"善賈" meaning in Chinese

See 善賈 in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Noun

IPA: /ʂän⁵¹ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/ [Mandarin, Sinological-IPA], /ʂän⁵¹ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/ Chinese transliterations: shàngǔ [Mandarin, Pinyin], ㄕㄢˋ ㄍㄨˇ [Mandarin, bopomofo], shàngǔ [Hanyu-Pinyin, Mandarin], shàngǔ [Mandarin, Tongyong-Pinyin], shan⁴-ku³ [Mandarin, Wade-Giles], shàn-gǔ [Mandarin, Yale], shannguu [Gwoyeu-Romatsyh, Mandarin], шаньгу [Mandarin, Palladius], šanʹgu [Mandarin, Palladius], dzyenX kuX [Middle-Chinese], /*[ɡ]e[n]ʔ C.qˤaʔ/ [Baxter-Sagart, Old-Chinese], /*ɡjenʔ klaːʔ/ [Old-Chinese, Zhengzhang]
Head templates: {{head|zh|noun}} 善賈
  1. (literary) someone who is good at doing business Tags: literary
    Sense id: en-善賈-zh-noun-8ILrosPl Categories (other): Chinese entries with incorrect language header Disambiguation of Chinese entries with incorrect language header: 64 1 35

Noun

IPA: /ʂän⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵¹/ [Mandarin, Sinological-IPA], /ʂän⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵¹/ Chinese transliterations: shànjià [Mandarin, Pinyin], ㄕㄢˋ ㄐㄧㄚˋ [Mandarin, bopomofo], shànjià [Hanyu-Pinyin, Mandarin], shànjià [Mandarin, Tongyong-Pinyin], shan⁴-chia⁴ [Mandarin, Wade-Giles], shàn-jyà [Mandarin, Yale], shannjiah [Gwoyeu-Romatsyh, Mandarin], шаньцзя [Mandarin, Palladius], šanʹczja [Mandarin, Palladius], /*[ɡ]e[n]ʔ C.qˤaʔ-s/ [Baxter-Sagart, Old-Chinese], /*ɡjenʔ kraːs/ [Old-Chinese, Zhengzhang]
Head templates: {{head|zh|noun}} 善賈
  1. (literary) good price Tags: literary
    Sense id: en-善賈-zh-noun-6HbJqA4p

Verb

IPA: /ʂän⁵¹ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/ [Mandarin, Sinological-IPA], /ʂän⁵¹ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/ Chinese transliterations: shàngǔ [Mandarin, Pinyin], ㄕㄢˋ ㄍㄨˇ [Mandarin, bopomofo], shàngǔ [Hanyu-Pinyin, Mandarin], shàngǔ [Mandarin, Tongyong-Pinyin], shan⁴-ku³ [Mandarin, Wade-Giles], shàn-gǔ [Mandarin, Yale], shannguu [Gwoyeu-Romatsyh, Mandarin], шаньгу [Mandarin, Palladius], šanʹgu [Mandarin, Palladius], dzyenX kuX [Middle-Chinese], /*[ɡ]e[n]ʔ C.qˤaʔ/ [Baxter-Sagart, Old-Chinese], /*ɡjenʔ klaːʔ/ [Old-Chinese, Zhengzhang]
Head templates: {{zh-verb}} 善賈
  1. (literary) to be good at business; to be good for business Tags: literary
    Sense id: en-善賈-zh-verb-DhmRsR3F

Download JSON data for 善賈 meaning in Chinese (5.4kB)

{
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "善賈",
      "name": "zh-verb"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Chinese",
  "lang_code": "zh",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "There is a proverb that goes: \"long sleeves make a good dance; much money makes a good business.\" In other words, the better the material conditions, the easier it is to do things.",
          "ref": "鄙諺曰:「長袖善舞,多錢善賈。」此言多資之易為工也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]",
          "text": "鄙谚曰:「长袖善舞,多钱善贾。」此言多资之易为工也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]\nFrom: Han Feizi, circa 2ⁿᵈ century BCE\nBǐyàn yuē: “Cháng xiù shàn wǔ, duō qián shàngǔ.” Cǐ yán duō zī zhī yì wéi gōng yě. [Pinyin]",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to be good at business; to be good for business"
      ],
      "id": "en-善賈-zh-verb-DhmRsR3F",
      "links": [
        [
          "good",
          "good"
        ],
        [
          "business",
          "business"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(literary) to be good at business; to be good for business"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "literary"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "shàngǔ"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "bopomofo"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "ㄕㄢˋ ㄍㄨˇ"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hanyu-Pinyin",
        "Mandarin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "shàngǔ"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Tongyong-Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "shàngǔ"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Wade-Giles"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "shan⁴-ku³"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Yale"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "shàn-gǔ"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
        "Mandarin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "shannguu"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Palladius"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "шаньгу"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Palladius"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "šanʹgu"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ʂän⁵¹ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/",
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Middle-Chinese"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "dzyenX kuX"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Baxter-Sagart",
        "Old-Chinese"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "/*[ɡ]e[n]ʔ C.qˤaʔ/"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Old-Chinese",
        "Zhengzhang"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "/*ɡjenʔ klaːʔ/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ʂän⁵¹ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/"
    },
    {
      "other": "[ɡ]"
    },
    {
      "other": "[n]"
    },
    {
      "other": "/*ɡjenʔ klaːʔ/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "善賈"
}

{
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zh",
        "2": "noun"
      },
      "expansion": "善賈",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Chinese",
  "lang_code": "zh",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "64 1 35",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "someone who is good at doing business"
      ],
      "id": "en-善賈-zh-noun-8ILrosPl",
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(literary) someone who is good at doing business"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "literary"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "shàngǔ"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "bopomofo"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "ㄕㄢˋ ㄍㄨˇ"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hanyu-Pinyin",
        "Mandarin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "shàngǔ"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Tongyong-Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "shàngǔ"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Wade-Giles"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "shan⁴-ku³"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Yale"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "shàn-gǔ"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
        "Mandarin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "shannguu"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Palladius"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "шаньгу"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Palladius"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "šanʹgu"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ʂän⁵¹ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/",
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Middle-Chinese"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "dzyenX kuX"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Baxter-Sagart",
        "Old-Chinese"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "/*[ɡ]e[n]ʔ C.qˤaʔ/"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Old-Chinese",
        "Zhengzhang"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "/*ɡjenʔ klaːʔ/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ʂän⁵¹ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/"
    },
    {
      "other": "[ɡ]"
    },
    {
      "other": "[n]"
    },
    {
      "other": "/*ɡjenʔ klaːʔ/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "善賈"
}

{
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zh",
        "2": "noun"
      },
      "expansion": "善賈",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Chinese",
  "lang_code": "zh",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "There is a beautiful gem here. Should I lay it up in a case and keep it? or should I seek a good price and sell it?",
          "ref": "有美玉於斯,韞匵而藏諸?求善賈而沽諸? [Classical Chinese, trad.]",
          "text": "有美玉于斯,韫𰅥而藏诸?求善贾而沽诸? [Classical Chinese, simp.]\nFrom: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version\nYǒu měiyù yú sī, yùndú ér cáng zhū? Qiú shànjià ér gū zhū? [Pinyin]",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "good price"
      ],
      "id": "en-善賈-zh-noun-6HbJqA4p",
      "links": [
        [
          "good",
          "good"
        ],
        [
          "price",
          "price"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(literary) good price"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "literary"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "shànjià"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "bopomofo"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "ㄕㄢˋ ㄐㄧㄚˋ"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hanyu-Pinyin",
        "Mandarin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "shànjià"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Tongyong-Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "shànjià"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Wade-Giles"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "shan⁴-chia⁴"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Yale"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "shàn-jyà"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
        "Mandarin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "shannjiah"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Palladius"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "шаньцзя"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Palladius"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "šanʹczja"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ʂän⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵¹/",
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Baxter-Sagart",
        "Old-Chinese"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "/*[ɡ]e[n]ʔ C.qˤaʔ-s/"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Old-Chinese",
        "Zhengzhang"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "/*ɡjenʔ kraːs/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ʂän⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵¹/"
    },
    {
      "other": "[ɡ]"
    },
    {
      "other": "[n]"
    },
    {
      "other": "/*ɡjenʔ kraːs/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "善賈"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
    "Chinese lemmas",
    "Chinese nouns",
    "Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Chinese verbs",
    "Middle Chinese lemmas",
    "Old Chinese lemmas"
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "善賈",
      "name": "zh-verb"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Chinese",
  "lang_code": "zh",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Chinese literary terms",
        "Literary Chinese terms with quotations"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "There is a proverb that goes: \"long sleeves make a good dance; much money makes a good business.\" In other words, the better the material conditions, the easier it is to do things.",
          "ref": "鄙諺曰:「長袖善舞,多錢善賈。」此言多資之易為工也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]",
          "text": "鄙谚曰:「长袖善舞,多钱善贾。」此言多资之易为工也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]\nFrom: Han Feizi, circa 2ⁿᵈ century BCE\nBǐyàn yuē: “Cháng xiù shàn wǔ, duō qián shàngǔ.” Cǐ yán duō zī zhī yì wéi gōng yě. [Pinyin]",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to be good at business; to be good for business"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "good",
          "good"
        ],
        [
          "business",
          "business"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(literary) to be good at business; to be good for business"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "literary"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "shàngǔ"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "bopomofo"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "ㄕㄢˋ ㄍㄨˇ"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hanyu-Pinyin",
        "Mandarin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "shàngǔ"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Tongyong-Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "shàngǔ"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Wade-Giles"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "shan⁴-ku³"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Yale"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "shàn-gǔ"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
        "Mandarin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "shannguu"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Palladius"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "шаньгу"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Palladius"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "šanʹgu"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ʂän⁵¹ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/",
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Middle-Chinese"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "dzyenX kuX"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Baxter-Sagart",
        "Old-Chinese"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "/*[ɡ]e[n]ʔ C.qˤaʔ/"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Old-Chinese",
        "Zhengzhang"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "/*ɡjenʔ klaːʔ/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ʂän⁵¹ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/"
    },
    {
      "other": "[ɡ]"
    },
    {
      "other": "[n]"
    },
    {
      "other": "/*ɡjenʔ klaːʔ/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "善賈"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
    "Chinese lemmas",
    "Chinese nouns",
    "Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Chinese verbs",
    "Middle Chinese lemmas",
    "Old Chinese lemmas"
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zh",
        "2": "noun"
      },
      "expansion": "善賈",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Chinese",
  "lang_code": "zh",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Chinese literary terms"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "someone who is good at doing business"
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(literary) someone who is good at doing business"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "literary"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "shàngǔ"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "bopomofo"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "ㄕㄢˋ ㄍㄨˇ"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hanyu-Pinyin",
        "Mandarin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "shàngǔ"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Tongyong-Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "shàngǔ"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Wade-Giles"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "shan⁴-ku³"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Yale"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "shàn-gǔ"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
        "Mandarin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "shannguu"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Palladius"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "шаньгу"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Palladius"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "šanʹgu"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ʂän⁵¹ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/",
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Middle-Chinese"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "dzyenX kuX"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Baxter-Sagart",
        "Old-Chinese"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "/*[ɡ]e[n]ʔ C.qˤaʔ/"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Old-Chinese",
        "Zhengzhang"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "/*ɡjenʔ klaːʔ/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ʂän⁵¹ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/"
    },
    {
      "other": "[ɡ]"
    },
    {
      "other": "[n]"
    },
    {
      "other": "/*ɡjenʔ klaːʔ/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "善賈"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
    "Chinese lemmas",
    "Chinese nouns",
    "Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Old Chinese lemmas"
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zh",
        "2": "noun"
      },
      "expansion": "善賈",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Chinese",
  "lang_code": "zh",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Chinese literary terms",
        "Literary Chinese terms with quotations"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "There is a beautiful gem here. Should I lay it up in a case and keep it? or should I seek a good price and sell it?",
          "ref": "有美玉於斯,韞匵而藏諸?求善賈而沽諸? [Classical Chinese, trad.]",
          "text": "有美玉于斯,韫𰅥而藏诸?求善贾而沽诸? [Classical Chinese, simp.]\nFrom: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version\nYǒu měiyù yú sī, yùndú ér cáng zhū? Qiú shànjià ér gū zhū? [Pinyin]",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "good price"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "good",
          "good"
        ],
        [
          "price",
          "price"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(literary) good price"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "literary"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "shànjià"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "bopomofo"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "ㄕㄢˋ ㄐㄧㄚˋ"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hanyu-Pinyin",
        "Mandarin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "shànjià"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Tongyong-Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "shànjià"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Wade-Giles"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "shan⁴-chia⁴"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Yale"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "shàn-jyà"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
        "Mandarin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "shannjiah"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Palladius"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "шаньцзя"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Palladius"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "šanʹczja"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ʂän⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵¹/",
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Baxter-Sagart",
        "Old-Chinese"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "/*[ɡ]e[n]ʔ C.qˤaʔ-s/"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Old-Chinese",
        "Zhengzhang"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "/*ɡjenʔ kraːs/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ʂän⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵¹/"
    },
    {
      "other": "[ɡ]"
    },
    {
      "other": "[n]"
    },
    {
      "other": "/*ɡjenʔ kraːs/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "善賈"
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Chinese dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.