金

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (金):
* → Japanese: 金(きん) (kin)
* → Korean: 금(金) (geum), 김(金) (gim)
* → Vietnamese: kim (金)

→ Bouyei: jiml (“gold”)

→ Lao: ຄຳ (kham, “gold”)

→ Thai: คำ (kam, “gold”)

→ Zhuang: gim (“gold”)

→ Tagalog: ginto (“gold”)

Characters in the same phonetic series (金) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *krɯm): semantic 士 (“upside-down ritual axe perhaps made of precious materials”) + semantic 丷 (“two blocks of metal”) + phonetic 亼. The semantic component in folk etymology is very often misinterpreted as 王. The minerals, originally drawn as : and then as 丷, are sometimes indicated as 呂, however the latter is the pictogram of two vertebrae.
The upper component 亼 is the ancient form for 今 (OC *krɯm) and it represents an open mouth flipped upside down; it indicates the original pronunciation of the whole character.
Shuowen interprets it as an image of metal in the earth (Xu Shen writes "象金在土中形") with 亼 as phonetic. But the most ancient versions do not contain the pictogram of the earth.
Originally referred to copper, first used during the Copper Age and the Jade Age in China (hence before the Bronze Age, during which the first bronzes were produced); later the meaning was extended to metal as a whole, and then to gold.
Starostin reconstructs Proto-Sino-Tibetan *gǝ̆m (“metal”); compare Tedim Chin xam (“gold”) and Lepcha ᰀᰩᰮ (kóm, “silver, coin, money”).
“Copper” [prior to 5th BCE] → “metals in general” → “gold”.
The main senses now are “gold” and “metal”.
Some of the Manchu people with this surname are descendants of the Qing imperial family and is a calque of Manchu ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠨ (aisin, “gold”) in their original surname ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠨ
ᡤᡳᠣᡵᠣ (aisin gioro).

defdate

prior to 5th <small class='ce-date'>BCE</small>

𠊍
𨤾
⿳仺𭕄一
𠈘
𠉓
𨥀
𨥄
⿱丿⿴囗⿱二水

one of the eight kinds of instruments (八音 (-))

metal, one of the five elements of Wu Xing (五行 (-))


金銀

/t͡ɕiŋ²⁴ iŋ²⁴/

/kɐm⁵⁵ ŋɐn²¹/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² ɡin²⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² ɡun²⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² ɡin¹³/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² ɡun¹³/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡin²⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡun²⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡin²³/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡun²³/

/t͡ɕiŋ²⁴ iŋ²⁴/

/kɐm⁵⁵ ŋɐn²¹/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² ɡin²⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² ɡun²⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² ɡin¹³/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² ɡun¹³/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡin²⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡun²⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡin²³/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡun²³/

(～村) Jinyin (a village in Zhonglu, Lichuan, Enshi prefecture, Hubei, China)


試金石

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹ t͡ɕin⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/t͡sʰi²¹⁻⁵³ kim⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sioʔ⁴/

/t͡sʰi⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kim³³ t͡sioʔ²⁴/

/t͡sʰi²¹⁻⁵³ kim⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sioʔ¹²¹/

/t͡sʰi¹¹⁻⁵³ kim⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sioʔ⁴/

/t͡sʰi²¹⁻⁴¹ kim⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siɤʔ⁴/

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹ t͡ɕin⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/t͡sʰi²¹⁻⁵³ kim⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sioʔ⁴/

/t͡sʰi⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kim³³ t͡sioʔ²⁴/

/t͡sʰi²¹⁻⁵³ kim⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sioʔ¹²¹/

/t͡sʰi¹¹⁻⁵³ kim⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sioʔ⁴/

/t͡sʰi²¹⁻⁴¹ kim⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siɤʔ⁴/


黃金

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/wɔːŋ²¹ kɐm⁵⁵/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻²² kim³³/

/ŋ̍²³⁻³³ kim⁴⁴/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ kim⁴⁴/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻²² kim⁴⁴/

/uĩ¹³⁻²² kim⁴⁴/

/hɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kim⁴⁴/

/hɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kim⁴⁴/

/hɔŋ¹³⁻²² kim⁴⁴/

/hɔŋ²³⁻³³ kim⁴⁴/

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/wɔːŋ²¹ kɐm⁵⁵/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻²² kim³³/

/ŋ̍²³⁻³³ kim⁴⁴/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ kim⁴⁴/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻²² kim⁴⁴/

/uĩ¹³⁻²² kim⁴⁴/

/hɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kim⁴⁴/

/hɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kim⁴⁴/

/hɔŋ¹³⁻²² kim⁴⁴/

/hɔŋ²³⁻³³ kim⁴⁴/


金塊

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ kʰu̯aɪ̯⁵¹/

/kɐm⁵⁵ faːi̯³³/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² te²¹/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² te²¹/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ te¹¹/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ te²¹/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ kʰu̯aɪ̯⁵¹/

/kɐm⁵⁵ faːi̯³³/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² te²¹/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² te²¹/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ te¹¹/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ te²¹/

gold nugget, gold ingot, gold bar, gold bullion