入

Ideogram (指事) - an arrowhead indicating "to enter".
Compare 人 (rén).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *nup ~ nip. Cognate with Tibetan ནུབ (nub, “to fall (gradually), sink, to set; to decay, to decline”) and Burmese နိပ် (nip, “to decline (e.g. price); to be suppressed, to settle, to be quelled”).
Chinese characters belonging to the same word family include:
* 納 (OC *nuːb, “to make enter”)
* 內 (OC *nuːbs, “inside”)
* 軜 (OC *nuːb, “reins on the inside of the horse”)
* 妠 (OC *nuːms, *nuːb, *rnoːd, “to marry (a girl)”)
* 躡 (OC *neb, “to tiptoe, tread”)
* 攝 (OC *neːb, *ʔnjeb, “to take in, photograph, grasp”)
* 鑷 (OC *neb, “tweezers, forceps”)
* and potentially Cantonese 擸 (laap3, “to bring together, to collect”)
The regular Mandarin pronunciation as predicted from Middle Chinese is rì. The irregular sound change is for taboo reasons - to avoid homophony with its derived vulgar meaning "to enter > to have sexual intercourse", nowadays represented by 日 (rì).

zh-m

陽入

阳入

(Chinese phonetics) Short for 入聲／入声 (rùshēng, “the checked tone”).


切

/t͡sʰiɛt̚³²/

/t͡sʰiɛt̚³²/

(phonetics) Short for 反切 (fǎnqiè, “fanqie”).


上

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (上):
* → Japanese: 上(じょう) (jō)
* → Korean: 상(上) (sang)
* → Vietnamese: thượng (上, “upper”), thướng (上, “to go up”)

Ideogram (指事): a line above another (contrast 下 (xià)) — up. Originally written as 𠄞, but changed to this form to prevent confusion with 二 (èr).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-tjaŋ (“top”). Cognate with Tibetan སྟེང (steng), Tibetan ཡང་རྩེ (yang rtse, “summit; pinnacle”) (Bodman, 1980), Mizo zo (“to be high”), zah (“to respect; to revere”) (STEDT).
Shijing rimes indicate occasional level tone for pronunciation 2 (Schuessler, 2007).
Pronunciation 1 is the exopassive of pronunciation 2 with suffix *-s, literally meaning "what has been raised" (Schuessler, 2007). The rising tone in Middle Chinese words with voiced stop initials regularly evolves into departing tone in Mandarin; pronunciation 3 results from 叶韻 (xiéyùn), which artificially preserves classical poetry rhyming words' pronunciations.

cog

(～聲) (Chinese phonetics) rising tone in Chinese phonetics


合

Sino-Xenic (合):
* → Vietnamese: hợp (合)

Burmese language
Proto-Sino-Tibetan language

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): 亼 + 口 (“mouth”) : Two mouths speaking together.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *gap ~ kap. Compare 蓋 (OC *kaːbs, *kaːb, *ɡaːb, “to cover”) and 盍 (OC *ɡaːb, “to unite”) (STEDT). Outside of Sinitic, possibly cognate with Burmese ကပ် (kap, “to approach”).

Han compound

(Chinese phonetics) Short for 合口 (hékǒu, “closed-mouthed”).


呼

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰaː): semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 乎 (OC *ɢaː) – to exhale, call, or shout from the mouth.

Han compound

(Chinese phonetics) medial; in Middle Chinese: being open-mouthed (開口／开口) or closed-mouthed (合口), also called 開合／开合); or, for modern Chinese: one of four medials (四呼)


反

STEDT compares it to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *par (“to trade; to buy; to sell”), from which Tibetan ཕར (phar, “interest (on money); exchange”) is derived.
Cognate with 販 (OC *pans, “to trade”), which is an exoactive of 反 (OC *panʔ, *pʰan, “to return, lit. to make someone return”) (Schuessler, 2007).
番 (OC *pʰan, “a turn; a time”) is the iterative of 反 (OC *panʔ, *pʰan).


攝

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *neːb, *ʔnjeb): semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 聶 (OC *neb).
Probably from the same word family as 入 (OC *njub, “to enter”) (STEDT); see there for more.

Han compound

(Chinese phonetics) rhyme group; rhyme class (one of 16 sets of 韻 in Middle Chinese)


平

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (平):
* → Japanese: 平(へい) (hei)
* → Korean: 평(平) (pyeong)
* → Vietnamese: bình (平)

→ Iu Mien: baengh (“level”)

desc

→ Proto-Palaungic: *-pre/iŋ (“equal, level”) (Sidwell, 2015)

→ Proto-Tai: *biangᴬ (“flat, even”)

Lao: ພຽງ (phīang, “flat, even, equal”)

Lü: ᦵᦗᧂ (peng, “flat, even, equal”)

Northern Thai: ᨻ᩠ᨿᨦ (“flat, even, equal”)

Shan: ပဵင်း (páeng, “flat, even, equal”)

Thai: เพียง (piiang, “equal, as, only, just”)

Characters in the same phonetic series (平) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Uncertain. Various explanations include:
* According to the Shuowen, 八 (“division”) + 亏 (“exhaled air”) — the smooth flow of speech.
* Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ben, *beŋ): phonetic 釆 () + semantic 二 (“two equal lines”) (Lin Yiguang, 1920)
* A pictogram (象形) of waterweed spread flat on the surface of water. Original form of 苹 (OC *beŋ, “duckweed”). (Lawrence J. Howell)
* Pictogram (象形) of a balance scale. (Karlgren, 1973)
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(p/b)ljaŋ (“plank; palm; flat surface; wing”), whence Jingpho phun-pyen (phun⁵⁵ pjen³³, “plank”) and Burmese ပြန့် (pran., “flat and even”) (STEDT).

cog

平上去入

the four tones of Middle Chinese: level, rising, departing and checked

陽平／阳平

(Chinese phonetics) level tone (one of the four tones in Middle Chinese)


濁

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *rdoːɡ): semantic 氵 + phonetic 蜀 (OC *djoɡ).


清

Cao Wei
Chen dynasty
Eastern Han dynasty
Eastern Wei
Eastern Wu
Eastern Zhou dynasty
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
Han dynasty
Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
Jin dynasty (265–420)
Liang dynasty
Liao dynasty
Liu Song dynasty
Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area
Ming dynasty
Northern Qi
Northern Wei
Northern Zhou
Northern and Southern dynasties
Qin dynasty
Qing dynasty
Shang dynasty
Shu Han
Song dynasty
Southern Qi
Southern and Northern dynasties
Spring and Autumn period
Sui dynasty
Tang dynasty
Three Kingdoms
Warring States period
Western Han dynasty
Western Liao
Western Wei
Western Xia
Western Zhou dynasty
Xia dynasty
Xin dynasty
Yuan dynasty
Zhou dynasty

→ English: Ching, Cing, Qing

/t͡sʰi̯aŋ²⁴/

/t͡sʰi̯aŋ²⁴/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰleŋ): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 青 (OC *sʰleːŋ).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(t)s(j)aŋ (“clear; pure; clean”); cognate with Tibetan གཙང (gtsang, “clean; pure”), Mizo thiang (“to be clear; to be clean; to be pure”), Southern Qiang ɕó, Drung cangma (“clean”) (Schuessler, 2007; STEDT).
Within Chinese, cognate with 淨 (OC *zeŋs, “clean”), 醒 (OC *seːŋ, *seːŋʔ, *seːŋs, “to wake up; to become sober”), and allofamic with 星 (OC *sleːŋ, “star”), 晴 (OC *zleŋ, “(of weather) clear; fine”); possibly also related to 靜 (OC *zleŋʔ, “quiet”) (Schuessler, 2007).
Perhaps an areal word; compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *caŋ (“to glitter”) (Schuessler, 2007).


等

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (等):
* → Japanese: 等(とう) (tō)
* → Korean: 등(等) (deung)
* → Vietnamese: đẳng (等)

→ Proto-Turkic: *teŋ (“equal”) (see there for further descendants)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tɯːʔ, *tɯːŋʔ): semantic 竹 (“bamboo”) + phonetic 寺 (OC *ljɯs).
竹 here refers to the bamboo strips used for writing (e.g. grading, classification) in ancient times. 寺 (OC *ljɯs) was originally used phonetically; the character was subsequently borrowed for another word with the same meaning, but with no phonetic resemblance to 寺.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-tjaŋ (“top; to rise; to raise”) (STEDT). Endoactive of 登 (OC *tɯːŋ, “to rise; to ascend”) (Schuessler, 2007).

liushu

OC *tɯːʔ, *tɯːŋʔ

inh

the third division member of a rime doublet

重紐三等

重纽三等

Middle Chinese finals
w:Middle Chinese finals

(Chinese phonetics) one of the "divisions" of a rime table, encoding some phonological distinction; see Middle Chinese finals on Wikipedia.Wikipedia


聲

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (聲):
* → Japanese: 声(しょう) (shō); 声(せい) (sei)
* → Korean: 성(聲) (seong)
* → Vietnamese: thanh (聲)

→ Thai: เสียง (sǐiang)

desc

→ Vietnamese: tiếng (“voice; language; sound”)

→ Zhuang: sing

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰjeŋ): phonetic 殸 (OC *kʰreːŋ, *kʰeːŋs) + semantic 耳 (“ear”).


陽

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (陽):
* → Japanese: 陽(よう) (yō)
* → Korean: 양(陽) (yang)
* → Vietnamese: dương (陽)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *laŋ) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): semantic 阜 (“hill”) + phonetic 昜 (OC *laŋ, “sunshine”) – sun shining on a hill.
Either Sino-Tibetan or a Mainland Southeast Asian (MSEA) Wanderwort; compare Burmese လင်း (lang:, “bright”), Lepcha ᰣᰦᰜᰩᰵ (a-lóṅ, “reflective light”), Thai ปลั่ง (bplàng, “bright; shiny”) (Schuessler, 2007).
STEDT provisionally sets up Proto-Kuki-Chin *klaaŋ-I, klaan-II (“shine; light; bright”) and compares it to the following:
* 陽 (OC *laŋ, “sunshine”)
* 景 (OC *kraŋʔ, “bright; scenery”)
* 鏡 (OC *kraŋs, “mirror”)
* 亮 (OC *raŋs, “bright”)
* 章 (OC *kjaŋ, “brilliant, splendid; rule; emblem; display (v.)”)

och-l

阳
𣆄
氜
阦
𨹈
𥌖
𨼗
𨼘
𨼡
𨽐
羊

(Chinese phonetics, of a syllable) closed with a nasal consonantal coda


開

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (開):
* → Japanese: 開(かい) (kai)
* → Vietnamese: khai (開)

→ Lao: ໄຂ (khai, “open”)

→ Thai: ไข (kǎi, “open”)

→ Vietnamese: khơi

→ Zhuang: hai (“open”)

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): 門 (“door”) + 一 (“latch”) + 廾 (“a pair of hands”) — a pair of hands opening a latched door. 一 and 廾 are combined into 开 since the seal script.
Compare 闢.
According to STEDT, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/s-k(w)a-j (“mouth; opening; spread; door; face; jaw”). Cognate with 戶 (OC *ɡʷaːʔ, “door”), Tibetan ཁ (kha, “mouth”), Tibetan སྒོ (sgo, “door”).
The word is possibly a colloquial variant of 闓 (OC *ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ, *ŋ̊ʰɯːls) (Schuessler, 2007). Proto-Mien *kʰu̯ɔiᴬ (“to open”) (whence Iu Mien kʰɔi¹) and Thai ไข (kǎi) are Chinese loans (Ratliff, 2010).

och-l

闓 (OC *ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ, *ŋ̊ʰɯːls)

开
𫔭
䦐
𨴉
𨳩
𨴂
𨵹
𨶘
𨵑
开
K
开
开
嗨

(Chinese phonetics) Short for 開口／开口 (kāikǒu, “open-mouthed”).


陰

→ Proto-Tai: *rɤmᴮ (“shade”)

desc

Thai: ร่ม (rôm, “shade, umbrella, parachute”)

According to Shuowen, a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qrɯm): semantic 阜 + phonetic 侌 ().
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r(u/i)m (“dark; shade; dusk; twilight”); compare Tibetan རུམ (rum, “darkness”), Jingpho rim (“to be dusk”) (Benedict, 1972; Bodman, 1980; STEDT).
Schuessler (2007) compares it instead to Burmese အုံ့ (um., “to become overcast”), Adi mugyum (“shade; shadow”), Lepcha ᰠᰨᰌᰤᰪᰮ (so-dyŭm, “shade”).

cog

阴
侌
𠊺
𣍤
𤽎
阥
𨹉
隂
𨻔
𨼖
𨽙
𨽭
𨹩
𩃬
𣱙
𢉩
𠆭

(Chinese phonetics, of a syllable) open; not having a consonant coda


音

Characters in the same phonetic series (音) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Ideogram (指事): 言 (“word”) with something in 口 (“mouth”) written like 甘 – sound comes from the mouth. The vertical trait, that used to represent the body of the tongue, then disappeared as in 言.

Han etyl

京音

潮音

中古音

方音

陽江音

阳江音


舌音

/t͡sʰiʔ⁴⁻² im³³/

/t͡sʰiʔ⁴⁻² im³³/


摩擦音

/mu̯ɔ³⁵ t͡sʰä⁵⁵ in⁵⁵/

/mɔː⁵⁵ t͡sʰaːt̚³ jɐm⁵⁵/

/mu̯ɔ³⁵ t͡sʰä⁵⁵ in⁵⁵/

/mɔː⁵⁵ t͡sʰaːt̚³ jɐm⁵⁵/


破裂音

/pʰu̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ li̯ɛ⁵¹ in⁵⁵/

/pʰɔː³³ liːt̚² jɐm⁵⁵/

/pʰu̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ li̯ɛ⁵¹ in⁵⁵/

/pʰɔː³³ liːt̚² jɐm⁵⁵/

(phonetics) Alternative name for 塞音 (sèyīn, “plosive”).


鼻音

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (鼻音):
* → Japanese: 鼻音(びおん) (bion)
* → Korean: 비음(鼻音) (bieum)

/pʰi⁴¹⁻²² im³³/

/pʰĩ³³⁻²¹ im⁴⁴/

/pʰĩ²²⁻²¹ im⁴⁴/

/pʰĩ³³⁻¹¹ im⁴⁴/

/pʰi⁴¹⁻²² im³³/

/pʰĩ³³⁻²¹ im⁴⁴/

/pʰĩ²²⁻²¹ im⁴⁴/

/pʰĩ³³⁻¹¹ im⁴⁴/


字母

/t͡sz̩⁵¹ mu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sz̩⁵¹ muɻʷ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡si²⁴²⁻⁵³ mo³³/

/li³³⁻¹¹ bu⁵³/

/li⁴¹⁻²² bu⁵⁵⁴/

/li²²⁻²¹ bu⁵³/

/zi³³⁻²¹ bɤ⁴¹/

/d͡zi²²⁻²¹ bo⁵³/

/zi³³⁻²¹ bu⁴¹/

/t͡sz̩⁵¹ mu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sz̩⁵¹ muɻʷ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡si²⁴²⁻⁵³ mo³³/

/li³³⁻¹¹ bu⁵³/

/li⁴¹⁻²² bu⁵⁵⁴/

/li²²⁻²¹ bu⁵³/

/zi³³⁻²¹ bɤ⁴¹/

/d͡zi²²⁻²¹ bo⁵³/

/zi³³⁻²¹ bu⁴¹/

三十六字母

(Chinese phonetics) character representing an initial consonant


元音

Sino-Xenic (元音):
* → Vietnamese: nguyên âm (元音)

/ɥɛn³⁵ in⁵⁵/

/ɥɛn³⁵ in⁵⁵/


語音學

/y²¹⁴⁻²¹ in⁵⁵ ɕy̯ɛ³⁵/

/jyː¹³ jɐm⁵⁵ hɔːk̚²/

/y²¹⁴⁻²¹ in⁵⁵ ɕy̯ɛ³⁵/

/jyː¹³ jɐm⁵⁵ hɔːk̚²/


兒化

Sino-Xenic (兒化):
* → Korean: 아화(兒化) (ahwa)
* → Vietnamese: nhi hóa (兒化)

→ English: erhua

→ Japanese: 児(ある)化(か) (aruka)

→ Zhuang: wzva

/ˀɤɻ³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/jiː²¹ faː³³/

/ˀɤɻ³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/jiː²¹ faː³³/

(Chinese phonetics) erhua (to undergo erhua; to have the 兒-sound (/ɻ/, /n/, /ŋ/) added to syllables to form diminutives)


母音

/mu²¹⁴⁻²¹ in⁵⁵/

/mu²¹⁴⁻²¹ in⁵⁵/

Wasei kango (和製漢語), orthographically borrowed from Japanese 母(ぼ)音(おん) (bōn, “vowel”)


子音

/t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ in⁵⁵/

/t͡sz̩⁵¹ iŋ²⁴/

/t͡siː³⁵ jɐm⁵⁵/

/t͡su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ im⁴⁴/

/t͡su⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ im⁴⁴/

/t͡sɯ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ im³³/

/t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ in⁵⁵/

/t͡sz̩⁵¹ iŋ²⁴/

/t͡siː³⁵ jɐm⁵⁵/

/t͡su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ im⁴⁴/

/t͡su⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ im⁴⁴/

/t͡sɯ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ im³³/


濁音

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (濁音):
* → Japanese: 濁音(だくおん) (dakuon)
* → Korean: 탁음(濁音) (tageum)
* → Vietnamese: trọc âm (濁音)

/ʈ͡ʂu̯ɔ³⁵ in⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊk̚² jɐm⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂu̯ɔ³⁵ in⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊk̚² jɐm⁵⁵/


韻尾

/yn⁵¹ weɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/yn⁵¹ weɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/


介音

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹ in⁵⁵/

/kaːi̯³³ jɐm⁵⁵/

/kai²¹³⁻⁵⁵ im³³/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹ in⁵⁵/

/kaːi̯³³ jɐm⁵⁵/

/kai²¹³⁻⁵⁵ im³³/


清音

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ in⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ jɐm⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ in⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ jɐm⁵⁵/


兒化韻

/ˀɤɻ³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹⁻⁵³ yn⁵¹/

/jiː²¹ faː³³ wɐn²²/

/ˀɤɻ³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹⁻⁵³ yn⁵¹/

/jiː²¹ faː³³ wɐn²²/


兒化音

/ˀɤɻ³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹ in⁵⁵/

/jiː²¹ faː³³ jɐm⁵⁵/

/ˀɤɻ³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹ in⁵⁵/

/jiː²¹ faː³³ jɐm⁵⁵/

(Chinese phonetics) erhua; erization (the r-coloring or addition of the 兒 sound (/ɻ/, /n/, /ŋ/) to syllables to form diminutives)


清濁

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂu̯ɔ³⁵/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ t͡sʊk̚²/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂu̯ɔ³⁵/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ t͡sʊk̚²/

(phonetics) voicing; voiceless and voiced sounds


平上去入

ja-r

平上去入(ひょうじょうきょにゅう) (hyōjōkyonyū)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (平上去入):
* → Japanese: 平上去入(ひょうじょうきょにゅう) (hyōjōkyonyū)

ㄆㄧㄥˊ ㄕㄤˇ ㄑㄩˋ ㄖㄨˋ

ㄆㄧㄥˊ ㄕㄤˋ ㄑㄩˋ ㄖㄨˋ

/pʰiŋ³⁵ ʂɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰy⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʐu⁵¹/

/pʰiŋ³⁵ ʂɑŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕʰy⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʐu⁵¹/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ sœːŋ¹³ hɵy̯³³ jɐp̚²/

/pʰiŋ³⁵ ʂɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰy⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʐu⁵¹/

/pʰiŋ³⁵ ʂɑŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕʰy⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʐu⁵¹/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ sœːŋ¹³ hɵy̯³³ jɐp̚²/

(Chinese phonetics) the four tones of Middle Chinese: level, rising, departing and checked


牙床

/jä³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/jä³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ɑ̃ɻ³⁵/

/ia²⁴ ʈ͡ʂʰuɑŋ²⁴/

/ŋaː²¹ t͡sʰɔːŋ²¹/

/ɡa²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰɔŋ²⁴/

/ɡɛ¹³⁻²² t͡sʰŋ̍¹³/

/ɡe²³⁻³³ t͡sʰŋ̍²³/

/ɡe²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰŋ̍²⁴/

/ŋa²² zɑ̃⁴⁴/

/jä³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/jä³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ɑ̃ɻ³⁵/

/ia²⁴ ʈ͡ʂʰuɑŋ²⁴/

/ŋaː²¹ t͡sʰɔːŋ²¹/

/ɡa²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰɔŋ²⁴/

/ɡɛ¹³⁻²² t͡sʰŋ̍¹³/

/ɡe²³⁻³³ t͡sʰŋ̍²³/

/ɡe²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰŋ̍²⁴/

/ŋa²² zɑ̃⁴⁴/


雙元音

шуанъюаньинь

/ʂu̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵ in⁵⁵/

/sœːŋ⁵⁵ jyːn²¹ jɐm⁵⁵/

/ʂu̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵ in⁵⁵/

/sœːŋ⁵⁵ jyːn²¹ jɐm⁵⁵/


開口

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔːi̯⁵⁵ hɐu̯³⁵/

/kʰoi̯²⁴ kʰi̯eu̯³¹/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² kʰau⁵³/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰau⁴¹/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰau⁵³/

/kʰui⁴⁴⁻²² kʰau⁵³/

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔːi̯⁵⁵ hɐu̯³⁵/

/kʰoi̯²⁴ kʰi̯eu̯³¹/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² kʰau⁵³/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰau⁴¹/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰau⁵³/

/kʰui⁴⁴⁻²² kʰau⁵³/

(Chinese phonetics) Short for 開口呼／开口呼 (kāikǒuhū, “open-mouth sounds”).


喉塞音

/xoʊ̯³⁵ sɤ⁵¹ in⁵⁵/

/xoʊ̯³⁵ saɪ̯⁵⁵ in⁵⁵/

/hɐu̯²¹ sɐk̚⁵ jɐm⁵⁵/

/xoʊ̯³⁵ sɤ⁵¹ in⁵⁵/

/xoʊ̯³⁵ saɪ̯⁵⁵ in⁵⁵/

/hɐu̯²¹ sɐk̚⁵ jɐm⁵⁵/


輔音

Sino-Xenic (輔音):
* → Vietnamese: phụ âm (輔音)

/fu²¹⁴⁻²¹ in⁵⁵/

/fuː²² jɐm⁵⁵/

/fu³² jim³³⁻³³⁵/

/fu²¹⁴⁻²¹ in⁵⁵/

/fuː²² jɐm⁵⁵/

/fu³² jim³³⁻³³⁵/


擦音

/t͡sʰä⁵⁵ in⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰaːt̚³ jɐm⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰä⁵⁵ in⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰaːt̚³ jɐm⁵⁵/


喌音

/ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵ in⁵⁵/

/t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵ jɐm⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵ in⁵⁵/

/t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵ jɐm⁵⁵/


近音

/kɐn²² jɐm⁵⁵/

/kɐn²² jɐm⁵⁵/


彈音

/tʰän³⁵ in⁵⁵/

/tʰän³⁵ in⁵⁵/


內爆音

/neɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ pɑʊ̯⁵¹ in⁵⁵/

/nɔːi̯²² paːu̯³³ jɐm⁵⁵/

/neɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ pɑʊ̯⁵¹ in⁵⁵/

/nɔːi̯²² paːu̯³³ jɐm⁵⁵/


半元音

/pän⁵¹ ɥɛn³⁵ in⁵⁵/

/pän⁵¹ ɥɛn³⁵ in⁵⁵/


邊音

/piɛn⁴⁴⁻²² im⁴⁴/

/piɛn⁴⁴⁻²² im⁴⁴/


塞音

/saɪ̯⁵⁵ in⁵⁵/

/sɐk̚⁵ jɐm⁵⁵/

/siɪk̚³²⁻⁴ im⁴⁴/

/siɪk̚³²⁻⁵ im⁴⁴/

/saɪ̯⁵⁵ in⁵⁵/

/sɐk̚⁵ jɐm⁵⁵/

/siɪk̚³²⁻⁴ im⁴⁴/

/siɪk̚³²⁻⁵ im⁴⁴/

(phonetics) stop consonant; plosive consonant


噝音

/siː⁵⁵ jɐm⁵⁵/

/siː⁵⁵ jɐm⁵⁵/


響音

/ɕi̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ in⁵⁵/

/hœːŋ³⁵ jɐm⁵⁵/

/ɕi̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ in⁵⁵/

/hœːŋ³⁵ jɐm⁵⁵/


閃音

/ʂän²¹⁴⁻²¹ in⁵⁵/

/ʂän²¹⁴⁻²¹ in⁵⁵/

(phonetics) flap consonant, tap consonant


塞擦音

/sɤ⁵¹ t͡sʰä⁵⁵ in⁵⁵/

/sɐk̚⁵ t͡sʰaːt̚³ jɐm⁵⁵/

/sɤ⁵¹ t͡sʰä⁵⁵ in⁵⁵/

/sɐk̚⁵ t͡sʰaːt̚³ jɐm⁵⁵/


顫音

/ʈ͡ʂʰän⁵¹ in⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂän⁵¹ in⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰän⁵¹ in⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂän⁵¹ in⁵⁵/


擠喉音

/t͡ɕi²¹⁴⁻²¹ xoʊ̯³⁵ in⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi²¹⁴⁻²¹ xoʊ̯³⁵ in⁵⁵/


流音

/li̯oʊ̯³⁵ in⁵⁵/

/lɐu̯²¹ jɐm⁵⁵/

/li̯oʊ̯³⁵ in⁵⁵/

/lɐu̯²¹ jɐm⁵⁵/


陰平

/in⁵⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/jɐm⁵⁵ pʰɪŋ²¹/

/im³³ piɪŋ²⁴/

/im⁴⁴⁻²² piɪŋ¹³/

/im⁴⁴⁻²² piɪŋ²⁴/

/im⁴⁴⁻²² piã¹³/

/im⁴⁴⁻²² piã²⁴/

/in⁵⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/jɐm⁵⁵ pʰɪŋ²¹/

/im³³ piɪŋ²⁴/

/im⁴⁴⁻²² piɪŋ¹³/

/im⁴⁴⁻²² piɪŋ²⁴/

/im⁴⁴⁻²² piã¹³/

/im⁴⁴⁻²² piã²⁴/

(～調, ～聲) (phonology) dark level tone, a tone in various modern Chinese varieties, generally corresponding to the level tone and voiceless onset in Middle Chinese, e.g. tone 1 (/˥/) in Standard Mandarin (marked in Hanyu Pinyin with a macron [ ¯ ] and usually left unmarked in bopomofo), tone 1 (/˥/) in Guangzhou Cantonese, tone 1 (/˦/) in Meixian Hakka, tone 1 (/˦/) in Xiamen/Taiwanese Hokkien (unmarked in Pe̍h-ōe-jī)


切韻

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛ⁵¹⁻⁵³ yn⁵¹/

/t͡sʰiːt̚³ wɐn²²/

/t͡sʰiːt̚³ wɐn¹³/

/t͡sʰieʔ²⁴⁻⁵⁵ ouŋ²⁴²/

/t͡sʰiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ un²²/

/t͡sʰiɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ un⁴¹/

/t͡sʰiɛt̚³²⁻⁵ un²²/

/t͡sʰiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ un³³/

/t͡sʰiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ un³³/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛ⁵¹⁻⁵³ yn⁵¹/

/t͡sʰiːt̚³ wɐn²²/

/t͡sʰiːt̚³ wɐn¹³/

/t͡sʰieʔ²⁴⁻⁵⁵ ouŋ²⁴²/

/t͡sʰiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ un²²/

/t͡sʰiɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ un⁴¹/

/t͡sʰiɛt̚³²⁻⁵ un²²/

/t͡sʰiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ un³³/

/t͡sʰiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ un³³/


去聲

/t͡ɕʰy⁵¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/hɵy̯³³ sɪŋ⁵⁵/

/kʰi²¹⁻⁴¹ siã⁴⁴/

/kʰi¹¹⁻⁵³ siã⁴⁴/

/kʰi²¹⁻⁵³ siã⁴⁴/

/kʰɯ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ siã³³/

/t͡ɕʰy⁵¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/hɵy̯³³ sɪŋ⁵⁵/

/kʰi²¹⁻⁴¹ siã⁴⁴/

/kʰi¹¹⁻⁵³ siã⁴⁴/

/kʰi²¹⁻⁵³ siã⁴⁴/

/kʰɯ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ siã³³/

Level tone is sad and stable. Rising tone is strident and rising. Departing tone is clear and distant. Entering tone is straight and abrupt.

early 9th century 元和韻譜 Yuanhe Yunpu; quoted and translated in Ting (1996).

Píngshēng āi ér ān, shǎngshēng lì ér jǔ, qùshēng qīng ér yuǎn, rùshēng zhí ér cù.

平聲哀而安，上聲厲而舉，去聲清而遠，入聲直而促。

平声哀而安，上声厉而举，去声清而远，入声直而促。

(Chinese phonetics) departing tone (one of the four tones in Middle Chinese, also a tone in various modern varieties, e.g. tone 4 (/˥˩/) in Standard Mandarin (marked with a grave accent [ ` ] in Hanyu Pinyin and bopomofo) and tone 4 in Meixian Hakka (/˥˧/))


上聲

/ʂɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/sœːŋ¹³ sɪŋ⁵⁵/

/soŋ³¹ saŋ²⁴/

/siɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ siã³³/

/siɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ siã⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siã⁴⁴/

/siaŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siã⁴⁴/

/t͡siũ³³⁻¹¹ siã⁴⁴/

/t͡siũ³³⁻²¹ siã⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ³³⁻²¹ siã⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ siã⁴⁴/

/ʂɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/sœːŋ¹³ sɪŋ⁵⁵/

/soŋ³¹ saŋ²⁴/

/siɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ siã³³/

/siɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ siã⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siã⁴⁴/

/siaŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siã⁴⁴/

/t͡siũ³³⁻¹¹ siã⁴⁴/

/t͡siũ³³⁻²¹ siã⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ³³⁻²¹ siã⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ siã⁴⁴/

平聲哀而安，上聲厲而舉，去聲清而遠，入聲直而促。

平声哀而安，上声厉而举，去声清而远，入声直而促。

(Chinese phonetics) rising tone (one of the four tones in Middle Chinese, also a tone in various modern varieties, e.g. tone 3 (/˨˩˦/) in Standard Mandarin (marked with a caron [ ˇ ] in Hanyu Pinyin and bopomofo), tone 3 in Meixian Hakka (/˧˩/), and tone 2 in Xiamen/Taiwanese Hokkien (/˥˧/))


入聲

/ʐu⁵¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/jɐp̚² sɪŋ⁵⁵/

/ŋip̚⁵ saŋ²⁴/

/zip̚⁴⁻³² siã⁴⁴/

/d͡zip̚¹²¹⁻²¹ siã⁴⁴/

/lip̚⁴⁻³² siã⁴⁴/

/lip̚²⁴⁻² siã³³/

/ʐu⁵¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/jɐp̚² sɪŋ⁵⁵/

/ŋip̚⁵ saŋ²⁴/

/zip̚⁴⁻³² siã⁴⁴/

/d͡zip̚¹²¹⁻²¹ siã⁴⁴/

/lip̚⁴⁻³² siã⁴⁴/

/lip̚²⁴⁻² siã³³/

平聲哀而安，上聲厲而舉，去聲清而遠，入聲直而促。

平声哀而安，上声厉而举，去声清而远，入声直而促。

(Chinese phonetics) entering tone (one of the four tones of Middle Chinese)


重音

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵¹ in⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰʊŋ¹³ jɐm⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵¹ in⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰʊŋ¹³ jɐm⁵⁵/

(phonetics) accent (of a word); stress (on a syllable)


捲舌音

/t͡ɕy̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂɤ³⁵ in⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕy̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂɤ³⁵ in⁵⁵/


聲母

/ʂɤŋ⁵⁵ mu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʂɤŋ⁵⁵ muɻʷ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɪŋ⁵⁵ mou̯¹³/

/siã⁴⁴⁻²² bu⁵³/

/siã³³ bu⁵⁵⁴/

/siã⁴⁴⁻²² bo⁵³/

/sĩã³³⁻²³ bo⁵²/

/ʂɤŋ⁵⁵ mu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʂɤŋ⁵⁵ muɻʷ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɪŋ⁵⁵ mou̯¹³/

/siã⁴⁴⁻²² bu⁵³/

/siã³³ bu⁵⁵⁴/

/siã⁴⁴⁻²² bo⁵³/

/sĩã³³⁻²³ bo⁵²/


四聲

/sz̩⁵¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/sei̯³³ sɪŋ⁵⁵/

/si⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ siã³³/

/si²¹⁻⁵³ siã⁴⁴/

/sz̩⁵¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/sei̯³³ sɪŋ⁵⁵/

/si⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ siã³³/

/si²¹⁻⁵³ siã⁴⁴/

(Chinese phonetics, poetry) the four tones of Middle Chinese (traditional tone classes also used for modern varieties of Chinese)


韻書

Sino-Xenic (韻書):
* → Japanese: 韻書(いんしょ) (insho)
* → Korean: 운서(韻書) (unseo)

/wɐn²² syː⁵⁵/

/wɐn¹³ syː⁵⁵/

/wɐn²² syː⁵⁵/

/wɐn¹³ syː⁵⁵/


舌背音

/ʂɤ³⁵ peɪ̯⁵¹ in⁵⁵/

/siːt̚² puːi̯³³ jɐm⁵⁵/

/siːt̚³ puːi̯³³ jɐm⁵⁵/

/ʂɤ³⁵ peɪ̯⁵¹ in⁵⁵/

/siːt̚² puːi̯³³ jɐm⁵⁵/

/siːt̚³ puːi̯³³ jɐm⁵⁵/


反切

Sino-Xenic (反切):
* → Japanese: 反切(はんせつ) (hansetsu)
* → Korean: 반절(反切) (banjeol)
* → Vietnamese: phiên thiết (反切)

→ English: fanqie

→ Russian: фаньце́ (fanʹcé)

/fän²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛ⁵¹/

/fän²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛ⁵⁵/

/huan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɛt̚³²/

/huan⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰiɛt̚⁵/

/huan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɛt̚³²/

/huan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɛt̚³²/

/huan⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɛt̚³²/

/fän²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛ⁵¹/

/fän²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛ⁵⁵/

/huan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɛt̚³²/

/huan⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰiɛt̚⁵/

/huan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɛt̚³²/

/huan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɛt̚³²/

/huan⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɛt̚³²/

(Chinese phonetics) fanqie (a method of indicating the pronunciation of a character by using two other characters, each giving part of the pronunciation)


國際音標

ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄐㄧˋ ㄧㄣ ㄅㄧㄠ

гоцзи иньбяо

/ku̯ɔ³⁵ t͡ɕi⁵¹ in⁵⁵ pi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kʷɔːk̚³ t͡sɐi̯³³ jɐm⁵⁵ piːu̯⁵⁵/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡se²¹⁻⁴¹ im⁴⁴⁻³³ pʰiau⁴⁴/

/kɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ t͡se⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ im³³ pʰiau³³/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁵ t͡se²¹⁻⁵³ im⁴⁴⁻²² pʰiau⁴⁴/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡se¹¹⁻⁵³ im⁴⁴⁻³³ pʰiau⁴⁴/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡se²¹⁻⁵³ im⁴⁴⁻²² piau⁴⁴/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡se¹¹⁻⁵³ im⁴⁴⁻³³ piau⁴⁴/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡se²¹⁻⁴¹ im⁴⁴⁻³³ piau⁴⁴/

/kok̚²⁻⁴ t͡si²¹³⁻⁵⁵ im³³⁻²³ pʰiɯu³³/

/kok̚²⁻⁴ t͡si²¹³⁻⁵⁵ im³³⁻²³ pʰiau³³/

/kok̚²⁻⁴ t͡si²¹³⁻⁵⁵ iŋ³³⁻²³ pʰiou³³/

/ku̯ɔ³⁵ t͡ɕi⁵¹ in⁵⁵ pi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kʷɔːk̚³ t͡sɐi̯³³ jɐm⁵⁵ piːu̯⁵⁵/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡se²¹⁻⁴¹ im⁴⁴⁻³³ pʰiau⁴⁴/

/kɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ t͡se⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ im³³ pʰiau³³/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁵ t͡se²¹⁻⁵³ im⁴⁴⁻²² pʰiau⁴⁴/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡se¹¹⁻⁵³ im⁴⁴⁻³³ pʰiau⁴⁴/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡se²¹⁻⁵³ im⁴⁴⁻²² piau⁴⁴/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡se¹¹⁻⁵³ im⁴⁴⁻³³ piau⁴⁴/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡se²¹⁻⁴¹ im⁴⁴⁻³³ piau⁴⁴/

/kok̚²⁻⁴ t͡si²¹³⁻⁵⁵ im³³⁻²³ pʰiɯu³³/

/kok̚²⁻⁴ t͡si²¹³⁻⁵⁵ im³³⁻²³ pʰiau³³/

/kok̚²⁻⁴ t͡si²¹³⁻⁵⁵ iŋ³³⁻²³ pʰiou³³/

International Phonetic Alphabet
International Phonetic Alphabet

(phonetics) the International Phonetic Alphabet


脣音

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən³⁵ in⁵⁵/

/sɵn²¹ jɐm⁵⁵/

/tuŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ im³³/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən³⁵ in⁵⁵/

/sɵn²¹ jɐm⁵⁵/

/tuŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ im³³/


平聲

ja-r

平声(ひょうしょう) (hyōshō)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (平聲):
* → Japanese: 平声(ひょうしょう) (hyōshō)
* → Korean: 평성(平聲) (pyeongseong)

desc

→ Vietnamese: thanh bằng (“the ngang or huyền tone”) (calque)

/pʰiŋ³⁵ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ sɪŋ⁵⁵/

/piã²³⁻³³ siã⁴⁴/

/piã²⁴⁻²² siã³³/

/piã²⁴⁻¹¹ siã⁴⁴/

/piã¹³⁻²² siã⁴⁴/

/piã²⁴⁻²² siã⁴⁴/

/pẽ²³⁻³³ siã⁴⁴/

/pʰiŋ³⁵ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ sɪŋ⁵⁵/

/piã²³⁻³³ siã⁴⁴/

/piã²⁴⁻²² siã³³/

/piã²⁴⁻¹¹ siã⁴⁴/

/piã¹³⁻²² siã⁴⁴/

/piã²⁴⁻²² siã⁴⁴/

/pẽ²³⁻³³ siã⁴⁴/

平聲哀而安，上聲厲而舉，去聲清而遠，入聲直而促。

平声哀而安，上声厉而举，去声清而远，入声直而促。

(Chinese phonetics) level tone (one of the four tones in Middle Chinese)


送氣

/sʊŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕʰi⁵¹/

/sʊŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕʰiə̯ɻ⁵¹/

/sʊŋ³³ hei̯³³/

/saŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ kʰi²¹/

/saŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ kʰi¹¹/

/sʊŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕʰi⁵¹/

/sʊŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕʰiə̯ɻ⁵¹/

/sʊŋ³³ hei̯³³/

/saŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ kʰi²¹/

/saŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ kʰi¹¹/


重讀

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵¹ tu³⁵/

/t͡sʰʊŋ¹³ tʊk̚²/

/tiɔŋ²² tʰɔk̚²⁴/

/tiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ tʰɔk̚⁴/

/tiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ tʰɔk̚¹²¹/

/taŋ²² tʰak̚²⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵¹ tu³⁵/

/t͡sʰʊŋ¹³ tʊk̚²/

/tiɔŋ²² tʰɔk̚²⁴/

/tiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ tʰɔk̚⁴/

/tiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ tʰɔk̚¹²¹/

/taŋ²² tʰak̚²⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ³⁵ tu³⁵/

/t͡sʰʊŋ²¹ tʊk̚²/

/ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ³⁵ tu³⁵/

/t͡sʰʊŋ²¹ tʊk̚²/

(phonetics) to stress (a syllable); to emphasise (a syllable)


送氣音

/sʊŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕʰi⁵¹ in⁵⁵/

/sʊŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕʰi⁵¹ in⁵⁵/


反語

/fän²¹⁴⁻³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fän²¹⁴⁻³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/


音值

/in⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/jɐm⁵⁵ t͡sɪk̚²/

/in⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/jɐm⁵⁵ t͡sɪk̚²/


聲韻

/ʂɤŋ⁵⁵ yn⁵¹/

/sɪŋ⁵⁵ wɐn²²/

/sɪŋ⁵⁵ wɐn¹³/

/saŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ i̯un⁵⁵/

/ʂɤŋ⁵⁵ yn⁵¹/

/sɪŋ⁵⁵ wɐn²²/

/sɪŋ⁵⁵ wɐn¹³/

/saŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ i̯un⁵⁵/

(phonetics) initial and final (of a Chinese syllable)

(phonetics, by extension) pronunciation (of a Chinese character)


長音

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ in⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ jɐm⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰoŋ¹¹ im²⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ in⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ jɐm⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰoŋ¹¹ im²⁴/

(phonetics) long sound; long consonant or vowel


連綴

/li̯ɛn³⁵ ʈ͡ʂu̯eɪ̯⁵¹/

/liːn²¹ t͡sɵy̯³³/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²² t͡sue²¹/

/liɛn¹³⁻²² t͡sue²¹/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²² t͡sue⁴¹/

/li̯ɛn³⁵ ʈ͡ʂu̯eɪ̯⁵¹/

/liːn²¹ t͡sɵy̯³³/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²² t͡sue²¹/

/liɛn¹³⁻²² t͡sue²¹/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²² t͡sue⁴¹/


三元音

/sän⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵ in⁵⁵/

/sän⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵ in⁵⁵/


複元音

/fu⁵¹ ɥɛn³⁵ in⁵⁵/

/fʊk̚⁵ jyːn²¹ jɐm⁵⁵/

/fu⁵¹ ɥɛn³⁵ in⁵⁵/

/fʊk̚⁵ jyːn²¹ jɐm⁵⁵/


雙脣音

/ʂu̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən³⁵ in⁵⁵/

/sœːŋ⁵⁵ sɵn²¹ jɐm⁵⁵/

/ʂu̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən³⁵ in⁵⁵/

/sœːŋ⁵⁵ sɵn²¹ jɐm⁵⁵/


撮口呼

/t͡sʰu̯ɔ⁵⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ xu⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰu̯ɔ⁵¹ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ xu⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰyːt̚³ hɐu̯³⁵ fuː⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰuat̚³²⁻⁵ kʰau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hɔ⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰuat̚³²⁻⁴ kʰau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hɔ⁴⁴/

/t͡suat̚⁵⁻²⁴ kʰio⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ hɔ³³/

/t͡sʰuat̚³²⁻⁵ kʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hɔ⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰu̯ɔ⁵⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ xu⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰu̯ɔ⁵¹ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ xu⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰyːt̚³ hɐu̯³⁵ fuː⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰuat̚³²⁻⁵ kʰau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hɔ⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰuat̚³²⁻⁴ kʰau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hɔ⁴⁴/

/t͡suat̚⁵⁻²⁴ kʰio⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ hɔ³³/

/t͡sʰuat̚³²⁻⁵ kʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hɔ⁴⁴/

(Chinese phonetics) class of finals with /y/ (ü in Pinyin, written as u after j, q, x, and y) as their medial or nucleus


塞尾韻

/saɪ̯⁵⁵ weɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ yn⁵¹/

/sɐk̚⁵ mei̯¹³ wɐn²²/

/sɐk̚⁵ mei̯¹³ wɐn¹³/

/saɪ̯⁵⁵ weɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ yn⁵¹/

/sɐk̚⁵ mei̯¹³ wɐn²²/

/sɐk̚⁵ mei̯¹³ wɐn¹³/

(Chinese phonetics) syllable with a stop coda


鼻尾韻

/pi³⁵ weɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ yn⁵¹/

/pi³⁵ weɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ yn⁵¹/

(Chinese phonetics) syllable with a nasal coda


齒音

/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ in⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰiː³⁵ jɐm⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ in⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰiː³⁵ jɐm⁵⁵/


牙音

/ŋaː²¹ jɐm⁵⁵/

/ŋaː²¹ jɐm⁵⁵/

(Chinese phonetics) velar consonant; any of the group of consonants represented by the Middle Chinese pronunciation the following 字母 (zìmǔ): 見／见 (/k/), 溪 (/kʰ/), 群 (/ɡ/) and 疑 (/ŋ/)


舌頭音

/ʂɤ³⁵ tʰoʊ̯³⁵ in⁵⁵/

/siːt̚³ tʰɐu̯²¹ jɐm⁵⁵/

/ʂɤ³⁵ tʰoʊ̯³⁵ in⁵⁵/

/siːt̚³ tʰɐu̯²¹ jɐm⁵⁵/


喉音

/xoʊ̯³⁵ in⁵⁵/

/hɐu̯²¹ jɐm⁵⁵/

/xoʊ̯³⁵ in⁵⁵/

/hɐu̯²¹ jɐm⁵⁵/

(Chinese phonetics) a guttural onset consonant, any of the group of consonants represented by the Middle Chinese pronunciation the following 字母 (zìmǔ): 影 (/ʔ/), 曉／晓 (/h/ or /x/), 匣 (/ɦ/) and 喻 (/j/)


合口

/xɤ³⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɐp̚² hɐu̯³⁵/

/xɤ³⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɐp̚² hɐu̯³⁵/

(Chinese phonetics) Short for 合口呼 (hékǒuhū, “close-mouth sounds”).


仄聲

/t͡sɤ⁵¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sɐk̚⁵ sɪŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sɐk̚⁵ sɛːŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡se(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ siã⁴⁴/

/t͡se(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ siã⁴⁴/

/t͡se(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ siã⁴⁴/

/t͡se(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ siã⁴⁴/

/t͡sɤ⁵¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sɐk̚⁵ sɪŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sɐk̚⁵ sɛːŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡se(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ siã⁴⁴/

/t͡se(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ siã⁴⁴/

/t͡se(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ siã⁴⁴/

/t͡se(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ siã⁴⁴/

oblique tone (a category of tones in classical Chinese, consisting of the rising tone (上聲／上声 (shǎngshēng)), the departing tone (去聲／去声 (qùshēng)), and the entering tone (入聲／入声 (rùshēng)).)


韻腹

/yn⁵¹⁻⁵³ fu⁵¹/

/wɐn²² fʊk̚⁵/

/yn⁵¹⁻⁵³ fu⁵¹/

/wɐn²² fʊk̚⁵/

(phonetics, phonology) main vowel in a rime


尖團音

цзяньтуаньинь

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ tʰu̯än³⁵ in⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ tʰu̯än³⁵ in⁵⁵/

(Chinese phonetics) the alveolar and alveolo-palatal series consonants (z /t͡s/, c /t͡sʰ/, s /s/; and j /t͡ɕ/, q /t͡ɕʰ/, x /ɕ/ in Mandarin)


尖團

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ tʰu̯än³⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ tʰu̯än³⁵/

; alveolar and alveolo-palatal series consonants
; crab

Standard Mandarin does not distinguish between alveolars and alveolo-palatals (before high front vowels).

普通話不分尖團。

普通话不分尖团。

(～音) (Chinese phonetics) the alveolar ("sharp") and alveolo-palatal ("round") series consonants (z /t͡s/, c /t͡sʰ/, s /s/ before /i/ or /y/; and j /t͡ɕ/, q /t͡ɕʰ/, x /ɕ/ in Mandarin)


四呼

(Chinese phonetics) the traditional classification of finals based on the medial


齊齒呼

/t͡ɕʰi³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ xu⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɐi̯²¹ t͡sʰiː³⁵ fuː⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ xu⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɐi̯²¹ t͡sʰiː³⁵ fuː⁵⁵/

(Chinese phonetics) class of finals with /i/ (i in Pinyin, except when written after zh, ch, sh, r, z, c, and s) as their medial or nucleus


合口呼

/xɤ³⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ xu⁵⁵/

/hɐp̚² hɐu̯³⁵ fuː⁵⁵/

/xɤ³⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ xu⁵⁵/

/hɐp̚² hɐu̯³⁵ fuː⁵⁵/

(Chinese phonetics) class of finals with /u/ (u in Pinyin, except when written after j, q, x, and y) as their medial or nucleus


開口呼

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ xu⁵⁵/

/hɔːi̯⁵⁵ hɐu̯³⁵ fuː⁵⁵/

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ xu⁵⁵/

/hɔːi̯⁵⁵ hɐu̯³⁵ fuː⁵⁵/

(Chinese phonetics) class of finals that do not have a medial or do not have /i/, /u/, or /y/ as their nucleus


齒齦音

/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ in³⁵ in⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰiː³⁵ ŋɐn²¹ jɐm⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ in³⁵ in⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰiː³⁵ ŋɐn²¹ jɐm⁵⁵/


舌尖音

/ʂɤ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ in⁵⁵/

/ʂɤ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ in⁵⁵/


央元音

/jɑŋ⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵ in⁵⁵/

/jœːŋ⁵⁵ jyːn²¹ jɐm⁵⁵/

/jɑŋ⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵ in⁵⁵/

/jœːŋ⁵⁵ jyːn²¹ jɐm⁵⁵/


降調

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ti̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/kɔːŋ³³ tiːu̯²²/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ti̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/kɔːŋ³³ tiːu̯²²/


衝直條

/ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩³⁵ tʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩³⁵ tʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵/

(phonetics) "spike" or "burst" in a spectrogram, characteristic of plosives


陽去

/jɑŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰy⁵¹/

/jœːŋ²¹ hɵy̯³³/

/jɑŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰy⁵¹/

/jœːŋ²¹ hɵy̯³³/

(～調) (linguistics) light departing tone (corresponds to tone 7 in Min Nan)


陽入

/jɑŋ³⁵ ʐu⁵¹/

/jœːŋ²¹ jɐp̚²/

/jɑŋ³⁵ ʐu⁵¹/

/jœːŋ²¹ jɐp̚²/

(～調) (linguistics) light checked tone (corresponds to tone 8 in Min Nan)


陰入

/jɐm⁵⁵ jɐp̚²/

/jɐm⁵⁵ jɐp̚²/

(～調) (linguistics) dark checked tone (corresponds to tone 4 in Min Nan)


陽上

/jɑŋ³⁵ ʂɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jœːŋ²¹ sœːŋ¹³/

/jɑŋ³⁵ ʂɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jœːŋ²¹ sœːŋ¹³/


陰上

/in⁵⁵ ʂɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jɐm⁵⁵ sœːŋ¹³/

/in⁵⁵ ʂɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jɐm⁵⁵ sœːŋ¹³/


陰去

/in⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰy⁵¹/

/jɐm⁵⁵ hɵy̯³³/

/in⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰy⁵¹/

/jɐm⁵⁵ hɵy̯³³/

(～調) (linguistics) dark departing tone (corresponds to tone 3 in Min Nan)


不送氣音

ㄅㄨˋ ㄙㄨㄥˋ ㄑㄧˋ ㄧㄣ

/pu⁵¹⁻³⁵ sʊŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕʰi⁵¹ in⁵⁵/

/pɐt̚⁵ sʊŋ³³ hei̯³³ jɐm⁵⁵/

/pu⁵¹⁻³⁵ sʊŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕʰi⁵¹ in⁵⁵/

/pɐt̚⁵ sʊŋ³³ hei̯³³ jɐm⁵⁵/


不送氣

ㄅㄨˋ ㄙㄨㄥˋ ㄑㄧˋ

/pu⁵¹⁻³⁵ sʊŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕʰi⁵¹/

/pɐt̚⁵ sʊŋ³³ hei̯³³/

/pu⁵¹⁻³⁵ sʊŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕʰi⁵¹/

/pɐt̚⁵ sʊŋ³³ hei̯³³/


次清

/t͡sʰz̩⁵¹ t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰiː³³ t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰz̩⁵¹ t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰiː³³ t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵/

(Chinese phonetics) of a voiceless aspirated obstruent


全清

/t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵ t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰyːn²¹ t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵ t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰyːn²¹ t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵/

(Chinese phonetics) of a voiceless unaspirated obstruent


全濁

/t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵ ʈ͡ʂu̯ɔ³⁵/

/t͡sʰyːn²¹ t͡sʊk̚²/

/t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵ ʈ͡ʂu̯ɔ³⁵/

/t͡sʰyːn²¹ t͡sʊk̚²/

(Chinese phonetics) of a voiced obstruent


次濁

/t͡sʰz̩⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂu̯ɔ³⁵/

/t͡sʰiː³³ t͡sʊk̚²/

/t͡sʰz̩⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂu̯ɔ³⁵/

/t͡sʰiː³³ t͡sʊk̚²/


叶韻

/ɕi̯ɛ³⁵ yn⁵¹/

/hiap̚⁴⁻² ũ¹¹/

/ɕi̯ɛ³⁵ yn⁵¹/

/hiap̚⁴⁻² ũ¹¹/

(Chinese phonetics) to amend the pronunciation of a character in a rhyming couplet that is perceived as not rhyming (i.e. that which is the result of phonological change)


重紐

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (重紐):
* → Vietnamese: trùng nữu (重紐)

/ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ³⁵ ni̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰʊŋ²¹ nɐu̯³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ³⁵ ni̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰʊŋ²¹ nɐu̯³⁵/

(Chinese phonetics) chongniu, Middle Chinese rimes of unclear phonological distinction


問聲

/wən⁵¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/wən⁵¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

(phonetics) the hỏi ("asking") tone of Vietnamese


銳聲

/ʐu̯eɪ̯⁵¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/ʐu̯eɪ̯⁵¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

(phonetics) the sắc ("sharp") tone of Vietnamese


重聲

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/taŋ²²⁻²¹ siã⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴¹⁻²² siã³³/

/taŋ²²⁻²¹ siã⁴⁴/

/taŋ³³⁻¹¹ siã⁴⁴/

/taŋ³³⁻²¹ siã⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/taŋ²²⁻²¹ siã⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴¹⁻²² siã³³/

/taŋ²²⁻²¹ siã⁴⁴/

/taŋ³³⁻¹¹ siã⁴⁴/

/taŋ³³⁻²¹ siã⁴⁴/

(phonetics) the nặng ("heavy") tone of Vietnamese


跌聲

/ti̯ɛ⁵⁵ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/ti̯ɛ³⁵ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/ti̯ɛ⁵⁵ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/ti̯ɛ³⁵ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

(phonetics) the ngã ("tumbling") tone of Vietnamese


玄聲

/ɕy̯ɛn³⁵ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/ɕy̯ɛn³⁵ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

(phonetics) the huyền ("deep") tone of Vietnamese


小韻

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ yn⁵¹/

/siːu̯³⁵ wɐn²²/

/siːu̯³⁵ wɐn¹³/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ yn⁵¹/

/siːu̯³⁵ wɐn²²/

/siːu̯³⁵ wɐn¹³/

(Chinese phonetics) subset of a rhyme group which collects all characters sharing the same initial, final and tone (i.e. homophones)


舒聲

/ʂu⁵⁵ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/syː⁵⁵ sɪŋ⁵⁵/

/ʂu⁵⁵ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/syː⁵⁵ sɪŋ⁵⁵/

(Chinese phonetics) syllable that does not end in a stop consonant


音段

超音段特徵

超音段特征


梅花音

/meɪ̯³⁵ xu̯ä⁵⁵ in⁵⁵/

/meɪ̯³⁵ xu̯ä⁵⁵ in⁵⁵/

From the shape of the IPA symbol ⟨æ⟩. The vowel is difficult to pronounce for native speakers of Chinese (including Standard Mandarin and many topolects), hence the need of a name.

(phonetics, informal) near-open front unrounded vowel [æ]


等韻圖

/tɤŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ yn⁵¹ tʰu³⁵/

/tɤŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ yn⁵¹ tʰu³⁵/


韻圖

/wɐn²² tʰou̯²¹/

/wɐn²² tʰou̯²¹/


四等

/sz̩⁵¹ tɤŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sz̩⁵¹ tɤŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

(Chinese phonetics) Synonym of 四呼 (sìhū)

(Chinese phonetics) the "four divisions" of a rime table

(Chinese phonetics) the fourth division of a rime table


開合

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/hɔːi̯⁵⁵ hɐp̚²/

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/hɔːi̯⁵⁵ hɐp̚²/

(Chinese phonetics) 開口／开口 (kāikǒu, “open-mouthed”) and 合口 (hékǒu, “closed-mouthed”); quality of being open-mouthed or closed-mouthed; medial


橫聲

/xɤŋ³⁵ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/xɤŋ³⁵ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

(phonetics) the ngang ("level") tone of Vietnamese


五音

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ in⁵⁵/

/ŋ̍¹³ jɐm⁵⁵/

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ in⁵⁵/

/ŋ̍¹³ jɐm⁵⁵/

(phonetics) the five classes of initial consonants of Chinese phonetics (喉音, 舌音, 齒音, 唇音, 牙音)


脣齒音

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ in⁵⁵/

/sɵn²¹ t͡sʰiː³⁵ jɐm⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ in⁵⁵/

/sɵn²¹ t͡sʰiː³⁵ jɐm⁵⁵/


重脣音

ㄓㄨㄥˋ ㄔㄨㄣˊ ㄧㄣ

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən³⁵ in⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰʊŋ¹³ sɵn²¹ jɐm⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən³⁵ in⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰʊŋ¹³ sɵn²¹ jɐm⁵⁵/


輕脣音

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən³⁵ in⁵⁵/

/hɪŋ⁵⁵ sɵn²¹ jɐm⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən³⁵ in⁵⁵/

/hɪŋ⁵⁵ sɵn²¹ jɐm⁵⁵/


裂化

/li̯ɛ⁵¹⁻⁵³ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/li̯ɛ⁵¹⁻⁵³ xu̯ä⁵¹/


裂化

/li̯ɛ⁵¹⁻⁵³ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/li̯ɛ⁵¹⁻⁵³ xu̯ä⁵¹/

(phonetics) diphthongization; vowel breaking


阻音

/t͡su²¹⁴⁻²¹ in⁵⁵/

/t͡sɔː³⁵ jɐm⁵⁵/

/t͡su²¹⁴⁻²¹ in⁵⁵/

/t͡sɔː³⁵ jɐm⁵⁵/


阻塞音

/t͡su²¹⁴⁻²¹ saɪ̯⁵¹ in⁵⁵/

/t͡sɔː³⁵ sɐk̚⁵ jɐm⁵⁵/

/t͡su²¹⁴⁻²¹ saɪ̯⁵¹ in⁵⁵/

/t͡sɔː³⁵ sɐk̚⁵ jɐm⁵⁵/


小舌音

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂɤ³⁵ in⁵⁵/

/siːu̯³⁵ siːt̚² jɐm⁵⁵/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂɤ³⁵ in⁵⁵/

/siːu̯³⁵ siːt̚² jɐm⁵⁵/


翹舌音

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹ ʂɤ³⁵ in⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ ʂɤ³⁵ in⁵⁵/

/kʰiːu̯²¹ siːt̚³ jɐm⁵⁵/

/kʰiːu̯²¹ siːt̚² jɐm⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹ ʂɤ³⁵ in⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ ʂɤ³⁵ in⁵⁵/

/kʰiːu̯²¹ siːt̚³ jɐm⁵⁵/

/kʰiːu̯²¹ siːt̚² jɐm⁵⁵/


鼻音化

/pi³⁵ in⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/pei̯²² jɐm⁵⁵ faː³³/

/pi³⁵ in⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/pei̯²² jɐm⁵⁵ faː³³/


鼻化

/pi³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/pi³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/


舌冠音

/ʂɤ³⁵ ku̯än⁵⁵ in⁵⁵/

/ʂɤ³⁵ ku̯än⁵⁵ in⁵⁵/


低化

/ti⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/tɐi̯⁵⁵ faː³³/

/ti⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/tɐi̯⁵⁵ faː³³/


低化

/ti⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/tɐi̯⁵⁵ faː³³/

/ti⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/tɐi̯⁵⁵ faː³³/


高化

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/


高化

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

(phonetics, of vowels) to be raised; to become higher


聲門塞音

ㄕㄥ ㄇㄣˊ ㄙㄜˋ ㄧㄣ

ㄕㄥ ㄇㄣˊ ㄙㄞ ㄧㄣ

шэнмэнь сэинь

šɛnmɛnʹ sɛinʹ

/ʂɤŋ⁵⁵ mən³⁵ sɤ⁵¹ in⁵⁵/

шэнмэнь сайинь

/ʂɤŋ⁵⁵ mən³⁵ saɪ̯⁵⁵ in⁵⁵/

/sɪŋ⁵⁵ muːn²¹ sɐk̚⁵ jɐm⁵⁵/

/ʂɤŋ⁵⁵ mən³⁵ sɤ⁵¹ in⁵⁵/

/ʂɤŋ⁵⁵ mən³⁵ saɪ̯⁵⁵ in⁵⁵/

/sɪŋ⁵⁵ muːn²¹ sɐk̚⁵ jɐm⁵⁵/


硬顎音

/iŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ˀɤ⁵¹ in⁵⁵/

/ŋaːŋ²² ŋɔːk̚² jɐm⁵⁵/

/iŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ˀɤ⁵¹ in⁵⁵/

/ŋaːŋ²² ŋɔːk̚² jɐm⁵⁵/


共振峰

/kʊŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂən⁵¹ fɤŋ⁵⁵/

/kʊŋ²² t͡sɐn³³ fʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kʊŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂən⁵¹ fɤŋ⁵⁵/

/kʊŋ²² t͡sɐn³³ fʊŋ⁵⁵/


單元音化

ㄉㄢ ㄩㄢˊ ㄧㄣ ㄏㄨㄚˋ

даньюаньиньхуа

/tän⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵ in⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/taːn⁵⁵ jyːn²¹ jɐm⁵⁵ faː³³/

/tän⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵ in⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/taːn⁵⁵ jyːn²¹ jɐm⁵⁵ faː³³/


單元音化

ㄉㄢ ㄩㄢˊ ㄧㄣ ㄏㄨㄚˋ

даньюаньиньхуа

/tän⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵ in⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/taːn⁵⁵ jyːn²¹ jɐm⁵⁵ faː³³/

/tän⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵ in⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/taːn⁵⁵ jyːn²¹ jɐm⁵⁵ faː³³/


大舌音

/tä⁵¹ ʂɤ³⁵ in⁵⁵/

/tä⁵¹ ʂɤ³⁵ in⁵⁵/

(phonetics, colloquial) voiced alveolar trill


彈舌音

/tʰän³⁵ ʂɤ³⁵ in⁵⁵/

/tʰän³⁵ ʂɤ³⁵ in⁵⁵/


邊擦音

/pi̯ɛn⁵⁵ t͡sʰä⁵⁵ in⁵⁵/

/piːn⁵⁵ t͡sʰaːt̚³ jɐm⁵⁵/

/pi̯ɛn⁵⁵ t͡sʰä⁵⁵ in⁵⁵/

/piːn⁵⁵ t͡sʰaːt̚³ jɐm⁵⁵/


三合元音

ㄙㄢ ㄏㄜˊ ㄩㄢˊ ㄧㄣ

саньхэ юаньинь

/sän⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵ ɥɛn³⁵ in⁵⁵/

/saːm⁵⁵ hɐp̚² jyːn²¹ jɐm⁵⁵/

/sän⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵ ɥɛn³⁵ in⁵⁵/

/saːm⁵⁵ hɐp̚² jyːn²¹ jɐm⁵⁵/


齦音

/ŋɐn²¹ jɐm⁵⁵/

/ŋɐn²¹ jɐm⁵⁵/


齒脣音

/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən³⁵ in⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰiː³⁵ sɵn²¹ jɐm⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən³⁵ in⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰiː³⁵ sɵn²¹ jɐm⁵⁵/


舌脣音

/ʂɤ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən³⁵ in⁵⁵/

/siːt̚² sɵn²¹ jɐm⁵⁵/

/ʂɤ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən³⁵ in⁵⁵/

/siːt̚² sɵn²¹ jɐm⁵⁵/


插音

/ʈ͡ʂʰä⁵⁵ in⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰä⁵⁵ in⁵⁵/


正音學

/ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹ in⁵⁵ ɕy̯ɛ³⁵/

/t͡sɪŋ³³ jɐm⁵⁵ hɔːk̚²/

/ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹ in⁵⁵ ɕy̯ɛ³⁵/

/t͡sɪŋ³³ jɐm⁵⁵ hɔːk̚²/


上加成素

ㄕㄤˋ ㄐㄧㄚ ㄔㄥˊ ㄙㄨˋ

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ su⁵¹/

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ su⁵¹/

(phonetics, phonology) suprasegmental element; suprasegmental


齦齶音

/in³⁵ ˀɤ⁵¹ in⁵⁵/

/ŋɐn²¹ ŋɔːk̚² jɐm⁵⁵/

/in³⁵ ˀɤ⁵¹ in⁵⁵/

/ŋɐn²¹ ŋɔːk̚² jɐm⁵⁵/


音韻地位

ㄧㄣ ㄩㄣˋ ㄉㄧˋ ㄨㄟˋ

иньюнь дивэй

/in⁵⁵ yn⁵¹⁻⁵³ ti⁵¹⁻⁵³ weɪ̯⁵¹/

/in⁵⁵ yn⁵¹⁻⁵³ ti⁵¹⁻⁵³ weɪ̯⁵¹/

(Chinese phonetics) A systematic six-character description of a syllable's Middle Chinese pronunciation: rhyme group (攝／摄 (shè)), open-mouthed or closed-mouthed (呼 (hū)), division (等 (děng)), tone (聲調／声调 (shēngdiào)), rime (韻母／韵母 (yùnmǔ)), and initial (聲母／声母 (shēngmǔ)).


尖團合流

ㄐㄧㄢ ㄊㄨㄢˊ ㄏㄜˊ ㄌㄧㄡˊ

цзяньтуаньхэлю

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ tʰu̯än³⁵ xɤ³⁵ li̯oʊ̯³⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ tʰu̯än³⁵ xɤ³⁵ li̯oʊ̯³⁵/

(Chinese phonetics) the merger between the alveolar consonants and the alveolo-palatal consonants


平翹音

ㄆㄧㄥˊ ㄑㄧㄠˋ ㄧㄣ

/pʰiŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹ in⁵⁵/

/pʰiŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹ in⁵⁵/

(Chinese phonetics) the alveolar and retroflex series consonants (z /t͡s/, c /t͡sʰ/, s /s/; and zh /ʈ͡ʂ/, ch /ʈ͡ʂʰ/, sh /ʂ/ in Mandarin)


半母音

/pän⁵¹ mu²¹⁴⁻²¹ in⁵⁵/

/pän⁵¹ mu²¹⁴⁻²¹ in⁵⁵/


爆發音

/pɑʊ̯⁵¹ fä⁵⁵ in⁵⁵/

/paːu̯³³ faːt̚³ jɐm⁵⁵/

/pɑʊ̯⁵¹ fä⁵⁵ in⁵⁵/

/paːu̯³³ faːt̚³ jɐm⁵⁵/

(phonetics) stop consonant; plosive consonant


鼻韻母

/pi³⁵ yn⁵¹ mu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pi³⁵ yn⁵¹ mu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

(phonetics) vowel followed by a nasal consonant


鼻化元音

ㄅㄧˊ ㄏㄨㄚˋ ㄩㄢˊ ㄧㄣ

бихуа юаньинь

/pi³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹ ɥɛn³⁵ in⁵⁵/

/pi³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹ ɥɛn³⁵ in⁵⁵/


韻頭

/yn⁵¹ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/

/yn⁵¹ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/

Holonym: 韻母／韵母 (yùnmǔ, “all the part of the syllable after the onset, all of the syllable but the anlaut”)

(phonetics, phonology) onglide, the part of the inlaut which is not the nucleus


舌上音

/ʂɤ³⁵ ʂɑŋ⁵¹ in⁵⁵/

/ʂɤ³⁵ ʂɑŋ⁵¹ in⁵⁵/

(Chinese phonetics) any of the group of consonants represented by the Middle Chinese pronunciation the following 字母 (zìmǔ): 知 (/ʈ/), 徹／彻 (/ʈʰ/), 澄 (/ʈʰ/) and 娘 (/ɳ/)


清聲

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/


中央元音

ㄓㄨㄥ ㄧㄤ ㄩㄢˊ ㄧㄣ

чжунъян юаньинь

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ jɑŋ⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵ in⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ jɑŋ⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵ in⁵⁵/


促聲

/t͡sʰu⁵¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰu⁵¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

(Chinese phonetics) entering tone (one of the four tones of Middle Chinese)


輔音弱化

ㄩˇ ㄧㄣ ㄖㄨㄛˋ ㄏㄨㄚˋ

/y²¹⁴⁻²¹ in⁵⁵ ʐu̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/y²¹⁴⁻²¹ in⁵⁵ ʐu̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ xu̯ä⁵¹/


弱音化

ㄖㄨㄛˋ ㄧㄣ ㄏㄨㄚˋ

/ʐu̯ɔ⁵¹ in⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/ʐu̯ɔ⁵¹ in⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/


口形

/kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕiŋ³⁵/

/kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕiŋ³⁵/


顎音

(linguistics, phonetics) A palatal sound


除阻

/ʈ͡ʂʰu³⁵ t͡su²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu³⁵ t͡su²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/


通音

/tʰʊŋ⁵⁵ in⁵⁵/

/tʰʊŋ⁵⁵ in⁵⁵/


正齒音

/ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ in⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ in⁵⁵/

(Chinese phonetics) any of the group of consonants represented by the Middle Chinese pronunciation the following 字母 (zìmǔ): 照 (/tʃ/), 穿 (/tʃʰ/), 床 (/dʒ/), 審／审 (/ʃ/) and 禪／禅 (/ʒ/)