墓

→ Khmer: ម៉ុង (mong)

→ Indonesian: bong

→ Javanese: ꦧꦺꦴꦁ (bong)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *maːɡs): phonetic 莫 (OC *maːɡ) + semantic 土.


文化

/wən³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/vəŋ²⁴ xua⁵¹/

/mɐn²¹ faː³³/

/uŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋuɑ²¹³/

/buŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hue²¹³/

/wən³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/vəŋ²⁴ xua⁵¹/

/mɐn²¹ faː³³/

/uŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋuɑ²¹³/

/buŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hue²¹³/

The modern Chinese term is an Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 文化(ぶんか) (bunka, “culture”), which is a direct translation of the German word Kultur.
In its classical form, the term can be interpreted as 文教 (wénjiào, “humanistic education”) + 化育 (huàyù, “transformational development”). Often cited are the following examples:
先秦, 《周易·賁卦彖傳》:
觀於天文、以察時變、觀乎人文、以化成天下
We observe the patterns of the skies in order to inspect seasonal changes. We observe the patterns of human behavior in order to transform and actualize all under Heaven.
南朝劉宋, 范曄, 《後漢書·荀淑傳》:
宣文教以章其化、立武備以秉其威。
Spread humanistic education in order to manifest its transformative potential. Establish military capabilities in order to have a grasp on (its) power.
Humanistic education, based on the tradition of rites and propriety 禮教／礼教 (lǐjiào) have the transformative potential to actualize all under Heaven 人文化成. This is often juxtaposed or contrasted with the use of punishment 刑 (xíng) or military might 武 (wǔ) to establish power and control over a populace, as can be seen in the quote below:
南北朝, 齊王融, 〈從武帝琅邪城講武應詔詩〉, quoted in 《藝文類聚》卷五十九 ，武部，戰伐:
早逢文化洽，復屬武功宣
Having reached an ideal state of (governance by the means of) transformative education at an early stage, we can now focus on the establishment of military power (in the region).
文化 over here is synonymous with 文治 (wénzhì, “governance by means of culture, education, rites and music”). This is not the same as culture in the modern sense of the term.
It is within this classical context that the Japanese first coined the term 文化(ぶんか) (bunka) to name an era during the Edo period.
When used to translate Kultur during the Meiji restoration, 文化(ぶんか) (bunka) is possibly a contraction of 文明開化(ぶんめいかいか) (bunmeikaika, “to open up and transform through civilization”), which takes the meaning of a civilizing agent i.e. Culture.

quote-book

《周易·賁卦彖傳》

觀於天文、以察時變、觀乎人文、以化成天下

《後漢書·荀淑傳》

宣文教以章其化、立武備以秉其威。

〈從武帝琅邪城講武應詔詩〉

早逢文化洽，復屬武功宣

《藝文類聚》卷五十九 ，武部，戰伐

ja-r

龍山文化

龙山文化

archaeological culture
archaeological culture

(archaeology, countable) archaeological culture (recurring assemblage of artifacts from a specific time and place that may constitute the material culture remains of a particular past human society)


棺槨

/ku̯än⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ku̯än⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/


北京人

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ʐən³⁵/

/pɐk̚⁵ kɪŋ⁵⁵ jɐn²¹/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴⁻²² laŋ²⁴/

/pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ kiã³³ laŋ²⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁵ kiã⁴⁴⁻²² laŋ¹³/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴⁻³³ laŋ²⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴⁻³³ laŋ²³/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ʐən³⁵/

/pɐk̚⁵ kɪŋ⁵⁵ jɐn²¹/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴⁻²² laŋ²⁴/

/pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ kiã³³ laŋ²⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁵ kiã⁴⁴⁻²² laŋ¹³/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴⁻³³ laŋ²⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴⁻³³ laŋ²³/

Homo erectus pekinensis
Homo erectus pekinensis#Translingual

(paleontology, archaeology, anthropology) Peking Man (Homo erectus pekinensis)


考古學

ㄎㄠˇ ㄍㄨˇ ㄒㄩㄝˊ

/kʰɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕy̯ɛ³⁵/

/haːu̯³⁵ kuː³⁵ hɔːk̚²/

/kʰɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ hak̚⁴/

/kʰo⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hak̚¹²¹/

/kʰo⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hak̚⁴/

/kʰɔ̃⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ hak̚²⁴/

/kʰɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕy̯ɛ³⁵/

/haːu̯³⁵ kuː³⁵ hɔːk̚²/

/kʰɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ hak̚⁴/

/kʰo⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hak̚¹²¹/

/kʰo⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hak̚⁴/

/kʰɔ̃⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ hak̚²⁴/

考古學重建

考古学重建


考古

/kʰɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/haːu̯³⁵ kuː³⁵/

/kʰo⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kɔ⁵³/

/kʰɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kɔ⁴¹/

/kʰɔ̃⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/kʰau⁵²⁻³⁵ kou⁵²⁻²¹/

/kʰɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/haːu̯³⁵ kuː³⁵/

/kʰo⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kɔ⁵³/

/kʰɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kɔ⁴¹/

/kʰɔ̃⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/kʰau⁵²⁻³⁵ kou⁵²⁻²¹/

田野考古

考古發掘

考古发掘

搶救性考古發掘

抢救性考古发掘


文物

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (文物):
* → Japanese: 文物(ぶんぶつ) (bunbutsu)
* → Korean: 문물(文物) (munmul)
* → Vietnamese: văn vật (文物)

/mɐn²¹ mɐt̚²/

/bun²⁴⁻²² but̚²⁴/

/bun¹³⁻²² but̚¹²¹/

/buŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ mueʔ⁴/

/mɐn²¹ mɐt̚²/

/bun²⁴⁻²² but̚²⁴/

/bun¹³⁻²² but̚¹²¹/

/buŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ mueʔ⁴/

珍貴文物

珍贵文物

保護文物

保护文物

出土文物


天宮

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tʰiɛn³³ kiɔŋ³³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tʰiaŋ³³⁻²³ keŋ³³/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tʰiɛn³³ kiɔŋ³³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tʰiaŋ³³⁻²³ keŋ³³/

孫悟空大鬧天宮——慌了神／孙悟空大闹天宫——慌了神

Sūn Wùkōng dà nào tiāngōng, huāng le shén

(archaeology) a palace at a high place (in which relics are kept)


冥器

/miŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰi⁵¹/

/miŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰi⁵¹/

(archaeology) burnt joss offerings to the dead


明器

/miŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰi⁵¹/

/miŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰi⁵¹/


青銅器時代

ㄑㄧㄥ ㄊㄨㄥˊ ㄑㄧˋ ㄕˊ ㄉㄞˋ

Цинтунци Шидай

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ tʰʊŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰi⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵ taɪ̯⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ tʰʊŋ²¹ hei̯³³ siː²¹ tɔːi̯²²/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ tʰʊŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰi⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵ taɪ̯⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ tʰʊŋ²¹ hei̯³³ siː²¹ tɔːi̯²²/


玉器

/y⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕʰi⁵¹/

/y¹¹ t͡ɕʰi¹/

/ɡiɪk̚⁴⁻³² kʰi¹¹/

/ɡiɪk̚⁴⁻³² kʰi²¹/

/y⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕʰi⁵¹/

/y¹¹ t͡ɕʰi¹/

/ɡiɪk̚⁴⁻³² kʰi¹¹/

/ɡiɪk̚⁴⁻³² kʰi²¹/


龍山文化

ㄌㄨㄥˊ ㄕㄢ ㄨㄣˊ ㄏㄨㄚˋ

Луншань Вэньхуа

/lʊŋ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵ wən³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/lʊŋ²¹ saːn⁵⁵ mɐn²¹ faː³³/

/lʊŋ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵ wən³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/lʊŋ²¹ saːn⁵⁵ mɐn²¹ faː³³/

(archaeology) the neolithic Longshan culture along the Yellow River, named for its type site


遺址

/i³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/wɐi̯²¹ t͡siː³⁵/

/i²⁴⁻²² t͡si⁵³/

/ui²³⁻³³ t͡si⁴¹/

/ui²⁴⁻²² t͡si⁵⁵⁴/

/ui²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡si⁵³/

/ui¹³⁻²² t͡si⁵³/

/d͡zui³⁵⁻¹¹ t͡si⁵²/

/i³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/wɐi̯²¹ t͡siː³⁵/

/i²⁴⁻²² t͡si⁵³/

/ui²³⁻³³ t͡si⁴¹/

/ui²⁴⁻²² t͡si⁵⁵⁴/

/ui²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡si⁵³/

/ui¹³⁻²² t͡si⁵³/

/d͡zui³⁵⁻¹¹ t͡si⁵²/

人類遺址

人类遗址

archaeological site; archaeological ruin

古文化遺址

古文化遗址

北京明城牆遺址公園

北京明城墙遗址公园

(countable, archaeology) ruins; relics; historical site (Classifier: 處／处 m)


細石器

/ɕi⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵ t͡ɕʰi⁵¹/

/ɕi⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵ t͡ɕʰi⁵¹/


石器時代

ㄕˊ ㄑㄧˋ ㄕˊ ㄉㄞˋ

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ t͡ɕʰi⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵ taɪ̯⁵¹/

/sɛːk̚² hei̯³³ siː²¹ tɔːi̯²²/

/t͡sio(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ kʰi²¹⁻⁵³ si²⁴⁻²² tai²²/

/t͡sio(ʔ)²⁴⁻² kʰi⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ si²⁴⁻²² tai⁴¹/

/t͡sio(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ kʰi²¹⁻⁵³ si¹³⁻²² tai²²/

/t͡sio(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ kʰi¹¹⁻⁵³ si²⁴⁻¹¹ tai³³/

/t͡siɤ(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ kʰi²¹⁻⁴¹ si²³⁻³³ tai³³/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ t͡ɕʰi⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵ taɪ̯⁵¹/

/sɛːk̚² hei̯³³ siː²¹ tɔːi̯²²/

/t͡sio(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ kʰi²¹⁻⁵³ si²⁴⁻²² tai²²/

/t͡sio(ʔ)²⁴⁻² kʰi⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ si²⁴⁻²² tai⁴¹/

/t͡sio(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ kʰi²¹⁻⁵³ si¹³⁻²² tai²²/

/t͡sio(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ kʰi¹¹⁻⁵³ si²⁴⁻¹¹ tai³³/

/t͡siɤ(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ kʰi²¹⁻⁴¹ si²³⁻³³ tai³³/

(archaeology or figuratively) the Stone Age


人工製品

ㄖㄣˊ ㄍㄨㄥ ㄓˋ ㄆㄧㄣˇ

жэньгун чжипинь

/ʐən³⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹ pʰin²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jɐn²¹ kʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɐi̯³³ pɐn³⁵/

/ʐən³⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹ pʰin²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jɐn²¹ kʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɐi̯³³ pɐn³⁵/


鐵器時代

ㄊㄧㄝˇ ㄑㄧˋ ㄕˊ ㄉㄞˋ

/tʰi̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵ taɪ̯⁵¹/

/tʰiːt̚³ hei̯³³ siː²¹ tɔːi̯²²/

/tʰi̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵ taɪ̯⁵¹/

/tʰiːt̚³ hei̯³³ siː²¹ tɔːi̯²²/


古墓

/ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ mu⁵¹/

/ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ mu⁵¹/

(archaeology) ancient tomb (Classifier: 座 m)


日書

Learned adaptation from the original indices found on such texts, such as the Shuihudi manuscript (Li, 2008).

(archaeology, historiography) chronomancy calendar (ancient Chinese calendar centred around the fortunes and taboos of specific dates)


墓葬

/mu⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡sɑŋ⁵¹/

/mou̯²² t͡sɔːŋ³³/

/mu⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡sɑŋ⁵¹/

/mou̯²² t͡sɔːŋ³³/


試掘

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹ t͡ɕy̯ɛ³⁵/

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹ t͡ɕy̯ɛ³⁵/

(archaeology) to conduct an initial excavation


山陵

/ʂän⁵⁵ liŋ³⁵/

/saːn⁵⁵ lɪŋ²¹/

/ʂän⁵⁵ liŋ³⁵/

/saːn⁵⁵ lɪŋ²¹/

(literary) tomb of an emperor; imperial tomb


墓穴

/mu⁵¹ ɕy̯ɛ³⁵/

/mu⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕy̯ɛ⁵¹/

/bɔ²²⁻²¹ hiɛt̚³²/

/bɔ³³⁻¹¹ hiɛt̚³²/

/bɔ⁴¹⁻²² hiɛt̚⁵/

/bɔŋ³³⁻²¹ hiɛt̚³²/

/bɔŋ²²⁻²¹ hiɛt̚³²/

/mu⁵¹ ɕy̯ɛ³⁵/

/mu⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕy̯ɛ⁵¹/

/bɔ²²⁻²¹ hiɛt̚³²/

/bɔ³³⁻¹¹ hiɛt̚³²/

/bɔ⁴¹⁻²² hiɛt̚⁵/

/bɔŋ³³⁻²¹ hiɛt̚³²/

/bɔŋ²²⁻²¹ hiɛt̚³²/


元謀人

/ɥɛn³⁵ moʊ̯³⁵ ʐən³⁵/

/ɥɛn³⁵ moʊ̯³⁵ ʐən³⁵/


甬道

/jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ tɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/jʊŋ³⁵ tou̯²²/

/jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ tɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/jʊŋ³⁵ tou̯²²/

(archaeology) paved path leading to a main hall or tomb; vestibule


窀穸

/ʈ͡ʂu̯ən⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂu̯ən⁵⁵ ɕi⁵¹/

/t͡sɵn⁵⁵ t͡sɪk̚²/

/ʈ͡ʂu̯ən⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂu̯ən⁵⁵ ɕi⁵¹/

/t͡sɵn⁵⁵ t͡sɪk̚²/

The Book of the Later Han, circa 5ᵗʰ century CE

Sǐzhě bēi yú zhūnxī, shēngzhě qī yú cháoyě.

死者悲於窀穸，生者戚於朝野。

死者悲于窀穸，生者戚于朝野。

Jiāngjūn yǐ qù, chàng dàshù zhī piāolíng; míngshì gāotán, móu xiānrén zhī zhūnxī.

將軍已去，悵大樹之飄零；名士高談，謀先人之窀穸。

将军已去，怅大树之飘零；名士高谈，谋先人之窀穸。

(archaeology, literary) coffin pit; grave


地宮

/ti⁵¹ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/tei̯²² kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/ti⁵¹ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/tei̯²² kʊŋ⁵⁵/

(archaeology) underground palace (especially where the empress and the emperor's consorts are buried)


墓壙空

/bɔŋ²²⁻²¹ kʰɔŋ²¹⁻⁵³ kʰaŋ⁴⁴/

/bɔŋ²²⁻²¹ kʰɔŋ²¹⁻⁵³ kʰaŋ⁴⁴/

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien, archaeology) coffin pit; grave


墓窟

/bɔ⁴¹⁻²² kʰut̚⁵/

/bɔŋ²²⁻²¹ kʰut̚³²/

/bɔ⁴¹⁻²² kʰut̚⁵/

/bɔŋ²²⁻²¹ kʰut̚³²/

(Hokkien, archaeology) coffin pit; grave


墓壙

/mu⁵¹⁻⁵³ kʰu̯ɑŋ⁵¹/

/bɔ⁴¹⁻²² kʰŋ̍⁴¹/

/bɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ kʰɔŋ¹¹/

/bɔŋ²²⁻²¹ kʰɔŋ²¹/

/bɔŋ³³⁻²¹ kʰɔŋ²¹/

/bɔŋ²²⁻²¹ kʰŋ̍²¹/

/mu⁵¹⁻⁵³ kʰu̯ɑŋ⁵¹/

/bɔ⁴¹⁻²² kʰŋ̍⁴¹/

/bɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ kʰɔŋ¹¹/

/bɔŋ²²⁻²¹ kʰɔŋ²¹/

/bɔŋ³³⁻²¹ kʰɔŋ²¹/

/bɔŋ²²⁻²¹ kʰŋ̍²¹/

(literary or Hokkien, archaeology) coffin pit; grave


新石器革命

ㄒㄧㄣ ㄕˊ ㄑㄧˋ ㄍㄜˊ ㄇㄧㄥˋ

Синьшици Гэмин

/ɕin⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵ t͡ɕʰi⁵¹ kɤ³⁵ miŋ⁵¹/

/sɐn⁵⁵ sɛːk̚² hei̯³³ kaːk̚³ mɪŋ²²/

/sɐn⁵⁵ sɛːk̚² hei̯³³ kaːp̚³ mɪŋ²²/

/ɕin⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵ t͡ɕʰi⁵¹ kɤ³⁵ miŋ⁵¹/

/sɐn⁵⁵ sɛːk̚² hei̯³³ kaːk̚³ mɪŋ²²/

/sɐn⁵⁵ sɛːk̚² hei̯³³ kaːp̚³ mɪŋ²²/

Neolithic Revolution
Neolithic Revolution


中石器時代

ㄓㄨㄥ ㄕˊ ㄑㄧˋ ㄕˊ ㄉㄞˋ

Чжуншици Шидай

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵ t͡ɕʰi⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵ taɪ̯⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵ t͡ɕʰi⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵ taɪ̯⁵¹/


白陶

/paɪ̯³⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³⁵/

/paɪ̯³⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³⁵/

(archaeology) white pottery (of the Shang Dynasty, c. 16th–11th century BCE)


北京猿人

ㄅㄟˇ ㄐㄧㄥ ㄩㄢˊ ㄖㄣˊ

Бэйцзин юаньжэнь

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵ ʐən³⁵/

/pɐk̚⁵ kɪŋ⁵⁵ jyːn²¹ jɐn²¹/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵ ʐən³⁵/

/pɐk̚⁵ kɪŋ⁵⁵ jyːn²¹ jɐn²¹/

(paleontology, archaeology, anthropology) Peking Man (Homo erectus pekinensis)


良渚文化

ㄌㄧㄤˊ ㄓㄨˇ ㄨㄣˊ ㄏㄨㄚˋ

Лянчжу Вэньхуа

/li̯ɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹ wən³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/lœːŋ²¹ t͡syː³⁵ mɐn²¹ faː³³/

/li̯ɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹ wən³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/lœːŋ²¹ t͡syː³⁵ mɐn²¹ faː³³/


壙穴

/kʰu̯ɑŋ⁵¹ ɕy̯ɛ³⁵/

/kʰu̯ɑŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕy̯ɛ⁵¹/

/kʰu̯ɑŋ⁵¹ ɕy̯ɛ³⁵/

/kʰu̯ɑŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕy̯ɛ⁵¹/


遣冊

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰɤ⁵¹/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰɤ⁵¹/

(archaeology) tomb inventory (a kind of funerary-furnishing inventory list, usually written on bamboo and wooden slips)


瓦當

/wä²¹⁴⁻²¹ tɑŋ⁵⁵/

/ŋaː¹³ tɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/wä²¹⁴⁻²¹ tɑŋ⁵⁵/

/ŋaː¹³ tɔːŋ⁵⁵/


殘泐

/t͡sʰän³⁵ lɤ⁵¹/

/t͡sʰän³⁵ lɤ⁵¹/

(of an epigraph) damaged; defective; fallible; incomplete; fragmentary


夏家店下層文化

desc

→ English: Lower Xiajiadian culture (calque)

ㄒㄧㄚˋ ㄐㄧㄚ ㄉㄧㄢˋ ㄒㄧㄚˋ ㄘㄥˊ ㄨㄣˊ ㄏㄨㄚˋ

Сяцзядянь сяцэн вэньхуа

/ɕi̯ä⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ ti̯ɛn⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕi̯ä⁵¹ t͡sʰɤŋ³⁵ wən³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

Coordinate term: 夏家店上層文化／夏家店上层文化 (Xiàjiādiàn shàngcéng wénhuà)

Lower Xiajiadian culture
Lower Xiajiadian culture


夏家店上層文化

→ English: Upper Xiajiadian culture (calque)

ㄒㄧㄚˋ ㄐㄧㄚ ㄉㄧㄢˋ ㄕㄤˋ ㄘㄥˊ ㄨㄣˊ ㄏㄨㄚˋ

Сяцзядянь шанцэн вэньхуа

/ɕi̯ä⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ ti̯ɛn⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂɑŋ⁵¹ t͡sʰɤŋ³⁵ wən³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

Coordinate term: 夏家店下層文化／夏家店下层文化 (Xiàjiādiàn xiàcéng wénhuà)

Upper Xiajiadian culture
Upper Xiajiadian culture


遼寧青銅文化

ㄌㄧㄠˊ ㄋㄧㄥˊ ㄑㄧㄥ ㄊㄨㄥˊ ㄨㄣˊ ㄏㄨㄚˋ

Ляонин цинтун вэньхуа

/li̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ niŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ tʰʊŋ³⁵ wən³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

Liaoning bronze dagger culture
Liaoning bronze dagger culture

(archaeology) Liaoning bronze dagger culture