受

Possibly a ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): 爪 (“hand”) + 凡 (“plate”) + 又 (“hand”) – to hand over.
凡 in the middle was corrupted into 舟 (OC *tjɯw), which acted as a phonetic component. Alternatively, the character may have always been a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tuːs, *djuʔ): semantic 爪 (“hand”) + phonetic 舟 (OC *tjɯw, “boat”) + semantic 又 (“hand”). The
凡 or 舟 has been simplified to 冖 since the seal script.
; “bottom; uke”


想

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (想):
* → Vietnamese: tưởng (想)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *slaŋʔ): phonetic 相 (OC *slaŋ, *slaŋs) + semantic 心 (“heart, mind”) – to think, to consider. The phonetic component has a reference as well to the act of thinking, hence "visualizing" in one's own mind.
From 相 (OC *slaŋ, *slaŋs, “to observe; appearance”) (“appearance > to visualise > to think”).

少年袂曉想，食老毋成樣／少年袂晓想，食老毋成样

siàu-liân bē-hiáu siūⁿ, chia̍h-lāu m̄-chiâⁿ-iūⁿ


梵

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *bloms, *bum): semantic 林 (“forest”) + phonetic 凡 (OC *bom) – lush. Originally a variant form of 芃 (OC *boːŋ, *bum).
As a word for transcribing Indic languages, the reading 梵 (MC bjomH) probably derives from Gandhari and transcribes the syllables such as bram̄(a), bra(m)m-, etc. (Bailey, 1946) in words like 𐨦𐨿𐨪𐨨𐨸 (bram̄a, “Brahma”), 𐨦𐨿𐨪𐨨𐨞 (bramaṇa, “a brahmin”), and it appears in the classical Chinese lexicon in 梵天 (“Brahma, name of a deity”), 梵志 (“a person dedicated to religion”), 梵行 (“good, pure conduct”), etc. The sense for "Sanskrit" originally refers to its status as a religious language. In modern usage, it is also used to translate various terms in Hinduism, such as Brahman.

Han compound

(Hinduism) Brahman; the ultimate reality in the universe (concept in Hinduism)


行

Characters in the same phonetic series (行) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Pictogram (象形) – a street intersection.
Originally symmetric, it has been simplified asymmetrically; the left half 彳 (chì) is widely used as a radical, while the right half 亍 (chù) finds occasional use, and the character can be broken up as 彳 + 亍, though originally it was not a compound.


煩惱

/fän³⁵ nɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/huan²³⁻³³ lɤ⁴¹/

/huan²⁴⁻²² lo⁵⁵⁴/

/huan²⁴⁻²² ho⁵⁵⁴/

/hueŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lo⁵²/

/huaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lo⁵²/

/fän³⁵ nɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/huan²³⁻³³ lɤ⁴¹/

/huan²⁴⁻²² lo⁵⁵⁴/

/huan²⁴⁻²² ho⁵⁵⁴/

/hueŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lo⁵²/

/huaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lo⁵²/


不二論

/pu⁵¹⁻³⁵ ˀɤɻ⁵¹⁻⁵³ lu̯ən⁵¹/

/pɐt̚⁵ jiː²² lɵn²²/

/pu⁵¹⁻³⁵ ˀɤɻ⁵¹⁻⁵³ lu̯ən⁵¹/

/pɐt̚⁵ jiː²² lɵn²²/


居士

/t͡ɕy⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/kɵy̯⁵⁵ siː²²/

/ˈt͡ɕy⁴² sz̩¹¹/

/ky⁵³³⁻¹³ ɬo²¹/

/ky⁵³³⁻¹³ ɬɵ²¹/

/ku⁴⁴⁻²² su²²/

/ku⁴⁴⁻³³ su³³/

/ki⁴⁴⁻³³ su³³/

/kɯ³³⁻²³ sɯ³⁵/

/t͡ɕy⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/kɵy̯⁵⁵ siː²²/

/ˈt͡ɕy⁴² sz̩¹¹/

/ky⁵³³⁻¹³ ɬo²¹/

/ky⁵³³⁻¹³ ɬɵ²¹/

/ku⁴⁴⁻²² su²²/

/ku⁴⁴⁻³³ su³³/

/ki⁴⁴⁻³³ su³³/

/kɯ³³⁻²³ sɯ³⁵/

"Master Gotama, there are these four castes: aristocrats, brahmins, merchants, and workers. Three of these castes — aristocrats, merchants, and workers — in fact succeed only in serving the brahmins," (said the youth)

c. 413. Buddhayaśas (佛陀耶舍) and Zhu Fonian (竺佛念), trans. The Dīrghāgama 《長阿含經》 DA 20. English text based on the translation by Bhikkhu Sujato of the parallel text DN 3 in the Pali Tipiṭaka

Mónà bái Fó yán: “Shì yǒu sì xìng — chàlì, póluómén, jūshì, shǒutuóluó; qí bǐ sān xìng, cháng zūnzhòng, gōngjìng, gōngyǎng póluómén.”

摩納白佛言：「世有四姓——剎利、婆羅門、居士、首陀羅；其彼三姓，常尊重、恭敬、供養婆羅門。」

摩纳白佛言：「世有四姓——刹利、婆罗门、居士、首陀罗；其彼三姓，常尊重、恭敬、供养婆罗门。」

(Buddhism, Hinduism, uncommon) Vaishya (one of the four castes of the varna system)


曼荼羅

ㄇㄢˋ ㄊㄨˊ ㄌㄨㄛˊ

/män⁵¹ tʰu³⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵/

/maːn²² tʰou̯²¹ lɔː²¹/

/män⁵¹ tʰu³⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵/

/maːn²² tʰou̯²¹ lɔː²¹/

Borrowed from Sanskrit मण्डल (maṇḍala, “round; circular”).

bor

曼荼罗
曼陀羅
慢怛羅
滿拏囉
曼達拉


梵天

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (梵天):
* → Japanese: 梵天(ぼんてん) (Bonten)
* → Korean: 범천(梵天) (Beomcheon)
* → Vietnamese: Phạm Thiên (梵天)

/fän⁵¹ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/fän³⁵ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/fän⁵¹ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/fän³⁵ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/


閻魔

/jɛn³⁵ mu̯ɔ³⁵/

/jiːm²¹ mɔː⁵⁵/

/jɛn³⁵ mu̯ɔ³⁵/

/jiːm²¹ mɔː⁵⁵/

Borrowed from Sanskrit यम (yama, “Yama”).

(～王) (Hinduism, Buddhism, Chinese mythology) Synonym of 閻羅／阎罗 (Yánluó, “Yama (god of the underworld)”)


大黑天

Sino-Xenic (大黑天):
* → Japanese: 大黒天(だいこくてん) (Daikokuten)
* → Korean: 대흑천(大黑天) (Daeheukcheon)
* → Vietnamese: Đại Hắc Thiên (大黑天)

Calque of Sanskrit महाकाल (mahākāla, literally “Great Time”). Compare Tibetan ནག་པོ་ཆེན་པོ (nag po chen po, literally “Great Black One”).

cog

ནག་པོ་ཆེན་པོ

/tä⁵¹ xeɪ̯⁵⁵ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/tä⁵¹ xeɪ̯⁵⁵ tʰi̯ɑɻ⁵⁵/

/taːi̯²² hɐk̚⁵ tʰiːn⁵⁵/

/tä⁵¹ xeɪ̯⁵⁵ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/tä⁵¹ xeɪ̯⁵⁵ tʰi̯ɑɻ⁵⁵/

/taːi̯²² hɐk̚⁵ tʰiːn⁵⁵/


摩訶婆羅多

ㄇㄛˊ ㄏㄜ ㄆㄛˊ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄉㄨㄛ

/mu̯ɔ³⁵ xɤ⁵⁵ pʰu̯ɔ³⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ tu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/mɔː⁵⁵ hɔː⁵⁵ pʰɔː²¹ lɔː²¹ tɔː⁵⁵/

/mu̯ɔ³⁵ xɤ⁵⁵ pʰu̯ɔ³⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ tu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/mɔː⁵⁵ hɔː⁵⁵ pʰɔː²¹ lɔː²¹ tɔː⁵⁵/

Phonetic borrowing from Sanskrit महाभारत (mahābhārata), from महा (mahā) + भारत (bhārata). Although a full translation appeared much later, the title itself was mentioned in Chinese as late as in the early 20th century, for example, in the novel The Lone Swan (《斷鴻零雁記》) by Su Manshu [1912]. Variant forms existed, such as 摩訶波羅多 used by Lu Xun [1907]. The Chinese characters chosen for their phonetic values were influenced by the phonetics and conventions of Middle Chinese, into which a substantial corpus of Indic-language works were translated, where it would have be reconstructed as 摩訶婆羅多 (MC ma xa ba la ta).


印度教

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (印度教):
* → Korean: 인도교(印度敎) (indogyo)
* → Vietnamese: Ấn Độ giáo (印度教)

ㄧㄣˋ ㄉㄨˋ ㄐㄧㄠˋ

/in⁵¹⁻⁵³ tu⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/jɐn³³ tou̯²² kaːu̯³³/

/iŋ²¹³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nu²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ɑu²¹³/

/in⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tɔ⁴¹⁻²² kau⁴¹/

/in¹¹⁻⁵³ tɔ³³⁻¹¹ kau¹¹/

/in²¹⁻⁵³ tɔ²²⁻²¹ kau²¹/

/in²¹⁻⁴² tɔ²²⁻²¹ kau²¹/

/in²¹⁻⁴¹ tɔ³³⁻²¹ kau²¹/

/iŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ tou¹¹ ka²¹³/

/in³³ du⁵⁵ t͡ɕiɔ²¹/

/in⁵¹⁻⁵³ tu⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/jɐn³³ tou̯²² kaːu̯³³/

/iŋ²¹³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nu²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ɑu²¹³/

/in⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tɔ⁴¹⁻²² kau⁴¹/

/in¹¹⁻⁵³ tɔ³³⁻¹¹ kau¹¹/

/in²¹⁻⁵³ tɔ²²⁻²¹ kau²¹/

/in²¹⁻⁴² tɔ²²⁻²¹ kau²¹/

/in²¹⁻⁴¹ tɔ³³⁻²¹ kau²¹/

/iŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ tou¹¹ ka²¹³/

/in³³ du⁵⁵ t͡ɕiɔ²¹/

GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)


布施

/pu⁵¹ ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/

/pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ si⁴⁴/

/pɔ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ si³³/

/pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ si⁴⁴/

/pɔ¹¹⁻⁵³ si⁴⁴/

/pɔ²¹⁻⁴¹ si⁴⁴/

/pu⁵¹ ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/

/pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ si⁴⁴/

/pɔ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ si³³/

/pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ si⁴⁴/

/pɔ¹¹⁻⁵³ si⁴⁴/

/pɔ²¹⁻⁴¹ si⁴⁴/

(Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism) to practice dana


布施

Sino-Xenic (布施):
* → Japanese: 布施(ふせ) (fuse)
* → Korean: 보시(布施) (bosi)

/pu⁵¹ ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/

/pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ si⁴⁴/

/pɔ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ si³³/

/pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ si⁴⁴/

/pɔ¹¹⁻⁵³ si⁴⁴/

/pɔ²¹⁻⁴¹ si⁴⁴/

/pu⁵¹ ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/

/pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ si⁴⁴/

/pɔ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ si³³/

/pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ si⁴⁴/

/pɔ¹¹⁻⁵³ si⁴⁴/

/pɔ²¹⁻⁴¹ si⁴⁴/


性力

/ɕiŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹/

/ɕiŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹/


羅剎

Sino-Xenic (羅剎):
* → Japanese: 羅(ら)刹(せつ) (rasetsu)
* → Korean: 나찰(羅刹) (nachal)
* → Vietnamese: La Sát (羅剎)

/lu̯ɔ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰä⁵¹/

/lɔː²¹ t͡sʰaːt̚³/

/lu̯ɔ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰä⁵¹/

/lɔː²¹ t͡sʰaːt̚³/

Borrowed from Sanskrit राक्षस (rākṣasa).

(Hindu mythology, Hinduism, Buddhism) rakshasa


吠陀

/feɪ̯⁵¹ tʰu̯ɔ³⁵/

/fɐi̯²² tʰɔː²¹/

/feɪ̯⁵¹ tʰu̯ɔ³⁵/

/fɐi̯²² tʰɔː²¹/


濕婆

/ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ pʰu̯ɔ³⁵/

/sɐp̚⁵ pʰɔː²¹/

/ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ pʰu̯ɔ³⁵/

/sɐp̚⁵ pʰɔː²¹/


巴布爾

/pä⁵⁵ pu⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pä⁵⁵ pu⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Borrowed from English Babur, from Hindi बाबर (bābar).


百乘

/paɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/paɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

Calque of Sanskrit सातवाहन (sātavāhana), taken to mean "hundred vehicles".

(～王朝) the Satavahana dynasty of southern India, extant from the 1st century BCE to the 3rd century CE


毗濕奴

/pʰi³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ nu³⁵/

/pʰei̯²¹ sɐp̚⁵ nou̯²¹/

/pʰi³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ nu³⁵/

/pʰei̯²¹ sɐp̚⁵ nou̯²¹/


黑天

/xeɪ̯⁵⁵ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/hɐk̚⁵ tʰiːn⁵⁵/

/xeɪ̯⁵⁵ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/hɐk̚⁵ tʰiːn⁵⁵/

Partial calque of Sanskrit कृष्ण (kṛṣṇa, literally “black”) + 天 (tiān, “deva”).


蘇波呵

/su⁵⁵ pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ xɤ⁵⁵/

/su⁵⁵ pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ xɤ⁵⁵/

Alternative form of 娑婆訶／娑婆诃 (sàpóhē): (Buddhism, Hinduism) svaha (said during oblation)


提婆

/tʰi³⁵ pʰu̯ɔ³⁵/

/tʰi³⁵ pʰu̯ɔ³⁵/

(Buddhism, Hinduism) deva, a god in Hinduism and some Buddhist sects


閻摩

/jɛn³⁵ mu̯ɔ³⁵/

/jɛn³⁵ mu̯ɔ³⁵/


閻羅

/jɛn³⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵/

/jiːm²¹ lɔː²¹/

/ɡiam²⁴⁻²² lo²⁴/

/ɡiam²⁴⁻²² lo²⁴/

/ɡiam¹³⁻²² lo¹³/

/ɡiam²⁴⁻¹¹ lo²⁴/

/ɡiam²³⁻³³ lɤ²³/

/ŋiam⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lo⁵⁵/

/jɛn³⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵/

/jiːm²¹ lɔː²¹/

/ɡiam²⁴⁻²² lo²⁴/

/ɡiam²⁴⁻²² lo²⁴/

/ɡiam¹³⁻²² lo¹³/

/ɡiam²⁴⁻¹¹ lo²⁴/

/ɡiam²³⁻³³ lɤ²³/

/ŋiam⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lo⁵⁵/

Clipping 閻魔羅闍 (MC yem ma la dzyae, “Yama”), borrowed from Sanskrit यमराज (yamarāja, “Yama”).

(～王) (Hinduism, Buddhism, Chinese mythology) Yama (god of the underworld)


林伽

/lin³⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛ³⁵/

/lin³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵/

/lin³⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛ³⁵/

/lin³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵/


寶萊塢

/pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ laɪ̯³⁵ u⁵¹/

/pou̯³⁵ lɔːi̯²¹ wuː³⁵/

/pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ laɪ̯³⁵ u⁵¹/

/pou̯³⁵ lɔːi̯²¹ wuː³⁵/


陪臚

/pʰeɪ̯³⁵ lu³⁵/

/pʰeɪ̯³⁵ lu³⁵/


娑婆訶

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (娑婆訶):
* → Japanese: 薩(そ)婆(わ)訶(か) (sowaka)
* → Korean: 사바하(娑婆訶) (sabaha)
* → Vietnamese: ta bà ha (娑婆訶)

/sä⁵¹ pʰu̯ɔ³⁵ xɤ⁵⁵/

/sä⁵¹ pʰu̯ɔ³⁵ xɤ⁵⁵/

(Buddhism, Hinduism) svaha (said during oblation)


興都

/ɕiŋ⁵¹ tu⁵⁵/

/ɕiŋ⁵¹ tu⁵⁵/


阿闍梨

/ˀä⁵⁵ ʂɤ³⁵ li³⁵/

/aː³³ sɛː²¹ lei̯²¹/

/a⁴⁴⁻³³ sia²³⁻³³ le²³/

/a⁴⁴⁻³³ sia²⁴⁻¹¹ le²⁴/

/a⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ li²⁴/

/a⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ li²³/

/ˀä⁵⁵ ʂɤ³⁵ li³⁵/

/aː³³ sɛː²¹ lei̯²¹/

/a⁴⁴⁻³³ sia²³⁻³³ le²³/

/a⁴⁴⁻³³ sia²⁴⁻¹¹ le²⁴/

/a⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ li²⁴/

/a⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ li²³/

From Sanskrit आचार्य (ācārya, “mentor”, literally “imparting the rules and conduct”).

bor

阿阇梨
阿闍黎
阿遮利那
闍黎


閻羅天子

ㄧㄢˊ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄊㄧㄢ ㄗˇ

Яньло Тяньцзы

/jɛn³⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jɛn³⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

(Hinduism, Buddhism, Chinese mythology) Synonym of 閻羅／阎罗 (Yánluó, “Yama (god of the underworld)”)


福德

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (福德):
* → Korean: 복덕(福德) (bokdeok)
* → Vietnamese: phúc đức (福德)

/fʊk̚⁵ tɐk̚⁵/

/fʊk̚⁵ tɐk̚⁵/

(Buddhism, Jainism, Hinduism) merit; virtue; punya


馬嘶

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ sz̩⁵⁵/

/maː¹³ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ sz̩⁵⁵/

/maː¹³ sɐi̯⁵⁵/


難近母

ㄋㄢˊ ㄐㄧㄣˋ ㄇㄨˇ

/nän³⁵ t͡ɕin⁵¹ mu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/nän³⁵ t͡ɕin⁵¹ mu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/


時母

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ mu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ mu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/


迦梨

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ li³⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ li³⁵/


雪山神女

ㄒㄩㄝˇ ㄕㄢ ㄕㄣˊ ㄋㄩˇ

Сюэшаньшэньнюй

/ɕy̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂän⁵⁵ ʂən³⁵ ny²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/syːt̚³ saːn⁵⁵ sɐn²¹ nɵy̯¹³⁻³⁵/

/ɕy̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂän⁵⁵ ʂən³⁵ ny²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/syːt̚³ saːn⁵⁵ sɐn²¹ nɵy̯¹³⁻³⁵/


杜爾迦

/tu⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵/

/tou̯²² jiː¹³ kaː⁵⁵/

/tu⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵/

/tou̯²² jiː¹³ kaː⁵⁵/


苦行僧

/kʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕiŋ³⁵ sɤŋ⁵⁵/

/fuː³⁵ hɐŋ²¹ t͡sɐŋ⁵⁵/

/kʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕiŋ³⁵ sɤŋ⁵⁵/

/fuː³⁵ hɐŋ²¹ t͡sɐŋ⁵⁵/


旃荼羅

/ʈ͡ʂän⁵⁵ tʰu³⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂän⁵⁵ tʰu³⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵/

Phonetic borrowing from Sanskrit चण्डाल (caṇḍāla), Pali caṇḍāla. Chiefly attested in Buddhist literature.

(historical, ancient India) outcast; caṇḍāla (person an ostracised social stratum)


興都廟

ㄒㄧㄥˋ ㄉㄨ ㄇㄧㄠˋ

/ɕiŋ⁵¹ tu⁵⁵ mi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/ɕiŋ⁵¹ tu⁵⁵ mi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/


興都教

ㄒㄧㄥˋ ㄉㄨ ㄐㄧㄠˋ

/ɕiŋ⁵¹ tu⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/ɕiŋ⁵¹ tu⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/


印度廟

ㄧㄣˋ ㄉㄨˋ ㄇㄧㄠˋ

/in⁵¹⁻⁵³ tu⁵¹⁻⁵³ mi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/jɐn³³ tou̯²² miːu̯²²⁻³⁵/

/in⁵¹⁻⁵³ tu⁵¹⁻⁵³ mi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/jɐn³³ tou̯²² miːu̯²²⁻³⁵/


因陀羅

ㄧㄣ ㄊㄨㄛˊ ㄌㄨㄛˊ

/in⁵⁵ tʰu̯ɔ³⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵/

/jɐn⁵⁵ tʰɔː²¹ lɔː²¹/

/in⁵⁵ tʰu̯ɔ³⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵/

/jɐn⁵⁵ tʰɔː²¹ lɔː²¹/

[T]here was an iron pillar or an Indra’s pillar with a deep base, securely planted, immobile, unshaking. Even if a forceful blast of wind comes—whether from the east, the west, the north, or the south—that pillar would not shake, quake, or tremble.

c. mid. 5th century, Guṇabhadra (求那跋陀羅), trans. The Saṃyuktāgama (雜阿含經). English text based on the parallel text SN 56.39 of the Pali Tipiṭaka, trans. Bhikkhu Bodhi.

Pìrú Yīntuóluó zhù, tóng tiě zuò zhī, yú shēnrù dì zhōng, sìfāng měng fēng bùnéng lìng dòng.

譬如因陀羅柱，銅鐵作之，於深入地中，四方猛風不能令動。

譬如因陀罗柱，铜铁作之，于深入地中，四方猛风不能令动。

Indra brought forth the kine with his Companions.

Jin Kemu (金克木), trans. The Rigveda X. 89, in 《梵語文學史》 (A History of Sanskrit Literature), 1980. English text based on the translation by Ralph T. H. Griffith.

Yīntuóluó hé tāde duìwǔ dàilái le qúnniú.

因陀羅和他的隊伍帶來了群牛。

因陀罗和他的队伍带来了群牛。


慾經

/y⁵¹ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/jʊk̚² kɪŋ⁵⁵/

/y⁵¹ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/jʊk̚² kɪŋ⁵⁵/


吠舍

/feɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂɤ⁵¹/

/feɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂɤ⁵¹/

(Buddhism, Hinduism) Vaishya (one of the four castes of the varna system)


首陀羅

ㄕㄡˇ ㄊㄨㄛˊ ㄌㄨㄛˊ

/ʂoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰu̯ɔ³⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵/

/ʂoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰu̯ɔ³⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵/

(Hinduism, Buddhism) Shudra (one of the four castes of the varna system)


摩揭陀

ㄇㄛˊ ㄐㄧㄝ ㄊㄨㄛˊ

/mu̯ɔ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵⁵ tʰu̯ɔ³⁵/

/mu̯ɔ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵⁵ tʰu̯ɔ³⁵/

From Sanskrit मगध (magadha, “Magadha, name of the country”), मागध (māgadha, adjective).

der

(history) Magadha (a historical country in India)


屠妖節

/tʰu³⁵ jɑʊ̯⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵/

/tʰou̯²¹ jiːu̯³⁵ t͡siːt̚³/

/tʰu³⁵ jɑʊ̯⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵/

/tʰou̯²¹ jiːu̯³⁵ t͡siːt̚³/

(chiefly Malaysia, Singapore) Diwali; Deepavali


波里活

/pɔː⁵⁵ lei̯¹³ wuːt̚²/

/pɔː⁵⁵ lei̯¹³ wuːt̚²/


羅摩衍那

ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄇㄛˊ ㄧㄢˇ ㄋㄚˋ

/lu̯ɔ³⁵ mu̯ɔ³⁵ jɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹ nä⁵¹/

/lu̯ɔ³⁵ mu̯ɔ³⁵ jɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹ nä⁵¹/

Borrowed from Sanskrit रामायण (rāmāyaṇa).
Watanabe Kaigyoku (1907) attested that the oldest mention of "Ramayana" in Chinese Buddhist writing is in a translation of Mahāvibhāṣā by 7th-century monk Xuanzang (aka Yuan Chwang), as 羅摩衍拏 (MC la ma yenX nrae).

bor+

Abhidharma Mahāvibhāṣa Śāstra
Xuanzang
ja:渡辺海旭


那摩斯戴

ㄋㄚˋ ㄇㄛˊ ㄙ ㄉㄞˋ

/nä⁵¹ mu̯ɔ³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ taɪ̯⁵¹/

/naː¹³ mɔː⁵⁵ siː⁵⁵ taːi̯³³/

/nä⁵¹ mu̯ɔ³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ taɪ̯⁵¹/

/naː¹³ mɔː⁵⁵ siː⁵⁵ taːi̯³³/

Ultimately from Sanskrit नमस्ते (namaste, literally “salutation to you”).


護摩

/xu⁵¹ mu̯ɔ³⁵/

/xu⁵¹ mu̯ɔ³⁵/

(Buddhism, Hinduism) a sacrificial offering done through fire; homa