西

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (西):
* → Japanese: 西(さい) (sai); 西(せい) (sei)
* → Korean: 서(西) (seo)
* → Vietnamese: tây (西)

ja-r

Japanese: 西(シャー) (shā, “west wind (mahjong tile)”)

Pictogram (象形) – a bag or basket, borrowed for phonetic value. Compare 東 (OC *toːŋ, “bundle > east”) and 鹵. Traditionally explained as a pictogram of a bird settling into its nest, which by analogy with the setting of the sun means “west”. This etymology has been disputed (Sears), but Sagart (2004) stands by it.
The word is traditionally reconstructed to have a /*s/-initial in Old Chinese, e.g. /*sɯːl/ in Zhengzhang (2003). However, recent scholarship has suggested that the Old Chinese initial should instead be reconstructed as /*s-nˤ/, one of the reasons being 西 appears to be the phonetic in 迺 (nǎi), the archaic graphic variant of 乃 (OC *nɯːʔ). The new reconstruction, /*s-nˤər/ in Baxter and Sagart (2014), also accounts for how 西 can be the phonetic in 哂 (shěn, “to smile”). For more information, see Sagart (2004), Baxter and Sagart (2014) and Nohara (2018).
In light of the new construction with the initial consonant cluster /*s-nˤ/, the possibilities of the etymology of 西, aside from being cognate with 棲／栖 (qī, “to roost; to rest”) (B-S OC /*s-nˤər/), include:
* Related to Tibetan ནེར་བ (ner ba, “to sink; to fall gradually”) (Unger, 1990).
* Related to Chepang नेलःसा (nelʔ‑, “to go down; to sink”), which may be the same etymon as the Written Tibetan word above (Schuessler, 2007).
* Related to the root 尼 (nǐ, “to stop”) (OC /*nˤərʔ/ for intransitive form, /*nˤərʔ-s/ for transitive form in Baxter and Sagart (2014)).
* Related to Tibetan མནལ (mnal, “sleep”) and Burmese နား (na:, “to rest; to stop for a while”) (Hill, 2019).
* An Austroasiatic nominal n-infix derivative from the root "go down", as in Old Mon cnis (“ghat”) < Old Mon cis (“to go down”) , with Proto-Austroasiatic *tsn- > Proto-Sinitic *sn-. Therefore, this etymon literally means "the place where one goes down to > Mon "ghat" > OC "nest, west". The base form is 濟 (OC *ʔsliːls) via Austroasiatic (Schuessler, 2007).


西

腳趾尾拉西／脚趾尾拉西 [Cantonese] ― goek³ zi² mei⁵⁻¹ laai¹ sai¹ [Jyutping] ― to do a sidespin with one's little toe

jat¹ je⁵ sai¹ lok⁶ keoi⁵ dou⁶ [Jyutping]


北

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (北):
* → Japanese: 北(ほく) (hoku)
* → Korean: 북(北) (buk)
* → Vietnamese: bắc (北)

→ Japanese: 北(ペー) (pē, “north wind (mahjong tile)”)

Characters in the same phonetic series (北) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) – two men back to back. Originally meaning “back”; the character 背 (OC *pɯːɡs, *bɯːɡs) refers to the original word.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ba (“to carry (on back), shoulder”).
The sense of “north” is derived from “back (of body)”: “back” → “to turn the back to; to retreat” → “north”.
The ancient Chinese value the southern direction and houses are traditionally oriented along a north-south axis, as evident in the fengshui theory and in the orientation of buildings in Chinese Neolithic sites. North is the direction the back is oriented to when the person is facing south.
Compare the graphical origin of 南 (OC *nuːm, “south”) (Sagart, 1988).

inh-lite

北移

北京 ― Běijīng ― Beijing (literally, “northern capital”)


南

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (南):
* → Japanese: 南(なん) (nan)
* → Okinawan: 南(なん) (nan)
* → Korean: 남(南) (nam)
* → Vietnamese: nam (南)

ja-r

→ Japanese: 南(ナン) (nan, “south wind (mahjong tile)”)

This character has been explained as a pictogram (象形) of a hanging percussion instrument, originally identical to the left side of 㱿. Under this hypothesis its borrowing for the word “south” is difficult to explain.
Sagart (1988) instead proposes that it is a pictogram of the front of a house. Archaeological evidence confirms that in antiquity, at least in some regions, houses were built to face south.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-nam (“sky, sun”) (STEDT; Schuessler (2007); Benedict (1972)); the south is traditionally associated with the sun & light, compare 陽 (OC *laŋ, “light, sun-lit south-side of a hill”).
: If so, cognate with Tibetan གནམ (gnam, “sky”), ནམ (nam, “night”), Tshangla ngam (“sun, noon, day, sky”), Chepang न्याम् (nyam, “sun, sunlight, storm-cloud, weather”).
Alternatively, Sagart (2004) relates this word to Old Chinese *nɨm (revised to *nˤ[ə]m in 2014) "belly, front of the body", further "south" to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-nam (“rib(s)”), as one term for one body-part often shifts its meaning to another body-part nearby.
: If so, 南 is cognate with 妊 (OC *njɯms, “to carry inside one's belly → to be pregnant”), 任 (OC *njɯm, *njɯms, “to carry a burden, especially in front of the body”), also 腩 (OC *nuːmʔ, “belly (of an ox)”), Southern Pumi nõ⁵⁵, Burmese နံရိုး (nam-rui:, “side of the body, rib”), and thus is a semantic counterpart to 北 (OC *pɯːɡ, “north”), which is related to 背 (OC *pɯːɡs, *bɯːɡs, “back of the body”).


東

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (東):
* → Japanese: 東(とう) (tō)
* → Korean: 동(東) (dong)
* → Vietnamese: đông (東)

Japanese: 東(トン) (ton, “east wind (mahjong tile)”)

Jiajie (假借) and Ideogram (指事): 束 (OC *hljoɡ) or 橐 (OC *tʰaːɡ) borrowed for sound 東 (OC *toːŋ), and a distinguishing mark.
Interpreted in the Shuowen Jiezi as an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): the sun (日) rising behind a tree (木). According to Allan (1991) p. 47-50, the character represents the Fu Sang tree.
Alternatively, it is also thought to be a pictogram (象形) of either a bundle of faggots tied together or a bag tied at both ends (like a cellophane-wrapped candy with the ends twisted).
Cognate with Burmese ထွန်း (htwan:, “be bright”), Chepang थोङ्सा (thoŋ‑, “lighten; be bright”) and Chepang थोङ्ह (thoŋh, “awake time (as opposed to dream time)”) (Schuessler, 2007). Perhaps related to or influenced by 暾 (OC *tʰuːn, “rising sun”).

cog

東亞

东亚

東德

东德

房東

房东

股東

股东


辰

Pictogram (象形) – a kind of agricultural tool used for tilling the fields and removing weeds (Guo, 1931; Qiu, 1992), possibly made of a kind of large clam 蜃 (OC *djɯns, *djɯnʔ, *djins) (Guo, 1931).
Alternatively, it could be a pictogram (象形) of a person holding onto a cliff – original character of 振 (OC *tjɯn, *tjɯns, “to hold up”) (Shang, 1983).
; “to vibrate”
; “fifth earthly branch”
:Smith (2011) agrees with the proposal (e.g. by Guo, 1931) that 辰 (OC dən) initially depicted an agricultural implement made from clams' shells and was the original form of 蜃 (OC dəns, “mollusc, clam”); so he proposes that the fifth earthly branch depicted the moon's second waning-gibbous phase, which looks like a clam. He also suggests that 辰 (chén) also represented the ovoid-shaped rising sun and is thus related to 晨 (chén, “early morning”).
; “time”
; “heavenly body”

fifth of twelve earthly branches (地支), variously equated with

(navigation) a bearing of 120° (between ESE and SE)


MM

/meɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ meɪ̯³⁵/

/meɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ meɪ̯³⁵/

(Internet slang) Alternative form of 美眉 (měiméi)


東北

→ Korean: 둥베이 (dungbei)

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ pɐk̚⁵/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² pak̚³²/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² pak̚³²/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ pak̚³²/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ pak̚³²/

/taŋ³³⁻²³ pak̚²/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ pɐk̚⁵/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² pak̚³²/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² pak̚³²/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ pak̚³²/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ pak̚³²/

/taŋ³³⁻²³ pak̚²/

大行政區 大行政區#Chinese

(～大行政區, ～區) (historical) Northeast China (a former greater administrative region of China from 1949 to 1954, consisting of Liaodong, Liaoxi, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Songjiang, Rehe and Suiyuan, Shenyang, Lüda, Fushun, Anshan and Benxi)


航海

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (航海):
* → Japanese: 航海(こうかい) (kōkai)
* → Korean: 항해(航海) (hanghae)
* → Vietnamese: hàng hải (航海)

/xɑŋ³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔːŋ²¹ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/haŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ hai⁵³/

/haŋ²³⁻³³ hai⁴¹/

/haŋ²⁴⁻²² hai⁵⁵⁴/

/haŋ¹³⁻²² hai⁵³/

/haŋ²⁴⁻²² hai⁵³/

/hɔŋ²³⁻³³ hai⁴¹/

/hɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ hai⁵³/

/xɑŋ³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔːŋ²¹ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/haŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ hai⁵³/

/haŋ²³⁻³³ hai⁴¹/

/haŋ²⁴⁻²² hai⁵⁵⁴/

/haŋ¹³⁻²² hai⁵³/

/haŋ²⁴⁻²² hai⁵³/

/hɔŋ²³⁻³³ hai⁴¹/

/hɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ hai⁵³/

to sail the seas; to navigate; to take a voyage by sea


東南

Sino-Xenic (東南):
* → Japanese: 東(とう)南(なん) (tōnan)
* → Korean: 동남(東南) (dongnam)
* → Vietnamese: đông nam (東南)

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ nän³⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ naːm²¹/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² lam²⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² lam¹³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ lam²⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ lam²³/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ nän³⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ naːm²¹/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² lam²⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² lam¹³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ lam²⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ lam²³/

齊乎巽，巽，東南也。

齐乎巽，巽，东南也。


東南

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ nän³⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ naːm²¹/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² lam²⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² lam¹³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ lam²⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ lam²³/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ nän³⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ naːm²¹/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² lam²⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² lam¹³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ lam²⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ lam²³/

(～地區) Southeast China (a region of China, centred on Guangdong and Fujian; overlapping with the regions of South Central China and East China)


北方

Sino-Xenic (北方):
* → Japanese: 北方(ほっぽう) (hoppō)
* → Korean: 북방(北方) (bukbang)
* → Vietnamese: bắc phương (北方)

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ fɑŋ⁵⁵/

/pei²⁴ fɑŋ²⁴/

/pɐk̚⁵ fɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/ˈpɛt̚⁵ fɔŋ⁴²/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁵ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ hɔŋ³³/

/pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ hŋ̍³³/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ hŋ̍⁴⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁵ hŋ̍⁴⁴/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ fɑŋ⁵⁵/

/pei²⁴ fɑŋ²⁴/

/pɐk̚⁵ fɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/ˈpɛt̚⁵ fɔŋ⁴²/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁵ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ hɔŋ³³/

/pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ hŋ̍³³/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ hŋ̍⁴⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁵ hŋ̍⁴⁴/

(specifically) northern China (usually referring to the area to the north of the Yellow River)


西南

/ɕi⁵⁵ nän³⁵/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ naːm²¹/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ lam²³/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ lam²⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² lam²⁴/

/ɕi⁵⁵ nän³⁵/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ naːm²¹/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ lam²³/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ lam²⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² lam²⁴/

Tibet Autonomous Region
Tibet Autonomous Region

(～地區) Southwest China (a region of China; consisting of Chongqing, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan and the Tibet Autonomous Region)


西北

/ɕi⁵⁵ peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ pɐk̚⁵/

/sai⁴⁴⁻²² pak̚³²/

/sai⁴⁴⁻³³ pak̚³²/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ pak̚³²/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² pak̚³²/

/ɕi⁵⁵ peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ pɐk̚⁵/

/sai⁴⁴⁻²² pak̚³²/

/sai⁴⁴⁻³³ pak̚³²/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ pak̚³²/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² pak̚³²/

大行政區 大行政區#Chinese

(～大行政區, ～區) (historical) Northwest China (a former greater administrative region of China from 1949 to 1954, consisting of Xi'an, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia and Xinjiang)


南方

Sino-Xenic (南方):
* → Japanese: 南方(なんぽう) (nanpō)
* → Korean: 남방(南方) (nambang)
* → Vietnamese: nam phương (南方)

/nän³⁵ fɑŋ⁵⁵/

/næ̃²⁴ fɑŋ⁵¹/

/naːm²¹ fɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/ⁿdam²² fɔŋ³³/

/lam²⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² hɔŋ³³/

/lam¹³⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam²³⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² hŋ̍⁴⁴/

/lam¹³⁻²² hŋ̍⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² hŋ̍³³/

/lam⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hŋ³³/

/nän³⁵ fɑŋ⁵⁵/

/næ̃²⁴ fɑŋ⁵¹/

/naːm²¹ fɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/ⁿdam²² fɔŋ³³/

/lam²⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² hɔŋ³³/

/lam¹³⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam²³⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² hŋ̍⁴⁴/

/lam¹³⁻²² hŋ̍⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² hŋ̍³³/

/lam⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hŋ³³/

中國南方喀斯特

中国南方喀斯特

He is from the South, so when he opens his mouth to speak, you can hear his Southern accent.

Tā shì nánfāngrén, suǒyǐ yī zhāngkǒu shuōhuà jiù dàiyǒu nánfāng kǒuyīn.

他是南方人，所以一張口說話就帶有南方口音。

他是南方人，所以一张口说话就带有南方口音。

(specifically) southern China (usually referring to the area to the south of the Yellow River)


西方

/ɕi⁵⁵ fɑŋ⁵⁵/

/ɕi⁵⁵ faŋ⁵⁵/

/ɕi²⁴ fɑŋ²⁴/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ fɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/si²⁴⁻¹¹ foŋ²⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/se³³ hɔŋ³³/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/se³³ hŋ̍³³/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² hŋ̍⁴⁴/

/ɕi⁵⁵ fɑŋ⁵⁵/

/ɕi⁵⁵ faŋ⁵⁵/

/ɕi²⁴ fɑŋ²⁴/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ fɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/si²⁴⁻¹¹ foŋ²⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/se³³ hɔŋ³³/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/se³³ hŋ̍³³/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² hŋ̍⁴⁴/

(Buddhism) Alternative name for 西天 (xītiān, “Western Paradise”).


東方

ja-r

東方(とうほう) (tōhō)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (東方):
* → Japanese: 東方(とうほう) (tōhō)
* → Korean: 동방(東方) (dongbang)
* → Vietnamese: đông phương (東方)

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ fɑŋ⁵⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ fɑ̃ɻ⁵⁵/

/toŋ⁵⁵ faŋ⁵⁵/

/tuŋ²⁴ fɑŋ²⁴/

/tuŋ²⁴ fɑŋ⁵¹/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ fɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/tuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ foŋ²⁴/

/tʊŋ⁴⁴ fɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tɔŋ³³ hɔŋ³³/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hŋ̍⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hŋ̍⁴⁴/

/taŋ³³ hŋ̍³³/

/taŋ³³⁻²³ huaŋ³³/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ fɑŋ⁵⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ fɑ̃ɻ⁵⁵/

/toŋ⁵⁵ faŋ⁵⁵/

/tuŋ²⁴ fɑŋ²⁴/

/tuŋ²⁴ fɑŋ⁵¹/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ fɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/tuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ foŋ²⁴/

/tʊŋ⁴⁴ fɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tɔŋ³³ hɔŋ³³/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hŋ̍⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hŋ̍⁴⁴/

/taŋ³³ hŋ̍³³/

/taŋ³³⁻²³ huaŋ³³/

Short for 東方Project／东方Project (“Touhou Project, a popular bullet hell video game series”).


航行

ja-r

航(こう)行(こう) (kōkō)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (航行):
* → Japanese: 航(こう)行(こう) (kōkō)
* → Korean: 항행(航行) (hanghaeng)

/xɑŋ³⁵ ɕiŋ³⁵/

/hɔːŋ²¹ hɐŋ²¹/

/haŋ²⁴⁻²² hiɪŋ²⁴/

/haŋ²⁴⁻²² hiɪŋ²⁴/

/haŋ¹³⁻²² hiɪŋ¹³/

/haŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ hiɪŋ²⁴/

/haŋ²³⁻³³ hiɪŋ²³/

/xɑŋ³⁵ ɕiŋ³⁵/

/hɔːŋ²¹ hɐŋ²¹/

/haŋ²⁴⁻²² hiɪŋ²⁴/

/haŋ²⁴⁻²² hiɪŋ²⁴/

/haŋ¹³⁻²² hiɪŋ¹³/

/haŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ hiɪŋ²⁴/

/haŋ²³⁻³³ hiɪŋ²³/


地支

/ti⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/

/te²²⁻²¹ t͡si⁴⁴/

/te⁴¹⁻²² t͡si³³/

/te³³⁻²¹ t͡si⁴⁴/

/tue³³⁻¹¹ t͡si⁴⁴/

/te⁴¹⁻²² ki³³/

/ti⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/

/te²²⁻²¹ t͡si⁴⁴/

/te⁴¹⁻²² t͡si³³/

/te³³⁻²¹ t͡si⁴⁴/

/tue³³⁻¹¹ t͡si⁴⁴/

/te⁴¹⁻²² ki³³/

An earthly branch: one of the twelve terms used in East Asian cultures to represent

(historical navigation) The twelve bearings of traditional Chinese navigation, comprising 30° divisions of the compass beginning with due north.


開船

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än³⁵/

/hɔːi̯⁵⁵ syːn²¹/

/kʰui⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sun²⁴/

/kʰui⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sun¹³/

/kʰui⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sun²⁴/

/kʰui⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sun²³/

/kʰe⁴⁴ zø²³/

/kʰe⁵⁵ zø²¹/

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än³⁵/

/hɔːi̯⁵⁵ syːn²¹/

/kʰui⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sun²⁴/

/kʰui⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sun¹³/

/kʰui⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sun²⁴/

/kʰui⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sun²³/

/kʰe⁴⁴ zø²³/

/kʰe⁵⁵ zø²¹/


曆書

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (曆書):
* → Japanese: 暦書(れきしょ) (rekisho)
* → Korean: 력서(曆書) (ryeokseo), 역서(曆書) (yeokseo)

/lɪk̚² syː⁵⁵/

/liɪk̚⁴⁻³² su⁴⁴/

/liak̚²⁴⁻² t͡sɯ³³/

/liɪk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ si⁴⁴/

/lɪk̚² syː⁵⁵/

/liɪk̚⁴⁻³² su⁴⁴/

/liak̚²⁴⁻² t͡sɯ³³/

/liɪk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ si⁴⁴/


皇曆

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ li⁵¹/

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ li³/

/wɔːŋ²¹ lɪk̚²/

/ˈuɔŋ³⁵ lit̚⁵/

/ʋɔŋ¹¹ lak̚⁵/

/uoŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ˡ⁻⁾nˡɛiʔ²⁴/

/hɔŋ²⁴⁻²² liɪk̚⁴/

/hɔŋ¹³⁻²² liɪk̚¹²¹/

/hɔŋ²⁴⁻²² liak̚²⁴/

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ li⁵¹/

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ li³/

/wɔːŋ²¹ lɪk̚²/

/ˈuɔŋ³⁵ lit̚⁵/

/ʋɔŋ¹¹ lak̚⁵/

/uoŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ˡ⁻⁾nˡɛiʔ²⁴/

/hɔŋ²⁴⁻²² liɪk̚⁴/

/hɔŋ¹³⁻²² liɪk̚¹²¹/

/hɔŋ²⁴⁻²² liak̚²⁴/

Fortunetellers often put out almanacs for publicity.

Wèi dǎ zhīmíngdù, zérìguǎn chánghuì biānyìn chūshòu huánglì.

為打知名度，擇日館常會編印出售皇曆。

为打知名度，择日馆常会编印出售皇历。


行船

/ɕiŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än³⁵/

/haːŋ²¹ syːn²¹⁻³⁵/

/haŋ²² sᵘɔn²²⁻²²⁵/

/kiã²⁴⁻²² t͡sun²⁴/

/kiã²⁴⁻²² t͡sun²⁴/

/kiã¹³⁻²² t͡sun¹³/

/kiã²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sun²⁴/

/kiã²³⁻³³ t͡sun²³/

/kĩã⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡suŋ⁵⁵/

/ɕiŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än³⁵/

/haːŋ²¹ syːn²¹⁻³⁵/

/haŋ²² sᵘɔn²²⁻²²⁵/

/kiã²⁴⁻²² t͡sun²⁴/

/kiã²⁴⁻²² t͡sun²⁴/

/kiã¹³⁻²² t͡sun¹³/

/kiã²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sun²⁴/

/kiã²³⁻³³ t͡sun²³/

/kĩã⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡suŋ⁵⁵/


太康

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ kʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰaːi̯³³ hɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ kʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰaːi̯³³ hɔːŋ⁵⁵/


通書

/tʰʊŋ⁵⁵ ʂu⁵⁵/

/tʰʊŋ⁵⁵ syː⁵⁵/

/tʰuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ su²⁴/

/tʰʊŋ⁴⁴ su⁴⁴/

/tʰɔŋ⁵⁴ sy⁵⁴/

/tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² su⁴⁴/

/tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ su⁴⁴/

/tʰɔŋ³³ sɨ³³/

/tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ si⁴⁴/

/tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡su⁴⁴/

/tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sɯ⁴⁴/

/tʰʊŋ⁵⁵ ʂu⁵⁵/

/tʰʊŋ⁵⁵ syː⁵⁵/

/tʰuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ su²⁴/

/tʰʊŋ⁴⁴ su⁴⁴/

/tʰɔŋ⁵⁴ sy⁵⁴/

/tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² su⁴⁴/

/tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ su⁴⁴/

/tʰɔŋ³³ sɨ³³/

/tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ si⁴⁴/

/tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡su⁴⁴/

/tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sɯ⁴⁴/


曆頭

/li⁵¹ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/

/liəʔ²⁻⁵⁴ tʰəu¹¹/

/li⁵¹ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/

/liəʔ²⁻⁵⁴ tʰəu¹¹/