ sæ̃¹¹/

/sɛiʔ⁵⁻⁵⁵ saŋ⁵⁵/

/ɬɛʔ⁴⁻²¹ ɬɒ⁵³³/

/ɬɛʔ⁴⁻² ɬɒ̃⁵⁴⁴/

/t͡sap̚⁴⁻³² sã⁴⁴/

/t͡sap̚²⁴⁻² sã³³/

/t͡sap̚¹²¹⁻²¹ sã⁴⁴/

/t͡sap̚⁴⁻³² sã⁴⁴/

/t͡sap̚⁴⁻³² sã⁴⁴/

/t͡sap̚⁴⁻² sã³³/

/zəʔ¹¹ se²³/

/ʂʐ̩²⁴ san³³/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ sän⁵⁵/

/ʂʐ̩²⁴ sæ̃²⁴/

/səʔ⁵⁴ sæ̃¹¹/

/sɛiʔ⁵⁻⁵⁵ saŋ⁵⁵/

/ɬɛʔ⁴⁻²¹ ɬɒ⁵³³/

/ɬɛʔ⁴⁻² ɬɒ̃⁵⁴⁴/

/t͡sap̚⁴⁻³² sã⁴⁴/

/t͡sap̚²⁴⁻² sã³³/

/t͡sap̚¹²¹⁻²¹ sã⁴⁴/

/t͡sap̚⁴⁻³² sã⁴⁴/

/t͡sap̚⁴⁻³² sã⁴⁴/

/t͡sap̚⁴⁻² sã³³/

/zəʔ¹¹ se²³/

/ʂʐ̩²⁴ san³³/

(～村) Shisan (a village in Huilong, Fang, Shiyan, Hubei, China)


關防

/ku̯än⁵⁵ fɑŋ³⁵/

/kʷaːn⁵⁵ fɔːŋ²¹/

/kuan⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ²⁴/

/kuan⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ¹³/

/kuan⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ²⁴/

/kuan⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ²³/

/ku̯än⁵⁵ fɑŋ³⁵/

/kʷaːn⁵⁵ fɔːŋ²¹/

/kuan⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ²⁴/

/kuan⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ¹³/

/kuan⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ²⁴/

/kuan⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ²³/

(～鄉) Guanfang (a township in Yunxi, Shiyan, Hubei, China)


方丈

/fɑŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂɑŋ⁵¹/

/fɑŋ⁵⁵ ɖ͡ʐ̥ɑŋ²/

/fɔːŋ⁵⁵ t͡sœːŋ²²/

/huaŋ³³⁻²³ t͡siaŋ³⁵/

/fɑ̃⁵⁵ zã²¹/

/fɑŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂɑŋ⁵¹/

/fɑŋ⁵⁵ ɖ͡ʐ̥ɑŋ²/

/fɔːŋ⁵⁵ t͡sœːŋ²²/

/huaŋ³³⁻²³ t͡siaŋ³⁵/

/fɑ̃⁵⁵ zã²¹/

See also: 蓬萊, 瀛洲

Xu Fu of the state of Qi and others have written, saying that in the sea there are three mountains of immortals; they are called Penglai, Fangzhang, and Yingzhou.

Qí rén Xúfú děng shàngshū, yán hǎi zhōng yǒu sān shénshān, míng yuē Pénglái, Fāngzhàng, Yíngzhōu.

齊人徐巿等上書，言海中有三神山，名曰蓬萊、方丈、瀛洲。

齐人徐巿等上书，言海中有三神山，名曰蓬莱、方丈、瀛洲。

(Chinese mythology) a mystical mountain island in the sea


陳倉

/ʈ͡ʂʰən³⁵ t͡sʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɐn²¹ t͡sʰɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰən³⁵ t͡sʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɐn²¹ t͡sʰɔːŋ⁵⁵/

(historical) (～城) Chencang (a city located in modern-day Baoji, Shaanxi, China)

(～區) Chencang District (a district of Baoji, Shaanxi, China)


加蓬

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ pʰɤŋ³⁵/

/kaː⁵⁵ pʰʊŋ²¹/

/ka⁴⁴⁻²² pʰɔŋ²⁴/

/ka³³ pʰɔŋ²⁴/

/kɛ⁴⁴⁻²² pʰɔŋ¹³/

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ pʰɤŋ³⁵/

/kaː⁵⁵ pʰʊŋ²¹/

/ka⁴⁴⁻²² pʰɔŋ²⁴/

/ka³³ pʰɔŋ²⁴/

/kɛ⁴⁴⁻²² pʰɔŋ¹³/

(Mainland China) Gabon (a country in Central Africa)


壽張

/ʂoʊ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂɑŋ⁵⁵/

/ʂoʊ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂɑŋ⁵⁵/

(archaic) Shouzhang (southwest of present day Dongping County)


穎陰

/iŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ in⁵⁵/

/iŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ in⁵⁵/

(archaic) Yingyin County (present day Xuchang)


子房

/t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ fɑŋ³⁵/

/t͡siː³⁵ fɔːŋ²¹⁻³⁵/

/t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ fɑŋ³⁵/

/t͡siː³⁵ fɔːŋ²¹⁻³⁵/

Zifang was a second-to-none talent. In scheming, he could measure up to Yi Yin and Taigong, but why did he belittle himself only to adopt the assassins' tricks? It was luck that he didn't get killed, which was exactly what the aged man on the bridge deeply pitied.

Zǐfáng yǐ gàishì zhī cái, bùwéi Yīyǐn, Tàigōng zhī móu, ér tè chūyú Jīngkē, Nièzhèng zhī jì, yǐ jiǎoxìng yú bùsǐ, cǐ yíshànglǎorén suǒwèi shēn xī zhě yě.

子房以蓋世之才，不爲伊尹、太公之謀，而特出于荊軻、聶政之計，以僥倖于不死，此圯上老人所爲深惜者也。

子房以盖世之才，不为伊尹、太公之谋，而特出于荆轲、聂政之计，以侥幸于不死，此圯上老人所为深惜者也。


東阿

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ ˀɤ⁵⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ ɔː⁵⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ ˀɤ⁵⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ ɔː⁵⁵/

(～縣) Dong'e County (a county of Liaocheng, Shandong, China)


淮南

/xu̯aɪ̯³⁵ nän³⁵/

/huai⁵³⁻³³ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/ɦua²² nø⁴⁴/

/xu̯aɪ̯³⁵ nän³⁵/

/huai⁵³⁻³³ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/ɦua²² nø⁴⁴/

(～市) Huainan (a prefecture-level city of Anhui, China)

(historical) Huainan, a principality under the Han dynasty

(archaic) the lands south of the Huai River but north of the Yangtze, generally


成德

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ tɤ³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ tɤ³⁵/

(archaic) Chengde (southeast of present day Shou County)


任城

/ʐən⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/ʐən⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

Rencheng (southeast of present day Jining, Shandong)


平丘

/pʰiŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/

/pʰiŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/

(archaic) Pingqiu County (present day Fengqiu County)


巨平

/t͡ɕy⁵¹ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/t͡ɕy⁵¹ pʰiŋ³⁵/

(archaic) Juping County (southwest of present day Tai'an)


惡來

/ˀɤ⁵¹ laɪ̯³⁵/

/ˀɤ⁵¹ laɪ̯³⁵/

E Lai (senior minister of King Zhou of Shang)


瑯琊

/lɑŋ³⁵ jä³⁵/

/lɑŋ³⁵ jɛ³⁵/

/lɔːŋ²¹ jɛː²¹/

/lɔːŋ²¹ ŋaː²¹/

/lɑŋ³⁵ jä³⁵/

/lɑŋ³⁵ jɛ³⁵/

/lɔːŋ²¹ jɛː²¹/

/lɔːŋ²¹ ŋaː²¹/

(～郡) (historical) Langya (a commandery in present-day Shandong and Jiangsu, China)

(～區) Langya (a district of Chuzhou, Anhui, China)

(～山) Mount Langya (a mountain southwest Chuzhou, Anhui, China)

(～鎮) Langya (a town in Huangdao district, Qingdao, Shandong, China)

(～鎮) Langya (a town in Wucheng district, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China)

(～鎮) Langya (a town in Qu, Dazhou, Sichuan, China)


大灣

(Southern Min, historical) name of a village in western Taipei, later changed to the more auspicious but similar-sounding "Da'an" (大安)


臺員

(Southern Min, historical) Tayoan (peninsula near present-day Tainan, Taiwan, as well as Taiwan itself)


大員

/tä⁵¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

/tä⁵¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

Dōngfān yírén bùzhī suǒ zì shǐ, jū pénghú wàiyáng hǎidǎo zhōng. Qǐ Wǎnggǎng, Jiālǎowān, lì Dàyuán, Yáogǎng, Dǎgǒuyǔ, Xiǎodànshuǐ, Shuāngxīkǒu, Jiālilín, Shābālǐ, Dàbāngkēng, jiē qí jū yě, duànxù fán qiān yú lǐ.

東番夷人不知所自始，居彭湖外洋海島中。起魍港、加老灣，歷大員、堯港、打狗嶼、小淡水、雙溪口、加哩林、沙巴里、大幫坑，皆其居也，斷續凡千餘里。

东番夷人不知所自始，居彭湖外洋海岛中。起魍港、加老湾，历大员、尧港、打狗屿、小淡水、双溪口、加哩林、沙巴里、大帮坑，皆其居也，断续凡千余里。

(historical, obsolete) Tayouan (a historical peninsula located in present-day Anping district, Tainan, Taiwan)


臺窩灣

/tʰaɪ̯³⁵ wɔ⁵⁵ wän⁵⁵/

/tai²⁴⁻²² o⁴⁴⁻²² uan²⁴/

/tai²⁴⁻²² o³³ uan²⁴/

/tai¹³⁻²² o⁴⁴⁻²² uan¹³/

/tai²⁴⁻¹¹ o⁴⁴⁻³³ uan²⁴/

/tai²³⁻³³ ɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ uan²³/

/tʰaɪ̯³⁵ wɔ⁵⁵ wän⁵⁵/

/tai²⁴⁻²² o⁴⁴⁻²² uan²⁴/

/tai²⁴⁻²² o³³ uan²⁴/

/tai¹³⁻²² o⁴⁴⁻²² uan¹³/

/tai²⁴⁻¹¹ o⁴⁴⁻³³ uan²⁴/

/tai²³⁻³³ ɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ uan²³/

transliteration of "Tayowan", a historical name for Tainan (a city in Taiwan), as well as Taiwan island


越國

/ɥɛ⁵¹ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/jyːt̚² kʷɔːk̚³/

/ɥɛ⁵¹ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/jyːt̚² kʷɔːk̚³/

State of Yue, a state of ancient China, located in what is today the Zhejiang province of eastern China


石井

→ English: Shijing, Shih-ching

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ t͡ɕiŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɛːk̚² t͡sɛːŋ³⁵/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ t͡ɕiŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɛːk̚² t͡sɛːŋ³⁵/

(～鎮) Shijing (a town in Nan'an, Quanzhou, Fujian, China)

(～社區) Shijing (a residential community in Shijing, Nan'an, Quanzhou, Fujian, China)

An orthographic borrowing of the Japanese surname 石井, Ishii


新語

/ɕin⁵⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɐn⁵⁵ jyː¹³/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡi⁴¹/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡu⁵³/

/ɕin⁵⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɐn⁵⁵ jyː¹³/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡi⁴¹/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡu⁵³/

New Discourses (ancient Chinese text written by Lu Jia during the Western Han dynasty)


新語

zh-wp

zh:新語 (一九八四)

/ɕin⁵⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɐn⁵⁵ jyː¹³/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡi⁴¹/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡu⁵³/

/ɕin⁵⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɐn⁵⁵ jyː¹³/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡi⁴¹/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡu⁵³/


閻王

Cebuano: yawa

Hiligaynon: yawa

Tagalog: yawa

Waray-Waray: yawa

/jɛn³⁵ wɑŋ³⁵/

/nʲiɛn²¹ uaŋ²¹⁻⁵⁵/

/jiːm²¹ wɔːŋ²¹/

/iɛn³⁵ uɔŋ²/

/iam¹¹ ʋɔŋ¹¹/

/ŋia⁵³⁻⁵⁵ uoŋ⁵³/

/ŋiɛŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ^((Ø-))mɒŋ²⁴/

ngieng² orng² [Phonetic:ngieng⁵ ngorng²]

/ŋiɛŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ^((Ø-))ŋɒŋ²⁴/

/ɡiam²⁴⁻²² ɔŋ²⁴/

/ɡiam²⁴⁻²² ɔŋ²⁴/

/ɡiam¹³⁻²² ɔŋ¹³/

/ɡiam²⁴⁻¹¹ ɔŋ²⁴/

/ɡiam²³⁻³³ ɔŋ²³/

/n̠ʲi²² ɦuɑ̃⁴⁴/

/n̠ʲi̯ẽ¹³ u̯an¹³/

/jɛn³⁵ wɑŋ³⁵/

/nʲiɛn²¹ uaŋ²¹⁻⁵⁵/

/jiːm²¹ wɔːŋ²¹/

/iɛn³⁵ uɔŋ²/

/iam¹¹ ʋɔŋ¹¹/

/ŋia⁵³⁻⁵⁵ uoŋ⁵³/

/ŋiɛŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ^((Ø-))mɒŋ²⁴/

/ŋiɛŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ^((Ø-))ŋɒŋ²⁴/

/ɡiam²⁴⁻²² ɔŋ²⁴/

/ɡiam²⁴⁻²² ɔŋ²⁴/

/ɡiam¹³⁻²² ɔŋ¹³/

/ɡiam²⁴⁻¹¹ ɔŋ²⁴/

/ɡiam²³⁻³³ ɔŋ²³/

/n̠ʲi²² ɦuɑ̃⁴⁴/

/n̠ʲi̯ẽ¹³ u̯an¹³/

Partial calque of Sanskrit यमराज (yamarāja).

閻王叫你三更死，誰敢留人到五更 / 阎王叫你三更死，谁敢留人到五更

Yánwáng jiào nǐ sāngēng sǐ, shéi gǎn liú rén dào wǔgēng

(Buddhism, Chinese mythology) synonym of 閻羅 /阎罗 (Yánluó, “Yama (god of the underworld)”)


鄄城

/t͡ɕy̯ɛn⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/t͡ɕy̯ɛn⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/


范縣

/fän⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/fän⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

Fan County (a county of Puyang, Henan, China)


九江

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/kɐu̯³⁵ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/kau³³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ouŋ⁵⁵/

/kau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/kau⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kaŋ³³/

/kau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/kau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/kau⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕiɤ³³ kɑ̃⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/kɐu̯³⁵ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/kau³³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ouŋ⁵⁵/

/kau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/kau⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kaŋ³³/

/kau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/kau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/kau⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕiɤ³³ kɑ̃⁴⁴/

(～市) Jiujiang (a prefecture-level city in northwest Jiangxi, China)

(～縣) Jiujiang County (a county under the jurisdiction of Jiujiang city)

(～鎮) Jiujiang (a town in Nanhai district, Foshan, Guangdong, China)

(archaic) Jiujiang Commandery (in present day Shou County)


鹿角

/lu⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lʊk̚² kɔːk̚³/

/l̃øyʔ⁵⁻²¹ kɔyʔ²⁴/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² kak̚³²/

/lɔk̚²⁴⁻² kak̚⁵/

/lɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ kak̚³²/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² kak̚³²/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² kak̚³²/

/lu⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lʊk̚² kɔːk̚³/

/l̃øyʔ⁵⁻²¹ kɔyʔ²⁴/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² kak̚³²/

/lɔk̚²⁴⁻² kak̚⁵/

/lɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ kak̚³²/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² kak̚³²/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² kak̚³²/

(～市) Kazuno (a city in Akita Prefecture, Japan)


白果

/paɪ̯³⁵ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/paɪ̯³⁵ ku̯ɔɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/paːk̚² kʷɔː³⁵/

/pak̚³² kᵘɔ⁵⁵/

/ˈpʰɛt̚⁵ kuo²¹³/

/paʔ⁵⁻³³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾uo³³/

/pe(ʔ)⁴³⁻²¹ ke⁴²/

/pɛ(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ kue⁵³/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ kɤ⁴¹/

/pe(ʔ)⁴³⁻²¹ kə⁴²/

/peʔ⁴⁻² kũãĩ⁵²/

/paɪ̯³⁵ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/paɪ̯³⁵ ku̯ɔɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/paːk̚² kʷɔː³⁵/

/pak̚³² kᵘɔ⁵⁵/

/ˈpʰɛt̚⁵ kuo²¹³/

/paʔ⁵⁻³³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾uo³³/

/pe(ʔ)⁴³⁻²¹ ke⁴²/

/pɛ(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ kue⁵³/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ kɤ⁴¹/

/pe(ʔ)⁴³⁻²¹ kə⁴²/

/peʔ⁴⁻² kũãĩ⁵²/

(～鎮) Baiguo (a town in Macheng, Huanggang, Hubei, China)

(～鎮) Baiguo (a town in Jintang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China)

(～鄉) Baiguo (a township in Enshi City, Enshi Prefecture, Hubei, China)

(～鄉) Baiguo (a township in Zhongjiang, Deyang, Sichuan, China)

(～鄉) Baiguo (a township in Zhaohua district, Guangyuan, Sichuan, China)


沉香

/ʈ͡ʂʰən³⁵ ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɐm²¹ hœːŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɨm¹¹ hi̯oŋ²⁴/

/tim²³⁻³³ hiũ⁴⁴/

/tim²⁴⁻¹¹ hiũ⁴⁴/

/tim²⁴⁻²² hiũ⁴⁴/

/tim²⁴⁻²² hiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʰən³⁵ ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɐm²¹ hœːŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɨm¹¹ hi̯oŋ²⁴/

/tim²³⁻³³ hiũ⁴⁴/

/tim²⁴⁻¹¹ hiũ⁴⁴/

/tim²⁴⁻²² hiũ⁴⁴/

/tim²⁴⁻²² hiɔŋ⁴⁴/

So named as it sinks when placed in water.


扶餘

/fuː²¹ jyː²¹/

/fuː²¹ jyː²¹/

(～市, formerly ～縣) Fuyu (a county-level city of Songyuan, Jilin, China)

During the Zhenguan period [627–649 C.E.], while Li Jing was left minister and acting prime minister, the southern tribesmen reported that a thousand big ships and one hundred thousand armed troops had entered the Kingdom of Fuyu, killed the king and occupied the land. By now all was peaceful there again.

c. late 9ᵗʰ century, Du Guangting,《虯髯客傳》, translated as The Man with the Curly Beard by Yang Xianyi & Gladys Yang

Zhēnguàn shí nián, Jìng wèi zhì zuǒpúyèpíngzhāngshì, shì nánmán rù zòu yuē: yǒu hǎichuán qiān sōu, jiǎbīng shíwàn rù Fúyúguó, shā qí zhǔ zìlì. Guó yǐ dìng yǐ.

貞觀十年，靖位至左僕射平章事，適南蠻入奏曰：有海船千艘，甲兵十萬入扶餘國，殺其主自立。國已定矣。

贞观十年，靖位至左仆射平章事，适南蛮入奏曰：有海船千艘，甲兵十万入扶余国，杀其主自立。国已定矣。

(～國) Alternative name for 夫餘／夫余 (Fúyú, “Buyeo, an ancient kingdom”).


夫餘

Shànggǔ zhì Liáodōng, dì guǎng mín xī, shuò bèi hú kòu, sú yǔ Zhào, Dài xiànglèi, yǒu yú yán zǎo lì zhī ráo. Běi xì Wūwán, Fúyú, dōng gǔ Zhēnfān zhī lì.

上谷至遼東，地廣民希，數被胡寇，俗與趙、代相類，有魚鹽棗栗之饒。北隙烏丸、夫餘，東賈真番之利。

上谷至辽东，地广民希，数被胡寇，俗与赵、代相类，有鱼盐枣栗之饶。北隙乌丸、夫余，东贾真番之利。

(～國) Buyeo (an ancient Korean kingdom existing between the 2nd century BC and 494)


呼和浩特

→ English: Huhehaote, Hu-ho-hao-t'e

ㄏㄨ ㄏㄜˊ ㄏㄠˋ ㄊㄜˋ

ㄏㄨ ㄏㄜˊ ㄏㄠˋ ㄊㄜˋ

/xu⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵ xɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ tʰɤ⁵¹/

/fuː⁵⁵ wɔː²¹ hou̯²² tɐk̚²/

hou¹ hor² hor⁵ deh⁷ [Phonetic:hou⁵ hor⁵ hor⁵ deh⁷]

/hɔu⁵³³⁻¹¹ hɒ¹³⁻¹¹ hɒ¹¹ tɛʔ⁴/

/hɔu⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ hɒ²⁴⁻²¹ hɒ²¹ tɛʔ⁴/

/hɔ⁴⁴⁻²² ho²⁴⁻²² ho²²⁻²¹ tiɪk̚⁴/

/hɔ⁴⁴⁻²² ho¹³⁻²² ho²²⁻²¹ tiɪk̚¹²¹/

/hɔ³³ ho²⁴⁻²² ho⁴¹⁻²² tiak̚²⁴/

/xu⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵ xɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ tʰɤ⁵¹/

/fuː⁵⁵ wɔː²¹ hou̯²² tɐk̚²/

/hɔu⁵³³⁻¹¹ hɒ¹³⁻¹¹ hɒ¹¹ tɛʔ⁴/

/hɔu⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ hɒ²⁴⁻²¹ hɒ²¹ tɛʔ⁴/

/hɔ⁴⁴⁻²² ho²⁴⁻²² ho²²⁻²¹ tiɪk̚⁴/

/hɔ⁴⁴⁻²² ho¹³⁻²² ho²²⁻²¹ tiɪk̚¹²¹/

/hɔ³³ ho²⁴⁻²² ho⁴¹⁻²² tiak̚²⁴/

Borrowed from Mongolian ᠬᠥᠬᠡᠬᠣᠲᠠ (kökeqota, literally “blue city”).

bor

(～市) Hohhot (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of the Inner Mongolia autonomous region, China)


感恩

/kän²¹⁴⁻²¹ ˀən⁵⁵/

/kɐm³⁵ jɐn⁵⁵/

/kam²⁴⁻³³ en⁵³/

/kam⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ un³³/

/kam⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ un⁴⁴/

/kam⁵³⁻⁴⁴ un⁴⁴/

/kam⁵³⁻⁴⁴ in⁴⁴/

/kam⁵²⁻³⁵ ɯŋ³³/

/kam⁵²⁻³⁵ eŋ³³/

/kän²¹⁴⁻²¹ ˀən⁵⁵/

/kɐm³⁵ jɐn⁵⁵/

/kam²⁴⁻³³ en⁵³/

/kam⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ un³³/

/kam⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ un⁴⁴/

/kam⁵³⁻⁴⁴ un⁴⁴/

/kam⁵³⁻⁴⁴ in⁴⁴/

/kam⁵²⁻³⁵ ɯŋ³³/

/kam⁵²⁻³⁵ eŋ³³/

(～縣) (historical) Gan'en (a former county of Hainan, Guangdong, China; now part of Dongfang, Hainan)


呂溫侯

Люй Вэнь Хоу

/ly²¹⁴⁻²¹ wən⁵⁵ xoʊ̯³⁵/

/ly²¹⁴⁻²¹ wən⁵⁵ xoʊ̯³⁵/


濮陽

/pʰu³⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/pʊk̚² jœːŋ²¹/

/puʔ⁵⁻³³ yoŋ⁵³/

/pɔk̚⁴⁻³² iɔŋ²⁴/

/pɔk̚⁴⁻³² iɔŋ²³/

/pʰok̚²⁻⁴ iaŋ⁵⁵/

/pʰu³⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/pʊk̚² jœːŋ²¹/

/puʔ⁵⁻³³ yoŋ⁵³/

/pɔk̚⁴⁻³² iɔŋ²⁴/

/pɔk̚⁴⁻³² iɔŋ²³/

/pʰok̚²⁻⁴ iaŋ⁵⁵/

(～市) Puyang (a prefecture-level city of Henan, China)

(～縣) Puyang (a county of Puyang, Henan, China)


東海

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/taŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai⁴⁵³/

/taŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai³³²/

/tɒŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai⁴⁵³/

/tɒŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai³³²/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hai⁵³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hai⁵³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hai⁵³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hai⁴¹/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/taŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai⁴⁵³/

/taŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai³³²/

/tɒŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai⁴⁵³/

/tɒŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai³³²/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hai⁵³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hai⁵³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hai⁵³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hai⁴¹/

(～郡) (historical) Donghai Commandery (in present day Shandong province, China)

(～縣) Donghai (a county of Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China)

(～鎮) Donghai (a town in Chengxiang district, Putian, Fujian, China)

(～鎮) Donghai (a town in Jidong, Jixi, Heilongjiang, China)

(～鎮) Donghai (a town in Qidong, Nantong, Jiangsu, China)

(～街道) Donghai (a subdistrict of Lufeng, Shanwei, Guangdong, China)

(～市) Tōkai (a city in Aichi Prefecture, Japan)

(～大學) Tunghai University (a university in Taiwan)

(～大學) Tōkai University (a university in Japan)


朐縣

/t͡ɕʰy³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/t͡ɕʰy³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

(archaic) Qu County (southwest of present day Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China)


富豪

Phono-semantic matching of English Volvo.

psm

/fu⁵¹ xɑʊ̯³⁵/

/hu²¹⁻⁵³ ho²⁴/

/hu⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ho²⁴/

/hu²¹⁻⁵³ ho¹³/

/hu¹¹⁻⁵³ ho²⁴/

/hu²¹⁻⁴¹ hɤ²³/

/pu²¹³⁻⁵⁵ hau⁵⁵/

/fu⁵¹ xɑʊ̯³⁵/

/hu²¹⁻⁵³ ho²⁴/

/hu⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ho²⁴/

/hu²¹⁻⁵³ ho¹³/

/hu¹¹⁻⁵³ ho²⁴/

/hu²¹⁻⁴¹ hɤ²³/

/pu²¹³⁻⁵⁵ hau⁵⁵/


上帝

ja-r

上帝(じょうてい) (jōtei)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (上帝):
* → Japanese: 上帝(じょうてい) (jōtei)
* → Korean: 상제(上帝) (sangje)
* → Vietnamese: Thượng Đế (上帝)

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ti⁵¹/

/sœːŋ²² tɐi̯³³/

/soŋ⁵⁵ tʰi⁵⁵/

/ʃoŋ³³ ti¹¹/

/t͡siɔŋ⁵⁵ ti³³/

/suoŋ²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nɑ²¹³/

/ɬyɒŋ¹¹⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾ne⁴²/

/ɬyøŋ²¹⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾ne⁴²/

/siɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ te¹¹/

/siɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² te⁴¹/

/siɔŋ²²⁻²¹ te²¹/

/siɔŋ³³⁻²¹ te²¹/

/siaŋ²²⁻²¹ te²¹/

/siaŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ ti²¹³/

/zɑ̃²² ti⁴⁴/

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ti⁵¹/

/sœːŋ²² tɐi̯³³/

/soŋ⁵⁵ tʰi⁵⁵/

/ʃoŋ³³ ti¹¹/

/t͡siɔŋ⁵⁵ ti³³/

/suoŋ²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nɑ²¹³/

/ɬyɒŋ¹¹⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾ne⁴²/

/ɬyøŋ²¹⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾ne⁴²/

/siɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ te¹¹/

/siɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² te⁴¹/

/siɔŋ²²⁻²¹ te²¹/

/siɔŋ³³⁻²¹ te²¹/

/siaŋ²²⁻²¹ te²¹/

/siaŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ ti²¹³/

/zɑ̃²² ti⁴⁴/

;Shangdi (the supreme deity in Chinese mythology and folk religion)
;God (Christian)
;customers

Suī yǒu èrén, zhāijiè mùyù, zé kě yǐ sì Shàngdì.

雖有惡人，齋戒沐浴，則可以祀上帝。

虽有恶人，斋戒沐浴，则可以祀上帝。

Kuàngqiě lǎo dàrén huà guò duōshào xīnlì ne. Jiè le Shàngdì de xīrǎng, lái yān hóngshuǐ, suīrán chù le Shàngdì de nǎonù, hóngshuǐ de shēndù kě yě qiǎn le yīdiǎn le.

況且老大人化過多少心力呢。借了上帝的息壤，來湮洪水，雖然觸了上帝的惱怒，洪水的深度可也淺了一點了。

况且老大人化过多少心力呢。借了上帝的息壤，来湮洪水，虽然触了上帝的恼怒，洪水的深度可也浅了一点了。

(Chinese mythology, Chinese folk religion) Shangdi (sky deity in Chinese traditional religions)

上帝保佑女王

榮耀歸於上帝

荣耀归于上帝

你相信上帝嗎？

你相信上帝吗？

你信唔信上帝？

Shangdi [God] being most benevolent, He made the inexhaustibility of growth and multiplication as His Way; how could there be Him killing this to redeem that—[that] would be an unbearably unfair intention. As for Jesus, they say he is God's beloved son, so the beloved son has been killed in place of the sinful, and this was pleasing unto God; again, how severe is the lack of benevolence, the unfairness? I know that God would never do such a thing.

Sangje ji in, i saengsaeng bul gung wi do, gae yu sal cha sok pi, burin bulgong ji sim ya. Yaso pi wi ji Sangje ji aeja, jeuk aeja dae yujoe ja pi sal, i Sangje yeol ji, yeok ha burin bulgong ji sim ya? O ji gi Sangje gyeol mu cha sa.

上帝至仁，以生生不窮爲道，豈有殺此贖彼，不忍不公之心也。耶穌彼謂之上帝之愛子，則愛子代有罪者被殺，而上帝悅之，亦何不仁不公之甚耶？吾知其上帝決無此事。


排灣語

/pʰaɪ̯³⁵ wän⁵⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pʰaːi̯²¹ waːn⁵⁵ jyː¹³/

/pʰaɪ̯³⁵ wän⁵⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pʰaːi̯²¹ waːn⁵⁵ jyː¹³/


火德星君

ㄏㄨㄛˇ ㄉㄜˊ ㄒㄧㄥ ㄐㄩㄣ

ㄏㄨㄛˇ ㄉㄜˊ ㄒㄧㄥ ㄐㄩㄣ

ходэ синцзюнь

/xu̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ tɤ³⁵ ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕyn⁵⁵/

/fɔː³⁵ tɐk̚⁵ sɪŋ⁵⁵ kʷɐn⁵⁵/

/xu̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ tɤ³⁵ ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕyn⁵⁵/

/fɔː³⁵ tɐk̚⁵ sɪŋ⁵⁵ kʷɐn⁵⁵/

火德 (the fire virtue) + 星君 (the ruler of a star)
: The ruler of the "fire virtue star"


曲阜

→ English: Chufou, Ch'ü-fu, Qufu

/t͡ɕʰy⁵⁵ fu⁵¹/

/kʰʊk̚⁵ fɐu̯²²/

/t͡ɕʰioʔ³³ vɤ⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕʰy⁵⁵ fu⁵¹/

/kʰʊk̚⁵ fɐu̯²²/

/t͡ɕʰioʔ³³ vɤ⁴⁴/

(～市) Qufu (a county-level city of Jining, Shandong, China)

Spring and Autumn
Spring and Autumn#English

(historical) Qufu (capital of the State of Lu during the Spring and Autumn period)


老子

Sino-Xenic (老子):
* → Japanese: 老(ろう)子(し) (rōshi)
* → Korean: 로자(老子) (roja), 노자(老子) (noja)
* → Vietnamese: Lão Tử (老子)

/lɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lo³¹ t͡sɨ³¹/

/nɔ̃⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡su⁵³/

/nɔ̃⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡su⁴¹/

/lo⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡su⁵³/

/lɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡su⁴¹/

/lau³⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sɯ⁵²/

/lɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lo³¹ t͡sɨ³¹/

/nɔ̃⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡su⁵³/

/nɔ̃⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡su⁴¹/

/lo⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡su⁵³/

/lɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡su⁴¹/

/lau³⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sɯ⁵²/

/lɑʊ̯²¹⁴ d͡z̥z̩⁴/

/lau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡su⁵³/

/lau⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/lɑʊ̯¹¹ t͡sz̩³/

/lɑʊ̯²¹⁴ d͡z̥z̩⁴/

/lau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡su⁵³/

/lau⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/lɑʊ̯¹¹ t͡sz̩³/

Laozi (604–531 BCE), a Chinese philosopher, and founder of Taoism

Laozi (also called Tao Te Ching, a book of philosophy supposedly written by Laozi)


土耳其

/tʰu²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/tʰou̯³⁵ jiː¹³ kʰei̯²¹/

/tʰu³¹ ŋi³¹ kʰi¹¹/

/tʰu³¹ ŋi³¹ kʰi¹¹/

/tʰu³³⁻²¹ i³³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾i⁵³/

/tʰɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ nĩ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ki²³/

/tʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ki²⁴/

/tʰɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ nĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ki²⁴/

/tʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ d͡zĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ki¹³/

/tʰɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ nĩ³³⁻²¹ ki²³/

/tʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nĩ³³⁻¹¹ ki²⁴/

/tʰou⁵²⁻³⁵ d͡zɯ⁵²⁻³⁵ kʰi⁵⁵/

/tʰu³³ ɦəl⁵⁵ d͡ʑi²¹/

/tʰu²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/tʰou̯³⁵ jiː¹³ kʰei̯²¹/

/tʰu³¹ ŋi³¹ kʰi¹¹/

/tʰu³¹ ŋi³¹ kʰi¹¹/

/tʰu³³⁻²¹ i³³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾i⁵³/

/tʰɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ nĩ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ki²³/

/tʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ki²⁴/

/tʰɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ nĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ki²⁴/

/tʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ d͡zĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ki¹³/

/tʰɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ nĩ³³⁻²¹ ki²³/

/tʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nĩ³³⁻¹¹ ki²⁴/

/tʰou⁵²⁻³⁵ d͡zɯ⁵²⁻³⁵ kʰi⁵⁵/

/tʰu³³ ɦəl⁵⁵ d͡ʑi²¹/

1848, 徐繼畬 [Xu Jiyu], editor, 瀛寰志略, volume 6, page 11:

Tàixī zhū guó kuà Yàxìyà Ōuluóbā liǎng tǔ zhě, wéi Éluósī yǔ Tǔ'ěrqí liǎng guó. Tǔ'ěrqí jiāngyù zhī dà, bùjí Éluósī, ér shàn gāoyú zhī rǎng, jù xíngbiàn zhī dì, bǎinián lái zhúlù fēnfēn, qì wú zhǐgē zhī rì.

泰西諸國跨亞細亞歐羅巴兩土者，惟峩羅斯與土耳其兩國。土耳其疆域之大，不及峩羅斯，而擅膏腴之壤，據形便之地，百年來逐鹿紛紛，迄無止戈之日。

泰西诸国跨亚细亚欧罗巴两土者，惟峩罗斯与土耳其两国。土耳其疆域之大，不及峩罗斯，而擅膏腴之壤，据形便之地，百年来逐鹿纷纷，迄无止戈之日。

Southeastern Europe
Southeastern Europe#English

Turkey (a country located in Eastern Thrace in Southeastern Europe and Anatolia in western Asia)


北斗星

bêd⁵ dêu³ sên¹

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ toʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/pɛ²¹ təu²¹³ ɕin⁵⁵/

beq⁵ dou³ sin¹ [Phonetic:beq⁵ dou² sin¹]

/pəʔ⁵ təɯ¹¹⁻¹² sĩ³¹/

/pɐk̚⁵ tɐu̯³⁵ sɪŋ⁵⁵/

/pɛt̚⁵ tɛu²¹³⁻¹³ ɕiaŋ⁴²/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ tau⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰẽ⁴⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ tau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴/

/poʔ³³ tɤ⁵⁵ ɕin²¹/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ toʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/pɛ²¹ təu²¹³ ɕin⁵⁵/

/pəʔ⁵ təɯ¹¹⁻¹² sĩ³¹/

/pɐk̚⁵ tɐu̯³⁵ sɪŋ⁵⁵/

/pɛt̚⁵ tɛu²¹³⁻¹³ ɕiaŋ⁴²/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ tau⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰẽ⁴⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ tau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴/

/poʔ³³ tɤ⁵⁵ ɕin²¹/


海島

→ English: Haidao

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ tou̯³⁵/

/xuɛ²¹ tɔ⁵⁵/

/hai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/hai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tɤ⁴¹/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ to⁵³/

/hai⁵²⁻³⁵ tau⁵²⁻²¹/

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ tou̯³⁵/

/xuɛ²¹ tɔ⁵⁵/

/hai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/hai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tɤ⁴¹/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ to⁵³/

/hai⁵²⁻³⁵ tau⁵²⁻²¹/

(～鄉) Haidao (a township in Xiapu, Ningde, Fujian, China)

Municipality of Ilhas
w:Municipality of Ilhas

(～市) (historical) Municipality of Ilhas (a former municipality of Macau, China)


花壇

Sino-Xenic (花壇):
* → Japanese: 花壇(かだん) (kadan)
* → Korean: 화단(花壇) (hwadan)

/xu̯ä⁵⁵ tʰän³⁵/

/faː⁵⁵ tʰaːn²¹/

/hue⁴⁴⁻²² tuã²⁴/

/hue⁴⁴⁻²² tuã¹³/

/hue⁴⁴⁻³³ tuã²⁴/

/hue⁴⁴⁻³³ tuã²³/

/xu̯ä⁵⁵ tʰän³⁵/

/faː⁵⁵ tʰaːn²¹/

/hue⁴⁴⁻²² tuã²⁴/

/hue⁴⁴⁻²² tuã¹³/

/hue⁴⁴⁻³³ tuã²⁴/

/hue⁴⁴⁻³³ tuã²³/

(～鄉) Huatan (a rural township in Changhua County, Taiwan)


大方

/tä⁵¹ fɑŋ⁵⁵/

/taːi̯²² fɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ foŋ²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² hɔŋ³³/

/tai²²⁻²¹ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tai³³⁻²¹ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tä⁵¹ fɑŋ⁵⁵/

/taːi̯²² fɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ foŋ²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² hɔŋ³³/

/tai²²⁻²¹ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tai³³⁻²¹ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

(～縣) Dafang County (a county of Guizhou, China)


第二次世界大戰

ㄉㄧˋ ㄦˋ ㄘˋ ㄕˋ ㄐㄧㄝˋ ㄉㄚˋ ㄓㄢˋ

ㄉㄧˋ ㄦˋ ㄘˋ ㄕˋ ㄐㄧㄝˋ ㄉㄚˋ ㄓㄢˋ

Диэр Цы Шицзе Дачжань

/ti⁵¹⁻⁵³ ˀɤɻ⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡sʰz̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹⁻⁵³ tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂän⁵¹/

/tɐi̯²² jiː²² t͡sʰiː³³ sɐi̯³³ kaːi̯³³ taːi̯²² t͡siːn³³/

/tʰi⁵⁵ ŋi⁵⁵ t͡sʰɨ⁵⁵ sɨ⁵⁵ ki̯e⁵⁵ tʰai̯⁵⁵ t͡san⁵⁵/

/tɛ²⁴² nˡi²⁴² ^((t͡sʰ-))ʒøy²¹³ sie²¹³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ɑi²¹³ tai²⁴² ^((t͡s-))ʒiɛŋ²¹³/

/te³³⁻²¹ zi³³⁻²¹ t͡sʰu²¹⁻⁴¹ se²¹⁻⁴¹ kai²¹⁻⁴¹ tai³³⁻²¹ t͡siɛn²¹/

/te⁴¹⁻²² li⁴¹⁻²² t͡sʰɯ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ se⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tai⁴¹⁻²² t͡siɛn⁴¹/

/te³³⁻¹¹ li³³⁻¹¹ t͡sʰu¹¹⁻⁵³ se¹¹⁻⁵³ kai¹¹⁻⁵³ tai³³⁻¹¹ t͡siɛn¹¹/

/te²²⁻²¹ li²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰu²¹⁻⁵³ se²¹⁻⁵³ kai²¹⁻⁵³ tai²²⁻²¹ t͡siɛn²¹/

/te²²⁻²¹ d͡zi²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰu²¹⁻⁵³ si²¹⁻⁵³ kai²¹⁻⁵³ tai²²⁻²¹ t͡siɛn²¹/


第一次世界大戰

ㄉㄧˋ ㄧ ㄘˋ ㄕˋ ㄐㄧㄝˋ ㄉㄚˋ ㄓㄢˋ

ㄉㄧˋ ㄧ ㄘˋ ㄕˋ ㄐㄧㄝˋ ㄉㄚˋ ㄓㄢˋ

Дии Цы Шицзе Дачжань

/ti⁵¹ i⁵⁵ t͡sʰz̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹⁻⁵³ tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂän⁵¹/

/tɐi̯²² jɐt̚⁵ t͡sʰiː³³ sɐi̯³³ kaːi̯³³ taːi̯²² t͡siːn³³/

/tʰi⁵⁵ it̚² t͡sʰɨ⁵⁵ sɨ⁵⁵ ki̯e⁵⁵ tʰai̯⁵⁵ t͡san⁵⁵/

/tʰi⁵⁵ (j)it̚² t͡sʰɨ⁵⁵ sɨ⁵⁵ ki̯e⁵⁵ tʰai̯⁵⁵ t͡san⁵⁵/

/tɛ²⁴² iʔ²⁴ t͡sʰøy²¹³ sie²¹³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ɑi²¹³ tai²⁴² ^((t͡s-))ʒiɛŋ²¹³/

/te⁴¹⁻²² it̚⁵⁻²⁴ t͡sʰɯ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ se⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tai⁴¹⁻²² t͡siɛn⁴¹/

/te³³⁻²¹ it̚³²⁻⁴ t͡sʰu²¹⁻⁴¹ se²¹⁻⁴¹ kai²¹⁻⁴¹ tai³³⁻²¹ t͡siɛn²¹/

/te³³⁻¹¹ it̚³²⁻⁴ t͡sʰu¹¹⁻⁵³ se¹¹⁻⁵³ kai¹¹⁻⁵³ tai³³⁻¹¹ t͡siɛn¹¹/

/te²²⁻²¹ it̚³²⁻⁴ t͡sʰu²¹⁻⁵³ se²¹⁻⁵³ kai²¹⁻⁵³ tai²²⁻²¹ t͡siɛn²¹/

/te²²⁻²¹ it̚³²⁻⁵ t͡sʰu²¹⁻⁵³ si²¹⁻⁵³ kai²¹⁻⁵³ tai²²⁻²¹ t͡siɛn²¹/


太史

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Subordinate to the Minister of Ceremonies, the Court Astronomer made astronomical observations and drafted the annual lunisolar calendar. The Court Astronomer also upheld a literacy test of 9,000 characters for nominees aspiring to become subordinate officials for either the Minister Steward or Palace Assistant Imperial Clerk.

太史慈


黃縣

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

(archaic) Huang County (in present day Longkou)


芬蘭

Sino-Xenic (芬蘭):
* → Vietnamese: Phần Lan (芬蘭)

→ Wutunhua: fenlan

/fən⁵⁵ län³⁵/

/huŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ˡ⁻⁾nˡaŋ⁵³/

/huŋ³³⁻²³ laŋ⁵⁵/

/fən⁵⁵ län³⁵/

/huŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ˡ⁻⁾nˡaŋ⁵³/

/huŋ³³⁻²³ laŋ⁵⁵/

1848, 徐繼畬 [Xu Jiyu], editor, 瀛寰志略, volume 4, page 27; quoted in 魏源 [Wei Yuan], 海國圖志 [Illustrated Treatise on the Maritime Kingdoms], volume 56, 古微堂, 1852, page 43:

Qí xī jìng zì Bǐdéluó juéqǐ, rìyì huītuò, xī gē Ruìdiǎn zhī Fēnlán, nán jiān Gāojiāsuǒ yí běi zhū bù, xī qǔ Bái'é zhū bù, yòu gē Bōlán sān fēn zhī èr, Tǔ'ěrqí, Bōsī běi jìng, yì duō bèi qīngē.

其西境自彼得羅崛起，日益恢拓，西割瑞典之芬蘭，南兼高加索迤北諸部，西取白峩諸部，又割波蘭三分之二，土耳其、波斯北境，亦多被侵割。

其西境自彼得罗崛起，日益恢拓，西割瑞典之芬兰，南兼高加索迤北诸部，西取白峩诸部，又割波兰三分之二，土耳其、波斯北境，亦多被侵割。


國際歌

/ku̯ɔ³⁵ t͡ɕi⁵¹ kɤ⁵⁵/

/kʷɔːk̚³ t͡sɐi̯³³ kɔː⁵⁵/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡se²¹⁻⁵³ kua⁴⁴/

/kɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ t͡se⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kua³³/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁵ t͡se²¹⁻⁵³ kua⁴⁴/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡se¹¹⁻⁵³ kua⁴⁴/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡se²¹⁻⁴¹ kua⁴⁴/

/ku̯ɔ³⁵ t͡ɕi⁵¹ kɤ⁵⁵/

/kʷɔːk̚³ t͡sɐi̯³³ kɔː⁵⁵/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡se²¹⁻⁵³ kua⁴⁴/

/kɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ t͡se⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kua³³/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁵ t͡se²¹⁻⁵³ kua⁴⁴/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡se¹¹⁻⁵³ kua⁴⁴/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡se²¹⁻⁴¹ kua⁴⁴/