馬

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (馬):
* → Japanese: 馬(ば) (ba)
* → Korean: 마(馬) (ma)
* → Vietnamese: mã (馬, “(xiangqi) horse; (chess) knight”)

desctree

→ Proto-Tai: *maːꟲ (“horse”)
Northern Tai
Bouyei: max
Zhuang: max
Central Tai
Tày: mạ
Nùng: mạ
Nong Zhuang: max
Proto-Southwestern Tai:
Ahom: 𑜉𑜠 (ma), 𑜉𑜡 (mā), 𑜉𑜡𑜠 (māa)
Thai: ม้า (máa)
Northern Thai: ᨾ᩶ᩣ
Lao: ມ້າ (mā)
Lü: ᦙᦱᧉ (maa²)
Tai Dam: ꪣ꫁ꪱ
Shan: မႃႉ (mâ̰a)
Tai Nüa: ᥛᥣᥳ (mȧa)

desc

→ Thai: เบ๊ (bée, “horse”) (via Teochew)

Cursive script (East Asia)
Semi-cursive script

Pictogram (象形) – a horse with its head facing the left, showing a flowing mane in the wind. In the bronze inscriptions, the head was often simplified into an eye (目 (mù)). The legs eventually evolved into four dots (灬 (huǒ), unrelated to 火 (huǒ)).
Contrast with 鹿 (lù, “deer”), which saw a very different development, and 𢊁 (as in 薦 /荐 (jiàn)), which is a hybrid: it has the legs of 馬 (灬 (huǒ)) but the head of 鹿 (lù).
“Horse” – from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *k-m-raŋ ~ s-raŋ. The sense of “big” is derived from “horse”; compare the English uses of horse.
For the insect prefix sense, see 螞 /蚂. It has converged with the sense of “big”.
The surname is popularly known to be prevalent among Hui Muslims, where it is likely derived from Arabic مُحَمَّد (muḥammad, “Muhammad”), although the surname 馬 itself predates Islam.

马
𫠉
傌
𢒗
𢒠
𢒧
𩡬
𩡮
抹
碼

阿胡拉·馬茲達

Āhúlā Mǎzīdá

阿胡拉·马兹达

Āhúlā Mǎzīdá

馬斯特里赫特

Mǎsītèlǐhètè


狗

Wutunhua: gek

Characters in the same phonetic series (句) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *koːʔ): semantic 犬 (“dog”) + phonetic 句 (OC *koː, *koːs, *kos, *ɡo).
From some language ancestral to modern Hmong-Mien languages, from Proto-Hmong-Mien *qluwˣ (“dog”), perhaps from Proto-Austronesian *(u-)(ŋ)kuɣkuɣ (“dog”) (Norman, 1988; Benedict, 1996).
Alternatively, STEDT derives this from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *d-kʷəj-n (“dog”), whence also 犬 (OC *kʰʷeːnʔ).
Less likely, it may be related to 駒 (OC *ko, “foal”), 羔 (OC *kluː, “lamb”), 𤘽 (“calf”) (Wang, 1982).

Han compound

餵狗

喂狗

累成狗


蛇

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (蛇):
* → Japanese: 蛇(じゃ) (ja); 蛇(だ) (da)
* → Okinawan: 蛇(じゃー) (jā)
* → Korean: 사(蛇) (sa)
* → Vietnamese: xà (蛇)

Wutunhua: shai

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *l̥ʰaːl, *ɦljaːl, *lal): semantic 虫 + phonetic 它 (OC *l̥ʰaːl). 它 was also the original pictographic form of this character.
Unclear. Various theories have been proposed:
* Starostin sets up Proto-Sino-Tibetan *lăj (“snake”), comparing this with Mizo hlai-ba (“a species of snake”) and Jingpho palai (“a species of iguana”). He also compares it to Proto-Kam-Sui *dzuːi² (“snake”). Schuessler (2007) considers these Tibeto-Burman forms to be unrelated.
* Matisoff (2003) relates it to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-b/m-ruːl (“snake”), but this comparison is no longer held in STEDT.
* Sagart (2005) relates it to Proto-Loloish *lay¹/² (“python”), which STEDT derives from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-lja(ŋ/k) (“python”), as well as Proto-Austronesian *bulay (“snake”). Comparison with the Austronesian form has been challenged by Orlandi (2018).
* Schuessler (2007) notes similarity to Proto-Hlai *ljaːɦ (“snake”) (from Pre-Hlai *Cilaːɦ) as well as to Austronesian words, such as Rade ala (“snake”), but considers the Kra-Dai forms to be possible borrowings from Chinese. (He does not seem to address the Austronesian forms directly.) In his view, a more likely relationship is with the /-lé/ in Khmer រលេ (rɔlei, “sinuously, in a twisting or wiggling manner (as a snake swimming)”). In Old Chinese, this also provides the second syllable in 委蛇 (OC *qrol lal, “winding; compliant; graceful”). 蛇 (“the winding thing”) is then a euphemism for common Sino-Tibetan 虺 (OC *hŋlulʔ, “snake”) for taboo reasons.
* Zhengzhang (2011) relates it to Proto-Austronesian *SulaR (“snake”).

och-l

它
虵
𢕷
𣙛
𤜣
𥝀
𧉮

c. 3rd century BCE, 荀子 [Xunzi], 荀子 [Xunzi]:

1919, 《新舊約全書：官話和合譯本》 [Mandarin Bible, Union Version], Shanghai: American Bible Society, 創世記 [Genesis] 3:13:

And the Lord God said unto the woman, What is this that thou hast done? And the woman said, The serpent beguiled me, and I did eat.

Yēhéhuá Shàngdì duì nǚrén shuō, nǐ zuò de shì shènme shì ne. Nǚrén shuō, nà shé yǐnyòu wǒ, wǒ jiù chī le.

耶和華上帝對女人說、你作的是甚麽事呢。女人說、那蛇引誘我、我就喫了。

耶和华上帝对女人说、你作的是什么事呢。女人说、那蛇引诱我、我就吃了。

snake; serpent (Classifier: 條／条 m c; 尾 mn)

生蛇 [Cantonese] ― saang¹ se⁴ [Jyutping] ― to have shingles

蛇針／蛇针 [Cantonese] ― se⁴ zam¹ [Jyutping] ― shingles vaccine

(regional, pathology) herpes zoster; shingles


蛇

它
虵
𢕷
𣙛
𤜣
𥝀
𧉮

(Cantonese) sir (used when addressing policemen or male schoolteachers)


漢

Cao Wei
Chen dynasty
Eastern Han dynasty
Eastern Wei
Eastern Wu
Eastern Zhou dynasty
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
Han dynasty
Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
Jin dynasty (265–420)
Liang dynasty
Liao dynasty
Liu Song dynasty
Ming dynasty
Northern Qi
Northern Wei
Northern Zhou
Northern and Southern dynasties
Qin dynasty
Qing dynasty
Shang dynasty
Shu Han
Song dynasty
Southern Qi
Southern and Northern dynasties
Spring and Autumn period
Sui dynasty
Tang dynasty
Three Kingdoms
Warring States period
Western Han dynasty
Western Liao
Western Wei
Western Xia
Western Zhou dynasty
Xia dynasty
Xin dynasty
Yuan dynasty
Zhou dynasty

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (漢):
* → Japanese: 漢(かん) (kan)
* → Korean: 한(漢) (han)
* → Vietnamese: Hán (漢)

→ Arabic: هان (hān)

→ Bulgarian: хан (han)

→ English: Han

→ Finnish: Han

→ French: Han

→ German: Han

→ Khmer: ហាន (haan)

→ Polish: Han

→ Portuguese: han

→ Russian: хань (xanʹ), ханец (xanec)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *hnaːns): semantic 水 (“water”) + abbreviated phonetic 暵 (OC *hnaːnʔ, *hnaːns) or 熯 (or 難 according to Xu Shen) – name of a river in China (漢水 or 漢江). Xu Shen links the third contracted phonetic component to the ancient variant 灘. The component to the left as a result of a contraction appears as a variant of 堇, which is the pictogram of a man burned alive as a sacrifice. It is partly unclear whether or not the phonetic component also suggests a morphological feature of the Han river (e.g., a dry river or a river that flows with difficulty) or simply indicates part of the pronunciation; Xu Shen puts no explanation.
A second ancient variant of the character reported by Xu Shen is 㵄 (perhaps analyzable as 淢 and 大).
The usage for the Chinese ethnicity first appeared during the Northern and Southern Dynasties, claiming the Han dynasty as one of the golden ages of Chinese history. Before the Han dynasty, the Chinese referred their land as 華夏 ("Huaxia"), and themselves as 諸華 ("various Hua people") or 諸夏 ("various people/descendants of the Xias"). "Xia" ("Summer; great, splendid") also gave the name to the first semi-legendary Chinese dinasty, the Xia Dinasty (夏朝).

Han compound

When asking about the name of the current dynasty, it became apparent that they did not know about the Han Dynasty, much less the Wei or Jin Dynasties.

421, Tao Yuanming, 桃花源記 (The Peach Blossom Spring)

Wèn jīn shì hé shì, nǎi bùzhī yǒu Hàn, wúlùn Wèi Jìn.

問今是何世，乃不知有漢，無論魏晉。

问今是何世，乃不知有汉，无论魏晋。


空

Jingpho language
Proto-Sino-Tibetan language

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs): semantic 穴 (“cave, hole”) + phonetic 工 (OC *koːŋ).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(g/k)uŋ (“hole; orifice; inner part”). 孔 (OC *kʰloːŋʔ, “hole”) is probably the endoactive derivation of 空 (OC *kʰoːŋ, “hollow; empty”) (Schuessler, 2007). Cognate with Tibetan ཁུང (khung, “hole”), Jingpho ladi hku (“nostril”), Chepang घाङ् (gʰaŋ, “hole”), Burmese ခေါင်း (hkaung:, “cavity”), Naxi ko³³ (“cave; hole; pit”) (STEDT). See also 坑 (OC *kʰraːŋ, “pit”) and 肛 (OC *kroːŋ, *qʰroːŋ, “anus”), which may or may not be related.


亃

(Chinese mythology) a kind of swine-like beast with a yellow body and a white tail


仙

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (仙):
* → Japanese: 仙(せん) (sen)
* → Korean: 선(仙) (seon)
* → Vietnamese: tiên (仙)

→ Thai: เซียน (siian) (via Hokkien)

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sen): semantic 亻 (“person”) + phonetic 山 (OC *sreːn, “mountain”) — a person moving into a mountain to practise becoming immortal.
Originally 僊. The current form is first attested in the clerical script of the Han dynasty.
A relatively late word, perhaps Sino-Tibetan (Schuessler, 2007). Compare Tibetan གཤེན (gshen, “shaman”), as in Tibetan གཤེན་རབ (gshen rab, “Shenrab”), the founder of the Tibetan religion Bon, although this might be a loan from Chinese (ibid.). Starostin sets up Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s[ă]n (“a kind of demon”), comparing it to Tibetan བསེན་མོ (bsen mo, “female devil”) and Jingpho sawn (“malignant female nat”).

cog

*僊
仚
屳
㒨
僲
𠑗
𠏡
銑

(Taoism) xian (an immortal; celestial being)


元

Cao Wei
Chen dynasty
Eastern Han dynasty
Eastern Wei
Eastern Wu
Eastern Zhou dynasty
Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
Garo language
Han dynasty
I Ching
Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
Jin dynasty (265–420)
Liang dynasty
Liao dynasty
Liu Song dynasty
Ming dynasty
Northern Qi
Northern Wei
Northern Zhou
Northern and Southern dynasties
Proto-Sino-Tibetan language
Qin dynasty
Qing dynasty
Shang dynasty
Shu Han
Song dynasty
Southern Qi
Southern and Northern dynasties
Spring and Autumn period
Sui dynasty
Tang dynasty
Three Kingdoms
Tibetan language
Warring States period
Western Han dynasty
Western Liao
Western Wei
Western Xia
Western Zhou dynasty
Xia dynasty
Xianbei
Xin dynasty
Yuan dynasty
Zhou dynasty

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (元):
* → Korean: 원(元) (won)
* → Vietnamese: nguyên (元)

→ English: yuan

Pictogram (象形) – a figure with two lines 二 for a head (one connected to body, one above it), emphasizing the head.
Possibly from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/s-gaw (“head”), with a noun-forming suffix *-n (Schuessler, 2003; STEDT). If so, cognate with 后 (OC *ɡoːʔ, “ruler; lord; queen”), Tibetan མགོ (mgo, “head; summit; beginning”), མགོན (mgon, “protector; master; lord”), Garo sko (“skull”), Northern Tujia kho⁵⁵ pa⁵⁵ (“head”) (Schuessler, 2007; STEDT). 原 (OC *ŋʷan, “source; origin; basic; primary”) and 黿 (OC *ŋoːn, *ŋon, “large turtle”) may be the same word (Schuessler, 2007). It may also be related to 君 (OC *klun, “lord; prince; ruler”), 尹 (OC *ɢʷlinʔ, “magistrate; governor”), 侯 (OC *ɡoː, “marquis”) (Mei, 1985).
The name of the dynasty comes from the I Ching:
:
Part of the people with this surname are Xianbei descendants. It was changed from 拓跋 (Tuòbá) as ordered by Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei.

och-l

Vast is the ‘great and originating (power)’ indicated by Qian! All things owe to it their beginning: - it contains all the meaning belonging to (the name) heaven.

I Ching, 11ᵗʰ – 8ᵗʰ century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

Dà zāi qián yuán, wànwù zī shǐ, nǎi tǒng tiān.

大哉乾元，萬物資始，乃統天。

大哉干元，万物资始，乃统天。

元曲

(Taoism) kalpa, a cosmic or supreme cycle of 129,000 years


凰

Originally 皇. A spurious 𠘨 was added by the assimilation with 鳳.

(Chinese mythology) female fenghuang (a mythological bird)


劃

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qʰʷreːɡ, *ɡʷreːɡ): phonetic 畫 (OC *ɡʷreːɡs, *ɡʷreːɡ) + semantic 刂 (“knife”).

Han compound

(South Korean idol fandom, humorous) NCT (group)


受

Possibly a ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 爪 (“hand”) + 凡 (“plate”) + 又 (“hand”) – to hand over.
凡 in the middle was corrupted into 舟 (OC *tjɯw), which acted as a phonetic component. Alternatively, the character may have always been a phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *tuːs, *djuʔ): semantic 爪 (“hand”) + phonetic 舟 (OC *tjɯw, “boat”) + semantic 又 (“hand”). The
凡 or 舟 has been simplified to 冖 since the seal script.
; “bottom; uke”


吳

→ English: Wu, Ng, Goh, Ngo

→ Tagalog: Go, Wu

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 口 (“mouth”) + 夨 (“man with tilted head”) – to speak loudly.
; "to shout"

吴
吴
呉
𠯵
㕦
𡗾
𡗿

(historical) (～國) Eastern Wu, one of the Three Kingdoms


周

desc

→ English: Zhou, Chou, Chow, Chau, Chew, Chiu

Cao Wei
Chen dynasty
Eastern Han dynasty
Eastern Wei
Eastern Wu
Eastern Zhou dynasty
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
Han dynasty
Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
Jin dynasty (265–420)
King Wen of Zhou
Liang dynasty
Liao dynasty
Liu Song dynasty
Middle Chinese
Ming dynasty
Northern Qi
Northern Wei
Northern Zhou
Northern and Southern dynasties
Old Chinese
Qin dynasty
Qing dynasty
Shang dynasty
Shu Han
Song dynasty
Southern Qi
Southern and Northern dynasties
Spring and Autumn period
Sui dynasty
Tang dynasty
Three Kingdoms
Warring States period
Western Han dynasty
Western Liao
Western Wei
Western Xia
Western Zhou dynasty
Xia dynasty
Xin dynasty
Yuan dynasty
Zhou dynasty

;to encircle, to circle, to surround, everywhere, curve (in the road)
;to help
:Alternatively, note Khmer ជួយ (cuəy, “to help, assist; to support; to rescue, save”) (ibid.). Even so, also note Thai ช่วย (chûai), which in turn is from Middle Chinese 助 (MC dzrjoH)); if Khmer ជួយ (cuəy) and Thai ช่วย (chûai) were related, then Khmer ជួយ (cuəy) cannot be related to Old Chinese 周 (OC *tjɯw).
;dynasty's name
:A 周方白 (Zhōufāng bó, “Elder of Zhou region”), likely King Wen of Zhou, was mentioned in Oracle Bone Inscriptions H11:82 and H11:84 (Lin, 1995)
:Hargett (2021) states that 商 (Shāng) and 周 (Zhōu) derived from names of "places that the rulers and people of those eras regarded as their homeland or cultic centers"; the 周方 (Zhōufāng, “Zhou region”) was among "areas or regions along the frontier borders of Shang, traditionally regarded as enemy territory".

cog

𠕛
𠱬
𠄗
𠕛
𠣘
淍
週
舟
州

Although Zhou was an old country,
The [favouring] appointment lighted on it recently.

The Classic of Poetry, c. 11ᵗʰ – 7ᵗʰ centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

周雖舊邦，其命維新。

周虽旧邦，其命维新。

(historical) name of various dynasties
(～朝) Zhou Dynasty (1046—256 BCE)

name of various dynasties
Zhou Dynasty (1046—256 BCE)

Northern Zhou (557—581), one of the Northern dynasties in China

Wu Zhou (690–705), established by Wu Zetian

Later Zhou (951–960), one of the Five Dynasties in China


唐

→ English: Tang, T'ang, Tong, Tng

desc

→ Proto-Southwestern Tai: *daːŋᴬ² (“road; way”)

Northern Thai: ᨴᩤ᩠ᨦ

Khün: ᨴᩤ᩠ᨦ

Lao: ທາງ (thāng)

Lü: ᦑᦱᧂ (taang)

Tai Dam: ꪕꪱꪉ

Shan: တၢင်း (táang)

Tai Nüa: ᥖᥣᥒᥰ (täang)

Ahom: 𑜄𑜂𑜫 (taṅ)

Thai: ทาง (taang, “road; way”)

→ Thai: ถัง (tǎng, “Tang (dynasty)”)

Either related to 途 (OC *l'aː) (Wang, 1982) or from Austroasiatic, compare Proto-Austroasiatic *glɔːŋ, whence Mon ဂၠံၚ်, Kensiu gəlɔŋ, Kuy khlù:aŋ (Schuessler, 2007).

Later Tang (923–937), the second of the Five Dynasties during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period

Southern Tang (937–976), a state in Southern China that existed during Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period

Tang, a legendary ancient Chinese dynasty established by Emperor Yao

唐人


商

Cao Wei
Chen dynasty
Du Yu
Eastern Han dynasty
Eastern Wei
Eastern Wu
Eastern Zhou dynasty
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
Han dynasty
Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
Jin dynasty (265–420)
Liang dynasty
Liao dynasty
Liu Song dynasty
Ming dynasty
Northern Qi
Northern Wei
Northern Zhou
Northern and Southern dynasties
Qin dynasty
Qing dynasty
Shang dynasty
Shu Han
Song dynasty
Southern Qi
Southern and Northern dynasties
Spring and Autumn period
Sui dynasty
Tang dynasty
Three Kingdoms
Warring States period
Western Han dynasty
Western Liao
Western Wei
Western Xia
Western Zhou dynasty
Xia dynasty
Xin dynasty
Yuan dynasty
Zhou dynasty

Traditionally it is considered that 商人 (shāngrén) is so named because this term originally refers to people from Shang dynasty, who tend to do business.
From 賒 (OC *hljaː) plus terminative suffix *-ŋ (Schuessler, 2007). See there for further etymology.

謪
𠘾
𠹧
𠼬
𠾃
𠿧
𡂦
𡃬
𡄚
𡅟
𥫐
𧶜
𧷞
𨝗


啟

(Chinese mythology) Qi of Xia (second king of the semi-legendary Xia dynasty)


喳

Misinterpreted from Manchu ᠵᡝ (je). Compare Mongolian ᠵᠠ (ǰa) (Cyrillic spelling за (za)).

(chiefly in historical novels, movies or dramas, proscribed) yes (when responding to the emperor or a Manchu official in the Qing dynasty)


嘯

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sɯːwɢs): semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 肅 (OC *sɯwɢ).

Han compound

(Taoism) type of breathing exercise involving vocalizations


夏

→ English: Hsia, Xia

Cao Wei
Chen dynasty
Eastern Han dynasty
Eastern Wei
Eastern Wu
Eastern Zhou dynasty
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
Han dynasty
Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
Jin dynasty (265–420)
Liang dynasty
Liao dynasty
Liu Song dynasty
Ming dynasty
Northern Qi
Northern Wei
Northern Zhou
Northern and Southern dynasties
Qin dynasty
Qing dynasty
Shang dynasty
Shu Han
Shuowen
Song dynasty
Southern Qi
Southern and Northern dynasties
Spring and Autumn period
Sui dynasty
Tang dynasty
Three Kingdoms
Warring States period
Western Han dynasty
Western Liao
Western Wei
Western Xia
Western Zhou dynasty
Xia dynasty
Xin dynasty
Yuan dynasty
Zhou dynasty

Characters in the same phonetic series (夏) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
In the oracle bone script, it was an ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 日 (“sun”) + 頁 (“head; man”) – man under the scorching sun; summer.
Various variants were seen in the bronze inscriptions from the Spring and Autumn period. 止 (“foot”) was often added to the bottom of the man. Additionally, in the form shown above, the 日 was removed and 𦥑 (“two hands”) was added. The seal script inherits its form from this form, with 止 replaced with the related 夊.
Various forms were also seen from the Warring States period. The bamboo and silk script above shows a common form: 日 + 止 + 頁. The “ancient script” (古文) from Shuowen (labelled as the large seal script) has deviated significantly, with 止 becoming the related 足. The top part may be a corruption of 頁.
The current form is simplified from the seal script, with the removal of 𦥑 and the legs from 頁. Unrelated to 复.
; “great; Xia Dynasty; China; Chinese”
; “magnificent colours; variegated”

Han compound

昰
夓
𠀼
𠌘
𠍺
𡔰
𡕭
𡕻
𡕾
𡖃
𣋗
𤴞
𧈄
𩖳

(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese, by extension) China; Chinese


夔

From a Kam-Tai source (Mei, 1980; Schuessler, 2007); compare Proto-Tai *ɣwaːjᴬ (“water buffalo”), Sui kui² (“water buffalo”). Schuessler also considered 犩 (Later Han Chinese ŋuɨ) to be the same etymon.

(Chinese mythology) the Kui, a one-legged creature


娥

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ŋaːl): semantic 女 (“woman”) + phonetic 我 (OC *ŋaːlʔ)

Han compound

(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese, Chinese mythology) Short for 娥皇 (Éhuáng, “Ehuang”).

(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese, Chinese mythology) Short for 嫦娥 (Cháng'é, “Chang'e, the Chinese goddess of the moon”).


孝

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 耂 (“an old man with long hair, bent over”) + 子 (“a child”) – an old man and a child, filial piety between generations. Compare top component to 老 (OC *ruːʔ, “old”).

孝義

devotion to one's parents and loyalty to one's friends


宋

→ English: Song, Sung, Soong

Characters in the same phonetic series (宋) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

Han etyl

(～朝) Song dynasty of China (960–1279), reigning from the end of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms to the beginning of the Yuan


川

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰyøŋ⁵³³/

/t͡sʰzʷõ³³⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰyøŋ⁵³³/

/t͡sʰzʷõ³³⁴/

Pictogram (象形) – compare 水 (OC *qʰʷljilʔ), 川, and 𡿧.
The Middle and Old Chinese reconstruction of this word is phonologically problematic (STEDT):
* Karlgren (1957) notes that the Middle Chinese form is irregular based on evidence from Shijing rimes.
* Based on velar contacts in the same phonetic series, e.g. 巛, 甽 and 訓, Baxter (1992) and Schuessler (2007) reconstruct the word with a velar initial (Handel, 1998; Sagart, 1999), which undergoes irregular palatalization in the development to Middle Chinese (Baxter, 1992).
* Based on other characters in the same phonetic series, e.g. 順 and 馴, Sagart (1999), and later, Baxter and Sagart (2014), reconstructs 川 with a lateral initial and suggests that only a *t- prefix would account for the Middle Chinese initial /t͡ɕʰ/.
Schuessler (2007) relates this word to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kl(j)u(ŋ/k) (“river; valley”), whence 江 (OC *kroːŋ, “river”), 谷 (OC *kloːɡ, “valley”), Tibetan ཀླུང (klung, “river”), Burmese ချောင်း (hkyaung:, “stream”). STEDT notes that this does not account for the *-n coda.
STEDT instead compares it to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-t(w)əj-n ~ m-ti-s (“water; fluid; liquid; river; soak; spit”), whence 涕 (OC *tʰiːlʔ, “tears”), Proto-Kuki-Chin *tuj (“water; fluid; liquid”), Chepang तीः (“water; rain; river”); this depends on a reconstruction with a dental initial and requires positing an *‑n suffix not present in Tibeto-Burman languages.

cog

挺川

川粉

(Internet slang) Short for 川普 (Chuānpǔ, “Donald Trump”).


巴

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (巴):
* → Japanese: 巴(は) (Ha)
* → Korean: 파(巴) (Pa)
* → Vietnamese: Ba (巴)

Pictogram (象形) — a huge snake. However, in 邑 and 色 (both Kangxi radicals) it represents a person kneeling.
; "huge snake"
; "bar"

(ancient Chinese mythology) a huge snake that could swallow an elephant


康

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 庚 (“threshing tools”) + 米 (“rice”) – chaff. The clearest version is 𢊪, in which the two components can be identified well; in the semi-conservative variant 𥹺, the rice at the bottom is still well visible. The derivative 糠 refers to the original word.
Unrelated to 隶, in which the bottom part is a reference to a tail (毛); also unrelated to 水.
; quiet, calm, peaceful
; Kham
; "to look, to see"

Han compound

(Chinese mythology) Tai Kang (third king of the semi-legendary Xia dynasty)

(Chinese mythology) Zhong Kang (fourth king of the semi-legendary Xia dynasty)

(Chinese mythology) Shao Kang (sixth king of the semi-legendary Xia dynasty)


想

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (想):
* → Vietnamese: tưởng (想)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *slaŋʔ): phonetic 相 (OC *slaŋ, *slaŋs) + semantic 心 (“heart, mind”) – to think, to consider. The phonetic component has a reference as well to the act of thinking, hence "visualizing" in one's own mind.
From 相 (OC *slaŋ, *slaŋs, “to observe; appearance”) (“appearance > to visualise > to think”).

少年袂曉想，食老毋成樣 / 少年袂晓想，食老毋成样

siàu-liân bē-hiáu siūⁿ, chia̍h-lāu m̄-chiâⁿ-iūⁿ


扃

/t͡ɕi̯ʊŋ²¹⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯ʊŋ²¹⁴/

(Chinese mythology) Jiong of Xia (twelfth king of the semi-legendary Xia dynasty)


新

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (新):
* → Japanese: 新(しん) (shin)
* → Korean: 신(新) (sin)
* → Vietnamese: tân (新)

→ Thai: ซิง (sing)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *siŋ): phonetic 亲 (OC *siŋ, “hazelnut tree”) + semantic 斤 (“axe”) – to cut down a tree with an axe (hence starting something new). In this character, 亲 is the stylized form of 𣓀, a chisel over a tree to indicate the hazelnut tree or the hazelnut branch, that could be used as a whip.
Also ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意). Original form of 薪 (OC *siŋ, “firewood”).
Sino-Tibetan; cognate with Burmese သစ် (sac, “new”). Compare the cognacy between 薪 (OC *siŋ, “firewood”) and Burmese သစ် (sac, “wood; timber”).
This word may belong to the Sino-Tibetan stem Proto-Sino-Tibetan *siŋ (“alive, fresh, green”) and may hence be related to 青 (OC *sʰleːŋ, “green”) as well as 薪 (OC *siŋ, “firewood”) (Schuessler, 2007).


明

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (明):
* → Japanese: 明(みょう) (myō); 明(めい) (mei); 明(みん) (Min)
* → Korean: 명(明) (Myeong)
* → Vietnamese: minh (明)

Characters in the same phonetic series (明) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 日 (“sun”) + 月 (“moon”) – the sun just rising and the moon not yet set – dawn (天明 (tiānmíng)). Alternatively, it may be interpreted as two bright celestial bodies – bright. This form was already found in the oracle bone script and was prevalent throughout the eras.
Three other forms were found in the oracle bone script:
* 朙 (míng) < 囧 (“window”) + 月 – the moon shining through a window – moonlight. This form was also prevalent in the ancient scripts and was considered to be the standard form in Shuowen. See this form's entry for its historical forms.
* 眀 (míng) < 目 (“eye”) + 月 – bright eyes. This form was rarely attested, so it is still uncertain whether this form is actually equivalent to 明. It reappeared in the bamboo script of the Qin dynasty, but this was probably a corruption of 朙 (míng).
* 𤰾 < 田 + 月 – probably a corruption of the above forms.
Of either Proto-Sino-Tibetan origin, compare
* Tibetan མདངས (mdangs, “facial color, appearance, brightness”) (Bodman, 1980), or
* Proto-Sino-Tibetan *brwaŋ (“loud; bright”) (STDET); making it cognate with Burmese ပြင်း (prang:, “acute; violent”), Burmese ပြောင် (praung, “to shine”).
Or from Austroasiatic, cognate with 亮 (OC *raŋs, “bright”) (Schuessler, 2007). For more see 亮 (OC *raŋs).
盟 (OC *mraŋ, *mraːŋs, “covenant”) is a derivative (Schuessler, 2007).


晉

Cao Wei
Chen dynasty
Eastern Han dynasty
Eastern Wei
Eastern Wu
Eastern Zhou dynasty
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
Han dynasty
I Ching
Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
Jin dynasty (265–420)
Liang dynasty
Liao dynasty
Liu Song dynasty
Ming dynasty
Northern Qi
Northern Wei
Northern Zhou
Northern and Southern dynasties
Qin dynasty
Qing dynasty
Shang dynasty
Shu Han
Song dynasty
Southern Qi
Southern and Northern dynasties
Spring and Autumn period
Sui dynasty
Tang dynasty
Three Kingdoms
Warring States period
Western Han dynasty
Western Liao
Western Wei
Western Xia
Western Zhou dynasty
Xia dynasty
Xin dynasty
Yuan dynasty
Zhou dynasty

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 臸 (“to arrive”) + 日 (“sun”)
The I Ching relates it to 進／进 (jìn)https://ctext.org/book-of-changes/jin, whose etymology is unknown (Schuessler, 2007).

Han compound

晋
㬜
𣈆
𫞄
𣋤
𣌇
𣋧
㬐
𡥨
𦗎

The Marquis of Jin and the Earl of Qin laid siege to [the capital of] Zheng, under the pretext of the [Earl of] Zheng's disrespectful treatments towards [Marquis of] Jin and double-mindedness towards Chu. Jin armies were stationed at Hanling; Qin armies at Fannan.

Jìn hóu, Qín bó wéi Zhèng, yǐ qí wúlǐ yú Jìn, qiě èr yú Chǔ yě. Jìn jūn Hánlíng, Qín jūn Fánnán.

晉侯、秦伯圍鄭，以其無禮於晉，且貳於楚也。晉軍函陵，秦軍氾南。

晋侯、秦伯围郑，以其无礼于晋，且贰于楚也。晋军函陵，秦军氾南。

(～國) Chinese feudal state of Jin (11th century BCE–376 BCE), a state of the Zhou Dynasty in northern China


會

/wuːi̯²²⁻³⁵/

/vᵘɔi³²⁻³²⁵/

/wuːi̯²²⁻³⁵/

/vᵘɔi³²⁻³²⁵/

Characters in the same phonetic series (會) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Pictogram (象形). The upper part and the lower part of the character, on the basis of the original versions, can be unified into 合 (two open mouths) with a food container in the middle; this character means both "bring together" (e.g., bring together people to discuss, putting a lid on a vessel) and "close, shut". The top of the character resembles 食, but it's connected to another mouth at the bottom of the character. The food container could be a kuài 膾, an ancient container for raw fish and finely minced/chopped meat.
As an alternative, it's a pointed lid on top of a container, with a mouth at the bottom either to indicate the activity of talking or as a distinguish mark to differentiate it from 食.
Most of the pronunciations are ultimately cognate, derived from a root meaning "to join, to come together ~ to meet, to gather ~ to match, to fit ~ to understand". Perhaps related to 合 (OC *kuːb, *ɡuːb, “to match”) ~ 蓋 (OC *kaːbs, *kaːb, *ɡaːb, “lid”).
However, Min Nan ē instead derives from 解 (OC *kreːʔ, *kreːs, *ɡreːʔ, *ɡreːs, “to understand”) (Yang, 2001).

och-l

会
㑹
㞧
㣛
𠃐
𣌭
𣥈

(Taoism) epoch, a lunar or grand cycle of 10,800 years


杼

(Chinese mythology) Zhu of Xia (seventh king of the semi-legendary Xia dynasty)


梁

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (梁):
* → Korean: 양(梁) (Yang)
* → Vietnamese: Lương (梁)

→ Bouyei: Liangz, Liangf

desc

→ English: Liang, Leung, Leong, Neo, Leo

→ Zhuang: Liengz

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *raŋ): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 刅 (OC *sʰraŋ) + semantic 木 (“wood”) — a bridge.

Han compound

孟子見梁惠王。

孟子见梁惠王。

The State of Wei during the Warring States period, after moving its capital to Daliang


梵

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *bloms, *bum): semantic 林 (“forest”) + phonetic 凡 (OC *bom) – lush. Originally a variant form of 芃 (OC *boːŋ, *bum).
As a word for transcribing Indic languages, the reading 梵 (MC bjomH) probably derives from Gandhari and transcribes the syllables such as bram̄(a), bra(m)m-, etc. (Bailey, 1946) in words like 𐨦𐨿𐨪𐨨𐨸 (bram̄a, “Brahma”), 𐨦𐨿𐨪𐨨𐨞 (bramaṇa, “a brahmin”), and it appears in the classical Chinese lexicon in 梵天 (“Brahma, name of a deity”), 梵志 (“a person dedicated to religion”), 梵行 (“good, pure conduct”), etc. The sense for "Sanskrit" originally refers to its status as a religious language. In modern usage, it is also used to translate various terms in Hinduism, such as Brahman.

Han compound

(Hinduism) Brahman; the ultimate reality in the universe (concept in Hinduism)


槐

(Chinese mythology) Huai of Xia (eighth king of the semi-legendary Xia dynasty)


殷

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): a pregnant woman (身, now written reversed as 㐆) next to a hand grabbing a hammer or mallet (now written 殳). However, in this character, the hand could be grabbing a needle for acupuncture.
The character is partly unclear, however the original meaning was either referred to pain and medical treatment and/or to "abundance, prosperity" in reference to the swollen abdomen.

(metonymically) (～朝) Shang Dynasty after Pan Geng moved the capital of the state to its final location at Yīn (i.e., Late Shang Dynasty)

(by extension) (～朝) Alternative name for 商 (shāng, “Shang Dynasty”).


河

Wutunhua: xhe

Characters in the same phonetic series (可) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡaːl): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 可 (OC *kʰaːlʔ).
Originally particularly used for the Yellow River, with other rivers known as 水 (OC *qʰʷljilʔ). Later extended generally as a word for rivers in northern China but the influence of 江 (OC *kroːŋ, “Yangtze River; river in southern China”) has meant that modern usage tends to favor it for shorter rivers and creeks except in historical cases.
External etymology uncertain. Various hypotheses have been proposed:
* Sino-Tibetan. Cognate with Tibetan རྒལ (rgal, “to cross, to traverse”) (Coblin, 1986).
* A Mongolic loan. Compare Proto-Mongolic *gowl (“river”) > Mongolian ᠭᠣᠣᠯ (ɣool, “river”) (Norman and Mei, 1976). This was argued against in Zhang (1998).
* Derived from 湖 (OC *ɡaː, “lake”) (Matisoff, 1995).
* Takashima (2012), citing palaeographical and archaeological evidence, posits that the Yellow River's name stemmed from the shape, which resembles an adze handle 柯 (OC *kaːl), of a stretch spanning 500 to 600 kilometers "from Héjīn, Tóngguān to east of Zhèngzhōu".

cog

(obsolete, Chinese mythology) Hebo; the god of the Yellow River

Yellow River, Huang He
Hebo; the god of the Yellow River

(obsolete, Chinese mythology) Yellow River's Map; the plan of the Yellow River (mystic diagram said to have been supernaturally revealed)


泄

(Chinese mythology) Xie of Xia (tenth king of the semi-legendary Xia dynasty)


泥

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *niːl, *niːls): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 尼 (OC *nil).
Schuessler (2007) suggests it is of Sino-Tibetan origin and compares it to Lai [script needed] (nôoy-I, nǒoy-II, “be muddy”), which STEDT derives from Proto-Kuki-Chin *nooy ~ *naay (“muddy; dirty”). According to Schuessler (2007), 泥 (OC *niːl, “mud”) is also cognate with 濘 (OC *neːŋs) but not with 涅 (OC *niːɡ), and is distinct from 泥 (OC *niːls, “impeded”).
On the other hand, STEDT compares 泥 (OC *niːl, *niːls) to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-njak (“filth(y); excrement”), to which 敜 (OC *nɯːb) and 涅 (OC *niːɡ) are also compared.

cog

GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)

(Chinese mythology) a kind of animal that lived in sea


清

Cao Wei
Chen dynasty
Eastern Han dynasty
Eastern Wei
Eastern Wu
Eastern Zhou dynasty
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
Han dynasty
Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
Jin dynasty (265–420)
Liang dynasty
Liao dynasty
Liu Song dynasty
Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area
Ming dynasty
Northern Qi
Northern Wei
Northern Zhou
Northern and Southern dynasties
Qin dynasty
Qing dynasty
Shang dynasty
Shu Han
Song dynasty
Southern Qi
Southern and Northern dynasties
Spring and Autumn period
Sui dynasty
Tang dynasty
Three Kingdoms
Warring States period
Western Han dynasty
Western Liao
Western Wei
Western Xia
Western Zhou dynasty
Xia dynasty
Xin dynasty
Yuan dynasty
Zhou dynasty

→ English: Ching, Cing, Qing

/t͡sʰi̯aŋ²⁴/

/t͡sʰi̯aŋ²⁴/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sʰleŋ): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 青 (OC *sʰleːŋ).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(t)s(j)aŋ (“clear; pure; clean”); cognate with Tibetan གཙང (gtsang, “clean; pure”), Mizo thiang (“to be clear; to be clean; to be pure”), Southern Qiang ɕó, Drung cangma (“clean”), Burmese စင် (cang, “clean, pure”) (Schuessler, 2007; STEDT).
Within Chinese, cognate with 淨 (OC *zeŋs, “clean”), 醒 (OC *seːŋ, *seːŋʔ, *seːŋs, “to wake up; to become sober”), and allofamic with 星 (OC *sleːŋ, “star”), 晴 (OC *zleŋ, “(of weather) clear; fine”); possibly also related to 靜 (OC *zleŋʔ, “quiet”) (Schuessler, 2007).
Perhaps an areal word; compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *caŋ (“to glitter”) (Schuessler, 2007).

och-l

(～朝) the Qing (Ching) dynasty (Manchu) (1644-1911)


潘

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (潘):
* → Korean: 반(潘) (ban)
* → Vietnamese: Phan (潘)

→ English: Pan, Poon, Pun, Phua

→ Mandarin: ㄆㄨㄣ (pūn) (Taiwanese slang from Hokkien)

→ Tagalog: Pua (via Hokkien)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *pʰaːn): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 番 (OC *paːl, *paːls, *pʰaːn, *pʰan, *ban).


牛

Wutunhua: nek

/n̠ʲi̯əu̯¹³/

/n̠ʲi̯əu̯¹³/

Pictogram (象形) of a bull's head.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ŋwa.
;"awesome"

傲人

nowadays especially of breasts, body curve

細漢偷挽匏，大漢偷牽牛 / 细汉偷挽匏，大汉偷牵牛

sè-hàn thau bán pû, tōa-hàn thau khan gû

牛屄

牛人

(Mainland China, Mandarin, slang) awesome; powerful


犼

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 犭 (“canine”) + phonetic 孔 (OC *kʰloːŋʔ)


狴

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *piː): semantic 犬 (“dog”) + phonetic 坒 (OC *bis, *biɡ).

Han compound

(literary, Chinese mythology) legendary tiger-like beast whose image used to be painted on prison doors


猎

(Chinese mythology) a kind of bear-like animal


猙

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ʔsreːŋ, *zeŋʔ): semantic 犬 (“dog”) + phonetic 爭 (OC *ʔsreːŋ).

Han compound

Yǒushòuyān, qízhuàngrúchìbào, wǔwěiyījiǎo, qíyīnrújīshí, qímíngrúzhēng.

有獸焉，其狀如赤豹，五尾一角，其音如擊石，其名如猙。

有兽焉，其状如赤豹，五尾一角，其音如击石，其名如狰。

(literary, Chinese mythology) a red leopard-like creature with one horn


猴

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡoː): semantic 犭 + phonetic 侯 (OC *ɡoː).
The first syllable in 母猴 (OC *mɯʔ ɡoː, “macaque”) and 沐猴 (OC *moːɡ ɡoː, “macaque”) may perhaps be an old pre-initial (Unger, 1985).
Compare Proto-Lolo-Burmese *myukᴸ (“monkey”), which derives from Proto-Tibeto-Burman *m(j/r)uk (“monkey”) (Pinault et al., 1997, STEDT).

Han compound

掠猴 [Hokkien] ― lia̍h-kâu [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― to catch an adulterer


玥

(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese, Chinese mythology) magic pearl


相

/ɬiaŋ³³⁻³³⁵/

/ɬiaŋ³³⁻³³⁵/

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 木 (“tree”) + 目 (“eye”) – looking at, or watching the tree.
An allofam is 胥 (OC *sŋa, *sŋaʔ, “each other; mutually; all; to observe; to assist”) (Gong, 1995; Schuessler, 2007).
Derivative: 想 (OC *slaŋʔ, “to think”) (“appearance > to visualise > to think”).

och-l

(Chinese mythology) Xiang of Xia (fifth king of the semi-legendary Xia dynasty)


禹

The Shuowen interprets the character as pictographic (象形) of an animal. The bronze-script character clearly shows the 虫 component.
;insect

(Chinese mythology) Yu the Great (the legendary king associated with a flood myth and the foundation of the Xia dynasty)


秦

Cao Wei
Chen dynasty
Eastern Han dynasty
Eastern Wei
Eastern Wu
Eastern Zhou dynasty
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
Han dynasty
Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
Jin dynasty (265–420)
Liang dynasty
Liao dynasty
Liu Song dynasty
Ming dynasty
Northern Qi
Northern Wei
Northern Zhou
Northern and Southern dynasties
Qin dynasty
Qing dynasty
Shang dynasty
Shu Han
Shuowen
Shuowen Jiezi
Song dynasty
Southern Qi
Southern and Northern dynasties
Spring and Autumn period
Sui dynasty
Tang dynasty
Three Kingdoms
Warring States period
Western Han dynasty
Western Liao
Western Wei
Western Xia
Western Zhou dynasty
Xia dynasty
Xin dynasty
Yuan dynasty
Zhou dynasty
oracle bone script

→ English: Ch'in, Chin, Qin, Tsin

desctree

→? Sanskrit: चीन (cīna)
Niya Prakrit: 𐨕𐨁𐨣 (cina), 𐨕𐨁𐨎𐨣 (ciṃna)
→ Middle Persian: 𐭰𐭩𐭭 (čīn)
Classical Persian: چین (čīn)
Dari: چین (čīn)
Iranian Persian: چین (čin)
Tajik: Чин (Čin)
→ Arabic: اَلصِّين (aṣ-ṣīn)
→ Ancient Greek: Θῖνα (Thîna), Θῖναι (Thînai), Σῖναι (Sînai), Τζίνιστα (Tzínista)
→ Latin: Sinae
→ Portuguese: China
→ Italian: Cina
→ Sardinian: Cina
→ English: China
→ Middle Chinese: 支那 (MC tsye na)
Chinese: 支那 (Zhīnà)
→ Japanese: 支那 (しな, shina)
→ Korean: 지나 (jina)
→ Vietnamese: Chi Na
→ Malay: Cina
Indonesian: Cina
→ Malayalam: ചീന (cīna)
→ Telugu: చీనా (cīnā)
→ Kannada: ಚೀನಾ (cīnā)

In the oracle bone script, an ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 午 (“pestle”, the original form of 杵) + 廾 (“two hands”) + two 禾 (“grain”). The most conservative variant is 𥢮. A form of its bronze inscription containing only one 禾 developed into the subsequent small seal script form in Shuowen. The 午 and 廾 components have fused into 𡗗 in the modern form. Old Chinese *dzin may derive from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-dz(j)a-k/n/t/s (“to eat; food; to feed; rice”), also recorded as *dzaʔ (Schuessler, 2007).
According to Shuowen Jiezi, the glyph is an ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): abbreviated 舂 (“to pound grain”) + 禾 (“grain”) – husked grain. However this would necessitate a phonological shift that is considered unlikely, and furthermore is likely a folk etymology altogether.

Han compound

晉侯、秦伯圍鄭，以其無禮於晉，且貳於楚也。晉軍函陵，秦軍氾南。

晋侯、秦伯围郑，以其无礼于晋，且贰于楚也。晋军函陵，秦军氾南。

(～朝) Qin dynasty, first imperial dynasty of China

Qin, a general area of central-west China in modern-day Shaanxi and Gansu Provinces


羊

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (羊):
* → Japanese: 羊(よう) (yō)
* → Korean: 양(羊) (yang)
* → Vietnamese: dương (羊)

Wutunhua: yang

Characters in the same phonetic series (羊) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Pictogram (象形) – picture of a ram's head. See also the original version of 沈.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-jaŋ (“sheep; yak”). Cognate with Tibetan གཡག (g.yag, “yak”), Lepcha ᰚᰩᰭ (yók, “yak”), Tangut 𗇼 (*gjwã², “goat”), Northern Tujia zo³⁵ (“goat; sheep”).


能

Characters in the same phonetic series (能) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Pictogram (象形): bear. Compare 熊 (OC *ɢʷlɯm, “bear”). In the character, two paws are visible as a pair of 匕 and the face with the open mouth is stylized as 月.
; "bear-like animal"
; “be able to; can; ability”
: Possibly Proto-Sino-Tibetan (which STEDT tentatively reconstructs as *m-nyaŋ (“can, be able”)): compare Tibetan ནུས (nus, “to be able to; capable; to withstand; capacity; strength; force; power; function; energy”), Burmese နိုင် (nuing, “can, be able to, may; master; win; prevail”). Schuessler (2007) also derives 態 (OC *n̥ʰɯːs, “apparition, bearing, manner”) from this; see also 忍 (OC *njɯnʔ, “to suffer, endure”).
: Compare the old pre-Sino–Vietnamese loanword nổi (“be able to; capable”).

och-l

(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese, Chinese mythology) A mythological bear-like animal, with deer-like legs.


芒

(Chinese mythology) Mang of Xia (ninth king of the semi-legendary Xia dynasty)


若

Pictogram (象形) – a person combing their hair; obedient.
Later 口 was added and the original component came to be written 叒.
; “you; your”
; "like this; such; if"
; "that"

Then He Bo began to turn his face round, looked across the expanse, as if he were confronting Ruo, and sighed.

Zhuangzi, circa 3ʳᵈ – 2ⁿᵈ centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

Yúshì yān Hé Bó shǐ xuán qí miànmù, wàng yáng xiàng Ruò ér tàn.

於是焉河伯始旋其面目，望洋向若而歎。

于是焉河伯始旋其面目，望洋向若而叹。

I invite the Genius of River Xiang to play the se, and the oceanic Ruo to dance with Feng Yi of the Yellow River.

The Verses of Chu, 4ᵗʰ century BCE – 2ⁿᵈ century CE

Shǐ Xiāng líng gǔ sè xī, lìng hǎi Ruò wǔ Féng Yí.

使湘靈鼓瑟兮，令海若舞馮夷。

使湘灵鼓瑟兮，令海若舞冯夷。

(Chinese mythology) Ruo, mythological divine being of the northern seas


藍

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (藍):
* → Japanese: 藍(らん) (ran)
* → Korean: 람(藍) (ram)
* → Vietnamese: lam (藍)

desc

→ Proto-Hmong-Mien: *ŋglam ~ ŋgram (“indigo”)

White Hmong: nkaj

→ Proto-Tai: *g.raːmᴬ (“indigo”)

Thai: คราม (kraam)

Lao: ຄາມ (khām)

Zhuang: gyaemq (“purple-red”)

→ Proto-Tai: *kromꟲ (“indigo”)

Thai: ฮ่อม (hɔ̂ɔm)

Zhuang: romj, goromj

→? Proto-Vietic: *ɟaːm (“indigo”)

Muong: chàm

Vietnamese: chàm

→ Khmer: ត្រុំ (trom)

→ Zhuang: lamz

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡ·raːm): semantic 艸 (“grass”) + phonetic 監 (OC *kraːm, *kraːms).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-ram (“indigo”); cognate with Lepcha ᰛᰤᰨᰮ (ryom), Mru [script needed] (charam), Tibetan རམས (rams, “indigo”) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007; Hill, 2019). However, Laufer (1916) considers the Tibetan word to be borrowed from Chinese.
Schuessler (2007) considers this an areal word, possibly from Southeast Asia; cf. Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *taʀum (“indigo plant and dye”) (> Malay tarum).

cog

Burmese ခရမ်း (hka.ram:, “purple, violet”)

(HK politics) supportive of the Hong Kong Police Force and the Hong Kong government


虺

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *hŋuːl, *hŋruːl, *hŋlulʔ): phonetic 兀 (OC *ŋuːd) + semantic 虫.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-b/m-ruːl (“snake”). Cognate with Tibetan སྦྲུལ (sbrul), Japhug qapri, Chepang रु (ru), Burmese မြွေ (mrwe), S'gaw Karen ဂုၢ် (ghu̱).

Han compound

What dreams are lucky?
They have been about black bears and brown bears,
They have been about asps and adders.

Jí mèng wéi hé,
Wéi xióng wéi pí,
Wéi huǐ wéi shé.

吉夢維何、
維熊維羆、
維虺維蛇。

吉梦维何、
维熊维罴、
维虺维蛇。

1919, 《新舊約全書：官話和合譯本》 [Mandarin Bible, Union Version], Shanghai: American Bible Society, 創世記 [Genesis] 49:17:

Dan will be a serpent on the trail, an adder in the path, that bites the horse’s heels, so that his rider falls backward. [World English Bible]

Dàn bì zuò dào shang de shé, lù zhōng de huǐ, yǎoshāng mǎtí, shǐ qímǎ de zhuìluò yú hòu.

但必作道上的蛇、路中的虺、咬傷馬蹄、使騎馬的墜落於後。

但必作道上的蛇、路中的虺、咬伤马蹄、使骑马的坠落于后。

(Chinese mythology) a kind of venomous snake


蛟

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kreːw): semantic 虫 (“creature”) + phonetic 交 (OC *kreːw).
Possibly connected with Burmese ခြူး (hkru:, “a type of beast”) and Tibetan ཀླུ (klu, “serpent, naga”) (Schuessler, 2007). However, Schuessler (2007) notices phonological differences between Old Chinese and Written Tibetan.

Han compound

(～龍) (Chinese mythology) mythical flood dragon


蛻

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g/s-lwat (“free, release, slip, dislocate”) (STEDT).

inh

(Taoism, Buddhism) to die; to ascend; to depart for one's next life


蜀

Cao Wei
Chen dynasty
Eastern Han dynasty
Eastern Wei
Eastern Wu
Eastern Zhou dynasty
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
Han dynasty
Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
Jin dynasty (265–420)
Liang dynasty
Liao dynasty
Liu Song dynasty
Ming dynasty
Northern Qi
Northern Wei
Northern Zhou
Northern and Southern dynasties
Qin dynasty
Qing dynasty
Shang dynasty
Shu Han
Shuowen Jiezi
Song dynasty
Southern Qi
Southern and Northern dynasties
Spring and Autumn period
Sui dynasty
Tang dynasty
Three Kingdoms
Warring States period
Western Han dynasty
Western Liao
Western Wei
Western Xia
Western Zhou dynasty
Xia dynasty
Xin dynasty
Yuan dynasty
Zhou dynasty

Shuowen Jiezi interprets this as a pictograph of a silkworm: with 目 (mù, “eye”) depicting its head above its wriggling body; cf. 蠶叢／蚕丛 (“silkworm-thicket”), legendary inventor of silk and sericulture and ancestor of the first dynasty of the Shu kings.

(Wei) General-who-Calms-the-West Deng Ai soundly defeated Shu Grand General Jiang Wei at Shanggui

Chen Shou, Records of the Three Kingdoms, circa 3ʳᵈ century CE

Ānxī jiāngjūn dèng ài dà pò shǔ dà jiāng jiāng wéi yú shàngguī.

安西將軍鄧艾大破蜀大將姜維於上邽。

安西将军邓艾大破蜀大将姜维于上邽。

another name for Shu Han, one of Three Kingdoms


蜚

(Chinese mythology) name of mythical beast


蜮

(Chinese mythology) a small three-legged turtle-like creature that lives in water and spits sand at humans, often forcefully enough to kill them.


螭

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *r̥ʰel): semantic 虫 (“creature”) + phonetic 离 (OC *rel, *r̥ʰel).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *n-d-raj (“demon; evil spirit; ghost”).

inh

(Chinese mythology) legendary hornless dragon (often used as a decorative motif in ancient times)


行

Characters in the same phonetic series (行) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Pictogram (象形) – a street intersection.
Originally symmetric, it has been simplified asymmetrically; the left half 彳 (chì) is widely used as a radical, while the right half 亍 (chù) finds occasional use, and the character can be broken up as 彳 + 亍, though originally it was not a compound.


觀

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *koːn, *koːns): phonetic 雚 (OC *koːns) + semantic 見 (“see”).
“To watch; to observe” (Pronunciation 1) > “watchtower; platform; temple” (Pronunciation 2).
Schuessler (2007) connects it with 侯 (OC *ɡoː, “target”) and 候 (OC *ɡoːs, “to watch; to be on the lookout for; to wait”).


豬

→ Thai: ตือ (dtʉʉ)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ta): semantic 豕 + phonetic 者 (OC *tjaːʔ).
Possibly from Proto-Sino-Tibetan (Schuessler, 2007). Löffler (1966) considers Mru tia (“(wild) pig”) to be cognate.
Fangyan states that 豭 (OC *kraː) is a dialectal variant of 豬 (OC *ta), yet *kra was apparently older than *t(r)a and homophonic with 麚 (OC *kraː, “stag”); so instead *t(r)a is possibly an early rural dialectal variant (from the sound changes *ʈa < *tra < *Cra) of *kra, which would have had a general meaning of "male animal". See 豭 for more.

Han compound

1919, 《新舊約全書：官話和合譯本》 [Mandarin Bible, Union Version], Shanghai: American Bible Society, 馬太福音 [Matthew] 8:30:

Now there was afar off from them a herd of many swine feeding. (English Revised Version)

Lí tāmen hěn yuǎn, yǒu yī dà qún zhū chīshí.

離他們很遠、有一大羣豬喫食。

离他们很远、有一大群猪吃食。

May "pig things" (homophonous with "all things") go well with you! (used to wish a happy Chinese New Year in the Year of the Pig)

豬事順利！（諸事順利！）

猪事顺利！（诸事顺利！）

pig; hog; swine (Classifier: 頭／头 m; 口 m; 隻／只 c mn; 條／条 c h)


貅

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qʰu): semantic 豸 + phonetic 休 (OC *qʰu).

Han compound

The pixiu: they look like tigers; some say they look like bears; their furs are colored ashen white. People in Liaodong call them white brown bears. The male is called pí, and the female xiū; that was why ancient people many times mentioned them together.

1917, 徐珂 (Xu Ke), 《清稗類鈔》 (Categorized anthology of petty matters from the Qing period).

Píxiū, xíng sì hǔ, huò yuē sì xióng, máo sè huībái. Liáodōng rén wèi zhī báipí. Xióngzhě yuē pí, cízhě yuē xiū, gù gǔrén duō lián jǔ zhī.

貔貅，形似虎，或曰似熊，毛色灰白。遼東人謂之白羆。雄者曰貔，雌者曰貅，故古人多連舉之。

貔貅，形似虎，或曰似熊，毛色灰白。辽东人谓之白罴。雄者曰貔，雌者曰貅，故古人多连举之。

(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese, Chinese mythology) female panther-like feline; female counterpart of 貔 (pí)


道

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (道):
* → Japanese: 道(どう) (dō)
* → Korean: 도(道) (do)
* → Vietnamese: đạo (道)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *l'uːʔ): semantic 辵 (“walking”) + phonetic 首 (OC *hljuʔ, *hljus).
Possibly derived from 導 (OC *duːs, “to go along, to bring along, to conduct”):
* > "to explain" > "to talk about", and
* > "road, way".
Possibly cognate with Proto-Hmong-Mien *kləuX (“road, way”) (White Hmong kev (“road”)). See also 首 (OC *hljuʔ, *hljus).

och-l

噵
衜
衟
𡬹
𨔞
𨕐
𨕥
𨖁
𨗓

The Way that can be told is not the constant Way. The name that can be named is not the constant name.

Dào kě dào, fēi cháng dào. Míng kě míng, fēi cháng míng.

道可道，非常道。名可名，非常名。

(philosophy, Taoism) the Way; the Tao; the Dao: the way of nature and/or the ideal way to live one's life


遼

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *reːw): semantic 辵 (“walk”) + phonetic 尞.

Han compound

(～河, ～水) Liao (a river in Northeast China)


陳

desc

→ English: Chen, Ch'en, Chan, Chun, Chin, Tan, Tang

(～國) (historical) state of Chen (vassal state during the Zhou dynasty)


隋

Cao Wei
Chen dynasty
Eastern Han dynasty
Eastern Wei
Eastern Wu
Eastern Zhou dynasty
Emperor Wen of Sui
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
Han dynasty
Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
Jin dynasty (265–420)
Liang dynasty
Liao dynasty
Liu Song dynasty
Ming dynasty
Northern Qi
Northern Wei
Northern Zhou
Northern and Southern dynasties
Qin dynasty
Qing dynasty
Shang dynasty
Shu Han
Song dynasty
Southern Qi
Southern and Northern dynasties
Spring and Autumn period
Sui dynasty
Tang dynasty
Three Kingdoms
Warring States period
Western Han dynasty
Western Liao
Western Wei
Western Xia
Western Zhou dynasty
Xia dynasty
Xin dynasty
Yuan dynasty
Zhou dynasty

→ English: Sui

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *l̥ʰoːlʔ, *l'oːlʔ, *ljol): abbreviated phonetic 隓 (OC *hlol) + semantic 肉 (“meat”).
The use of this character for the dynasty name was created by its first emperor from the character 隨／随 (suí).


雞

desc

→ Indonesian: ayam (“prostitute”) (semantic loan)

→ Malay: ayam (“prostitute”) (semantic loan)

desctree

→? Proto-Tai: *kajᴮ
Northern Tai
Bouyei: gais
Zhuang: gaeq
Saek: ไก
Central Tai
Tày: cáy
Southwestern Tai
Thai: ไก่ (gài)
Northern Thai: ᨠᩱ᩵
Lao: ໄກ່ (kai)
Lü: ᦺᦂᧈ (k̇ay¹)
Tai Dam: ꪼꪀ꪿
Shan: ၵႆႇ (kài)
Tai Nüa: ᥐᥭᥱ (kǎy)
Aiton: ကႝ (kay)
Phake: ကႝ (kay)
Ahom: 𑜀𑜩 (kay)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *keː): phonetic 奚 (OC *ɡeː) + semantic 隹 (“short-tailed bird”).
Onomatopoeic (Schuessler, 2007). Compare Proto-Vietic *r-kaa (> Vietnamese gà), Proto-Tai *kajᴮ (“chicken”), Proto-Hmong-Mien *Kəi.
* (to fire): From 無情雞 /无情鸡 (mou⁴ cing⁴ gai¹, “pink slip”).

Han compound

My elder brother and my father are both born in the Year of the Rooster.

我哥哥和我爸爸都是屬雞的。

我哥哥和我爸爸都是属鸡的。

10th of the Chinese zodiac animals (rooster)


魏

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ŋɡuls): phonetic 委 (OC *qrol, *qrolʔ) + phonetic 鬼 (OC *kulʔ).
;high
;name of Zhou's vassal state

Han compound

(historical) (～國) State of Wei during the Warring States period


鮨

(Chinese mythology) a kind of fish (or aquatic animal) that has baby-like voice (hence compared to giant salamander)


鯀

Same word as 鮌 and 鯤 (OC *kuːn) (Schuessler, 2009), the latter of which is possibly related to 鵾 (“large bird”) (Liu, 1999).

(Chinese mythology) Gun (the father of Yu the Great)


鯤

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (鯤):
* → Japanese: 鯤(こん) (kon)
* → Korean: 곤(鯤) (gon)
* → Vietnamese: côn (鯤)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kuːn): semantic 魚 (“fish”) + phonetic 昆 (OC *kuːn).
; “fish roe”
; “kun (sea monster)”

Han compound

The size of the kun, I do not know how many thousand li it is.

鯤之大，不知其幾千里也。

鲲之大，不知其几千里也。

(Chinese mythology) kun, a large fish that transforms into a roc (鵬／鹏 (péng))


鯪

(obsolete, mythology) legendary fish with human-like face and hands


鯱

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 鯱 (shachi).
Spelling pronunciation, as 虎 (hǔ).

obor

(Japanese mythology) shachihoko (carp with the head of a tiger)


鰲

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ŋaːw): phonetic 敖 (OC *ŋaːw) + semantic 魚 (“fish”)
Possibly a back-formation from 黿 (OC *ŋoːn, *ŋon, “large turtle”) with final -n discarded due to folk etymology (Schuessler, 2007).

Han compound

(Chinese mythology) large mythological sea turtle


鱬

(obsolete, Chinese mythology) a creature with a human face and a fish body


鳳

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (鳳):
* → Japanese: 鳳(ほう) (hō)
* → Korean: 봉(鳳) (bong)
* → Vietnamese: phụng (鳳), phượng (鳳)

→ English: Feng

→ Zhuang: fungh

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *bums): phonetic 凡 (OC *bom) + semantic 鳥 (“bird”).
In the oracle bone script, the script of 鳳 (OC *bums) was often phonetically borrowed to represent 風 (OC *plum, *plums, “wind”). Subsequent forms of the script of 風 were also derived from parts of the bronze inscription of 鳳.

Han compound

(Chinese mythology) male fenghuang (a mythological bird)


鴆

Guo Pu
Rites of Zhou
Siku Quanshu
Wu Renchen
Zuozhuan

Same word as 酖 (OC *l'ums, “to poison (v.); poison (n.)”) (e.g. in Zuozhuan, "Xi 30"https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E5%B7%A6%E6%B0%8F%E5%82%B3/%E5%83%96%E5%85%AC#%E5%82%B3_30), exopassive of 沈 (OC *l'um, “to put poison in liquid”) (e.g. in Rites of Zhou https://ctext.org/dictionary.pl?if=en&id=37265) (Schuessler, 2007). See 沈 & 沉 (chén) for further etymology.

och-l

I bade the zhen-bird to be my go-between; the zhen-bird told me: "Not good!"

Wú lìng zhèn wéi méi xī, zhèn gào yú yǐ bùhǎo.

吾令鴆為媒兮，鴆告余以不好。

吾令鸩为媒兮，鸩告余以不好。

120-li more northeastwards, [there's a place] called Mount Nüji; … as for the birds, there are many white jiāo-pheasants, many dí-pheasants, and many zhèn-hawks.

Yòu dōngběi bǎi'èrshí lǐ, yuē Nǚjī zhī shān,...... Qí niǎo duō báijiāo, duō dí, duō zhèn.

又東北百二十里，曰女几之山，……其鳥多白鷮，多翟，多鴆。

又东北百二十里，曰女几之山，……其鸟多白𱉬，多翟，多鸩。

(Chinese mythology) the zhenniao (a hawk-like, snake-eating bird with poisonous feathers)


鴸

(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) a mythical bird resembling an owl with human hands, said to bring bad luck


鵬

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (鵬):
* → Korean: 붕(鵬) (bung)
* → Vietnamese: bằng (鵬)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *bɯːŋ) and ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): phonetic 朋 (OC *bɯːŋ, “phoenix”) + semantic 鳥 (“bird”)
This has been related to 風 (OC *plum, “wind”) (Schuessler, 2007) and also by Wang (1982) to 鳳 (OC *bums, “male fenghuang”).

Han compound

I don't know how many thousand li the Pengʹs back is.

鵬之背，不知其幾千里也。

鹏之背，不知其几千里也。

(Chinese mythology) peng (enormous bird)


鶬

(Chinese mythology) a kind of mythological bird


鶼

(Chinese mythology) the jian, a mythical bird with one eye and one wing


鸓

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *rul, *rulʔ): phonetic 畾 (OC *ruːl, “bird”) + semantic 鳥.

Han compound

𱊳
䴎
𤴒
𪉀
𩁜
𪆼
𪈦
蠝
𧕫
𤡂
𤢹

(Chinese mythology) a bird with two heads and four legs that resembles the magpie


鼠

Characters in the same phonetic series (鼠) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Pictogram (象形) – a mouse or rat. In the seal script form, which is inherited in the regular script, the upper component resembling 臼 (jiù) represents the open mouth of a rat with teeth displayed, and the lower component represents the two feet of a rat on the left and a tail on the right.
Unclear. Schuessler (2007) reconstructs the Minimal Old Chinese as *nhaʔ (homophonous to 癙 (OC *nhaʔ) "painful, suffering", which is in the same phonetic series and may be related to Proto-Tibeto-Burman *na-n/t (“ill, pain, sore, ache, difficult, evil spirit”)) and compares to the following:
* Nyah Kur [script needed] (hnáaʔ, “small squirrel; tree shrew”);
* Proto-Mon-Khmer *kn₁(i)ʔ (“rat; mouse”): Old Mon kni' > Mon ဂၞိ (nɔeˀ), Proto-Bahnaric *knɛː;
* Proto-Kam-Sui *hnu³ (“rat”): Southern Kam not, Sui hnoc.
STEDT, on the other hand, compares 鼠 (OC *hljaʔ) to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *b-jəw-n (“rat; rabbit; hare”).

cog

䑕
鼡
⿱𭕄电
⿱白⿲𠄌𠄌㇂

我屬鼠。

我属鼠。


齋

→ Thai: เจ (jee)

→ Vietnamese: chay

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ʔsriːl): phonetic 齊 (OC *zliːl, *zliːls) + semantic 示 (“god; deity”).

Han compound

(Buddhism, Taoism) religious ceremony (Classifier: 堂 c)


龍

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (龍):
* → Japanese: 竜(りゅう) (ryū)
* → Korean: 룡>용(龍) (ryong>yong)
* → Vietnamese: long (龍)

→ Indonesian: liong

desctree

→ Proto-Vietic: *-roːŋ
Tho:
Cuoi Cham: ʐoŋ²
Lang Lo: ʐoŋ²
Viet-Muong:
Muong: rồng
Middle Vietnamese: 蠬 (ròu᷄), 𧏵 (ròu᷄)
Vietnamese: rồng

→ Old Turkic: 𐰠𐰇 (lü)

→ Middle Mongol: ᠯᠤᠤ (luu)

Classical Mongolian: ᠯᠤᠤ (luu)

Mongolian: ᠯᠤᠤ /луу (luu)

→ Zhuang: lungz

Old Turkic language
Proto-Hmong-Mien language
Proto-Vietic language
Turkish language
Vietnamese language
White Hmong language

Characters in the same phonetic series (龍) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Pictogram (象形) – originally a serpent with prominent whiskered mouth and eyes.
Current form developed in large seal script, with serpent’s body on right (tail at upper right, legs on right), whiskered/fanged mouth at lower left, and eyes/crown at upper left. Left side was subsequently simplified and abstracted, with some influence of 立 and ⺼/月. Note that 竜 existed as a traditional variant dating back to large seal script, and figures a dragon seen face-on, rather than curled around.
Compare 𣎆, which represents a particular kind of dragon.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-bru(ŋ/k) (“dragon; thunder”). Cognate with Tibetan འབྲུག ('brug, “dragon; thunder”). The STEDT database also lists 隆 (OC *ɡ·ruːŋ, “thunder; sound of thunder”) and 雹 (OC *bruːɡ, “hail”) as cognates. Also compare 靐 (OC *brɯŋs, “sound of thunder”) and 霹靂 (OC *pʰeːɡ reːɡ, “thunder”).
This word is found in many languages of the region. Compare Proto-Hmong-Mien *-roŋ (“dragon”) (White Hmong zaj), Proto-Vietic *-roːŋ (“dragon”) (Vietnamese rồng), Vietnamese thuồng luồng (“serpent-like monster”), Khmer រោង (roong, “year of the dragon”), Thai มะโรง (má-roong, “dragon; year of the dragon”), Lao ມະໂລງ (ma lōng, “year of the dragon”), perhaps also Old Turkic [script needed]|[Term?] (*-lan, suffix denoting a wild, predatory animal) (Turkish aslan (“lion”), kaplan (“tiger”), yılan (“snake”)).

cog-lite

龙
㡣
䮾
䰱
竜
龒
𠉒
𠊋
𢀀
𢄫
𢅛
𥪐
𥪑
𥪖
𥪢
𥫆
𥫈
𦱉
𦱸

(mythology) Chinese dragon (Classifier: 條／条 m c h; 尾 mn)


神社

/ʂən³⁵ ʂɤ⁵¹/

/sɐn²¹ sɛː¹³/

/ʂən³⁵ ʂɤ⁵¹/

/sɐn²¹ sɛː¹³/


麒麟

Ming Dynasty
Phono-semantic matching
Song Dynasty
Zheng He

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (麒麟):
* → Japanese: 麒(き)麟(りん) (kirin)
* → Korean: 기린(麒麟) (girin)
* → Vietnamese: kì lân (麒麟)

→ Thai: กิเลน (gì-leen)

→ Zhuang: geizlaenz, gizlinz

/t͡ɕʰi³⁵ lin³⁵/

/kʰei̯²¹ lɵn²¹/

/kʰei̯²¹ lɵn²¹⁻³⁵/

/kʰi²⁴⁻¹¹ lin²⁴/

/ki⁵³⁻³³ l̃iŋ⁵³/

/ki²⁴⁻²² lin²⁴/

/ki²⁴⁻¹¹ lin²⁴/

/ki¹³⁻²² lin¹³/

/ki²³⁻³³ lin²³/

/t͡ɕʰi³⁵ lin³⁵/

/kʰei̯²¹ lɵn²¹/

/kʰei̯²¹ lɵn²¹⁻³⁵/

/kʰi²⁴⁻¹¹ lin²⁴/

/ki⁵³⁻³³ l̃iŋ⁵³/

/ki²⁴⁻²² lin²⁴/

/ki²⁴⁻¹¹ lin²⁴/

/ki¹³⁻²² lin¹³/

/ki²³⁻³³ lin²³/

Old Chinese pronunciation for this word was *g(ɯ)-rin (Zhengzhang), and in pre-Qin times the beast was also referred to as
* 麟 (OC *rin),
* 麐 (OC *m·rin, *m·rins),
* 𪊓, or
* 蔽 (OC *peds),
the last two having been attested in the oracle bone script already.
There is much debate as to what animal the qilin beast was; some maintain that the qilin was a beast only found in mythology, even though it may have been based on some animal in pre-historic times, and some argue that the qilin was in reality the river deer, the ox or cow, or the Indian rhinoceros (Wang, 2009).
Janhunen (2011) tentatively compares 麒麟 (OC *ɡɯ rin) to a Northeast Asian etymon *kalimV, which denotes either "whale" or "mammoth"; however, he cautiously remarks that "[t]he formal and semantic similarity between *kilin < *gilin ~ *gïlin 'unicorn' and *kalimV 'whale' (but also Samoyedic *kalay- 'mammoth') is sufficient to support, though perhaps not confirm, the hypothesis of an etymological connection". He also notes a possible connection between Old Chinese and Mongolian (*)kers ~ (*)keris ~ (*)kiris "rhinoceros" (> Khalkha Mongolian хирс (xirs)).

Is it only among men that it is so? There is the Qilin among quadrupeds, the Fenghuang (phoenix) among birds, the Tai mountain among mounds and ant-hills, and rivers and seas among rain-pools. Though different in degree, they are the same in kind.

Qǐ wéi mín zāi? Qílín zhī yú zǒushòu, fènghuáng zhī yú fēiniǎo, Tàishān zhī yú qiūdié, hé hǎi zhī yú xíngliáo, lèi yě.

豈惟民哉？麒麟之於走獸，鳳凰之於飛鳥，太山之於丘垤，河海之於行潦，類也。

岂惟民哉？麒麟之于走兽，凤凰之于飞鸟，太山之于丘垤，河海之于行潦，类也。

(Chinese mythology) qilin (propitious mythological beast) (Classifier: 隻／只 m c mn)


狒狒

/feɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ feɪ̯⁵¹/

/feɪ̯⁵¹ feɪ̯¹/

/fɐt̚⁵ fɐt̚⁵/

/fɐi̯²² fɐi̯²²/

/fɐi̯³³ fɐi̯³³/

/feɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ feɪ̯⁵¹/

/feɪ̯⁵¹ feɪ̯¹/

/fɐt̚⁵ fɐt̚⁵/

/fɐi̯²² fɐi̯²²/

/fɐi̯³³ fɐi̯³³/

(archaic, Chinese mythology) name of a monster mentioned in the Erya (爾雅)


大道

Sino-Xenic (大道):
* → Japanese: 大道(だいどう) (daidō)
* → Korean: 대도(大道) (daedo)
* → Vietnamese: đại đạo (大道)

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ tɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² tɔ⁴¹/

/tua³³⁻²¹ tɤ³³/

/tua³³⁻¹¹ to³³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ to³³/

/tai³³⁻²¹ tɤ³³/

/tai²²⁻²¹ to²²/

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ tɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² tɔ⁴¹/

/tua³³⁻²¹ tɤ³³/

/tua³³⁻¹¹ to³³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ to³³/

/tai³³⁻²¹ tɤ³³/

/tai²²⁻²¹ to²²/


幕府

/mu⁵¹ fu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mɔːk̚² fuː³⁵/

/mu⁵¹ fu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mɔːk̚² fuː³⁵/

(historical) office of a commanding officer in ancient China


一二八事變

ㄧ ㄦˋ ㄅㄚ ㄕˋ ㄅㄧㄢˋ

Иэрба Шибянь

/i⁵⁵ ˀɤɻ⁵¹ pä⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ pi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/jɐt̚⁵ jiː²² paːt̚³ siː²² piːn³³/

/i⁵⁵ ˀɤɻ⁵¹ pä⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ pi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/jɐt̚⁵ jiː²² paːt̚³ siː²² piːn³³/


九一八事變

ㄐㄧㄡˇ ㄧ ㄅㄚ ㄕˋ ㄅㄧㄢˋ

Цзюиба Шибянь

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ i⁵⁵ pä⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ pi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/kɐu̯³⁵ jɐt̚⁵ paːt̚³ siː²² piːn³³/

/kɐu̯³⁵ jɐt̚⁵ paːt̚³ siː²² piːn³³/


三十六天罡

ㄙㄢ ㄕˊ ㄌㄧㄡˋ ㄊㄧㄢ ㄍㄤ

саньшилю тяньган

/sän⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵ li̯oʊ̯⁵¹ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ kɑŋ⁵⁵/

/sän⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵ li̯oʊ̯⁵¹ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ kɑŋ⁵⁵/


天罡

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ kɑŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰɛŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɒŋ⁵³³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tʰiɛn³³ kɔŋ³³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ kɑŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰɛŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɒŋ⁵³³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tʰiɛn³³ kɔŋ³³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

(Taoism) Name for a heavenly spirit. According to Daoist religious texts, there are 36 in all.


永和

/jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ xɤ³⁵/

/wɪŋ¹³ wɔː²¹/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ho²⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ho²⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ho¹³/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ho²⁴/

/iɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ hɤ²³/

/jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ xɤ³⁵/

/wɪŋ¹³ wɔː²¹/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ho²⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ho²⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ho¹³/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ho²⁴/

/iɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ hɤ²³/


饕餮

/tʰɑʊ̯⁵⁵ tʰi̯ɛ⁵¹/

/tʰou̯⁵⁵ tʰiːt̚³/

/tʰo⁴⁴⁻²² tʰiɛt̚³²/

/tʰo³³ tʰiɛt̚⁵/

/tʰo⁴⁴⁻²² tʰiɛt̚³²/

/tʰo⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰiɛt̚³²/

/tʰɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰiɛt̚³²/

/tʰau³³⁻²³ tʰiek̚²/

/tʰɑʊ̯⁵⁵ tʰi̯ɛ⁵¹/

/tʰou̯⁵⁵ tʰiːt̚³/

/tʰo⁴⁴⁻²² tʰiɛt̚³²/

/tʰo³³ tʰiɛt̚⁵/

/tʰo⁴⁴⁻²² tʰiɛt̚³²/

/tʰo⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰiɛt̚³²/

/tʰɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰiɛt̚³²/

/tʰau³³⁻²³ tʰiek̚²/

(Chinese mythology) taotie (legendary gluttonous animal)


修道

/ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵ tɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/sɐu̯⁵⁵ tou̯²²/

/siu⁴⁴⁻³³ to³³/

/siu⁴⁴⁻³³ tɤ³³/

/siu⁴⁴⁻²² to²²/

/ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵ tɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/sɐu̯⁵⁵ tou̯²²/

/siu⁴⁴⁻³³ to³³/

/siu⁴⁴⁻³³ tɤ³³/

/siu⁴⁴⁻²² to²²/


和平

Sino-Xenic (和平):
* → Japanese: 和(わ)平(へい) (wahei)
* → Korean: 화평(和平) (hwapyeong)
* → Vietnamese: hoà bình (和平)

/xɤ³⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/xə²⁴ pʰiŋ²⁴/

/wɔː²¹ pʰɪŋ²¹/

/vᵘɔ²² pʰen²²/

/huo⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βiŋ⁵³/

/ho²⁴⁻²² piɪŋ²⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ piɪŋ²⁴/

/ho¹³⁻²² piɪŋ¹³/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ piɪŋ²³/

/hɔ²⁴⁻²² piɪŋ²⁴/

/hua⁵⁵⁻¹¹ pʰeŋ⁵⁵/

/xɤ³⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/xə²⁴ pʰiŋ²⁴/

/wɔː²¹ pʰɪŋ²¹/

/vᵘɔ²² pʰen²²/

/huo⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βiŋ⁵³/

/ho²⁴⁻²² piɪŋ²⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ piɪŋ²⁴/

/ho¹³⁻²² piɪŋ¹³/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ piɪŋ²³/

/hɔ²⁴⁻²² piɪŋ²⁴/

/hua⁵⁵⁻¹¹ pʰeŋ⁵⁵/

(～縣) Heping County (a county of Guangdong, China)

(～鎮) Heping Town (several towns in China)

(～鎮) Heping (a town in Chaoyang district, Shantou, Guangdong, China), originally named 蚝坪 (o5 pian5)

(historical) several era names in Chinese history (150; 354–355; 460–465; 551–554)


孟子

Sino-Xenic (孟子):
* → Japanese: 孟(もう)子(し) (Mōshi)
* → Korean: 맹자(孟子) (Maengja)
* → Vietnamese: Mạnh Tử (孟子)

→ Classical Mongolian: ᠮᠧᠩᠽᠢ (mēngzi)

Mongolian: ᠮᠧᠩᠽᠢ (mēngzi), Мэнз (Menz)

→ English: Mengzi

→ Latin: Mencius

→ English: Mencius

→ Chinese: 門修斯 (Ménxiūsī)

→ Manchu: ᠮᡝᠩᡯ (mengdz)

→ Tibetan: མེང་ཙི (meng tsi)

/mɤŋ⁵¹ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/maːŋ²² t͡siː³⁵/

/biɪŋ³³⁻²¹ t͡su⁴¹/

/biɪŋ³³⁻¹¹ t͡su⁵³/

/mɤŋ⁵¹ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/maːŋ²² t͡siː³⁵/

/biɪŋ³³⁻²¹ t͡su⁴¹/

/biɪŋ³³⁻¹¹ t͡su⁵³/

I wish to give Mencius a house, somewhere in the middle of the kingdom.

Mencius, c. 4ᵗʰ century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

我欲中國而授孟子室。

我欲中国而授孟子室。

Mencius (a Chinese philosopher, one of the principal thinkers of Confucianism)

Four Books
w:Four Books and Five Classics

Mencius (one of the Four Books (四書／四书 (Sìshū)) of Confucianism)


太上感應篇

ㄊㄞˋ ㄕㄤˋ ㄍㄢˇ ㄧㄥˋ ㄆㄧㄢ

Тайшан Ганьин Пянь

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂɑŋ⁵¹ kän²¹⁴⁻²¹ iŋ⁵¹ pʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/tʰaːi̯³³ sœːŋ²² kɐm³⁵ jɪŋ³³ pʰiːn⁵⁵/

/tʰaːi̯³³ sœːŋ²² kɐm³⁵ jɪŋ³³ pʰiːn⁵⁵/

Chapters on Action and Response According to the Most High (a famous Daoist text written in the Song Dynasty)


知道

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ tɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ d̥ɑʊ̯²/

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²¹ tau/

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩³¹ tɔ/

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²⁴ tɔ²⁴/

/tɐi²¹³ tɔu³²/

/ti⁴⁴⁻²² tɔ²²/

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ tɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ d̥ɑʊ̯²/

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²¹ tau/

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩³¹ tɔ/

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²⁴ tɔ²⁴/

/tɐi²¹³ tɔu³²/

/ti⁴⁴⁻²² tɔ²²/

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ tɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ tɑʊ̯⁵¹/

Recently, several people in the Wu-han area have been acting quite strange, and one of them seems to know a thing or two about the Tao.

circa early 1600s, Yuan Hongdao,《醉叟傳》, tr. Jonathan Chaves, 1978

Jìnrì wǔ, hàn zhījiān, yǒu shù rén xíngshì yì guài, yǒu yīrén lèi zhīdào zhě.

近日武、漢之間，有數人行事亦怪，有一人類知道者。

近日武、汉之间，有数人行事亦怪，有一人类知道者。

(literary, Taoism, Confucianism) to know the Way, or, the Tao; to understand the principles well

Taoism; Confucianism; Taoism; Confucianism


尼布楚條約

ㄋㄧˊ ㄅㄨˋ ㄔㄨˇ ㄊㄧㄠˊ ㄩㄝ

Нибучу Тяоюэ

/ni³⁵ pu⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ ɥɛ⁵⁵/

/nei̯²¹ pou̯³³ t͡sʰɔː³⁵ tʰiːu̯²¹ jœːk̚³/

/ni³⁵ pu⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ ɥɛ⁵⁵/

Treaty of Nerchinsk (a treaty signed between Russia and the Qing Government in 1689 which established trade relations between the two countries)


火箭

/xu̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/fɔː³⁵ t͡siːn³³/

/hə⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sĩ⁴¹/

/he⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sĩ¹¹/

/he⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sĩ²¹/

/hue⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ t͡sĩ²¹/

/hue⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sĩ²¹/

/hue⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sĩ²¹/

/xu̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/fɔː³⁵ t͡siːn³³/

/hə⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sĩ⁴¹/

/he⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sĩ¹¹/

/he⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sĩ²¹/

/hue⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ t͡sĩ²¹/

/hue⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sĩ²¹/

/hue⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sĩ²¹/

So Zhao shot the scaling ladder back with fire arrows. The ladder was on fire, and everyone on the ladder burned to death.

Zhāo yúshì yǐ huǒjiàn nì shè qí yúntī, tī rán, tī shàng rén jiē shāo sǐ.

昭於是以火箭逆射其雲梯，梯然，梯上人皆燒死。

昭于是以火箭逆射其云梯，梯然，梯上人皆烧死。


大統領

ㄉㄚˋ ㄊㄨㄥˇ ㄌㄧㄥˇ

/tä⁵¹ tʰʊŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ liŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tä⁵¹ tʰʊŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ liŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 大統領.


天命

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (天命):
* → Japanese: 天命(てんめい) (tenmei)
* → Korean: 천명(天命) (cheonmyeong)
* → Vietnamese: thiên mệnh (天命)

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ miŋ⁵¹/

/tʰiæ̃²⁴ miŋ⁴⁴/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ mɪŋ²²/

/tʰi̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ min⁵⁵/

/tʰɛŋ⁵³³⁻¹³ miŋ²¹/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²²/

/tʰiɛn³³ biɪŋ⁴¹/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²²/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ biɪŋ³³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ biɪŋ³³/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ miŋ⁵¹/

/tʰiæ̃²⁴ miŋ⁴⁴/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ mɪŋ²²/

/tʰi̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ min⁵⁵/

/tʰɛŋ⁵³³⁻¹³ miŋ²¹/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²²/

/tʰiɛn³³ biɪŋ⁴¹/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²²/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ biɪŋ³³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ biɪŋ³³/

Attested earliest on Zhou dynasty's bronze inscriptions, though during the Western Zhou period, the concept was not exactly worded as 天命 (tiānmìng) but 大令 (dàlìng), 大命 (dàmìng), 魯令 (lǔlìng) & 天令 (tiānlìng) (however, 令 (lìng) and 命 (mìng) were indeed used interchangeably). Goldin (2017) links Zhou's concept 天命 (tiānmìng) to Shang's concept 帝令 (dìlìng) "the Deity's command" attested in the Shang's oracle bones.
For the era name, see also Manchu ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ
ᡶᡠᠯᡳᠩᡤᠠ (abkai fulingga).

m+

ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ ᡶᡠᠯᡳᠩᡤᠠ

Assisting in expanding the four directions and helping to broaden the Mandate of Heaven.

Late Western Zhou, 彔伯冬簋 "Lubo Dong gui" inscription, translated based on Shim (2012) and Grundmann (2022)

佑闢四方，惠弘天命。

佑辟四方，惠弘天命。

假哉天命！

It is not my fault. It is Heaven's just decree.

The Book of Documents, circa 7ᵗʰ – 4ᵗʰ centuries BCE

非予罪，時惟天命。

非予罪，时惟天命。


天命

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ miŋ⁵¹/

/tʰiæ̃²⁴ miŋ⁴⁴/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ mɪŋ²²/

/tʰi̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ min⁵⁵/

/tʰɛŋ⁵³³⁻¹³ miŋ²¹/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²²/

/tʰiɛn³³ biɪŋ⁴¹/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²²/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ biɪŋ³³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ biɪŋ³³/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ miŋ⁵¹/

/tʰiæ̃²⁴ miŋ⁴⁴/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ mɪŋ²²/

/tʰi̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ min⁵⁵/

/tʰɛŋ⁵³³⁻¹³ miŋ²¹/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²²/

/tʰiɛn³³ biɪŋ⁴¹/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²²/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ biɪŋ³³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ biɪŋ³³/

ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ ᡶᡠᠯᡳᠩᡤᠠ

(historical) the Tianming era (a Chinese era name; the era of Nurhaci as khan of the Later Jin, from the proclamation of the dynasty in 1616 until 1627)


共產黨

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (共產黨):
* → Japanese: 共(きょう)産(さん)党(とう) (kyōsantō)
* → Korean: 공산당(共産黨) (gongsandang)
* → Vietnamese: cộng sản đảng (共產黨)

→ Lü: ᦷᦂᧂᧈᦌᦱᧃᦑᦱᧂ (k̇ong¹saantaang)

→ Zhuang: gungcanjdangj

ㄍㄨㄥˋ ㄔㄢˇ ㄉㄤˇ

ㄍㄨㄥˋ ㄔㄢˇ ㄉㄤˇ

/kʊŋ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰän²¹⁴⁻³⁵ tɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/koŋ²¹³ t͡sʰan⁵³ taŋ⁵³/

/kuŋ²⁴ t͡sʰæ̃⁵¹ tɑŋ⁵¹/

/kuŋ²⁴ t͡sʰæ̃²⁴ tɑŋ⁵¹/

/kʊŋ²² t͡sʰaːn³⁵ tɔːŋ³⁵/

/kɵŋ³² t͡sʰan⁵⁵ ɔŋ⁵⁵/

/kʰi̯uŋ⁵⁵ san³¹ toŋ³¹/

/kʰiuŋ³³ san²⁴⁻³³ toŋ²⁴/

/kyŋ²⁴²⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾naŋ³³⁻³⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nouŋ³³/

/kiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ san⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tɔŋ⁵³/

/kiɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² san⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/kiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ san⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tɔŋ⁵³/

/kiɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ san⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tɔŋ⁵³/

/kiɔŋ³³⁻²¹ san⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tɔŋ⁴¹/

/kaŋ¹¹ sũã⁵²⁻³⁵ taŋ⁵²⁻²¹/

/ɡoŋ²² t͡sʰe⁵⁵ tɑ̃²¹/

/kʊŋ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰän²¹⁴⁻³⁵ tɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/koŋ²¹³ t͡sʰan⁵³ taŋ⁵³/

/kuŋ²⁴ t͡sʰæ̃⁵¹ tɑŋ⁵¹/

/kuŋ²⁴ t͡sʰæ̃²⁴ tɑŋ⁵¹/

/kʊŋ²² t͡sʰaːn³⁵ tɔːŋ³⁵/

/kɵŋ³² t͡sʰan⁵⁵ ɔŋ⁵⁵/

/kʰi̯uŋ⁵⁵ san³¹ toŋ³¹/

/kʰiuŋ³³ san²⁴⁻³³ toŋ²⁴/

/kyŋ²⁴²⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾naŋ³³⁻³⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nouŋ³³/

/kiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ san⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tɔŋ⁵³/

/kiɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² san⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/kiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ san⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tɔŋ⁵³/

/kiɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ san⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tɔŋ⁵³/

/kiɔŋ³³⁻²¹ san⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tɔŋ⁴¹/

/kaŋ¹¹ sũã⁵²⁻³⁵ taŋ⁵²⁻²¹/

/ɡoŋ²² t͡sʰe⁵⁵ tɑ̃²¹/

The great Communist Party leads us in continuing the Long March!

1978 March 5, National anthem of the People's Republic of China (1978-1982)

Wěidà de Gòngchǎndǎng lǐngdǎo wǒmen xīn de chángzhēng.

偉大的共產黨領導我們新的長征。

伟大的共产党领导我们新的长征。


急急如律令

ja-r

きゅう% きゅう% にょ% りつ%りょう

desc

급급여율령(急急如律令)

CJKV/code

きゅう% きゅう% にょ% りつ%りょう

Sino-Xenic (急急如律令):
* → Japanese: 急(きゅう)急(きゅう)如(にょ)律(りつ)令(りょう) (kyū kyū nyo ritsuryō)
* → Korean: 급급여율령(急急如律令) (geupgeubyeoyullyeong)
* → Vietnamese: cấp cấp như luật lệnh (急急如律令)

CJKV

きゅう% きゅう% にょ% りつ%りょう

promptly, promptly, in accordance with the statutes and ordinances

ㄐㄧˊ ㄐㄧˊ ㄖㄨˊ ㄌㄩˋ ㄌㄧㄥˋ

цзи цзи жу люйлин

/t͡ɕi³⁵ t͡ɕi³⁵ ʐu³⁵ ly⁵¹⁻⁵³ liŋ⁵¹/

/kɐp̚⁵ kɐp̚⁵ jyː²¹ lɵt̚² lɪŋ²²/

/kip̚³²⁻⁴ kip̚³² zu²³⁻³³ lut̚⁴⁻³² liɪŋ³³/

/kip̚³²⁻⁴ kip̚³² lu²⁴⁻¹¹ lut̚⁴⁻³² liɪŋ³³/

/kip̚³²⁻⁴ kip̚³² zi²³⁻³³ lut̚⁴⁻³² liɪŋ³³/

/kip̚²⁻⁴ kip̚²⁻⁴ d͡zu⁵⁵⁻¹¹ luk̚⁴⁻² leŋ³⁵/

/t͡ɕi³⁵ t͡ɕi³⁵ ʐu³⁵ ly⁵¹⁻⁵³ liŋ⁵¹/

/kɐp̚⁵ kɐp̚⁵ jyː²¹ lɵt̚² lɪŋ²²/

(Taoism) An incantation used to ward off evil spirits.


武俠

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (武俠):
* → Japanese: 武侠(ぶきょう) (bukyō)
* → Korean: 무협(武俠) (muhyeop)
* → Vietnamese: võ hiệp (武俠)

→ English: wuxia

→ Russian: уся́ (usjá)

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi̯ä³⁵/

/bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiap̚³²/

/bu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kiap̚⁵/

/bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiap̚³²/

/bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiap̚³²/

/bu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kiap̚³²/

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi̯ä³⁵/

/bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiap̚³²/

/bu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kiap̚⁵/

/bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiap̚³²/

/bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiap̚³²/

/bu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kiap̚³²/


迪斯尼樂園

ㄉㄧˊ ㄙ ㄋㄧˊ ㄌㄜˋ ㄩㄢˊ

Дисыни лэюань

/ti³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ ni³⁵ lɤ⁵¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

/ti³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ ni³⁵ lɤ⁵¹ ɥɛn³⁵/


迪士尼樂園

ㄉㄧˊ ㄕˋ ㄋㄧˊ ㄌㄜˋ ㄩㄢˊ

Дишини лэюань

/ti³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹ ni³⁵ lɤ⁵¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

/tɪk̚² siː²² nei̯²¹ lɔːk̚² jyːn²¹/

/ti³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹ ni³⁵ lɤ⁵¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

/tɪk̚² siː²² nei̯²¹ lɔːk̚² jyːn²¹/


聖誕

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ tän⁵¹/

/sɪŋ³³ taːn³³/

/siŋ²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nɑŋ²¹³/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ tan²¹/

/siɪŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ tan¹¹/

/siɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tan⁴¹/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ tan²¹/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ tan²²/

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ tän⁵¹/

/sɪŋ³³ taːn³³/

/siŋ²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nɑŋ²¹³/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ tan²¹/

/siɪŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ tan¹¹/

/siɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tan⁴¹/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ tan²¹/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ tan²²/


方術

/fɑŋ⁵⁵ ʂu⁵¹/

/fɔːŋ⁵⁵ sɵt̚²/

/huaŋ³³⁻²³ suk̚⁴/

/fɑŋ⁵⁵ ʂu⁵¹/

/fɔːŋ⁵⁵ sɵt̚²/

/huaŋ³³⁻²³ suk̚⁴/


物語

/u⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mɐt̚² jyː¹³/

/but̚⁴⁻³² ɡu⁵³/

/but̚²⁴⁻² ɡu⁵⁵⁴/

/but̚¹²¹⁻²¹ ɡu⁵³/

/but̚⁴⁻³² ɡu⁵³/

/but̚⁴⁻³² ɡu⁴¹/

/u⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mɐt̚² jyː¹³/

/but̚⁴⁻³² ɡu⁵³/

/but̚²⁴⁻² ɡu⁵⁵⁴/

/but̚¹²¹⁻²¹ ɡu⁵³/

/but̚⁴⁻³² ɡu⁵³/

/but̚⁴⁻³² ɡu⁴¹/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 物(もの)語(がたり) (monogatari).

(in Japanese contexts) tale; story; legend


丹朱

/tän⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂu⁵⁵/

/tän⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂu⁵⁵/


仙人

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ʐən³⁵/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ zin²³/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ lin²⁴/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ laŋ²³/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ laŋ²⁴/

/ɕi⁵⁵ n̠ʲin²¹/

/ɕi³³ n̠ʲiŋ⁵¹/

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ʐən³⁵/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ zin²³/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ lin²⁴/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ laŋ²³/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ laŋ²⁴/

/ɕi⁵⁵ n̠ʲin²¹/

/ɕi³³ n̠ʲiŋ⁵¹/

仙人拍鼓有時錯，跤步踏差啥人無 / 仙人拍鼓有时错，跤步踏差啥人无

sian-jîn phah kó͘ iú sî chhò, kha-pō͘ ta̍h-chha siáⁿ-lâng bô

a celestial being descends into the mortal world

仙人下凡

(Chinese mythology) immortal; supernatural entity; celestial being; transcendent being


宙斯

/ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵/

/t͡sɐu̯²² siː⁵⁵/

/tiu²²⁻²¹ su⁴⁴/

/tiu³³⁻²¹ su⁴⁴/

/tiu³³⁻¹¹ su⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵/

/t͡sɐu̯²² siː⁵⁵/

/tiu²²⁻²¹ su⁴⁴/

/tiu³³⁻²¹ su⁴⁴/

/tiu³³⁻¹¹ su⁴⁴/


無常

/u³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵/

/mou̯²¹ sœːŋ²¹/

/vu¹¹ t͡sʰɒ̃¹¹/

/bu²⁴⁻²² siɔŋ²⁴/

/bu²⁴⁻¹¹ siɔŋ²⁴/

/bu²³⁻³³ siɔŋ²³/

/bu¹³⁻²² siaŋ¹³/

/u³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵/

/mou̯²¹ sœːŋ²¹/

/vu¹¹ t͡sʰɒ̃¹¹/

/bu²⁴⁻²² siɔŋ²⁴/

/bu²⁴⁻¹¹ siɔŋ²⁴/

/bu²³⁻³³ siɔŋ²³/

/bu¹³⁻²² siaŋ¹³/

(Chinese mythology) Wuchang, one or two deities in Chinese folk religion who seize the spirits of people to the Underworld


盧溝橋事變

ㄌㄨˊ ㄍㄡ ㄑㄧㄠˊ ㄕˋ ㄅㄧㄢˋ

Лугоу Цяо шибянь

/lu³⁵ koʊ̯⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ pi̯ɛn⁵¹/


米老鼠

/mi²¹⁴⁻²¹ lɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mɐi̯¹³ lou̯¹³ syː³⁵/

/mi²¹⁴⁻²¹ lɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mɐi̯¹³ lou̯¹³ syː³⁵/


儒教

Sino-Xenic (儒教):
* → Japanese: 儒(じゅ)教(きょう) (jukyō)
* → Korean: 유교(儒敎) (yugyo)
* → Vietnamese: Nho giáo (儒教)

/ʐu³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/jyː²¹ kaːu̯³³/

/y⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ɑu²¹³/

/lu²⁴⁻²² kau⁴¹/

/lu²⁴⁻²² kau²¹/

/lu²⁴⁻¹¹ kau¹¹/

/d͡zi¹³⁻²² kau²¹/

/zu²³⁻³³ kau²¹/

/zz̩²² t͡ɕiɔ⁴⁴/

/ʐu³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/jyː²¹ kaːu̯³³/

/y⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ɑu²¹³/

/lu²⁴⁻²² kau⁴¹/

/lu²⁴⁻²² kau²¹/

/lu²⁴⁻¹¹ kau¹¹/

/d͡zi¹³⁻²² kau²¹/

/zu²³⁻³³ kau²¹/

/zz̩²² t͡ɕiɔ⁴⁴/


大臣

Sino-Xenic (大臣):
* → Japanese: 大臣(だいじん) (daijin); 大臣(たいしん) (taishin)
* → Vietnamese: đại thần (大臣)

/tä⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰən³⁵/

/taːi̯²² sɐn²¹/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ sɨn¹¹/

/tä⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰən³⁵/

/taːi̯²² sɐn²¹/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ sɨn¹¹/

(for non-monarchies)

minister (of an imperial regime, cabinet, etc.); high-level official (of a monarchy); secretary; chancellor


空氣

Sino-Xenic (空氣):
* → Japanese: 空(くう)気(き) (kūki)
* → Korean: 공기(空氣) (gonggi)
* → Vietnamese: không khí (空氣)

/kʰʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi⁵¹/

/kʰuŋ²⁴ t͡ɕʰi⁴⁴/

/hʊŋ⁵⁵ hei̯³³/

/hɵŋ³³ hei³³/

/kʰuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ hi⁵⁵/

/kʰuŋ⁵³ hi¹¹/

/kʰuŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ^((kʰ-))ŋɛi²¹³/

/kʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰi²¹/

/kʰɔŋ³³ kʰi⁴¹/

/kʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰi²¹/

/kʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰi¹¹/

/kʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰi²¹/

/kʰoŋ³³⁻²³ kʰi²¹³/

/kʰoŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi²¹/

/kʰʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi⁵¹/

/kʰuŋ²⁴ t͡ɕʰi⁴⁴/

/hʊŋ⁵⁵ hei̯³³/

/hɵŋ³³ hei³³/

/kʰuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ hi⁵⁵/

/kʰuŋ⁵³ hi¹¹/

/kʰuŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ^((kʰ-))ŋɛi²¹³/

/kʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰi²¹/

/kʰɔŋ³³ kʰi⁴¹/

/kʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰi²¹/

/kʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰi¹¹/

/kʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰi²¹/

/kʰoŋ³³⁻²³ kʰi²¹³/

/kʰoŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi²¹/

/kʰaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰui²¹/

/kʰaŋ³³ kʰui⁴¹/

/kʰaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰui²¹/

/kʰaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰui¹¹/

/kʰaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰui²¹/

/kʰaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰui²¹/

/kʰaŋ³³ kʰui⁴¹/

/kʰaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰui²¹/

/kʰaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰui¹¹/

/kʰaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰui²¹/


明治

/miŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/mɪŋ²¹ t͡siː²²/

/biɪŋ¹³⁻²² ti²²/

/biɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ti²²/

/biɪŋ²³⁻³³ ti³³/

/biɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ti³³/

/biɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ti²²/

/miŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/mɪŋ²¹ t͡siː²²/

/biɪŋ¹³⁻²² ti²²/

/biɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ti²²/

/biɪŋ²³⁻³³ ti³³/

/biɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ti³³/

/biɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ti²²/

明治憲法

明治宪法


大帝

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ ti⁵¹/

/taːi̯²² tɐi̯³³/

/tua²²⁻²¹ te²¹/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² te⁴¹/

/tua²²⁻²¹ te²¹/

/tua³³⁻¹¹ te¹¹/

/tua³³⁻²¹ te²¹/

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ ti⁵¹/

/taːi̯²² tɐi̯³³/

/tua²²⁻²¹ te²¹/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² te⁴¹/

/tua²²⁻²¹ te²¹/

/tua³³⁻¹¹ te¹¹/

/tua³³⁻²¹ te²¹/

紫微大帝

(Chinese mythology, Chinese folk religion, Taoism) a title of some Taoist deities

Chinese folk religion; Taoism; Chinese folk religion; Taoism


維新運動

ㄨㄟˊ ㄒㄧㄣ ㄩㄣˋ ㄉㄨㄥˋ

Вэйсинь Юньдун

/weɪ̯³⁵ ɕin⁵⁵ yn⁵¹⁻⁵³ tʊŋ⁵¹/

/weɪ̯³⁵ ɕin⁵⁵ yn⁵¹⁻⁵³ tʊŋ⁵¹/


洋務運動

ㄧㄤˊ ㄨˋ ㄩㄣˋ ㄉㄨㄥˋ

/jɑŋ³⁵ u⁵¹⁻⁵³ yn⁵¹⁻⁵³ tʊŋ⁵¹/

/jɑŋ³⁵ u⁵¹⁻⁵³ yn⁵¹⁻⁵³ tʊŋ⁵¹/


國情咨文

ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄑㄧㄥˊ ㄗ ㄨㄣˊ

Гоцин Цзывэнь

/ku̯ɔ³⁵ t͡ɕʰiŋ³⁵ t͡sz̩⁵⁵ wən³⁵/

/ku̯ɔ³⁵ t͡ɕʰiŋ³⁵ t͡sz̩⁵⁵ wən³⁵/

State of the Union Address
State of the Union Address

(US politics) State of the Union Address


正統

/ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹ tʰʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sɪŋ³³ tʰʊŋ³⁵/

/t͡siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ tʰɔŋ⁵³/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tʰɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ tʰɔŋ⁵³/

/t͡siɪŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ tʰɔŋ⁵³/

/t͡siɪŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ tʰɔŋ⁴¹/

/ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹ tʰʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹ tʰʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sɪŋ³³ tʰʊŋ³⁵/

/t͡siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ tʰɔŋ⁵³/

/t͡siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ tʰɔŋ⁵³/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tʰɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tʰɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ tʰɔŋ⁵³/

/t͡siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ tʰɔŋ⁵³/

/t͡siɪŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ tʰɔŋ⁵³/

/t͡siɪŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ tʰɔŋ⁵³/

/t͡siɪŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ tʰɔŋ⁴¹/

/t͡siɪŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ tʰɔŋ⁴¹/

Emperor Yingzong
w:Emperor Yingzong of Ming

(historical) the Zhengtong era (a Chinese era name; the era of the first reign of Emperor Yingzong of Ming, from 1436 to 1449)


天狗

Sino-Xenic (天狗):
* → Japanese: 天狗(てんぐ) (tengu)
* → Korean: 천구(天狗) (cheon'gu)
* → Vietnamese: thiên cẩu (天狗)

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ koʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ kɐu̯³⁵/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² kau⁵³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² kau⁵³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ kau⁵³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ kau⁴¹/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ koʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ kɐu̯³⁵/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² kau⁵³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² kau⁵³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ kau⁵³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ kau⁴¹/

(Japanese mythology, Shinto, folklore) tengu


孝順

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂu̯ən⁵¹/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹ ʂu̯ən¹/

/haːu̯³³ sɵn²²/

/hau²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾louŋ²⁴²/

/hau⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ sun⁴¹/

/hau²¹³⁻⁵⁵ suŋ³⁵/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂu̯ən⁵¹/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹ ʂu̯ən¹/

/haːu̯³³ sɵn²²/

/hau²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾louŋ²⁴²/

/hau⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ sun⁴¹/

/hau²¹³⁻⁵⁵ suŋ³⁵/

to show filial piety; to be obedient to one's parents or other senior relatives


孝順

Sino-Xenic (孝順):
* → Japanese: 孝(こう)順(じゅん) (kōjun)
* → Korean: 효순(孝順) (hyosun)
* → Vietnamese: hiếu thuận (孝順)

→ Guiqiong: ɕiɔtsʰə

→ Manchu: ᡥᡳᠶᠣᠣᡧᡠᠨ (hiyoošun)

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂu̯ən⁵¹/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹ ʂu̯ən¹/

/haːu̯³³ sɵn²²/

/hau²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾louŋ²⁴²/

/hau⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ sun⁴¹/

/hau²¹³⁻⁵⁵ suŋ³⁵/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂu̯ən⁵¹/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹ ʂu̯ən¹/

/haːu̯³³ sɵn²²/

/hau²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾louŋ²⁴²/

/hau⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ sun⁴¹/

/hau²¹³⁻⁵⁵ suŋ³⁵/

Filial piety is a traditional virtue of the Chinese people.

Xiàoshùn shì zhōnghuámínzú de chuántǒng měidé.

孝順是中華民族的傳統美德。

孝顺是中华民族的传统美德。

孝義

devotion to one's parents and loyalty to one's friends


中南海

→ English: Chung-nan-hai, Zhongnanhai, Zhong Nan Hai

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ nän³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ naːm²¹ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² lam²⁴⁻²² hai⁵³/

/tiɔŋ³³ lam²⁴⁻²² hai⁵⁵⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² lam¹³⁻²² hai⁵³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ lam²⁴⁻¹¹ hai⁵³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ lam²³⁻³³ hai⁴¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ nän³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ naːm²¹ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² lam²⁴⁻²² hai⁵³/

/tiɔŋ³³ lam²⁴⁻²² hai⁵⁵⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² lam¹³⁻²² hai⁵³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ lam²⁴⁻¹¹ hai⁵³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ lam²³⁻³³ hai⁴¹/

Short for 中海 (zhōnghǎi) + 南海 (Nánhǎi), both are names of lakes in Beijing.

People's Republic of China
People's Republic of China

Zhongnanhai, a complex of buildings in Xicheng district, Beijing, China, adjacent to Tiananmen Square, which serves as the central headquarters for the Communist Party of China and the government of the People's Republic of China

(metonymically, politics) The central headquarters for the Communist Party of China

(metonymically, politics) the government of the People's Republic of China


漢朝

/xän⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵/

/hɔːn³³ t͡sʰiːu̯²¹/

/haŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nieu⁵³/

/haŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sʰiou⁵⁵/

/haŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sʰiau⁵⁵/

/xän⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵/

/hɔːn³³ t͡sʰiːu̯²¹/

/haŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nieu⁵³/

/haŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sʰiou⁵⁵/

/haŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sʰiau⁵⁵/

Xiang Yu appointed Liu Bang as prince of the small fief of Hanzhong (漢中 /汉中 (Hànzhōng)), named after its location on the Han River (漢水 /汉水 (Hànshuǐ)) (in modern southwest Shaanxi). Following Liu Bang's victory in the Chu–Han Contention, the resulting Han dynasty was named after the Hanzhong fief.

Cao Wei
Chen dynasty
Chu–Han Contention
Eastern Han dynasty
Eastern Wei
Eastern Wu
Eastern Zhou dynasty
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
Han River
Han dynasty
Hanzhong
Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
Jin dynasty (265–420)
Liang dynasty
Liao dynasty
Liu Bang
Liu Song dynasty
Ming dynasty
Northern Qi
Northern Wei
Northern Zhou
Northern and Southern dynasties
Qin dynasty
Qing dynasty
Shang dynasty
Shu Han
Song dynasty
Southern Qi
Southern and Northern dynasties
Spring and Autumn period
Sui dynasty
Tang dynasty
Three Kingdoms
Warring States period
Western Han dynasty
Western Liao
Western Wei
Western Xia
Western Zhou dynasty
Xia dynasty
Xiang Yu
Xin dynasty
Yuan dynasty
Zhou dynasty


建寧

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ niŋ³⁵/

/kiːn³³ nɪŋ²¹/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ liɪŋ²⁴/

/kiɛn⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ liɪŋ²⁴/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ liɪŋ¹³/

/kiɛn¹¹⁻⁵³ liɪŋ²⁴/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁴¹ liɪŋ²³/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ niŋ³⁵/

/kiːn³³ nɪŋ²¹/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ liɪŋ²⁴/

/kiɛn⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ liɪŋ²⁴/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ liɪŋ¹³/

/kiɛn¹¹⁻⁵³ liɪŋ²⁴/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁴¹ liɪŋ²³/

Emperor Ling of Han
w:Emperor Ling of Han

(historical) Jianning (first era name of the reign of Emperor Ling of Han: 168–172 CE)

(～郡) (historical) Jianning (a former commandery of China, from the Three Kingdoms period to the Northern and Southern dynasties)

(～府) (historical) Jianning, Kienning (a former prefecture of Fujian, China, under the Southern Song, Ming and Qing dynasties; modern Jian'ou)

(～路) (historical) Jianning (a former lu in Fujian, China, under the Yuan dynasty; modern Jian'ou)


洛陽

Sino-Xenic (洛陽):
* → Japanese: 洛陽(らくよう) (Rakuyō)
* → Korean: 낙양(洛陽) (Nagyang)
* → Vietnamese: Lạc Dương (洛陽)

→ English: Luoyang

desc

→ Thai: ลั่วหยาง, ลกเอี๋ยง

→ Thai: ลั่วหยาง, ลกเอี๋ยง

/lu̯ɔ⁵¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/lɔːk̚³ jœːŋ²¹/

/lɔːk̚² jœːŋ²¹/

/lɔk̚⁵ iɔŋ¹¹/

/l̃ouʔ⁵⁻³³ yoŋ⁵³/

/lɔk̚²⁴⁻² iɔŋ²⁴/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² iɔŋ²⁴/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² iɔŋ²³/

/lɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ iaŋ¹³/

/lo(ʔ)²⁴⁻² iũ²⁴/

/lo(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ iũ²⁴/

/lok̚⁴⁻² iaŋ⁵⁵/

/loʔ¹¹ ɦiã²³/

/lu̯ɔ⁵¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/lɔːk̚³ jœːŋ²¹/

/lɔːk̚² jœːŋ²¹/

/lɔk̚⁵ iɔŋ¹¹/

/l̃ouʔ⁵⁻³³ yoŋ⁵³/

/lɔk̚²⁴⁻² iɔŋ²⁴/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² iɔŋ²⁴/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² iɔŋ²³/

/lɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ iaŋ¹³/

/lo(ʔ)²⁴⁻² iũ²⁴/

/lo(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ iũ²⁴/

/lok̚⁴⁻² iaŋ⁵⁵/

/loʔ¹¹ ɦiã²³/

Encyclopædia Britannica
Luo River (Henan)
Yin_and_yang#Toponymy

Yang (north) of the Luo River; based on Yin and yang toponymy in which north is associated with yang. Luoyang is situated to the north of the Luo River.

(～市) Luoyang (a prefecture-level city in Henan, China)

(～鎮) Luoyang (name of various towns in China)

(～鎮) Luoyang (a town in the district of Zengdu, in the prefecture-level city of Suizhou, Hubei, China)

(～鎮) Luoyang (a town in Hui'an County, in the prefecture-level city of Quanzhou, Fujian, China)

(～江) Luoyang (a river in the prefecture-level city of Quanzhou, Fujian, China)


光和

/ku̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/kʷɔːŋ⁵⁵ wɔː²¹/

/ku̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/kʷɔːŋ⁵⁵ wɔː²¹/

the Guanghe era (178-184), a Chinese era name from reign of Emperor Ling of Han


五原

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

/ŋ̍¹³ jyːn²¹/

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

/ŋ̍¹³ jyːn²¹/

In autumn during the seventh lunar month, a rainbow was seen in the imperial palace; in the side of a mountain in Wuyuan, a huge rift was created (as the result of an earthquake).

Romance of the Three Kingdoms, circa 14ᵗʰ century CE

Qiū qī yuè, yǒu hóng jiàn yú yùtáng; Wǔyuán shān àn, jìn jiē bēngliè.

秋七月，有虹見於玉堂；五原山岸，盡皆崩裂。

秋七月，有虹见于玉堂；五原山岸，尽皆崩裂。

(～縣) Wuyuan County, Bayan Nur, Inner Mongolia


鉅鹿

/t͡ɕy⁵¹⁻⁵³ lu⁵¹/

/kɵy̯²² lʊk̚²⁻³⁵/

/t͡ɕy⁵¹⁻⁵³ lu⁵¹/

/kɵy̯²² lʊk̚²⁻³⁵/

(～縣) Julu (a county of Xingtai, Hebei, China; formerly Nanyi prior to the Sui dynasty)


中平

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

the Zhongping era (184-189), a Chinese era name from reign of Emperor Ling of Han


青州

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ t͡siu³³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ t͡siu³³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

(～市) Qingzhou (a city in Shandong, China)


幽州

/joʊ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/joʊ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

(historical) Youzhou (an ancient prefecture in modern China)

(historical) Youzhou (one of the Nine Provinces of ancient China)


冀州

/t͡ɕi⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kʰei̯³³ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kʰei̯³³ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

(～區, formerly ～市) Jizhou (a district and former county-level city in Hengshui, Hebei, China)

Ji Province (one of the Nine Provinces of ancient China)


荊州

→ English: Jingzhou, Kingchow, Kin-tcheou, Ching-chou

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kɪŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ t͡sɤ²¹/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kɪŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ t͡sɤ²¹/

(～市) Jingzhou (a prefecture-level city in Hubei, China)

(～區) Jingzhou (a district of Jingzhou, Hubei, China)

經濟技術開發區 經濟技術開發區#Chinese

(～經濟技術開發區) Jingzhou (an economic and technological development zone in Jingzhou, Hubei, China)

(historical) Jing Province (one of the Nine Provinces of ancient China)

(～鄉) Jingzhou (a township in Jixi, Xuancheng, Anhui, China)


豫州

/y⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/jyː²² t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/y⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/jyː²² t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

Yuzhou (an ancient city in Henan and Anhui Provinces)


天公

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰi̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ kuŋ²⁴/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tʰĩ³³ kɔŋ³³/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tʰĩ³³⁻²³ koŋ³³/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰi̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ kuŋ²⁴/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tʰĩ³³ kɔŋ³³/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tʰĩ³³⁻²³ koŋ³³/

(literary, Chinese mythology, Chinese folk religion, Taoism) the Jade Emperor


江夏

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ɕi̯ä⁵¹/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ haː²²/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ɕi̯ä⁵¹/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ haː²²/

(～郡) (historical) Jiangxia (an ancient commandery located in present-day eastern Hubei province that existed from the Han dynasty to the Tang dynasty)


竟陵

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵¹ liŋ³⁵/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵¹ liŋ³⁵/


鄉勇

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hœːŋ⁵⁵ jʊŋ¹³/

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hœːŋ⁵⁵ jʊŋ¹³/


龍馬

/lʊŋ³⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lʊŋ²¹ maː¹³/

/lʊŋ³⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lʊŋ²¹ maː¹³/

(Chinese mythology) longma (mythological creature with a dragon's head and a horse's body)


傳旨

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

(archaic) to deliver a decree from the emperor


真人

/ʈ͡ʂən⁵⁵ ʐən³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂən⁵⁵ ʐəɻ³⁵/

/t͡sɐn⁵⁵ jɐn²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂən⁵⁵ ʐən³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂən⁵⁵ ʐəɻ³⁵/

/t͡sɐn⁵⁵ jɐn²¹/

What is the true man? The true man in ancient times did not oppress the minority; he did not take pride in his accomplishments; he did not make plans... he did not dream when he slept; he did not worry when he was awake; he did not mind his food when he ate; he inhaled deeply when he breathed.

Héwèi zhēnrén? Gǔ zhī zhēnrén, bù nì guǎ, bù xióng chéng, bù mó shì. […] gǔ zhī zhēnrén, qí qǐn bù mèng, qí jiào wú yōu, qí shí bù gān, qí xī shēnshēn.

何謂真人？古之真人，不逆寡，不雄成，不謩士。 […] 古之真人，其寢不夢，其覺无憂，其食不甘，其息深深。

何谓真人？古之真人，不逆寡，不雄成，不謩士。 […] 古之真人，其寝不梦，其觉无忧，其食不甘，其息深深。

Hence, if the four apertures [eyes, ears, mouth, and heart] are closed, then the whole body will be free from any problems, and all of the hundred joints will not feel sick. Not being disturbed by life or death, emptiness or fullness, such a person can be addressed as a True Man.

Gù bì sì guān zé shēn wúhuàn, bǎi jié mò yuàn, mò sǐ mò shēng, mò xū mò yíng, shì wèi zhēnrén.

故閉四關則身無患，百節莫苑，莫死莫生，莫虛莫盈，是謂真人。

故闭四关则身无患，百节莫苑，莫死莫生，莫虚莫盈，是谓真人。

(Taoism, more used in titles) true man (one who has attained the Tao); immortal

Taoism; more used in titles; Taoism; more used in titles


陳留

/ʈ͡ʂʰən³⁵ li̯oʊ̯³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰən³⁵ li̯oʊ̯³⁵/

Chenliu County (near present day Kaifeng)


九重

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ³⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ³⁵/

(archaic, Chinese mythology) the ninth and highest layer of heaven


河間

/xɤ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/hɔː²¹ kaːn⁵⁵/

/xɤ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/hɔː²¹ kaːn⁵⁵/

(～國, ～郡) (historical) Hejian (a fief or commandery in northern-eastern China during the Warring States period)


北邙山

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ mɑŋ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ mɑŋ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

(archaic) Mount Mang; Mang Mountain (north of Luoyang, where there are many cemeteries)


邙山

/mɑŋ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/mɑŋ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

(archaic) Mount Mang; Mang Mountain (north of Luoyang)


孔子

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (孔子):
* → Japanese: 孔(こう)子(し) (Kōshi)
* → Korean: 공자(孔子) (Gongja)
* → Vietnamese: Khổng Tử (孔子)

→ English: Kongzi

→ Kazakh: Құң-зы (Qūñ-zy)

→ Khmer: ខុងជឺ (khong cɨɨ)

→ Lao: ຂົງຈື້ (khong chư̄)

→ Manchu: ᡴᡠᠩᡯᡳ (kungdzi)

→ Mongolian: Күнз (Künz)

→ Russian: Ку́н-цзы́ (Kún-czý)

→ Thai: ขงจื๊อ (kǒng-jʉ́ʉ)

→ Tibetan: ཁུང་ཙི (khung tsi)

→ Uyghur: كۇڭزى (kungzi)

→ Zhuang: Gungjswj

/kʰʊŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hʊŋ³⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

/hɵŋ⁵⁵ tu⁵⁵/

/kʰuŋ²⁴ t͡sɨ³¹/

/kʰuŋ²⁴⁻³³ t͡sɨ²⁴/

/kʰɒŋ⁴⁵³⁻²¹ ^((t͡s-))no⁴⁵³/

/kʰɒŋ³³²⁻²¹ ^((t͡s-))nɵ³³²/

/kʰɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡su⁵³/

/kʰɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡su⁴¹/

/kʰɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/kʰɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡si⁵⁵⁴/

/kʰoŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡sɯ⁵²⁻²¹/

/kʰoŋ³³ t͡sz̩⁴⁴/

/kʰʊŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hʊŋ³⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

/hɵŋ⁵⁵ tu⁵⁵/

/kʰuŋ²⁴ t͡sɨ³¹/

/kʰuŋ²⁴⁻³³ t͡sɨ²⁴/

/kʰɒŋ⁴⁵³⁻²¹ ^((t͡s-))no⁴⁵³/

/kʰɒŋ³³²⁻²¹ ^((t͡s-))nɵ³³²/

/kʰɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡su⁵³/

/kʰɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡su⁴¹/

/kʰɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/kʰɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡si⁵⁵⁴/

/kʰoŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡sɯ⁵²⁻²¹/

/kʰoŋ³³ t͡sz̩⁴⁴/

Confucius went to see Lao Dan, and arrived just as he had completed the bathing of his head, and was letting his dishevelled hair get dry. There he was, motionless, and as if there were not another man in the world.

Kǒngzǐ jiàn Lǎodān, Lǎodān xīnmù, fāngjiāng bèifà ér gān, zhérán sì fēirén.

孔子見老聃，老聃新沐，方將被髮而乾，慹然似非人。

孔子见老聃，老聃新沐，方将被发而干，𰑔然似非人。


方天畫戟

ㄈㄤ ㄊㄧㄢ ㄏㄨㄚˋ ㄐㄧˇ

фантянь хуацзи

/fɑŋ⁵⁵ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹ t͡ɕi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fɑŋ⁵⁵ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹ t͡ɕi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

方天 (comparable to heaven) + 畫戟 (painted Chinese halberd)

(archaic) a special Chinese halberd (the weapon carried by Lü Bu)


宋朝

/sʊŋ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵/

/sʊŋ³³ t͡sʰiːu̯²¹/

/suŋ⁵⁵ t͡sʰeu̯¹¹/

/suŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nieu⁵³/

/sɔŋ²¹⁻⁵³ tiau²⁴/

/sɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tiau²⁴/

/sɔŋ²¹⁻⁵³ tiau¹³/

/sɔŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ tiau²⁴/

/sɔŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ tiau²³/

/soŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sʰiou⁵⁵/

/soŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sʰiau⁵⁵/

/sʊŋ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵/

/sʊŋ³³ t͡sʰiːu̯²¹/

/suŋ⁵⁵ t͡sʰeu̯¹¹/

/suŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nieu⁵³/

/sɔŋ²¹⁻⁵³ tiau²⁴/

/sɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tiau²⁴/

/sɔŋ²¹⁻⁵³ tiau¹³/

/sɔŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ tiau²⁴/

/sɔŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ tiau²³/

/soŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sʰiou⁵⁵/

/soŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sʰiau⁵⁵/


八仙

Sino-Xenic (八仙):
* → Japanese: 八仙(はっせん) (hassen)
* → Korean: 팔선(八仙) (palseon)
* → Vietnamese: Bát Tiên (八仙)

→ Thai: โป๊ยเซียน (bpóoi-siian)

/pä⁵⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/pɛiʔ²⁴⁻²¹ sieŋ⁵⁵/

/pat̚³²⁻⁴ siɛn⁴⁴/

/pat̚⁵⁻²⁴ siɛn³³/

/pat̚³²⁻⁵ siɛn⁴⁴/

/pat̚³²⁻⁴ siɛn⁴⁴/

/pat̚³²⁻⁴ siɛn⁴⁴/

/pä⁵⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/pɛiʔ²⁴⁻²¹ sieŋ⁵⁵/

/pat̚³²⁻⁴ siɛn⁴⁴/

/pat̚⁵⁻²⁴ siɛn³³/

/pat̚³²⁻⁵ siɛn⁴⁴/

/pat̚³²⁻⁴ siɛn⁴⁴/

/pat̚³²⁻⁴ siɛn⁴⁴/


明珠

Sino-Xenic (明珠):
* → Japanese: 明珠(めいしゅ) (meishu)
* → Korean: 명주(明珠) (myeongju)
* → Vietnamese: minh châu (明珠)

/miŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂu⁵⁵/

/mɪŋ²¹ t͡syː⁵⁵/

/biɪŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡su⁴⁴/

/biɪŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡su³³/

/biɪŋ¹³⁻²² t͡su⁴⁴/

/biɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡su⁴⁴/

/biɪŋ²³⁻³³ t͡su⁴⁴/

/miŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂu⁵⁵/

/mɪŋ²¹ t͡syː⁵⁵/

/biɪŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡su⁴⁴/

/biɪŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡su³³/

/biɪŋ¹³⁻²² t͡su⁴⁴/

/biɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡su⁴⁴/

/biɪŋ²³⁻³³ t͡su⁴⁴/


改革開放

ㄍㄞˇ ㄍㄜˊ ㄎㄞ ㄈㄤˋ

Гайгэ Кайфан

/kaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ kɤ³⁵ kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ fɑŋ⁵¹/

/kɔːi̯³⁵ kaːk̚³ hɔːi̯⁵⁵ fɔːŋ³³/

/koi⁵²⁻³⁵ kek̚²⁻⁴ kʰai³³⁻²³ huaŋ²¹³/

/kaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ kɤ³⁵ kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ fɑŋ⁵¹/

/kɔːi̯³⁵ kaːk̚³ hɔːi̯⁵⁵ fɔːŋ³³/

/koi⁵²⁻³⁵ kek̚²⁻⁴ kʰai³³⁻²³ huaŋ²¹³/

After China's reform and opening up to the world, its products have received global recognition.

Gǎigé Kāifàng yǐhòu, Zhōngguó chǎnpǐn zhújiàn zǒuxiàng le shìjiè.

改革開放以後，中國產品逐漸走向了世界。

改革开放以后，中国产品逐渐走向了世界。

China's Economic Reform; China's Reform and Opening Up


/t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɐt̚⁵ t͡sʰɐt̚⁵ t͡sʰɐt̚⁵/

/t͡sʰɐt̚² t͡sʰɐt̚² t͡sʰɐt̚²/

/t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɐt̚⁵ t͡sʰɐt̚⁵ t͡sʰɐt̚⁵/

/t͡sʰɐt̚² t͡sʰɐt̚² t͡sʰɐt̚²/

Named after the number of support votes she received (777 Election Committee votes).

(HK politics, neologism, slang, derogatory) Carrie Lam


永樂

/jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ lɤ⁵¹/

/wɪŋ¹³ lɔːk̚²/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lɔk̚⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lɔk̚²⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lɔk̚¹²¹/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lɔk̚⁴/

/iɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lɔk̚⁴/

/jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ lɤ⁵¹/

/wɪŋ¹³ lɔːk̚²/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lɔk̚⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lɔk̚²⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lɔk̚¹²¹/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lɔk̚⁴/

/iɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lɔk̚⁴/

(historical) the Yongle era (a Chinese era name; the era of that emperor's reign, from 1403 to 1424)


三綱

/sän⁵⁵ kɑŋ⁵⁵/

/sän⁵⁵ kɑŋ⁵⁵/

(Confucianism) the three most important relationships among men according to Confucian philosophy (in order: ruler and subject, father and son, husband and wife)


初平

/ʈ͡ʂʰu⁵⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu⁵⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

Chuping Era (Emperor Xian of Han's first era name)


鳳凰

/fɤŋ⁵¹ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/fɤŋ⁵¹ xu̯ɑŋ¹/

/fəŋ⁴⁴ xuɑŋ²⁴/

/fʊŋ²² wɔːŋ²¹/

/fɵŋ³² vɔŋ²²/

/fuŋ¹¹ fɔŋ¹/

/fuŋ⁵⁵ foŋ¹¹/

/fuŋ³³ foŋ⁵⁵/

/hɔŋ²²⁻²¹ hɔŋ²⁴/

/hɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² hɔŋ²⁴/

/hɔŋ²²⁻²¹ hɔŋ¹³/

/hɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ hɔŋ²⁴/

/hɔŋ³³⁻²¹ hɔŋ²³/

/hoŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ uaŋ⁵⁵/

/hoŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ huaŋ⁵⁵/

/voŋ²² ɦuɑ̃⁴⁴/

/fɤŋ⁵¹ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/fɤŋ⁵¹ xu̯ɑŋ¹/

/fəŋ⁴⁴ xuɑŋ²⁴/

/fʊŋ²² wɔːŋ²¹/

/fɵŋ³² vɔŋ²²/

/fuŋ¹¹ fɔŋ¹/

/fuŋ⁵⁵ foŋ¹¹/

/fuŋ³³ foŋ⁵⁵/

/hɔŋ²²⁻²¹ hɔŋ²⁴/

/hɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² hɔŋ²⁴/

/hɔŋ²²⁻²¹ hɔŋ¹³/

/hɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ hɔŋ²⁴/

/hɔŋ³³⁻²¹ hɔŋ²³/

/hoŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ uaŋ⁵⁵/

/hoŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ huaŋ⁵⁵/

/voŋ²² ɦuɑ̃⁴⁴/

Miyake (2015) reconstructed Old Chinese pronunciation *N-prəm-s ɢʷˁɑŋ and proposed, though with uncertainty, that the mythical bird's name is the affixed form of 風皇 (“wind sovereign”).

鳳皇鳴矣，於彼高岡。

凤皇鸣矣，于彼高冈。

(Chinese mythology) fenghuang; the "Chinese phoenix" (Classifier: 隻／只 m)


主席

Sino-Xenic (主席):
* → Japanese: 主席(しゅせき) (shuseki)
* → Korean: 주석(主席) (juseok)
* → Vietnamese: chủ tịch (主席)

→ Bouyei: zujxif

→ Tibetan: ཀྲུའུ་ཞི (kru'u zhi)

→ Zhuang: cujsiz

/ʈ͡ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂu⁵¹ ɕi²⁴/

/t͡syː³⁵ t͡sɪk̚²/

/ˈt͡ɕy²¹³⁻¹³ ɕit̚⁵/

/t͡ʃu²⁴⁻³³ sit²/

/t͡suo³³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾liʔ⁵/

/t͡sy⁴⁵³⁻²¹ ɬiʔ⁴/

/t͡sy³³²⁻²¹ ɬiʔ²⁴/

/t͡su⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ siɪk̚⁴/

/t͡su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɪk̚¹²¹/

/t͡su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɪk̚⁴/

/t͡su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sit̚¹²¹/

/t͡su⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sit̚²⁴/

/t͡su⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡sʰieʔ⁴/

/t͡su⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡sʰioʔ⁴/

/t͡sz̩³³ ʑiɪʔ⁴⁴/

/t͡sz̩ʷ⁴⁴ d͡ʑiɪʔ⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂu⁵¹ ɕi²⁴/

/t͡syː³⁵ t͡sɪk̚²/

/ˈt͡ɕy²¹³⁻¹³ ɕit̚⁵/

/t͡ʃu²⁴⁻³³ sit²/

/t͡suo³³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾liʔ⁵/

/t͡sy⁴⁵³⁻²¹ ɬiʔ⁴/

/t͡sy³³²⁻²¹ ɬiʔ²⁴/

/t͡su⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ siɪk̚⁴/

/t͡su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɪk̚¹²¹/

/t͡su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɪk̚⁴/

/t͡su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sit̚¹²¹/

/t͡su⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sit̚²⁴/

/t͡su⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡sʰieʔ⁴/

/t͡su⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡sʰioʔ⁴/

/t͡sz̩³³ ʑiɪʔ⁴⁴/

/t͡sz̩ʷ⁴⁴ d͡ʑiɪʔ⁵⁵/

毛主席

chairperson (of a country or a party); chairman or chairwoman; president; premier (Classifier: 位)


大義

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ i⁵¹/

/taːi̯²² jiː²²/

/tai²²⁻²¹ ɡi²²/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² ɡi⁴¹/

/tai²²⁻²¹ ɡi²²/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ ɡi³³/

/tai³³⁻²¹ ɡi³³/

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ i⁵¹/

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ i⁵¹/

/taːi̯²² jiː²²/

/tai²²⁻²¹ ɡi²²/

/tai²²⁻²¹ ɡi²²/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² ɡi⁴¹/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² ɡi⁴¹/

/tai²²⁻²¹ ɡi²²/

/tai²²⁻²¹ ɡi²²/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ ɡi³³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ ɡi³³/

/tai³³⁻²¹ ɡi³³/

/tai³³⁻²¹ ɡi³³/

大定

possibly fictitious second era of Chen Youliang

(historical) the Dayi era (a Chinese era name; the first (and possibly only) era of Chen Youliang as emperor of Chen Han, from 1360 to 1363)


東方

ja-r

東方(とうほう) (tōhō)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (東方):
* → Japanese: 東方(とうほう) (tōhō)
* → Korean: 동방(東方) (dongbang)
* → Vietnamese: đông phương (東方)

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ fɑŋ⁵⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ fɑ̃ɻ⁵⁵/

/toŋ⁵⁵ faŋ⁵⁵/

/tuŋ²⁴ fɑŋ²⁴/

/tuŋ²⁴ fɑŋ⁵¹/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ fɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/tuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ foŋ²⁴/

/tʊŋ⁴⁴ fɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tɔŋ³³ hɔŋ³³/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hŋ̍⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hŋ̍⁴⁴/

/taŋ³³ hŋ̍³³/

/taŋ³³⁻²³ huaŋ³³/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ fɑŋ⁵⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ fɑ̃ɻ⁵⁵/

/toŋ⁵⁵ faŋ⁵⁵/

/tuŋ²⁴ fɑŋ²⁴/

/tuŋ²⁴ fɑŋ⁵¹/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ fɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/tuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ foŋ²⁴/

/tʊŋ⁴⁴ fɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tɔŋ³³ hɔŋ³³/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hŋ̍⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hŋ̍⁴⁴/

/taŋ³³ hŋ̍³³/

/taŋ³³⁻²³ huaŋ³³/

崛起東方

崛起东方

她教授東方美術史。

她教授东方美术史。


羽衣

/y²¹⁴⁻²¹ i⁵⁵/

/y²¹⁴⁻²¹ i⁵⁵/


妖怪

Sino-Xenic (妖怪):
* → Japanese: 妖怪(ようかい) (yōkai)
* → Korean: 요괴(妖怪) (yogoe)
* → Vietnamese: yêu quái (妖怪)

/jɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ku̯aɪ̯⁵¹/

/jɑʊ̯⁵⁵ g̊u̯aɪ̯²/

/iɔː²⁴ kuɛ⁴⁴/

/jiːu̯³⁵ kʷaːi̯³³/

/jiːu̯⁵⁵ kʷaːi̯³³/

/i̯eu̯²⁴⁻¹¹ ku̯ai̯⁵⁵/

/jɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ku̯aɪ̯⁵¹/

/jɑʊ̯⁵⁵ g̊u̯aɪ̯²/

/iɔː²⁴ kuɛ⁴⁴/

/jiːu̯³⁵ kʷaːi̯³³/

/jiːu̯⁵⁵ kʷaːi̯³³/

/i̯eu̯²⁴⁻¹¹ ku̯ai̯⁵⁵/

(usually in Chinese mythology) supernatural being; monster; devil; goblin


小將

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siɔŋ²¹/

/sio⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡siɔŋ⁴¹/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siɔŋ²¹/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siɔŋ¹¹/

/siɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡siɔŋ²¹/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siɔŋ²¹/

/sio⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡siɔŋ⁴¹/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siɔŋ²¹/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siɔŋ¹¹/

/siɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡siɔŋ²¹/

(slang) a fanatic; a person with an extreme, irrational zeal or enthusiasm for some cause


小將

From South Korean MBC TV drama 5th Republic, which the prop group mistakenly used the wrong hanja 小將／小将 (xiǎojiàng) instead of 少將／少将 (shàojiàng) for 소장 (少將, sojang, “major general”) in a nameplate of Chun Doo-hwan. Ultimately from Korean 소장(少將) (sojang).

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siɔŋ²¹/

/sio⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡siɔŋ⁴¹/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siɔŋ²¹/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siɔŋ¹¹/

/siɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡siɔŋ²¹/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siɔŋ²¹/

/sio⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡siɔŋ⁴¹/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siɔŋ²¹/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siɔŋ¹¹/

/siɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡siɔŋ²¹/

(Internet slang, humorous) Chun Doo-hwan.


孝心

Sino-Xenic (孝心):
* → Japanese: 孝心(こうしん) (kōshin)
* → Korean: 효심(孝心) (hyosim)

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹ ɕin⁵⁵/

/haːu̯³³ sɐm⁵⁵/

/hau⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ sim³³/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹ ɕin⁵⁵/

/haːu̯³³ sɐm⁵⁵/

/hau⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ sim³³/


唐朝

/tʰɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵/

/tʰɔːŋ²¹ t͡sʰiːu̯²¹/

/tʰoŋ¹¹ t͡sʰeu̯¹¹/

/touŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nieu⁵³/

/tɔŋ²⁴⁻²² tiau²⁴/

/tɔŋ²⁴⁻²² tiau²⁴/

/tɔŋ¹³⁻²² tiau¹³/

/tɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ tiau²⁴/

/tɔŋ²³⁻³³ tiau²³/

/tʰaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sʰiou⁵⁵/

/tʰaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sʰiau⁵⁵/

/tʰɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵/

/tʰɔːŋ²¹ t͡sʰiːu̯²¹/

/tʰoŋ¹¹ t͡sʰeu̯¹¹/

/touŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nieu⁵³/

/tɔŋ²⁴⁻²² tiau²⁴/

/tɔŋ²⁴⁻²² tiau²⁴/

/tɔŋ¹³⁻²² tiau¹³/

/tɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ tiau²⁴/

/tɔŋ²³⁻³³ tiau²³/

/tʰaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sʰiou⁵⁵/

/tʰaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sʰiau⁵⁵/


黃帝

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ ti⁵¹/

/wɔːŋ²¹ tɐi̯³³/

/uoŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nɑ²¹³/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻²² te⁴¹/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻²² te²¹/

/ŋ̍²³⁻³³ te²¹/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ te¹¹/

/uĩ²³⁻³³ te²¹/

/uĩ¹³⁻²² te²¹/

/hɔŋ¹³⁻²² te²¹/

/ŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ti²¹³/

/ɦuɑ̃²² ti⁴⁴/

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ ti⁵¹/

/wɔːŋ²¹ tɐi̯³³/

/uoŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nɑ²¹³/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻²² te⁴¹/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻²² te²¹/

/ŋ̍²³⁻³³ te²¹/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ te¹¹/

/uĩ²³⁻³³ te²¹/

/uĩ¹³⁻²² te²¹/

/hɔŋ¹³⁻²² te²¹/

/ŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ti²¹³/

/ɦuɑ̃²² ti⁴⁴/

(Chinese mythology) the Yellow Emperor (legendary Chinese sovereign)


方天戟

/fɑŋ⁵⁵ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ t͡ɕi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fɑŋ⁵⁵ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ t͡ɕi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/


龍王

ja-r

竜王(りゅうおう) (ryūō)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (龍王):
* → Japanese: 竜王(りゅうおう) (ryūō)
* → Korean: 용왕(龍王) (yong'wang)
* → Vietnamese: long vương (龍王)

/lʊŋ³⁵ wɑŋ³⁵/

/lʊŋ²¹ wɔːŋ²¹/

/li̯uŋ¹¹ voŋ¹¹/

/l̃yŋ⁵³⁻³³ ^((Ø-))ŋuoŋ⁵³/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ ɔŋ²³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ɔŋ²⁴/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ɔŋ²⁴/

/liɔŋ¹³⁻²² ɔŋ¹³/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ ŋ̍²³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ŋ̍²⁴/

/lʊŋ³⁵ wɑŋ³⁵/

/lʊŋ²¹ wɔːŋ²¹/

/li̯uŋ¹¹ voŋ¹¹/

/l̃yŋ⁵³⁻³³ ^((Ø-))ŋuoŋ⁵³/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ ɔŋ²³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ɔŋ²⁴/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ɔŋ²⁴/

/liɔŋ¹³⁻²² ɔŋ¹³/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ ŋ̍²³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ŋ̍²⁴/

* (Ryūō): Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 竜王町.

obor

(Chinese mythology) Dragon King (the god of water and weather)


服氣

/fu³⁵ t͡ɕʰi⁵¹/

/hɒʔ⁴ kʰi⁴²/

/hɒʔ²⁴ kʰi⁴²/

/hɔk̚⁴⁻³² kʰi²¹/

/hɔk̚²⁴⁻² kʰi⁴¹/

/hɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ kʰi²¹/

/hɔk̚⁴⁻³² kʰi¹¹/

/hɔk̚⁴⁻³² kʰi²¹/

/fu³⁵ t͡ɕʰi⁵¹/

/hɒʔ⁴ kʰi⁴²/

/hɒʔ²⁴ kʰi⁴²/

/hɔk̚⁴⁻³² kʰi²¹/

/hɔk̚²⁴⁻² kʰi⁴¹/

/hɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ kʰi²¹/

/hɔk̚⁴⁻³² kʰi¹¹/

/hɔk̚⁴⁻³² kʰi²¹/

(Taoism) to practice Daoist breathing exercises


永昌

/jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/wɪŋ¹³ t͡sʰœːŋ⁵⁵/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ³³/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/iɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/wɪŋ¹³ t͡sʰœːŋ⁵⁵/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ³³/

/iɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ³³/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/iɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/iɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

(historical) the Yongchang era (a Chinese era name):

The third era of Emperor Yuan of Jin, from 322 to 323.

Emperor Ruizong
w:Emperor Ruizong of Tang

The fourth era of Emperor Ruizong of Tang, in 689.

The era of Li Zicheng as emperor of Shun, from 1644 to 1645.


夸父

/kʰu̯ä⁵⁵ fu⁵¹/

/kʰu̯ä⁵⁵ fu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʰu̯ä⁵⁵ fu⁵¹/

/kʰu̯ä⁵⁵ fu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

(Chinese mythology) Kua Fu (giant who wished to capture the Sun)


高平

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ pʰɪŋ²¹/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ pʰɪŋ²¹/

(～市) Gaoping (a county-level city in Jincheng, Shanxi, China)


魯國

/lu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/lou̯¹³ kʷɔːk̚³/

/lu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/lou̯¹³ kʷɔːk̚³/


襄陽

desc

→ English: Xiangyang, Siangyang, Siang-yang, Hsiang-yang

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² iɔŋ²⁴/

/siɔŋ³³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² iɔŋ¹³/

/siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ iɔŋ²³/

/ɕiã⁵⁵ ɦiã²¹/

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² iɔŋ²⁴/

/siɔŋ³³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² iɔŋ¹³/

/siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ iɔŋ²³/

/ɕiã⁵⁵ ɦiã²¹/

Book of Documents
Fancheng
Han River (Hubei and Shaanxi)
Mount Hua

Surprisingly unclear.
襄 (xiāng) is speculated to imply "tall and prone to floods", which is recorded in the Book of Documents. The city precincts received chronic floods up until the 1930's.
The term 陽／阳 (yáng, “sunny”) is typically used to refer to establishments on the north bank of a river or the south side of a mountain. Xiangyang is, however, situated north of Mount Hua and on the south bank of the Han River. The settlement north of the Han is Fancheng).
Several theories have been proposed, though very little geographical evidence has been found for any of them. Some include:
* The Han River may have flowed south of Xiangyang, hence the modern-day bend just east of the city
* There was a small river called the Xiang that used to flow south of the city
* There was a "Mount Xiang" in the past that was north of Xiangyang

(～市) Xiangyang (a prefecture-level city in Hubei, China)


嬰兒

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (嬰兒):
* → Japanese: 嬰(えい)児(じ) (eiji)
* → Korean: 영아(嬰兒) (yeong'a)

/iŋ⁵⁵ ˀɤɻ³⁵/

/jɪŋ⁵⁵ jiː²¹/

/iɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ li²⁴/

/iɪŋ³³ li²⁴/

/iɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² li²⁴/

/iɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² d͡zi¹³/

/iɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ zi²³/

/eŋ³³⁻²³ d͡zi⁵⁵/

/in⁵⁵ ɦəl²¹/

/iŋ⁵⁵ ˀɤɻ³⁵/

/jɪŋ⁵⁵ jiː²¹/

/iɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ li²⁴/

/iɪŋ³³ li²⁴/

/iɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² li²⁴/

/iɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² d͡zi¹³/

/iɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ zi²³/

/eŋ³³⁻²³ d͡zi⁵⁵/

/in⁵⁵ ɦəl²¹/

The baby and the girl were married; lead and mercury combined to divide the sun and the moon.

Wu Cheng'en, Journey to the West, 16ᵗʰ century CE

Yīng'ér chànǚ pèi yīnyáng, qiān gǒng xiāngtóu fēn rìyuè.

嬰兒奼女配陰陽，鉛汞相投分日月。

婴儿姹女配阴阳，铅汞相投分日月。