乙

→ Zhuang: iet

Unknown. Different ancient texts propose different origins.
* Pictogram (象形) – a developing plant (Shuowen).
* Pictogram (象形) – the intestine of a fish (Erya).
* Pictogram (象形) – the gill bone of a fish (Liji Zhengyi (《禮記正義》)
The character should not be confused with 𠃉 > 鳦.

乙烷


丙

→ Zhuang: bingj

Various theories:
* Pictogram (象形) – shoulders (Shuowen).
* Pictogram (象形) – the tail of a fish (Erya). See also 再.
* Pictogram (象形) - part of a chariot, as seen in the original form of 更.
* Pictogram (象形) – pedestal.
* Pictogram (象形) – small table.
* Original form of 柄 (OC *praŋʔ, *praŋs).
Whatever its original sense may be, it has been lost and replaced by its early use as a heavenly stem. See also the original version of 更 (< 㪅).
Baxter and Sagart (2014) note the phonological relationship between 丙 (OC *praŋʔ) and 兩 (OC *p.raŋʔ, “a pair”); how these two are graphically related is noted in Baxter (1992). Smith (2011) suggests that these two words are not only phonologically similar but also etymologically related, with 丙, meaning "couplet" or "bivalve", referring to an asterism.

(organic chemistry) prop- (denoting the presence of three carbon atoms)


酒

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (酒):
* → Japanese: 酒(しゅ) (shu)
* → Korean: 주(酒) (ju)
* → Vietnamese: tửu (酒)

→ Indonesian: ciu

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴/

/t͡si̯əu̯⁴¹/

/t͡ɕi̯əu̯⁴¹/

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴/

/t͡si̯əu̯⁴¹/

/t͡ɕi̯əu̯⁴¹/

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): 水 (“water”) + 酉 (“an alcoholic drink vessel”) - the liquid associated with an alcoholic drink vessel, hence wine and alcohol. See also 酋.
Also a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsluʔ): semantic 水 (“water, liquid”) + phonetic 酉 (OC *luʔ).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *jəw (“liquor”) (STEDT). Cognate with 酉 (OC *luʔ, “wine; wine vessel”).

Han compound

GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)

How come you don't wanna have a sip of alcohol?

你幹嗎不喝點酒？

你干吗不喝点酒？

alcoholic beverages in general; alcoholic drink


乳

Pictogram (象形): A kneeling woman holding and breastfeeding a child. The woman resembles the character 母.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-nəw.

母乳

水乳交融

to multiply; to proliferate; to reproduce; to breed


丹

Pictogram (象形) of a well or mine with cinnabar inside. It can also indicate "red cinnabar" used in dyeing clothes (e.g., 彤). The original version is 𠂁. See also the bottom part of 青 (< 𤯞).
Schuessler (2007) suggests a Kam-Tai origin, comparing it to Proto-Kam-Sui *h-lanꟲ (“red”). 矸, as in 丹矸, may be a variant; see there for more.
Alternatively, it may be from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *t(j)a-n ~ *tsa-n (“red”), whence Burmese တာ (ta, “very red”) (Matisoff, 2003; Hill, 2014); however, STEDT currently does not compare this to 丹.
Possibly related to 旃 (OC *tjan, “a plain red flag”), as well as 袒 (OC *daːnʔ, “to bare; to strip oneself naked to the waist”), as skin color is often associated with "red". See these entries for more.

och-l

𠂁
𠁿
𠕑
𢒈
㣋
㐤
𮯱


凘

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *se): semantic 冫 (“ice”) + phonetic 斯 (OC *se).


信

Sino-Xenic (信):
* → Vietnamese: tín (信)

→ Vietnamese: tin

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and
phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *hljins): phonetic 人 (OC *njin, “person”) + semantic 言 (“word”).
Schuessler (2007) reconstructs the Old Chinese minimally as *sin and suggests possible derivation from 允 (OC *winʔ, “to trust; to be true”).
Alternatively, Sagart and Baxter (2012) reconstruct *s-niŋ-s (*s-ni[ŋ]-s in Baxter and Sagart, 2014) and suggest a derivation from 仁 (OC *niŋ, “kind”) with the prefix *s-, probably used to increase its valency.

Han compound

(mineralogy) Short for 信石 (xìnshí, “arsenolite”).


劑

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *zliːls, *ʔslel): phonetic 齊 (OC *zliːl, *zliːls) + semantic 刂.
From 齊 (OC *zliːl, *zliːls, “orderly”).


價

→ Lao: ຄ່າ (khā)

→ Thai: ค่า (kâa)

→ Zhuang: gyaq

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kraːs): semantic 人 + phonetic 賈 (OC *kraːʔ, *kraːs, *klaːʔ, “sell”).
Perhaps related to 賈 (OC *kraːʔ, *kraːs, *klaːʔ, “to sell”).


化

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (化):
* → Japanese: 化(け) (ke); 化(か) (ka)
* → Korean: 화(化) (hwa)
* → Vietnamese: hoá (化)

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) of two 人 (“person”), one upright (亻) and one upside down (𠤎) — reversal; change. Shuowen also considers 𠤎 to be a phonetic component.
Compare 并, 比, 卬, 尼 and 北.

氧化鈣／氧化钙

氫氧化鈉／氢氧化钠


反

STEDT compares it to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *par (“to trade; to buy; to sell”), from which Tibetan ཕར (phar, “interest (on money); exchange”) is derived.
Cognate with 販 (OC *pans, “to trade”), which is an exoactive of 反 (OC *panʔ, *pʰan, “to return, lit. to make someone return”) (Schuessler, 2007).
番 (OC *pʰan, “a turn; a time”) is the iterative of 反 (OC *panʔ, *pʰan).

och-l

順反異構

顺反异构

反-2-丁烯


噁

(chemistry) Used in transcription: ox(y)-


壩

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *praːɡs): semantic 土 (“earth”) + phonetic 霸 (OC *praːɡs).

Han compound

beach (sandy, on a river, lake or coast, used chiefly in place names)


右

Burmese language
Jingpho language
Proto-Sino-Tibetan language
Tibetan language

Originally 又 (OC *ɢʷɯs, “right hand”) in the oracle bone script.
In bronze inscriptions, a 口 (“mouth; speech”) component was added, perhaps with the intention of indicating the use of 又 (OC *ɢʷɯs, “again”) as a phonetic loan. In other words, the current form is a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢʷɯʔ, *ɢʷɯs) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): phonetic 又 (OC *ɢʷɯs, “right hand”) + semantic 口.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-(j/r)a (“right (hand)”) (STEDT). Cognate with Tibetan གཡས (g.yas, “right”), Jingpho hkra (khʒa⁵⁵, “right”), Burmese ယာ (ya), ညာ (nya).
友 (OC *ɢʷɯʔ, “be friendly; friend”) is the endoactive derivation of 右 (OC *ɢʷɯʔ) (Schuessler, 2007).
佑 (OC *ɢʷɯs, “to aid”), 祐 (OC *ɢʷɯs, “(of divinity) to assist; to bless”), 宥 (OC *ɢʷɯs, “to pardon; magnanimous”) are exoactive derivations of 右 (OC *ɢʷɯʔ) (ibid.).
; “(politics) right-wing”

liushu

OC *ɢʷɯʔ, *ɢʷɯs

och-l

右 (OC *ɢʷɯʔ)

右 (OC *ɢʷɯʔ)

右美沙芬


基

Characters in the same phonetic series (其) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kɯ): phonetic 其 (OC *kɯ, *ɡɯ) + semantic 土 (“earth”) – a foundation of earth.

Han compound

𡉊
𡉨
𡉝
𡋵
踑
𨄎
㚻
gay


巰

/t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯³⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯³⁵/

Blend of 氫／氢 (qīng, “hydrogen”) + 硫 (liú, “sulfur”)


尊

Sino-Xenic (尊):
* → Vietnamese: tôn (尊)

Shuowen: Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): 酋 (“wine”) + 寸 (“hand”) – to give 寸 (cùn) an offering such as a vessel of wine 酋 (qiú) – to show respect, veneration.
However per small seal script, it may instead be a variant of 𢍜, which is Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): 酋 (“wine”) + 廾 (“two hands”).
Cognate to Tibetan བཙུན (btsun), བཙུན་པ (btsun pa, “respectable, venerable”), མཚུན (mtshun, “ancestor god”). The "vessel" sense is because it was used in ritual ceremonies (Schuessler, 2007).
; "glorious; marvelous; wonderful"

Han compound

alt. forms: 樽 (zūn), 鐏／𨱔 (zūn), 罇／樽 (zūn)

(historical) zun (a type of container for alcoholic beverage in historical China)


式

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *hljɯɡ): phonetic 弋 (OC *lɯɡ) + semantic 工 (“work”).

Han compound

(mathematics, chemistry) formula (Classifier: 條／条 c)


左

Originally written 𠂇 and 䶹 in the oracle bone script: Pictogram (象形) – a left hand. Compare 又 (“right hand”).
Late bronze inscription forms show an added 工 (“work; to assist?”) component, making the current form a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsaːlʔ, *ʔsaːls) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): phonetic 𠂇 (, “left hand”) + semantic 工 (“work”), representing the original form of 佐 (OC *ʔsaːls, “to assist”).
Cognate with 佐 (OC *ʔsaːls, “to assist”) (< be on one's left side); mirror of the semantic relationship between 右 (OC *ɢʷɯʔ, “right”) and 佑 (OC *ɢʷɯs, “to assist”) (Schuessler, 2007).
Unrelated to Proto-Tibeto-Burman *b(w)aj (“left (hand)”) (STEDT).
; “(politics) left-wing”

ncog

左多巴


摩

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (摩):
* → Japanese: 摩(ま) (ma)
* → Korean: 마(摩) (ma)
* → Vietnamese: ma (摩)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *maːl, *maːls): phonetic 麻 (OC *mraːl) + semantic 手 (“hand”).

Han compound

(chemistry) Short for 摩爾／摩尔 (mó'ěr, “mole”).


朊

Newly coined character. Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声): semantic ⺼ (“flesh”) + phonetic 元 (OC *ŋon, “original; first”).
Modelled after the etymology of English "protein": from Ancient Greek πρῶτος (prôtos, “first”) ― cf. 元 (yuán, “original, first”), which also acted as the phonetic component of the character.
The choice of this character for the sense of "prion" is primarily due to the nature of prions as proteins, but might also have been influenced by the pronunciation of the word prion.


核

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡuːd, *ɡrɯːɡ): semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 亥 (OC *ɡɯːʔ) – a kind of tree. Modern meanings are borrowed.
The definitions related to “to examine” come from the “kernel” sense, i.e. “to go to the core” (Schuessler, 2007).
Generally thought to be of Sino-Tibetan origin. It has been compared to Tibetan རག་ཙེ (rag tse), Karbi rak (Gong, 2002; Schuessler, 2007). However, Hill (2012) rejects the connection to the Tibetan word because most words ending with ཙེ (tse) are loanwords from Chinese words ending with the 子 suffix.
Smith (2011) groups this word with the following terms into a word family meaning “root, germ, generative core”:
* 荄 (OC *kɯː, “grassroot”) and its derivative 根 (OC *kɯːn, “root”),
* 骸 (OC *ɡrɯː, “(human) bones”) (also noted by Schuessler, 2007),
* 孩 (OC *ɡɯː, “child”),
* 亥 (OC *ɡɯːʔ, “sprouting stage”), i.e. "the moon’s first appearance" > "twelfth earthly branch".


氖

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声): semantic 气 (“gas”) + phonetic 乃.


氚

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): 气 (“gas”) + 川 (“three”). Also a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声), where 川 (chuān) acts as the phonetic component. Compare 氕 (“protium”) and 氘 (“deuterium”).
From 川 (chuān) from the glyph, possibly influenced by New Latin tritium.


氡

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声): semantic 气 (“gas”) + phonetic 冬.
Borrowed from English radon.


氙

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声): semantic 气 (“gas”) + phonetic 山 (“mountain”). The phonetic component is abbreviated from 仙 (“celestial being”).
Borrowed from English xenon.


氟

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声): semantic 气 (“gas”) + phonetic 弗.
From earlier 弗氣／弗气, 弗素, which is probably an orthographic borrowing from Japanese 弗素, where 弗(ふつ) (futsu) was used phonetically.


氪

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声): semantic 气 (“air; gas”) + phonetic 克 (kè).


氥

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声): semantic 气 (“gas”) + phonetic 西.
Borrowed from English xenon. Obsoleted, as it is homophonous to 硒 (xī, “selenium”).


氘

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): 气 (“gas”) + ⿰丿丨 (“two”). Also a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声), where ⿰丿丨, variant of 刀 (dāo), acts as the phonetic component. Compare 氕 (“protium”) and 氚 (“tritium”).
From 刀 (dāo) from the glyph, possibly influenced by New Latin deuterium.


氕

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): 气 (“gas”) + 丿 (“one”). Also a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声), where 丿 (piě) acts as the phonetic component. Compare 氘 (“deuterium”) and 氚 (“tritium”).
From 丿 (piě, “left falling stroke”) from the glyph, possibly influenced by New Latin protium. In Mandarin, it is pronounced in the first tone by analogy with 氘 (dāo, “deuterium”) and 氚 (chuān, “tritium”).


氮

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): semantic 气 (“gas”) + abbreviated phonetic 淡 (dàn, “dilute”).
From 淡 (dàn, “dilute”) in 淡氣／淡气 [19th c.], referring to nitrogen diluting oxygen in the air.


氨

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声): semantic 气 (“gas”) + phonetic 安 (ān).
Borrowed from English ammonia. Related to 銨／铵 (ǎn, “ammonium”) and 胺 (àn, “amine”).


氠

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声): semantic 气 (“gas”) + phonetic 申.
Borrowed from English xenon. Obsoleted, as it is homophonous to 砷 (shēn, “arsenic”).


氰

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): semantic 气 + phonetic 青 (qīng).
From 青 (qīng), influenced by cyanogen.


氫

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): semantic 气 (“air; gas”) + abbreviated phonetic 輕 (qīng, “light; of low density”).
From 輕／轻 (qīng, “light; of low density”) in 輕氣／轻气 [19th c.]. So named as hydrogen gas is lighter than air.


氦

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声): semantic 气 (“gas”) + phonetic 亥 (hài).
Borrowed from New Latin helium.


氧

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): semantic 气 (“gas”) + abbreviated phonetic 養 (yǎng, “to nourish”).
From 養／养 (yǎng, “to nourish”) in 養氣／养气 [19th c.], referring to oxygen's role in sustaining life. Derivative: 𨦡／𰽽 (yáng, “oxonium”).


氯

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声): semantic 气 (“gas”) + phonetic 彔. 彔 is also a reduced form of 綠 (“green”), serving as a semantic component.
From 綠氣／绿气 (“green gas”) in the 19th century, which is a calque of English chlorine, referring to the colour of chlorine gas.


根

Monic languages
redundancy (linguistics)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kɯːn): semantic 木 + phonetic 艮 (OC *kɯːns).
Possibly of Austroasiatic origin (Schuessler, 2007). Compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *(d)kər (“tree, plant”) (whence Proto-Vietic *kəl > Vietnamese cây, Muong câl), *d₂gəl ~ d₂g(əə)l (“trunk; stump”) (whence Khmer គល់ (kŭəl, “stump; floating log”), Proto-Monic *t(l)gəl (“stump”)).
Alternatively, Smith (2011) proposes a derivation from 荄 (OC *kɯː, “grassroot”) with redundant nominalizing suffix *-n. See 荄 for more.


汞

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡoːŋʔ): phonetic 工 (OC *koːŋ) + semantic 水 (“water”)


涸

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡaːɡ): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 固 (OC *kaːs).


淙

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *zuːŋ, *sruːŋs, *zuːŋ): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 宗 (OC *ʔsuːŋ).


淬

/t͡sʰu̯eɪ̯⁵¹/

/t͡sʰu̯eɪ̯⁵¹/


樽

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (樽):
* → Japanese: 樽(そん) (son)

/t͡sɐn²¹³⁻⁵⁵/

/t͡sɐn²¹³⁻⁵⁵/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsuːn): semantic 木 (“wood”) + phonetic 尊 (OC *ʔsuːn).
Specialised orthographic form of 尊 (OC *ʔsuːn, “zun, a kind of vessel”) that inherited the noun sense for "vessel", as 尊 became chiefly used for the more abstract senses (Duan Yucai's analysis of the Shuowen).

Han compound

玻璃樽 [Cantonese] ― bo¹ lei⁴⁻¹ zeon¹ [Jyutping] ― glass bottle

(Cantonese, Hakka, Teochew, Leizhou Min, Zhongshan Min) bottle; vase (Classifier: 個／个 c)


毒

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (毒):
* → Japanese: 毒(どく) (doku)
* → Korean: 독(毒) (dok)
* → Vietnamese: độc (毒)

→ Vietnamese: thuốc (“drug”)

desc

→ Zhuang: doeg (“poison; to poison; evil”)

Pictogram (象形) - a woman wearing a feathered ornament - original form of 纛 (OC *duːɡs, *duːɡ). If this is the correct interpretation, see also 每.
Alternatively, Li Xueqin (2012) proposes it is a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'uːɡ): semantic 屮 (“vegetation”) + phonetic 毐 (OC *ʔmɯː, *ʔmɯːʔ), meaning "a type of poisonous plant."
; “poison”
; “to poison” (Pronunciation 2)
; “nerdy”

Han compound

𭖪
𡴛
𡹆
𥲮
𦸕
𫦚
𧉉
𤯟
杜
餖
透
𭖪
踱
喥

to take drugs (of illicit or recreational nature)

吸毒

販毒

贩毒

(literary, or in compounds) narcotics; narcotic drugs


泉

/t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵/

/t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵/

Pictogram (象形) or ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): 白 (“spring mouth”) + 水 (“water”) – water flowing from the source of a spring. See also 原.
Schuessler (2007) minimally reconstructs the Old Chinese as *dzwan and also reconstructs Proto-Tibeto-Burman *tso (“to bubble; to boil”) (> Tibetan འཚོད་པ ('tshod pa, “to be boiled”), Tibetan བཙོས (btsos, “to cook in boiling water”), Burmese ဆူ (hcu, “to boil; to bubble”)), and considers 泉 (OC *sɡʷen, “spring (of water)”) to be cognate to it (with an n-suffix nominalization). However, STEDT considers the above three Tibeto-Burman terms to be descended from Proto-Tibeto-Burman *tsjow (“to boil; to burn; to bake; to bake”), to which 焦 (OC *ʔsew, “to roast; to burn; to scorch”) is cognate.

och-l

溫泉

温泉

甘泉


湜

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *dɯɡ): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 是 (OC *djeʔ).


汗

→ Zhuang: hanh

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kaːn, *ɡaːn, *ɡaːns): semantic 水 + phonetic 干 (OC *kaːn).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-(k/ŋ)rul (“sweat”). Compare Tibetan རྔུལ (rngul, “sweat”).

Han compound

我正流著汗。

我正流着汗。

to sweat so much that the head is drenched

出了一頭大汗

出了一头大汗

他去跑步流了一身汗。

(literary, or in compounds) to sweat; to perspire


汗

蒙古大汗


溴

Etymology 1: Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声): semantic 氵 (“water; liquid”) + phonetic 臭 (OC *kʰljus, “stink; odorous”).
Etymology 2: Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声): semantic 氵 (“water; liquid”) + phonetic 臭 (OC *kʰljus, “stink; odorous”).
From 臭 (chòu, “stink; odorous”), semantic loan from Ancient Greek βρῶμος (brômos, “stink”).


漣

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ren): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 連 (OC *ren)


減

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴/

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *krɯːmʔ, *ɡrɯːmʔ): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 咸 (OC *ɡrɯːm, “seal”) - to seal off a stream of water, decreasing its flow. 咸 is the original character of 緘／缄 and also serves as a semantic component.

Han compound

减
减
减
噉
咁
𡄎
緊
减


瀆

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'oːɡ): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 𧶠 (OC *luɡ).


油

→ Vietnamese: dầu (𪽠)

Characters in the same phonetic series (由) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *lɯw, *lɯwɢs): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 由 (OC *lɯw).
;“weeb”

Han compound

石油

漏油

加油

油站


焓

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声): semantic 火 (“fire”) + phonetic 含 (hán, “to contain inside”).


漿

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsaŋ): phonetic 將 (OC *ʔsaŋ, *ʔsaŋs) + semantic 水 (“water”).
Related to Tibetan ཆང (chang, “barley beer”) (Hill, 2019). Possibly related to 醬 (OC *ʔsaŋs, “sauce, paste”).


烯

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声): semantic 火 (“fire”) + phonetic 希, the latter being derived from 稀 (xī, “rare”) of which it is the phonetic element. This is coined in light of the observed lack of hydrogens (as compared to alkanes) in alkenes and the fact that alkenes are flammable.
Compare 烷 (wán, “alkane”), 炔 (quē, “alkyne”).


烷

From 完 (wán, “full; complete”), referring to the saturation of the carbons in alkanes. Compare 烯 (xī) and 炔 (quē).


炔

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʷeːds): semantic 火 (“fire”) + phonetic 夬 (OC *kʷraːds) ― smoky.
For the sense “alkyne”, the 夬 component is derived from 缺 (quē, “to lack”), of which it is also the phonetic element. The character was coined in light of fact that alkynes are flammable (火 (huǒ)―“fire”), and lack two of the hydrogens compared to alkenes of the homologous series.
Compare 烷 (wán) and 烯 (xī).
From 缺 (quē).


烴

Blend of 碳 (tàn, “carbon”) + 氫／氢 (qīng, “hydrogen”)


灣

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qroːn): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 彎 (OC *qroːn) – a type of water.
Cognate with 彎 (OC *qroːn, “bend; curve”) (Wang, 1982).

Han compound

(regional, nautical) to berth; to anchor; to moor


新

Cao Wei
Chen dynasty
Eastern Han dynasty
Eastern Wei
Eastern Wu
Eastern Zhou dynasty
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
Han dynasty
Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
Jin dynasty (265–420)
Liang dynasty
Liao dynasty
Liu Song dynasty
Ming dynasty
Northern Qi
Northern Wei
Northern Zhou
Northern and Southern dynasties
Qin dynasty
Qing dynasty
Shang dynasty
Shu Han
Song dynasty
Southern Qi
Southern and Northern dynasties
Spring and Autumn period
Sui dynasty
Tang dynasty
Three Kingdoms
Warring States period
Western Han dynasty
Western Liao
Western Wei
Western Xia
Western Zhou dynasty
Xia dynasty
Xin dynasty
Yuan dynasty
Zhou dynasty

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (新):
* → Japanese: 新(しん) (shin)
* → Korean: 신(新) (sin)
* → Vietnamese: tân (新)

→ Thai: ซิง (sing)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *siŋ): phonetic 亲 (OC *siŋ, “hazelnut tree”) + semantic 斤 (“axe”) – to cut down a tree with an axe (hence starting something new). In this character, 亲 is the stylized form of 𣓀, a chisel over a tree to indicate the hazelnut tree or the hazelnut branch, that could be used as a whip.
Also ideogrammic compound (會意／会意). Original form of 薪 (OC *siŋ, “firewood”).
Sino-Tibetan; cognate with Burmese သစ် (sac, “new”). Compare the cognacy between 薪 (OC *siŋ, “firewood”) and Burmese သစ် (sac, “wood; timber”).
This word may belong to the Sino-Tibetan stem Proto-Sino-Tibetan *siŋ (“alive, fresh, green”) and may hence be related to 青 (OC *sʰleːŋ, “green”) as well as 薪 (OC *siŋ, “firewood”) (Schuessler, 2007).


灘

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *n̥ʰaːn, *naːns, *hnaːnʔ, *hnaːns): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 難 (OC *n̥ʰaːn, *naːns).

Han compound

Classifier for liquid or paste spread over a surface: pool; puddle


湯

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l̥ʰaːŋ, *l̥ʰaːŋs, *hljaŋ): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 昜 (OC *laŋ).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-la(w)ŋ (“steam; hot (liquid)”); compare Tibetan རླངས (rlangs, “steam, vapour; steamy”) (Bodman, 1980; STEDT).
Related to 盪 (OC *l̥ʰaːŋ, *l̥ʰaːŋs, *l'aːŋʔ, “basin for holding hot water for washing; wash basin”), 煬 (OC *laŋ, *laŋs, “to heat; to roast”) (Wang, 1982; Schuessler, 2007).


甙

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): abbreviated 代 (“substitute”) + 甘 (“sweet”).


甗

Initially a pictogram (象形) of a two-part cooking vessel. Later 虍 was added and the cooking vessel became 鬲, producing 鬳.
In the current form, an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋan, *ŋranʔ, *ŋrans): phonetic 鬳 (OC *ŋans, “cooking vessel”) + semantic 瓦 (“earthenware”).

Han compound

See also: 甑, 鬲, 箅

(historical) earthenware cooking vessel consisting of a large steamer stacked on top of a smaller boiler and separated by a grate


甾

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsrɯ): phonetic 𠙹 + semantic 田 (“cropfield”), attested since Qin State of Warring States period. Evolved later into various different shapes – ⿱𠀐田, 𱰭, and 甾 (Chen, 2021).
The "container" sense was of a different character – 𠙹 – attested since oracle bones script. This sense was conflated with 甾 later, as in Middle Chinese rime books (ibid.) See the entry 𠙹 for more.
This character was practically obsolete before it was revived as a modern translation for steroid. It is also a pictogram (象形) in this sense; the upper part represents the three side chains on the ring system, and the 田 component represents the tetracyclic core of steroids. See the image on right.
Smith (2011) interprets the oracle bone glyph as depicting the new moon and proposes that it originally wrote a word *ts[r]əʔ "darkened phase" i.e. "new moon", related to 緇 (OC *tsrə) "blackened", 菑 (OC *tsrə) "field cleared by slash and burn", 淄 (OC *tsrə) "murky (water)". Lunar meaning is also present in 臘／腊 (là) of which this character is the upper-right component.


甌

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qoː) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): phonetic 區 (OC *qoː, *kʰo, “vessel”) + semantic 瓦 (“pottery”).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ʔəw-ŋ (“pot; vat; jar”) (reconstructed provisionally). Related to 椀 (OC *qoːnʔ), 碗 (OC *qoːnʔ, “bowl”), and possibly 甕 (OC *qoːŋs, “urn”). Compare Burmese အိုး (ui:, “pot”) (Schuessler, 2007).

inh

Abbreviation of 溫州／温州 (Wēnzhōu): Wenzhou (a prefecture-level city in Zhejiang, in southeastern China)


甕

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qoːŋs): phonetic 雍 (OC *qoŋ, *qoŋs) + semantic 瓦 (“earthenware”).
Probably Sino-Tibetan (Unger, 1999; Schuessler, 2007; STEDT). STEDT reconstructs Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ʔəw-ŋ (“pot; vat; jar”) provisionally.
Within Chinese, compare 甌 (OC *qoː, “small bowl; small cup”), 碗 (OC *qoːnʔ, “bowl”), 罌 (OC *qreːŋ, “earthen jar”), 盎 (OC *qaːŋʔ, *qaːŋs, “earthen jar”), 癰 (OC *qoŋ, “carbuncle; ulcer”) (Wang, 1982; Schuessler, 2007; STEDT).
Also compare Tibetan གཞོང (gzhong, “basin; tub; bowl”), Lepcha ᰈᰨᰵᰕᰨ (joŋ-mo, “bucket, tub”), Proto-Loloish *ʔ-loŋ² (“pot”) (Unger, 1999).


痰

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'aːm): semantic 疒 (“illness”) + phonetic 炎 (OC *ɦlam).

Han compound

phlegm; sputum (Classifier: 口 m; 篤／笃 c; 啖 c)


盞

Sino-Xenic (盞):
* → Korean: 잔(盞) (jan)

→ Vietnamese: chén

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsreːnʔ): phonetic 戔 (OC *zlaːn) + semantic 皿 (“vessel”).

Han compound

Classifier for lamps, lanterns, or cups of drink.


盎

(Cantonese) Short for 盎士 (on¹ si⁶⁻²), alternative form of 安士 (on¹ si⁶⁻², “ounce”).


環

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (環):
* → Japanese: 環(かん) (kan)
* → Korean: 환(環) (hwan)
* → Vietnamese: hoàn (環)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡʷraːn): semantic 玉 (“jade”) + phonetic 睘 (OC *ɡʷeŋ).
Note similarities to Proto-Tibeto-Burman *hwaŋ (“to encircle; circular, fence”), whence Burmese ဝင်း (wang:, “enclosure, compound”).

cog

苯環

苯环

雜環

杂环

(chemistry) ring (a group of atoms linked by bonds to form a closed chain in a molecule)


砷

Earlier 鉮／𬬹 in 化學鑑原, a translated version of Wells's Principles and Applications of Chemistry. Probably a loan from English arsenic.


碲

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声): semantic 石 (“stone”) + phonetic 帝.
From New Latin tellurium.


矽

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声): semantic 石 (“stone”) + phonetic 夕 (xī).
From English silicon. Coined by Chinese scientist Xu Shou in 1871. The term is dated in Mainland China as it is homophonous to 硒 (xī) "selenium" and 錫／锡 (xī) "tin".

coinage

(chemistry, chiefly Taiwan and Hong Kong, dated in Mainland China) silicon


氣

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (氣):
* → Japanese: 気(き) (ki)
* → Korean: 기(氣) (gi)
* → Vietnamese: khí (氣)

→ English: chi, qi, ki

→ Finnish: ki

/t͡ɕʰiə̯ɻ⁵¹/

/t͡ɕʰiə̯ɻ⁵¹/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰɯds, *qʰɯds): phonetic 气 (OC *kʰɯds) + semantic 米 (“rice”) – to give rice as a gift.
Later borrowed meanings of “air, flow” from 气 (OC *kʰɯds). The derivative 餼 (OC *qʰɯds) refers to the original word. Compare 乞 (OC *kʰɯds, *kʰɯd).

Han compound

气
气
炁
𣱛
𣱖
𤽍
𣅠
㫓
*暣
気

天然氣

天然气

輪胎漏氣了。

轮胎漏气了。

gas (matter in an intermediate state between liquid and plasma)


硫

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ru): semantic 石 (“stone”) + abbreviated phonetic 流 (OC *ru).
Derivative: 鋶／锍 (liǔ, “sulfonium”).


硝

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sew): semantic 石 (“stone”) + phonetic 肖 (OC *slew, *slews)


碘

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声): semantic 石 + phonetic 典 (diǎn).
Borrowed from English iodine.


硼

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声): semantic 石 (“stone”) + phonetic 朋.
Originally only used in 硼砂 (“borax”): first attested in 《丹方鑑源》 (Tang dynasty), as 大朋砂. The 硼 here is a loanword; compare Middle Persian bwlk' (bōrag).
The “boron” sense of 硼 is a clipping or back-formation.


硅

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声): semantic 石 (“stone”) + phonetic 圭 (guī).
An orthographic borrowing from Japanese 硅(けい)素(そ) (keiso) (Wu, 2010); pronunciation from its phonetic part 圭 (guī) (ibid.), in turn from Dutch keiaarde (“silicon”). The usage of 矽 (xī) is dated in Mainland China as it is homophonous to 硒 (xī) "selenium" and 錫／锡 (xī) "tin". In Taiwan, these three words are not homophonous.
The 1932 ROC Ministry of Education's Principles of Chemical Nomenclature says

硅 is derived and developed from the Japanese name 珪素 (けいそ, keiso). Considering Si is a solid substance, we hence convert the component 王 into 石.

1932, 國立編譯館, 化學命名原則

Guī yóu rì míng guīsù zī yǎn ér chéng, yīn wéi gùtǐ, gù gǎi wáng páng wéi shí.

硅由日名珪素孳演而成，因爲固體，故改王旁爲石。

1932, 國立編譯館, 化學命名原則

硅由日名珪素孳演而成，因为固体，故改王旁为石。


磺

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声): semantic 石 (“rock; stone”) + phonetic 黃 (OC *ɡʷaːŋ).


碳

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): 石 (“(chemical nomenclature) non-metal solid”) + 炭 (“charcoal”). Also a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声), with 炭 (tàn) as a phonetic component.
From 炭 (tàn, “charcoal”).

(ecology) carbon emissions (in the context of global warming and climate change)


瓶

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (瓶):
* → Japanese: 瓶(びん) (bin)
* → Korean: 병(甁) (byeong)
* → Vietnamese: bình (瓶)

→ Bouyei: bingz

→ Zhuang: bingz

/pʰɛːŋ²¹⁻¹³/

/pʰiaŋ²²⁻²¹/

/pʰɛːŋ²¹⁻¹³/

/pʰiaŋ²²⁻²¹/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *beːŋ): phonetic 并 (OC *peŋ, *peŋs) + semantic 瓦 (“earthenware”). According to the radical, it originally indicates an earthenware vessel, i.e., not a glass bottle. It had a long slender neck opening up to a narrow mouth. However, 瓶 was also part of ritual bronzes in ancient China, hence it was made of bronze when used during rituals.
Today, it indicates bottles of any kind and dimension.
Austroasiatic; compare Khmer ពីង (piing, “swollen, potbellied, earthen water pot”) (Schuessler, 2007).

cog

瓶子

花瓶

熱水瓶

热水瓶


碗

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (碗):
* → Japanese: 碗(わん) (wan)

→ Ahom: 𑜈𑜃𑜫 (ban)

→ Jingpho: wan

desc

→ Lü: ᦛᦱᧃᧈ (v̇aan¹)

→ Lü: ᦛᦱᧃᧈ (v̇aan¹)

→ Tai Nüa: ᥝᥣᥢᥱ (wǎan)

→ Zhuang: vanj

Wutunhua: wan

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qoːnʔ): semantic 石 (“stone”) + phonetic 宛 (OC *qon, *qonʔ).
From 甌 (OC *qoː, “bowl”) + -n (“nominalizing suffix”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Han compound

一碗米飯

一碗米饭

一碗粥

Classifier for the quantity of a bowl: bowlful


異

Ideogram (指事) – a man with a mask (田) over his face. Possible interpretations:
* Strange, bizarre — "uncommon".
* Different face — "different".
Compare 鬼 (“demon”), where the 田 also derives from a face or a mask. Compare also 禺, in which the top component represents either a mask or a monkey's face.
Alternatively, may be a pictogram (象形) of a person carrying something on his head, the original form of 戴 (“to carry on the head”).
Modern form is graphically 田 + 共, though this is not the etymology.

(chemistry) iso- (forms terms relating to isomers)


磷

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *rin, *rins): semantic 石 (“stone”) + phonetic 粦 (OC *rins).


罈

罎
坛
壜
埮
墰
𡐧
墵
𤮦


缸

水缸

vat; crock; jar (usually with a large opening and small bottom, made of clay, porcelain, enamel, glass, etc.) (Classifier: 口 m)


羧

/t͡su̯eɪ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡su̯eɪ̯⁵⁵/

For the organic compound, Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): 羊 (“oxgyen, from 氧”) + 夋 (“acid, from 酸”).
Blend of 氧 (yǎng, “oxygen”) + 酸 (suān, “acid”) and borrowed from English carboxyl.


羰

Blend of 氧 (yǎng, “oxygen”) + 碳 (tàn, “carbon”)


羥

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɑŋ²¹⁴/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɑŋ²¹⁴/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰreːn, *kʰreːŋ): semantic 羊 (“sheep, goat”) + phonetic 巠 (OC *keːŋ) ― a kind of sheep or goat.
For the sense “hydroxy” in organic chemistry, the glyph is a blend of 氫 (“hydrogen”) and 氧 (“oxygen”), using the phonetic components of both characters (巠 and 羊).
The pronunciation is a blend of 氫／氢 (qīng, “hydrogen”) and 氧 (yǎng, “oxygen”).

Han compound

(～基) (organic chemistry) hydroxy group; hydroxyl radical


糖

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (糖):
* → Japanese: 糖(とう) (tō)
* → Korean: 당(糖) (dang)
* → Vietnamese: đường (糖)

→ Guiqiong: d’ɐŋ

→ Macanese: tôm-tôm

/tʰɔːŋ²¹⁻³⁵/

/tʰɔːŋ²¹⁻³⁵/

zh:临城镇 (临高县)
zh:琼山区

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'aːŋ): semantic 米 (“rice”) + phonetic 唐 (OC *ɡl'aːŋ).
Original meaning was “sweet rice cake” or “sugar syrup”. Cognate with 餳 (OC *ljaːŋ).
Compare Proto-Lingao lhaŋ² ("sugar"), whence Lincheng /haŋ˧/, Qiongshan /liaŋ˩˧/.

Han compound

多糖

葡萄糖

(organic chemistry) saccharide; carbohydrate


肽

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声): semantic ⺼ + phonetic 太 (tài).
Borrowed from English peptide.


肼

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声): semantic ⺼ + phonetic 井 (jǐng).
Borrowed from English hydrazine. Derivative: 𨥙 (jǐng, “hydrazinium”).

(organic chemistry) hydrazine (derivative)


胍

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʷaː): semantic ⺼ + phonetic 瓜 (OC *kʷraː).
Borrowed from English guanidine.


胜

(chemistry, dated) Synonym of 肽 (tài, “peptide”)


胺

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qaːd): semantic 肉 (“meat”) + phonetic 安 (OC *qaːn).
Borrowed from English amine. Related to 氨 (ān, “ammonia”) and 銨／铵 (ǎn, “ammonium”).


胲

(organic chemistry) hydroxylamine (derivative)


苄

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声): semantic 艹 + phonetic 卞.
Borrowed from English benzyl.


苊

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声): semantic 艹 (“grass; plant”) + phonetic 厄.
Borrowed from English acenaphthene.


苷

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kaːm): semantic 艹 + phonetic 甘 (OC *kaːm).
; “glycoside”


苯

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pɯːnʔ): semantic 艹 + phonetic 本 (OC *pɯːnʔ).
; “benzene”


聚

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *zloʔ, *zlos): phonetic 取 (OC *sʰloːʔ, *sʰloʔ) + semantic 乑 (“three men”).
Compare Burmese စု (cu., “to accumulate”) (Luce, 1981).

Han compound

冣
𨛿
𦼈
𧅞
𣷗
𧚿
𬥁
𫮣
𦖰


莰

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声): semantic 艹 + phonetic 坎.
Borrowed from English camphane.


茹

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *nja, *njaʔ, *njas): semantic 艹 (“grass, plants”) + phonetic 如 (OC *nja, *njas) – plant roots, part of a plant.
Schuessler (2007) proposes an Austroasiatic origin; compare Kharia [script needed] (ɲoʔ, “to eat”) and Proto-Vietic *s-nja:ʔ (“to chew, to masticate”) (> Vietnamese nhá). Schuessler (2003) also compares 茹 with Jingpho noʔ¹ 'to eat' and Proto-Mienic *ʔnəkᴰ 'to swallow'.


蒈

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声): semantic 艹 + phonetic 皆.
Borrowed from English carane.


茂

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mus): semantic 艸 (“grass”) + phonetic 戊 (OC *mus).
Applying this character to mean “cyclopentadiene” in organic chemistry results from the decomposition of the character as an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): 艸 (“radical for aromatic compounds”) + 戊 (“five-carbon ring”), since the conjugate base of cyclopentadiene (cyclopentadienyl anion) is aromatic.

Han compound

二茂鐵

二茂铁


茗

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *meːŋʔ): semantic 艸 (“grass; plant”) + phonetic 名 (OC *meŋ).
A late word; earliest extant attestation is in Shuowen Jiezi (c. C.E. 100).
Likely from Austroasiatic. Compare Palaungic မျံမ် (miəm), Danau miːn², Lamet mɪːŋ, Mlabri miʌŋ, Mal mhiaŋ, Nyah Kur mìəm, Thai เมี่ยง (mîiang), Northern Thai ᩉ᩠ᨾᩮᩥ᩠᩶ᨿᨦ, Lao ໝ້ຽງ (mīang).


草

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (草):
* → Japanese: 草(そう) (sō)
* → Korean: 초(草) (cho)
* → Vietnamese: thảo (草)

Vietnamese: tháu (“scrawling”)

/t͡sʰɑʊ̯²¹⁴/

/t͡sʰɑʊ̯²¹⁴/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰuːʔ): semantic 艹 (“grass; plant”) + phonetic 早 (OC *ʔsuːʔ). Originally referred to 皂, and later borrowed for the “grass” sense, replacing 艸.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-tswa-n (“grass”); cognate with Tibetan རྩྭ (rtswa, “grass”) (Schuessler, 2007; STEDT).
Alternatively, it may be related to 芻 (OC *sʰro, “hay”), from Austroasiatic; compare Mon ချဲ (“grass; weeds; hay”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Han compound

屮
艸
𢂉
𦯑
𦯨
𦳕
𦷣
𦳱
騲


螺

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *roːl): semantic 虫 + phonetic 累 (OC *ruːls, *rolʔ, *rols).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kroj (“shellfish, shell”). From the same root derives 蝸 (OC *kroːl, *kʷroːl, “terrestrial snail”).

och-l

螺內酯

螺内酯


茶

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (茶):
* → Japanese: 茶(ちゃ) (cha) (see there for further descendants)
* → Okinawan: 茶(ちゃー) (chā)
* → Korean: 차(茶) (cha)
* → Vietnamese: trà (茶)

desc

→ Cantonese: 嗲 (de¹, “to chat”) (via Teochew)

→? Cebuano: tsa (via Cantonese)

→ Classical Persian: چَا (čā) (via Mandarin), چَای (čāy) (via Mandarin, with Persian suffix -y(i) added) (see there for further descendants)

→ Drung: cha

→ Dutch: thee (via Hokkien) (see there for further descendants)

→ English: cha, char (via Cantonese)

→ Hlai: dhe (via Hainanese)

→ Khmer: តែ (tae)

→ Malay: ca (via Cantonese)

desctree

→ Malay: teh (via Hokkien)
Indonesian: teh

desc

→ Mongolian: цай (caj), ᠴᠠᠢ (čai) (via Mandarin)

desctree

→ Portuguese: chá (via Cantonese)
→ Apalaí: xa
→ Gujarati: ચા (cā)
→ Hunsrik: Scha
→ Nheengatu: xaa
→ Spanish: cha / chá (Philippine Spanish)
→? Tagalog: tsa, sa — obsolete, cha, saa, tsaa, chaa
→? Cebuano: tsa
→ Tetum: xá

→ Punjabi: (via Mandarin)

Gurmukhi script: ਚਾਹ (cāh)

Shahmukhi script: چاہ (cāh)

→ Spanish: té (via Hokkien)
→ Asturian: té
→ Basque: te
→ Catalan: te
→ Galician: té
→ Navajo: dééh
→ Occitan: tè

→ Proto-Tai: *ɟaːᴬ

Bouyei: xaz

Lao: ຊາ (sā)

Thai: ชา (chaa)

Zhuang: caz

→? Tagalog: tsa (via Cantonese)

→ Tibetan: ཇ (ja)

→ Vietnamese: chè (茶, 𦷨)

→ Yonaguni: さー

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *rlaː): semantic 艹 + phonetic 余 (OC *la).
茶, then slightly modified into a more conservative 茶, originates as a graphical modification of archaic 荼 (*rlaː, “bitter plant”), used for “tea” in classical sources. The modern version is unrelated to the bottom component of 條.
As tea may have originated from Sichuan, where the native Yi people speak Loloish languages, Sagart (1999) suggests that the Old Chinese item was possibly originally borrowed from Proto-Loloish *la¹ (“tea”), from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-la (“leaf; tea”). Schuessler (2007) traces its ultimate origin to Proto-Austroasiatic *slaʔ (“leaf”) (in Sidwell's 2024 reconstruction).
Alternatively, Qiu (1988) suggests that it might be a semantic extension of 荼 (*rlaː, “bitter plant”).

茶滷

tea left out overnight, stain on teaware

早茶

去茶樓飲餐茶

去茶楼饮餐茶


血

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (血):
* → Vietnamese: huyết (血)

Characters in the same phonetic series (血) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): 一 (“drop of blood”) + 皿 (“container”) - a drop of blood inside a chalice for sacrificial uses.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-hjwəj-t (“blood”) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007).
Baxter and Sagart (2014) reconstruct the Old Chinese as *m̥ˤik to account for word-family connections with 脈 (OC *C.mˤ[i]k, “vein”), 衊 (OC *mˤi[k], “defiled blood”) as well as its use as a phonetic component in 侐 (OC *m̥(r)ik, “still; quiet”), which is in the same word family as 宓 (OC *mi[k], “quiet; silent”) (Sagart, 1999b; Baxter and Sagart, 2017). Sagart (1999b) argues that this word is not genetically related to the Tibeto-Burman form with *s-hjw-, but that this word has been borrowed into Tibeto-Burman.


酞

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声): semantic 酉 + phonetic 太 (tài).
Borrowed from English phthalein.


酚

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声): semantic 酉 + phonetic 分 (fēn).
Borrowed from English phenol.

(organic chemistry) phenol (any of a class of aromatic organic compounds having at least one hydroxyl group attached directly to the benzene ring)


酰

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声): semantic 酉 + phonetic 先 (OC *sɯːn, *sɯːns).

(organic chemistry, Mainland China, Hong Kong) acyl


醚

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): 酉 (“oxygenated functional group”) + 迷 (“confusion”), referring to the anesthetic properties of diethyl ether. 迷 also acts as the phonetic component.
From 迷 (mí, “confusion”), referring to the anesthetic properties of diethyl ether.


釔

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 乙 (yǐ).


酶

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mɯː): semantic 酉 + phonetic 每 (OC *mɯːʔ).

Han compound

酯酶

蛋白酶


釓

For pronunciation and definitions of 釓 – see 釚 (“crossbow latch; unnilennium”).
(This character is a variant form of 釚).


酯

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声): semantic 酉 (“oxygenated functional group”) + phonetic 旨 (OC *kjiʔ). Modelled after 脂 (zhī, “lipid”) with a radical input from other oxygenated organic compounds such as 醇 (chún, “alcohol”) and 酸 (suān, “acid”), referring to ester linkages in lipids like glycerides.
From 脂 (zhī, “lipid”), referring to ester linkages in lipids like glycerides.

Han compound

任何汽車生化柴油供應商明知而供應或分發任何酯含量高於或低於汽車生化柴油標籤上所顯示的酯含量百分率超過1%的汽車生化柴油，即屬犯罪，一經定罪，可處第5級罰款。 [Literary Cantonese, trad.]
任何汽车生化柴油供应商明知而供应或分发任何酯含量高于或低于汽车生化柴油标签上所显示的酯含量百分率超过1%的汽车生化柴油，即属犯罪，一经定罪，可处第5级罚款。 [Literary Cantonese, simp.]
jam⁶ ho⁴ hei³ ce¹ sang¹ faa³ caai⁴ jau⁴ gung¹ jing³ soeng¹ ming⁴ zi¹ ji⁴ gung¹ jing³ waak⁶ fan¹ faat³ jam⁶ ho⁴ zi² ham⁴ loeng⁶ gou¹ jyu¹ waak⁶ dai¹ jyu¹ hei³ ce¹ sang¹ faa³ caai⁴ jau⁴ biu¹ cim¹ soeng⁶ so² hin² si⁶ dik¹ zi² ham⁴ loeng⁶ baak³ fan⁶ leot⁶⁻² ciu¹ gwo³ 1% dik¹ hei³ ce¹ sang¹ faa³ caai⁴ jau⁴, zik¹ suk⁶ faan⁶ zeoi⁶, jat¹ ging¹ ding⁶ zeoi⁶, ho² cyu² dai⁶ ng⁵ kap¹ fat⁶ fun². [Jyutping]

Section 12(1), Air Pollution Control (Motor Vehicle Fuel) Regulation (Cap. 311L)

Any motor vehicle biodiesel supplier who knowingly supplies or distributes any motor vehicle biodiesel containing an ester content that is more than 1% higher or lower than the percentage of ester content as indicated on the motor vehicle biodiesel label commits an offence and is liable to a fine at level 5.


釚

/t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯³⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯³⁵/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡu): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 九 (OC *kuʔ).


醛

/t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵/

/t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵/

; Etymology 1
; Etymology 2
From 荃 (quán, “fragrant plant”), referring to the fragrance of many aldehydes.


醯

(organic chemistry, dated, still used in Taiwan) acyl


釟

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *preːd): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 八 (OC *preːd).


醅

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pʰɯ, *pʰɯː): semantic 酉 (“alcohol”) + phonetic 咅 (OC *pʰɯʔ, *pʰl'oːs)

Han compound

綠螘新醅酒，紅泥小火爐。

绿蚁新醅酒，红泥小火炉。

(literary) unstrained liquor or rice wine (see: 酒 (jiǔ)); mash


釷

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 土 (tǔ).
Borrowed from New Latin thorium.


醇

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən³⁵/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *djun): semantic 酉 + phonetic 𦎧 ().


釹

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 女 (nǚ).
From New Latin neodymium.


鈦

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 太 (tài).
Borrowed from New Latin titanium.


鈥

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 火 (OC *qʰʷaːlʔ).
Borrowed from New Latin holmium.


釩

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pʰomʔ): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 凡 (OC *bom).
From New Latin vanadium.


鉍

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *priɡs, *priɡ): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 必 (OC *pliɡ).


鉨

For pronunciation and definitions of 鉨 – see 璽 (“imperial seal; royal seal”).
(This character is a variant form of 璽).
Coined in 2017 by the Chinese National Committee for Terms in Sciences and Technologies and State Language Commission.


鈾

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 由 (OC *lɯw).

Han compound

鈾濃縮

铀浓缩


鈳

(chemistry, obsolete) columbium; niobium


鈇

For pronunciation and definitions of 鈇 – see 斧 (“axe; hatchet”).
(This character is a variant form of 斧).


辛

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (辛):
* → Japanese: 辛(しん) (shin)
* → Korean: 신(辛) (sin)
* → Vietnamese: tân (辛)

→ Zhuang: sin

Smith (2011) proposes that the name for the heavenly stem is based on the Boötes constellation, which resembles an awl; it may be related to Etymology 1 with the “sharp” semantics connecting the two.


鈁

(Mainland China, Hong Kong, chemistry) francium


銥

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 衣 (yī)


鉀

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *klaːb, *kraːb) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 甲 (OC *kraːb, “armour”)
Borrowed from New Latin kalium.


銩

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 丢 ().
Borrowed from New Latin thūlium.


鉬

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 目 (mù).
From New Latin molybdaenum.


鉺

For pronunciation and definitions of 鉺 – see 鏗 (“to strike; to hit; jingling”).
(This character is a variant form of 鏗).
Borrowed from New Latin erbium.


鋱

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 忒 (OC *l̥ʰɯːɡ).
Borrowed from New Latin terbium.


鉕

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 叵 (OC *pkʰaːlʔ).
Borrowed from New Latin promethium.


鋶

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声): semantic 金 (“metal”) + abbreviated phonetic 硫 (liú, “sulfur”).
From 硫 (liú, “sulfur”).


鋂

For pronunciation and definitions of 鋂 – see 萌 (“to bud; to sprout; to germinate; to begin; to start; etc.”).
(This character is a variant form of 萌).


銨

Borrowed from English ammonium. Related to 氨 (ān, “ammonia”) and 胺 (àn, “amine”).


鈹

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pʰral): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 皮.
From New Latin beryllium.


鋰

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 里.
Borrowed from New Latin lithium.


鉈

铊
釶
鉇
𥍢
鍦
𥍸
𨧯
铊
砣
铊


輕

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰeŋ, *kʰeŋs): semantic 車 (“carriage”) + phonetic 巠 (OC *keːŋ). Explanation of semantic component: light carriage.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-jaːŋ (“light (weight); lightweight”) (STEDT). Cognate with Tibetan ཡང་མོ (yang mo, “light”), Jingpho tsang (tsa̱ŋ³³, “light (of weight)”), Mizo zâng (“light”).

cog

(obsolete, chemistry) Alternative name for 氫／氢 (qīng, “hydrogen”).


錼

(chemistry, Taiwan, obsolete in Mainland China) neptunium


錸

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 來 (OC *m·rɯːɡ).
Borrowed from New Latin rhenium.


鋁

→ Zhuang: lij

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 呂.
Borrowed from New Latin aluminium.


錁

Jiyun
Longkan Shoujian
Song dynasty
rime dictionary

Found in the Jiyun 《集韻 (Jíyùn)》 rime dictionary published during the Song dynasty (1037 AD) and Longkan Shoujian 《龍龕手鑑》 dictionary compiled in 997 AD.
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声): semantic 金 (“gold; metal”) + phonetic 果.

(dated, chemistry) transcription of gallium


錳

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 孟.
From New Latin manganum.


鋨

For pronunciation and definitions of 鋨 – see 鐵 (“iron; railway; etc.”).
(This character is a variant form of 鐵).
Borrowed from New Latin osmium.


醋

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰaːɡs): semantic 酉 + phonetic 昔 (OC *sjaːɡ).


錒

→ Zhuang: ah


鍺

(historical) a metal plain bearing used in wheel axles on vehicles


鎂

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 美 (měi).
Borrowed from New Latin magnesium.


鐦

For pronunciation and definitions of 鐦 – see 魁 (“first; leading; best; chief; leader; head; etc.”).
(This character is a variant form of 魁).


鐠

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 普 (OC *pʰaːʔ).
From New Latin praseodymium.


鐿

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 意 (OC *qɯɡs).
Borrowed from New Latin ytterbium.


鏌

Coined in 2017 by the Chinese National Committee for Terms in Sciences and Technologies and State Language Commission.


鎦

(Taiwan, obsolete in Mainland China, chemistry) lutetium


鑥

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 魯 (OC *raːʔ, “lǔ”).
From New Latin lutetium.


鉛

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *lon): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 㕣 (OC *lon) – a kind of metal.
Most varieties have a pronunciation derived from a velar initial.
* Schuessler (2007) see it a re-etymologization towards 掔 (MC khean|khen, “solid; hard”).
* Per Liu (2022), it is from Wu, in which the character 鉛／铅 is used to denote an etymon meaning "tinplate" with this velar pronunciation. As for further etymology, Liu suggested it an Indo-European-sourced borrowing, cf. English can (“metal container”).


鍵

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡran, *ɡranʔ, *ɡanʔ): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 建 (OC *kans) – a metal key.

Han compound

離子鍵

离子键


錫

Characters in the same phonetic series (易) (Zhengzhang, 2003)


酸

→? Proto-Hmong-Mien: *suj (“sour”)

/ɬᵘɔn³³⁻³³⁵/

/ɬᵘɔn³³⁻³³⁵/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sloːn): semantic 酉 + phonetic 夋 (OC *sʰlun).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *suːr ~ *swaːr (“sour; be acid”) (STEDT). Cognate with Mizo thûr (“acid; sour”).

inh

鹽酸／盐酸


銅

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (銅):
* → Japanese: 銅(どう) (dō)
* → Korean: 동(銅) (dong)
* → Vietnamese: đồng (銅, “copper; dong (Vietnamese currency)”) (see there for further descendants)

desc

→ Khmer: ទង់ (tŭəng, “bronze; red copper; alloy of copper and gold”), ថង (thɑɑng, “gold”), ទង (tɔɔng, “gold”)

→ Lao: ທອງ (thǭng, “copper; gold; metal”)

→ Thai: ทอง (tɔɔng, “gold”)

→ Zhuang: doengz (“copper; brass”)

Characters in the same phonetic series (同) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *doːŋ): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 同 (OC *doːŋ).
Since metals are typically associated with color, the word is probably related to 彤 (OC *l'uːŋ, “red”) (Schuessler, 2007).
The word "copper" occurs in some Southeast Asian languages with initial l- (Sagart, 1999). Examples include Zhuang luengz, Bouyei luangz and Bu-Nao Bunu loŋ², which are early loans from Chinese.
Tibetan དོང་ཙེ (dong tse, “Chinese copper coin”) was borrowed from Chinese 銅子／铜子 (tóngzǐ).

zh-l

銅子／铜子 (tóngzǐ)


錯

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰaːɡs, *sʰaːɡ): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 昔 (OC *sjaːɡ) – grindstone.
; "whetstone, grindstone"
; "criss-cross, interlocking, alternating, ornate"
; "lake"
; "cerium"

Han compound

(chemistry, obsolete) Alternative name for 鈰／铈 (shì, “cerium”).


鐳

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ruːl): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 雷 (OC *ruːl).
Borrowed from English radium.


霰

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *sjar (“hail; sleet”); compare Tibetan སེར (ser, “hail”), Western Tamang सेर (“hail”) (STEDT; Hill, 2014; Schuessler, 2024).

inh

䨘
䨷
𩄧
𩆥
𩅤
𩃝
𩃂
𩆵


鐵

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (鐵):
* → Japanese: 鉄(てつ) (tetsu)
* → Korean: 철(鐵) (cheol)

→ Proto-Hmong: *ʰluwꟲ

→ Proto-Mien: *ʰrɛkᴰ

→ Proto-Tai: *ʰlekᴰ

Proto-Southwestern Tai: *ʰlekᴰ¹ˢ

Ahom: 𑜎𑜢𑜀𑜫 (lik)

Lao: ເຫຼັກ (lek)

Lü: ᦵᦜᧅ (l̇ek)

Shan: လဵၵ်း (láek)

Tai Nüa: ᥘᥥᥐᥱ (lěk)

Thai: เหล็ก (lèk)

Nong Zhuang: liak

Zhuang: lek, lik

→ Proto-Vietic: *k-rac

Middle Vietnamese: sắt

Vietnamese: sắt

Muong: khách

→ Zhuang: diet

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l̥ʰiːɡ): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 𢧤 (). The original version, according to the Shuowen Jiezi, is 𨮯, with 大 on top, hence the original phonetic component should be not 𢧜.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *hljak (“iron”). Cognate with Tibetan ལྕགས (lcags). According to the Shuowen, alternative forms included 銕 (OC *l'iːl, *l̥ʰiːd). Compare 驖 (OC *l̥ʰiːɡ, *l'iːɡ, “black horse”).

Han compound

铁
𨬿
鐡
𨮯
𨫓
銕
鉄
䥫
*鋨

地鐵／地铁

港鐵／港铁 [Cantonese] ― gong² tit³ [Jyutping] ― MTR

(only in compounds) Short for 鐵路／铁路 (tiělù, “railway”).

鐵拳／铁拳

鐵漢／铁汉

咱倆關係鐵。

咱俩关系铁。

鐵定／铁定 ― tiědìng ― ironclad

鐵的紀律／铁的纪律


鬯

Pictogram of a vessel full of sacrifical wine made of fermented black millet and tulips (the millet kernels are perhaps symbolized by four points). The small spoon at the bottom was added later.

Alternative form of 暢／畅 (chàng, “unhindered; unobstructed”)


銀

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (銀):
* → Japanese: 銀(ぎん) (gin)
* → Okinawan: 銀(じん) (jin)
* → Korean: 은(銀) (eun)
* → Vietnamese: ngân (銀)

→ Proto-Hmong-Mien: *ɲʷi̯ən (“silver”)

White Hmong: nyiaj (“silver, money”)

→ Lao: ເງິນ (ngœn, “silver, money”)

→ Thai: เงิน (ngən, “silver, money”)

desc

→ Vietnamese: ngần (“silvery white; very white”)

→ Zhuang: ngaenz (“silver, money”)

/ᵑɡan²²⁻²²⁵/

/ᵑɡan²²⁻²²⁵/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋrɯn): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 艮 (OC *kɯːns).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ŋul ~ (d-)ŋur. Cognate with Tibetan དངུལ (dngul), Burmese ငွေ (ngwe).

Han compound

silvery; silver-colored; lustrous; white; shiny


順

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (順):
* → Japanese: 順(じゅん) (jun)
* → Korean: 순(順) (sun)
* → Vietnamese: thuận (順)

desc

→ Vietnamese: thuần (“docile; experienced”)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢljuns): phonetic 川 (OC *kʰjon) + semantic 頁.
Shuowen considers it to be an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): 川 (“river”) + 頁 (“head”) - flowing in the river, i.e. following/obeying the river's current. Compare the English phrase go with the flow.

Han compound

順反異構

顺反异构

順-2-丁烯

顺-2-丁烯


金

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (金):
* → Japanese: 金(きん) (kin)
* → Korean: 금(金) (geum), 김(金) (gim)
* → Vietnamese: kim (金)

→ Bouyei: jiml (“gold”)

→ Lao: ຄຳ (kham, “gold”)

→ Thai: คำ (kam, “gold”)

→ Zhuang: gim (“gold”)

→ Tagalog: ginto (“gold”)

Characters in the same phonetic series (金) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *krɯm): semantic 士 (“upside-down ritual axe perhaps made of precious materials”) + semantic 丷 (“two blocks of metal”) + phonetic 亼. The semantic component in folk etymology is very often misinterpreted as 王. The minerals, originally drawn as : and then as 丷, are sometimes indicated as 呂, however the latter is the pictogram of two vertebrae.
The upper component 亼 is the ancient form for 今 (OC *krɯm) and it represents an open mouth flipped upside down; it indicates the original pronunciation of the whole character.
Shuowen interprets it as an image of metal in the earth (Xu Shen writes "象金在土中形") with 亼 as phonetic. But the most ancient versions do not contain the pictogram of the earth.
Originally referred to copper, first used during the Copper Age and the Jade Age in China (hence before the Bronze Age, during which the first bronzes were produced); later the meaning was extended to metal as a whole, and then to gold.
Starostin reconstructs Proto-Sino-Tibetan *gǝ̆m (“metal”); compare Tedim Chin xam (“gold”) and Lepcha ᰀᰩᰮ (kóm, “silver, coin, money”).
“Copper” [prior to 5th BCE] → “metals in general” → “gold”.
The main senses now are “gold” and “metal”.
Some of the Manchu people with this surname are descendants of the Qing imperial family and is a calque of Manchu ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠨ (aisin, “gold”) in their original surname ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠨ
ᡤᡳᠣᡵᠣ (aisin gioro).

defdate

prior to 5th <small class='ce-date'>BCE</small>

𠊍
𨤾
⿳仺𭕄一
𠈘
𠉓
𨥀
𨥄
⿱丿⿴囗⿱二水

one of the eight kinds of instruments (八音 (-))

metal, one of the five elements of Wu Xing (五行 (-))


鹵

Characters in the same phonetic series (鹵) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Pictogram (象形) – a bag of salt. Compare 西, 東, 束, 熏, and 柬.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *la (“salt”); compare Proto-Tani *lo (“salt”) (Benedict, 1972; Schuessler, 2007; STEDT).


雪

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (雪):
* → Korean: 설(雪) (seol)
* → Vietnamese: tuyết (雪)

→ Zhuang: siet

Ancient simplification of 䨮, which is in turn phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sqʰʷed): semantic 雨 + phonetic 彗 (OC *sɢʷeds, *ɢʷeds, *sɢʷids).
Schuessler (2007) considers this to be related to Kra-Dai words: Proto-Tai *hnəiᴬ¹ (“snow”), Proto-Kam-Sui *ʔnuːi¹ (“snow”).
Starostin reconstructs Proto-Sino-Tibetan *suăt (“snow”), comparing this with Tibetan སད (sad, “frost, cold air, cold, coldness”), but this connection may be unlikely considering the phonetic part of this character.

cog

下雪

Night comes and the sky seems like it might snow; could you drink a cup?

Wǎn lái tiān yù xuě, néng yǐn yī bēi wú?

晚來天欲雪，能飲一杯無？

晚来天欲雪，能饮一杯无？

After the morning meal, I said my farewells to Mother. Then she instructed me: "Go well; fully cleanse [the country of this] national humiliation."

1594, 李舜臣 (Yi Sun-sin), 《亂中日記》 (War Diary of Admiral Yi)

Zhāoshí hòu, gàocí tiānzhǐ qián, zé jiào “yǐ hǎo fù, dà xuě guó rǔ.”

朝食後，告辭天只前，則教「以好赴，大雪國辱。」

朝食后，告辞天只前，则教「以好赴，大雪国辱。」


露

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡ·raːɡs): semantic 雨 + phonetic 路 (OC *ɡ·raːɡs).
Possibly a derivative of 落 (OC *ɡ·raːɡ) (Schuessler, 2007) with exopassivising suffix *-s, literally, "what has been dropped".


鹼

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kreːmʔ, *skʰlam): semantic 鹵 + phonetic 僉 (OC *skʰlam).

Han compound

(chemistry, chiefly Mainland China) base (soluble or not)


鼎

Pictogram (象形) - a tripod, i.e., an ancient bronze vessel with three legs used for cooking or performing ritual sacrifices. Sometimes, it was carved with characters. Also phonetically (and perhaps semantically) borrowed to indicate "to divine" (then written as 鼑 > 貞). See also the original version of 具 and 則.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(m/ʔ)-di(k/ŋ) (“pot; cauldron”) (STEDT).


鹽

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (鹽):
* → Japanese: 塩(えん) (en)
* → Korean: 염(鹽) (yeom)
* → Vietnamese: diêm (鹽)

Characters in the same phonetic series (監) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡ·lam, *ɡ·lams): phonetic 監 (OC *kraːm, *kraːms) + semantic 鹵 (“salt”).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-rjum (“salt”). The Min forms point to a fricative initial in Proto-Min *ziem (“a white encrustation formed from saltwater or brine”).

cog

盐
䀋
𪉹
𪉩
塩
𥂁
𪉟
盐
醃:Wu


高

→ English: Gao, Kao, Ko

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (高):
* → Japanese: 高(こう) (kō)
* → Korean: 고(高) (go)
* → Vietnamese: cao (高)

Characters in the same phonetic series (高) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Pictogram (象形) – a tall building. Compare 京, which however is not a Kangxi radical.
Possibly from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/s-gaw (“head”). Compare with Burmese ခေါင်း (hkaung:, “head”). However, 元 (OC *ŋon, “head”) instead is more likely to be related to this Proto-Sino-Tibetan root given its significant semantic agreement (Schuessler, 2007).
Likely allofams are 喬 (OC *ɡrew, “tall”), and perhaps 浩 (OC *ɡuːʔ, “vast”) (although the vowels do not agree).

Han etyl

高錳酸鉀

高锰酸钾


葡萄酒

→ Yami: potaw cio

ㄆㄨˊ ㄊㄠˊ ㄐㄧㄡˇ

/pʰu³⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³⁵ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pʰu³⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pʰou̯²¹ tʰou̯²¹ t͡sɐu̯³⁵/

/pʰu¹¹ tʰo¹¹ t͡si̯u³¹/

/pʰu²³⁻³³ tɤ²³⁻³³ t͡siu⁴¹/

/pʰu²⁴⁻²² to²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁵³/

/pʰu²³⁻²¹ to²³⁻²¹ t͡siu⁴⁴⁵/

/pʰu²⁴⁻²² to²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁵⁵⁴/

/pʰu²⁴⁻¹¹ to²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siu⁵³/

/pʰo¹³⁻²² to¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁵³/

/pʰo²⁴⁻¹¹ to²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siu⁵³/

/pʰɤ²³⁻³³ tɤ²³⁻³³ t͡siu⁴¹/

/pʰɔ¹³⁻²² to¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁵³/

/bu²² dɔ⁵⁵ t͡ɕiɤ²¹/

/pʰu³⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³⁵ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pʰu³⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pʰou̯²¹ tʰou̯²¹ t͡sɐu̯³⁵/

/pʰu¹¹ tʰo¹¹ t͡si̯u³¹/

/pʰu²³⁻³³ tɤ²³⁻³³ t͡siu⁴¹/

/pʰu²⁴⁻²² to²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁵³/

/pʰu²³⁻²¹ to²³⁻²¹ t͡siu⁴⁴⁵/

/pʰu²⁴⁻²² to²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁵⁵⁴/

/pʰu²⁴⁻¹¹ to²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siu⁵³/

/pʰo¹³⁻²² to¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁵³/

/pʰo²⁴⁻¹¹ to²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siu⁵³/

/pʰɤ²³⁻³³ tɤ²³⁻³³ t͡siu⁴¹/

/pʰɔ¹³⁻²² to¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁵³/

/bu²² dɔ⁵⁵ t͡ɕiɤ²¹/


洪水

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (洪水):
* → Japanese: 洪水(こうずい) (kōzui)
* → Korean: 홍수(洪水) (hongsu)
* → Vietnamese: hồng thuỷ (洪水)

/xʊŋ³⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hʊŋ²¹ sɵy̯³⁵/

/hɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sui⁵³/

/hɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sui⁵³/

/hɔŋ²³⁻³³ t͡sui⁴¹/

/hɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sui⁵⁵⁴/

/hɔŋ¹³⁻²² sui⁵³/

/hɔŋ²⁴⁻²² sui⁵³/

/hoŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sui⁵²/

/ɦoŋ²² sz̩⁴⁴/

/xʊŋ³⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hʊŋ²¹ sɵy̯³⁵/

/hɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sui⁵³/

/hɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sui⁵³/

/hɔŋ²³⁻³³ t͡sui⁴¹/

/hɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sui⁵⁵⁴/

/hɔŋ¹³⁻²² sui⁵³/

/hɔŋ²⁴⁻²² sui⁵³/

/hoŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sui⁵²/

/ɦoŋ²² sz̩⁴⁴/

容易鬧洪水

容易闹洪水

The Classic of Poetry, c. 11ᵗʰ – 7ᵗʰ centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

洪水芒芒，禹敷下土方。

昔者禹抑洪水，而天下平。

Chén wén hóngshuǐ héngliú, dì sī bǐ yì, páng qiú sìfāng, yǐ zhāo xián jùn.

臣聞洪水橫流，帝思俾乂，旁求四方，以招賢俊。

臣闻洪水横流，帝思俾乂，旁求四方，以招贤俊。

flood (usually disastrous overflow from a body of water); flooding; floodwater


可卡因

/kʰɤ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ kʰä²¹⁴⁻²¹ in⁵⁵/

/hɔː³⁵ kʰaː⁵⁵ jɐn⁵⁵/

/kʰɤ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ kʰä²¹⁴⁻²¹ in⁵⁵/

/hɔː³⁵ kʰaː⁵⁵ jɐn⁵⁵/

可卡因中毒

(organic chemistry, pharmacology) cocaine


羰基

/tʰɑŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi⁵⁵/

/tʰän⁵¹ t͡ɕi⁵⁵/

/tʰɔːŋ⁵⁵ kei̯⁵⁵/

/tʰɑŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi⁵⁵/

/tʰän⁵¹ t͡ɕi⁵⁵/

/tʰɔːŋ⁵⁵ kei̯⁵⁵/


咖啡

Sino-Xenic (咖啡):
* → Korean: 가배(咖啡) (gabae)

→ Zhuang: gahfeih, gyahfeih

/kʰä⁵⁵ feɪ̯⁵⁵/

/kʰɔ⁴⁴ fiə²⁴/

/kaː³³ fɛː⁵⁵/

/kɔː³³ piː⁵⁵/

/ka²⁴⁻¹¹ pi²⁴/

/ko³³⁻²¹ pi³³/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ pi⁴⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻³³ pi⁴⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² pi⁴⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² pʰi⁴⁴/

/ka⁴⁴⁻³³ pi⁴⁴/

/ko³³⁻²³ pi⁵⁵/

/ku³³⁻²³ pi⁵⁵/

/kʰä⁵⁵ feɪ̯⁵⁵/

/kʰɔ⁴⁴ fiə²⁴/

/kaː³³ fɛː⁵⁵/

/kɔː³³ piː⁵⁵/

/ka²⁴⁻¹¹ pi²⁴/

/ko³³⁻²¹ pi³³/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ pi⁴⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻³³ pi⁴⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² pi⁴⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² pʰi⁴⁴/

/ka⁴⁴⁻³³ pi⁴⁴/

/ko³³⁻²³ pi⁵⁵/

/ku³³⁻²³ pi⁵⁵/

The pronunciations in different Chinese varieties originate from a variety of languages:
:
Other pronunciations, such as Taiwanese Hokkien ka-pi, Taiwanese Hakka kâ-pî, Teochew gia¹ hui¹ and Eastern Min gă-pĭ, are likely literal pronunciations of the individual characters (cf. Japanese 珈琲), inferred using the youbian dubian (有邊讀邊) method.
The donor languages of whom all ultimately trace back to Italian caffè, from Ottoman Turkish قهوه (kahve), from Arabic قَهْوَة (qahwa, “coffee”).

der

<i class="Latn mention" lang="tr">kahve</i>

架非
架菲
架啡
架飛
加菲
加非
加啡
茄啡
迦非
考非
喀非
㗎啡
㗝呸
㗝啤
高丕
戈丕
糕啤

煮咖啡

濃咖啡／浓咖啡

現磨咖啡／现磨咖啡

特色咖啡

阿拉伯咖啡

能取代咖啡的饮品 [MSC, simp.]
néng qǔdài kāfēi de yǐnpǐn [Pinyin]

I'd like a cup of coffee to refresh myself.

我要喝杯咖啡提提神。

Shanghainese
Taiwanese Hakka
Taiwanese Hokkien
youbian dubian


茶道

/ʈ͡ʂʰä³⁵ tɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/t͡sʰaː²¹ tou̯²²/

/te²⁴⁻²² to²²/

/te²⁴⁻²² to⁴¹/

/te¹³⁻²² to²²/

/te²⁴⁻¹¹ to³³/

/te²³⁻³³ tɤ³³/

/ʈ͡ʂʰä³⁵ tɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/t͡sʰaː²¹ tou̯²²/

/te²⁴⁻²² to²²/

/te²⁴⁻²² to⁴¹/

/te¹³⁻²² to²²/

/te²⁴⁻¹¹ to³³/

/te²³⁻³³ tɤ³³/

East Asian (Chinese, Japanese, Korean or Vietnamese) tea ceremony


茶室

/ʈ͡ʂʰä³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʰä³⁵ ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰaː²¹ sɐt̚⁵/

/te²⁴⁻²² siɪk̚³²/

/te²⁴⁻²² siɪk̚⁵/

/te¹³⁻²² siɪk̚³²/

/te²⁴⁻¹¹ siɪk̚³²/

/te²³⁻³³ siɪk̚³²/

/zo²² səʔ⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʰä³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʰä³⁵ ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰaː²¹ sɐt̚⁵/

/te²⁴⁻²² siɪk̚³²/

/te²⁴⁻²² siɪk̚⁵/

/te¹³⁻²² siɪk̚³²/

/te²⁴⁻¹¹ siɪk̚³²/

/te²³⁻³³ siɪk̚³²/

/zo²² səʔ⁴⁴/


燒酒

ja-r

焼酎(しょうちゅう) (shōchū)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (燒酒):
* → Japanese: 焼酎(しょうちゅう) (shōchū)
* → Korean: 소주(燒酒) (soju)

/ʂɑʊ̯⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/siːu̯⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯³⁵/

/ˈsɛu⁴² t͡ɕiu²¹³/

/siɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴¹/

/sɔ⁵⁵ t͡ɕiɤ²¹/

/ʂɑʊ̯⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/siːu̯⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯³⁵/

/ˈsɛu⁴² t͡ɕiu²¹³/

/siɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴¹/

/sɔ⁵⁵ t͡ɕiɤ²¹/

韓國燒酒

韩国烧酒

Cao Xueqin, Dream of the Red Chamber, mid-18ᵗʰ century CE

Wǒ chī le yī diǎnzǐ pángxiè, jiào dé xīnkǒu wēiwēi de téng, xū dé rè rè de chī kǒu shāojiǔ.

我吃了一點子螃蟹，覺得心口微微的疼，須得熱熱的吃口燒酒。

我吃了一点子螃蟹，觉得心口微微的疼，须得热热的吃口烧酒。


威士忌酒

ㄨㄟ ㄕˋ ㄐㄧˋ ㄐㄧㄡˇ

/weɪ̯⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕi⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/wɐi̯⁵⁵ siː²² kei̯²²⁻³⁵ t͡sɐu̯³⁵/

/wɐi̯⁵⁵ siː²² kei̯²²⁻³⁵ t͡sɐu̯³⁵/


原子

/ɥɛn³⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ŋi̯en¹¹ t͡sɨ³¹/

/ŋi̯an¹¹ t͡sɨ³¹/

/ɡuan²³⁻³³ t͡su⁴¹/

/ɡuan²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡su⁵³/

/ɡuan²⁴⁻²² t͡su⁵³/

/ɡuan¹³⁻²² t͡su⁵³/

/ɡuan²⁴⁻²² t͡sɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/ŋuaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sɯ⁵²/

/ŋueŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sɯ⁵²/

/n̠ʲyø²² t͡sz̩⁴⁴/

/ɥɛn³⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ŋi̯en¹¹ t͡sɨ³¹/

/ŋi̯an¹¹ t͡sɨ³¹/

/ɡuan²³⁻³³ t͡su⁴¹/

/ɡuan²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡su⁵³/

/ɡuan²⁴⁻²² t͡su⁵³/

/ɡuan¹³⁻²² t͡su⁵³/

/ɡuan²⁴⁻²² t͡sɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/ŋuaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sɯ⁵²/

/ŋueŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sɯ⁵²/

/n̠ʲyø²² t͡sz̩⁴⁴/

(countable, physics, chemistry) atom (Classifier: 個／个 m)


重水

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵¹ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰʊŋ¹³ sɵy̯³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵¹ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰʊŋ¹³ sɵy̯³⁵/


阿司匹林

→ Zhuang: ahswhbizlinz

ㄚ ㄙ ㄆㄧˇ ㄌㄧㄣˊ

ㄚ ㄙ ㄆㄧˇ ㄌㄧㄣˊ

/ˀä⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ pʰi²¹⁴⁻²¹ lin³⁵/

/ˀä⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ pʰi⁵⁵ lin³⁵/

/aː³³ siː⁵⁵ pʰɐt̚⁵ lɐm²¹/

/a⁵⁵ sz̩³³ pʰiɪʔ³³ lin²¹/

/ˀä⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ pʰi²¹⁴⁻²¹ lin³⁵/

/ˀä⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ pʰi⁵⁵ lin³⁵/

/aː³³ siː⁵⁵ pʰɐt̚⁵ lɐm²¹/

/a⁵⁵ sz̩³³ pʰiɪʔ³³ lin²¹/

Borrowed from English aspirin, via Shanghainese.

(chiefly Mainland China, organic chemistry, pharmacology) aspirin


水素

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ su⁵¹/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sɔ²¹/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sɔ⁴¹/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sɔ²¹/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sɔ¹¹/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ sɔ²¹/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ su⁵¹/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sɔ²¹/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sɔ⁴¹/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sɔ²¹/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sɔ¹¹/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ sɔ²¹/

出了象牙之塔, translated from Kuriyagawa Hakuson's book 象牙の塔を出て (Leave the Ivory Tower!) by Lu Xun

Suānsù hé shuǐsù zàochéng de chúnyīwúzá de shuǐ, zhèyàng de dōngxī, rúguǒ shì yǒu shēngmìng de zìránjiè zhōng, shì bù cúnzài de.

酸素和水素造成的純一無雜的水，這樣的東西，如果是有生命的自然界中，是不存在的。

酸素和水素造成的纯一无杂的水，这样的东西，如果是有生命的自然界中，是不存在的。

Protein: its composition is carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen; it is used to give energy to the human body and to regenerate cells.

1926, 張基全 (Tiuⁿ Ki-chôan), 酒佮健康 (Chiú kap Kiān-khong)

Nn̄g-pe̍h-chit, i ê sêng-hun sī Thàn-sò͘, Chúi-sò͘, Sng-sò͘, Chek-sò͘, i ê lō͘-ēng sī ōe hō͘ lâng ê seng-khu tit-tio̍h sè-le̍k, iā sī hō͘ sè-pau ke-thiⁿ sin--ê.

卵白質，伊ê成分是炭素，水素，酸素，窒素，伊ê路用是會hō͘人ê身軀得著勢力，也是hō͘細胞加添新ê。

卵白质，伊ê成分是炭素，水素，酸素，窒素，伊ê路用是会hō͘人ê身躯得着势力，也是hō͘细胞加添新ê。

(rare, chiefly Taiwanese Hokkien) hydrogen


電子

/ti̯ɛn⁵¹ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰi̯en⁵⁵ t͡sɨ³¹/

/tiɛn³³⁻²¹ t͡su⁴¹/

/tiɛn³³⁻¹¹ t͡su⁵³/

/tiɛn²²⁻²¹ t͡su⁵³/

/tiɛn⁴¹⁻²² t͡sɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/tiaŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sɯ⁵²/

/tieŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sɯ⁵²/

/ti̯ɛn⁵¹ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰi̯en⁵⁵ t͡sɨ³¹/

/tiɛn³³⁻²¹ t͡su⁴¹/

/tiɛn³³⁻¹¹ t͡su⁵³/

/tiɛn²²⁻²¹ t͡su⁵³/

/tiɛn⁴¹⁻²² t͡sɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/tiaŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sɯ⁵²/

/tieŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sɯ⁵²/

一對電子

一对电子


磁石

/t͡sʰz̩³⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/t͡sʰiː²¹ sɛːk̚²/

/hui²⁴⁻²² t͡sioʔ²⁴/

/hui¹³⁻²² t͡sioʔ¹²¹/

/hui²³⁻³³ t͡siɤʔ⁴/

/t͡sʰz̩³⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/t͡sʰiː²¹ sɛːk̚²/

/hui²⁴⁻²² t͡sioʔ²⁴/

/hui¹³⁻²² t͡sioʔ¹²¹/

/hui²³⁻³³ t͡siɤʔ⁴/


牛奶

→ Paiwan: guling

/ni̯oʊ̯³⁵ naɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ŋɐu̯²¹ naːi̯¹³/

/ᵑɡeu²² ⁿdai²¹/

/ŋiu¹¹ nɛn⁵³/

/ŋu⁵³⁻³³ nˡɛiŋ⁵³/

/ɡu²⁴⁻²¹ ni⁴⁴/

/ɡu²⁴⁻³³ nĩ⁴⁴/

/ɡu²⁴⁻²² nĩ⁴⁴/

/ɡu²⁴⁻¹¹ nĩ⁴⁴/

/ɡu²⁴⁻¹² lin⁴⁴/

/ɡu²⁴⁻²² lin³³/

/ɡu²³⁻²¹ leŋ³³/

/ɡu²⁴⁻³³ liɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ɡu²³⁻³³ liɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ɡu¹³⁻²² liɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ɡu⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ni³⁵/

/n̠ʲiɤ²² na⁴⁴/

/n̠ʲiəu¹³ na³¹/

/ni̯oʊ̯³⁵ naɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ŋɐu̯²¹ naːi̯¹³/

/ᵑɡeu²² ⁿdai²¹/

/ŋiu¹¹ nɛn⁵³/

/ŋu⁵³⁻³³ nˡɛiŋ⁵³/

/ɡu²⁴⁻²¹ ni⁴⁴/

/ɡu²⁴⁻³³ nĩ⁴⁴/

/ɡu²⁴⁻²² nĩ⁴⁴/

/ɡu²⁴⁻¹¹ nĩ⁴⁴/

/ɡu²⁴⁻¹² lin⁴⁴/

/ɡu²⁴⁻²² lin³³/

/ɡu²³⁻²¹ leŋ³³/

/ɡu²⁴⁻³³ liɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ɡu²³⁻³³ liɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ɡu¹³⁻²² liɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ɡu⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ni³⁵/

/n̠ʲiɤ²² na⁴⁴/

/n̠ʲiəu¹³ na³¹/


衣服

From 衣 (yī, “clothes”), a phono-semantic matching of English E (“ecstasy”).

psm

2017, 夏洛蔓, 《愛的小傻瓜》, →ISBN

“Yán zǒng shì ma?” Yán Jìng zhíshì zhe duìfāng, bù bèi tā de qìshì yǐngxiǎng, dīshēng de duì tā shuō: “Nǐ ràng wǒ bǎ tā dàizǒu, jīnwǎn, nǐmen kěyǐ zhào high, ruò wǒ dài bù zǒu tā, jiù ràng tiáozi lái dài, nà nǐ ‘yīfú’ kě děi xiān shōu hǎo......”

「嚴總是嗎？」顏靖直視著對方，不被他的氣勢影響，低聲地對他說：「你讓我把她帶走，今晚，你們可以照high，若我帶不走她，就讓條子來帶，那你『衣服』可得先收好……」

2017, 夏洛蔓, 《愛的小傻瓜》, →ISBN

「严总是吗？」颜靖直视着对方，不被他的气势影响，低声地对他说：「你让我把她带走，今晚，你们可以照high，若我带不走她，就让条子来带，那你『衣服』可得先收好……」

2019 June, 陳宜君, 《藥物進階濫用青少年戒除濫用行為與復原歷程之研究》 [Gateway Drug Abuse: A Study on Abstinence from Drug Abuse in Adolescents and Rehabilitation Process] (thesis), Chiayi: National Chung Cheng University, page 108

Bǐrú shuō nǐ yào liǎng kē yáotóuwán, nǐ jiù zhíjiē gēn tā ná, tā jiù huì shùnbiàn lián Ktāmìng yīqǐ mài nǐ, zhěng tào mài nǐ, tā jiù huì tígōng zhèyàng de fúwù, nà zhè zhǒng Ktāmìng gēn yáotóuwán, tāmen zài shùyǔ shàng, Ktāmìng jiù jiào kùzǐ, nà yáotóuwán jiù jiào yīfú (táiyǔ) - suǒyǐ rúguǒ nǐ qù yèdiàn lǐmiàn, nǐ gēn tā shuō wǒ yào yī jiàn yīfú gēn kùzǐ (táiyǔ), tā jiù huì ná yī kē yáotóuwán gēn K gěi nǐ.

比如說你要兩顆搖頭丸，你就直接跟他拿，他就會順便連K他命一起賣你，整套賣你，他就會提供這樣的服務，那這種K他命跟搖頭丸，他們在術語上，K他命就叫褲子，那搖頭丸就叫衣服（台語）所以如果你去夜店裡面，你跟他說我要一件衣服跟褲子（台語），他就會拿一顆搖頭丸跟K給你。

比如说你要两颗摇头丸，你就直接跟他拿，他就会顺便连K他命一起卖你，整套卖你，他就会提供这样的服务，那这种K他命跟摇头丸，他们在术语上，K他命就叫裤子，那摇头丸就叫衣服（台语）所以如果你去夜店里面，你跟他说我要一件衣服跟裤子（台语），他就会拿一颗摇头丸跟K给你。

(Taiwan, slang) ecstasy; MDMA (Classifier: 件 m)


紅茶

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (紅茶):
* → Japanese: 紅茶(こうちゃ) (kōcha)
* → Korean: 홍차(紅茶) (hongcha)
* → Vietnamese: hồng trà (紅茶)

/xʊŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰä³⁵/

/hʊŋ²¹ t͡sʰaː²¹/

/hɵŋ²² t͡sʰa²²/

/fuŋ¹¹ t͡sʰa¹¹/

/øyŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾na⁵³/

/aŋ²³⁻³³ te²³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² te²⁴/

/aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ te²⁴/

/aŋ¹³⁻²² tɛ¹³/

/aŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ te⁵⁵/

/ɦoŋ²² zo⁴⁴/

/xʊŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰä³⁵/

/hʊŋ²¹ t͡sʰaː²¹/

/hɵŋ²² t͡sʰa²²/

/fuŋ¹¹ t͡sʰa¹¹/

/øyŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾na⁵³/

/aŋ²³⁻³³ te²³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² te²⁴/

/aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ te²⁴/

/aŋ¹³⁻²² tɛ¹³/

/aŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ te⁵⁵/

/ɦoŋ²² zo⁴⁴/

紅／红 (hóng, “red”) refers to the reddish color of the steeped tea.


炭素

/tʰuã¹¹⁻⁵³ sɔ¹¹/

/tʰuã²¹⁻⁴¹ sɔ²¹/

/tʰuã¹¹⁻⁵³ sɔ¹¹/

/tʰuã²¹⁻⁴¹ sɔ²¹/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 炭(たん)素(そ) (tanso).


酸素

/sŋ̍⁴⁴⁻³³ sɔ²¹/

/sŋ̍⁴⁴⁻³³ sɔ¹¹/

/saŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ sɔ²¹/

/saŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ sɔ¹¹/

/saŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ sɤʔ³²/

/saŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ soʔ³²/

/sŋ̍⁴⁴⁻³³ sɔ²¹/

/sŋ̍⁴⁴⁻³³ sɔ¹¹/

/saŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ sɔ²¹/

/saŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ sɔ¹¹/

/saŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ sɤʔ³²/

/saŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ soʔ³²/

酸素和水素造成的純一無雜的水，這樣的東西，如果是有生命的自然界中，是不存在的。

酸素和水素造成的纯一无杂的水，这样的东西，如果是有生命的自然界中，是不存在的。

(rare, chiefly Taiwanese Hokkien) oxygen

While looking at his mother wearing an oxygen mask in the hospital room, Png Iau-khian (Fang Yaoqian) thought of her childhood dreams, and he must have had so many feelings; ...

Png Iāu-khiân khòaⁿ-tio̍h pēⁿ-pâng lāi-té tàu sàng-sòo ê a-bú, siūⁿ-tio̍h i sè-hàn sî ê goān-bōng, it-tēng ū chin chē kám-chhiok;......

方耀乾看著病房內底鬥sàng-sòo的阿母，想著伊細漢時的願望，一定有真濟感觸；……

方耀乾看著病房内底斗sàng-sòo的阿母，想著伊细汉时的愿望，一定有真济感触；……


窒素

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ su⁵¹/

/t͡sit̚³²⁻⁴ sɔ²¹/

/t͡sit̚³²⁻⁴ sɔ¹¹/

/t͡siɪk̚³²⁻⁴ sɔ¹¹/

/t͡siɪk̚³²⁻⁴ sɔ²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ su⁵¹/

/t͡sit̚³²⁻⁴ sɔ²¹/

/t͡sit̚³²⁻⁴ sɔ¹¹/

/t͡siɪk̚³²⁻⁴ sɔ¹¹/

/t͡siɪk̚³²⁻⁴ sɔ²¹/

Wasei kango (和製漢語), orthographically borrowed from Japanese 窒(ちっ)素(そ) (chisso).

wasei kango

Again, a type of chemist would use the air's nitrogen to make fertilizer for plants through electrical reaction so that ordinary farming can have better harvest. That's why it is inevitable that we think chemistry is inseparable from our lives, and it also lets use know that God gave humans knowledge to indirectly create things to benefit the world.

1927, 張基全 (Tiuⁿ Ki-chôan), 一般科學之常識 (It-poaⁿ kho-ha̍k ê siông-sek)

Koh-chài chi̍t khoán hòa-ha̍k chiá ōe ēng khong-tiong ê chit-sò͘ ēng tiān-khì ê chok-iōng hō͘ i pìⁿ-chòe si̍t-bu̍t ê pûi-liāu, hō͘ it-poaⁿ ê chèng-choh khah hó siu-sêng, só͘-í bōe bián-tit hō͘ lán tio̍h siūⁿ hòa-ha̍k kap lán jîn-seng si̍t-chāi ū put-khó hun-lī bi̍t-chiap ê koan-hē iā hō͘ lán thang chai Siōng-tè siúⁿ-sù sè-kan lâng, ū tì-sek thang kan-chiap chhòng-chō mi̍h thang lī-ek sè-kan.

閣再一款化學者會用空中的窒素用電氣的作用予伊變做植物的肥料，予一般的種作較好收成，所以袂免得予咱著想化學佮咱人生實在有不可分離密接的關係也予咱通知上帝賞賜世間人，有智識通間接創造物通利益世間。

阁再一款化学者会用空中的窒素用电气的作用予伊变做植物的肥料，予一般的种作较好收成，所以袂免得予咱着想化学佮咱人生实在有不可分离密接的关系也予咱通知上帝赏赐世间人，有智识通间接创造物通利益世间。

(rare, chiefly Taiwanese Hokkien) nitrogen


菊花茶

gêg⁴ huê¹ dê⁵

/t͡ɕy³⁵ xu̯ä⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰä³⁵/

/kʊk̚⁵ faː⁵⁵ t͡sʰaː²¹/

/ˈt͡ɕiuʔ⁵ fa⁴² t͡sʰa²⁴/

/kak̚³²⁻⁴ hue⁴⁴⁻²² te²⁴/

/kiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ hue⁴⁴⁻²² te²⁴/

/kiɔk̚³²⁻⁴ hue⁴⁴⁻³³ te²⁴/

/kiɔk̚³²⁻⁴ hue⁴⁴⁻³³ te²³/

/kiɔk̚³²⁻⁵ hua⁴⁴⁻²² tɛ¹³/

/kek̚³²⁻⁴ hue⁴⁴⁻²² te²⁴/

/kek̚²⁻⁴ hue³³⁻²³ te⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕioʔ³³ ho⁵⁵ zo²¹/

/t͡ɕy³⁵ xu̯ä⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰä³⁵/

/kʊk̚⁵ faː⁵⁵ t͡sʰaː²¹/

/ˈt͡ɕiuʔ⁵ fa⁴² t͡sʰa²⁴/

/kak̚³²⁻⁴ hue⁴⁴⁻²² te²⁴/

/kiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ hue⁴⁴⁻²² te²⁴/

/kiɔk̚³²⁻⁴ hue⁴⁴⁻³³ te²⁴/

/kiɔk̚³²⁻⁴ hue⁴⁴⁻³³ te²³/

/kiɔk̚³²⁻⁵ hua⁴⁴⁻²² tɛ¹³/

/kek̚³²⁻⁴ hue⁴⁴⁻²² te²⁴/

/kek̚²⁻⁴ hue³³⁻²³ te⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕioʔ³³ ho⁵⁵ zo²¹/


元素

/ɥɛn³⁵ su⁵¹/

/ᵑɡun²² ɬu³³/

/ɡuan²⁴⁻²² sɔ²¹/

/ɡuan²⁴⁻²² sɔ⁴¹/

/ɡuan¹³⁻²² sɔ²¹/

/ɡuan²⁴⁻¹¹ sɔ¹¹/

/ɡuan²³⁻³³ sɔ²¹/

/ŋueŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ su²¹³/

/ŋuaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ su²¹³/

/ɥɛn³⁵ su⁵¹/

/ᵑɡun²² ɬu³³/

/ɡuan²⁴⁻²² sɔ²¹/

/ɡuan²⁴⁻²² sɔ⁴¹/

/ɡuan¹³⁻²² sɔ²¹/

/ɡuan²⁴⁻¹¹ sɔ¹¹/

/ɡuan²³⁻³³ sɔ²¹/

/ŋueŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ su²¹³/

/ŋuaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ su²¹³/


雨水

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (雨水):
* → Japanese: 雨(う)水(すい) (Usui)
* → Korean: 우수(雨水) (usu)
* → Vietnamese: Vũ thủy (雨水)

/y²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jyː¹³ sɵy̯³⁵/

/ˈy²¹³⁻²⁴ sui²¹³/

/hɔ²²⁻²¹ t͡sui⁵³/

/hɔ³³⁻¹¹ t͡sui⁵³/

/hɔ³³⁻²¹ t͡sui⁴¹/

/hɔ²² t͡sui⁵⁵⁴/

/hɔ³³⁻²² t͡sui⁵⁵⁴/

/ɦy²² sz̩⁴⁴/

/y⁴¹ ɕy̯e̞i̯⁴¹/

/y²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jyː¹³ sɵy̯³⁵/

/ˈy²¹³⁻²⁴ sui²¹³/

/hɔ²²⁻²¹ t͡sui⁵³/

/hɔ³³⁻¹¹ t͡sui⁵³/

/hɔ³³⁻²¹ t͡sui⁴¹/

/hɔ²² t͡sui⁵⁵⁴/

/hɔ³³⁻²² t͡sui⁵⁵⁴/

/ɦy²² sz̩⁴⁴/

/y⁴¹ ɕy̯e̞i̯⁴¹/

/y⁵³⁻¹¹ suei⁵³/

/u⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ sui⁴¹/

/u⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sui⁵⁵⁴/

/u⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sui⁵³/

/i⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sui⁵³/

/u⁵²⁻³⁵ sui⁵²⁻²¹/

/y²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jyː¹³ sɵy̯³⁵/

/ˈy²¹³⁻²⁴ sui²¹³/

/y⁵³⁻¹¹ suei⁵³/

/u⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ sui⁴¹/

/u⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sui⁵⁵⁴/

/u⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sui⁵³/

/i⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sui⁵³/

/u⁵²⁻³⁵ sui⁵²⁻²¹/

/ɦy²² sz̩⁴⁴/

/y⁴¹ ɕy̯e̞i̯⁴¹/

The "Rain Water", the second of the twenty-four solar terms, around February 18th, 19th, or 20th, after which there should be no more snow, but rain showers are expected.

立春、雨水、驚蟄

二十四節氣／二十四节气 (Èrshísì Jiéqì, “The twenty-four solar terms”); Spring

立夏、小滿

二十四節氣／二十四节气 (Èrshísì Jiéqì, “The twenty-four solar terms”); Summer

立秋、處暑

二十四節氣／二十四节气 (Èrshísì Jiéqì, “The twenty-four solar terms”); Autumn

立冬、小雪、大雪、冬至、小寒、大寒

二十四節氣／二十四节气 (Èrshísì Jiéqì, “The twenty-four solar terms”); Winter


白金

Sino-Xenic (白金):
* → Japanese: 白金(はっきん) (hakkin)
* → Korean: 백금(白金) (baekgeum)
* → Vietnamese: bạch kim (白金)

/paɪ̯³⁵ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/pɛ(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ kim⁴⁴/

/paɪ̯³⁵ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/pɛ(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ kim⁴⁴/


綠茶

/ly⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰä³⁵/

/lʊk̚² t͡sʰaː²¹/

/luəʔ²⁻⁵⁴ t͡sʰa¹¹/

/liɪk̚⁴⁻³² te²⁴/

/liɪk̚⁴⁻³² te²³/

/ly⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰä³⁵/

/lʊk̚² t͡sʰaː²¹/

/luəʔ²⁻⁵⁴ t͡sʰa¹¹/

/liɪk̚⁴⁻³² te²⁴/

/liɪk̚⁴⁻³² te²³/


水銀

Sino-Xenic (水銀):
* → Japanese: 水銀(すいぎん) (suigin)
* → Korean: 수은(水銀) (sueun)
* → Vietnamese: thuỷ ngân (水銀)

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ in³⁵/

/sɵy̯³⁵ ŋɐn²¹/

/sui²¹³⁻²¹ n̠ʲin¹/

/t͡sy³³⁻²¹ ŋyŋ⁵³/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡin¹³/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɡin²³/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡun²⁴/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ɡun²⁴/

/t͡sui⁵²⁻³⁵ ŋɯŋ⁵⁵/

/sz̩³³ n̠ʲin⁴⁴/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ in³⁵/

/sɵy̯³⁵ ŋɐn²¹/

/sui²¹³⁻²¹ n̠ʲin¹/

/t͡sy³³⁻²¹ ŋyŋ⁵³/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡin¹³/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɡin²³/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡun²⁴/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ɡun²⁴/

/t͡sui⁵²⁻³⁵ ŋɯŋ⁵⁵/

/sz̩³³ n̠ʲin⁴⁴/

Compare the etymologies of Latin hydrargyrus, English quicksilver.

When the First Emperor ascended the throne, the digging and preparation at Mount Li began. After he unified his empire, he sent 700,000 people to work. They dug down deep to underground springs, pouring copper to place the outer casing of the coffin. Palaces and viewing towers housing a hundred officials were built and filled with treasures and rare artefacts. Workmen were instructed to make automatic crossbows primed to shoot at intruders. Mercury was used to create a hundred rivers and the ocean, and set to flow mechanically. Above, the heaven is depicted, below, the geographical features of the land. Candles were made of "mermaid"'s fat whose light would not extinguish for a long time.

The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE

Shǐhuáng chū jíwèi, chuān zhì Lìshān, jí bìng tiānxià, tiānxià tú sòngyì qī shí yú wàn rén, chuān sān quán, xià tóng ér zhì guǒ, gōngguān bǎiguān qíqì zhēnguài xǐ zāng mǎn zhī. Lìng jiàng zuò jīnǔ shǐ, yǒu suǒ chuān jìn zhě zhé shè zhī. Yǐ shuǐyín wèi bǎichuān jiānghé dàhǎi, jī xiàng guànshū, shàng jù tiānwén, xià jù dìlǐ. Yǐ rényúgāo wèi zhú, dù bù miè zhě jiǔ zhī.

始皇初即位，穿治酈山，及并天下，天下徒送詣七十餘萬人，穿三泉，下銅而致槨，宮觀百官奇器珍怪徙臧滿之。令匠作機弩矢，有所穿近者輒射之。以水銀為百川江河大海，機相灌輸，上具天文，下具地理。以人魚膏為燭，度不滅者久之。

始皇初即位，穿治郦山，及并天下，天下徒送诣七十余万人，穿三泉，下铜而致椁，宫观百官奇器珍怪徙臧满之。令匠作机弩矢，有所穿近者辄射之。以水银为百川江河大海，机相灌输，上具天文，下具地理。以人鱼膏为烛，度不灭者久之。


麵筋

/mi̯ɛn⁵¹ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/mi̯ɛn⁵¹ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/


反粒子

/fän²¹⁴⁻²¹ li⁵¹ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/faːn³⁵ nɐp̚⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

/faːn³⁵ lɐp̚⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

/fän²¹⁴⁻²¹ li⁵¹ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/faːn³⁵ nɐp̚⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

/faːn³⁵ lɐp̚⁵ t͡siː³⁵/


砂糖

Sino-Xenic (砂糖):
* → Japanese: 砂(さ)糖(とう) (satō)
* → Korean: 사탕(砂糖) (satang)

desctree

→ Proto-Ryukyuan: *sata
Northern Ryukyuan: *sata, *sataa, *saataa
Kikai: 砂糖 (satā)
Kunigami: 砂糖 (sātā /sàːtâː/)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 砂糖 (saθa)
Okinawan: 砂糖 (sātā /sàːtàː/)
Okinoerabu: 砂糖 (sata /sàtâ/)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 砂糖 (sta /stàˑ/)
Tokunoshima: 砂糖 (satta /sàQtá/)
Yoron: 砂糖 (sata /sátá/)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 砂糖 (sātā)
Yaeyama: 砂糖 (sattā /sáQtáː/)
Yonaguni: 砂糖 (sata /sàtâ/)

/ʂä⁵⁵ tʰɑŋ³⁵/

/saː⁵⁵ tʰɔːŋ²¹/

/sa²⁴ tʰoŋ¹¹/

/sua⁴⁴⁻²² tʰŋ̍²⁴/

/sua³³ tʰŋ̍²⁴/

/sua⁴⁴⁻²² tʰŋ̍¹³/

/sua⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰŋ̍²⁴/

/sua⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰŋ̍²³/

/ʂä⁵⁵ tʰɑŋ³⁵/

/saː⁵⁵ tʰɔːŋ²¹/

/sa²⁴ tʰoŋ¹¹/

/sua⁴⁴⁻²² tʰŋ̍²⁴/

/sua³³ tʰŋ̍²⁴/

/sua⁴⁴⁻²² tʰŋ̍¹³/

/sua⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰŋ̍²⁴/

/sua⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰŋ̍²³/


大可

/tä⁵¹ kʰɤ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tä⁵¹ kʰɤ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

I'd like two spicy hamburgers and one large coke.

來兩個辣漢堡和一杯大可。

来两个辣汉堡和一杯大可。


毒物

/tʊk̚² mɐt̚²/

/tɔk̚⁴⁻³² but̚⁴/

/tɔk̚²⁴⁻² but̚²⁴/

/tɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ but̚¹²¹/

/tɔk̚⁴⁻³² but̚⁴/

/tɔk̚⁴⁻³² but̚⁴/

/tʊk̚² mɐt̚²/

/tɔk̚⁴⁻³² but̚⁴/

/tɔk̚²⁴⁻² but̚²⁴/

/tɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ but̚¹²¹/

/tɔk̚⁴⁻³² but̚⁴/

/tɔk̚⁴⁻³² but̚⁴/

體內毒物

体内毒物


小可

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ kʰɤ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/siːu̯³⁵ hɔː³⁵/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰua⁵³/

/sio⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kʰua⁵⁵⁴/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰua⁵³/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰua⁵³/

/siɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kʰua⁴¹/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ kʰɤ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/siːu̯³⁵ hɔː³⁵/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰua⁵³/

/sio⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kʰua⁵⁵⁴/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰua⁵³/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰua⁵³/

/siɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kʰua⁴¹/


水道

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ tɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/sɵy̯³⁵ tou̯²²/

/t͡sui³³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lɔ²⁴²/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ to²²/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ to⁴¹/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ to²²/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ to³³/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tɤ³³/

/sz̩³³ dɔ⁴⁴/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ tɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/sɵy̯³⁵ tou̯²²/

/t͡sui³³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lɔ²⁴²/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ to²²/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ to⁴¹/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ to²²/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ to³³/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tɤ³³/

/sz̩³³ dɔ⁴⁴/

Attestable in pre-Qin texts. Sense "water supply" from Japanese 水道(すいどう) (suidō).

把某物傾倒在水道中

把某物倾倒在水道中

(Taiwanese Hokkien, Taiwanese Hakka) water supply


中可

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ kʰɤ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ kʰɤ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/


尼古丁

/ni³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ tiŋ⁵⁵/

/nei̯²¹ kuː³⁵ tɪŋ⁵⁵/

/nĩ²⁴⁻²² kɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ni³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ tiŋ⁵⁵/

/nei̯²¹ kuː³⁵ tɪŋ⁵⁵/

/nĩ²⁴⁻²² kɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiɪŋ⁴⁴/


安眠藥

→ Bouyei: nganymianfyof

→ Zhuang: anhmenzyoz

/ˀän⁵⁵ mi̯ɛn³⁵ jɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/ˀän⁵⁵ mi̯ɛn³⁵ jaʊ̯ɻʷ⁵¹/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ miːn²¹ jœːk̚²/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ bin²⁴⁻¹¹ ioʔ⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ bin²³⁻³³ iɤʔ⁴/

/ˀän⁵⁵ mi̯ɛn³⁵ jɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/ˀän⁵⁵ mi̯ɛn³⁵ jaʊ̯ɻʷ⁵¹/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ miːn²¹ jœːk̚²/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ bin²⁴⁻¹¹ ioʔ⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ bin²³⁻³³ iɤʔ⁴/

(pharmacology) sleeping pill; hypnotic (Classifier: 顆／颗 m; 片 m; 粒 m c)


化學

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (化學):
* → Japanese: 化(か)学(がく) (kagaku)
* → Korean: 화학(化學) (hwahak)
* → Vietnamese: hóa học (化學)

→ Bouyei: huaqxiof

→ Hlai: hueixo

→ Lingao: hua² hiak⁸

→ Zhuang: vayoz

/xu̯ä⁵¹ ɕy̯ɛ³⁵/

/xua⁴⁴ ɕyə²⁴/

/faː³³ hɔːk̚²/

/hua²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ouʔ⁵/

/hua⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾aʔ⁴/

/hua⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾aʔ²⁴/

/hua⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ hak̚²⁴/

/hua²¹⁻⁵³ hak̚¹²¹/

/hue²¹³⁻⁵⁵ hak̚⁴/

/ho³³ ɦiaʔ⁴⁴/

/xu̯ä⁵¹ ɕy̯ɛ³⁵/

/xua⁴⁴ ɕyə²⁴/

/faː³³ hɔːk̚²/

/hua²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ouʔ⁵/

/hua⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾aʔ⁴/

/hua⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾aʔ²⁴/

/hua⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ hak̚²⁴/

/hua²¹⁻⁵³ hak̚¹²¹/

/hue²¹³⁻⁵⁵ hak̚⁴/

/ho³³ ɦiaʔ⁴⁴/

Apparently first attested in a diary entry of Wang Tao on March 31st, 1855. The term was subsequently popularized by 六合叢談 (The Shanghae Serial) [1857].

化學課

化学课

化學農藥

化学农药

化學添加劑

化学添加剂

化學去勢

化学去势


物質

/u⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/u⁵¹ ɖ͡ʐ̥ʐ̩¹/

/u⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/mɐt̚² t͡sɐt̚⁵/

/uʔ⁵⁻²¹ t͡sɛiʔ²⁴/

/but̚⁴⁻³² t͡sit̚³²/

/but̚¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡sit̚³²/

/but̚⁴⁻³² t͡sit̚³²/

/but̚⁴⁻³² t͡sit̚³²/

/vəʔ¹¹ t͡səʔ²³/

/u⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/u⁵¹ ɖ͡ʐ̥ʐ̩¹/

/u⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/mɐt̚² t͡sɐt̚⁵/

/uʔ⁵⁻²¹ t͡sɛiʔ²⁴/

/but̚⁴⁻³² t͡sit̚³²/

/but̚¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡sit̚³²/

/but̚⁴⁻³² t͡sit̚³²/

/but̚⁴⁻³² t͡sit̚³²/

/vəʔ¹¹ t͡səʔ²³/

Attestable since at least the Tang dynasty. Popularized from Japanese 物質(ぶっしつ) (busshitsu)

放射性物質

放射性物质

物質戒斷

物质戒断

The content of toxins in the substance exceeds twice the allowed quantity.

Dúwùzhì hánliàng chāoguò zhèngcháng xǔkězhí shù bèi.

毒物質含量超過正常許可值數倍。

毒物质含量超过正常许可值数倍。


高粱

→ Russian: гаолян (gaoljan)

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ li̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ li̯ɑŋ²/

/kou̯⁵⁵ lœːŋ²¹/

/kau⁴⁴⁻³³ liaŋ²⁴/

/kau⁴⁴⁻²² liaŋ¹³/

/kau⁴⁴⁻³³ liaŋ²³/

/kau⁴⁴⁻²² liaŋ²⁴/

/kɔ³³ liɔŋ²⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² liɔŋ²⁴/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ liaŋ²³/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² liaŋ¹³/

/ko⁴⁴⁻³³ liaŋ²⁴/

/kau³³⁻²³ liaŋ⁵⁵/

/kɔ⁵⁵ liã²¹/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ li̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ li̯ɑŋ²/

/kou̯⁵⁵ lœːŋ²¹/

/kau⁴⁴⁻³³ liaŋ²⁴/

/kau⁴⁴⁻²² liaŋ¹³/

/kau⁴⁴⁻³³ liaŋ²³/

/kau⁴⁴⁻²² liaŋ²⁴/

/kɔ³³ liɔŋ²⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² liɔŋ²⁴/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ liaŋ²³/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² liaŋ¹³/

/ko⁴⁴⁻³³ liaŋ²⁴/

/kau³³⁻²³ liaŋ⁵⁵/

/kɔ⁵⁵ liã²¹/

Short for 高粱酒 (gāoliángjiǔ, “sorghum liquor; kaoliang”).


火藥

Sino-Xenic (火藥):
* → Japanese: 火(か)薬(やく) (kayaku)
* → Korean: 화약(火藥) (hwayak)

/xu̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ jɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/fɔː³⁵ jœːk̚²/

/he⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ioʔ⁴/

/hə⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ioʔ²⁴/

/hue⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ iɤʔ⁴/

/hue⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ioʔ¹²¹/

/hu³³ ɦiaʔ⁴⁴/

/xu̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ jɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/fɔː³⁵ jœːk̚²/

/he⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ioʔ⁴/

/hə⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ioʔ²⁴/

/hue⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ iɤʔ⁴/

/hue⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ioʔ¹²¹/

/hu³³ ɦiaʔ⁴⁴/

The Chinese invented the compass, gunpowder, papermaking and printing. They are known as the Four Great Chinese Inventions.

Zhōngguórén fāmíng le zhǐnánzhēn, huǒyào, zàozhǐ hé yìnshuāshù, bèi chēng zhī wéi Zhōngguó Sì Dà Fāmíng.

中國人發明了指南針、火藥、造紙和印刷術，被稱之為中國四大發明。

中国人发明了指南针、火药、造纸和印刷术，被称之为中国四大发明。


可口可樂

ㄎㄜˇ ㄎㄡˇ ㄎㄜˇ ㄌㄜˋ

/kʰɤ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ kʰɤ²¹⁴⁻²¹ lɤ⁵¹/

/hɔː³⁵ hɐu̯³⁵ hɔː³⁵ lɔːk̚²/

/kʰo⁵²⁻³⁵ kʰau⁵²⁻³⁵ kʰo⁵²⁻³⁵ lak̚⁴/

/kʰu³³ kʰɤ⁵⁵ kʰu³³ loʔ²¹/

/kʰɤ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ kʰɤ²¹⁴⁻²¹ lɤ⁵¹/

/hɔː³⁵ hɐu̯³⁵ hɔː³⁵ lɔːk̚²/

/kʰo⁵²⁻³⁵ kʰau⁵²⁻³⁵ kʰo⁵²⁻³⁵ lak̚⁴/

/kʰu³³ kʰɤ⁵⁵ kʰu³³ loʔ²¹/

Phono-semantic matching of English Coca-Cola.


炭氣

/tʰän⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕʰi⁵¹/

/tʰän⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕʰi⁵¹/


二氧化碳

→ Zhuang: wyangjvadan

ㄦˋ ㄧㄤˇ ㄏㄨㄚˋ ㄊㄢˋ

/ˀɤɻ⁵¹ jɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ xu̯ä⁵¹⁻⁵³ tʰän⁵¹/

/jiː²² jœːŋ¹³ faː³³ tʰaːn³³/

/zi³³⁻²¹ iɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ hua²¹⁻⁴¹ tʰuã²¹/

/d͡zi²²⁻²¹ iaŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hua²¹⁻⁵³ tʰuã²¹/

/li²²⁻²¹ iɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hua²¹⁻⁵³ tʰuã²¹/

/li³³⁻¹¹ iɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hua¹¹⁻⁵³ tʰuã¹¹/

/li⁴¹⁻²² iɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ hua⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tʰuã⁴¹/

/d͡zi³⁵⁻¹¹ iaŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ hue²¹³⁻⁵⁵ tʰũã²¹³/

/no³⁵⁻¹¹ iaŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ hue²¹³⁻⁵⁵ tʰũã²¹³/

/ˀɤɻ⁵¹ jɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ xu̯ä⁵¹⁻⁵³ tʰän⁵¹/

/jiː²² jœːŋ¹³ faː³³ tʰaːn³³/

/zi³³⁻²¹ iɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ hua²¹⁻⁴¹ tʰuã²¹/

/d͡zi²²⁻²¹ iaŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hua²¹⁻⁵³ tʰuã²¹/

/li²²⁻²¹ iɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hua²¹⁻⁵³ tʰuã²¹/

/li³³⁻¹¹ iɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hua¹¹⁻⁵³ tʰuã¹¹/

/li⁴¹⁻²² iɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ hua⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tʰuã⁴¹/

/d͡zi³⁵⁻¹¹ iaŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ hue²¹³⁻⁵⁵ tʰũã²¹³/

/no³⁵⁻¹¹ iaŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ hue²¹³⁻⁵⁵ tʰũã²¹³/


海濱

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ pin⁵⁵/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ pɐn⁵⁵/

/hai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ pin³³/

/hai⁵²⁻³⁵ piŋ³³/

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ pin⁵⁵/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ pɐn⁵⁵/

/hai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ pin³³/

/hai⁵²⁻³⁵ piŋ³³/


衍生

/jɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/hiːn³⁵ sɐŋ⁵⁵/

/jiːn³⁵ sɐŋ⁵⁵/

/jiːn¹³ sɐŋ⁵⁵/

/iɛn⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/iɛn⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ siɪŋ³³/

/iɛn⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/iɛn⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/iɛn⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/jɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/hiːn³⁵ sɐŋ⁵⁵/

/jiːn³⁵ sɐŋ⁵⁵/

/jiːn¹³ sɐŋ⁵⁵/

/iɛn⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/iɛn⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ siɪŋ³³/

/iɛn⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/iɛn⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/iɛn⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ siɪŋ⁴⁴/


羊水

/jɑŋ³⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jœːŋ²¹ sɵy̯³⁵/

/iũ²⁴⁻²² t͡sui⁵³/

/iũ²⁴⁻²² t͡sui⁵⁵⁴/

/iɔ̃¹³⁻²² t͡sui⁵³/

/jɑŋ³⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jœːŋ²¹ sɵy̯³⁵/

/iũ²⁴⁻²² t͡sui⁵³/

/iũ²⁴⁻²² t͡sui⁵⁵⁴/

/iɔ̃¹³⁻²² t͡sui⁵³/

我太太羊水破了。


抹茶

/mu̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰä³⁵/

/muːt̚³ t͡sʰaː²¹/

/məʔ¹¹ zo²³/

/mu̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰä³⁵/

/muːt̚³ t͡sʰaː²¹/

/məʔ¹¹ zo²³/

From classical 末茶 (mòchá), influenced by Japanese.


丹砂

/tän⁵⁵ ʂä⁵⁵/

/tän⁵⁵ ʂä⁵⁵/


軌道

/ku̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ tɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/kʷɐi̯³⁵ tou̯²²/

/kui²⁴⁻³³ tʰo³³/

/kʰui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tɔ⁴¹/

/kui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ to³³/

/kui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tɤ³³/

/kʰui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ to³³/

/kʰui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ to²²/

/kʰui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tɤ³³/

/kʰui⁵²⁻³⁵ tau³⁵/

/ku̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ tɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/kʷɐi̯³⁵ tou̯²²/

/kui²⁴⁻³³ tʰo³³/

/kʰui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tɔ⁴¹/

/kui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ to³³/

/kui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tɤ³³/

/kʰui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ to³³/

/kʰui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ to²²/

/kʰui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tɤ³³/

/kʰui⁵²⁻³⁵ tau³⁵/


大麻

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (大麻):
* → Japanese: 大(たい)麻(ま) (taima)
* → Korean: 대마(大麻) (daema)

/taːi̯²² maː²¹/

/tua²²⁻²¹ muã²⁴/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² muã²⁴/

/tua²²⁻²¹ muã¹³/

/tua³³⁻¹¹ muã²⁴/

/tua³³⁻²¹ muã²³/

/taːi̯²² maː²¹/

/tua²²⁻²¹ muã²⁴/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² muã²⁴/

/tua²²⁻²¹ muã¹³/

/tua³³⁻¹¹ muã²⁴/

/tua³³⁻²¹ muã²³/

/taːi̯²² maː²¹/

Cannabis sativa
Cannabis sativa#Translingual


陽離子

/jɑŋ³⁵ li³⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jœːŋ²¹ lei̯²¹ t͡siː³⁵/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻²² li²⁴⁻²² t͡su⁵³/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻²² li²⁴⁻²² t͡sɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/iaŋ¹³⁻²² li¹³⁻²² t͡su⁵³/

/jɑŋ³⁵ li³⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jœːŋ²¹ lei̯²¹ t͡siː³⁵/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻²² li²⁴⁻²² t͡su⁵³/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻²² li²⁴⁻²² t͡sɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/iaŋ¹³⁻²² li¹³⁻²² t͡su⁵³/

(chemistry, physics) cation; positive ion


止痛藥

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰʊŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ jɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/t͡siː³⁵ tʰʊŋ³³ jœːk̚²/

/t͡si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰiã²¹⁻⁵³ ioʔ⁴/

/t͡si⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tʰiã⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ioʔ²⁴/

/t͡si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰiã²¹⁻⁵³ ioʔ¹²¹/

/t͡si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰiã¹¹⁻⁵³ ioʔ⁴/

/t͡si⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tʰiã²¹⁻⁴¹ iɤʔ⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰʊŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ jɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/t͡siː³⁵ tʰʊŋ³³ jœːk̚²/

/t͡si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰiã²¹⁻⁵³ ioʔ⁴/

/t͡si⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tʰiã⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ioʔ²⁴/

/t͡si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰiã²¹⁻⁵³ ioʔ¹²¹/

/t͡si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰiã¹¹⁻⁵³ ioʔ⁴/

/t͡si⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tʰiã²¹⁻⁴¹ iɤʔ⁴/


飲料

Lü: ᦍᦲᧃᦶᦜᧁᧈ (yiinl̇aew¹)

/in²¹⁴⁻²¹ li̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/in²¹⁴⁻²¹ li̯aʊ̯ɻʷ⁵¹/

/jɐm³⁵ liːu̯²²⁻³⁵/

/jɐm³⁵ liːu̯²²/

/iŋ³³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˡ⁻⁾nˡɑu²⁴²/

/im⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ liau⁴¹/

/in²¹⁴⁻²¹ li̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/in²¹⁴⁻²¹ li̯aʊ̯ɻʷ⁵¹/

/jɐm³⁵ liːu̯²²⁻³⁵/

/jɐm³⁵ liːu̯²²/

/iŋ³³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˡ⁻⁾nˡɑu²⁴²/

/im⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ liau⁴¹/

酒精飲料

酒精饮料

不准帶入食品和飲料。

不准带入食品和饮料。

這裡有一些飲料，隨便選。

这里有一些饮料，随便选。


精油

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ joʊ̯³⁵/

/t͡sɪŋ⁵⁵ jɐu̯²¹/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ iu²³/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ iu²⁴/

/t͡seŋ³³⁻²³ iu⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ joʊ̯³⁵/

/t͡sɪŋ⁵⁵ jɐu̯²¹/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ iu²³/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ iu²⁴/

/t͡seŋ³³⁻²³ iu⁵⁵/


麻黃

/mä³⁵ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/muã²⁴⁻²² hɔŋ²⁴/

/muã²⁴⁻²² hɔŋ²⁴/

/muã¹³⁻²² hɔŋ¹³/

/muã²⁴⁻¹¹ hɔŋ²⁴/

/muã²³⁻³³ hɔŋ²³/

/mä³⁵ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/muã²⁴⁻²² hɔŋ²⁴/

/muã²⁴⁻²² hɔŋ²⁴/

/muã¹³⁻²² hɔŋ¹³/

/muã²⁴⁻¹¹ hɔŋ²⁴/

/muã²³⁻³³ hɔŋ²³/


杯子

/peɪ̯⁵⁵ d͡z̥z̩²/

/puːi̯⁵⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

/peɪ̯⁵⁵ d͡z̥z̩²/

/puːi̯⁵⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

(countable) drinkware; cup; glass (Classifier: 個／个 m; 隻／只 m)


水勢

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/sɵy̯³⁵ sɐi̯³³/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/sɵy̯³⁵ sɐi̯³³/


水滴

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ti⁵⁵/

/sɵy̯³⁵ tɪk̚²/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiʔ³²/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tiʔ⁵/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiʔ³²/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiʔ³²/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tiʔ³²/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ti⁵⁵/

/sɵy̯³⁵ tɪk̚²/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiʔ³²/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tiʔ⁵/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiʔ³²/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiʔ³²/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tiʔ³²/


水位

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ weɪ̯⁵¹/

/sɵy̯³⁵ wɐi̯²²⁻³⁵/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ui²²/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ui⁴¹/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ui²²/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ui³³/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ui³³/

/t͡sui⁵²⁻³⁵ ui¹¹/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ weɪ̯⁵¹/

/sɵy̯³⁵ wɐi̯²²⁻³⁵/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ui²²/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ui⁴¹/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ui²²/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ui³³/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ui³³/

/t͡sui⁵²⁻³⁵ ui¹¹/


水槽

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰɑʊ̯³⁵/

/sɵy̯³⁵ t͡sʰou̯²¹/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡so²⁴/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡so²⁴/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡so¹³/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡so²⁴/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sɤ²³/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰɑʊ̯³⁵/

/sɵy̯³⁵ t͡sʰou̯²¹/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡so²⁴/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡so²⁴/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡so¹³/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡so²⁴/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sɤ²³/


水性

Sino-Xenic (水性):
* → Japanese: 水性(すいせい) (suisei)
* → Korean: 수성(水性) (suseong)

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕiŋ⁵¹/

/sɵy̯³⁵ sɪŋ³³/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɪŋ²¹/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ siɪŋ⁴¹/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɪŋ²¹/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɪŋ¹¹/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ siɪŋ²¹/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕiŋ⁵¹/

/sɵy̯³⁵ sɪŋ³³/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɪŋ²¹/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ siɪŋ⁴¹/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɪŋ²¹/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɪŋ¹¹/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ siɪŋ²¹/


水源

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

/sɵy̯³⁵ jyːn²¹/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan²⁴/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ɡuan²⁴/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan¹³/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan²⁴/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan²³/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

/sɵy̯³⁵ jyːn²¹/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan²⁴/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ɡuan²⁴/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan¹³/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan²⁴/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan²³/

source of a river; headwaters; headspring; fountainhead


水源

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

/sɵy̯³⁵ jyːn²¹/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan²⁴/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ɡuan²⁴/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan¹³/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan²⁴/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan²³/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

/sɵy̯³⁵ jyːn²¹/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan²⁴/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ɡuan²⁴/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan¹³/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan²⁴/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan²³/

(～鎮) Shuiyuan (a town in Yongchang, Jinchang, Gansu, China)

(～里) An urban village in Tamsui district, New Taipei, Taiwan


水質

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/sɵy̯³⁵ t͡sɐt̚⁵/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sit̚³²/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sit̚⁵/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sit̚³²/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sit̚³²/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sit̚³²/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/sɵy̯³⁵ t͡sɐt̚⁵/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sit̚³²/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sit̚⁵/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sit̚³²/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sit̚³²/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sit̚³²/


水深

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂən⁵⁵/

/sɵy̯³⁵ sɐm⁵⁵/

/su̯i³¹ t͡sʰɨm²⁴/

/suɪ³¹ t͡sʰəm⁴⁴/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰim⁴⁴/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰim³³/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰim⁴⁴/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰim⁴⁴/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰim⁴⁴/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂən⁵⁵/

/sɵy̯³⁵ sɐm⁵⁵/

/su̯i³¹ t͡sʰɨm²⁴/

/suɪ³¹ t͡sʰəm⁴⁴/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰim⁴⁴/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰim³³/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰim⁴⁴/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰim⁴⁴/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰim⁴⁴/


水仙

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/sɵy̯³⁵ siːn⁵⁵/

/t͡sui³³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lieŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɛn⁴⁴/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ siɛn³³/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɛn⁴⁴/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɛn⁴⁴/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ siɛn⁴⁴/

/sz̩³³ ɕi⁴⁴/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/sɵy̯³⁵ siːn⁵⁵/

/t͡sui³³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lieŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɛn⁴⁴/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ siɛn³³/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɛn⁴⁴/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɛn⁴⁴/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ siɛn⁴⁴/

/sz̩³³ ɕi⁴⁴/

May I have a pot of Shui Hsien and a pot of hot water?

m⁴ goi¹, jat¹ wu⁴ seoi² sin¹, jat¹ wu⁴ gwan² seoi².

唔該，一壺水仙、一壺滾水。

唔该，一壶水仙、一壶滚水。

(～茶) Shui Hsien tea (a kind of oolong tea)


水準

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ʈ͡ʂu̯ən²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɵy̯³⁵ t͡sɵn³⁵/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sun⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sui⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡suŋ⁵²⁻²¹/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ʈ͡ʂu̯ən²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɵy̯³⁵ t͡sɵn³⁵/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sun⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sui⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡suŋ⁵²⁻²¹/

water level
(specifically, surveying) level


水溶液

ㄕㄨㄟˇ ㄖㄨㄥˊ ㄧㄝˋ

ㄕㄨㄟˇ ㄖㄨㄥˊ ㄧˋ

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʐʊŋ³⁵ jɛ⁵¹/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʐʊŋ³⁵ i⁵¹/

/sɵy̯³⁵ jʊŋ²¹ jɪk̚²/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʐʊŋ³⁵ jɛ⁵¹/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʐʊŋ³⁵ i⁵¹/

/sɵy̯³⁵ jʊŋ²¹ jɪk̚²/


氧氣

/jɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi⁵¹/

/jœːŋ¹³ hei̯³³/

/iɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰi¹¹/

/iɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰi²¹/

/iɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kʰi⁴¹/

/iɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kʰi²¹/

/iaŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰi²¹/

/jɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi⁵¹/

/jœːŋ¹³ hei̯³³/

/iɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰi¹¹/

/iɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰi²¹/

/iɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kʰi⁴¹/

/iɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kʰi²¹/

/iaŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰi²¹/


血液

/ɕy̯ɛ⁵¹⁻⁵³ jɛ⁵¹/

/ɕy̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ jɛ⁵¹/

/ɕi̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ jɛ⁵¹/

/ɕi̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ i⁵¹/

/hiɛt̚³²⁻⁵ iɪk̚¹²¹/

/hiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ iɪk̚⁴/

/hiɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ iak̚²⁴/

/hui(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ iɪk̚⁴/

/hue(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ iɪk̚⁴/

/hue(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ iɪk̚¹²¹/

/ɕioʔ³³ n̠ʲiɪʔ⁴⁴/

/ɕyɪʔ³³ n̠ʲiɪʔ⁴⁴/

/ɕy̯ɛ⁵¹⁻⁵³ jɛ⁵¹/

/ɕy̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ jɛ⁵¹/

/ɕi̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ jɛ⁵¹/

/ɕi̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ i⁵¹/

/hiɛt̚³²⁻⁵ iɪk̚¹²¹/

/hiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ iɪk̚⁴/

/hiɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ iak̚²⁴/

/hui(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ iɪk̚⁴/

/hue(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ iɪk̚⁴/

/hue(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ iɪk̚¹²¹/

/ɕioʔ³³ n̠ʲiɪʔ⁴⁴/

/ɕyɪʔ³³ n̠ʲiɪʔ⁴⁴/

血液倒流

血液酒精濃度

血液酒精浓度


精液

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ jɛ⁵¹/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ i⁵¹/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ iɛ²¹³/

/t͡sɪŋ⁵⁵ jɪk̚²/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² iɪk̚¹²¹/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² iɪk̚⁴/

/t͡siɪŋ³³ iak̚²⁴/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ jɛ⁵¹/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ i⁵¹/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ iɛ²¹³/

/t͡sɪŋ⁵⁵ jɪk̚²/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² iɪk̚¹²¹/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² iɪk̚⁴/

/t͡siɪŋ³³ iak̚²⁴/


唾液

/tʰu̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ jɛ⁵¹/

/tʰu̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ i⁵¹/

/tʰo²¹³ iɛ⁵³/

/tʰɔː³³ jɪk̚²/

/tʰœː³³ jɪk̚²/

/tʰɔ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ iak̚²⁴/

/tʰo²¹⁻⁵³ iɪk̚¹²¹/

/tʰo²¹⁻⁵³ iɪk̚⁴/

/tʰo³⁵⁻¹¹ ek̚⁴/

/tʰu̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ jɛ⁵¹/

/tʰu̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ i⁵¹/

/tʰo²¹³ iɛ⁵³/

/tʰɔː³³ jɪk̚²/

/tʰœː³³ jɪk̚²/

/tʰɔ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ iak̚²⁴/

/tʰo²¹⁻⁵³ iɪk̚¹²¹/

/tʰo²¹⁻⁵³ iɪk̚⁴/

/tʰo³⁵⁻¹¹ ek̚⁴/


王水

/wɑŋ⁵⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/wɔːŋ²¹ sɵy̯³⁵/

/wɑŋ⁵⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/wɔːŋ²¹ sɵy̯³⁵/


汽水

/t͡ɕʰi⁵¹ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡ɕʰi⁵¹ ʂu̯əɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hei̯³³ sɵy̯³⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi²¹³⁻²⁴ sui²¹³/

/kʰi²¹⁻⁵³ t͡sui⁵³/

/kʰi⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡sui⁵⁵⁴/

/kʰi²¹⁻⁵³ t͡sui⁵³/

/kʰi¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡sui⁵³/

/kʰi²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡sui⁴¹/

/kʰi²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sui⁵²⁻²¹/

/t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵ sz̩²¹/

/t͡ɕʰi³³ sz̩⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕʰi⁵¹ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡ɕʰi⁵¹ ʂu̯əɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hei̯³³ sɵy̯³⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi²¹³⁻²⁴ sui²¹³/

/kʰi²¹⁻⁵³ t͡sui⁵³/

/kʰi⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡sui⁵⁵⁴/

/kʰi²¹⁻⁵³ t͡sui⁵³/

/kʰi¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡sui⁵³/

/kʰi²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡sui⁴¹/

/kʰi²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sui⁵²⁻²¹/

/t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵ sz̩²¹/

/t͡ɕʰi³³ sz̩⁴⁴/


斜長石

/ɕi̯ɛ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/ɕi̯ɛ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/


石灰岩

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ xu̯eɪ̯⁵⁵ jɛn³⁵/

/sɛːk̚² fuːi̯⁵⁵ ŋaːm²¹/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ xu̯eɪ̯⁵⁵ jɛn³⁵/

/sɛːk̚² fuːi̯⁵⁵ ŋaːm²¹/


正長石

/ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/


雲母

/yn³⁵ mu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/yn³⁵ mu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/


豆乳

/toʊ̯⁵¹ ʐu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰɛu¹¹ ˈɵ²¹³/

/tau²²⁻²¹ d͡zu⁴²/

/tau³³⁻¹¹ d͡zu⁵³/

/tau³³⁻²¹ zu⁴¹/

/tau²²⁻²¹ lu⁵³/

/tau²²⁻¹² lu⁵³/

/tau³¹⁻²² lu⁵⁵/

/tau²²⁻²¹ lu⁴²/

/tau³³⁻¹¹ lu⁵³/

/tau²²⁻²¹ d͡zi⁵³/

/tau³³⁻¹¹ d͡zi⁵³/

/tau³³⁻²¹ d͡zi⁵³/

/tau³³⁻¹¹ li⁵³/

/tau³³⁻²¹ zĩ⁴¹/

/zz̩²² ɦu⁴⁴/

/toʊ̯⁵¹ ʐu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰɛu¹¹ ˈɵ²¹³/

/tau²²⁻²¹ d͡zu⁴²/

/tau³³⁻¹¹ d͡zu⁵³/

/tau³³⁻²¹ zu⁴¹/

/tau²²⁻²¹ lu⁵³/

/tau²²⁻¹² lu⁵³/

/tau³¹⁻²² lu⁵⁵/

/tau²²⁻²¹ lu⁴²/

/tau³³⁻¹¹ lu⁵³/

/tau²²⁻²¹ d͡zi⁵³/

/tau³³⁻¹¹ d͡zi⁵³/

/tau³³⁻²¹ d͡zi⁵³/

/tau³³⁻¹¹ li⁵³/

/tau³³⁻²¹ zĩ⁴¹/

/zz̩²² ɦu⁴⁴/


石油

Sino-Xenic (石油):
* → Japanese: 石(せき)油(ゆ) (sekiyu)
* → Korean: 석유(石油) (seogyu)

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ joʊ̯³⁵/

/ʂʐ̩²⁴ iou²⁴/

/sɛːk̚² jɐu̯²¹/

/t͡sio(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ iu¹³/

/t͡siɤ(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ iu²³/

/zaʔ¹¹ ɦiɤ²³/

/ʂʐ̩²⁴ i̯əu̯¹³/

/sz̩²⁴ i̯əu̯¹³/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ joʊ̯³⁵/

/ʂʐ̩²⁴ iou²⁴/

/sɛːk̚² jɐu̯²¹/

/t͡sio(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ iu¹³/

/t͡siɤ(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ iu²³/

/zaʔ¹¹ ɦiɤ²³/

/ʂʐ̩²⁴ i̯əu̯¹³/

/sz̩²⁴ i̯əu̯¹³/

Recorded in the writings of Shen Kuo in the 11th century. Compare petroleum with a nearly identical word-formation.


原油

/ɥɛn³⁵ joʊ̯³⁵/

/jyːn²¹ jɐu̯²¹/

/ɡuan²⁴⁻²² iu²⁴/

/ɡuan²⁴⁻²² iu²⁴/

/ɡuan¹³⁻²² iu¹³/

/ɡuan²⁴⁻¹¹ iu²⁴/

/ɡuan²³⁻³³ iu²³/

/ŋuaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ iu⁵⁵/

/ɥɛn³⁵ joʊ̯³⁵/

/jyːn²¹ jɐu̯²¹/

/ɡuan²⁴⁻²² iu²⁴/

/ɡuan²⁴⁻²² iu²⁴/

/ɡuan¹³⁻²² iu¹³/

/ɡuan²⁴⁻¹¹ iu²⁴/

/ɡuan²³⁻³³ iu²³/

/ŋuaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ iu⁵⁵/


分子

/fən⁵⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fɐn²² t͡siː³⁵/

/fɐn⁵⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

/hun³³ t͡sɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/hun⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡su⁴¹/

/hun⁴⁴⁻²² t͡su⁵³/

/hun⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡su⁵³/

/huŋ³³⁻²³ t͡sɯ⁵²/

/fən⁵⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fɐn²² t͡siː³⁵/

/fɐn⁵⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

/hun³³ t͡sɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/hun⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡su⁴¹/

/hun⁴⁴⁻²² t͡su⁵³/

/hun⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡su⁵³/

/huŋ³³⁻²³ t͡sɯ⁵²/

極性分子

极性分子

一分子甲烷


胃液

/weɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ jɛ⁵¹/

/weɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ i⁵¹/

/wɐi̯²² jɪk̚²/

/ui²²⁻²¹ iɪk̚¹²¹/

/ui³³⁻²¹ iɪk̚⁴/

/ui²²⁻²¹ iɪk̚⁴/

/ui³³⁻¹¹ iɪk̚⁴/

/weɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ jɛ⁵¹/

/weɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ i⁵¹/

/wɐi̯²² jɪk̚²/

/ui²²⁻²¹ iɪk̚¹²¹/

/ui³³⁻²¹ iɪk̚⁴/

/ui²²⁻²¹ iɪk̚⁴/

/ui³³⁻¹¹ iɪk̚⁴/


蒸餾

/ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵⁵ li̯oʊ̯³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵⁵ li̯ɤʊ̯ɻʷ³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵⁵ li̯oʊ̯⁵¹/

/t͡sɪŋ⁵⁵ lɐu̯²²/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² liu²⁴/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² liu¹³/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ liu²⁴/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ liu²³/

/t͡seŋ³³⁻²³ liu²¹³/

/ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵⁵ li̯oʊ̯³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵⁵ li̯ɤʊ̯ɻʷ³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵⁵ li̯oʊ̯⁵¹/

/t͡sɪŋ⁵⁵ lɐu̯²²/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² liu²⁴/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² liu¹³/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ liu²⁴/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ liu²³/

/t͡seŋ³³⁻²³ liu²¹³/


大雨

/tä⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/taːi̯²² jyː¹³/

/ˈtʰai¹¹ y²¹³/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ i³¹/

/tʰaɪ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ i³¹/

/tua³³⁻¹¹ hɔ³³/

/tua³³⁻²¹ hɔ³³/

/tua²²⁻²¹ hɔ²²/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² hɔ²²/

/tä⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/taːi̯²² jyː¹³/

/ˈtʰai¹¹ y²¹³/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ i³¹/

/tʰaɪ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ i³¹/

/tua³³⁻¹¹ hɔ³³/

/tua³³⁻²¹ hɔ³³/

/tua²²⁻²¹ hɔ²²/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² hɔ²²/

下大雨

落大雨


核子

/xɤ³⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɐt̚² t͡siː³⁵/

/hut̚⁴⁻³² t͡su⁵³/

/hut̚⁴⁻³² t͡su⁴¹/

/hiɪk̚⁴⁻³² t͡su⁴¹/

/hiɪk̚⁴⁻³² t͡su⁵³/

/ɦuəʔ¹¹ t͡sz̩²³/

/xɤ³⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɐt̚² t͡siː³⁵/

/hut̚⁴⁻³² t͡su⁵³/

/hut̚⁴⁻³² t͡su⁴¹/

/hiɪk̚⁴⁻³² t͡su⁴¹/

/hiɪk̚⁴⁻³² t͡su⁵³/

/ɦuəʔ¹¹ t͡sz̩²³/


白酒

→ English: baijiu

/paɪ̯³⁵ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pɛ²¹ t͡ɕiəu⁵³/

/paːk̚² t͡sɐu̯³⁵/

/pɛ(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡siu⁵³/

/baʔ¹¹ t͡ɕiɤ²³/

/paɪ̯³⁵ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pɛ²¹ t͡ɕiəu⁵³/

/paːk̚² t͡sɐu̯³⁵/

/pɛ(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡siu⁵³/

/baʔ¹¹ t͡ɕiɤ²³/


啤酒

→ Bouyei: pifjiuj

→ Mongolian: пийжүү (piižüü)

⇒ Zhuang: laeujbizciuj

/pʰi³⁵ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pʰi⁵⁵ t͡ɕiəu⁵³/

/pɛː⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯³⁵/

/pi⁴⁴⁻³⁵ t͡siu³¹/

/pʰi¹¹ t͡ɕiəu⁵³/

/pi²⁴⁻¹² t͡siu⁵³/

/pi¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁵³/

/pi²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁵⁵⁴/

/pi²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁵³/

/pi⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡siu⁵²/

/bi²² t͡ɕiɤ⁴⁴/

/pʰi³⁵ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pʰi⁵⁵ t͡ɕiəu⁵³/

/pɛː⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯³⁵/

/pi⁴⁴⁻³⁵ t͡siu³¹/

/pʰi¹¹ t͡ɕiəu⁵³/

/pi²⁴⁻¹² t͡siu⁵³/

/pi¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁵³/

/pi²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁵⁵⁴/

/pi²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁵³/

/pi⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡siu⁵²/

/bi²² t͡ɕiɤ⁴⁴/

From 啤 (pí, transliteration of English beer or German Bier via Shanghainese) + 酒 (jiǔ, “alcohol”).

zh-m

請來兩杯啤酒。

请来两杯啤酒。


固醇

/ku⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən³⁵/

/kuː³³ sɵn²¹/

/ku⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən³⁵/

/kuː³³ sɵn²¹/


類固醇

ㄌㄟˋ ㄍㄨˋ ㄔㄨㄣˊ

/leɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ku⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən³⁵/

/lɵy̯²² kuː³³ sɵn²¹/

/leɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ku⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən³⁵/

/lɵy̯²² kuː³³ sɵn²¹/


膽固醇

ㄉㄢˇ ㄍㄨˋ ㄔㄨㄣˊ

/tän²¹⁴⁻²¹ ku⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən³⁵/

/taːm³⁵ kuː³³ sɵn²¹/

/tam³¹ ku⁵³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sʰun¹¹/

/tã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kɔ²¹⁻⁵³ sun²⁴/

/tã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kɔ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ sun²⁴/

/tã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kɔ²¹⁻⁵³ sun¹³/

/tã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kɔ¹¹⁻⁵³ sun²⁴/

/tã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kɔ²¹⁻⁴¹ sun²³/

/tän²¹⁴⁻²¹ ku⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən³⁵/

/taːm³⁵ kuː³³ sɵn²¹/

/tam³¹ ku⁵³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sʰun¹¹/

/tã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kɔ²¹⁻⁵³ sun²⁴/

/tã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kɔ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ sun²⁴/

/tã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kɔ²¹⁻⁵³ sun¹³/

/tã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kɔ¹¹⁻⁵³ sun²⁴/

/tã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kɔ²¹⁻⁴¹ sun²³/

Calque of English cholesterol, ultimately from Ancient Greek χολή (kholḗ, “gall, bile”) + στερεός (stereós, “firm, solid”)


腎上腺素

ㄕㄣˋ ㄕㄤˋ ㄒㄧㄢˋ ㄙㄨˋ

шэньшансяньсу

/ʂən⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂɑŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹⁻⁵³ su⁵¹/

/sɐn²² sœːŋ²² siːn³³ sou̯³³/

/ʂən⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂɑŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹⁻⁵³ su⁵¹/

/sɐn²² sœːŋ²² siːn³³ sou̯³³/

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) adrenaline; epinephrine


胰島素

/i³⁵ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ su⁵¹/

/i²⁴⁻²² to⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sɔ²¹/

/i²⁴⁻²² to⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sɔ⁴¹/

/i¹³⁻²² to⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sɔ²¹/

/i²⁴⁻¹¹ to⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sɔ¹¹/

/i²³⁻³³ tɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ sɔ²¹/

/i⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tau⁵²⁻³⁵ su²¹³/

/i³⁵ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ su⁵¹/

/i²⁴⁻²² to⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sɔ²¹/

/i²⁴⁻²² to⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sɔ⁴¹/

/i¹³⁻²² to⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sɔ²¹/

/i²⁴⁻¹¹ to⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sɔ¹¹/

/i²³⁻³³ tɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ sɔ²¹/

/i⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tau⁵²⁻³⁵ su²¹³/

注射胰島素

注射胰岛素


雌激素

/t͡sʰz̩³⁵ t͡ɕi⁵⁵ su⁵¹/

/t͡sʰz̩⁵⁵ t͡ɕi⁵⁵ su⁵¹/

/t͡sʰiː⁵⁵ kɪk̚⁵ sou̯³³/

/t͡sʰz̩³⁵ t͡ɕi⁵⁵ su⁵¹/

/t͡sʰz̩⁵⁵ t͡ɕi⁵⁵ su⁵¹/

/t͡sʰiː⁵⁵ kɪk̚⁵ sou̯³³/


烏龍茶

→ English: oolong tea (calque)

→ Japanese: 烏龍茶 (ūroncha)

→ Korean: 우롱차 (urongcha)

desc

→ Pashto: وولونګ چای (wûlong čây) (calque)

→ Vietnamese: trà ô long (calque)

/u⁵⁵ lʊŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰä³⁵/

/wuː⁵⁵ lʊŋ²¹⁻³⁵ t͡sʰaː²¹/

/vu²⁴ li̯uŋ¹¹ t͡sʰa¹¹/

/u⁵⁴ lœyŋ³³ ta³³/

/u⁵⁵ l̃yŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾na⁵³/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻²² liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² te²⁴/

/ɔ³³ liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² te²⁴/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻²² liɔŋ¹³⁻²² te¹³/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ liɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ te²⁴/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ liɔŋ²³⁻³³ te²³/

/ou³³⁻²³ leŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ te⁵⁵/

/u⁵⁵ lʊŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰä³⁵/

/wuː⁵⁵ lʊŋ²¹⁻³⁵ t͡sʰaː²¹/

/vu²⁴ li̯uŋ¹¹ t͡sʰa¹¹/

/u⁵⁴ lœyŋ³³ ta³³/

/u⁵⁵ l̃yŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾na⁵³/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻²² liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² te²⁴/

/ɔ³³ liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² te²⁴/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻²² liɔŋ¹³⁻²² te¹³/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ liɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ te²⁴/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ liɔŋ²³⁻³³ te²³/

/ou³³⁻²³ leŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ te⁵⁵/


方程式

/fɑŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/fɔːŋ⁵⁵ t͡sʰɪŋ²¹ sɪk̚⁵/

/fɑŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/fɔːŋ⁵⁵ t͡sʰɪŋ²¹ sɪk̚⁵/


濁點

/ʈ͡ʂu̯ɔ³⁵ ti̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʈ͡ʂu̯ɔ³⁵ ti̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/


徹底

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (徹底):
* → Japanese: 徹底(てってい) (tettei)
* → Korean: 철저(徹底) (cheoljeo)
* → Vietnamese: triệt để (徹底)

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤ⁵¹ ti²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰiːt̚³ tɐi̯³⁵/

/t͡sʰaʔ²⁻⁴⁵ ti⁵³/

/tʰiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ ti⁵³/

/tʰiɛt̚³²⁻⁵ ti⁵³/

/tʰiɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ ti⁵⁵⁴/

/tʰiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ ti⁴¹/

/tʰiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ te⁵³/

/tʰiɛt̚³²⁻⁵ te⁵³/

/tʰiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ te⁴¹/

/tʰiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ tue⁵³/

/tʰiak̚²⁻⁴ toi⁵²⁻²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤ⁵¹ ti²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰiːt̚³ tɐi̯³⁵/

/t͡sʰaʔ²⁻⁴⁵ ti⁵³/

/tʰiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ ti⁵³/

/tʰiɛt̚³²⁻⁵ ti⁵³/

/tʰiɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ ti⁵⁵⁴/

/tʰiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ ti⁴¹/

/tʰiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ te⁵³/

/tʰiɛt̚³²⁻⁵ te⁵³/

/tʰiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ te⁴¹/

/tʰiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ tue⁵³/

/tʰiak̚²⁻⁴ toi⁵²⁻²¹/


反應

/fän²¹⁴⁻²¹ iŋ⁵¹/

/fän²¹⁴ iŋ⁴/

/faːn³⁵ jɪŋ³³/

/huaŋ³³⁻⁵⁵ ^((Ø-))ŋɛiŋ²¹³/

/huaŋ⁴⁵³⁻²¹ iŋ⁴²/

/huoŋ³³²⁻²¹ iŋ⁴²/

/huan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ iɪŋ²¹/

/huan⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ iɪŋ⁴¹/

/huan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ iɪŋ²¹/

/huan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ iɪŋ¹¹/

/huan⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ iɪŋ²¹/

/hueŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ eŋ²¹³/

/fän²¹⁴⁻²¹ iŋ⁵¹/

/fän²¹⁴ iŋ⁴/

/faːn³⁵ jɪŋ³³/

/huaŋ³³⁻⁵⁵ ^((Ø-))ŋɛiŋ²¹³/

/huaŋ⁴⁵³⁻²¹ iŋ⁴²/

/huoŋ³³²⁻²¹ iŋ⁴²/

/huan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ iɪŋ²¹/

/huan⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ iɪŋ⁴¹/

/huan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ iɪŋ²¹/

/huan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ iɪŋ¹¹/

/huan⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ iɪŋ²¹/

/hueŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ eŋ²¹³/

Wasei kango (和製漢語), orthographically borrowed from Japanese 反(はん)応(のう) (hannō)

wasei kango

本能反應

本能反应

毒性反應

毒性反应

輸血反應

输血反应

中和反應

中和反应

During blood transfusions we should pay close attention to potential adverse reactions and deal with them in a timely and reasonable manner.

Zài shūxuè guòchéng zhōng yīng mìqiè zhùyì shūxuè de bùliáng fǎnyìng fāshēng bìng yīnggāi jíshí hélǐ de chǔlǐ.

在輸血過程中應密切注意輸血的不良反應發生並應及時合理的處理。

在输血过程中应密切注意输血的不良反应发生并应及时合理的处理。

(chemistry, physics, physiology, medicine) reaction; response


濃縮鈾

ㄋㄨㄥˊ ㄙㄨㄛ ㄧㄡˊ

ㄋㄨㄥˊ ㄙㄨㄛ ㄧㄡˋ

/nʊŋ³⁵ su̯ɔ⁵⁵ joʊ̯³⁵/

/nʊŋ³⁵ su̯ɔ⁵⁵ joʊ̯⁵¹/

/nɔːŋ²¹ sʊk̚⁵ jɐu̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/nʊŋ³⁵ su̯ɔ⁵⁵ joʊ̯³⁵/

/nʊŋ³⁵ su̯ɔ⁵⁵ joʊ̯⁵¹/

/nɔːŋ²¹ sʊk̚⁵ jɐu̯²¹⁻³⁵/


精煉

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ li̯ɛn⁵¹/

/t͡sɪŋ⁵⁵ liːn²²/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² liɛn²²/

/t͡siɪŋ³³ liɛn⁴¹/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² liɛn²²/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ liɛn³³/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ liɛn³³/

/t͡seŋ³³⁻²³ liaŋ¹¹/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ li̯ɛn⁵¹/

/t͡sɪŋ⁵⁵ liːn²²/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² liɛn²²/

/t͡siɪŋ³³ liɛn⁴¹/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² liɛn²²/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ liɛn³³/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ liɛn³³/

/t͡seŋ³³⁻²³ liaŋ¹¹/


石油化

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ joʊ̯³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/sɛːk̚² jɐu̯²¹ faː³³/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ joʊ̯³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/sɛːk̚² jɐu̯²¹ faː³³/


濃縮

/nʊŋ³⁵ su̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/nʊŋ²¹ sʊk̚⁵/

/lɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ sɔk̚³²/

/lɔŋ¹³⁻²² sɔk̚³²/

/lɔŋ²⁴⁻²² sɔk̚³²/

/lɔŋ²⁴⁻²² sɔk̚⁵/

/lɔŋ²³⁻³³ sɔk̚³²/

/lɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ siɔk̚³²/

/lɔŋ¹³⁻²² siɔk̚³²/

/lɔŋ²⁴⁻²² siɔk̚⁵/

/lɔŋ²³⁻³³ siɔk̚³²/

/lɔŋ²⁴⁻²² siɔk̚³²/

/nʊŋ³⁵ su̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/nʊŋ²¹ sʊk̚⁵/

/lɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ sɔk̚³²/

/lɔŋ¹³⁻²² sɔk̚³²/

/lɔŋ²⁴⁻²² sɔk̚³²/

/lɔŋ²⁴⁻²² sɔk̚⁵/

/lɔŋ²³⁻³³ sɔk̚³²/

/lɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ siɔk̚³²/

/lɔŋ¹³⁻²² siɔk̚³²/

/lɔŋ²⁴⁻²² siɔk̚⁵/

/lɔŋ²³⁻³³ siɔk̚³²/

/lɔŋ²⁴⁻²² siɔk̚³²/

鈾濃縮

铀浓缩


鈾礦

/joʊ̯³⁵ kʰu̯ɑŋ⁵¹/

/joʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ kʰu̯ɑŋ⁵¹/

/jɐu̯²¹⁻³⁵ kʷʰɔːŋ³³/

/jɐu̯²¹ kʷʰɔːŋ³³/

/joʊ̯³⁵ kʰu̯ɑŋ⁵¹/

/joʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ kʰu̯ɑŋ⁵¹/

/jɐu̯²¹⁻³⁵ kʷʰɔːŋ³³/

/jɐu̯²¹ kʷʰɔːŋ³³/


人參皂苷

人参皂苷
人蔘皂苷
人參皂甘/人蔘皂甘/人参皂甘

ㄖㄣˊ ㄕㄣ ㄗㄠˋ ㄍㄢ

жэньшэнь цзаогань

/ʐən³⁵ ʂən⁵⁵ t͡sɑʊ̯⁵¹ kän⁵⁵/

/ʐən³⁵ ʂən⁵⁵ t͡sɑʊ̯⁵¹ kän⁵⁵/


梅酒

/meɪ̯³⁵ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/muːi̯²¹ t͡sɐu̯³⁵/

/meɪ̯³⁵ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/muːi̯²¹ t͡sɐu̯³⁵/


小雨

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/siːu̯³⁵ jyː¹³/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hɔ²²/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hɔ³³/

/siɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ hɔ³³/

/sio⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ hɔ²²/

/ɕiɔ³³ ɦy⁴⁴/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/siːu̯³⁵ jyː¹³/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hɔ²²/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hɔ³³/

/siɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ hɔ³³/

/sio⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ hɔ²²/

/ɕiɔ³³ ɦy⁴⁴/


皂礬

/t͡sɑʊ̯⁵¹ fän³⁵/

/t͡sɑʊ̯⁵¹ fän³⁵/


澱粉

/ti̯ɛn⁵¹ fən²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tiɛn²²⁻²¹ hun⁵³/

/tiɛn⁴¹⁻²² hun⁵⁵⁴/

/tiɛn²²⁻²¹ hun⁵³/

/tiɛn³³⁻¹¹ hun⁵³/

/tiɛn³³⁻²¹ hun⁴¹/

/ti̯ɛn⁵¹ fən²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tiɛn²²⁻²¹ hun⁵³/

/tiɛn⁴¹⁻²² hun⁵⁵⁴/

/tiɛn²²⁻²¹ hun⁵³/

/tiɛn³³⁻¹¹ hun⁵³/

/tiɛn³³⁻²¹ hun⁴¹/


大浪

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ lɑŋ⁵¹/

/taːi̯²² lɔːŋ²²/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ loŋ⁵⁵/

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ lɑŋ⁵¹/

/taːi̯²² lɔːŋ²²/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ loŋ⁵⁵/

(～村) Tai Long (a village of South Lantao Rural Committee in Chi Ma Wan, Islands district, New Territories, Hong Kong)


海水

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (海水):
* → Japanese: 海水(かいすい) (kaisui)
* → Korean: 해수(海水) (haesu)

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ sɵy̯³⁵/

/hoɪ³¹ suɪ³¹/

/hai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sui⁵⁵⁴/

/hai⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡sui⁵²⁻²¹/

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ sɵy̯³⁵/

/hoɪ³¹ suɪ³¹/

/hai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sui⁵⁵⁴/

/hai⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡sui⁵²⁻²¹/

海水淡化


賴氨酸

/laɪ̯⁵¹ ˀän⁵⁵ su̯än⁵⁵/

/laːi̯²² ɔːn⁵⁵ syːn⁵⁵/

/laɪ̯⁵¹ ˀän⁵⁵ su̯än⁵⁵/

/laːi̯²² ɔːn⁵⁵ syːn⁵⁵/

From English lysine + 氨酸 (ānsuān, “amino acid”).


威士忌

/weɪ̯⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕi⁵¹/

/wɐi̯⁵⁵ siː²² kei̯²²⁻³⁵/

/u̯i²⁴⁻¹¹ sɨ⁵⁵ ki³¹/

/ui⁴⁴⁻³³ su³³⁻²¹ ki³³/

/ui⁴⁴⁻³³ su³³⁻¹¹ ki³³/

/weɪ̯⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕi⁵¹/

/wɐi̯⁵⁵ siː²² kei̯²²⁻³⁵/

/u̯i²⁴⁻¹¹ sɨ⁵⁵ ki³¹/

/ui⁴⁴⁻³³ su³³⁻²¹ ki³³/

/ui⁴⁴⁻³³ su³³⁻¹¹ ki³³/


白蘭地

/paɪ̯³⁵ län³⁵ ti⁵¹/

bag⁶ lan⁴⁻¹ déi⁶⁻²

/paːk̚² laːn²¹⁻⁵⁵ tei̯²²⁻³⁵/

/pak̚³² lan⁵⁵ ti³²⁻³²⁵/

/piɪk̚⁴⁻³² lan²⁴⁻²² te²²/

/paɪ̯³⁵ län³⁵ ti⁵¹/

/paːk̚² laːn²¹⁻⁵⁵ tei̯²²⁻³⁵/

/pak̚³² lan⁵⁵ ti³²⁻³²⁵/

/piɪk̚⁴⁻³² lan²⁴⁻²² te²²/

Borrowed from English brandy, via Shanghainese.


嗎啡

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ feɪ̯⁵⁵/

/maː⁵⁵ fɛː⁵⁵/

/ˈma²¹³⁻¹³ fɨi⁴²/

/mã²²⁻²¹ hui⁴⁴/

/mɔ̃²³⁻³³ hui⁴⁴/

/mɔ̃²⁴⁻¹¹ hui⁴⁴/

/ma⁵²⁻³⁵ hui³³/

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ feɪ̯⁵⁵/

/maː⁵⁵ fɛː⁵⁵/

/ˈma²¹³⁻¹³ fɨi⁴²/

/mã²²⁻²¹ hui⁴⁴/

/mɔ̃²³⁻³³ hui⁴⁴/

/mɔ̃²⁴⁻¹¹ hui⁴⁴/

/ma⁵²⁻³⁵ hui³³/


冰山

/piŋ⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/pɪŋ⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/piɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/piɪŋ³³ suã³³/

/piɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/piɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ suã⁴⁴/

/piɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ suã⁴⁴/

/pĩã³³⁻²³ sũã³³/

/piŋ⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/pɪŋ⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/piɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/piɪŋ³³ suã³³/

/piɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/piɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ suã⁴⁴/

/piɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ suã⁴⁴/

/pĩã³³⁻²³ sũã³³/

(literally, figurative) iceberg (floating mass of ice in the sea)