酒

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (酒):
* → Japanese: 酒(しゅ) (shu)
* → Korean: 주(酒) (ju)
* → Vietnamese: tửu (酒)

→ Indonesian: ciu

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴/

/t͡si̯əu̯⁴¹/

/t͡ɕi̯əu̯⁴¹/

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴/

/t͡si̯əu̯⁴¹/

/t͡ɕi̯əu̯⁴¹/

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 水 (“water”) + 酉 (“an alcoholic drink vessel”) - the liquid associated with an alcoholic drink vessel, hence wine and alcohol. See also 酋.
Also a phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ʔsluʔ): semantic 水 (“water, liquid”) + phonetic 酉 (OC *luʔ).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *jəw (“liquor”) (STEDT). Cognate with 酉 (OC *luʔ, “wine; wine vessel”).

Han compound

GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)

How come you don't wanna have a sip of alcohol?

你幹嗎不喝點酒？

你干吗不喝点酒？

alcoholic beverages in general; alcoholic drink


丹

Pictogram (象形) of a well or mine with cinnabar inside. It can also indicate "red cinnabar" used in dyeing clothes (e.g., 彤). The original version is 𠂁. See also the bottom part of 青 (< 𤯞).
Schuessler (2007) suggests a Kam-Tai origin, comparing it to Proto-Kam-Sui *h-lanꟲ (“red”). 矸, as in 丹矸, may be a variant; see there for more.
Alternatively, it may be from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *t(j)a-n ~ *tsa-n (“red”), whence Burmese တာ (ta, “very red”) (Matisoff, 2003; Hill, 2014); however, STEDT currently does not compare this to 丹.
Possibly related to 旃 (OC *tjan, “a plain red flag”), as well as 袒 (OC *daːnʔ, “to bare; to strip oneself naked to the waist”), as skin color is often associated with "red". See these entries for more.

och-l

𠂁
𠁿
𠕑
𢒈
㣋
㐤
𮯱


乳

Pictogram (象形): A kneeling woman holding and breastfeeding a child. The woman resembles the character 母.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-nəw.

母乳

豆乳

milk; breast milk
milk or cheese-like substance

to multiply; to proliferate; to reproduce; to breed


信

Sino-Xenic (信):
* → Vietnamese: tín (信)

→ Vietnamese: tin

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意) and
phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *hljins): phonetic 人 (OC *njin, “person”) + semantic 言 (“word”).
Schuessler (2007) reconstructs the Old Chinese minimally as *sin and suggests possible derivation from 允 (OC *winʔ, “to trust; to be true”).
Alternatively, Sagart and Baxter (2012) reconstruct *s-niŋ-s (*s-ni[ŋ]-s in Baxter and Sagart, 2014) and suggest a derivation from 仁 (OC *niŋ, “kind”) with the prefix *s-, probably used to increase its valency.

Han compound

(mineralogy) Short for 信石 (xìnshí, “arsenolite”).


凘

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *se): semantic 冫 (“ice”) + phonetic 斯 (OC *se).


壩

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *praːɡs): semantic 土 (“earth”) + phonetic 霸 (OC *praːɡs).

Han compound

beach (sandy, on a river, lake or coast, used chiefly in place names)


尊

Sino-Xenic (尊):
* → Vietnamese: tôn (尊)

Shuowen: Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 酋 (“wine”) + 寸 (“hand”) – to give 寸 (cùn) an offering such as a vessel of wine 酋 (qiú) – to show respect, veneration.
However per small seal script, it may instead be a variant of 𢍜, which is Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 酋 (“wine”) + 廾 (“two hands”).
Cognate to Tibetan བཙུན (btsun), བཙུན་པ (btsun pa, “respectable, venerable”), མཚུན (mtshun, “ancestor god”). The "vessel" sense is because it was used in ritual ceremonies (Schuessler, 2007).
; "glorious; marvelous; wonderful"

alt. forms: 樽 (zūn), 鐏 /𨱔 (zūn), 罇 /樽 (zūn)

(historical) zun (a type of container for alcoholic beverage in historical China)


樽

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (樽):
* → Japanese: 樽(そん) (son)

/t͡sɐn²¹³⁻⁵⁵/

/t͡sɐn²¹³⁻⁵⁵/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ʔsuːn): semantic 木 (“wood”) + phonetic 尊 (OC *ʔsuːn).
Specialised orthographic form of 尊 (OC *ʔsuːn, “zun, a kind of vessel”) that inherited the noun sense for "vessel", as 尊 became chiefly used for the more abstract senses (Duan Yucai's analysis of the Shuowen).

Han compound

玻璃樽 [Cantonese] ― bo¹ lei⁴⁻¹ zeon¹ [Jyutping] ― glass bottle

(Cantonese, Hakka, Teochew, Leizhou Min, Zhongshan Min) bottle; vase (Classifier: 個／个 c)


毒

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (毒):
* → Japanese: 毒(どく) (doku)
* → Korean: 독(毒) (dok)
* → Vietnamese: độc (毒)

→ Vietnamese: thuốc (“drug”)

desc

→ Zhuang: doeg (“poison; to poison; evil”)

Pictogram (象形) - a woman wearing a feathered ornament - original form of 纛 (OC *duːɡs, *duːɡ). If this is the correct interpretation, see also 每.
Alternatively, Li Xueqin (2012) proposes it is a phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *l'uːɡ): semantic 屮 (“vegetation”) + phonetic 毐 (OC *ʔmɯː, *ʔmɯːʔ), meaning "a type of poisonous plant."
; “poison”
; “to poison” (Pronunciation 2)
; “nerdy”

Han compound

𭖪
𡴛
𡹆
𥲮
𦸕
𫦚
𧉉
𤯟
杜
餖
透
𭖪
踱
喥

to take drugs (of illicit or recreational nature)

吸毒

販毒

贩毒

(literary, or in compounds) narcotics; narcotic drugs


氕

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 气 (“gas”) + 丿 (“one”). Also a phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声), where 丿 (piě) acts as the phonetic component. Compare 氘 (“deuterium”) and 氚 (“tritium”).
From 丿 (piě, “left falling stroke”) from the glyph, possibly influenced by New Latin protium. In Mandarin, it is pronounced in the first tone by analogy with 氘 (dāo, “deuterium”) and 氚 (chuān, “tritium”).


氖

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 气 (“gas”) + phonetic 乃.


氘

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 气 (“gas”) + ⿰丿丨 (“two”). Also a phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声), where ⿰丿丨, variant of 刀 (dāo), acts as the phonetic component. Compare 氕 (“protium”) and 氚 (“tritium”).
From 刀 (dāo) from the glyph, possibly influenced by New Latin deuterium.


氙

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 气 (“gas”) + phonetic 山 (“mountain”). The phonetic component is abbreviated from 仙 (“celestial being”).
Borrowed from English xenon.


氚

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 气 (“gas”) + 川 (“three”). Also a phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声), where 川 (chuān) acts as the phonetic component. Compare 氕 (“protium”) and 氘 (“deuterium”).
From 川 (chuān) from the glyph, possibly influenced by New Latin tritium.


氟

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 气 (“gas”) + phonetic 弗.
From earlier 弗氣／弗气, 弗素, which is probably an orthographic borrowing from Japanese 弗素, where 弗(ふつ) (futsu) was used phonetically.


氠

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 气 (“gas”) + phonetic 申.
Borrowed from English xenon. Obsoleted, as it is homophonous to 砷 (shēn, “arsenic”).


氡

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 气 (“gas”) + phonetic 冬.
Borrowed from English radon.


氣

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (氣):
* → Japanese: 気(き) (ki)
* → Korean: 기(氣) (gi)
* → Vietnamese: khí (氣)

→ English: chi, qi, ki

→ Finnish: ki

/t͡ɕʰiə̯ɻ⁵¹/

/t͡ɕʰiə̯ɻ⁵¹/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kʰɯds, *qʰɯds): phonetic 气 (OC *kʰɯds) + semantic 米 (“rice”) – to give rice as a gift.
Later borrowed meanings of “air, flow” from 气 (OC *kʰɯds). The derivative 餼 (OC *qʰɯds) refers to the original word. Compare 乞 (OC *kʰɯds, *kʰɯd).

Han compound

气
气
炁
𣱛
𣱖
𤽍
𣅠
㫓
*暣
気

天然氣

天然气

輪胎漏氣了。

轮胎漏气了。

gas (matter in an intermediate state between liquid and plasma)


氥

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 气 (“gas”) + phonetic 西.
Borrowed from English xenon. Obsoleted, as it is homophonous to 硒 (xī, “selenium”).


氦

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 气 (“gas”) + phonetic 亥 (hài).
Borrowed from New Latin helium.


氧

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声) and ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): semantic 气 (“gas”) + abbreviated phonetic 養 (yǎng, “to nourish”).
From 養／养 (yǎng, “to nourish”) in 養氣／养气 [19th c.], referring to oxygen's role in sustaining life. Derivative: 𨦡／𰽽 (yáng, “oxonium”).


氨

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 气 (“gas”) + phonetic 安 (ān).
Borrowed from English ammonia. Related to 銨／铵 (ǎn, “ammonium”) and 胺 (àn, “amine”).


氪

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 气 (“air; gas”) + phonetic 克 (kè).


氫

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声) and ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): semantic 气 (“air; gas”) + abbreviated phonetic 輕 (qīng, “light; of low density”).
From 輕／轻 (qīng, “light; of low density”) in 輕氣／轻气 [19th c.]. So named as hydrogen gas is lighter than air.


氮

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声) and ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): semantic 气 (“gas”) + abbreviated phonetic 淡 (dàn, “dilute”).
From 淡 (dàn, “dilute”) in 淡氣／淡气 [19th c.], referring to nitrogen diluting oxygen in the air.


氯

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 气 (“gas”) + phonetic 彔. 彔 is also a reduced form of 綠 (“green”), serving as a semantic component.
From 綠氣／绿气 (“green gas”) in the 19th century, which is a calque of English chlorine, referring to the colour of chlorine gas.


氰

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声) and ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): semantic 气 + phonetic 青 (qīng).
From 青 (qīng), influenced by cyanogen.


汗

→ Zhuang: hanh

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kaːn, *ɡaːn, *ɡaːns): semantic 水 + phonetic 干 (OC *kaːn).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-(k/ŋ)rul (“sweat”). Compare Tibetan རྔུལ (rngul, “sweat”).

Han compound

我正流著汗。

我正流着汗。

to sweat so much that the head is drenched

出了一頭大汗

出了一头大汗

他去跑步流了一身汗。

(literary, or in compounds) to sweat; to perspire


汗

蒙古大汗


汞

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡoːŋʔ): phonetic 工 (OC *koːŋ) + semantic 水 (“water”)


油

→ Vietnamese: dầu (𪽠)

Characters in the same phonetic series (由) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *lɯw, *lɯwɢs): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 由 (OC *lɯw).
;“weeb”

Han compound

石油

漏油

加油

油站


泉

/t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵/

/t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵/

Pictogram (象形) or ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 白 (“spring mouth”) + 水 (“water”) – water flowing from the source of a spring. See also 原.
Schuessler (2007) minimally reconstructs the Old Chinese as *dzwan and also reconstructs Proto-Tibeto-Burman *tso (“to bubble; to boil”) (> Tibetan འཚོད་པ ('tshod pa, “to be boiled”), Tibetan བཙོས (btsos, “to cook in boiling water”), Burmese ဆူ (hcu, “to boil; to bubble”)), and considers 泉 (OC *sɡʷen, “spring (of water)”) to be cognate to it (with an n-suffix nominalization). However, STEDT considers the above three Tibeto-Burman terms to be descended from Proto-Tibeto-Burman *tsjow (“to boil; to burn; to bake; to bake”), to which 焦 (OC *ʔsew, “to roast; to burn; to scorch”) is cognate.

och-l

溫泉

温泉

甘泉


涸

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡaːɡ): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 固 (OC *kaːs).


淙

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *zuːŋ, *sruːŋs, *zuːŋ): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 宗 (OC *ʔsuːŋ).


淬

/t͡sʰu̯eɪ̯⁵¹/

/t͡sʰu̯eɪ̯⁵¹/


湜

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *dɯɡ): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 是 (OC *djeʔ).


湯

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *l̥ʰaːŋ, *l̥ʰaːŋs, *hljaŋ): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 昜 (OC *laŋ).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-la(w)ŋ (“steam; hot (liquid)”); compare Tibetan རླངས (rlangs, “steam, vapour; steamy”) (Bodman, 1980; STEDT).
Related to 盪 (OC *l̥ʰaːŋ, *l̥ʰaːŋs, *l'aːŋʔ, “basin for holding hot water for washing; wash basin”), 煬 (OC *laŋ, *laŋs, “to heat; to roast”) (Wang, 1982; Schuessler, 2007).


溴

Etymology 1: Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 氵 (“water; liquid”) + phonetic 臭 (OC *kʰljus, “stink; odorous”).
Etymology 2: Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 氵 (“water; liquid”) + phonetic 臭 (OC *kʰljus, “stink; odorous”).
From 臭 (chòu, “stink; odorous”), semantic loan from Ancient Greek βρῶμος (brômos, “stink”).


漣

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ren): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 連 (OC *ren)


漿

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ʔsaŋ): phonetic 將 (OC *ʔsaŋ, *ʔsaŋs) + semantic 水 (“water”).
Related to Tibetan ཆང (chang, “barley beer”) (Hill, 2019). Possibly related to 醬 (OC *ʔsaŋs, “sauce, paste”).


瀆

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *l'oːɡ): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 𧶠 (OC *luɡ).


灘

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *n̥ʰaːn, *naːns, *hnaːnʔ, *hnaːns): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 難 (OC *n̥ʰaːn, *naːns).

Han compound

Classifier for liquid or paste spread over a surface: pool; puddle


灣

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qroːn): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 彎 (OC *qroːn) – a type of water.
Cognate with 彎 (OC *qroːn, “bend; curve”) (Wang, 1982).


炔

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kʷeːds): semantic 火 (“fire”) + phonetic 夬 (OC *kʷraːds) ― smoky.
For the sense “alkyne”, the 夬 component is derived from 缺 (quē, “to lack”), of which it is also the phonetic element. The character was coined in light of fact that alkynes are flammable (火 (huǒ)―“fire”), and lack two of the hydrogens compared to alkenes of the homologous series.
Compare 烷 (wán) and 烯 (xī).
From 缺 (quē).


烯

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 火 (“fire”) + phonetic 希, the latter being derived from 稀 (xī, “rare”) of which it is the phonetic element. This is coined in light of the observed lack of hydrogens (as compared to alkanes) in alkenes and the fact that alkenes are flammable.
Compare 烷 (wán, “alkane”), 炔 (quē, “alkyne”).


烴

Blend of 碳 (tàn, “carbon”) + 氫 /氢 (qīng, “hydrogen”)


烷

From 完 (wán, “full; complete”), referring to the saturation of the carbons in alkanes. Compare 烯 (xī) and 炔 (quē).


瓶

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (瓶):
* → Japanese: 瓶(びん) (bin)
* → Korean: 병(甁) (byeong)
* → Vietnamese: bình (瓶)

→ Bouyei: bingz

→ Zhuang: bingz

/pʰɛːŋ²¹⁻¹³/

/pʰiaŋ²²⁻²¹/

/pʰɛːŋ²¹⁻¹³/

/pʰiaŋ²²⁻²¹/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *beːŋ): phonetic 并 (OC *peŋ, *peŋs) + semantic 瓦 (“earthenware”). According to the radical, it originally indicates an earthenware vessel, i.e., not a glass bottle. It had a long slender neck opening up to a narrow mouth. However, 瓶 was also part of ritual bronzes in ancient China, hence it was made of bronze when used during rituals.
Today, it indicates bottles of any kind and dimension.
Austroasiatic; compare Khmer ពីង (piing, “swollen, potbellied, earthen water pot”) (Schuessler, 2007).

cog

瓶子

花瓶

熱水瓶

热水瓶


甌

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qoː) and ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): phonetic 區 (OC *qoː, *kʰo, “vessel”) + semantic 瓦 (“pottery”).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ʔəw-ŋ (“pot; vat; jar”) (reconstructed provisionally). Related to 椀 (OC *qoːnʔ), 碗 (OC *qoːnʔ, “bowl”), and possibly 甕 (OC *qoːŋs, “urn”). Compare Burmese အိုး (ui:, “pot”) (Schuessler, 2007).

inh

Abbreviation of 溫州 /温州 (Wēnzhōu): Wenzhou (a prefecture-level city in Zhejiang, in southeastern China)


甕

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qoːŋs): phonetic 雍 (OC *qoŋ, *qoŋs) + semantic 瓦 (“earthenware”).
Probably Sino-Tibetan (Unger, 1999; Schuessler, 2007; STEDT). STEDT reconstructs Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ʔəw-ŋ (“pot; vat; jar”) provisionally.
Within Chinese, compare 甌 (OC *qoː, “small bowl; small cup”), 碗 (OC *qoːnʔ, “bowl”), 罌 (OC *qreːŋ, “earthen jar”), 盎 (OC *qaːŋʔ, *qaːŋs, “earthen jar”), 癰 (OC *qoŋ, “carbuncle; ulcer”) (Wang, 1982; Schuessler, 2007; STEDT).
Also compare Tibetan གཞོང (gzhong, “basin; tub; bowl”), Lepcha ᰈᰨᰵᰕᰨ (joŋ-mo, “bucket, tub”), Proto-Loloish *ʔ-loŋ² (“pot”) (Unger, 1999).


甗

Initially a pictogram (象形) of a two-part cooking vessel. Later 虍 was added and the cooking vessel became 鬲, producing 鬳.
In the current form, an ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ŋan, *ŋranʔ, *ŋrans): phonetic 鬳 (OC *ŋans, “cooking vessel”) + semantic 瓦 (“earthenware”).

Han compound

See also: 甑, 鬲, 箅

(historical) earthenware cooking vessel consisting of a large steamer stacked on top of a smaller boiler and separated by a grate


甾

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ʔsrɯ): phonetic 𠙹 + semantic 田 (“cropfield”), attested since Qin State of Warring States period. Evolved later into various different shapes – ⿱𠀐田, 𱰭, and 甾 (Chen, 2021).
The "container" sense was of a different character – 𠙹 – attested since oracle bones script. This sense was conflated with 甾 later, as in Middle Chinese rime books (ibid.) See the entry 𠙹 for more.
This character was practically obsolete before it was revived as a modern translation for steroid. It is also a pictogram (象形) in this sense; the upper part represents the three side chains on the ring system, and the 田 component represents the tetracyclic core of steroids. See the image on right.
Smith (2011) interprets the oracle bone glyph as depicting the new moon and proposes that it originally wrote a word *ts[r]əʔ "darkened phase" i.e. "new moon", related to 緇 (OC *tsrə) "blackened", 菑 (OC *tsrə) "field cleared by slash and burn", 淄 (OC *tsrə) "murky (water)". Lunar meaning is also present in 臘 /腊 (là) of which this character is the upper-right component.


痰

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *l'aːm): semantic 疒 (“illness”) + phonetic 炎 (OC *ɦlam).

Han compound

phlegm; sputum (Classifier: 口 m; 篤／笃 c; 啖 c)


盎

(Cantonese) Short for 盎士 (on¹ si⁶⁻²), alternative form of 安士 (on¹ si⁶⁻², “ounce”).


盞

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (盞):
* → Korean: 잔(盞) (jan)
* → Vietnamese: trản (盞)

→ Vietnamese: chén

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ʔsreːnʔ): phonetic 戔 (OC *zlaːn) + semantic 皿 (“vessel”).

Han compound

Classifier for lamps, lanterns, or cups of drink.


矽

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 石 (“stone”) + phonetic 夕 (xī).
From English silicon. Coined by Chinese scientist Xu Shou in 1871. The term is dated in Mainland China as it is homophonous to 硒 (xī) "selenium" and 錫／锡 (xī) "tin".

coinage

(chemistry, chiefly Taiwan and Hong Kong, dated in Mainland China) silicon


砷

Earlier 鉮 /𬬹 in 化學鑑原, a translated version of Wells's Principles and Applications of Chemistry. Probably a loan from English arsenic.


硅

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 石 (“stone”) + phonetic 圭 (guī).
An orthographic borrowing from Japanese 硅(けい)素(そ) (keiso) (Wu, 2010); pronunciation from its phonetic part 圭 (guī) (ibid.), in turn from Dutch keiaarde (“silicon”). The usage of 矽 (xī) is dated in Mainland China as it is homophonous to 硒 (xī) "selenium" and 錫／锡 (xī) "tin". In Taiwan, these three words are not homophonous.
The 1932 ROC Ministry of Education's Principles of Chemical Nomenclature says

Han compound

硅 is derived and developed from the Japanese name 珪素 (けいそ, keiso). Considering Si is a solid substance, we hence convert the component 王 into 石.

1932, 國立編譯館, 化學命名原則

Guī yóu rì míng guīsù zī yǎn ér chéng, yīn wéi gùtǐ, gù gǎi wáng páng wéi shí.

硅由日名珪素孳演而成，因爲固體，故改王旁爲石。

1932, 國立編譯館, 化學命名原則

硅由日名珪素孳演而成，因为固体，故改王旁为石。


硫

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ru): semantic 石 (“stone”) + abbreviated phonetic 流 (OC *ru).
Derivative: 鋶／锍 (liǔ, “sulfonium”).


硼

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 石 (“stone”) + phonetic 朋.
Originally only used in 硼砂 (“borax”): first attested in 《丹方鑑源》 (Tang dynasty), as 大朋砂. The 硼 here is a loanword; compare Middle Persian bwlk' (bōrag).
The “boron” sense of 硼 is a clipping or back-formation.


碗

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (碗):
* → Japanese: 碗(わん) (wan)

→ Ahom: 𑜈𑜃𑜫 (ban)

→ Jingpho: wan

desc

→ Lü: ᦛᦱᧃᧈ (v̇aan¹)

→ Lü: ᦛᦱᧃᧈ (v̇aan¹)

→ Tai Nüa: ᥝᥣᥢᥱ (wǎan)

→ Zhuang: vanj

Wutunhua: wan

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qoːnʔ): semantic 石 (“stone”) + phonetic 宛 (OC *qon, *qonʔ).
From 甌 (OC *qoː, “bowl”) + -n (“nominalizing suffix”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Han compound

一碗米飯

一碗米饭

一碗粥

Classifier for the quantity of a bowl: bowlful


碘

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 石 + phonetic 典 (diǎn).
Borrowed from English iodine.


碲

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 石 (“stone”) + phonetic 帝.
From New Latin tellurium.


碳

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 石 (“(chemical nomenclature) non-metal solid”) + 炭 (“charcoal”). Also a phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声), with 炭 (tàn) as a phonetic component.
From 炭 (tàn, “charcoal”).

(ecology) carbon emissions (in the context of global warming and climate change)


磷

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *rin, *rins): semantic 石 (“stone”) + phonetic 粦 (OC *rins).


磺

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 石 (“rock; stone”) + phonetic 黃 (OC *ɡʷaːŋ).

(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese, chemistry) sulfur, brimstone


缸

水缸

vat; crock; jar (usually with a large opening and small bottom, made of clay, porcelain, enamel, glass, etc.) (Classifier: 口 m)


罈

罎
坛
壜
埮
墰
𡐧
墵
𤮦


肼

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic ⺼ + phonetic 井 (jǐng).
Borrowed from English hydrazine. Derivative: 𨥙 (jǐng, “hydrazinium”).

(organic chemistry) hydrazine (derivative)


肽

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic ⺼ + phonetic 太 (tài).
Borrowed from English peptide.


胍

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kʷaː): semantic ⺼ + phonetic 瓜 (OC *kʷraː).
Borrowed from English guanidine.


苊

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 艹 (“grass; plant”) + phonetic 厄.
Borrowed from English acenaphthene.


苯

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *pɯːnʔ): semantic 艹 + phonetic 本 (OC *pɯːnʔ).
; “benzene”


茂

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *mus): semantic 艸 (“grass”) + phonetic 戊 (OC *mus).
Applying this character to mean “cyclopentadiene” in organic chemistry results from the decomposition of the character as an ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 艸 (“radical for aromatic compounds”) + 戊 (“five-carbon ring”), since the conjugate base of cyclopentadiene (cyclopentadienyl anion) is aromatic.

Han compound

二茂鐵

二茂铁


茗

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *meːŋʔ): semantic 艸 (“grass; plant”) + phonetic 名 (OC *meŋ).
A late word; earliest extant attestation is in Shuowen Jiezi (c. C.E. 100).
Likely from Austroasiatic. Compare Palaungic မျံမ် (miəm), Danau miːn², Lamet mɪːŋ, Mlabri miʌŋ, Mal mhiaŋ, Nyah Kur mìəm, Thai เมี่ยง (mîiang), Northern Thai ᩉ᩠ᨾᩮᩥ᩠᩶ᨿᨦ, Lao ໝ້ຽງ (mīang).


茶

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (茶):
* → Japanese: 茶(ちゃ) (cha) (see there for further descendants)
* → Okinawan: 茶(ちゃー) (chā)
* → Korean: 차(茶) (cha)
* → Vietnamese: trà (茶)

desc

→ Cantonese: 嗲 (de¹, “to chat”) (via Teochew)

→? Cebuano: tsa (via Cantonese)

→ Classical Persian: چَا (čā) (via Mandarin), چَای (čāy) (via Mandarin, with Persian suffix -y(i) added) (see there for further descendants)

→ Drung: cha

→ Dutch: thee (via Hokkien) (see there for further descendants)

→ English: cha, char (via Cantonese)

→ Hlai: dhe (via Hainanese)

→ Khmer: តែ (tae)

→ Malay: ca (via Cantonese)

desctree

→ Malay: teh (via Hokkien)
Indonesian: teh

desc

→ Mongolian: цай (caj), ᠴᠠᠢ (čai) (via Mandarin)

desctree

→ Portuguese: chá (via Cantonese)
→ Apalaí: xa
→ Gujarati: ચા (cā)
→ Hunsrik: Scha
→ Nheengatu: xaa
→ Spanish: cha / chá (Philippine Spanish)
→? Tagalog: tsa, sa — obsolete, cha, saa, tsaa, chaa
→? Cebuano: tsa
→ Tetum: xá

→ Punjabi: (via Mandarin)

Gurmukhi script: ਚਾਹ (cāh)

Shahmukhi script: چاہ (cāh)

→ Spanish: té (via Hokkien)
→ Asturian: té
→ Basque: te
→ Catalan: te
→ Galician: té
→ Navajo: dééh
→ Occitan: tè

→ Proto-Tai: *ɟaːᴬ

Bouyei: xaz

Lao: ຊາ (sā)

Thai: ชา (chaa)

Zhuang: caz

→? Tagalog: tsa (via Cantonese)

→ Tibetan: ཇ (ja)

→ Vietnamese: chè (茶, 𦷨)

→ Yonaguni: さー

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *rlaː): semantic 艹 + phonetic 余 (OC *la).
茶, then slightly modified into a more conservative 茶, originates as a graphical modification of archaic 荼 (*rlaː, “bitter plant”), used for “tea” in classical sources. The modern version is unrelated to the bottom component of 條.
As tea may have originated from Sichuan, where the native Yi people speak Loloish languages, Sagart (1999) suggests that the Old Chinese item was possibly originally borrowed from Proto-Loloish *la¹ (“tea”), from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-la (“leaf; tea”). Schuessler (2007) traces its ultimate origin to Proto-Austroasiatic *slaʔ (“leaf”) (in Sidwell's 2024 reconstruction).
Alternatively, Qiu (1988) suggests that it might be a semantic extension of 荼 (*rlaː, “bitter plant”).

茶滷

tea left out overnight, stain on teaware

早茶

去茶樓飲餐茶

去茶楼饮餐茶


茹

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *nja, *njaʔ, *njas): semantic 艹 (“grass, plants”) + phonetic 如 (OC *nja, *njas) – plant roots, part of a plant.
Schuessler (2007) proposes an Austroasiatic origin; compare Kharia [script needed] (ɲoʔ, “to eat”) and Proto-Vietic *s-nja:ʔ (“to chew, to masticate”) (> Vietnamese nhá). Schuessler (2003) also compares 茹 with Jingpho noʔ¹ 'to eat' and Proto-Mienic *ʔnəkᴰ 'to swallow'.


莰

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 艹 + phonetic 坎.
Borrowed from English camphane.


蒈

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 艹 + phonetic 皆.
Borrowed from English carane.


血

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (血):
* → Vietnamese: huyết (血)

Characters in the same phonetic series (血) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 一 (“drop of blood”) + 皿 (“container”) - a drop of blood inside a chalice for sacrificial uses.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-hjwəj-t (“blood”) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007).
Baxter and Sagart (2014) reconstruct the Old Chinese as *m̥ˤik to account for word-family connections with 脈 (OC *C.mˤ[i]k, “vein”), 衊 (OC *mˤi[k], “defiled blood”) as well as its use as a phonetic component in 侐 (OC *m̥(r)ik, “still; quiet”), which is in the same word family as 宓 (OC *mi[k], “quiet; silent”) (Sagart, 1999b; Baxter and Sagart, 2017). Sagart (1999b) argues that this word is not genetically related to the Tibeto-Burman form with *s-hjw-, but that this word has been borrowed into Tibeto-Burman.


輕

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kʰeŋ, *kʰeŋs): semantic 車 (“carriage”) + phonetic 巠 (OC *keːŋ). Explanation of semantic component: light carriage.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-jaːŋ (“light (weight); lightweight”) (STEDT). Cognate with Tibetan ཡང་མོ (yang mo, “light”), Jingpho tsang (tsa̱ŋ³³, “light (of weight)”), Mizo zâng (“light”).

cog

(obsolete, chemistry) Alternative name for 氫／氢 (qīng, “hydrogen”).


酞

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 酉 + phonetic 太 (tài).
Borrowed from English phthalein.


醅

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *pʰɯ, *pʰɯː): semantic 酉 (“alcohol”) + phonetic 咅 (OC *pʰɯʔ, *pʰl'oːs)

Han compound

綠螘新醅酒，紅泥小火爐。

绿蚁新醅酒，红泥小火炉。

(literary) unstrained liquor or rice wine (see: 酒 (jiǔ)); mash


醇

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən³⁵/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *djun): semantic 酉 + phonetic 𦎧 (chún).


醋

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sʰaːɡs): semantic 酉 + phonetic 昔 (OC *sjaːɡ).


醛

/t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵/

/t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵/

; Etymology 1
; Etymology 2
From 荃 (quán, “fragrant plant”), referring to the fragrance of many aldehydes.


金

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (金):
* → Japanese: 金(きん) (kin)
* → Korean: 금(金) (geum), 김(金) (gim)
* → Vietnamese: kim (金)

→ Bouyei: jiml (“gold”)

→ Lao: ຄຳ (kham, “gold”)

→ Thai: คำ (kam, “gold”)

→ Zhuang: gim (“gold”)

→ Tagalog: ginto (“gold”)

Characters in the same phonetic series (金) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *krɯm): semantic 士 (“upside-down ritual axe perhaps made of precious materials”) + semantic 丷 (“two blocks of metal”) + phonetic 亼. The semantic component in folk etymology is very often misinterpreted as 王. The minerals, originally drawn as : and then as 丷, are sometimes indicated as 呂, however the latter is the pictogram of two vertebrae.
The upper component 亼 is the ancient form for 今 (OC *krɯm) and it represents an open mouth flipped upside down; it indicates the original pronunciation of the whole character.
Shuowen interprets it as an image of metal in the earth (Xu Shen writes "象金在土中形") with 亼 as phonetic. But the most ancient versions do not contain the pictogram of the earth.
Originally referred to copper, first used during the Copper Age and the Jade Age in China (hence before the Bronze Age, during which the first bronzes were produced); later the meaning was extended to metal as a whole, and then to gold.
Starostin reconstructs Proto-Sino-Tibetan *gǝ̆m (“metal”); compare Tedim Chin xam (“gold”) and Lepcha ᰀᰩᰮ (kóm, “silver, coin, money”).
“Copper” [prior to 5th BCE] → “metals in general” → “gold”.
The main senses now are “gold” and “metal”.
Some of the Manchu people with this surname are descendants of the Qing imperial family and is a calque of Manchu ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠨ (aisin, “gold”) in their original surname ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠨ
ᡤᡳᠣᡵᠣ (aisin gioro).

defdate

prior to 5th <small class='ce-date'>BCE</small>

𠊍
𨤾
⿳仺𭕄一
𠈘
𠉓
𨥀
𨥄
⿱丿⿴囗⿱二水

one of the eight kinds of instruments (八音 (-))

metal, one of the five elements of Wu Xing (五行 (-))


釓

For pronunciation and definitions of 釓 – see 釚 (“crossbow latch; unnilennium”).
(This character is a variant form of 釚).


釔

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 乙 (yǐ).


釚

/t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯³⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯³⁵/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡu): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 九 (OC *kuʔ).


釟

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *preːd): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 八 (OC *preːd).


釩

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *pʰomʔ): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 凡 (OC *bom).
From New Latin vanadium.


釷

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 土 (tǔ).
Borrowed from New Latin thorium.


釹

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 女 (nǚ).
From New Latin neodymium.


鈁

(Mainland China, Hong Kong, chemistry) francium


鈇

For pronunciation and definitions of 鈇 – see 斧 (“axe; hatchet”).
(This character is a variant form of 斧).


鈉

(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to forge iron


鈥

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 火 (OC *qʰʷaːlʔ).
Borrowed from New Latin holmium.


鈦

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 太 (tài).
Borrowed from New Latin titanium.


鈳

(chemistry, obsolete) columbium; niobium


鈹

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *pʰral): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 皮.
From New Latin beryllium.


鈾

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 由 (OC *lɯw).

鈾濃縮

铀浓缩


鉀

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *klaːb, *kraːb) and ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 甲 (OC *kraːb, “armour”)
Borrowed from New Latin kalium.


鉈

铊
釶
鉇
𥍢
鍦
𥍸
𨧯
铊
砣
铊


鉍

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *priɡs, *priɡ): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 必 (OC *pliɡ).


鉕

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 叵 (OC *pkʰaːlʔ).
Borrowed from New Latin promethium.


鉨

For pronunciation and definitions of 鉨 – see 璽 (“imperial seal; royal seal”).
(This character is a variant form of 璽).
Coined in 2017 by the Chinese National Committee for Terms in Sciences and Technologies and State Language Commission.


鉬

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 目 (mù).
From New Latin molybdaenum.


鉺

For pronunciation and definitions of 鉺 – see 鏗 (“to strike; to hit; jingling”).
(This character is a variant form of 鏗).
Borrowed from New Latin erbium.


銅

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (銅):
* → Japanese: 銅(どう) (dō)
* → Korean: 동(銅) (dong)
* → Vietnamese: đồng (銅, “copper; dong (Vietnamese currency)”) (see there for further descendants)

desc

→ Khmer: ទង់ (tŭəng, “bronze; red copper; alloy of copper and gold”), ថង (thɑɑng, “gold”), ទង (tɔɔng, “gold”)

→ Lao: ທອງ (thǭng, “copper; gold; metal”)

→ Thai: ทอง (tɔɔng, “gold”)

→ Zhuang: doengz (“copper; brass”)

Characters in the same phonetic series (同) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *doːŋ): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 同 (OC *doːŋ).
Since metals are typically associated with color, the word is probably related to 彤 (OC *l'uːŋ, “red”) (Schuessler, 2007).
The word "copper" occurs in some Southeast Asian languages with initial l- (Sagart, 1999). Examples include Zhuang luengz, Bouyei luangz and Bu-Nao Bunu loŋ², which are early loans from Chinese.
Tibetan དོང་ཙེ (dong tse, “Chinese copper coin”) was borrowed from Chinese 銅子／铜子 (tóngzǐ).

zh-l

銅子／铜子 (tóngzǐ)


銥

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 衣 (yī)


銩

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 丢 (diū).
Borrowed from New Latin thūlium.


鋁

→ Zhuang: lij

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 呂.
Borrowed from New Latin aluminium.


鋂

For pronunciation and definitions of 鋂 – see 萌 (“to bud; to sprout; to germinate; to begin; to start; etc.”).
(This character is a variant form of 萌).


鋨

For pronunciation and definitions of 鋨 – see 鐵 (“iron; railway; etc.”).
(This character is a variant form of 鐵).
Borrowed from New Latin osmium.


鋰

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 里.
Borrowed from New Latin lithium.


鋱

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 忒 (OC *l̥ʰɯːɡ).
Borrowed from New Latin terbium.


錒

→ Zhuang: ah


錫

Characters in the same phonetic series (易) (Zhengzhang, 2003)


錯

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sʰaːɡs, *sʰaːɡ): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 昔 (OC *sjaːɡ) – grindstone.
; "whetstone, grindstone"
; "criss-cross, interlocking, alternating, ornate"
; "lake"
; "cerium"

Han compound

(chemistry, obsolete) Alternative name for 鈰／铈 (shì, “cerium”).


錳

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 孟.
From New Latin manganum.


錸

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 來 (OC *m·rɯːɡ).
Borrowed from New Latin rhenium.


錼

(chemistry, Taiwan, obsolete in Mainland China) neptunium


鍺

(historical) a metal plain bearing used in wheel axles on vehicles


鎂

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 美 (měi).
Borrowed from New Latin magnesium.


鎦

(Taiwan, obsolete in Mainland China, chemistry) lutetium


鏌

Coined in 2017 by the Chinese National Committee for Terms in Sciences and Technologies and State Language Commission.


鐠

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 普 (OC *pʰaːʔ).
From New Latin praseodymium.


鐦

For pronunciation and definitions of 鐦 – see 魁 (“first; leading; best; chief; leader; head; etc.”).
(This character is a variant form of 魁).


鐳

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ruːl): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 雷 (OC *ruːl).
Borrowed from English radium.


鐵

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (鐵):
* → Japanese: 鉄(てつ) (tetsu)
* → Korean: 철(鐵) (cheol)

→ Proto-Hmong: *ʰluwꟲ

→ Proto-Mien: *ʰrɛkᴰ

→ Proto-Tai: *ʰlekᴰ

Proto-Southwestern Tai: *ʰlekᴰ¹ˢ

Ahom: 𑜎𑜢𑜀𑜫 (lik)

Lao: ເຫຼັກ (lek)

Lü: ᦵᦜᧅ (l̇ek)

Shan: လဵၵ်း (láek)

Tai Nüa: ᥘᥥᥐᥱ (lěk)

Thai: เหล็ก (lèk)

Nong Zhuang: liak

Zhuang: lek, lik

→ Proto-Vietic: *k-rac

Middle Vietnamese: sắt

Vietnamese: sắt

Muong: khách

→ Zhuang: diet

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *l̥ʰiːɡ): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 𢧤 (zhì). The original version, according to the Shuowen Jiezi, is 𨮯, with 大 on top, hence the original phonetic component should be not 𢧜.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *hljak (“iron”). Cognate with Tibetan ལྕགས (lcags). According to the Shuowen, alternative forms included 銕 (OC *l'iːl, *l̥ʰiːd). Compare 驖 (OC *l̥ʰiːɡ, *l'iːɡ, “black horse”).

Han compound

铁
𨬿
鐡
𨮯
𨫓
銕
鉄
䥫
*鋨

地鐵／地铁

港鐵／港铁 [Cantonese] ― gong² tit³ [Jyutping] ― MTR

(only in compounds) Short for 鐵路／铁路 (tiělù, “railway”).


鐿

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 意 (OC *qɯɡs).
Borrowed from New Latin ytterbium.


鑥

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 魯 (OC *raːʔ, “lǔ”).
From New Latin lutetium.


雪

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (雪):
* → Korean: 설(雪) (seol)
* → Vietnamese: tuyết (雪)

→ Zhuang: siet

Ancient simplification of 䨮, which is in turn phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sqʰʷed): semantic 雨 (“rain”) + phonetic 彗 (OC *sɢʷeds, *ɢʷeds, *sɢʷids).
Schuessler (2007) considers this to be related to Kra-Dai words: Proto-Tai *hnəiᴬ¹ (“snow”), Proto-Kam-Sui *ʔnuːi¹ (“snow”).
Starostin reconstructs Proto-Sino-Tibetan *suăt (“snow”), comparing this with Tibetan སད (sad, “frost, cold air, cold, coldness”), but this connection may be unlikely considering the phonetic part of this character.

cog

下雪

Night comes and the sky seems like it might snow; could you drink a cup?

Wǎn lái tiān yù xuě, néng yǐn yī bēi wú?

晚來天欲雪，能飲一杯無？

晚来天欲雪，能饮一杯无？

(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to snow

After the morning meal, I said my farewells to Mother. Then she instructed me: "Go well; fully cleanse [the country of this] national humiliation."

1594, 李舜臣 (Yi Sun-sin), 《亂中日記》 (War Diary of Admiral Yi)

Zhāoshí hòu, gàocí tiānzhǐ qián, zé jiào “yǐ hǎo fù, dà xuě guó rǔ.”

朝食後，告辭天只前，則教「以好赴，大雪國辱。」

朝食后，告辞天只前，则教「以好赴，大雪国辱。」


霰

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *sjar (“hail; sleet”); compare Tibetan སེར (ser, “hail”), Western Tamang सेर (“hail”) (STEDT; Hill, 2014; Schuessler, 2024).

inh

䨘
䨷
𩄧
𩆥
𩅤
𩃝
𩃂
𩆵


露

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡ·raːɡs): semantic 雨 + phonetic 路 (OC *ɡ·raːɡs).
Possibly a derivative of 落 (OC *ɡ·raːɡ) (Schuessler, 2007) with exopassivising suffix *-s, literally, "what has been dropped".


鬯

Pictogram of a vessel full of sacrifical wine made of fermented black millet and tulips (the millet kernels are perhaps symbolized by four points). The small spoon at the bottom was added later.

Alternative form of 暢 /畅 (chàng, “unhindered; unobstructed”)


鼎

Pictogram (象形) - a tripod, i.e., an ancient bronze vessel with three legs used for cooking or performing ritual sacrifices. Sometimes, it was carved with characters. Also phonetically (and perhaps semantically) borrowed to indicate "to divine" (then written as 鼑 > 貞). See also the original version of 具 and 則.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(m/ʔ)-di(k/ŋ) (“pot; cauldron”) (STEDT).


葡萄酒

→ Yami: potaw cio

ㄆㄨˊ ㄊㄠˊ ㄐㄧㄡˇ

/pʰu³⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³⁵ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pʰu³⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pʰou̯²¹ tʰou̯²¹ t͡sɐu̯³⁵/

/pʰu¹¹ tʰo¹¹ t͡si̯u³¹/

/pʰu²³⁻³³ tɤ²³⁻³³ t͡siu⁴¹/

/pʰu²⁴⁻²² to²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁵³/

/pʰu²³⁻²¹ to²³⁻²¹ t͡siu⁴⁴⁵/

/pʰu²⁴⁻²² to²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁵⁵⁴/

/pʰu²⁴⁻¹¹ to²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siu⁵³/

/pʰo¹³⁻²² to¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁵³/

/pʰo²⁴⁻¹¹ to²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siu⁵³/

/pʰɤ²³⁻³³ tɤ²³⁻³³ t͡siu⁴¹/

/pʰɔ¹³⁻²² to¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁵³/

/bu²² dɔ⁵⁵ t͡ɕiɤ²¹/

/pʰu³⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³⁵ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pʰu³⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pʰou̯²¹ tʰou̯²¹ t͡sɐu̯³⁵/

/pʰu¹¹ tʰo¹¹ t͡si̯u³¹/

/pʰu²³⁻³³ tɤ²³⁻³³ t͡siu⁴¹/

/pʰu²⁴⁻²² to²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁵³/

/pʰu²³⁻²¹ to²³⁻²¹ t͡siu⁴⁴⁵/

/pʰu²⁴⁻²² to²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁵⁵⁴/

/pʰu²⁴⁻¹¹ to²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siu⁵³/

/pʰo¹³⁻²² to¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁵³/

/pʰo²⁴⁻¹¹ to²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siu⁵³/

/pʰɤ²³⁻³³ tɤ²³⁻³³ t͡siu⁴¹/

/pʰɔ¹³⁻²² to¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁵³/

/bu²² dɔ⁵⁵ t͡ɕiɤ²¹/


洪水

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (洪水):
* → Japanese: 洪水(こうずい) (kōzui)
* → Korean: 홍수(洪水) (hongsu)
* → Vietnamese: hồng thuỷ (洪水)

/xʊŋ³⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hʊŋ²¹ sɵy̯³⁵/

/hɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sui⁵³/

/hɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sui⁵³/

/hɔŋ²³⁻³³ t͡sui⁴¹/

/hɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sui⁵⁵⁴/

/hɔŋ¹³⁻²² sui⁵³/

/hɔŋ²⁴⁻²² sui⁵³/

/hoŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sui⁵²/

/ɦoŋ²² sz̩⁴⁴/

/xʊŋ³⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hʊŋ²¹ sɵy̯³⁵/

/hɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sui⁵³/

/hɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sui⁵³/

/hɔŋ²³⁻³³ t͡sui⁴¹/

/hɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sui⁵⁵⁴/

/hɔŋ¹³⁻²² sui⁵³/

/hɔŋ²⁴⁻²² sui⁵³/

/hoŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sui⁵²/

/ɦoŋ²² sz̩⁴⁴/

容易鬧洪水

容易闹洪水

The Classic of Poetry, c. 11ᵗʰ – 7ᵗʰ centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

洪水芒芒，禹敷下土方。

昔者禹抑洪水，而天下平。

Chén wén hóngshuǐ héngliú, dì sī bǐ yì, páng qiú sìfāng, yǐ zhāo xián jùn.

臣聞洪水橫流，帝思俾乂，旁求四方，以招賢俊。

臣闻洪水横流，帝思俾乂，旁求四方，以招贤俊。

flood (usually disastrous overflow from a body of water); flooding; floodwater


可卡因

/kʰɤ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ kʰä²¹⁴⁻²¹ in⁵⁵/

/hɔː³⁵ kʰaː⁵⁵ jɐn⁵⁵/

/kʰɤ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ kʰä²¹⁴⁻²¹ in⁵⁵/

/hɔː³⁵ kʰaː⁵⁵ jɐn⁵⁵/

可卡因中毒

(organic chemistry, pharmacology) cocaine


咖啡

Sino-Xenic (咖啡):
* → Korean: 가배(咖啡) (gabae)

→ Zhuang: gahfeih, gyahfeih

/kʰä⁵⁵ feɪ̯⁵⁵/

/kʰɔ⁴⁴ fiə²⁴/

/kaː³³ fɛː⁵⁵/

/kɔː³³ piː⁵⁵/

/ka²⁴⁻¹¹ pi²⁴/

/ko³³⁻²¹ pi³³/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ pi⁴⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻³³ pi⁴⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² pi⁴⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² pʰi⁴⁴/

/ka⁴⁴⁻³³ pi⁴⁴/

/ko³³⁻²³ pi⁵⁵/

/ku³³⁻²³ pi⁵⁵/

/kʰä⁵⁵ feɪ̯⁵⁵/

/kʰɔ⁴⁴ fiə²⁴/

/kaː³³ fɛː⁵⁵/

/kɔː³³ piː⁵⁵/

/ka²⁴⁻¹¹ pi²⁴/

/ko³³⁻²¹ pi³³/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ pi⁴⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻³³ pi⁴⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² pi⁴⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² pʰi⁴⁴/

/ka⁴⁴⁻³³ pi⁴⁴/

/ko³³⁻²³ pi⁵⁵/

/ku³³⁻²³ pi⁵⁵/

The pronunciations in different Chinese varieties originate from a variety of languages:
:
Other pronunciations, such as Taiwanese Hokkien ka-pi, Taiwanese Hakka kâ-pî, Teochew gia¹ hui¹ and Eastern Min gă-pĭ, are likely literal pronunciations of the individual characters (cf. Japanese 珈琲), inferred using the youbian dubian (有邊讀邊) method.
The donor languages of whom all ultimately trace back to Italian caffè, from Ottoman Turkish قهوه (kahve), from Arabic قَهْوَة (qahwa, “coffee”).

der

<i class="Latn mention" lang="tr">kahve</i>

架非
架菲
架啡
架飛
加菲
加非
加啡
茄啡
迦非
考非
喀非
㗎啡
㗝呸
羔丕
㗝啤
高丕
戈丕
糕啤

煮咖啡

濃咖啡／浓咖啡

現磨咖啡／现磨咖啡

特色咖啡

阿拉伯咖啡

能取代咖啡的饮品 [MSC, simp.]
néng qǔdài kāfēi de yǐnpǐn [Pinyin]

I'd like a cup of coffee to refresh myself.

我要喝杯咖啡提提神。

Shanghainese
Taiwanese Hakka
Taiwanese Hokkien
youbian dubian


茶道

/ʈ͡ʂʰä³⁵ tɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/t͡sʰaː²¹ tou̯²²/

/te²⁴⁻²² to²²/

/te²⁴⁻²² to⁴¹/

/te¹³⁻²² to²²/

/te²⁴⁻¹¹ to³³/

/te²³⁻³³ tɤ³³/

/ʈ͡ʂʰä³⁵ tɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/t͡sʰaː²¹ tou̯²²/

/te²⁴⁻²² to²²/

/te²⁴⁻²² to⁴¹/

/te¹³⁻²² to²²/

/te²⁴⁻¹¹ to³³/

/te²³⁻³³ tɤ³³/

East Asian (Chinese, Japanese, Korean or Vietnamese) tea ceremony


茶室

/ʈ͡ʂʰä³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʰä³⁵ ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰaː²¹ sɐt̚⁵/

/te²⁴⁻²² siɪk̚³²/

/te²⁴⁻²² siɪk̚⁵/

/te¹³⁻²² siɪk̚³²/

/te²⁴⁻¹¹ siɪk̚³²/

/te²³⁻³³ siɪk̚³²/

/zo²² səʔ⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʰä³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʰä³⁵ ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰaː²¹ sɐt̚⁵/

/te²⁴⁻²² siɪk̚³²/

/te²⁴⁻²² siɪk̚⁵/

/te¹³⁻²² siɪk̚³²/

/te²⁴⁻¹¹ siɪk̚³²/

/te²³⁻³³ siɪk̚³²/

/zo²² səʔ⁴⁴/


燒酒

ja-r

焼酎(しょうちゅう) (shōchū)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (燒酒):
* → Japanese: 焼酎(しょうちゅう) (shōchū)
* → Korean: 소주(燒酒) (soju)

/ʂɑʊ̯⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/siːu̯⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯³⁵/

/ˈsɛu⁴² t͡ɕiu²¹³/

/siɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴¹/

/sɔ⁵⁵ t͡ɕiɤ²¹/

/ʂɑʊ̯⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/siːu̯⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯³⁵/

/ˈsɛu⁴² t͡ɕiu²¹³/

/siɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴¹/

/sɔ⁵⁵ t͡ɕiɤ²¹/

韓國燒酒

韩国烧酒

I ate a little bit of crab and felt a slight pain in my chest. I needed to drink a sip of hot shaojiu.

Cao Xueqin, Dream of the Red Chamber, mid-18ᵗʰ century CE

Wǒ chī le yī diǎnzǐ pángxiè, jiào dé xīnkǒu wēiwēi de téng, xū dé rè rè de chī kǒu shāojiǔ.

我吃了一點子螃蟹，覺得心口微微的疼，須得熱熱的吃口燒酒。

我吃了一点子螃蟹，觉得心口微微的疼，须得热热的吃口烧酒。


威士忌酒

ㄨㄟ ㄕˋ ㄐㄧˋ ㄐㄧㄡˇ

/weɪ̯⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕi⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/wɐi̯⁵⁵ siː²² kei̯²²⁻³⁵ t͡sɐu̯³⁵/

/wɐi̯⁵⁵ siː²² kei̯²²⁻³⁵ t͡sɐu̯³⁵/


重水

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵¹ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰʊŋ¹³ sɵy̯³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵¹ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰʊŋ¹³ sɵy̯³⁵/


阿司匹林

→ Zhuang: ahswhbizlinz

ㄚ ㄙ ㄆㄧˇ ㄌㄧㄣˊ

ㄚ ㄙ ㄆㄧˇ ㄌㄧㄣˊ

/ˀä⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ pʰi²¹⁴⁻²¹ lin³⁵/

/ˀä⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ pʰi⁵⁵ lin³⁵/

/aː³³ siː⁵⁵ pʰɐt̚⁵ lɐm²¹/

/a⁵⁵ sz̩³³ pʰiɪʔ³³ lin²¹/

/ˀä⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ pʰi²¹⁴⁻²¹ lin³⁵/

/ˀä⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ pʰi⁵⁵ lin³⁵/

/aː³³ siː⁵⁵ pʰɐt̚⁵ lɐm²¹/

/a⁵⁵ sz̩³³ pʰiɪʔ³³ lin²¹/

Borrowed from English aspirin, via Shanghainese.

(chiefly Mainland China, organic chemistry, pharmacology) aspirin


水素

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ su⁵¹/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sɔ²¹/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sɔ⁴¹/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sɔ²¹/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sɔ¹¹/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ sɔ²¹/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ su⁵¹/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sɔ²¹/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sɔ⁴¹/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sɔ²¹/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sɔ¹¹/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ sɔ²¹/

出了象牙之塔, translated from Kuriyagawa Hakuson's book 象牙の塔を出て (Leave the Ivory Tower!) by Lu Xun

Suānsù hé shuǐsù zàochéng de chúnyīwúzá de shuǐ, zhèyàng de dōngxī, rúguǒ shì yǒu shēngmìng de zìránjiè zhōng, shì bù cúnzài de.

酸素和水素造成的純一無雜的水，這樣的東西，如果是有生命的自然界中，是不存在的。

酸素和水素造成的纯一无杂的水，这样的东西，如果是有生命的自然界中，是不存在的。

Protein: its composition is carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen; it is used to give energy to the human body and to regenerate cells.

1926, 張基全 (Tiuⁿ Ki-chôan), 酒佮健康 (Chiú kap Kiān-khong)

Nn̄g-pe̍h-chit, i ê sêng-hun sī Thàn-sò͘, Chúi-sò͘, Sng-sò͘, Chek-sò͘, i ê lō͘-ēng sī ōe hō͘ lâng ê seng-khu tit-tio̍h sè-le̍k, iā sī hō͘ sè-pau ke-thiⁿ sin--ê.

卵白質，伊ê成分是炭素，水素，酸素，窒素，伊ê路用是會hō͘人ê身軀得著勢力，也是hō͘細胞加添新ê。

卵白质，伊ê成分是炭素，水素，酸素，窒素，伊ê路用是会hō͘人ê身躯得着势力，也是hō͘细胞加添新ê。

(rare, chiefly Taiwanese Hokkien) hydrogen


電子

/ti̯ɛn⁵¹ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰi̯en⁵⁵ t͡sɨ³¹/

/tiɛn³³⁻²¹ t͡su⁴¹/

/tiɛn³³⁻¹¹ t͡su⁵³/

/tiɛn²²⁻²¹ t͡su⁵³/

/tiɛn⁴¹⁻²² t͡sɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/tiaŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sɯ⁵²/

/tieŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sɯ⁵²/

/ti̯ɛn⁵¹ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰi̯en⁵⁵ t͡sɨ³¹/

/tiɛn³³⁻²¹ t͡su⁴¹/

/tiɛn³³⁻¹¹ t͡su⁵³/

/tiɛn²²⁻²¹ t͡su⁵³/

/tiɛn⁴¹⁻²² t͡sɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/tiaŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sɯ⁵²/

/tieŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sɯ⁵²/

Wasei kango (和製漢語), orthographically borrowed from Japanese 電(でん)子(し) (denshi).

wasei kango

一對電子

一对电子


磁石

/t͡sʰz̩³⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/t͡sʰiː²¹ sɛːk̚²/

/hui²⁴⁻²² t͡sioʔ²⁴/

/hui¹³⁻²² t͡sioʔ¹²¹/

/hui²³⁻³³ t͡siɤʔ⁴/

/t͡sʰz̩³⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/t͡sʰiː²¹ sɛːk̚²/

/hui²⁴⁻²² t͡sioʔ²⁴/

/hui¹³⁻²² t͡sioʔ¹²¹/

/hui²³⁻³³ t͡siɤʔ⁴/


衣服

From 衣 (yī, “clothes”), a phono-semantic matching of English E (“ecstasy”).

psm

2017, 夏洛蔓, 《愛的小傻瓜》, →ISBN

“Yán zǒng shì ma?” Yán Jìng zhíshì zhe duìfāng, bù bèi tā de qìshì yǐngxiǎng, dīshēng de duì tā shuō: “Nǐ ràng wǒ bǎ tā dàizǒu, jīnwǎn, nǐmen kěyǐ zhào high, ruò wǒ dài bù zǒu tā, jiù ràng tiáozi lái dài, nà nǐ ‘yīfú’ kě děi xiān shōu hǎo......”

「嚴總是嗎？」顏靖直視著對方，不被他的氣勢影響，低聲地對他說：「你讓我把她帶走，今晚，你們可以照high，若我帶不走她，就讓條子來帶，那你『衣服』可得先收好……」

2017, 夏洛蔓, 《愛的小傻瓜》, →ISBN

「严总是吗？」颜靖直视着对方，不被他的气势影响，低声地对他说：「你让我把她带走，今晚，你们可以照high，若我带不走她，就让条子来带，那你『衣服』可得先收好……」

2019 June, 陳宜君, 《藥物進階濫用青少年戒除濫用行為與復原歷程之研究》 [Gateway Drug Abuse: A Study on Abstinence from Drug Abuse in Adolescents and Rehabilitation Process] (thesis), Chiayi: National Chung Cheng University, page 108

Bǐrú shuō nǐ yào liǎng kē yáotóuwán, nǐ jiù zhíjiē gēn tā ná, tā jiù huì shùnbiàn lián Ktāmìng yīqǐ mài nǐ, zhěng tào mài nǐ, tā jiù huì tígōng zhèyàng de fúwù, nà zhè zhǒng Ktāmìng gēn yáotóuwán, tāmen zài shùyǔ shàng, Ktāmìng jiù jiào kùzǐ, nà yáotóuwán jiù jiào yīfú (táiyǔ) - suǒyǐ rúguǒ nǐ qù yèdiàn lǐmiàn, nǐ gēn tā shuō wǒ yào yī jiàn yīfú gēn kùzǐ (táiyǔ), tā jiù huì ná yī kē yáotóuwán gēn K gěi nǐ.

比如說你要兩顆搖頭丸，你就直接跟他拿，他就會順便連K他命一起賣你，整套賣你，他就會提供這樣的服務，那這種K他命跟搖頭丸，他們在術語上，K他命就叫褲子，那搖頭丸就叫衣服（台語）所以如果你去夜店裡面，你跟他說我要一件衣服跟褲子（台語），他就會拿一顆搖頭丸跟K給你。

比如说你要两颗摇头丸，你就直接跟他拿，他就会顺便连K他命一起卖你，整套卖你，他就会提供这样的服务，那这种K他命跟摇头丸，他们在术语上，K他命就叫裤子，那摇头丸就叫衣服（台语）所以如果你去夜店里面，你跟他说我要一件衣服跟裤子（台语），他就会拿一颗摇头丸跟K给你。

(Taiwan, slang) ecstasy; MDMA (Classifier: 件 m)


牛奶

→ Paiwan: guling

/ni̯oʊ̯³⁵ naɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ŋɐu̯²¹ naːi̯¹³/

/ᵑɡeu²² ⁿdai²¹/

/ŋiu¹¹ nɛn⁵³/

/ŋu⁵³⁻³³ nˡɛiŋ⁵³/

/ɡu²⁴⁻²¹ ni⁴⁴/

/ɡu²⁴⁻³³ nĩ⁴⁴/

/ɡu²⁴⁻²² nĩ⁴⁴/

/ɡu²⁴⁻¹¹ nĩ⁴⁴/

/ɡu²⁴⁻¹² lin⁴⁴/

/ɡu²⁴⁻²² lin³³/

/ɡu²³⁻²¹ leŋ³³/

/ɡu²⁴⁻³³ liɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ɡu²³⁻³³ liɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ɡu¹³⁻²² liɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ɡu⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ni³⁵/

/n̠ʲiɤ²² na⁴⁴/

/n̠ʲiəu¹³ na³¹/

/ni̯oʊ̯³⁵ naɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ŋɐu̯²¹ naːi̯¹³/

/ᵑɡeu²² ⁿdai²¹/

/ŋiu¹¹ nɛn⁵³/

/ŋu⁵³⁻³³ nˡɛiŋ⁵³/

/ɡu²⁴⁻²¹ ni⁴⁴/

/ɡu²⁴⁻³³ nĩ⁴⁴/

/ɡu²⁴⁻²² nĩ⁴⁴/

/ɡu²⁴⁻¹¹ nĩ⁴⁴/

/ɡu²⁴⁻¹² lin⁴⁴/

/ɡu²⁴⁻²² lin³³/

/ɡu²³⁻²¹ leŋ³³/

/ɡu²⁴⁻³³ liɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ɡu²³⁻³³ liɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ɡu¹³⁻²² liɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ɡu⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ni³⁵/

/n̠ʲiɤ²² na⁴⁴/

/n̠ʲiəu¹³ na³¹/


雨水

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (雨水):
* → Japanese: 雨(う)水(すい) (Usui)
* → Korean: 우수(雨水) (usu)
* → Vietnamese: Vũ thủy (雨水)

/y²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jyː¹³ sɵy̯³⁵/

/ˈy²¹³⁻²⁴ sui²¹³/

/ʒi²⁴⁻³³ ʃui²⁴/

/hɔ²²⁻²¹ t͡sui⁵³/

/hɔ³³⁻¹¹ t͡sui⁵³/

/hɔ³³⁻²¹ t͡sui⁴¹/

/hɔ²² t͡sui⁵⁵⁴/

/hɔ³³⁻²² t͡sui⁵⁵⁴/

/ɦy²² sz̩⁴⁴/

/y⁴¹ ɕy̯e̞i̯⁴¹/

/y²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jyː¹³ sɵy̯³⁵/

/ˈy²¹³⁻²⁴ sui²¹³/

/ʒi²⁴⁻³³ ʃui²⁴/

/hɔ²²⁻²¹ t͡sui⁵³/

/hɔ³³⁻¹¹ t͡sui⁵³/

/hɔ³³⁻²¹ t͡sui⁴¹/

/hɔ²² t͡sui⁵⁵⁴/

/hɔ³³⁻²² t͡sui⁵⁵⁴/

/ɦy²² sz̩⁴⁴/

/y⁴¹ ɕy̯e̞i̯⁴¹/

/y⁵³⁻¹¹ suei⁵³/

/u⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ sui⁴¹/

/u⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sui⁵⁵⁴/

/u⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sui⁵³/

/i⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sui⁵³/

/u⁵²⁻³⁵ sui⁵²⁻²¹/

/y²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jyː¹³ sɵy̯³⁵/

/ˈy²¹³⁻²⁴ sui²¹³/

/ʒi²⁴⁻³³ ʃui²⁴/

/y⁵³⁻¹¹ suei⁵³/

/u⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ sui⁴¹/

/u⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sui⁵⁵⁴/

/u⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sui⁵³/

/i⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sui⁵³/

/u⁵²⁻³⁵ sui⁵²⁻²¹/

/ɦy²² sz̩⁴⁴/

/y⁴¹ ɕy̯e̞i̯⁴¹/

The "Rain Water", the second of the twenty-four solar terms, around February 18th, 19th, or 20th, after which there should be no more snow, but rain showers are expected.

立春、雨水、驚蟄

二十四節氣／二十四节气 (Èrshísì Jiéqì, “The twenty-four solar terms”); Spring

立夏、小滿

二十四節氣／二十四节气 (Èrshísì Jiéqì, “The twenty-four solar terms”); Summer

立秋、處暑

二十四節氣／二十四节气 (Èrshísì Jiéqì, “The twenty-four solar terms”); Autumn

立冬、小雪、大雪、冬至、小寒、大寒

二十四節氣／二十四节气 (Èrshísì Jiéqì, “The twenty-four solar terms”); Winter


紅茶

Sino-Xenic (紅茶):
* → Japanese: 紅茶(こうちゃ) (kōcha)
* → Korean: 홍차(紅茶) (hongcha)
* → Vietnamese: hồng trà (紅茶)

/xʊŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰä³⁵/

/hʊŋ²¹ t͡sʰaː²¹/

/hɵŋ²² t͡sʰa²²/

/fuŋ¹¹ t͡sʰa¹¹/

/øyŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾na⁵³/

/aŋ²³⁻³³ te²³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² te²⁴/

/aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ te²⁴/

/aŋ¹³⁻²² tɛ¹³/

/aŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ te⁵⁵/

/ɦoŋ²² zo⁴⁴/

/xʊŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰä³⁵/

/hʊŋ²¹ t͡sʰaː²¹/

/hɵŋ²² t͡sʰa²²/

/fuŋ¹¹ t͡sʰa¹¹/

/øyŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾na⁵³/

/aŋ²³⁻³³ te²³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² te²⁴/

/aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ te²⁴/

/aŋ¹³⁻²² tɛ¹³/

/aŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ te⁵⁵/

/ɦoŋ²² zo⁴⁴/

紅／红 (hóng, “red”) refers to the reddish color of the steeped tea.


炭素

/tʰuã¹¹⁻⁵³ sɔ¹¹/

/tʰuã²¹⁻⁴¹ sɔ²¹/

/tʰuã¹¹⁻⁵³ sɔ¹¹/

/tʰuã²¹⁻⁴¹ sɔ²¹/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 炭(たん)素(そ) (tanso).


窒素

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ su⁵¹/

/t͡sit̚³²⁻⁴ sɔ²¹/

/t͡sit̚³²⁻⁴ sɔ¹¹/

/t͡siɪk̚³²⁻⁴ sɔ¹¹/

/t͡siɪk̚³²⁻⁴ sɔ²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ su⁵¹/

/t͡sit̚³²⁻⁴ sɔ²¹/

/t͡sit̚³²⁻⁴ sɔ¹¹/

/t͡siɪk̚³²⁻⁴ sɔ¹¹/

/t͡siɪk̚³²⁻⁴ sɔ²¹/

Wasei kango (和製漢語), orthographically borrowed from Japanese 窒(ちっ)素(そ) (chisso).

wasei kango

Again, a type of chemist would use the air's nitrogen to make fertilizer for plants through electrical reaction so that ordinary farming can have better harvest. That's why it is inevitable that we think chemistry is inseparable from our lives, and it also lets use know that God gave humans knowledge to indirectly create things to benefit the world.

1927, 張基全 (Tiuⁿ Ki-chôan), 一般科學之常識 (It-poaⁿ kho-ha̍k ê siông-sek)

Koh-chài chi̍t khoán hòa-ha̍k chiá ōe ēng khong-tiong ê chit-sò͘ ēng tiān-khì ê chok-iōng hō͘ i pìⁿ-chòe si̍t-bu̍t ê pûi-liāu, hō͘ it-poaⁿ ê chèng-choh khah hó siu-sêng, só͘-í bōe bián-tit hō͘ lán tio̍h siūⁿ hòa-ha̍k kap lán jîn-seng si̍t-chāi ū put-khó hun-lī bi̍t-chiap ê koan-hē iā hō͘ lán thang chai Siōng-tè siúⁿ-sù sè-kan lâng, ū tì-sek thang kan-chiap chhòng-chō mi̍h thang lī-ek sè-kan.

閣再一款化學者會用空中的窒素用電氣的作用予伊變做植物的肥料，予一般的種作較好收成，所以袂免得予咱著想化學佮咱人生實在有不可分離密接的關係也予咱通知上帝賞賜世間人，有智識通間接創造物通利益世間。

阁再一款化学者会用空中的窒素用电气的作用予伊变做植物的肥料，予一般的种作较好收成，所以袂免得予咱着想化学佮咱人生实在有不可分离密接的关系也予咱通知上帝赏赐世间人，有智识通间接创造物通利益世间。

(rare, chiefly Taiwanese Hokkien) nitrogen


酸素

/sŋ̍⁴⁴⁻³³ sɔ²¹/

/sŋ̍⁴⁴⁻³³ sɔ¹¹/

/saŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ sɔ²¹/

/saŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ sɔ¹¹/

/saŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ sɤʔ³²/

/saŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ soʔ³²/

/sŋ̍⁴⁴⁻³³ sɔ²¹/

/sŋ̍⁴⁴⁻³³ sɔ¹¹/

/saŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ sɔ²¹/

/saŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ sɔ¹¹/

/saŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ sɤʔ³²/

/saŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ soʔ³²/

酸素和水素造成的純一無雜的水，這樣的東西，如果是有生命的自然界中，是不存在的。

酸素和水素造成的纯一无杂的水，这样的东西，如果是有生命的自然界中，是不存在的。

(rare, chiefly Taiwanese Hokkien) oxygen

While looking at his mother wearing an oxygen mask in the hospital room, Png Iau-khian (Fang Yaoqian) thought of her childhood dreams, and he must have had so many feelings; ...

Png Iāu-khiân khòaⁿ-tio̍h pēⁿ-pâng lāi-té tàu sàng-sòo ê a-bú, siūⁿ-tio̍h i sè-hàn sî ê goān-bōng, it-tēng ū chin chē kám-chhiok;......

方耀乾看著病房內底鬥sàng-sòo的阿母，想著伊細漢時的願望，一定有真濟感觸；……

方耀乾看著病房内底斗sàng-sòo的阿母，想著伊细汉时的愿望，一定有真济感触；……


菊花茶

gêg⁴ huê¹ dê⁵

/t͡ɕy³⁵ xu̯ä⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰä³⁵/

/kʊk̚⁵ faː⁵⁵ t͡sʰaː²¹/

/ˈt͡ɕiuʔ⁵ fa⁴² t͡sʰa²⁴/

/kak̚³²⁻⁴ hue⁴⁴⁻²² te²⁴/

/kiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ hue⁴⁴⁻²² te²⁴/

/kiɔk̚³²⁻⁴ hue⁴⁴⁻³³ te²⁴/

/kiɔk̚³²⁻⁴ hue⁴⁴⁻³³ te²³/

/kiɔk̚³²⁻⁵ hua⁴⁴⁻²² tɛ¹³/

/kek̚³²⁻⁴ hue⁴⁴⁻²² te²⁴/

/kek̚²⁻⁴ hue³³⁻²³ te⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕioʔ³³ ho⁵⁵ zo²¹/

/t͡ɕy³⁵ xu̯ä⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰä³⁵/

/kʊk̚⁵ faː⁵⁵ t͡sʰaː²¹/

/ˈt͡ɕiuʔ⁵ fa⁴² t͡sʰa²⁴/

/kak̚³²⁻⁴ hue⁴⁴⁻²² te²⁴/

/kiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ hue⁴⁴⁻²² te²⁴/

/kiɔk̚³²⁻⁴ hue⁴⁴⁻³³ te²⁴/

/kiɔk̚³²⁻⁴ hue⁴⁴⁻³³ te²³/

/kiɔk̚³²⁻⁵ hua⁴⁴⁻²² tɛ¹³/

/kek̚³²⁻⁴ hue⁴⁴⁻²² te²⁴/

/kek̚²⁻⁴ hue³³⁻²³ te⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕioʔ³³ ho⁵⁵ zo²¹/


白金

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (白金):
* → Japanese: 白金(はっきん) (hakkin)
* → Korean: 백금(白金) (baekgeum)
* → Vietnamese: bạch kim (白金)

/paɪ̯³⁵ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/pɛ(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ kim⁴⁴/

/paɪ̯³⁵ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/pɛ(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ kim⁴⁴/


綠茶

/ly⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰä³⁵/

/lʊk̚² t͡sʰaː²¹/

/luəʔ²⁻⁵⁴ t͡sʰa¹¹/

/liɪk̚⁴⁻³² te²⁴/

/liɪk̚⁴⁻³² te²³/

/ly⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰä³⁵/

/lʊk̚² t͡sʰaː²¹/

/luəʔ²⁻⁵⁴ t͡sʰa¹¹/

/liɪk̚⁴⁻³² te²⁴/

/liɪk̚⁴⁻³² te²³/


反粒子

/fän²¹⁴⁻²¹ li⁵¹ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/faːn³⁵ nɐp̚⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

/faːn³⁵ lɐp̚⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

/fän²¹⁴⁻²¹ li⁵¹ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/faːn³⁵ nɐp̚⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

/faːn³⁵ lɐp̚⁵ t͡siː³⁵/


砂糖

Sino-Xenic (砂糖):
* → Japanese: 砂(さ)糖(とう) (satō)
* → Korean: 사탕(砂糖) (satang)

desctree

→ Proto-Ryukyuan: *sata
Northern Ryukyuan: *sata, *sataa, *saataa
Kikai: 砂糖 (satā)
Kunigami: 砂糖 (sātā /sàːtâː/)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 砂糖 (saθa)
Okinawan: 砂糖 (sātā /sàːtàː/)
Okinoerabu: 砂糖 (sata /sàtâ/)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 砂糖 (sta /stàˑ/)
Tokunoshima: 砂糖 (satta /sàQtá/)
Yoron: 砂糖 (sata /sátá/)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 砂糖 (sātā)
Yaeyama: 砂糖 (sattā /sáQtáː/)
Yonaguni: 砂糖 (sata /sàtâ/)

/ʂä⁵⁵ tʰɑŋ³⁵/

/saː⁵⁵ tʰɔːŋ²¹/

/sa²⁴ tʰoŋ¹¹/

/sua⁴⁴⁻²² tʰŋ̍²⁴/

/sua³³ tʰŋ̍²⁴/

/sua⁴⁴⁻²² tʰŋ̍¹³/

/sua⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰŋ̍²⁴/

/sua⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰŋ̍²³/

/so⁵⁵ dɑ̃²¹/

/ʂä⁵⁵ tʰɑŋ³⁵/

/saː⁵⁵ tʰɔːŋ²¹/

/sa²⁴ tʰoŋ¹¹/

/sua⁴⁴⁻²² tʰŋ̍²⁴/

/sua³³ tʰŋ̍²⁴/

/sua⁴⁴⁻²² tʰŋ̍¹³/

/sua⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰŋ̍²⁴/

/sua⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰŋ̍²³/

/so⁵⁵ dɑ̃²¹/


大可

/tä⁵¹ kʰɤ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tä⁵¹ kʰɤ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

I'd like two spicy hamburgers and one large coke.

來兩個辣漢堡和一杯大可。

来两个辣汉堡和一杯大可。


小可

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ kʰɤ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/siːu̯³⁵ hɔː³⁵/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰua⁵³/

/sio⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kʰua⁵⁵⁴/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰua⁵³/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰua⁵³/

/siɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kʰua⁴¹/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ kʰɤ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/siːu̯³⁵ hɔː³⁵/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰua⁵³/

/sio⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kʰua⁵⁵⁴/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰua⁵³/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰua⁵³/

/siɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kʰua⁴¹/


水道

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ tɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/sɵy̯³⁵ tou̯²²/

/t͡sui³³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lɔ²⁴²/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ to²²/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ to⁴¹/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ to²²/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ to³³/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tɤ³³/

/sz̩³³ dɔ⁴⁴/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ tɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/sɵy̯³⁵ tou̯²²/

/t͡sui³³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lɔ²⁴²/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ to²²/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ to⁴¹/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ to²²/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ to³³/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tɤ³³/

/sz̩³³ dɔ⁴⁴/

Attestable in pre-Qin texts. Sense "water supply" from Japanese 水道(すいどう) (suidō).

把某物傾倒在水道中

把某物倾倒在水道中

(Taiwanese Hokkien, Taiwanese Hakka) water supply


中可

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ kʰɤ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ kʰɤ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/


尼古丁

/ni³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ tiŋ⁵⁵/

/nei̯²¹ kuː³⁵ tɪŋ⁵⁵/

/nĩ²⁴⁻²² kɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ni³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ tiŋ⁵⁵/

/nei̯²¹ kuː³⁵ tɪŋ⁵⁵/

/nĩ²⁴⁻²² kɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiɪŋ⁴⁴/


安眠藥

→ Bouyei: nganymianfyof

→ Zhuang: anhmenzyoz

/ˀän⁵⁵ mi̯ɛn³⁵ jɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/ˀän⁵⁵ mi̯ɛn³⁵ jaʊ̯ɻʷ⁵¹/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ miːn²¹ jœːk̚²/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ bin²⁴⁻¹¹ ioʔ⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ bin²³⁻³³ iɤʔ⁴/

/ˀän⁵⁵ mi̯ɛn³⁵ jɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/ˀän⁵⁵ mi̯ɛn³⁵ jaʊ̯ɻʷ⁵¹/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ miːn²¹ jœːk̚²/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ bin²⁴⁻¹¹ ioʔ⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ bin²³⁻³³ iɤʔ⁴/

(pharmacology) sleeping pill; hypnotic (Classifier: 顆／颗 m; 片 m; 粒 m c)


物質

/u⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/u⁵¹ ɖ͡ʐ̥ʐ̩¹/

/u⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/mɐt̚² t͡sɐt̚⁵/

/uʔ⁵⁻²¹ t͡sɛiʔ²⁴/

/but̚⁴⁻³² t͡sit̚³²/

/but̚¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡sit̚³²/

/but̚⁴⁻³² t͡sit̚³²/

/but̚⁴⁻³² t͡sit̚³²/

/vəʔ¹¹ t͡səʔ²³/

/u⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/u⁵¹ ɖ͡ʐ̥ʐ̩¹/

/u⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/mɐt̚² t͡sɐt̚⁵/

/uʔ⁵⁻²¹ t͡sɛiʔ²⁴/

/but̚⁴⁻³² t͡sit̚³²/

/but̚¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡sit̚³²/

/but̚⁴⁻³² t͡sit̚³²/

/but̚⁴⁻³² t͡sit̚³²/

/vəʔ¹¹ t͡səʔ²³/

Attestable since at least the Tang dynasty. Popularized from Japanese 物質(ぶっしつ) (busshitsu)

放射性物質

放射性物质

物質戒斷

物质戒断

The content of toxins in the substance exceeds twice the allowed quantity.

Dúwùzhì hánliàng chāoguò zhèngcháng xǔkězhí shù bèi.

毒物質含量超過正常許可值數倍。

毒物质含量超过正常许可值数倍。


高粱

→ Russian: гаолян (gaoljan)

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ li̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ li̯ɑŋ²/

/kou̯⁵⁵ lœːŋ²¹/

/kau⁴⁴⁻³³ liaŋ²⁴/

/kau⁴⁴⁻²² liaŋ¹³/

/kau⁴⁴⁻³³ liaŋ²³/

/kau⁴⁴⁻²² liaŋ²⁴/

/kɔ³³ liɔŋ²⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² liɔŋ²⁴/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ liaŋ²³/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² liaŋ¹³/

/ko⁴⁴⁻³³ liaŋ²⁴/

/kau³³⁻²³ liaŋ⁵⁵/

/kɔ⁵⁵ liã²¹/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ li̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ li̯ɑŋ²/

/kou̯⁵⁵ lœːŋ²¹/

/kau⁴⁴⁻³³ liaŋ²⁴/

/kau⁴⁴⁻²² liaŋ¹³/

/kau⁴⁴⁻³³ liaŋ²³/

/kau⁴⁴⁻²² liaŋ²⁴/

/kɔ³³ liɔŋ²⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² liɔŋ²⁴/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ liaŋ²³/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² liaŋ¹³/

/ko⁴⁴⁻³³ liaŋ²⁴/

/kau³³⁻²³ liaŋ⁵⁵/

/kɔ⁵⁵ liã²¹/

Short for 高粱酒 (gāoliángjiǔ, “sorghum liquor; kaoliang”).


火藥

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (火藥):
* → Japanese: 火(か)薬(やく) (kayaku)
* → Korean: 화약(火藥) (hwayak)

/xu̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ jɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/fɔː³⁵ jœːk̚²/

/he⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ioʔ⁴/

/hə⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ioʔ²⁴/

/hue⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ iɤʔ⁴/

/hue⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ioʔ¹²¹/

/hue⁵²⁻³⁵ ieʔ⁴/

/hu³³ ɦiaʔ⁴⁴/

/xu̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ jɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/fɔː³⁵ jœːk̚²/

/he⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ioʔ⁴/

/hə⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ioʔ²⁴/

/hue⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ iɤʔ⁴/

/hue⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ioʔ¹²¹/

/hue⁵²⁻³⁵ ieʔ⁴/

/hu³³ ɦiaʔ⁴⁴/

The Chinese invented the compass, gunpowder, papermaking and printing. They are known as the Four Great Chinese Inventions.

Zhōngguórén fāmíng le zhǐnánzhēn, huǒyào, zàozhǐ hé yìnshuāshù, bèi chēng zhī wéi Zhōngguó Sì Dà Fāmíng.

中國人發明了指南針、火藥、造紙和印刷術，被稱之為中國四大發明。

中国人发明了指南针、火药、造纸和印刷术，被称之为中国四大发明。


可口可樂

ㄎㄜˇ ㄎㄡˇ ㄎㄜˇ ㄌㄜˋ

/kʰɤ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ kʰɤ²¹⁴⁻²¹ lɤ⁵¹/

/hɔː³⁵ hɐu̯³⁵ hɔː³⁵ lɔːk̚²/

/kʰo⁵²⁻³⁵ kʰau⁵²⁻³⁵ kʰo⁵²⁻³⁵ lak̚⁴/

/kʰu³³ kʰɤ⁵⁵ kʰu³³ loʔ²¹/

/kʰɤ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ kʰɤ²¹⁴⁻²¹ lɤ⁵¹/

/hɔː³⁵ hɐu̯³⁵ hɔː³⁵ lɔːk̚²/

/kʰo⁵²⁻³⁵ kʰau⁵²⁻³⁵ kʰo⁵²⁻³⁵ lak̚⁴/

/kʰu³³ kʰɤ⁵⁵ kʰu³³ loʔ²¹/

Phono-semantic matching of English Coca-Cola.


二氧化碳

→ Zhuang: wyangjvadan

ㄦˋ ㄧㄤˇ ㄏㄨㄚˋ ㄊㄢˋ

/ˀɤɻ⁵¹ jɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ xu̯ä⁵¹⁻⁵³ tʰän⁵¹/

/jiː²² jœːŋ¹³ faː³³ tʰaːn³³/

/zi³³⁻²¹ iɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ hua²¹⁻⁴¹ tʰuã²¹/

/d͡zi²²⁻²¹ iaŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hua²¹⁻⁵³ tʰuã²¹/

/li²²⁻²¹ iɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hua²¹⁻⁵³ tʰuã²¹/

/li³³⁻¹¹ iɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hua¹¹⁻⁵³ tʰuã¹¹/

/li⁴¹⁻²² iɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ hua⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tʰuã⁴¹/

/d͡zi³⁵⁻¹¹ iaŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ hue²¹³⁻⁵⁵ tʰũã²¹³/

/no³⁵⁻¹¹ iaŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ hue²¹³⁻⁵⁵ tʰũã²¹³/

/ˀɤɻ⁵¹ jɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ xu̯ä⁵¹⁻⁵³ tʰän⁵¹/

/jiː²² jœːŋ¹³ faː³³ tʰaːn³³/

/zi³³⁻²¹ iɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ hua²¹⁻⁴¹ tʰuã²¹/

/d͡zi²²⁻²¹ iaŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hua²¹⁻⁵³ tʰuã²¹/

/li²²⁻²¹ iɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hua²¹⁻⁵³ tʰuã²¹/

/li³³⁻¹¹ iɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hua¹¹⁻⁵³ tʰuã¹¹/

/li⁴¹⁻²² iɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ hua⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tʰuã⁴¹/

/d͡zi³⁵⁻¹¹ iaŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ hue²¹³⁻⁵⁵ tʰũã²¹³/

/no³⁵⁻¹¹ iaŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ hue²¹³⁻⁵⁵ tʰũã²¹³/


海濱

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ pin⁵⁵/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ pɐn⁵⁵/

/hai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ pin³³/

/hai⁵²⁻³⁵ piŋ³³/

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ pin⁵⁵/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ pɐn⁵⁵/

/hai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ pin³³/

/hai⁵²⁻³⁵ piŋ³³/


羊水

/jɑŋ³⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jœːŋ²¹ sɵy̯³⁵/

/iũ²⁴⁻²² t͡sui⁵³/

/iũ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sui⁵³/

/iũ²³⁻³³ t͡sui⁴¹/

/iũ²⁴⁻²² t͡sui⁵⁵⁴/

/iɔ̃¹³⁻²² t͡sui⁵³/

/jɑŋ³⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jœːŋ²¹ sɵy̯³⁵/

/iũ²⁴⁻²² t͡sui⁵³/

/iũ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sui⁵³/

/iũ²³⁻³³ t͡sui⁴¹/

/iũ²⁴⁻²² t͡sui⁵⁵⁴/

/iɔ̃¹³⁻²² t͡sui⁵³/

我太太羊水破了。


抹茶

/mu̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰä³⁵/

/muːt̚³ t͡sʰaː²¹/

/məʔ¹¹ zo²³/

/mu̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰä³⁵/

/muːt̚³ t͡sʰaː²¹/

/məʔ¹¹ zo²³/

From classical 末茶 (mòchá), influenced by Japanese.


丹砂

/tän⁵⁵ ʂä⁵⁵/

/tän⁵⁵ ʂä⁵⁵/


大麻

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (大麻):
* → Japanese: 大(たい)麻(ま) (taima)
* → Korean: 대마(大麻) (daema)

/taːi̯²² maː²¹/

/tua²²⁻²¹ muã²⁴/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² muã²⁴/

/tua²²⁻²¹ muã¹³/

/tua³³⁻¹¹ muã²⁴/

/tua³³⁻²¹ muã²³/

/taːi̯²² maː²¹/

/tua²²⁻²¹ muã²⁴/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² muã²⁴/

/tua²²⁻²¹ muã¹³/

/tua³³⁻¹¹ muã²⁴/

/tua³³⁻²¹ muã²³/

/taːi̯²² maː²¹/

Cannabis sativa
Cannabis sativa#Translingual


止痛藥

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰʊŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ jɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/t͡siː³⁵ tʰʊŋ³³ jœːk̚²/

/t͡si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰiã²¹⁻⁵³ ioʔ⁴/

/t͡si⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tʰiã⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ioʔ²⁴/

/t͡si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰiã²¹⁻⁵³ ioʔ¹²¹/

/t͡si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰiã¹¹⁻⁵³ ioʔ⁴/

/t͡si⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tʰiã²¹⁻⁴¹ iɤʔ⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰʊŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ jɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/t͡siː³⁵ tʰʊŋ³³ jœːk̚²/

/t͡si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰiã²¹⁻⁵³ ioʔ⁴/

/t͡si⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tʰiã⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ioʔ²⁴/

/t͡si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰiã²¹⁻⁵³ ioʔ¹²¹/

/t͡si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰiã¹¹⁻⁵³ ioʔ⁴/

/t͡si⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tʰiã²¹⁻⁴¹ iɤʔ⁴/


飲料

Lü: ᦍᦲᧃᦶᦜᧁᧈ (yiinl̇aew¹)

/in²¹⁴⁻²¹ li̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/in²¹⁴⁻²¹ li̯aʊ̯ɻʷ⁵¹/

/jɐm³⁵ liːu̯²²⁻³⁵/

/jɐm³⁵ liːu̯²²/

/iŋ³³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˡ⁻⁾nˡɑu²⁴²/

/im⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ liau⁴¹/

/in²¹⁴⁻²¹ li̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/in²¹⁴⁻²¹ li̯aʊ̯ɻʷ⁵¹/

/jɐm³⁵ liːu̯²²⁻³⁵/

/jɐm³⁵ liːu̯²²/

/iŋ³³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˡ⁻⁾nˡɑu²⁴²/

/im⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ liau⁴¹/

酒精飲料

酒精饮料

不准帶入食品和飲料。

不准带入食品和饮料。

這裡有一些飲料，隨便選。

这里有一些饮料，随便选。


精油

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ joʊ̯³⁵/

/t͡sɪŋ⁵⁵ jɐu̯²¹/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ iu²³/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ iu²⁴/

/t͡seŋ³³⁻²³ iu⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ joʊ̯³⁵/

/t͡sɪŋ⁵⁵ jɐu̯²¹/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ iu²³/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ iu²⁴/

/t͡seŋ³³⁻²³ iu⁵⁵/


麻黃

/mä³⁵ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/muã²⁴⁻²² hɔŋ²⁴/

/muã²⁴⁻²² hɔŋ²⁴/

/muã¹³⁻²² hɔŋ¹³/

/muã²⁴⁻¹¹ hɔŋ²⁴/

/muã²³⁻³³ hɔŋ²³/

/mä³⁵ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/muã²⁴⁻²² hɔŋ²⁴/

/muã²⁴⁻²² hɔŋ²⁴/

/muã¹³⁻²² hɔŋ¹³/

/muã²⁴⁻¹¹ hɔŋ²⁴/

/muã²³⁻³³ hɔŋ²³/


杯子

/peɪ̯⁵⁵ d͡z̥z̩²/

/puːi̯⁵⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

/peɪ̯⁵⁵ d͡z̥z̩²/

/puːi̯⁵⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

(countable) drinkware; cup; glass (Classifier: 個／个 m; 隻／只 m)


水位

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ weɪ̯⁵¹/

/sɵy̯³⁵ wɐi̯²²⁻³⁵/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ui²²/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ui⁴¹/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ui²²/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ui³³/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ui³³/

/t͡sui⁵²⁻³⁵ ui¹¹/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ weɪ̯⁵¹/

/sɵy̯³⁵ wɐi̯²²⁻³⁵/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ui²²/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ui⁴¹/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ui²²/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ui³³/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ui³³/

/t͡sui⁵²⁻³⁵ ui¹¹/


水源

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

/sɵy̯³⁵ jyːn²¹/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan²⁴/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ɡuan²⁴/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan¹³/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan²⁴/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan²³/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

/sɵy̯³⁵ jyːn²¹/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan²⁴/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ɡuan²⁴/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan¹³/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan²⁴/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan²³/


水質

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/sɵy̯³⁵ t͡sɐt̚⁵/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sit̚³²/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sit̚⁵/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sit̚³²/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sit̚³²/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sit̚³²/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/sɵy̯³⁵ t͡sɐt̚⁵/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sit̚³²/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sit̚⁵/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sit̚³²/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sit̚³²/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sit̚³²/


水準

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ʈ͡ʂu̯ən²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɵy̯³⁵ t͡sɵn³⁵/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sun⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sui⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡suŋ⁵²⁻²¹/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ʈ͡ʂu̯ən²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɵy̯³⁵ t͡sɵn³⁵/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sun⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sui⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡suŋ⁵²⁻²¹/

water level
(specifically, surveying) level


水深

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂən⁵⁵/

/sɵy̯³⁵ sɐm⁵⁵/

/su̯i³¹ t͡sʰɨm²⁴/

/suɪ³¹ t͡sʰəm⁴⁴/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰim⁴⁴/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰim³³/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰim⁴⁴/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰim⁴⁴/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰim⁴⁴/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂən⁵⁵/

/sɵy̯³⁵ sɐm⁵⁵/

/su̯i³¹ t͡sʰɨm²⁴/

/suɪ³¹ t͡sʰəm⁴⁴/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰim⁴⁴/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰim³³/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰim⁴⁴/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰim⁴⁴/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰim⁴⁴/


水性

Sino-Xenic (水性):
* → Japanese: 水性(すいせい) (suisei)
* → Korean: 수성(水性) (suseong)

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕiŋ⁵¹/

/sɵy̯³⁵ sɪŋ³³/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɪŋ²¹/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ siɪŋ⁴¹/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɪŋ²¹/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɪŋ¹¹/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ siɪŋ²¹/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕiŋ⁵¹/

/sɵy̯³⁵ sɪŋ³³/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɪŋ²¹/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ siɪŋ⁴¹/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɪŋ²¹/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɪŋ¹¹/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ siɪŋ²¹/


水勢

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/sɵy̯³⁵ sɐi̯³³/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/sɵy̯³⁵ sɐi̯³³/


水仙

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/sɵy̯³⁵ siːn⁵⁵/

/t͡sui³³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lieŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɛn⁴⁴/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ siɛn³³/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɛn⁴⁴/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɛn⁴⁴/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ siɛn⁴⁴/

/sz̩³³ ɕi⁴⁴/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/sɵy̯³⁵ siːn⁵⁵/

/t͡sui³³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lieŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɛn⁴⁴/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ siɛn³³/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɛn⁴⁴/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɛn⁴⁴/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ siɛn⁴⁴/

/sz̩³³ ɕi⁴⁴/

May I have a pot of Shui Hsien and a pot of hot water?

m⁴ goi¹, jat¹ wu⁴ seoi² sin¹, jat¹ wu⁴ gwan² seoi².

唔該，一壺水仙、一壺滾水。

唔该，一壶水仙、一壶滚水。

(～茶) Shui Hsien tea (a kind of oolong tea)


水槽

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰɑʊ̯³⁵/

/sɵy̯³⁵ t͡sʰou̯²¹/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡so²⁴/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡so²⁴/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡so¹³/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡so²⁴/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sɤ²³/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰɑʊ̯³⁵/

/sɵy̯³⁵ t͡sʰou̯²¹/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡so²⁴/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡so²⁴/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡so¹³/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡so²⁴/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sɤ²³/


水溶液

ㄕㄨㄟˇ ㄖㄨㄥˊ ㄧㄝˋ

ㄕㄨㄟˇ ㄖㄨㄥˊ ㄧˋ

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʐʊŋ³⁵ jɛ⁵¹/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʐʊŋ³⁵ i⁵¹/

/sɵy̯³⁵ jʊŋ²¹ jɪk̚²/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʐʊŋ³⁵ jɛ⁵¹/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʐʊŋ³⁵ i⁵¹/

/sɵy̯³⁵ jʊŋ²¹ jɪk̚²/


水滴

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ti⁵⁵/

/sɵy̯³⁵ tɪk̚²/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiʔ³²/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tiʔ⁵/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiʔ³²/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiʔ³²/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tiʔ³²/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ti⁵⁵/

/sɵy̯³⁵ tɪk̚²/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiʔ³²/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tiʔ⁵/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiʔ³²/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiʔ³²/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tiʔ³²/


精液

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ jɛ⁵¹/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ i⁵¹/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ iɛ²¹³/

/t͡sɪŋ⁵⁵ jɪk̚²/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² iɪk̚¹²¹/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² iɪk̚⁴/

/t͡siɪŋ³³ iak̚²⁴/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ jɛ⁵¹/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ i⁵¹/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ iɛ²¹³/

/t͡sɪŋ⁵⁵ jɪk̚²/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² iɪk̚¹²¹/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² iɪk̚⁴/

/t͡siɪŋ³³ iak̚²⁴/


血液

/ɕy̯ɛ⁵¹⁻⁵³ jɛ⁵¹/

/ɕy̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ jɛ⁵¹/

/ɕi̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ jɛ⁵¹/

/ɕi̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ i⁵¹/

/hiɛt̚³²⁻⁵ iɪk̚¹²¹/

/hiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ iɪk̚⁴/

/hiɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ iak̚²⁴/

/hui(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ iɪk̚⁴/

/hue(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ iɪk̚⁴/

/hue(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ iɪk̚¹²¹/

/ɕioʔ³³ n̠ʲiɪʔ⁴⁴/

/ɕyɪʔ³³ n̠ʲiɪʔ⁴⁴/

/ɕy̯ɛ⁵¹⁻⁵³ jɛ⁵¹/

/ɕy̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ jɛ⁵¹/

/ɕi̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ jɛ⁵¹/

/ɕi̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ i⁵¹/

/hiɛt̚³²⁻⁵ iɪk̚¹²¹/

/hiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ iɪk̚⁴/

/hiɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ iak̚²⁴/

/hui(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ iɪk̚⁴/

/hue(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ iɪk̚⁴/

/hue(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ iɪk̚¹²¹/

/ɕioʔ³³ n̠ʲiɪʔ⁴⁴/

/ɕyɪʔ³³ n̠ʲiɪʔ⁴⁴/

血液倒流

血液酒精濃度

血液酒精浓度


唾液

/tʰu̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ jɛ⁵¹/

/tʰu̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ i⁵¹/

/tʰo²¹³ iɛ⁵³/

/tʰɔː³³ jɪk̚²/

/tʰœː³³ jɪk̚²/

/tʰɔ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ iak̚²⁴/

/tʰo²¹⁻⁵³ iɪk̚¹²¹/

/tʰo²¹⁻⁵³ iɪk̚⁴/

/tʰo³⁵⁻¹¹ ek̚⁴/

/tʰu̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ jɛ⁵¹/

/tʰu̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ i⁵¹/

/tʰo²¹³ iɛ⁵³/

/tʰɔː³³ jɪk̚²/

/tʰœː³³ jɪk̚²/

/tʰɔ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ iak̚²⁴/

/tʰo²¹⁻⁵³ iɪk̚¹²¹/

/tʰo²¹⁻⁵³ iɪk̚⁴/

/tʰo³⁵⁻¹¹ ek̚⁴/


汽水

/t͡ɕʰi⁵¹ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡ɕʰi⁵¹ ʂu̯əɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hei̯³³ sɵy̯³⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi²¹³⁻²⁴ sui²¹³/

/kʰi²¹⁻⁵³ t͡sui⁵³/

/kʰi⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡sui⁵⁵⁴/

/kʰi²¹⁻⁵³ t͡sui⁵³/

/kʰi¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡sui⁵³/

/kʰi²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡sui⁴¹/

/kʰi²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sui⁵²⁻²¹/

/t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵ sz̩²¹/

/t͡ɕʰi³³ sz̩⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕʰi⁵¹ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡ɕʰi⁵¹ ʂu̯əɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hei̯³³ sɵy̯³⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi²¹³⁻²⁴ sui²¹³/

/kʰi²¹⁻⁵³ t͡sui⁵³/

/kʰi⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡sui⁵⁵⁴/

/kʰi²¹⁻⁵³ t͡sui⁵³/

/kʰi¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡sui⁵³/

/kʰi²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡sui⁴¹/

/kʰi²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sui⁵²⁻²¹/

/t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵ sz̩²¹/

/t͡ɕʰi³³ sz̩⁴⁴/


石油

Sino-Xenic (石油):
* → Japanese: 石(せき)油(ゆ) (sekiyu)
* → Korean: 석유(石油) (seogyu)

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ joʊ̯³⁵/

/ʂʐ̩²⁴ iou²⁴/

/sɛːk̚² jɐu̯²¹/

/t͡sio(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ iu¹³/

/t͡siɤ(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ iu²³/

/zaʔ¹¹ ɦiɤ²³/

/ʂʐ̩²⁴ i̯əu̯¹³/

/sz̩²⁴ i̯əu̯¹³/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ joʊ̯³⁵/

/ʂʐ̩²⁴ iou²⁴/

/sɛːk̚² jɐu̯²¹/

/t͡sio(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ iu¹³/

/t͡siɤ(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ iu²³/

/zaʔ¹¹ ɦiɤ²³/

/ʂʐ̩²⁴ i̯əu̯¹³/

/sz̩²⁴ i̯əu̯¹³/

First attested in 1086–1093, in Shen Kuo's Dream Pool Essays, where the oil was used as ink by the author:
:
Compare petroleum with a nearly identical word-formation.

The quality of this kind of ink stick is even better than the one made of pine soot. Hence such ink stick is manufactured in large quantities, “Yanzhou Stone Liquid” being the label carved on its surface. I am the first to make this kind of ink stick and I believe that it will one day become popular, because there is plenty of petroleum in the world gushing from the ground in a steady stream, contrary to the fact that pine trees will inevitably be depleted.

Hēi guāng rú qī, sōngmò bùjí yě, suì dà wéi zhī, qí zhì wén wéi “Yánchuān shí yè” zhě shìyě. Cǐ wù hòu bì dàxíng yú shì, zì yú shǐ wéi zhī. Gài shíyóu zhìduō, shēng yú dì zhōng wúqióng, bùruò sōngmù yǒushí ér jié.

黑光如漆，松墨不及也，遂大為之，其識文為「延川石液」者是也。此物後必大行於世，自余始為之。蓋石油至多，生於地中無窮，不若松木有時而竭。

黑光如漆，松墨不及也，遂大为之，其识文为「延川石液」者是也。此物后必大行于世，自余始为之。盖石油至多，生于地中无穷，不若松木有时而竭。


豆乳

/toʊ̯⁵¹ ʐu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰɛu¹¹ ˈɵ²¹³/

/tau²²⁻²¹ d͡zu⁴²/

/tau³³⁻¹¹ d͡zu⁵³/

/tau³³⁻²¹ zu⁴¹/

/tau²²⁻²¹ lu⁵³/

/tau²²⁻¹² lu⁵³/

/tau³¹⁻²² lu⁵⁵/

/tau²²⁻²¹ lu⁴²/

/tau³³⁻¹¹ lu⁵³/

/tau²²⁻²¹ d͡zi⁵³/

/tau³³⁻¹¹ d͡zi⁵³/

/tau³³⁻²¹ d͡zi⁵³/

/tau³³⁻¹¹ li⁵³/

/tau³³⁻²¹ zĩ⁴¹/

/zz̩²² ɦu⁴⁴/

/toʊ̯⁵¹ ʐu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰɛu¹¹ ˈɵ²¹³/

/tau²²⁻²¹ d͡zu⁴²/

/tau³³⁻¹¹ d͡zu⁵³/

/tau³³⁻²¹ zu⁴¹/

/tau²²⁻²¹ lu⁵³/

/tau²²⁻¹² lu⁵³/

/tau³¹⁻²² lu⁵⁵/

/tau²²⁻²¹ lu⁴²/

/tau³³⁻¹¹ lu⁵³/

/tau²²⁻²¹ d͡zi⁵³/

/tau³³⁻¹¹ d͡zi⁵³/

/tau³³⁻²¹ d͡zi⁵³/

/tau³³⁻¹¹ li⁵³/

/tau³³⁻²¹ zĩ⁴¹/

/zz̩²² ɦu⁴⁴/


石灰岩

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ xu̯eɪ̯⁵⁵ jɛn³⁵/

/sɛːk̚² fuːi̯⁵⁵ ŋaːm²¹/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ xu̯eɪ̯⁵⁵ jɛn³⁵/

/sɛːk̚² fuːi̯⁵⁵ ŋaːm²¹/


斜長石

/ɕi̯ɛ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/ɕi̯ɛ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/


正長石

/ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/


雲母

/yn³⁵ mu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/yn³⁵ mu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/


原油

/ɥɛn³⁵ joʊ̯³⁵/

/jyːn²¹ jɐu̯²¹/

/ɡuan²⁴⁻²² iu²⁴/

/ɡuan²⁴⁻²² iu²⁴/

/ɡuan¹³⁻²² iu¹³/

/ɡuan²⁴⁻¹¹ iu²⁴/

/ɡuan²³⁻³³ iu²³/

/ŋuaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ iu⁵⁵/

/ɥɛn³⁵ joʊ̯³⁵/

/jyːn²¹ jɐu̯²¹/

/ɡuan²⁴⁻²² iu²⁴/

/ɡuan²⁴⁻²² iu²⁴/

/ɡuan¹³⁻²² iu¹³/

/ɡuan²⁴⁻¹¹ iu²⁴/

/ɡuan²³⁻³³ iu²³/

/ŋuaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ iu⁵⁵/


大雨

/tä⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/taːi̯²² jyː¹³/

/ˈtʰai¹¹ y²¹³/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ i³¹/

/tʰaɪ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ i³¹/

/tua³³⁻¹¹ hɔ³³/

/tua³³⁻²¹ hɔ³³/

/tua²²⁻²¹ hɔ²²/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² hɔ²²/

/tä⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/taːi̯²² jyː¹³/

/ˈtʰai¹¹ y²¹³/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ i³¹/

/tʰaɪ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ i³¹/

/tua³³⁻¹¹ hɔ³³/

/tua³³⁻²¹ hɔ³³/

/tua²²⁻²¹ hɔ²²/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² hɔ²²/

下大雨

落大雨


核子

/xɤ³⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɐt̚² t͡siː³⁵/

/hut̚⁴⁻³² t͡su⁵³/

/hut̚⁴⁻³² t͡su⁴¹/

/hiɪk̚⁴⁻³² t͡su⁴¹/

/hiɪk̚⁴⁻³² t͡su⁵³/

/ɦuəʔ¹¹ t͡sz̩²³/

/xɤ³⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɐt̚² t͡siː³⁵/

/hut̚⁴⁻³² t͡su⁵³/

/hut̚⁴⁻³² t͡su⁴¹/

/hiɪk̚⁴⁻³² t͡su⁴¹/

/hiɪk̚⁴⁻³² t͡su⁵³/

/ɦuəʔ¹¹ t͡sz̩²³/


白酒

→ English: baijiu

/paɪ̯³⁵ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pɛ²¹ t͡ɕiəu⁵³/

/pəʔ⁵ t͡ɕiəɯ¹¹/

/paːk̚² t͡sɐu̯³⁵/

/pɛ(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡siu⁵³/

/piɐk̚²² t͡səu³³/

/baʔ¹¹ t͡ɕiɤ²³/

/pɤ̞²⁴ t͡si̯əu̯⁴¹/

/pɤ̞²⁴ t͡ɕi̯əu̯⁴¹/

/pe²² t͡ɕi̯u³³/

/paɪ̯³⁵ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pɛ²¹ t͡ɕiəu⁵³/

/pəʔ⁵ t͡ɕiəɯ¹¹/

/paːk̚² t͡sɐu̯³⁵/

/pɛ(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡siu⁵³/

/piɐk̚²² t͡səu³³/

/baʔ¹¹ t͡ɕiɤ²³/

/pɤ̞²⁴ t͡si̯əu̯⁴¹/

/pɤ̞²⁴ t͡ɕi̯əu̯⁴¹/

/pe²² t͡ɕi̯u³³/


啤酒

→ Bouyei: pifjiuj

→ Mongolian: пийжүү (piižüü)

⇒ Zhuang: laeujbizciuj

/pʰi³⁵ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pʰi⁵⁵ t͡ɕiəu⁵³/

/pɛː⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯³⁵/

/pi⁴⁴⁻³⁵ t͡siu³¹/

/pʰi¹¹ t͡ɕiəu⁵³/

/pi²⁴⁻¹² t͡siu⁵³/

/pi¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁵³/

/pi²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁵⁵⁴/

/pi²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁵³/

/pi⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡siu⁵²/

/bi²² t͡ɕiɤ⁴⁴/

/pʰi³⁵ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pʰi⁵⁵ t͡ɕiəu⁵³/

/pɛː⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯³⁵/

/pi⁴⁴⁻³⁵ t͡siu³¹/

/pʰi¹¹ t͡ɕiəu⁵³/

/pi²⁴⁻¹² t͡siu⁵³/

/pi¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁵³/

/pi²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁵⁵⁴/

/pi²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁵³/

/pi⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡siu⁵²/

/bi²² t͡ɕiɤ⁴⁴/

From 啤 (pí, transliteration of English beer or German Bier via Shanghainese) + 酒 (jiǔ, “alcohol”).

zh-m

請來兩杯啤酒。

请来两杯啤酒。


雌激素

/t͡sʰz̩³⁵ t͡ɕi⁵⁵ su⁵¹/

/t͡sʰz̩⁵⁵ t͡ɕi⁵⁵ su⁵¹/

/t͡sʰiː⁵⁵ kɪk̚⁵ sou̯³³/

/t͡sʰz̩³⁵ t͡ɕi⁵⁵ su⁵¹/

/t͡sʰz̩⁵⁵ t͡ɕi⁵⁵ su⁵¹/

/t͡sʰiː⁵⁵ kɪk̚⁵ sou̯³³/


胰島素

/i³⁵ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ su⁵¹/

/i²⁴⁻²² to⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sɔ²¹/

/i²⁴⁻²² to⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sɔ⁴¹/

/i¹³⁻²² to⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sɔ²¹/

/i²⁴⁻¹¹ to⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sɔ¹¹/

/i²³⁻³³ tɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ sɔ²¹/

/i⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tau⁵²⁻³⁵ su²¹³/

/i³⁵ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ su⁵¹/

/i²⁴⁻²² to⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sɔ²¹/

/i²⁴⁻²² to⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sɔ⁴¹/

/i¹³⁻²² to⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sɔ²¹/

/i²⁴⁻¹¹ to⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sɔ¹¹/

/i²³⁻³³ tɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ sɔ²¹/

/i⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tau⁵²⁻³⁵ su²¹³/

注射胰島素

注射胰岛素


類固醇

ㄌㄟˋ ㄍㄨˋ ㄔㄨㄣˊ

/leɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ku⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən³⁵/

/lɵy̯²² kuː³³ sɵn²¹/

/leɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ku⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən³⁵/

/lɵy̯²² kuː³³ sɵn²¹/


腎上腺素

ㄕㄣˋ ㄕㄤˋ ㄒㄧㄢˋ ㄙㄨˋ

шэньшансяньсу

/ʂən⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂɑŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹⁻⁵³ su⁵¹/

/sɐn²² sœːŋ²² siːn³³ sou̯³³/

/ʂən⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂɑŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹⁻⁵³ su⁵¹/

/sɐn²² sœːŋ²² siːn³³ sou̯³³/

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) adrenaline; epinephrine


烏龍茶

→ English: oolong tea (calque)

→ Japanese: 烏龍茶 (ūroncha)

→ Korean: 우롱차 (urongcha)

desc

→ Pashto: وولونګ چای (wûlong čây) (calque)

→ Vietnamese: trà ô long (calque)

/u⁵⁵ lʊŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰä³⁵/

/wuː⁵⁵ lʊŋ²¹⁻³⁵ t͡sʰaː²¹/

/vu²⁴ li̯uŋ¹¹ t͡sʰa¹¹/

/u⁵⁴ lœyŋ³³ ta³³/

/u⁵⁵ l̃yŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾na⁵³/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻²² liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² te²⁴/

/ɔ³³ liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² te²⁴/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻²² liɔŋ¹³⁻²² te¹³/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ liɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ te²⁴/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ liɔŋ²³⁻³³ te²³/

/ou³³⁻²³ leŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ te⁵⁵/

/u⁵⁵ lʊŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰä³⁵/

/wuː⁵⁵ lʊŋ²¹⁻³⁵ t͡sʰaː²¹/

/vu²⁴ li̯uŋ¹¹ t͡sʰa¹¹/

/u⁵⁴ lœyŋ³³ ta³³/

/u⁵⁵ l̃yŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾na⁵³/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻²² liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² te²⁴/

/ɔ³³ liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² te²⁴/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻²² liɔŋ¹³⁻²² te¹³/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ liɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ te²⁴/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ liɔŋ²³⁻³³ te²³/

/ou³³⁻²³ leŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ te⁵⁵/


徹底

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (徹底):
* → Japanese: 徹底(てってい) (tettei)
* → Korean: 철저(徹底) (cheoljeo)
* → Vietnamese: triệt để (徹底)

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤ⁵¹ ti²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰiːt̚³ tɐi̯³⁵/

/t͡sʰaʔ²⁻⁴⁵ ti⁵³/

/tʰiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ ti⁵³/

/tʰiɛt̚³²⁻⁵ ti⁵³/

/tʰiɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ ti⁵⁵⁴/

/tʰiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ ti⁴¹/

/tʰiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ te⁵³/

/tʰiɛt̚³²⁻⁵ te⁵³/

/tʰiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ te⁴¹/

/tʰiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ tue⁵³/

/tʰiak̚²⁻⁴ toi⁵²⁻²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤ⁵¹ ti²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰiːt̚³ tɐi̯³⁵/

/t͡sʰaʔ²⁻⁴⁵ ti⁵³/

/tʰiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ ti⁵³/

/tʰiɛt̚³²⁻⁵ ti⁵³/

/tʰiɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ ti⁵⁵⁴/

/tʰiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ ti⁴¹/

/tʰiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ te⁵³/

/tʰiɛt̚³²⁻⁵ te⁵³/

/tʰiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ te⁴¹/

/tʰiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ tue⁵³/

/tʰiak̚²⁻⁴ toi⁵²⁻²¹/


精煉

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ li̯ɛn⁵¹/

/t͡sɪŋ⁵⁵ liːn²²/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² liɛn²²/

/t͡siɪŋ³³ liɛn⁴¹/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² liɛn²²/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ liɛn³³/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ liɛn³³/

/t͡seŋ³³⁻²³ liaŋ¹¹/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ li̯ɛn⁵¹/

/t͡sɪŋ⁵⁵ liːn²²/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² liɛn²²/

/t͡siɪŋ³³ liɛn⁴¹/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² liɛn²²/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ liɛn³³/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ liɛn³³/

/t͡seŋ³³⁻²³ liaŋ¹¹/


濃縮鈾

ㄋㄨㄥˊ ㄙㄨㄛ ㄧㄡˊ

ㄋㄨㄥˊ ㄙㄨㄛ ㄧㄡˋ

/nʊŋ³⁵ su̯ɔ⁵⁵ joʊ̯³⁵/

/nʊŋ³⁵ su̯ɔ⁵⁵ joʊ̯⁵¹/

/nɔːŋ²¹ sʊk̚⁵ jɐu̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/nʊŋ³⁵ su̯ɔ⁵⁵ joʊ̯³⁵/

/nʊŋ³⁵ su̯ɔ⁵⁵ joʊ̯⁵¹/

/nɔːŋ²¹ sʊk̚⁵ jɐu̯²¹⁻³⁵/


鈾礦

/joʊ̯³⁵ kʰu̯ɑŋ⁵¹/

/joʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ kʰu̯ɑŋ⁵¹/

/jɐu̯²¹⁻³⁵ kʷʰɔːŋ³³/

/jɐu̯²¹ kʷʰɔːŋ³³/

/joʊ̯³⁵ kʰu̯ɑŋ⁵¹/

/joʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ kʰu̯ɑŋ⁵¹/

/jɐu̯²¹⁻³⁵ kʷʰɔːŋ³³/

/jɐu̯²¹ kʷʰɔːŋ³³/


人參皂苷

人参皂苷
人蔘皂苷
人參皂甘/人蔘皂甘/人参皂甘

ㄖㄣˊ ㄕㄣ ㄗㄠˋ ㄍㄢ

жэньшэнь цзаогань

/ʐən³⁵ ʂən⁵⁵ t͡sɑʊ̯⁵¹ kän⁵⁵/

/ʐən³⁵ ʂən⁵⁵ t͡sɑʊ̯⁵¹ kän⁵⁵/


梅酒

/meɪ̯³⁵ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/muːi̯²¹ t͡sɐu̯³⁵/

/meɪ̯³⁵ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/muːi̯²¹ t͡sɐu̯³⁵/


小雨

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/siːu̯³⁵ jyː¹³/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hɔ²²/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hɔ³³/

/siɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ hɔ³³/

/sio⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ hɔ²²/

/ɕiɔ³³ ɦy⁴⁴/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/siːu̯³⁵ jyː¹³/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hɔ²²/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hɔ³³/

/siɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ hɔ³³/

/sio⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ hɔ²²/

/ɕiɔ³³ ɦy⁴⁴/


皂礬

/t͡sɑʊ̯⁵¹ fän³⁵/

/t͡sɑʊ̯⁵¹ fän³⁵/


澱粉

/ti̯ɛn⁵¹ fən²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tiɛn²²⁻²¹ hun⁵³/

/tiɛn⁴¹⁻²² hun⁵⁵⁴/

/tiɛn²²⁻²¹ hun⁵³/

/tiɛn³³⁻¹¹ hun⁵³/

/tiɛn³³⁻²¹ hun⁴¹/

/ti̯ɛn⁵¹ fən²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tiɛn²²⁻²¹ hun⁵³/

/tiɛn⁴¹⁻²² hun⁵⁵⁴/

/tiɛn²²⁻²¹ hun⁵³/

/tiɛn³³⁻¹¹ hun⁵³/

/tiɛn³³⁻²¹ hun⁴¹/


海水

Sino-Xenic (海水):
* → Japanese: 海水(かいすい) (kaisui)
* → Korean: 해수(海水) (haesu)

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ sɵy̯³⁵/

/hoɪ³¹ suɪ³¹/

/hai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sui⁵⁵⁴/

/hai⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡sui⁵²⁻²¹/

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ sɵy̯³⁵/

/hoɪ³¹ suɪ³¹/

/hai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sui⁵⁵⁴/

/hai⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡sui⁵²⁻²¹/

海水淡化


大浪

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ lɑŋ⁵¹/

/taːi̯²² lɔːŋ²²/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ loŋ⁵⁵/

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ lɑŋ⁵¹/

/taːi̯²² lɔːŋ²²/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ loŋ⁵⁵/

(～村) Tai Long (a village of South Lantao Rural Committee in Chi Ma Wan, Islands district, New Territories, Hong Kong)


賴氨酸

/laɪ̯⁵¹ ˀän⁵⁵ su̯än⁵⁵/

/laːi̯²² ɔːn⁵⁵ syːn⁵⁵/

/laɪ̯⁵¹ ˀän⁵⁵ su̯än⁵⁵/

/laːi̯²² ɔːn⁵⁵ syːn⁵⁵/

From English lysine + 氨酸 (ānsuān, “amino acid”).


嗎啡

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ feɪ̯⁵⁵/

/maː⁵⁵ fɛː⁵⁵/

/ˈma²¹³⁻¹³ fɨi⁴²/

/mã²²⁻²¹ hui⁴⁴/

/mɔ̃²³⁻³³ hui⁴⁴/

/mɔ̃²⁴⁻¹¹ hui⁴⁴/

/ma⁵²⁻³⁵ hui³³/

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ feɪ̯⁵⁵/

/maː⁵⁵ fɛː⁵⁵/

/ˈma²¹³⁻¹³ fɨi⁴²/

/mã²²⁻²¹ hui⁴⁴/

/mɔ̃²³⁻³³ hui⁴⁴/

/mɔ̃²⁴⁻¹¹ hui⁴⁴/

/ma⁵²⁻³⁵ hui³³/


威士忌

/weɪ̯⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕi⁵¹/

/wɐi̯⁵⁵ siː²² kei̯²²⁻³⁵/

/u̯i²⁴⁻¹¹ sɨ⁵⁵ ki³¹/

/ui⁴⁴⁻³³ su³³⁻²¹ ki³³/

/ui⁴⁴⁻³³ su³³⁻¹¹ ki³³/

/weɪ̯⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕi⁵¹/

/wɐi̯⁵⁵ siː²² kei̯²²⁻³⁵/

/u̯i²⁴⁻¹¹ sɨ⁵⁵ ki³¹/

/ui⁴⁴⁻³³ su³³⁻²¹ ki³³/

/ui⁴⁴⁻³³ su³³⁻¹¹ ki³³/


白蘭地

/paɪ̯³⁵ län³⁵ ti⁵¹/

bag⁶ lan⁴⁻¹ déi⁶⁻²

/paːk̚² laːn²¹⁻⁵⁵ tei̯²²⁻³⁵/

/pak̚³² lan⁵⁵ ti³²⁻³²⁵/

/piɪk̚⁴⁻³² lan²⁴⁻²² te²²/

/paɪ̯³⁵ län³⁵ ti⁵¹/

/paːk̚² laːn²¹⁻⁵⁵ tei̯²²⁻³⁵/

/pak̚³² lan⁵⁵ ti³²⁻³²⁵/

/piɪk̚⁴⁻³² lan²⁴⁻²² te²²/

Borrowed from English brandy, via Shanghainese.


金銀

/t͡ɕiŋ²⁴ iŋ²⁴/

/kɐm⁵⁵ ŋɐn²¹/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² ɡin²⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² ɡun²⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² ɡin¹³/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² ɡun¹³/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡin²⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡun²⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡin²³/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡun²³/

/t͡ɕiŋ²⁴ iŋ²⁴/

/kɐm⁵⁵ ŋɐn²¹/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² ɡin²⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² ɡun²⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² ɡin¹³/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² ɡun¹³/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡin²⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡun²⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡin²³/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡun²³/

金銀珠寶／金银珠宝 [Cantonese] ― gam¹ ngan⁴ zyu¹ bou² [Jyutping] ― gold, silver and jewelry


金銀

/t͡ɕiŋ²⁴ iŋ²⁴/

/kɐm⁵⁵ ŋɐn²¹/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² ɡin²⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² ɡun²⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² ɡin¹³/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² ɡun¹³/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡin²⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡun²⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡin²³/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡun²³/

/t͡ɕiŋ²⁴ iŋ²⁴/

/kɐm⁵⁵ ŋɐn²¹/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² ɡin²⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² ɡun²⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² ɡin¹³/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² ɡun¹³/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡin²⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡun²⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡin²³/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡun²³/

(～村) Jinyin (a village in Zhonglu, Lichuan, Enshi prefecture, Hubei, China)


冰山

/piŋ⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/pɪŋ⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/piɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/piɪŋ³³ suã³³/

/piɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/piɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ suã⁴⁴/

/piɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ suã⁴⁴/

/pĩã³³⁻²³ sũã³³/

/piŋ⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/pɪŋ⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/piɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/piɪŋ³³ suã³³/

/piɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/piɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ suã⁴⁴/

/piɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ suã⁴⁴/

/pĩã³³⁻²³ sũã³³/

(literally, figurative) iceberg (floating mass of ice in the sea)


白板

→ Japanese: 白板(パイパン) (paipan)

/paɪ̯³⁵ pän²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/paɪ̯³⁵ pɑɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/paɪ̯³⁵ pän²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/paɪ̯³⁵ pɑɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/


石棉

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ mi̯ɛn³⁵/

/sɛːk̚² miːn²¹/

/suoʔ⁵⁻³³ mieŋ⁵³/

/t͡sio(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ mĩ²⁴/

/t͡sio(ʔ)²⁴⁻² mĩ²⁴/

/t͡sio(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ mĩ¹³/

/t͡sio(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ mĩ²⁴/

/t͡siɤ(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ mĩ²³/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ mi̯ɛn³⁵/

/sɛːk̚² miːn²¹/

/suoʔ⁵⁻³³ mieŋ⁵³/

/t͡sio(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ mĩ²⁴/

/t͡sio(ʔ)²⁴⁻² mĩ²⁴/

/t͡sio(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ mĩ¹³/

/t͡sio(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ mĩ²⁴/

/t͡siɤ(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ mĩ²³/

Dating back to the early 20th century – see below for citations.
Previous names include: 石絨 [since 13th century], 石麻, 不灰木, 不盡木, 不燼木, 火浣布.

石棉肺

(It) has gold, copper and asbestos deposits, and is also rich in forests.

Yǒu jīn, tóng, shímián zhū kuàng, línmù yì fù.

有金、銅、石棉諸礦，林木亦富。

有金、铜、石棉诸矿，林木亦富。

Asbestos: produced in the inland mountains of Eastern Taiwan.

石棉：臺東內山有產。

石棉：台东内山有产。


開水

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔːi̯⁵⁵ sɵy̯³⁵/

/kʰe⁵⁵ sz̩²¹/

/kʰai̯³³ ɕy̯e̞i̯⁴¹/

/kʰai̯⁴⁴⁵ su̯i³³/

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔːi̯⁵⁵ sɵy̯³⁵/

/kʰe⁵⁵ sz̩²¹/

/kʰai̯³³ ɕy̯e̞i̯⁴¹/

/kʰai̯⁴⁴⁵ su̯i³³/

/kʰe⁴⁴ sz̩³⁴/

/kʰe⁴⁴ sz̩³⁴/


開水

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔːi̯⁵⁵ sɵy̯³⁵/

/kʰe⁵⁵ sz̩²¹/

/kʰai̯³³ ɕy̯e̞i̯⁴¹/

/kʰai̯⁴⁴⁵ su̯i³³/

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔːi̯⁵⁵ sɵy̯³⁵/

/kʰe⁵⁵ sz̩²¹/

/kʰai̯³³ ɕy̯e̞i̯⁴¹/

/kʰai̯⁴⁴⁵ su̯i³³/

/kʰe⁴⁴ sz̩³⁴/

/kʰe⁴⁴ sz̩³⁴/

(Shanghainese, of water) to boil; to be boiling


露水

/lu⁵¹ ʂu̯eɪ̯¹/

/lu⁵¹ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lou̯²² sɵy̯³⁵/

/lu⁵³⁻⁵⁵ suɪ³¹/

/lɔ³³⁻¹¹ t͡sui⁵³/

/lɔ³³⁻²¹ t͡sui⁴¹/

/lɔ²²⁻²¹ t͡sui⁵³/

/lɔ²²⁻¹² t͡sui⁵³/

/lɔ⁴¹⁻²² t͡sui⁵⁵⁴/

/lɔ¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡sui⁵³/

/lɔ²¹⁻⁵³ t͡sui⁵³/

/lɔ³³⁻²² t͡sui⁵⁵/

/ləu²² sz̩ʷ³³/

/lu⁵¹ ʂu̯eɪ̯¹/

/lu⁵¹ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lou̯²² sɵy̯³⁵/

/lu⁵³⁻⁵⁵ suɪ³¹/

/lɔ³³⁻¹¹ t͡sui⁵³/

/lɔ³³⁻²¹ t͡sui⁴¹/

/lɔ²²⁻²¹ t͡sui⁵³/

/lɔ²²⁻¹² t͡sui⁵³/

/lɔ⁴¹⁻²² t͡sui⁵⁵⁴/

/lɔ¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡sui⁵³/

/lɔ²¹⁻⁵³ t͡sui⁵³/

/lɔ³³⁻²² t͡sui⁵⁵/

/ləu²² sz̩ʷ³³/


嘌呤

/pʰi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ liŋ⁵¹/

/pʰi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵ liŋ³⁵/

/pʰiːu̯³³ lɪŋ²¹/

/pʰi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ liŋ⁵¹/

/pʰi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵ liŋ³⁵/

/pʰiːu̯³³ lɪŋ²¹/

(organic chemistry, chiefly Mainland China, Hong Kong) purine


嘧啶

/mi⁵¹⁻⁵³ tiŋ⁵¹/

/mɐt̚² tɪŋ²²/

/mi⁵¹⁻⁵³ tiŋ⁵¹/

/mɐt̚² tɪŋ²²/


血清澱粉酶

ㄒㄩㄝˋ ㄑㄧㄥ ㄉㄧㄢˋ ㄈㄣˇ ㄇㄟˊ

ㄒㄩㄝˇ ㄑㄧㄥ ㄉㄧㄢˋ ㄈㄣˇ ㄇㄟˊ

ㄒㄧㄝˇ ㄑㄧㄥ ㄉㄧㄢˋ ㄈㄣˇ ㄇㄟˊ

сюэцин дяньфэньмэй

/ɕy̯ɛ⁵¹ t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ti̯ɛn⁵¹ fən²¹⁴⁻²¹ meɪ̯³⁵/

/ɕy̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ti̯ɛn⁵¹ fən²¹⁴⁻²¹ meɪ̯³⁵/

сецин дяньфэньмэй

/ɕi̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ti̯ɛn⁵¹ fən²¹⁴⁻²¹ meɪ̯³⁵/


澱粉酶

ㄉㄧㄢˋ ㄈㄣˇ ㄇㄟˊ

/ti̯ɛn⁵¹ fən²¹⁴⁻²¹ meɪ̯³⁵/

/tiːn²² fɐn³⁵ muːi̯²¹/

/ti̯ɛn⁵¹ fən²¹⁴⁻²¹ meɪ̯³⁵/

/tiːn²² fɐn³⁵ muːi̯²¹/


泌尿

/mi⁵¹⁻⁵³ ni̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/pi²¹⁻⁵³ d͡zio²²/

/pi²¹⁻⁴¹ ziɤ³³/

/pi²¹⁻⁵³ lio²²/

/pi⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ lio⁴¹/

/pi¹¹⁻⁵³ lio³³/

/mi⁵¹⁻⁵³ ni̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/pi²¹⁻⁵³ d͡zio²²/

/pi²¹⁻⁴¹ ziɤ³³/

/pi²¹⁻⁵³ lio²²/

/pi⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ lio⁴¹/

/pi¹¹⁻⁵³ lio³³/


塗炭

/tʰu³⁵ tʰän⁵¹/

/tʰou̯²¹ tʰaːn³³/

/tʰu³⁵ tʰän⁵¹/

/tʰou̯²¹ tʰaːn³³/

The sovereign of Xia had his virtue all-obscured, and the people were (as if they had fallen) amid mire and (burning) charcoal.

Forged Old Text of the Book of Documents, circa 3ʳᵈ – 4ᵗʰ century CE

有夏昏德，民墜塗炭。

有夏昏德，民坠涂炭。

(literary, figurative) harrowing situation; extreme distress; great affliction


木糖醇

ㄇㄨˋ ㄊㄤˊ ㄔㄨㄣˊ

/mu⁵¹ tʰɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən³⁵/

/mʊk̚² tʰɔːŋ²¹ sɵn²¹/

/mu⁵¹ tʰɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən³⁵/

/mʊk̚² tʰɔːŋ²¹ sɵn²¹/


打鐵趁熱

ㄉㄚˇ ㄊㄧㄝˇ ㄔㄣˋ ㄖㄜˋ

/tä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ tʰi̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰən⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʐɤ⁵¹/

/taː³⁵ tʰiːt̚³ t͡sʰɐn³³ jiːt̚²/

/tä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ tʰi̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰən⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʐɤ⁵¹/

/taː³⁵ tʰiːt̚³ t͡sʰɐn³³ jiːt̚²/

strike while the iron is hot
strike while the iron is hot


金酒

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɐm⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯³⁵/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɐm⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯³⁵/

(archaic) a kind of liquor used by emperors to poison ministers to death


苦艾酒

/kʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ˀaɪ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fuː³⁵ ŋaːi̯²² t͡sɐu̯³⁵/

/kʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ˀaɪ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fuː³⁵ ŋaːi̯²² t͡sɐu̯³⁵/


蘭姆酒

ㄌㄢˊ ㄇㄨˇ ㄐㄧㄡˇ

/län³⁵ mu²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/laːn²¹ mou̯¹³ t͡sɐu̯³⁵/

/län³⁵ mu²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/laːn²¹ mou̯¹³ t͡sɐu̯³⁵/

From English rum + 酒 (jiǔ, “alcoholic drink”).


米酒

→ Japanese: 米酒 (bīchū), 米酒 (bīchu)

/mi²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mɐi̯¹³ t͡sɐu̯³⁵/

/bi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siu⁵³/

/bi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡siu⁵⁵⁴/

/bi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siu⁵³/

/bi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siu⁵³/

/bi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡siu⁴¹/

/mi²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mɐi̯¹³ t͡sɐu̯³⁵/

/bi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siu⁵³/

/bi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡siu⁵⁵⁴/

/bi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siu⁵³/

/bi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siu⁵³/

/bi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡siu⁴¹/

(Wuhan Mandarin, Pingxiang Gan, Huizhou, Eastern Min) jiuniang


石灰

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ xu̯eɪ̯⁵⁵/

/ʂʐ̩²⁴ xuɛi⁵¹/

/sɛːk̚² fuːi̯⁵⁵/

/ˈsaʔ² fɨi⁴²/

/suoʔ⁵⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ui⁵⁵/

/t͡sio(ʔ)²⁴⁻² hə³³/

/t͡sio(ʔ)³⁵⁻² hə³³/

/t͡sio(ʔ)⁵⁴⁻¹² hə⁴⁴/

/ʂʐ̩²⁴ ɸe̞i̯³³/

/sz̩²⁴ ɸe̞i̯³³/

/ɕi̯ä²² fei̯⁴⁴⁵/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ xu̯eɪ̯⁵⁵/

/ʂʐ̩²⁴ xuɛi⁵¹/

/sɛːk̚² fuːi̯⁵⁵/

/ˈsaʔ² fɨi⁴²/

/suoʔ⁵⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ui⁵⁵/

/t͡sio(ʔ)²⁴⁻² hə³³/

/t͡sio(ʔ)³⁵⁻² hə³³/

/t͡sio(ʔ)⁵⁴⁻¹² hə⁴⁴/

/ʂʐ̩²⁴ ɸe̞i̯³³/

/sz̩²⁴ ɸe̞i̯³³/

/ɕi̯ä²² fei̯⁴⁴⁵/


石灰石

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ xu̯eɪ̯⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/sɛːk̚² fuːi̯⁵⁵ sɛːk̚²/

/t͡sio(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ he⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sioʔ⁴/

/t͡sio(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ he⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sioʔ⁴/

/t͡siɤ(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ hue⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siɤʔ⁴/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ xu̯eɪ̯⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/sɛːk̚² fuːi̯⁵⁵ sɛːk̚²/

/t͡sio(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ he⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sioʔ⁴/

/t͡sio(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ he⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sioʔ⁴/

/t͡siɤ(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ hue⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siɤʔ⁴/


試金石

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹ t͡ɕin⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/t͡sʰi²¹⁻⁵³ kim⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sioʔ⁴/

/t͡sʰi⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kim³³ t͡sioʔ²⁴/

/t͡sʰi²¹⁻⁵³ kim⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sioʔ¹²¹/

/t͡sʰi¹¹⁻⁵³ kim⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sioʔ⁴/

/t͡sʰi²¹⁻⁴¹ kim⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siɤʔ⁴/

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹ t͡ɕin⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/t͡sʰi²¹⁻⁵³ kim⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sioʔ⁴/

/t͡sʰi⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kim³³ t͡sioʔ²⁴/

/t͡sʰi²¹⁻⁵³ kim⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sioʔ¹²¹/

/t͡sʰi¹¹⁻⁵³ kim⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sioʔ⁴/

/t͡sʰi²¹⁻⁴¹ kim⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siɤʔ⁴/


甲基苯丙胺

ㄐㄧㄚˇ ㄐㄧ ㄅㄣˇ ㄅㄧㄥˇ ㄢˋ

ㄐㄧㄚˇ ㄐㄧ ㄅㄣˇ ㄅㄧㄥˇ ㄢ

цзяцзи бэньбинъань

/t͡ɕi̯ä²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi⁵⁵ pən²¹⁴⁻³⁵ piŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ˀän⁵¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ä²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi⁵⁵ pən²¹⁴⁻³⁵ piŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ˀän⁵⁵/

/kaːp̚³ kei̯⁵⁵ puːn³⁵ pɪŋ³⁵ ɔːn⁵⁵/

/kaːp̚³ kei̯⁵⁵ puːn³⁵ pɪŋ³⁵ ɔːn³³/

/kaːp̚³ kei̯⁵⁵ puːn³⁵ pɪŋ³⁵ ɔːn⁵⁵/

/kaːp̚³ kei̯⁵⁵ puːn³⁵ pɪŋ³⁵ ɔːn³³/


苯丙胺

/pən²¹⁴⁻³⁵ piŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ˀän⁵¹/

/pən²¹⁴⁻³⁵ piŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ˀän⁵⁵/

/puːn³⁵ pɪŋ³⁵ ɔːn⁵⁵/

/puːn³⁵ pɪŋ³⁵ ɔːn³³/

/pən²¹⁴⁻³⁵ piŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ˀän⁵¹/

/pən²¹⁴⁻³⁵ piŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ˀän⁵⁵/

/puːn³⁵ pɪŋ³⁵ ɔːn⁵⁵/

/puːn³⁵ pɪŋ³⁵ ɔːn³³/


冰糖

/piŋ⁵⁵ tʰɑŋ³⁵/

/piŋ²⁴ tʰɑŋ²⁴/

/pɪŋ⁵⁵ tʰɔːŋ²¹/

/pin⁴² ˈtʰɔŋ²⁴/

/pɛn⁴⁴⁻³⁵ tʰɔŋ¹¹/

/piŋ¹¹ tʰɒ̃¹¹/

/piɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰŋ̍²³/

/piɪŋ³³ tʰŋ̍²⁴/

/piɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tʰŋ̍²⁴/

/piɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tʰŋ̍¹³/

/pin⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰŋ̍²⁴/

/pĩã³³⁻²³ tʰɯŋ⁵⁵/

/pin⁵⁵ dɑ̃²¹/

/piŋ⁵⁵ tʰɑŋ³⁵/

/piŋ²⁴ tʰɑŋ²⁴/

/pɪŋ⁵⁵ tʰɔːŋ²¹/

/pin⁴² ˈtʰɔŋ²⁴/

/pɛn⁴⁴⁻³⁵ tʰɔŋ¹¹/

/piŋ¹¹ tʰɒ̃¹¹/

/piɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰŋ̍²³/

/piɪŋ³³ tʰŋ̍²⁴/

/piɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tʰŋ̍²⁴/

/piɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tʰŋ̍¹³/

/pin⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰŋ̍²⁴/

/pĩã³³⁻²³ tʰɯŋ⁵⁵/

/pin⁵⁵ dɑ̃²¹/


黃金

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/wɔːŋ²¹ kɐm⁵⁵/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻²² kim³³/

/ŋ̍²³⁻³³ kim⁴⁴/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ kim⁴⁴/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻²² kim⁴⁴/

/uĩ¹³⁻²² kim⁴⁴/

/hɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kim⁴⁴/

/hɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kim⁴⁴/

/hɔŋ¹³⁻²² kim⁴⁴/

/hɔŋ²³⁻³³ kim⁴⁴/

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/wɔːŋ²¹ kɐm⁵⁵/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻²² kim³³/

/ŋ̍²³⁻³³ kim⁴⁴/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ kim⁴⁴/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻²² kim⁴⁴/

/uĩ¹³⁻²² kim⁴⁴/

/hɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kim⁴⁴/

/hɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kim⁴⁴/

/hɔŋ¹³⁻²² kim⁴⁴/

/hɔŋ²³⁻³³ kim⁴⁴/


合金

/xɤ³⁵ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/hɐp̚² kɐm⁵⁵/

/haʔ⁵⁻⁵⁵ kiŋ⁵⁵/

/hap̚¹²¹⁻²¹ kim⁴⁴/

/xɤ³⁵ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/hɐp̚² kɐm⁵⁵/

/haʔ⁵⁻⁵⁵ kiŋ⁵⁵/

/hap̚¹²¹⁻²¹ kim⁴⁴/

alloy (metal combined of two or more elements)


二酸化炭素

/zi³³⁻²¹ sŋ̍⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²¹⁻⁴¹ tʰuã²¹⁻⁴¹ sɔ²¹/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 二(に)酸(さん)化(か)炭(たん)素(そ) (nisankatanso).

(Taiwanese Hokkien, dated) carbon dioxide


中子

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

/t͡suŋ²⁴ t͡sɨ³¹/

/t͡ʃuŋ⁵³ t͡sɨ²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡su⁴¹/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡su⁵³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡su⁵³/

/tiɔŋ³³ t͡sɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

/t͡suŋ²⁴ t͡sɨ³¹/

/t͡ʃuŋ⁵³ t͡sɨ²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡su⁴¹/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡su⁵³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡su⁵³/

/tiɔŋ³³ t͡sɯ⁵⁵⁴/


馬拉松

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ lä⁵⁵ sʊŋ⁵⁵/

/maː¹³ laːi̯⁵⁵ t͡sʰʊŋ²¹/

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ lä⁵⁵ sʊŋ⁵⁵/

/maː¹³ laːi̯⁵⁵ t͡sʰʊŋ²¹/

馬拉硫磷 馬拉硫磷#Chinese

马拉硫磷 马拉硫磷#Chinese

(organic chemistry) Alternative name for 馬拉硫磷／马拉硫磷 (“malathion”).


鴆酒

/ʈ͡ʂən⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sɐm²² t͡sɐu̯³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂən⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sɐm²² t͡sɐu̯³⁵/


波浪

/pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ lɑŋ⁵¹/

/pɔː⁵⁵ lɔːŋ²²/

/po²⁴⁻¹¹ loŋ⁵⁵/

/pʰo³³ lɔŋ⁴¹/

/pʰo⁴⁴⁻²² lɔŋ²²/

/pʰo⁴⁴⁻³³ lɔŋ³³/

/pʰɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ lɔŋ³³/

/po⁴⁴⁻²² lɔŋ²²/

/po³³⁻²³ laŋ³⁵/

/pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ lɑŋ⁵¹/

/pɔː⁵⁵ lɔːŋ²²/

/po²⁴⁻¹¹ loŋ⁵⁵/

/pʰo³³ lɔŋ⁴¹/

/pʰo⁴⁴⁻²² lɔŋ²²/

/pʰo⁴⁴⁻³³ lɔŋ³³/

/pʰɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ lɔŋ³³/

/po⁴⁴⁻²² lɔŋ²²/

/po³³⁻²³ laŋ³⁵/

wave (moving disturbance in the level of a body of liquid)


淡水

/tän⁵¹ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰaːm¹³ sɵy̯³⁵/

/tã³⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sui⁵²/

/tän⁵¹ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰaːm¹³ sɵy̯³⁵/

/tã³⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sui⁵²/

/taːm²² sɵy̯³⁵/

/tän⁵¹ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/taːm²² sɵy̯³⁵/

fresh water; potable water; drinking water


淡水

→ English: Tamsui, Tan-shui

/tän⁵¹ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰaːm¹³ sɵy̯³⁵/

/tã³⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sui⁵²/

/tän⁵¹ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰaːm¹³ sɵy̯³⁵/

/tã³⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sui⁵²/

/taːm²² sɵy̯³⁵/

/tän⁵¹ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/taːm²² sɵy̯³⁵/

(～區, formerly ～鎮) Tamsui (a sea-side district in New Taipei, Taiwan)

(～河) Tamsui (a river in northern Taiwan)


硫酸

/li̯oʊ̯³⁵ su̯än⁵⁵/

/lɐu̯²¹ syːn⁵⁵/

/liu²³⁻³³ sŋ̍⁴⁴/

/liu²⁴⁻¹¹ sŋ̍⁴⁴/

/liu²⁴⁻²² sŋ̍⁴⁴/

/liu²⁴⁻²² sŋ̍³³/

/liu¹³⁻²² suĩ⁴⁴/

/liu⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sɯŋ³³/

/liɤ²² sø⁴⁴/

/li̯oʊ̯³⁵ su̯än⁵⁵/

/lɐu̯²¹ syːn⁵⁵/

/liu²³⁻³³ sŋ̍⁴⁴/

/liu²⁴⁻¹¹ sŋ̍⁴⁴/

/liu²⁴⁻²² sŋ̍⁴⁴/

/liu²⁴⁻²² sŋ̍³³/

/liu¹³⁻²² suĩ⁴⁴/

/liu⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sɯŋ³³/

/liɤ²² sø⁴⁴/

to endure disfigurement from a vitriol attack

因被潑硫酸毀容

因被泼硫酸毁容


瀑布

Sino-Xenic (瀑布):
* → Japanese: 瀑(ばく)布(ふ) (bakufu)
* → Korean: 폭포(瀑布) (pokpo)

/pʰu⁵¹⁻⁵³ pu⁵¹/

/pɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ pu⁵¹/

/puʔ⁵⁻²¹ puɔ²¹³/

/pʰɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ pɔ²¹/

/pʰɔk̚⁴⁻³² pɔ²¹/

/pɔk̚³⁵⁻² pɔ³¹/

/pɔk̚²⁴⁻² pɔ⁴¹/

/pɔk̚⁴⁻¹ pɔ²¹/

/pɔk̚⁴⁻³² pʰɔ¹¹/

/pʰak̚⁴⁻² pou²¹³/

/pʰu⁵¹⁻⁵³ pu⁵¹/

/pɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ pu⁵¹/

/puʔ⁵⁻²¹ puɔ²¹³/

/pʰɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ pɔ²¹/

/pʰɔk̚⁴⁻³² pɔ²¹/

/pɔk̚³⁵⁻² pɔ³¹/

/pɔk̚²⁴⁻² pɔ⁴¹/

/pɔk̚⁴⁻¹ pɔ²¹/

/pɔk̚⁴⁻³² pʰɔ¹¹/

/pʰak̚⁴⁻² pou²¹³/

waterfall (a flow of water over the edge of a cliff)


石炭

→ Indonesian: batu bara (calque)

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ tʰän⁵¹/

/t͡sio(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ tʰuã²¹/

/t͡sio(ʔ)²⁴⁻² tʰuã⁴¹/

/t͡sio(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ tʰuã²¹/

/t͡sio(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ tʰuã¹¹/

/t͡siɤ(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ tʰuã²¹/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ tʰän⁵¹/

/t͡sio(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ tʰuã²¹/

/t͡sio(ʔ)²⁴⁻² tʰuã⁴¹/

/t͡sio(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ tʰuã²¹/

/t͡sio(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ tʰuã¹¹/

/t͡siɤ(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ tʰuã²¹/


盤尼西林

ㄆㄢˊ ㄋㄧˊ ㄒㄧ ㄌㄧㄣˊ

паньнисилинь

/pʰän³⁵ ni³⁵ ɕi⁵⁵ lin³⁵/

/pʰuːn²¹ nei̯²¹ sɐi̯⁵⁵ lɐm²¹/

/pʰe⁴⁴⁻³³ nĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ si⁴⁴⁻³³ lin⁵³/

/pʰe⁴⁴⁻³³ nĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ si⁴⁴⁻³³ lin⁴¹/

/pʰän³⁵ ni³⁵ ɕi⁵⁵ lin³⁵/

/pʰuːn²¹ nei̯²¹ sɐi̯⁵⁵ lɐm²¹/

/pʰe⁴⁴⁻³³ nĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ si⁴⁴⁻³³ lin⁵³/

/pʰe⁴⁴⁻³³ nĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ si⁴⁴⁻³³ lin⁴¹/


清酒

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯³⁵/

/t͡sʰɛːŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯³⁵/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ t͡siu⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴¹/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯³⁵/

/t͡sʰɛːŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯³⁵/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ t͡siu⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴¹/


日本酒

/ʐ̩⁵¹ pən²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jɐt̚² puːn³⁵ t͡sɐu̯³⁵/

/ʐ̩⁵¹ pən²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jɐt̚² puːn³⁵ t͡sɐu̯³⁵/


白葡萄酒

ㄅㄞˊ ㄆㄨˊ ㄊㄠˊ ㄐㄧㄡˇ

/paɪ̯³⁵ pʰu³⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³⁵ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/paɪ̯³⁵ pʰu³⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/paːk̚² pʰou̯²¹ tʰou̯²¹ t͡sɐu̯³⁵/

/paɪ̯³⁵ pʰu³⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/paːk̚² pʰou̯²¹ tʰou̯²¹ t͡sɐu̯³⁵/


水力

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ li⁵¹/

/sɵy̯³⁵ lɪk̚²/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ liak̚²⁴/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɪk̚⁴/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɪk̚¹²¹/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ liɪk̚⁴/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ li⁵¹/

/sɵy̯³⁵ lɪk̚²/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ liak̚²⁴/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɪk̚⁴/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɪk̚¹²¹/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ liɪk̚⁴/


地下水

ㄉㄧˋ ㄒㄧㄚˋ ㄕㄨㄟˇ

/ti⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕi̯ä⁵¹ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tei̯²² haː²² sɵy̯³⁵/

/te²²⁻²¹ ha²²⁻²¹ t͡sui⁵³/

/te⁴¹⁻²² ha⁴¹⁻²² t͡sui⁵⁵⁴/

/te²²⁻²¹ ha²²⁻²¹ t͡sui⁵³/

/te³³⁻¹¹ ha³³⁻¹¹ t͡sui⁵³/

/te³³⁻²¹ ha³³⁻²¹ t͡sui⁴¹/

/ti⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕi̯ä⁵¹ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tei̯²² haː²² sɵy̯³⁵/

/te²²⁻²¹ ha²²⁻²¹ t͡sui⁵³/

/te⁴¹⁻²² ha⁴¹⁻²² t͡sui⁵⁵⁴/

/te²²⁻²¹ ha²²⁻²¹ t͡sui⁵³/

/te³³⁻¹¹ ha³³⁻¹¹ t͡sui⁵³/

/te³³⁻²¹ ha³³⁻²¹ t͡sui⁴¹/

地下水污染修復

地下水污染修复

groundwater; underground water; bore water


炭水化物

/tʰuã²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ hua²¹⁻⁴¹ but̚⁴/

/tʰuã¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hua¹¹⁻⁵³ but̚⁴/

/tʰuã²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ hua²¹⁻⁴¹ but̚⁴/

/tʰuã¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hua¹¹⁻⁵³ but̚⁴/

Borrowed from Japanese 炭水化物(たんすいかぶつ) (tansuikabutsu).

(dated, Taiwanese Hokkien) carbohydrates


水資源

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡sz̩⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/sɵy̯³⁵ t͡siː⁵⁵ jyːn²¹/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡sz̩⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/sɵy̯³⁵ t͡siː⁵⁵ jyːn²¹/

水資源短缺

水资源短缺


梅雨

Sino-Xenic (梅雨):
* → Japanese: 梅(ばい)雨(う) (baiu)
* → Korean: 매우(梅雨) (mae'u)

/meɪ̯³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/muːi̯²¹ jyː¹³/

/muĩ²³⁻³³ u⁴¹/

/muĩ²⁴⁻²² u⁵³/

/muĩ²⁴⁻²² u⁵⁵⁴/

/muĩ²⁴⁻¹¹ u⁵³/

/bue¹³⁻²² i⁵³/

/meɪ̯³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/muːi̯²¹ jyː¹³/

/muĩ²³⁻³³ u⁴¹/

/muĩ²⁴⁻²² u⁵³/

/muĩ²⁴⁻²² u⁵⁵⁴/

/muĩ²⁴⁻¹¹ u⁵³/

/bue¹³⁻²² i⁵³/

Refers to the season when fruits of Prunus mume ripen.

The early-summer moon lights Luoyang's fields, when Jiangnan is overcast with plum-rain.

Bai Juyi (白居易), c. 9th century. 《和夢得夏至憶蘇州呈盧賓客》

洛下麥秋月，江南梅雨天。

洛下麦秋月，江南梅雨天。

It was the summer rainy season; streams were overflowing. Master Zhu, despite illness, went out to watch the flood.

Various editors. c. 13th century. A Collection of Conversations of Master Zhu (《朱子語類》)

Méiyǔ, xīliú zhǎng shèng, xiānshēng fúbìng wǎng guān.

梅雨，溪流漲盛，先生扶病往觀。

梅雨，溪流涨盛，先生扶病往观。

rain that falls during the Meiyu season; summer rain


轉盤

/ʈ͡ʂu̯än⁵¹ pʰän³⁵/

/t͡syːn³³ pʰuːn²¹⁻³⁵/

/tŋ̍⁵³⁻⁴⁴ puã²⁴/

/tŋ̍⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ puã²⁴/

/tuĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ puã¹³/

/t͡suan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ puã²⁴/

/t͡suan⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ puã²⁴/

/t͡suan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ puã¹³/

/ʈ͡ʂu̯än⁵¹ pʰän³⁵/

/t͡syːn³³ pʰuːn²¹⁻³⁵/

/tŋ̍⁵³⁻⁴⁴ puã²⁴/

/tŋ̍⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ puã²⁴/

/tuĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ puã¹³/

/t͡suan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ puã²⁴/

/t͡suan⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ puã²⁴/

/t͡suan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ puã¹³/


龍舌蘭酒

ㄌㄨㄥˊ ㄕㄜˊ ㄌㄢˊ ㄐㄧㄡˇ

луншэланьцзю

/lʊŋ³⁵ ʂɤ³⁵ län³⁵ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lʊŋ²¹ siːt̚² laːn²¹ t͡sɐu̯³⁵/

/lʊŋ²¹ siːt̚³ laːn²¹ t͡sɐu̯³⁵/

/lʊŋ³⁵ ʂɤ³⁵ län³⁵ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lʊŋ²¹ siːt̚² laːn²¹ t͡sɐu̯³⁵/

/lʊŋ²¹ siːt̚³ laːn²¹ t͡sɐu̯³⁵/


龍舌蘭

ㄌㄨㄥˊ ㄕㄜˊ ㄌㄢˊ

/lʊŋ³⁵ ʂɤ³⁵ län³⁵/

/lʊŋ²¹ siːt̚² laːn²¹/

/lʊŋ²¹ siːt̚³ laːn²¹/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² siɛt̚²⁴⁻² lan²⁴/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² siɛt̚⁴⁻³² lan²⁴/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ t͡si(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ lan²³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡si(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ lan²⁴/

/lʊŋ³⁵ ʂɤ³⁵ län³⁵/

/lʊŋ²¹ siːt̚² laːn²¹/

/lʊŋ²¹ siːt̚³ laːn²¹/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² siɛt̚²⁴⁻² lan²⁴/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² siɛt̚⁴⁻³² lan²⁴/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ t͡si(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ lan²³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡si(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ lan²⁴/


奶昔

/naɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi⁵⁵/

/naɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi³⁵/

/naːi̯¹³ sɪk̚⁵/

/na²² ɕiɪʔ⁴⁴/

/naɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi⁵⁵/

/naɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi³⁵/

/naːi̯¹³ sɪk̚⁵/

/na²² ɕiɪʔ⁴⁴/

Partial calque of English milkshake, via Cantonese.


朱砂

/ʈ͡ʂu⁵⁵ ʂä⁵⁵/

/t͡syː⁵⁵ saː⁵⁵/

/ˈt͡ɕy⁴² sa⁴²/

/t͡su²⁴⁻¹¹ sa²⁴/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻³³ se⁴⁴/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻²² se⁴⁴/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻²² sɛ⁴⁴/

/t͡su³³⁻²³ sa³³/

/ʈ͡ʂu⁵⁵ ʂä⁵⁵/

/t͡syː⁵⁵ saː⁵⁵/

/ˈt͡ɕy⁴² sa⁴²/

/t͡su²⁴⁻¹¹ sa²⁴/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻³³ se⁴⁴/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻²² se⁴⁴/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻²² sɛ⁴⁴/

/t͡su³³⁻²³ sa³³/


黃鐵礦

ㄏㄨㄤˊ ㄊㄧㄝˇ ㄎㄨㄤˋ

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ tʰi̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ kʰu̯ɑŋ⁵¹/

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ tʰi̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ kʰu̯ɑŋ⁵¹/


薄荷醇

ㄅㄛˋ ㄏㄜˊ ㄔㄨㄣˊ

/pu̯ɔ⁵¹ xɤ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən³⁵/

/pu̯ɔ⁵¹ xə¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən³⁵/

/pu̯ɔ⁵¹ xɤ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən³⁵/

/pu̯ɔ⁵¹ xə¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən³⁵/


水楊酸

ㄕㄨㄟˇ ㄧㄤˊ ㄙㄨㄢ

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ jɑŋ³⁵ su̯än⁵⁵/

/sɵy̯³⁵ jœːŋ²¹ syːn⁵⁵/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ jɑŋ³⁵ su̯än⁵⁵/

/sɵy̯³⁵ jœːŋ²¹ syːn⁵⁵/


苯酚

/pən²¹⁴⁻²¹ fən⁵⁵/

/pən²¹⁴⁻²¹ fən⁵⁵/

(organic chemistry) phenol (caustic compound derived from benzene)


青黴素

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ meɪ̯³⁵ su⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ mei̯²¹ sou̯³³/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ muːi̯²¹ sou̯³³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ muĩ²⁴⁻²² sɔ⁴¹/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² muĩ²⁴⁻²² sɔ²¹/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² muĩ¹³⁻²² sɔ²¹/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ meɪ̯³⁵ su⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ mei̯²¹ sou̯³³/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ muːi̯²¹ sou̯³³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ muĩ²⁴⁻²² sɔ⁴¹/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² muĩ²⁴⁻²² sɔ²¹/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² muĩ¹³⁻²² sɔ²¹/


流血

/li̯oʊ̯³⁵ ɕy̯ɛ⁵¹/

/li̯oʊ̯³⁵ ɕy̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/li̯oʊ̯³⁵ ɕi̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lɐu̯²¹ hyːt̚³/

/lau²⁴⁻¹¹ huiʔ³²/

/lau²⁴⁻²² huiʔ³²/

/lau²³⁻³³ hueʔ³²/

/lau¹³⁻²² hueʔ³²/

/li̯oʊ̯³⁵ ɕy̯ɛ⁵¹/

/li̯oʊ̯³⁵ ɕy̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/li̯oʊ̯³⁵ ɕi̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lɐu̯²¹ hyːt̚³/

/lau²⁴⁻¹¹ huiʔ³²/

/lau²⁴⁻²² huiʔ³²/

/lau²³⁻³³ hueʔ³²/

/lau¹³⁻²² hueʔ³²/

流血衝突

流血冲突

(of fightings, wars, etc.) to cause deaths or injuries


天然氣

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ʐän³⁵ t͡ɕʰi⁵¹/

/tʰiɛn³³ liɛn²⁴⁻²² kʰi⁴¹/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ liɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ kʰi¹¹/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² liɛn²⁴⁻²² kʰi²¹/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² d͡ziɛn¹³⁻²² kʰi²¹/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ ziɛn²³⁻³³ kʰi²¹/

/tʰiaŋ³³⁻²³ d͡ziaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kʰi²¹³/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ʐän³⁵ t͡ɕʰi⁵¹/

/tʰiɛn³³ liɛn²⁴⁻²² kʰi⁴¹/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ liɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ kʰi¹¹/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² liɛn²⁴⁻²² kʰi²¹/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² d͡ziɛn¹³⁻²² kʰi²¹/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ ziɛn²³⁻³³ kʰi²¹/

/tʰiaŋ³³⁻²³ d͡ziaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kʰi²¹³/


結晶

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/kiːt̚³ t͡sɪŋ⁵⁵/

/kiɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ t͡siɪŋ³³/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁵ t͡sĩ⁴⁴/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ t͡sĩ⁴⁴/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ t͡sẽ⁴⁴/

/kak̚²⁻⁴ t͡sĩã³³/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/kiːt̚³ t͡sɪŋ⁵⁵/

/kiɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ t͡siɪŋ³³/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁵ t͡sĩ⁴⁴/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ t͡sĩ⁴⁴/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ t͡sẽ⁴⁴/

/kak̚²⁻⁴ t͡sĩã³³/


點子

/ti̯ɛn²¹⁴ d͡z̥z̩⁴/

/tiam⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/ti̯ɛn²¹⁴ d͡z̥z̩⁴/

/tiam⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sɯ⁵⁵⁴/


海灘

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰän⁵⁵/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ tʰaːn⁵⁵/

/hai³³⁻²¹ l̃aŋ⁵⁵/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰuã⁴⁴/

/hai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tʰuã³³/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰuã⁴⁴/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰuã⁴⁴/

/hai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tʰuã⁴⁴/

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰän⁵⁵/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ tʰaːn⁵⁵/

/hai³³⁻²¹ l̃aŋ⁵⁵/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰuã⁴⁴/

/hai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tʰuã³³/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰuã⁴⁴/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰuã⁴⁴/

/hai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tʰuã⁴⁴/

The children are building sandcastles on the beach.

Háizi men zài hǎitān biān yòng shāzi duīqì chéngbǎo.

孩子們在海灘邊用沙子堆砌城堡。

孩子们在海滩边用沙子堆砌城堡。


唾沫

/tʰu̯ɔ⁵¹ mu̯ɔ¹/

/tʰɔː³³ muːt̚²/

/tʰœː³³ muːt̚²/

/tʰɔː³³ muːt̚³/

/tʰœː³³ muːt̚³/

/tʰɤ⁴⁵ maʔ²/

/tʰo²¹⁻⁵³ buat̚⁴/

/tʰo²¹⁻⁵³ buat̚¹²¹/

/tʰɔ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ buat̚²⁴/

/tʰu̯ɔ⁵¹ mu̯ɔ¹/

/tʰɔː³³ muːt̚²/

/tʰœː³³ muːt̚²/

/tʰɔː³³ muːt̚³/

/tʰœː³³ muːt̚³/

/tʰɤ⁴⁵ maʔ²/

/tʰo²¹⁻⁵³ buat̚⁴/

/tʰo²¹⁻⁵³ buat̚¹²¹/

/tʰɔ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ buat̚²⁴/


廢氣

/feɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕʰi⁵¹/

/fɐi̯³³ hei̯³³/

/hue²¹⁻⁴¹ kʰi²¹/

/hue²¹⁻⁵³ kʰi²¹/

/hue⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kʰi⁴¹/

/hue¹¹⁻⁵³ kʰi¹¹/

/hui²¹⁻⁴¹ kʰi²¹/

/hui²¹⁻⁵³ kʰi²¹/

/hui¹¹⁻⁵³ kʰi¹¹/

/feɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕʰi⁵¹/

/fɐi̯³³ hei̯³³/

/hue²¹⁻⁴¹ kʰi²¹/

/hue²¹⁻⁵³ kʰi²¹/

/hue⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kʰi⁴¹/

/hue¹¹⁻⁵³ kʰi¹¹/

/hui²¹⁻⁴¹ kʰi²¹/

/hui²¹⁻⁵³ kʰi²¹/

/hui¹¹⁻⁵³ kʰi¹¹/

廢氣處理設備

废气处理设备


飲水思源

desc

→ Vietnamese: uống nước nhớ nguồn (calque)

ㄧㄣˇ ㄕㄨㄟˇ ㄙ ㄩㄢˊ

иньшуйсыюань

/in²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ sz̩⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/jɐm³⁵ sɵy̯³⁵ siː⁵⁵ jyːn²¹/

/im⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ su⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡuan²³/

/im⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ su⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡuan²⁴/

/im⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ su⁴⁴⁻²² ɡuan²⁴/

/im⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ su⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡuan²³/

/im⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ su⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡuan²⁴/

/in²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ sz̩⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/jɐm³⁵ sɵy̯³⁵ siː⁵⁵ jyːn²¹/

/im⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ su⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡuan²³/

/im⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ su⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡuan²⁴/

/im⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ su⁴⁴⁻²² ɡuan²⁴/

/im⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ su⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡuan²³/

/im⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ su⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡuan²⁴/

From "Tune in the Key of Zhǐ" (徵調曲) written by Yu Xin (庾信) during the Northern and Southern dynasties:
:
i.e. remember where and how the fruit/water came from. Don’t just be thankful for the fruit/water. The idiom makes use of the latter half: be thankful for all the elements and processes (both past and present) that allowed you to enjoy that humble cup of water.

When you eat the fruit, remember the trees that produced them; when you drink water, think of its source.

Luò qí shí zhě sī qí shù; yǐn qí liú zhě huái qí yuán.

落其實者思其樹；飲其流者懷其源。

落其实者思其树；饮其流者怀其源。

to remember where one's happiness comes from; to not forget one's roots or heritage


沏茶

/t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰä³⁵/

/t͡sʰɐi̯⁵⁵ t͡sʰaː²¹/

/t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰä³⁵/

/t͡sʰɐi̯⁵⁵ t͡sʰaː²¹/


消化酶

ㄒㄧㄠ ㄏㄨㄚˋ ㄇㄟˊ

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹ meɪ̯³⁵/

/siːu̯⁵⁵ faː³³ muːi̯²¹/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹ meɪ̯³⁵/

/siːu̯⁵⁵ faː³³ muːi̯²¹/


葡萄糖

→ Bouyei: puftaoftangf

→ Zhuang: buzdauzdangz

/pʰu³⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³⁵ tʰɑŋ³⁵/

/pʰu³⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³ tʰɑŋ³⁵/

/pʰou̯²¹ tʰou̯²¹ tʰɔːŋ²¹/

/pʰou̯²¹ tʰou̯²¹ tʰɔːŋ²¹⁻³⁵/

/puo⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lo⁵³⁻³³ ^((tʰ-))louŋ⁵³/

/pʰu²⁴⁻¹¹ to²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰŋ̍²⁴/

/pʰu²³⁻³³ tɤ²³⁻³³ tʰŋ̍²³/

/pʰu²⁴⁻²² to²⁴⁻²² tʰŋ̍²⁴/

/pu²⁴⁻²² to²⁴⁻²² tʰŋ̍²⁴/

/pʰo²⁴⁻¹¹ to²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰŋ̍²⁴/

/pʰɤ²³⁻³³ tɤ²³⁻³³ tʰŋ̍²³/

/pʰu²³⁻³³ tʰɤ²³⁻³³ tʰŋ̍²³/

/pʰu²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰo²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰŋ̍²⁴/

/pʰu³⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³⁵ tʰɑŋ³⁵/

/pʰu³⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³ tʰɑŋ³⁵/

/pʰou̯²¹ tʰou̯²¹ tʰɔːŋ²¹/

/pʰou̯²¹ tʰou̯²¹ tʰɔːŋ²¹⁻³⁵/

/puo⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lo⁵³⁻³³ ^((tʰ-))louŋ⁵³/

/pʰu²⁴⁻¹¹ to²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰŋ̍²⁴/

/pʰu²³⁻³³ tɤ²³⁻³³ tʰŋ̍²³/

/pʰu²⁴⁻²² to²⁴⁻²² tʰŋ̍²⁴/

/pu²⁴⁻²² to²⁴⁻²² tʰŋ̍²⁴/

/pʰo²⁴⁻¹¹ to²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰŋ̍²⁴/

/pʰɤ²³⁻³³ tɤ²³⁻³³ tʰŋ̍²³/

/pʰu²³⁻³³ tʰɤ²³⁻³³ tʰŋ̍²³/

/pʰu²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰo²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰŋ̍²⁴/

葡萄糖不耐受


水蒸氣

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi⁵¹/

/sɵy̯³⁵ t͡sɪŋ⁵⁵ hei̯³³/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰi²¹/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡siɪŋ³³ kʰi⁴¹/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰi²¹/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰi¹¹/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰi²¹/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi⁵¹/

/sɵy̯³⁵ t͡sɪŋ⁵⁵ hei̯³³/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰi²¹/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡siɪŋ³³ kʰi⁴¹/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰi²¹/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰi¹¹/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰi²¹/


強化

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (強化):
* → Japanese: 強化(きょうか) (kyōka)
* → Korean: 강화(強化) (ganghwa)
* → Vietnamese: cường hoá (強化)

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɑŋ³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/kʰœːŋ²¹ faː³³/

/kiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² hua⁴¹/

/kiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² hua²¹/

/kiɔŋ²³⁻³³ hua²¹/

/kiɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ hua¹¹/

/kiaŋ¹³⁻²² hua²¹/

/kʰiaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hue²¹³/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɑŋ³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/kʰœːŋ²¹ faː³³/

/kiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² hua⁴¹/

/kiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² hua²¹/

/kiɔŋ²³⁻³³ hua²¹/

/kiɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ hua¹¹/

/kiaŋ¹³⁻²² hua²¹/

/kʰiaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hue²¹³/

(wine) to fortify (to add spirits to wine to increase the alcohol content)


光子

/ku̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʷɔːŋ⁵⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

/kŋ̍⁴⁴⁻²² t͡su⁵³/

/kŋ̍³³ t͡su⁵⁵⁴/

/kŋ̍⁴⁴⁻²² t͡su⁵³/

/kŋ̍⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡su⁵³/

/kŋ̍⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡su⁴¹/

/ku̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʷɔːŋ⁵⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

/kŋ̍⁴⁴⁻²² t͡su⁵³/

/kŋ̍³³ t͡su⁵⁵⁴/

/kŋ̍⁴⁴⁻²² t͡su⁵³/

/kŋ̍⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡su⁵³/

/kŋ̍⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡su⁴¹/


椰汁

/jɛ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/

/jɛ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/

/jɛː²¹ t͡sɐp̚⁵/

/jɛ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/

/jɛ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/

/jɛː²¹ t͡sɐp̚⁵/


料酒

/li̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/liːu̯²² t͡sɐu̯³⁵/

/liɔ²² t͡ɕiɤ⁴⁴/

/liæ²³ t͡søy¹¹/

/liɔ¹¹ t͡ɕiø⁵³/

/liɔ²² t͡ɕiʏ⁴⁴/

/li̯ɒu̯⁴⁵ t͡si̯əu̯⁴¹/

/li̯ɒu̯⁴⁵ t͡ɕi̯əu̯⁴¹/

/li̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/liːu̯²² t͡sɐu̯³⁵/

/liɔ²² t͡ɕiɤ⁴⁴/

/liæ²³ t͡søy¹¹/

/liɔ¹¹ t͡ɕiø⁵³/

/liɔ²² t͡ɕiʏ⁴⁴/

/li̯ɒu̯⁴⁵ t͡si̯əu̯⁴¹/

/li̯ɒu̯⁴⁵ t͡ɕi̯əu̯⁴¹/

liaojiu (a low grade of Chinese huangjiu, which often contains additional ingredients such as spices and salt, and is often used for cooking)


波本威士忌

ㄅㄛ ㄅㄣˇ ㄨㄟ ㄕˋ ㄐㄧˋ

бобэнь вэйшицзи

/pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ pən²¹⁴⁻²¹ weɪ̯⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕi⁵¹/

/pɔː⁵⁵ puːn³⁵ wɐi̯⁵⁵ siː²² kei̯²²⁻³⁵/

/pɔː⁵⁵ puːn³⁵ wɐi̯⁵⁵ siː²² kei̯²²⁻³⁵/


豆汁

/toʊ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/

/toʊ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩ɻ⁵⁵/

/toʊ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/

/toʊ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩ɻ⁵⁵/


搖頭丸

/jɑʊ̯³⁵ tʰoʊ̯³⁵ wän³⁵/

ㄧㄠˊㄦ ㄊㄡˊㄦ ㄨㄢˊ

/jaʊ̯ɻʷ³⁵ tʰɤʊ̯ɻʷ³⁵ wän³⁵/

/jiːu̯²¹ tʰɐu̯²¹ jyːn²¹⁻³⁵/

/i̯eu̯¹¹ tʰeu̯¹¹ i̯en¹¹/

/iɤ²³⁻³³ tʰau²³⁻³³ uan²³/

/io²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰau²⁴⁻¹¹ uan²⁴/

/jɑʊ̯³⁵ tʰoʊ̯³⁵ wän³⁵/

/jaʊ̯ɻʷ³⁵ tʰɤʊ̯ɻʷ³⁵ wän³⁵/

/jiːu̯²¹ tʰɐu̯²¹ jyːn²¹⁻³⁵/

/i̯eu̯¹¹ tʰeu̯¹¹ i̯en¹¹/

/iɤ²³⁻³³ tʰau²³⁻³³ uan²³/

/io²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰau²⁴⁻¹¹ uan²⁴/


地西泮

/ti⁵¹ ɕi⁵⁵ pʰän⁵¹/

/di²² ɕi⁴⁴ pʰø³⁴/

/di²² ɕi⁵⁵ pʰø²¹/

/ti⁵¹ ɕi⁵⁵ pʰän⁵¹/

/di²² ɕi⁴⁴ pʰø³⁴/

/di²² ɕi⁵⁵ pʰø²¹/

(organic chemistry, pharmacology) diazepam


酒石酸

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵ su̯än⁵⁵/

/t͡sɐu̯³⁵ sɛːk̚² syːn⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵ su̯än⁵⁵/

/t͡sɐu̯³⁵ sɛːk̚² syːn⁵⁵/

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) tartaric acid


丁烷

/tiŋ⁵⁵ wän³⁵/

/tɪŋ⁵⁵ jyːn²¹/

/tɪŋ⁵⁵ jyːn²¹⁻³⁵/

/tiŋ⁵⁵ wän³⁵/

/tɪŋ⁵⁵ jyːn²¹/

/tɪŋ⁵⁵ jyːn²¹⁻³⁵/


乙醇

/i²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən³⁵/

/i²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən³⁵/


安息香

/ˀän⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵ ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/ˀän⁵⁵ ɕi³⁵ ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ sɪk̚⁵ hœːŋ⁵⁵/

/ˀän⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵ ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/ˀän⁵⁵ ɕi³⁵ ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ sɪk̚⁵ hœːŋ⁵⁵/


戊烷

/mou̯²² jyːn²¹⁻³⁵/

/mou̯²² jyːn²¹⁻³⁵/


己烷

/t͡ɕi²¹⁴⁻²¹ wän³⁵/

/t͡ɕi²¹⁴⁻²¹ wän³⁵/


庚烷

/kɤŋ⁵⁵ wän³⁵/

/kɐŋ⁵⁵ jyːn²¹/

/kɐŋ⁵⁵ jyːn²¹⁻³⁵/

/kɤŋ⁵⁵ wän³⁵/

/kɐŋ⁵⁵ jyːn²¹/

/kɐŋ⁵⁵ jyːn²¹⁻³⁵/


甲基磺酰胺

ㄐㄧㄚˇ ㄐㄧ ㄏㄨㄤˊ ㄒㄧㄢ ㄢˋ

ㄐㄧㄚˇ ㄐㄧ ㄏㄨㄤˊ ㄒㄧㄢ ㄢ

цзяцзи хуансяньань

/t͡ɕi̯ä²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi⁵⁵ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ˀän⁵¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ä²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi⁵⁵ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ˀän⁵⁵/

(Mainland China, Hong Kong, organic chemistry) methanesulfonamide (CH₃SO₂NH₂)


鴛鴦

Sino-Xenic (鴛鴦):
* → Japanese: 鴛(えん)鴦(おう) (en'ō)
* → Korean: 원앙(鴛鴦) (wonang)
* → Vietnamese: uyên ương (鴛鴦)

→ English: yuenyeung (from Cantonese)

→ English: yuanyang (from Mandarin)

⇒ Zhuang: roegyaemyieng

/ɥɛn⁵⁵ jɑŋ⁵⁵/

/ɥɛn⁵⁵ jɑŋ²/

/jyːn⁵⁵ jœːŋ⁵⁵/

/jiːn⁵⁵ jœːŋ⁵⁵/

/yɵn⁴² iɔŋ²/

/i̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ i̯oŋ²⁴/

/ʒan⁵³ ʒoŋ⁵³/

/yiŋ⁵⁴ iɔŋ⁵⁴/

/ɛŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ ^((Ø-))ŋieu⁵³³/

/ɛŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ ^((Ø-))ŋiu⁵³³/

/uan⁴⁴⁻²² iũ⁴⁴/

/uan⁴⁴⁻³³ iũ⁴⁴/

/uan⁴⁴⁻²² iɔ̃⁴⁴/

/uaŋ³³⁻²³ ĩõ³³/

/ɥɛn⁵⁵ jɑŋ⁵⁵/

/ɥɛn⁵⁵ jɑŋ²/

/jyːn⁵⁵ jœːŋ⁵⁵/

/jiːn⁵⁵ jœːŋ⁵⁵/

/yɵn⁴² iɔŋ²/

/i̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ i̯oŋ²⁴/

/ʒan⁵³ ʒoŋ⁵³/

/yiŋ⁵⁴ iɔŋ⁵⁴/

/ɛŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ ^((Ø-))ŋieu⁵³³/

/ɛŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ ^((Ø-))ŋiu⁵³³/

/uan⁴⁴⁻²² iũ⁴⁴/

/uan⁴⁴⁻³³ iũ⁴⁴/

/uan⁴⁴⁻²² iɔ̃⁴⁴/

/uaŋ³³⁻²³ ĩõ³³/

yuenyeung (a beverage made from mixing coffee with Hong Kong-style milk tea) (Classifier: 杯)


鴛鴦

/ɥɛn⁵⁵ jɑŋ⁵⁵/

/ɥɛn⁵⁵ jɑŋ²/

/jyːn⁵⁵ jœːŋ⁵⁵/

/jiːn⁵⁵ jœːŋ⁵⁵/

/yɵn⁴² iɔŋ²/

/i̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ i̯oŋ²⁴/

/ʒan⁵³ ʒoŋ⁵³/

/yiŋ⁵⁴ iɔŋ⁵⁴/

/ɛŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ ^((Ø-))ŋieu⁵³³/

/ɛŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ ^((Ø-))ŋiu⁵³³/

/uan⁴⁴⁻²² iũ⁴⁴/

/uan⁴⁴⁻³³ iũ⁴⁴/

/uan⁴⁴⁻²² iɔ̃⁴⁴/

/uaŋ³³⁻²³ ĩõ³³/

/ɥɛn⁵⁵ jɑŋ⁵⁵/

/ɥɛn⁵⁵ jɑŋ²/

/jyːn⁵⁵ jœːŋ⁵⁵/

/jiːn⁵⁵ jœːŋ⁵⁵/

/yɵn⁴² iɔŋ²/

/i̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ i̯oŋ²⁴/

/ʒan⁵³ ʒoŋ⁵³/

/yiŋ⁵⁴ iɔŋ⁵⁴/

/ɛŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ ^((Ø-))ŋieu⁵³³/

/ɛŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ ^((Ø-))ŋiu⁵³³/

/uan⁴⁴⁻²² iũ⁴⁴/

/uan⁴⁴⁻³³ iũ⁴⁴/

/uan⁴⁴⁻²² iɔ̃⁴⁴/

/uaŋ³³⁻²³ ĩõ³³/

(～鄉) Yuanyang (a township in Maojian district, Shiyan, Hubei, China)


水陸

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ lu⁵¹/

/sɵy̯³⁵ lʊk̚²/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɔk̚⁴/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ liɔk̚²⁴/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɔk̚¹²¹/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɔk̚⁴/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ liɔk̚⁴/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ lu⁵¹/

/sɵy̯³⁵ lʊk̚²/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɔk̚⁴/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ liɔk̚²⁴/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɔk̚¹²¹/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɔk̚⁴/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ liɔk̚⁴/


玄米茶

ㄒㄩㄢˊ ㄇㄧˇ ㄔㄚˊ

/ɕy̯ɛn³⁵ mi²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰä³⁵/

/jyːn²¹ mɐi̯¹³ t͡sʰaː²¹/

/ɕy̯ɛn³⁵ mi²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰä³⁵/

/jyːn²¹ mɐi̯¹³ t͡sʰaː²¹/


鋁土礦

ㄌㄩˇ ㄊㄨˇ ㄎㄨㄤˋ

/ly²¹⁴⁻³⁵ tʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ kʰu̯ɑŋ⁵¹/

/lɵy̯¹³ tʰou̯³⁵ kʷʰɔːŋ³³/

/ly²¹⁴⁻³⁵ tʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ kʰu̯ɑŋ⁵¹/

/lɵy̯¹³ tʰou̯³⁵ kʷʰɔːŋ³³/


風雨

/fɤŋ⁵⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fʊŋ⁵⁵ jyː¹³/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hɔ²²/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔ³³/

/huaŋ³³ hɔ²²/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² u⁵³/

/hɔŋ³³ u⁵⁵⁴/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ u⁵³/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ u⁴¹/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² i⁵³/

/huaŋ³³⁻²³ hou³⁵/

/fɤŋ⁵⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fʊŋ⁵⁵ jyː¹³/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hɔ²²/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔ³³/

/huaŋ³³ hɔ²²/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² u⁵³/

/hɔŋ³³ u⁵⁵⁴/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ u⁵³/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ u⁴¹/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² i⁵³/

/huaŋ³³⁻²³ hou³⁵/


金子

Sino-Xenic (金子):
* → Japanese: 金(きん)子(す) (kinsu)
* → Korean: 금자(金子) (geumja)

Wutunhua: jhenze

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ d͡z̥z̩²/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ t͡sz̩⁵³/

/t͡ɕiẽ²¹ t͡sz̩/

/kɐm⁵⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

/t͡ɕiŋ¹¹ t͡səʔ²/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ t͡sz̩²¹/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ d͡z̥z̩²/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ t͡sz̩⁵³/

/t͡ɕiẽ²¹ t͡sz̩/

/kɐm⁵⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

/t͡ɕiŋ¹¹ t͡səʔ²/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ t͡sz̩²¹/

gold (especially extracted, or used as a currency)