月

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (月):
* → Japanese: 月(げつ) (getsu); 月(がつ) (gatsu); 月(がち) (gachi)
* → Okinawan: 月(ぐゎち) (gwachi)
* → Korean: 월(月) (wol)
* → Vietnamese: nguyệt (月), ngoạt (月)

→ Bouyei: nguad (“month”)

→? Thai: งวด (ngûuat, “appointed time”)

→ Zhuang: nyied (“moon; month”)

/ᵑɡut̚³²⁻²¹/

/ᵑɡut̚³²⁻²¹⁵/

/ᵑɡut̚³²⁻²¹/

/ᵑɡut̚³²⁻²¹⁵/

Pictogram (象形) – pictographic representation of a crescent moon. Related to 夕 (xī) and interchangeable in the past, but both are unrelated to 多, in which it represents two pieces of meat stylized as 夕.
Unrelated to:
* 前, in which it represents a boat 舟 (歬 > 𠝣 > 𣦃 > 前);
* 朕, in which it represents a boat again (𦩎 > 𦨶 > 朕)
* 青, in which it represents cinnabar 丹 (𤯞 > 靑 > 青);
* 赢, in which it represents the elongated face of a kind of dragon, perhaps a Panlong;
* 祭 and 將, in which it represents sacrificed meat stylized as 𱼀;
* 然, in which it represents dog meat (肰).
* 肖 and 有, in which it represents just meat.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-ŋʷ(j)a-t (“moon; star”), whence also Magar [Term?] (gya hot, “moon”), Proto-Lolo-Burmese *mwatᴸ (“star; moon”) (whence Lahu məʔ-kə (“star”)), Drung gurmet (“star”) (Matisoff, 1980; LaPolla, 1987; STEDT).
Various alternative etymologies have also been proposed:
* Unger (1992) proposes cognation with Tibetan ངོ (ngo, “waxing and waning moon; half moon”) (as in མར་ངོ (mar ngo, “waning moon”) and ཡར་ངོ (yar ngo, “waxing moon”)), which Schuessler (2007) connects to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-ŋow (“white; light colour”). However, Sagart (1999) points out that the Tibetan word may be analyzed as a derivative of Tibetan ངོ (ngo, “face”), which would mean the semantic connection between “moon” and “face” had to occur either independently in Chinese and Tibetan or in Proto-Sino-Tibetan; it also requires positing a suffix -t in Chinese.
* Pulleybank (1995a) proposes another etymology based on the glyph for 名 (míng) (reconstructed as *màŋʲ), which he analyses as a phono-semantic compound of phonetic 夕 (xī, “moon”) and semantic 口 (kǒu, “mouth”). He suggests that the phonetic component represents a lost word *màŋʲ (“moon”), and reconstructs 月 as *mŋʲ (consonantal frame of “moon”) + *-at (suffix) > *ŋʲʷat. However, there are more straightforward ways of explaining the glyph origin of 名 (míng) (see there), which would nullify the hypothesis of the lost word.
* Related to 越 (“to pass over; to cross over”) in some way.
** Mei (1979) derives 月 from 越 (OC **gjot > *gwjat): **N-gjot > *ngwjat. Also in this proposed word family is 歲 (OC **s-gjots > *skwjadh, “year”). The semantics of this word family is centred around "to pass; to elapse". While Matisoff (1980) seems supportive of this word family, STEDT reconstructs Proto-Sino-Tibetan *grwat (“to travel; to go through”) for 越 and 歲 /岁 (suì), separate from the root for 月.
** Ferlus (2012) reconstructs the Old Chinese as *ŋ.wat and puts it in a word family formed from a Chinese root *wat, having a meaning of "circularity" or "circular boundary". This proposed word family includes 越 (OC *wat, “to cross over”), as in "to cross the enclosure of the village", and 外 (OC *ŋ.wat-s, “outside”), as in "out of the enclosure of the village".

cog

月薪


明日

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (明日):
* → Japanese: 明日(みょうにち) (myōnichi); 明日(めいじつ) (meijitsu)
* → Korean: 명일(明日) (myeong'il)

/miŋ³⁵ ʐ̩⁵¹/

/mɪŋ²¹ jɐt̚²/

/ˈmiaŋ³⁵ n̠ʲit̚⁵/

/miã²⁴⁻²² lit̚⁴/

/miã²⁴⁻²² lit̚²⁴/

/miã¹³⁻²² d͡zit̚¹²¹/

/biɪŋ²³⁻³³ zit̚⁴/

/biɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ lit̚⁴/

/mũã²¹³⁻⁵⁵ d͡zik̚⁴/

/ma²¹³⁻⁵⁵ d͡zik̚⁴/

/mua²¹³⁻⁵⁵ d͡zek̚⁴/

/ma²¹³⁻⁵⁵ d͡zek̚⁴/

/min²² zəʔ³³/

/min¹³ ʐ̩²⁴/

/mai̯¹¹ ʑ̊i¹¹/

/miŋ³⁵ ʐ̩⁵¹/

/mɪŋ²¹ jɐt̚²/

/ˈmiaŋ³⁵ n̠ʲit̚⁵/

/miã²⁴⁻²² lit̚⁴/

/miã²⁴⁻²² lit̚²⁴/

/miã¹³⁻²² d͡zit̚¹²¹/

/biɪŋ²³⁻³³ zit̚⁴/

/biɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ lit̚⁴/

/mũã²¹³⁻⁵⁵ d͡zik̚⁴/

/ma²¹³⁻⁵⁵ d͡zik̚⁴/

/mua²¹³⁻⁵⁵ d͡zek̚⁴/

/ma²¹³⁻⁵⁵ d͡zek̚⁴/

/min²² zəʔ³³/

/min¹³ ʐ̩²⁴/

/mai̯¹¹ ʑ̊i¹¹/

After getting drunk, [I] will walk well into my dream, and tomorrow, when [I] wake up, [I] am still a lively dragon.

chùi āu lâi hó-hó kiâⁿ ji̍p bāng-tiong, bêng-li̍t chhíⁿ-lâi iu-goân sī chi̍t bóe oa̍h-liông

醉後來好好走入夢中 明日醒來猶原是一尾活龍

醉后来好好走入梦中 明日醒来犹原是一尾活龙


漢

Cao Wei
Chen dynasty
Eastern Han dynasty
Eastern Wei
Eastern Wu
Eastern Zhou dynasty
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
Han dynasty
Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
Jin dynasty (265–420)
Liang dynasty
Liao dynasty
Liu Song dynasty
Ming dynasty
Northern Qi
Northern Wei
Northern Zhou
Northern and Southern dynasties
Qin dynasty
Qing dynasty
Shang dynasty
Shu Han
Song dynasty
Southern Qi
Southern and Northern dynasties
Spring and Autumn period
Sui dynasty
Tang dynasty
Three Kingdoms
Warring States period
Western Han dynasty
Western Liao
Western Wei
Western Xia
Western Zhou dynasty
Xia dynasty
Xin dynasty
Yuan dynasty
Zhou dynasty

Sino-Xenic (漢):
* → Japanese: 漢(かん) (kan)
* → Korean: 한(漢) (han)
* → Vietnamese: Hán (漢)

→ Arabic: هان (hān)

→ Bulgarian: хан (han)

→ English: Han

→ Finnish: Han

→ French: Han

→ German: Han

→ Khmer: ហាន (haan)

→ Polish: Han

→ Portuguese: han

→ Russian: хань (xanʹ), ханец (xanec)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *hnaːns): semantic 水 (“water”) + abbreviated phonetic 暵 (OC *hnaːnʔ, *hnaːns) or 熯 (or 難 according to Xu Shen) – name of a river in China (漢水 or 漢江). Xu Shen links the third contracted phonetic component to the ancient variant 灘. The component to the left as a result of a contraction appears as a variant of 堇, which is the pictogram of a man burned alive as a sacrifice. It is partly unclear whether or not the phonetic component also suggests a morphological feature of the Han river (e.g., a dry river or a river that flows with difficulty) or simply indicates part of the pronunciation; Xu Shen puts no explanation.
A second ancient variant of the character reported by Xu Shen is 㵄 (perhaps analyzable as 淢 and 大).
The usage for the Chinese ethnicity first appeared during the Northern and Southern Dynasties, claiming the Han dynasty as one of the golden ages of Chinese history. Before the Han dynasty, the Chinese referred their land as 華夏 ("Huaxia"), and themselves as 諸華 ("various Hua people") or 諸夏 ("various people/descendants of the Xias"). "Xia" ("Summer; great, splendid") also gave the name to the first semi-legendary Chinese dinasty, the Xia Dinasty (夏朝).

Han compound

When asking about the name of the current dynasty, it became apparent that they did not know about the Han Dynasty, much less the Wei or Jin Dynasties.

421, Tao Yuanming, 桃花源記 (The Peach Blossom Spring)

Wèn jīn shì hé shì, nǎi bùzhī yǒu Hàn, wúlùn Wèi Jìn.

問今是何世，乃不知有漢，無論魏晉。

问今是何世，乃不知有汉，无论魏晋。


今

Ideogram (指事) – An inverted 曰 (yuē) ("to speak"), hence 亼 with a horizontal stroke at the bottom, so the inverted mouth means "not to speak".
Another theory suggests that it depicts something in the mouth. Maybe the original form of 噤 (OC *ɡrɯmʔ, *ɡrɯms) or 吟 (OC *ŋɡrɯm, *ŋɡrɯms). The derivative 含 (OC *ɡɯːm) refers to the original word.

Etymology not clear. The word's root may be 其 (OC *ɡɯ, “this”) (Schuessler, 2007).

𫢉
⿱𠆢𬼽
𱎜
旦
當
擔
咊

古往今來

古往今来

If your Majesty's love of music were very great, Qi would be near to a state of good government! The music of the present day is just like the music of antiquity, as regards effecting that.

Wáng zhī hào yuè shèn, zé guó qí shù jǐ hū. Jīn zhī yuè, yóu gǔ zhī yuè yě.

王之好樂甚，則國其庶幾乎。今之樂，猶古之樂也。

王之好乐甚，则国其庶几乎。今之乐，犹古之乐也。


章

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (章):
* → Japanese: 章(しょう) (shō)
* → Korean: 장(章) (jang)
* → Vietnamese: chương (章)

desc

→ English: Chang, Zhang, Cheung, Chiang, Cheang, Cheong

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): A chisel 辛 piercing a piece of untreated jade in the middle of the character (now 日). Originally meaning "to treat jade", likely the original character of 璋 or 彰.
STEDT compares the word to Proto-Kuki-Chin *klaaŋ-I, *klaan-II (“to shine; light; bright”); see 陽 (OC *laŋ, “sunshine”) for more.

章動

章动

[The cycle of] nineteen years constitute one zhang. Four zhang make one bu, which is seventy-six years.

c. early 3rd century, Zhao Shuang (趙爽), editor. Zhoubi Suanjing (《周髀算經》)

Shíjiǔ suì wéi yī zhāng. Sì zhāng wèi yī bù, qīshíliù suì.

十九歲為一章。四章為一蔀，七十六歲。

十九岁为一章。四章为一蔀，七十六岁。

(Chinese astronomy) the cycle of 19 years (approximate common multiple for the synodic month and tropical year, similar to the Metonic cycle)


最近

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (最近):
* → Japanese: 最(さい)近(きん) (saikin)
* → Korean: 최근(最近) (choegeun)

/t͡su̯eɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕin⁵¹/

/t͡sɵy̯³³ kɐn²²/

/tui³³ kin³²⁻³²⁵/

/t͡søy⁵³⁻²¹ køyŋ²⁴²/

/t͡sue⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kun²²/

/t͡sue⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kun³³/

/t͡sue²¹³⁻⁵⁵ kɯŋ³⁵/

/t͡sø⁵⁵ d͡ʑin²¹/

/t͡sø⁴⁴ d͡ʑin²³/

/t͡sø³³ d͡ʑin⁴⁴/

/t͡su̯eɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕin⁵¹/

/t͡sɵy̯³³ kɐn²²/

/tui³³ kin³²⁻³²⁵/

/t͡søy⁵³⁻²¹ køyŋ²⁴²/

/t͡sue⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kun²²/

/t͡sue⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kun³³/

/t͡sue²¹³⁻⁵⁵ kɯŋ³⁵/

/t͡sø⁵⁵ d͡ʑin²¹/

/t͡sø⁴⁴ d͡ʑin²³/

/t͡sø³³ d͡ʑin⁴⁴/

/t͡sɵy̯³³ kʰɐn¹³/

/t͡su̯eɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕin⁵¹/

/t͡sɵy̯³³ kʰɐn¹³/

/t͡sɵy̯³³ kɐn²²/

/t͡sue⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kun²²/

/t͡sue²¹³⁻⁵⁵ kɯŋ³⁵/

是不是最近很忙？

我最近買了一塊地。

我最近买了一块地。

她最近跑到上海去了。


最近

/t͡su̯eɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕin⁵¹/

/t͡sɵy̯³³ kɐn²²/

/tui³³ kin³²⁻³²⁵/

/t͡søy⁵³⁻²¹ køyŋ²⁴²/

/t͡sue⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kun²²/

/t͡sue⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kun³³/

/t͡sue²¹³⁻⁵⁵ kɯŋ³⁵/

/t͡sø⁵⁵ d͡ʑin²¹/

/t͡sø⁴⁴ d͡ʑin²³/

/t͡sø³³ d͡ʑin⁴⁴/

/t͡su̯eɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕin⁵¹/

/t͡sɵy̯³³ kɐn²²/

/tui³³ kin³²⁻³²⁵/

/t͡søy⁵³⁻²¹ køyŋ²⁴²/

/t͡sue⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kun²²/

/t͡sue⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kun³³/

/t͡sue²¹³⁻⁵⁵ kɯŋ³⁵/

/t͡sø⁵⁵ d͡ʑin²¹/

/t͡sø⁴⁴ d͡ʑin²³/

/t͡sø³³ d͡ʑin⁴⁴/

/t͡sɵy̯³³ kʰɐn¹³/

/t͡su̯eɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕin⁵¹/

/t͡sɵy̯³³ kʰɐn¹³/

/t͡sɵy̯³³ kɐn²²/

/t͡sue⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kun²²/

/t͡sue²¹³⁻⁵⁵ kɯŋ³⁵/

這是最近一期的《讀者》。

这是最近一期的《读者》。


年

Sino-Xenic (年):
* → Japanese: 年(ねん) (nen)
* → Korean: 년(年) (nyeon)
* → Vietnamese: niên (年)

Wutunhua: nian

→ Zhuang: nienz

In the oracle bone script and early bronze inscriptions, it was originally 秂, an ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *niːŋ): semantic 禾 (“wheat; grain”) + phonetic 人 (OC *njin, “person”) – a person carrying wheat on his back – harvest. In bronze inscriptions after the Western Zhou period, a stroke was often added to 人 to give 千 (OC *sn̥ʰiːn), which still acted as a phonetic component, thus getting (秊). The current form is inherited from the clerical script, where libian (隸變) has occurred.
See also 以, in which a person is carrying something, 央, in which a person is carrying a pole, and 重, in which a person is carrying a bag.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-ni(ː)ŋ ~ s-nik (“year”).

inh

秂
秊
䄹
𰨝
𠡦
𠦅
𠦚
䄭
𦼌
𠬋
𠫺

過年

过年


元

Cao Wei
Chen dynasty
Eastern Han dynasty
Eastern Wei
Eastern Wu
Eastern Zhou dynasty
Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
Garo language
Han dynasty
I Ching
Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
Jin dynasty (265–420)
Liang dynasty
Liao dynasty
Liu Song dynasty
Ming dynasty
Northern Qi
Northern Wei
Northern Zhou
Northern and Southern dynasties
Proto-Sino-Tibetan language
Qin dynasty
Qing dynasty
Shang dynasty
Shu Han
Song dynasty
Southern Qi
Southern and Northern dynasties
Spring and Autumn period
Sui dynasty
Tang dynasty
Three Kingdoms
Tibetan language
Warring States period
Western Han dynasty
Western Liao
Western Wei
Western Xia
Western Zhou dynasty
Xia dynasty
Xianbei
Xin dynasty
Yuan dynasty
Zhou dynasty

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (元):
* → Korean: 원(元) (won)
* → Vietnamese: nguyên (元)

→ English: yuan

Pictogram (象形) – a figure with two lines 二 for a head (one connected to body, one above it), emphasizing the head.
Possibly from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/s-gaw (“head”), with a noun-forming suffix *-n (Schuessler, 2003; STEDT). If so, cognate with 后 (OC *ɡoːʔ, “ruler; lord; queen”), Tibetan མགོ (mgo, “head; summit; beginning”), མགོན (mgon, “protector; master; lord”), Garo sko (“skull”), Northern Tujia kho⁵⁵ pa⁵⁵ (“head”) (Schuessler, 2007; STEDT). 原 (OC *ŋʷan, “source; origin; basic; primary”) and 黿 (OC *ŋoːn, *ŋon, “large turtle”) may be the same word (Schuessler, 2007). It may also be related to 君 (OC *klun, “lord; prince; ruler”), 尹 (OC *ɢʷlinʔ, “magistrate; governor”), 侯 (OC *ɡoː, “marquis”) (Mei, 1985).
The name of the dynasty comes from the I Ching:
:
Part of the people with this surname are Xianbei descendants. It was changed from 拓跋 (Tuòbá) as ordered by Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei.

och-l

Vast is the ‘great and originating (power)’ indicated by Qian! All things owe to it their beginning: - it contains all the meaning belonging to (the name) heaven.

I Ching, 11ᵗʰ – 8ᵗʰ century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

Dà zāi qián yuán, wànwù zī shǐ, nǎi tǒng tiān.

大哉乾元，萬物資始，乃統天。

大哉干元，万物资始，乃统天。

元曲


剎

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sʰraːd): phonetic 殺 (OC *sreːds, *sreːd) + semantic 刂.
Transcription of the kṣV (क्ष) sequence in various Sanskrit words, probably via Khotanese or Gandhari 𐨐𐨿𐨮 (kṣ /*tʂ(ə), *ʈʂ(ə)/) (Bailey, 1946), including:
* Sanskrit क्षेत्र (kṣetra, “land; place of pilgrimage”) (剎多羅)
* Sanskrit क्षण (kṣaṇa, “instant (in time)”) (剎那)
* Sanskrit क्षेम (kṣema, “residence”) (剎摩)
* Sanskrit क्षत्रिय (kṣatriya, “warrior caste; kshatriya”) (剎怛利耶, 剎帝利, 剎利)

noncog

(Buddhism) instant; moment; impermanence

Clipping of 剎那／刹那 (chànà).
instant; moment; impermanence


吳

→ English: Wu, Ng, Goh, Ngo

→ Tagalog: Go, Wu

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 口 (“mouth”) + 夨 (“man with tilted head”) – to speak loudly.
; "to shout"

Han compound

吴
吴
呉
𠯵
㕦
𡗾
𡗿

(historical) (～國) Wu, one of the Ten Kingdoms in eastern China which was in existence from 907 to 937


周

desc

→ English: Zhou, Chou, Chow, Chau, Chew, Chiu

Cao Wei
Chen dynasty
Eastern Han dynasty
Eastern Wei
Eastern Wu
Eastern Zhou dynasty
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
Han dynasty
Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
Jin dynasty (265–420)
King Wen of Zhou
Liang dynasty
Liao dynasty
Liu Song dynasty
Middle Chinese
Ming dynasty
Northern Qi
Northern Wei
Northern Zhou
Northern and Southern dynasties
Old Chinese
Qin dynasty
Qing dynasty
Shang dynasty
Shu Han
Song dynasty
Southern Qi
Southern and Northern dynasties
Spring and Autumn period
Sui dynasty
Tang dynasty
Three Kingdoms
Warring States period
Western Han dynasty
Western Liao
Western Wei
Western Xia
Western Zhou dynasty
Xia dynasty
Xin dynasty
Yuan dynasty
Zhou dynasty

;to encircle, to circle, to surround, everywhere, curve (in the road)
;to help
:Alternatively, note Khmer ជួយ (cuəy, “to help, assist; to support; to rescue, save”) (ibid.). Even so, also note Thai ช่วย (chûai), which in turn is from Middle Chinese 助 (MC dzrjoH)); if Khmer ជួយ (cuəy) and Thai ช่วย (chûai) were related, then Khmer ជួយ (cuəy) cannot be related to Old Chinese 周 (OC *tjɯw).
;dynasty's name
:A 周方白 (Zhōufāng bó, “Elder of Zhou region”), likely King Wen of Zhou, was mentioned in Oracle Bone Inscriptions H11:82 and H11:84 (Lin, 1995)
:Hargett (2021) states that 商 (Shāng) and 周 (Zhōu) derived from names of "places that the rulers and people of those eras regarded as their homeland or cultic centers"; the 周方 (Zhōufāng, “Zhou region”) was among "areas or regions along the frontier borders of Shang, traditionally regarded as enemy territory".

cog

𠕛
𠱬
𠄗
𠕛
𠣘
淍
週
舟
州

Although Zhou was an old country,
The [favouring] appointment lighted on it recently.

The Classic of Poetry, c. 11ᵗʰ – 7ᵗʰ centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

周雖舊邦，其命維新。

周虽旧邦，其命维新。

(historical) name of various dynasties
(～朝) Zhou Dynasty (1046—256 BCE)

name of various dynasties
Zhou Dynasty (1046—256 BCE)

Northern Zhou (557—581), one of the Northern dynasties in China

Wu Zhou (690–705), established by Wu Zetian

Later Zhou (951–960), one of the Five Dynasties in China


唐

→ English: Tang, T'ang, Tong, Tng

desc

→ Proto-Southwestern Tai: *daːŋᴬ² (“road; way”)

Northern Thai: ᨴᩤ᩠ᨦ

Khün: ᨴᩤ᩠ᨦ

Lao: ທາງ (thāng)

Lü: ᦑᦱᧂ (taang)

Tai Dam: ꪕꪱꪉ

Shan: တၢင်း (táang)

Tai Nüa: ᥖᥣᥒᥰ (täang)

Ahom: 𑜄𑜂𑜫 (taṅ)

Thai: ทาง (taang, “road; way”)

→ Thai: ถัง (tǎng, “Tang (dynasty)”)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡl'aːŋ): phonetic 庚 (OC *kraːŋ) + semantic 口 (“mouth”) – to exaggerate, to boast. 唐 and 庚 were near-homophones in Old Chinese. The phonetic component on top 庚 today appears slightly contracted (the bottom part 人 is missing).
Either related to 途 (OC *l'aː) (Wang, 1982) or from Austroasiatic, compare Proto-Austroasiatic *glɔːŋ, whence Mon ဂၠံၚ်, Kensiu gəlɔŋ, Kuy khlù:aŋ (Schuessler, 2007).

Han compound

唐人


商

Cao Wei
Chen dynasty
Du Yu
Eastern Han dynasty
Eastern Wei
Eastern Wu
Eastern Zhou dynasty
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
Han dynasty
Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
Jin dynasty (265–420)
Liang dynasty
Liao dynasty
Liu Song dynasty
Ming dynasty
Northern Qi
Northern Wei
Northern Zhou
Northern and Southern dynasties
Qin dynasty
Qing dynasty
Shang dynasty
Shu Han
Song dynasty
Southern Qi
Southern and Northern dynasties
Spring and Autumn period
Sui dynasty
Tang dynasty
Three Kingdoms
Warring States period
Western Han dynasty
Western Liao
Western Wei
Western Xia
Western Zhou dynasty
Xia dynasty
Xin dynasty
Yuan dynasty
Zhou dynasty

Traditionally it is considered that 商人 (shāngrén) is so named because this term originally refers to people from Shang dynasty, who tend to do business.
From 賒 (OC *hljaː) plus terminative suffix *-ŋ (Schuessler, 2007). See there for further etymology.

謪
𠘾
𠹧
𠼬
𠾃
𠿧
𡂦
𡃬
𡄚
𡅟
𥫐
𧶜
𧷞
𨝗


圭

Pictogram (象形): 士 + 士 – two ritual axes, perhaps made of jade, one on top of the other. Duplication of 士. Stylized into but unrelated to 土; according to folk etymologies, it's a reduplication of the character 土.

See also: 珪

(historical) jade tablet used by officials when addressing the emperor in court


夏

→ English: Hsia, Xia

Cao Wei
Chen dynasty
Eastern Han dynasty
Eastern Wei
Eastern Wu
Eastern Zhou dynasty
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
Han dynasty
Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
Jin dynasty (265–420)
Liang dynasty
Liao dynasty
Liu Song dynasty
Ming dynasty
Northern Qi
Northern Wei
Northern Zhou
Northern and Southern dynasties
Qin dynasty
Qing dynasty
Shang dynasty
Shu Han
Shuowen
Song dynasty
Southern Qi
Southern and Northern dynasties
Spring and Autumn period
Sui dynasty
Tang dynasty
Three Kingdoms
Warring States period
Western Han dynasty
Western Liao
Western Wei
Western Xia
Western Zhou dynasty
Xia dynasty
Xin dynasty
Yuan dynasty
Zhou dynasty

Characters in the same phonetic series (夏) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
In the oracle bone script, it was an ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 日 (“sun”) + 頁 (“head; man”) – man under the scorching sun; summer.
Various variants were seen in the bronze inscriptions from the Spring and Autumn period. 止 (“foot”) was often added to the bottom of the man. Additionally, in the form shown above, the 日 was removed and 𦥑 (“two hands”) was added. The seal script inherits its form from this form, with 止 replaced with the related 夊.
Various forms were also seen from the Warring States period. The bamboo and silk script above shows a common form: 日 + 止 + 頁. The “ancient script” (古文) from Shuowen (labelled as the large seal script) has deviated significantly, with 止 becoming the related 足. The top part may be a corruption of 頁.
The current form is simplified from the seal script, with the removal of 𦥑 and the legs from 頁. Unrelated to 复.
; “great; Xia Dynasty; China; Chinese”
; “magnificent colours; variegated”

Han compound

昰
夓
𠀼
𠌘
𠍺
𡔰
𡕭
𡕻
𡕾
𡖃
𣋗
𤴞
𧈄
𩖳


夕

Characters in the same phonetic series (夕) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Pictogram (象形) — moon crescent. Compare to its ancient variant 月.
Related to 汐 (OC *ljaːɡ, “evening tide”).
Schuessler (2007) suggests it is from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-r(j)ak (“day; full day; to spend the night”); cognate with Tibetan ཞག (zhag, “day (24 hours)”), Mizo riak (“to pass the night”), Jingpho [script needed] (jaʔ⁵⁵, “day (24 hours)”), Burmese ရက် (rak, “day (24 hours)”), Lahu há (“night; to pass the night”); may also be cognate with 宿 (OC *suɡs, *suɡ, “to spend the night”) and 昔 (OC *sjaːɡ, “former times”). It is noted that in the oracle bone script, the 24 hour day started and ended some time in the evening or night. Since 日 (rì, “sun”) has acquired the meaning of "day (24 hours)", 夕 was then restricted to the time of the day's end.
On the other hand, STEDT suggests 夕 (OC *ljaːɡ, “evening; night”) was derived from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ja-n (“night”), from which 夜 (OC *laːɡs, “night”) was also derived. However, 夕 was also compared to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-r(j)ak (“day; full day; to spend the night”). Schuessler (2007) assigns Chinese 夜 (yè) to *ja (“night”) instead, and notes *ja (“night”) and *ryak (“day (24 hours)”) were kept strictly separate in Tibeto-Burman.

och-l

Woe to us soldiers on these expeditions! Morning and evening we have no rest.

哀我征夫、朝夕不暇。

What night is tonight, that I take a boat into the stream? What day is today, that I get to share a boat with a prince?

Jīnxī hé xī xī, qiān zhōu zhōngliú. Jīnrì hérì xī, dé yǔ wángzǐ tóng zhōu.

今夕何夕兮，搴舟中流。今日何日兮，得與王子同舟。

今夕何夕兮，搴舟中流。今日何日兮，得与王子同舟。

GT - General Taiwanese (no particular region identified)


夜

Characters in the same phonetic series (亦) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *laːɡs): phonetic 亦 (OC *laːɡ) + semantic 夕 (“moon”). 夕 (OC *ljaːɡ) may also serve as another phonetic component.
The lower-right portion is a corruption/graphical variant of 夕 (xī); the remainder (亠 + 亻) is a reduced and distorted form of 亦 (yì), used phonetically.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ja-n (“night”) (STEDT); cognate with Mizo zân (“night”), Burmese ည (nya., “night”).
Schuessler (2007) believes 夜 (OC *laːɡs) and 夕 (OC *ljaːɡ) are distinct as Tibeto-Burman keeps the etyma *ja-n (“night”) and *s-r(j)ak (“day; day (24 hours); night”) strictly separate. However, Baxter and Sagart (2014) suggest that 夜 (yè) and 夕 (xī) have clear etymological connections and thus reconstructs similar finals in both words.

Han compound

GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)


天

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (天):
* → Japanese: 天(てん) (ten)
* → Korean: 천(天) (cheon)
* → Vietnamese: thiên (天)

A horizontal line above a man with outstretched arms 大 (dà) to indicate the sky (compare the original versions of 上). The other ancient representations of the character depicted a man with a large squared head, an anthropomorphic representation of heaven.
Original meaning of the word is “sky”. Such concept is difficult to depict with a pictogram, hence the current form. Perhaps influenced by the glyph, the character was frequently glossed in Old Chinese documents with 顛 (“crown of the head”), and such had led to incorrect hypotheses which regarded 天 (tiān) as a derivation of 顛 or 巔, “top (of the head/hill)”.
This character was previously reconstructed to have a /*tʰ/-initial in Old Chinese, but this hypothesis has been largely discounted in recent reconstructions, in light of evidence from early Chinese accounts of dialectal pronunciations, transcription of other languages, as well as cognate/derived characters within Chinese, which has all pointed to a voiceless resonant initial /*l̥-/ in Old Chinese. According to chapter 1 of Shiming, by c. 200 CE, this initial had already produced dialectal variation in the pronunciation: People in central-western China pronounced it with the back of the tongue, like 顯 (MC xenX), while people in eastern China pronounced it with the tip of the tongue, like 坦 (MC thanX). An old northwestern dialect variant survives as 祆 (MC xen, “God of the Zoroastrians”), and the word 天竺 (MC then trjuwk, “India”) was used to transcribe Old Persian *Hind-uka ("India").
Further etymology is unknown. During the time when this term was reconstructed with a /*tʰ-/ initial, it was frequently compared with tengri, the name for God in early Turkic and Mongolic peoples' languages. This now appears unlikely. The only certain external cognate is the Central Bai (a language closely related to Chinese) word heinl (“sky, heaven”) /xẽ⁵⁵/. Chen (1998) proposes cognation with 祁連 (OC *g'ieg-lian) and 赫連 (OC *khak-lian), transcriptions of a Xiongnu word for "sky", which he also relates to 昊天 (OC *g'ôg-hlin).

𠀘
𠀡
𠑺
兲
𠕹
㕦
䒶
𦴞
𩇗
𩇞
靝/靔
𠀑
𬻃

五更天

天不早了。


季

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 禾 + 子.
Etymology not clear (Schuessler, 2007).

雨季

淡季


宋

→ English: Song, Sung, Soong

Characters in the same phonetic series (宋) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

Han etyl

(～朝) Song dynasty of China (960–1279), reigning from the end of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms to the beginning of the Yuan


宵

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sew): semantic 宀 (“roof”) + phonetic 肖 (OC *slew, *slews).

Han compound

In the day time collect the grass, and at night twist it into ropes.

晝爾于茅、宵爾索綯。

昼尔于茅、宵尔索绹。

《雨霖鈴》 - 柳永 （宋朝)

Hán chán qī qiè. Duì cháng tíng wǎn, zhòu yǔ chū xiē. Dōumén zhàng yǐn wú xù, liúliàn chù, lán zhōu cuī fā. Zhíshǒu xiàng kàn lèiyǎn, jìng wúyǔ níngyē. Niàn qù qù, qiānlǐ yān bō, mù ǎi chén chén chǔ tiān kuò. Duōqíng zìgǔ shāng líbié, gèng nà kān, lěngluò qīng qiū jié. Jīnxiāo jiǔ xǐng héchù? Yángliǔ àn, xiǎo fēng cányuè. Cǐ qù jīng nián, yìng shì liángchén hǎo jǐng xūshè. Biàn zòng yǒu, qiān zhǒng fēngqíng, gèng yǔ hérén shuō?

寒蟬淒切。對長亭晚，驟雨初歇。都門帳飲無緒，留戀處、蘭舟催發。執手相看淚眼，竟無語凝噎。念去去、千里煙波，暮靄沉沉楚天闊。多情自古傷離別，更那堪、冷落清秋節。今宵酒醒何處？楊柳岸、曉風殘月。此去經年，應是良辰好景虛設。便縱有、千種風情，更與何人說？

《雨霖鈴》 - 柳永 （宋朝)

寒蝉凄切。对长亭晚，骤雨初歇。都门帐饮无绪，留恋处、兰舟催发。执手相看泪眼，竟无语凝噎。念去去、千里烟波，暮霭沉沉楚天阔。多情自古伤离别，更那堪、冷落清秋节。今宵酒醒何处？杨柳岸、晓风残月。此去经年，应是良辰好景虚设。便纵有、千种风情，更与何人说？


小

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (小):
* → Japanese: 小(しょう) (shō)
* → Korean: 소(小) (so)
* → Vietnamese: tiểu (小)

Two possible interpretations:
* Ideogram (指事) – three small dots > small.
* Pictogram (象形) – three granules of sand – original character of 沙 (OC *sraːl, *sraːls) > small.
Starting from some bronze inscriptions, the dots have become elongated. Based on this form, Shuowen erroneously considers it to be an ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 八 (“to divide; to separate”) + 丨 (“small object”).
Compare with 少 (OC *hmjewʔ, *hmjews), represented by four dots in its oracle bone script form. Unrelated to the bottom part of 京, 示, 尞, 尗, and 原.
Often thought to be related to 少 (OC *hmjewʔ, *hmjews) (e.g. Wang, 1982), but Schuessler (2007) points out that the alternation between Middle Chinese /s-/ and /ɕ-/ within a word family is exceptional.

Han compound

小兒子

小儿子


幼

Characters in the same phonetic series (幼) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 幺 (“tiny”) + 力 (“strength”). 幺 (OC *qiːw) may also act as a phonetic component.

Han compound

(literary, or in compounds) infant; young child


排

/pʰaːi̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/pʰai²²⁻²²⁵/

/pʰaːi̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/pʰai²²⁻²²⁵/

過多排／过多排 [Cantonese] ― gwo³ do¹ paai⁴ [Jyutping] ― after some time has passed


新

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (新):
* → Japanese: 新(しん) (shin)
* → Korean: 신(新) (sin)
* → Vietnamese: tân (新)

→ Thai: ซิง (sing)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *siŋ): phonetic 亲 (OC *siŋ, “hazelnut tree”) + semantic 斤 (“axe”) – to cut down a tree with an axe (hence starting something new). In this character, 亲 is the stylized form of 𣓀, a chisel over a tree to indicate the hazelnut tree or the hazelnut branch, that could be used as a whip.
Also ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意). Original form of 薪 (OC *siŋ, “firewood”).
Sino-Tibetan; cognate with Burmese သစ် (sac, “new”). Compare the cognacy between 薪 (OC *siŋ, “firewood”) and Burmese သစ် (sac, “wood; timber”).
This word may belong to the Sino-Tibetan stem Proto-Sino-Tibetan *siŋ (“alive, fresh, green”) and may hence be related to 青 (OC *sʰleːŋ, “green”) as well as 薪 (OC *siŋ, “firewood”) (Schuessler, 2007).


早

Early bronze inscriptions: Pictogram (象形) – acorn. Original form of 皂 (OC *zuːʔ) through an intermediate variant 皁 (once also written as 草 (cǎo)). Borrowed phonetically for "morning" sense.
Late bronze inscriptions: Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ʔsuːʔ): semantic 日 (“sun”) + phonetic 棗 (OC *ʔsuːʔ), with 棗 sometimes simplified as 朿.
Small seal script: Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 日 (“sun”) + 甲 (“first”) – when the sun first rises. However, Xu Shen's interpretation is not based on oracle bones and bronzes inscriptions.
In some ancient texts, 蚤 (OC *ʔsuːʔ) was often used instead.
Unrelated to the ancient version of 是: in this character, it doesn't represent an acorn but a spoon.
Possible cognate found in Proto-Hmong-Mien *ntsi̯ouˣ (“early”), whence White Hmong ntxov and Iu Mien nziou (Baxter and Sagart, 2014; Schuessler, 2007), and Proto-Tai *ɟaːwꟲ (“early morning”), whence Thai เช้า (cháao) and Lü ᦋᧁᧉ (tsaw²).

Han compound

他早走了。

This transformer has burnt out. It should have been replaced a long time ago.

Zhè ge biànyāqì yǐjīng shāo huǐ le, zǎo gāi chāi huàn yī ge xīn de le.

這個變壓器已經燒毀了，早該拆換一個新的了。

这个变压器已经烧毁了，早该拆换一个新的了。

So now you are in a hurry. What were you doing before?

Xiànzài zhème cōngmáng, nǐ zǎo gànmá qù le.

現在這麼匆忙，你早幹嗎去了。

现在这么匆忙，你早干吗去了。


明

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (明):
* → Japanese: 明(みょう) (myō); 明(めい) (mei); 明(みん) (Min)
* → Korean: 명(明) (Myeong)
* → Vietnamese: minh (明)

Characters in the same phonetic series (明) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 日 (“sun”) + 月 (“moon”) – the sun just rising and the moon not yet set – dawn (天明 (tiānmíng)). Alternatively, it may be interpreted as two bright celestial bodies – bright. This form was already found in the oracle bone script and was prevalent throughout the eras.
Three other forms were found in the oracle bone script:
* 朙 (míng) < 囧 (“window”) + 月 – the moon shining through a window – moonlight. This form was also prevalent in the ancient scripts and was considered to be the standard form in Shuowen. See this form's entry for its historical forms.
* 眀 (míng) < 目 (“eye”) + 月 – bright eyes. This form was rarely attested, so it is still uncertain whether this form is actually equivalent to 明. It reappeared in the bamboo script of the Qin dynasty, but this was probably a corruption of 朙 (míng).
* 𤰾 < 田 + 月 – probably a corruption of the above forms.
Of either Proto-Sino-Tibetan origin, compare
* Tibetan མདངས (mdangs, “facial color, appearance, brightness”) (Bodman, 1980), or
* Proto-Sino-Tibetan *brwaŋ (“loud; bright”) (STDET); making it cognate with Burmese ပြင်း (prang:, “acute; violent”), Burmese ပြောင် (praung, “to shine”).
Or from Austroasiatic, cognate with 亮 (OC *raŋs, “bright”) (Schuessler, 2007). For more see 亮 (OC *raŋs).
盟 (OC *mraŋ, *mraːŋs, “covenant”) is a derivative (Schuessler, 2007).


時

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (時):
* → Japanese: 時(じ) (ji)
* → Korean: 시(時) (si)
* → Vietnamese: thời (時), thì (時)

→ Vietnamese: giờ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *djɯ): semantic 日 (“sun; day”) + phonetic 寺 (OC *ljɯs). The phonetic component however represents a footprint pointing up, which could be linked to the concept of the movement of the sun and hence the passing of time.
In ancient scripts, it had the form 旹, with 之 (OC *tjɯ) as the phonetic instead (as well as a reference to the passing of time). The component 寸 was added later.
; "time", "duration"
; "this"

Han compound

那時

那时

平時

平时

上課時不要玩手機。

上课时不要玩手机。

In youth, when the constitution of his body is not yet formed, he should beware of lust.

The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

Shào zhī shí, xuèqì wèi dìng, jiè zhī zài sè.

少之時，血氣未定，戒之在色。

少之时，血气未定，戒之在色。

沉寂多時

沉寂多时

時不我待

时不我待

While we are still young, we have plenty of time to put our talent to good use.

The Verses of Chu, 4ᵗʰ century BCE – 2ⁿᵈ century CE

Jí niánsuì zhī wèi yàn xī, shí yì yóu qí wèiyāng.

及年歲之未晏兮，時亦猶其未央。

及年岁之未晏兮，时亦犹其未央。

按時

按时

The children go earlier to bed, and get up later, according to their pleasure. There is no fixed time for their meals.

The Book of Rites, c. 4ᵗʰ – 2ⁿᵈ century BCE

Rúzǐ zǎoqǐnyànqǐ, wéi suǒ yù, shí wú shí.

孺子蚤寢晏起，唯所欲，食無時。

孺子蚤寝晏起，唯所欲，食无时。

The ancient writing has been obsolete for a long time, and now there are none who can read it.

kēdǒushū fèi yǐ jiǔ, shírén wú néng zhī zhě

科斗書廢已久，時人無能知者

科斗书废已久，时人无能知者

It was cockcrow then, and the moon had already set. On the starlit fields the visibility was so good that people could see one another within a hundred paces.

c. 1670, 魏禧, 《大鐵椎傳》

Shí jīmíng yuèluò, xīngguāng zhào kuàngyě, bǎi bù jiàn rén.

時雞鳴月落，星光照曠野，百步見人。

c. 1670, 魏禧, 《大鐵椎傳》

时鸡鸣月落，星光照旷野，百步见人。

sometimes fast, sometimes slow; in a variable speed

時快時慢

时快时慢

時有發生

时有发生


晉

Cao Wei
Chen dynasty
Eastern Han dynasty
Eastern Wei
Eastern Wu
Eastern Zhou dynasty
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
Han dynasty
I Ching
Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
Jin dynasty (265–420)
Liang dynasty
Liao dynasty
Liu Song dynasty
Ming dynasty
Northern Qi
Northern Wei
Northern Zhou
Northern and Southern dynasties
Qin dynasty
Qing dynasty
Shang dynasty
Shu Han
Song dynasty
Southern Qi
Southern and Northern dynasties
Spring and Autumn period
Sui dynasty
Tang dynasty
Three Kingdoms
Warring States period
Western Han dynasty
Western Liao
Western Wei
Western Xia
Western Zhou dynasty
Xia dynasty
Xin dynasty
Yuan dynasty
Zhou dynasty

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 臸 (“to arrive”) + 日 (“sun”)
The I Ching relates it to 進／进 (jìn)https://ctext.org/book-of-changes/jin, whose etymology is unknown (Schuessler, 2007).

晋
㬜
𣈆
𫞄
𣋤
𣌇
𣋧
㬐
𡥨
𦗎

The Marquis of Jin and the Earl of Qin laid siege to [the capital of] Zheng, under the pretext of the [Earl of] Zheng's disrespectful treatments towards [Marquis of] Jin and double-mindedness towards Chu. Jin armies were stationed at Hanling; Qin armies at Fannan.

Jìn hóu, Qín bó wéi Zhèng, yǐ qí wúlǐ yú Jìn, qiě èr yú Chǔ yě. Jìn jūn Hánlíng, Qín jūn Fánnán.

晉侯、秦伯圍鄭，以其無禮於晉，且貳於楚也。晉軍函陵，秦軍氾南。

晋侯、秦伯围郑，以其无礼于晋，且贰于楚也。晋军函陵，秦军氾南。

(～國) Chinese feudal state of Jin (11th century BCE–376 BCE), a state of the Zhou Dynasty in northern China


晚

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *monʔ): semantic 日 + phonetic 免 (OC *mronʔ).

Han compound

晚秋

晚清


暫

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *zaːms): phonetic 斬 (OC *ʔsreːmʔ) + semantic 日.

Han compound

暫別／暂别

temporarily; tentatively; for the time being


暮

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *maːɡs): phonetic 莫 (OC *maːɡ) + semantic 日 (“sun”).


暝

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *meːŋ, *meːŋs): semantic 日 + phonetic 冥 (OC *meːŋ).

Han compound

Yǐ zhào chūn jiāng shàng, héng zhōu shí àn qián. Shān míng xíngrén duàn, tiáotiáo dú fàn xiān.

倚棹春江上，橫舟石岸前。山暝行人斷，迢迢獨泛仙。

倚棹春江上，横舟石岸前。山暝行人断，迢迢独泛仙。


曾

→ Vietnamese: từng (“once”)

Pictogram (象形) – a cooker for steaming food. The derivative 甑 (OC *ʔsɯŋs) refers to the original word.

already; ever; once (in the past); previously


梁

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (梁):
* → Korean: 양(梁) (Yang)
* → Vietnamese: Lương (梁)

→ Bouyei: Liangz, Liangf

desc

→ English: Liang, Leung, Leong, Neo, Leo

→ Zhuang: Liengz

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *raŋ): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 刅 (OC *sʰraŋ) + semantic 木 (“wood”) — a bridge.

Han compound

孟子見梁惠王。

孟子见梁惠王。

The State of Wei during the Warring States period, after moving its capital to Daliang


正

Burmese language
Chepang language
Jingpho language
Khmer language
Mizo language
Proto-Sino-Tibetan language
Thai language
Tibetan language

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *tjeŋ, *tjeŋs): phonetic 丁 (OC *rteːŋ, *teːŋ) + semantic 止 (“foot”) – to go on a long journey. Original form of 征 (OC *tjeŋ, “to go on long campaign”).
Later, 丁 was simplified into a horizontal stroke, as in 旦. Folk etymologies do not recognize 丁. Graphically, the modern version of the character is the reverse of 之.
Sino-Tibetan or area word: “centre; target; first (month); straight; correct”.
Compare Mizo dîng (“to go straight or direct (as person, arrow etc.); to go straight through without breaking the journey; straight; direct”). Matisoff sets up Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-tjak/ŋ ~ tik/ŋ (“good; very; real; straight”) for this, which includes 正, 直 (OC *dɯɡ, “straight; right”) and 實 (OC *ɦliɡ, “solid; true”).
Additionally, Matisoff has Proto-Sino-Tibetan *t(r)waŋ (“straight; straighten”), whence Chepang धेङ्सा (dʰeŋ-, “straight”), Jingpho ding (“straight”), Tibetan དྲང་པོ (drang po, “straight; correct; upright; just; fair”), Burmese တန်း (tan:, “straight; to head straight for”). Also compare Khmer ទៀង (tiĕng, “accurate; correct; exact; precise; honest”) and Thai ดิ่ง (dìng, “vertically; straight; to plummet”).
Derivatives:
* 征 (OC *tjeŋ, “to go straight > to go on a journey”)
* 政 (OC *tjeŋs, “correct; to govern; government; to determine”)
* 整 (OC *tjeŋʔ, “orderly; to arrange; to dispose”)
For etymology of pronunciation 正 (zhĕng) in the month 正月 (zhēngyuè)'s name, see there.

och-l

正午

而家係五點正。

而家系五点正。


歲

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (歲):
* → Japanese: 歳(さい) (sai)
* → Korean: 세(歲) (se)
* → Vietnamese: tuế (歲)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sqʰʷads, *sqʰʷad): semantic 步 + phonetic 戉 (OC *ɢʷad) to indicate the passing of time as "movement". Hence, the original version was close to 𢧁. In addition to 戉, various components such as 月 (“moon; month”) used to be present, sometimes as simple as two dots.
The current form derives from the Qin-style handwriting of the late Warring States (with a full-width 止 on the top and a bottom-left 撇 stroke extending outward as in 戊 or 戌 instead of bending inward as in 戉), which was also inherited by the clerical script.
A derivative of 越 (OC *ɢʷad, “to pass over”) (Mei, 1979, 1992). Ultimately probably from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *grwat (“to travel; to go through”); compare Tibetan སྐྱོད (skyod, “to go”) (Mei, 1979, 1992; Gong Hwang-cherng, 2002; STEDT).
The functions of the *s- prefix and the *-s suffix are not clear. Possible explanations include:
* *s- as a directive prefix and *-s as a nominalizer (Mei, 1992);
* *s- is an iterative prefix, literally "to pass on again" (Schuessler, 2007);
* *s- (possibly with *-s) as a nominalizer (Smith, 2012).
Alternatively, it may be derived from a word like 圓 (OC *ɢon, “round; circle”) (< Proto-Sino-Tibetan *wal (“round; circular”)), literally "to start the circle/cycle again" (Schuessler, 2007).
Outside of Sino-Tibetan, this word has been compared to Thai ขวบ (kùuap, “year”), which Bodman (1980) considers to be a loan from Chinese, as well as Proto-Austronesian *kawaS (“year; season; sky”) (Sagart, 2005).
Also see Schuessler (2007) and Smith (2012) for a discussion on the semantic development of this word, especially the connection between "Jupiter" and "year".

cog

岁
嵗
亗
㞸
㱑
歳
𡻕
𫞓
𢧡
𢧁
𭭚
㒸
⿵𡶔𡭕

Tai Sui, the god representing each of these years


殷

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): a pregnant woman (身, now written reversed as 㐆) next to a hand grabbing a hammer or mallet (now written 殳). However, in this character, the hand could be grabbing a needle for acupuncture.
The character is partly unclear, however the original meaning was either referred to pain and medical treatment and/or to "abundance, prosperity" in reference to the swollen abdomen.


清

Cao Wei
Chen dynasty
Eastern Han dynasty
Eastern Wei
Eastern Wu
Eastern Zhou dynasty
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
Han dynasty
Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
Jin dynasty (265–420)
Liang dynasty
Liao dynasty
Liu Song dynasty
Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area
Ming dynasty
Northern Qi
Northern Wei
Northern Zhou
Northern and Southern dynasties
Qin dynasty
Qing dynasty
Shang dynasty
Shu Han
Song dynasty
Southern Qi
Southern and Northern dynasties
Spring and Autumn period
Sui dynasty
Tang dynasty
Three Kingdoms
Warring States period
Western Han dynasty
Western Liao
Western Wei
Western Xia
Western Zhou dynasty
Xia dynasty
Xin dynasty
Yuan dynasty
Zhou dynasty

→ English: Ching, Cing, Qing

/t͡sʰi̯aŋ²⁴/

/t͡sʰi̯aŋ²⁴/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sʰleŋ): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 青 (OC *sʰleːŋ).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(t)s(j)aŋ (“clear; pure; clean”); cognate with Tibetan གཙང (gtsang, “clean; pure”), Mizo thiang (“to be clear; to be clean; to be pure”), Southern Qiang ɕó, Drung cangma (“clean”), Burmese စင် (cang, “clean, pure”) (Schuessler, 2007; STEDT).
Within Chinese, cognate with 淨 (OC *zeŋs, “clean”), 醒 (OC *seːŋ, *seːŋʔ, *seːŋs, “to wake up; to become sober”), and allofamic with 星 (OC *sleːŋ, “star”), 晴 (OC *zleŋ, “(of weather) clear; fine”); possibly also related to 靜 (OC *zleŋʔ, “quiet”) (Schuessler, 2007).
Perhaps an areal word; compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *caŋ (“to glitter”) (Schuessler, 2007).

och-l

(～朝) the Qing (Ching) dynasty (Manchu) (1644-1911)


漏

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *roːs): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 屚 (OC *roːs, “to leak”)

Han compound

(of information) to divulge; to leak; to let out


現

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡeːns): semantic 玉 (“jade”) + phonetic 見 (OC *keːns, *ɡeːns). The use of 王 as the archaic form of 玉 is a reference to something precious and/or brilliant that easily catches the eye. However, the phonetic component indicates an eye, hence it adds part of the meaning.
Stativized form of the transitive verb 見 (OC *keːns, “to see”), formed by a nasal prefix and expressing the sense "to be visible; to appear" (Mei, 2012).

Han compound

現階段／现阶段

Now, I only want to go with You, dwelling in Your love this whole life

2020, 原始和聲 [Raw Harmony], lyrics by 李俊霆 [Matthew Li], 願盡我一生

jin⁶ ngo⁵ zi² soeng² jyu⁵ nei⁵ tung⁴ heoi³, zung¹ ci² sai³, geoi¹ jyu¹ nei⁵ oi³ leoi⁵

現我只想與祢同去 終此世 居於祢愛裡

现我只想与祢同去 终此世 居于祢爱里


秦

Cao Wei
Chen dynasty
Eastern Han dynasty
Eastern Wei
Eastern Wu
Eastern Zhou dynasty
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
Han dynasty
Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
Jin dynasty (265–420)
Liang dynasty
Liao dynasty
Liu Song dynasty
Ming dynasty
Northern Qi
Northern Wei
Northern Zhou
Northern and Southern dynasties
Qin dynasty
Qing dynasty
Shang dynasty
Shu Han
Shuowen
Shuowen Jiezi
Song dynasty
Southern Qi
Southern and Northern dynasties
Spring and Autumn period
Sui dynasty
Tang dynasty
Three Kingdoms
Warring States period
Western Han dynasty
Western Liao
Western Wei
Western Xia
Western Zhou dynasty
Xia dynasty
Xin dynasty
Yuan dynasty
Zhou dynasty
oracle bone script

→ English: Ch'in, Chin, Qin, Tsin

desctree

→? Sanskrit: चीन (cīna)
Niya Prakrit: 𐨕𐨁𐨣 (cina), 𐨕𐨁𐨎𐨣 (ciṃna)
→ Middle Persian: 𐭰𐭩𐭭 (čīn)
Classical Persian: چین (čīn)
Dari: چین (čīn)
Iranian Persian: چین (čin)
Tajik: Чин (Čin)
→ Arabic: اَلصِّين (aṣ-ṣīn)
→ Ancient Greek: Θῖνα (Thîna), Θῖναι (Thînai), Σῖναι (Sînai), Τζίνιστα (Tzínista)
→ Latin: Sinae
→ Portuguese: China
→ Italian: Cina
→ Sardinian: Cina
→ English: China
→ Middle Chinese: 支那 (MC tsye na)
Chinese: 支那 (Zhīnà)
→ Japanese: 支那 (しな, shina)
→ Korean: 지나 (jina)
→ Vietnamese: Chi Na
→ Malay: Cina
Indonesian: Cina
→ Malayalam: ചീന (cīna)
→ Telugu: చీనా (cīnā)
→ Kannada: ಚೀನಾ (cīnā)

In the oracle bone script, an ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 午 (“pestle”, the original form of 杵) + 廾 (“two hands”) + two 禾 (“grain”). The most conservative variant is 𥢮. A form of its bronze inscription containing only one 禾 developed into the subsequent small seal script form in Shuowen. The 午 and 廾 components have fused into 𡗗 in the modern form. Old Chinese *dzin may derive from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-dz(j)a-k/n/t/s (“to eat; food; to feed; rice”), also recorded as *dzaʔ (Schuessler, 2007).
According to Shuowen Jiezi, the glyph is an ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): abbreviated 舂 (“to pound grain”) + 禾 (“grain”) – husked grain. However this would necessitate a phonological shift that is considered unlikely, and furthermore is likely a folk etymology altogether.

Han compound

晉侯、秦伯圍鄭，以其無禮於晉，且貳於楚也。晉軍函陵，秦軍氾南。

晋侯、秦伯围郑，以其无礼于晋，且贰于楚也。晋军函陵，秦军氾南。

(～朝) Qin dynasty, first imperial dynasty of China

Qin, a general area of central-west China in modern-day Shaanxi and Gansu Provinces


細

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *snɯːls): semantic 糸 + phonetic 囟 (OC *snɯns). The right component is etymologically unrelated to 田 in which it was corrupted to after the Han dynasty.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *z(j)əj (“little; small; tiny”) (STEDT); cognate with Jingpho zi (“small”), Tibetan ཟི (zi, “small”), Burmese သေး (se:, “small”).


老

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (老):
* → Korean: 로/노(老) (ro/no)
* → Vietnamese: lão (老)

Characters in the same phonetic series (老) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 人 (“man”) + 毛 (“hair”) + 匕 (“cane”) – a man with long hair (an old man), leaning on a cane. Compare top component to 孝 (OC *qʰruːs).
Cognate to 考 (OC *kʰluːʔ); the most commonly cited example of 轉注 (“reciprocal meaning”).
Unknown. Compare Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-raw (“withered, residue, corpse”), *rwat (“stiff, tough”), whence Burmese ရော် (rau, “wither, become overripe; age”), ရွတ် (rwat, “old, stiff, tough”). See also 古 (gǔ), 故 (gù).
An old Sino-Vietnamese borrowing is rệu (“overripe, pulpy”).

cog

你別老這樣！

你别老这样！


蔀

十九歲為一章。四章為一蔀，七十六歲。

十九岁为一章。四章为一蔀，七十六岁。

(Chinese astronomy) the cycle of 76 years (approximate common multiple for the synodic month and tropical year, similar to the Callippic cycle)


蜀

Cao Wei
Chen dynasty
Eastern Han dynasty
Eastern Wei
Eastern Wu
Eastern Zhou dynasty
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
Han dynasty
Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
Jin dynasty (265–420)
Liang dynasty
Liao dynasty
Liu Song dynasty
Ming dynasty
Northern Qi
Northern Wei
Northern Zhou
Northern and Southern dynasties
Qin dynasty
Qing dynasty
Shang dynasty
Shu Han
Shuowen Jiezi
Song dynasty
Southern Qi
Southern and Northern dynasties
Spring and Autumn period
Sui dynasty
Tang dynasty
Three Kingdoms
Warring States period
Western Han dynasty
Western Liao
Western Wei
Western Xia
Western Zhou dynasty
Xia dynasty
Xin dynasty
Yuan dynasty
Zhou dynasty

Shuowen Jiezi interprets this as a pictograph of a silkworm: with 目 (mù, “eye”) depicting its head above its wriggling body; cf. 蠶叢／蚕丛 (“silkworm-thicket”), legendary inventor of silk and sericulture and ancestor of the first dynasty of the Shu kings.

In the eleventh month, the Duke met the princeling Yingqi of Chu in Shu.

Shíyǒuyī yuè, gōng huì chǔ gōngzǐ yīngqí yú shǔ.

十有一月，公會楚公子嬰齊于蜀。

十有一月，公会楚公子婴齐于蜀。

(～國) the name of a state in ancient China

(Wei) General-who-Calms-the-West Deng Ai soundly defeated Shu Grand General Jiang Wei at Shanggui

Chen Shou, Records of the Three Kingdoms, circa 3ʳᵈ century CE

Ānxī jiāngjūn dèng ài dà pò shǔ dà jiāng jiāng wéi yú shàngguī.

安西將軍鄧艾大破蜀大將姜維於上邽。

安西将军邓艾大破蜀大将姜维于上邽。

another name for Shu Han, one of Three Kingdoms


遼

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *reːw): semantic 辵 (“walk”) + phonetic 尞 ().

Han compound

(～河, ～水) Liao (a river in Northeast China)


陳

desc

→ English: Chen, Ch'en, Chan, Chun, Chin, Tan, Tang

(～國) (historical) state of Chen (vassal state during the Zhou dynasty)


隋

Cao Wei
Chen dynasty
Eastern Han dynasty
Eastern Wei
Eastern Wu
Eastern Zhou dynasty
Emperor Wen of Sui
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
Han dynasty
Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
Jin dynasty (265–420)
Liang dynasty
Liao dynasty
Liu Song dynasty
Ming dynasty
Northern Qi
Northern Wei
Northern Zhou
Northern and Southern dynasties
Qin dynasty
Qing dynasty
Shang dynasty
Shu Han
Song dynasty
Southern Qi
Southern and Northern dynasties
Spring and Autumn period
Sui dynasty
Tang dynasty
Three Kingdoms
Warring States period
Western Han dynasty
Western Liao
Western Wei
Western Xia
Western Zhou dynasty
Xia dynasty
Xin dynasty
Yuan dynasty
Zhou dynasty

→ English: Sui

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *l̥ʰoːlʔ, *l'oːlʔ, *ljol): abbreviated phonetic 隓 (OC *hlol) + semantic 肉 (“meat”).
The use of this character for the dynasty name was created by its first emperor from the character 隨／随 (suí).


雛

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *zro): phonetic 芻 (OC *sʰro) + semantic 隹 (“bird”).


魏

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ŋɡuls): phonetic 委 (OC *qrol, *qrolʔ) + phonetic 鬼 (OC *kulʔ).
;high
;name of Zhou's vassal state

Han compound

(historical) (～國) State of Wei during the Warring States period


齡

Characters in the same phonetic series (令) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *reːŋ): semantic 齒 (“tooth”) + phonetic 令 (OC *ren, *reŋ, *reŋs, *reːŋ, *reːŋs) – tooth being associated with age. Compare English long in the tooth (“old”) and don't look a gift horse in the mouth (“(to check teeth for age)”).


木曜日

/mu⁵¹⁻⁵³ jɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʐ̩⁵¹/

/mʊk̚² jiːu̯²² jɐt̚²/

/mu⁵¹⁻⁵³ jɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʐ̩⁵¹/

/mʊk̚² jiːu̯²² jɐt̚²/


昨日

/t͡su̯ɔ³⁵ ʐ̩⁵¹/

/t͡su̯ɔ³⁵ ʐ̩³/

/t͡sɔːk̚³ jɐt̚²/

/t͡sɔːk̚² jɐt̚²/

/t͡ʃɔŋ⁵⁵ jɐt̚⁵⁵/

/ˈt͡sʰɔʔ² n̠ʲit̚⁵/

/t͡sa²²⁻²¹ lit̚⁴/

/t͡sa³³⁻²² lit̚²⁴/

/t͡sa²²⁻²¹ d͡zit̚¹²¹/

/t͡sa³³⁻²¹ zit̚⁴/

/t͡sa⁴⁴⁻³³ zit̚⁴/

/t͡sa(ʔ)⁴³⁻²¹ d͡zit̚⁴³/

/t͡sa⁵²⁻³⁵ d͡zik̚⁴/

/t͡sa³³⁻²³ d͡zik̚⁴/

/zoʔ¹¹ n̠ʲiɪʔ²³/

/zo²² n̠ʲiɪʔ⁴⁴/

/t͡so¹³ ʐ̩²⁴/

/d̥͡z̥o¹¹ ʑ̊i¹¹/

/t͡su̯ɔ³⁵ ʐ̩⁵¹/

/t͡su̯ɔ³⁵ ʐ̩³/

/t͡sɔːk̚³ jɐt̚²/

/t͡sɔːk̚² jɐt̚²/

/t͡ʃɔŋ⁵⁵ jɐt̚⁵⁵/

/ˈt͡sʰɔʔ² n̠ʲit̚⁵/

/t͡sa²²⁻²¹ lit̚⁴/

/t͡sa³³⁻²² lit̚²⁴/

/t͡sa²²⁻²¹ d͡zit̚¹²¹/

/t͡sa³³⁻²¹ zit̚⁴/

/t͡sa⁴⁴⁻³³ zit̚⁴/

/t͡sa(ʔ)⁴³⁻²¹ d͡zit̚⁴³/

/t͡sa⁵²⁻³⁵ d͡zik̚⁴/

/t͡sa³³⁻²³ d͡zik̚⁴/

/zoʔ¹¹ n̠ʲiɪʔ²³/

/zo²² n̠ʲiɪʔ⁴⁴/

/t͡so¹³ ʐ̩²⁴/

/d̥͡z̥o¹¹ ʑ̊i¹¹/

/soʔ⁵⁻³³ nˡiʔ⁵/

/t͡sɤ(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ d͡zit̚⁴/

/t͡sɔ⁴⁴⁻²² lit̚⁵⁴/

/soʔ⁵⁻³³ nˡiʔ⁵/

/t͡sɤ(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ d͡zit̚⁴/

/t͡sɔ⁴⁴⁻²² lit̚⁵⁴/

The husband and wife went out of the country the day before yesterday to play.

In nn̄g ang-á-bó͘ cho̍h--ji̍t tō chhut-kok khì chhit-thô--ah.

𪜶兩翁仔某昨日就出國去𨑨迌矣。

𪜶两翁仔某昨日就出国去𨑨迌矣。

day before yesterday
day before yesterday


常常

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵/

/sœːŋ²¹ sœːŋ²¹/

/soŋ¹¹ soŋ¹¹/

/siɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ siɔŋ²⁴/

/siɔŋ²³⁻³³ siɔŋ²³/

/siɔŋ²⁴⁻²² siɔŋ²⁴/

/siaŋ¹³⁻²² siaŋ¹³/

/sĩẽ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sĩẽ⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵/

/sœːŋ²¹ sœːŋ²¹/

/soŋ¹¹ soŋ¹¹/

/siɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ siɔŋ²⁴/

/siɔŋ²³⁻³³ siɔŋ²³/

/siɔŋ²⁴⁻²² siɔŋ²⁴/

/siaŋ¹³⁻²² siaŋ¹³/

/sĩẽ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sĩẽ⁵⁵/

這房子常常鬧鬼。

这房子常常闹鬼。

I lived in Mengzi for five months, and my family two months. I often think of the place now, especially when my social life is busy. Mengzi is good because it's small and sparsely populated.

Wǒ zài Méngzì zhù guò wǔ ge yuè, wǒ de jiā yě zài nàlǐ zhù guò liǎng ge yuè. Wǒ xiànzài chángcháng xiǎngqǐ zhè ge dìfang, tèbié shì zài rénshì fánmáng de shíhou. Méngzì xiǎo de hǎo, rén shǎo de hǎo.

我在蒙自住過五個月，我的家也在那裡住過兩個月。我現在常常想起這個地方，特別是在人事繁忙的時候。蒙自小得好，人少得好。

我在蒙自住过五个月，我的家也在那里住过两个月。我现在常常想起这个地方，特别是在人事繁忙的时候。蒙自小得好，人少得好。


今年

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ ni̯ɛn³⁵/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ nʲiɛn²¹/

/t͡ɕiẽ²¹ niã/

/kɐm⁵⁵ niːn²¹⁻³⁵/

/t͡ɕin⁴² n̠ʲiɛn³⁵/

/kin⁴⁴⁻³⁵ ŋian¹¹/

/t͡ɕiŋ¹¹ nie¹¹/

/kiŋ⁵⁵ nˡieŋ⁵³/

/kin⁴⁴⁻³³ nĩ²⁴/

/kin⁴⁴⁻³³ nĩ²³/

/kin⁴⁴⁻²² nĩ¹³/

/kin⁴⁴⁻²² nĩ²⁴/

/kim³³⁻²³ ni⁵⁵/

/kiŋ³³⁻²³ ni⁵⁵/

/ki³³⁻²³ ni⁵⁵/

/ke³³⁻²³ ni⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ n̠ʲi²¹/

/t͡ɕin³³ n̠ʲiẽ̞³⁴/

/t͡ɕin⁴⁴ n̠ʲɪ/

/t͡ɕin³³ n̠ʲi̯ẽ¹³/

/t͡ɕin⁴⁴⁵ n̠ʲi̯ɛn¹¹/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ ni̯ɛn³⁵/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ nʲiɛn²¹/

/t͡ɕiẽ²¹ niã/

/kɐm⁵⁵ niːn²¹⁻³⁵/

/t͡ɕin⁴² n̠ʲiɛn³⁵/

/kin⁴⁴⁻³⁵ ŋian¹¹/

/t͡ɕiŋ¹¹ nie¹¹/

/kiŋ⁵⁵ nˡieŋ⁵³/

/kin⁴⁴⁻³³ nĩ²⁴/

/kin⁴⁴⁻³³ nĩ²³/

/kin⁴⁴⁻²² nĩ¹³/

/kin⁴⁴⁻²² nĩ²⁴/

/kim³³⁻²³ ni⁵⁵/

/kiŋ³³⁻²³ ni⁵⁵/

/ki³³⁻²³ ni⁵⁵/

/ke³³⁻²³ ni⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ n̠ʲi²¹/

/t͡ɕin³³ n̠ʲiẽ̞³⁴/

/t͡ɕin⁴⁴ n̠ʲɪ/

/t͡ɕin³³ n̠ʲi̯ẽ¹³/

/t͡ɕin⁴⁴⁵ n̠ʲi̯ɛn¹¹/

How old are you this year? [to an unfamiliar elderly person]

您今年貴庚？

您今年贵庚？


今天

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ jɛn⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ tʰiɛn⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕiŋ²⁴ tʰiæ̃⁵¹/

/kɐm⁵⁵ tʰiːn⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕiŋ¹¹ tʰie¹¹/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² tʰiɛn⁴⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² tʰiɛn⁴⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰiɛn⁴⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰiɛn⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ tʰi²¹/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ jɛn⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ tʰiɛn⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕiŋ²⁴ tʰiæ̃⁵¹/

/kɐm⁵⁵ tʰiːn⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕiŋ¹¹ tʰie¹¹/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² tʰiɛn⁴⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² tʰiɛn⁴⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰiɛn⁴⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰiɛn⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ tʰi²¹/

At present our chief enemies are imperialism, feudalism and bureaucrat-capitalism, while the main forces in our struggle against these enemies are the people engaged in manual and mental labour, who make up 90 per cent of the country's population.

1948, 毛澤東 (Mao Zedong), 《關於民族資產階級和開明紳士問題》 (On the Question of the National Bourgeoisie and the Enlightened Gentry), 《毛澤東選集》. English translation based on the Foreign Languages Press edition

Wǒmen jīntiān de zhǔyào dírén shì dìguózhǔyì, fēngjiànzhǔyì hé guānliáozīběnzhǔyì, wǒmen jīntiān tóng dírén zuò dòuzhēng de zhǔyào lìliàng shì zhàn quánguó rénkǒu bǎifēnzhī jiǔshí de yīqiè cóngshì tǐlì láodòng hé nǎolì láodòng de rénmín.

我們今天的主要敵人是帝國主義、封建主義和官僚資本主義，我們今天同敵人作鬥爭的主要力量是佔全國人口百分之九十的一切從事體力勞動和腦力勞動的人民。

我们今天的主要敌人是帝国主义、封建主义和官僚资本主义，我们今天同敌人作斗争的主要力量是占全国人口百分之九十的一切从事体力劳动和脑力劳动的人民。


今日

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (今日):
* → Japanese: 今日(こんにち) (konnichi); 今日(こんじつ) (konjitsu)
* → Korean: 금일(今日) (geumil)

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ ʐ̩⁵¹/

/kɐm⁵⁵ jɐt̚²/

/kɐm⁵⁵ mɐt̚²/

/kim³³ ᵑɡit̚²¹/

/kiɛm³³ jɐt̚⁵⁵/

/ˈt͡ɕin⁴² n̠ʲit̚⁵/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³⁵ ŋit̚¹/

/t͡ɕiŋ¹¹ ʐəŋ¹¹/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² d͡zit̚¹²¹/

/kin⁴⁴⁻²² d͡zit̚⁴³/

/kin⁴⁴⁻²² lit̚⁴³/

/kiŋ³³⁻²³ d͡zik̚⁴/

/t͡ɕin³³ ʐ̩²⁴/

/t͡ɕin³³ n̠ʲi²⁴/

/t͡ɕin⁴⁴⁵ ɕi⁴⁴⁵/

/t͡ɕi⁴⁴⁵ i¹¹/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ ʐ̩⁵¹/

/kɐm⁵⁵ jɐt̚²/

/kɐm⁵⁵ mɐt̚²/

/kim³³ ᵑɡit̚²¹/

/kiɛm³³ jɐt̚⁵⁵/

/ˈt͡ɕin⁴² n̠ʲit̚⁵/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³⁵ ŋit̚¹/

/t͡ɕiŋ¹¹ ʐəŋ¹¹/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² d͡zit̚¹²¹/

/kin⁴⁴⁻²² d͡zit̚⁴³/

/kin⁴⁴⁻²² lit̚⁴³/

/kiŋ³³⁻²³ d͡zik̚⁴/

/t͡ɕin³³ ʐ̩²⁴/

/t͡ɕin³³ n̠ʲi²⁴/

/t͡ɕin⁴⁴⁵ ɕi⁴⁴⁵/

/t͡ɕi⁴⁴⁵ i¹¹/

(formal or dialectal) nowadays; the present time


現在

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡saɪ̯⁵¹/

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹⁻⁵³ ˀaɪ̯⁵¹/

/ɕiɛn²¹³ t͡sai²¹³/

/ɕyæ̃⁵¹ t͡sɛ²⁴/

/ɕiæ̃⁴⁴ t͡sɛ⁴⁴/

/jiːn²² t͡sɔːi̯²²/

/ɕiɛn¹¹ ˈt͡sʰai¹¹/

/hian⁵³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sʰaɪ⁵³/

/hiɛn⁴¹⁻²² t͡sai²²/

/hiɛn³³⁻¹¹ t͡sai³³/

/hiɛn³³⁻²¹ t͡sai³³/

/hiɛn²²⁻²¹ t͡sai²²/

/ɕi̯ẽ²¹⁻¹¹ t͡sai̯²¹⁻¹¹/

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡saɪ̯⁵¹/

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹⁻⁵³ ˀaɪ̯⁵¹/

/ɕiɛn²¹³ t͡sai²¹³/

/ɕyæ̃⁵¹ t͡sɛ²⁴/

/ɕiæ̃⁴⁴ t͡sɛ⁴⁴/

/jiːn²² t͡sɔːi̯²²/

/ɕiɛn¹¹ ˈt͡sʰai¹¹/

/hian⁵³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sʰaɪ⁵³/

/hiɛn⁴¹⁻²² t͡sai²²/

/hiɛn³³⁻¹¹ t͡sai³³/

/hiɛn³³⁻²¹ t͡sai³³/

/hiɛn²²⁻²¹ t͡sai²²/

/ɕi̯ẽ²¹⁻¹¹ t͡sai̯²¹⁻¹¹/

珍惜現在

珍惜现在

現在還早

现在还早

現在的情況

现在的情况

現在幾點了？

现在几点了？

你現在在哪裡？

你现在在哪里？

倒計時現在開始！

倒计时现在开始！

我現在沒有辦法工作。

我现在没有办法工作。

What was thought impossible has now been done.

Yuánlái rènwéi bàn bù dào de shì, xiànzài bàn dào le.

原來認為辦不到的事，現在辦到了。

原来认为办不到的事，现在办到了。

The train leaves at three. You can still make it if you go now.

Huǒchē sān diǎn kāi, nǐ xiànzài qù hái láidejí.

火車三點開，你現在去還來得及。

火车三点开，你现在去还来得及。

The old television shows are much better than the current television shows!

Jiù diànshìjiémù bǐ xiànzài de diànshìjiémù hǎoduō ba!

舊電視節目比現在的電視節目好多吧！

旧电视节目比现在的电视节目好多吧！

now; the present time; the present moment; the current time


少年

/ʂɑʊ̯⁵¹ ni̯ɛn³⁵/

/ʂɔ⁴⁴ niæ̃²⁴/

/siau⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ liɛn²⁴/

/siau²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ni⁵⁵/

/ʂɑʊ̯⁵¹ ni̯ɛn³⁵/

/ʂɔ⁴⁴ niæ̃²⁴/

/siau⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ liɛn²⁴/

/siau²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ni⁵⁵/

少年時代

少年时代

early youth (from ten to sixteen years old)


一月

Sino-Xenic (一月):
* → Japanese: 一月(いちげつ) (ichigetsu)
* → Korean: 일월(一月) (irwol)

/iɪʔ³³ ɦyɪʔ⁴⁴/

/iɪʔ³³ ɦyɪʔ⁴⁴/


三月

/sän⁵⁵ ɥɛ⁵¹/

/sæ̃²⁴ yə⁵¹/

/sam²⁴⁻¹¹ ŋi̯et̚⁵/

/sam²⁴⁻¹¹ ŋi̯at̚⁵/

/saŋ⁵⁴ ŋyɛ⁴²/

/saŋ⁵⁵ ŋuoʔ⁵/

/sã⁴⁴⁻²² ɡəʔ⁴³/

/sã³³ ɡəʔ³⁵/

/sã⁴⁴⁻²² ɡəʔ⁵⁴/

/sã³³ ɡəʔ²⁴/

/sã³³ ɡeʔ²⁴/

/sã⁴⁴⁻²² ɡeʔ⁴³/

/sã⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡeʔ⁴/

/sã⁴⁴⁻²² ɡeʔ⁴/

/sã³³⁻²¹ ɡueʔ⁴/

/sã⁴⁴⁻²² ɡueʔ¹²¹/

/sã⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡueʔ⁴/

/sã⁴⁴⁻²² ɡueʔ⁴³/

/sã⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡue³³/

/sã³³⁻²³ ɡueʔ⁴/

/se⁵⁵ ɦyɪʔ²¹/

/se⁵⁵ ɦioʔ²¹/

/sän⁵⁵ ɥɛ⁵¹/

/sæ̃²⁴ yə⁵¹/

/sam²⁴⁻¹¹ ŋi̯et̚⁵/

/sam²⁴⁻¹¹ ŋi̯at̚⁵/

/saŋ⁵⁴ ŋyɛ⁴²/

/saŋ⁵⁵ ŋuoʔ⁵/

/sã⁴⁴⁻²² ɡəʔ⁴³/

/sã³³ ɡəʔ³⁵/

/sã⁴⁴⁻²² ɡəʔ⁵⁴/

/sã³³ ɡəʔ²⁴/

/sã³³ ɡeʔ²⁴/

/sã⁴⁴⁻²² ɡeʔ⁴³/

/sã⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡeʔ⁴/

/sã⁴⁴⁻²² ɡeʔ⁴/

/sã³³⁻²¹ ɡueʔ⁴/

/sã⁴⁴⁻²² ɡueʔ¹²¹/

/sã⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡueʔ⁴/

/sã⁴⁴⁻²² ɡueʔ⁴³/

/sã⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡue³³/

/sã³³⁻²³ ɡueʔ⁴/

/se⁵⁵ ɦyɪʔ²¹/

/se⁵⁵ ɦioʔ²¹/

March, the third month of the Gregorian solar calendar.


謹賀新年

ㄐㄧㄣˇ ㄏㄜˋ ㄒㄧㄣ ㄋㄧㄢˊ

цзиньхэсиньнянь

/t͡ɕin²¹⁴⁻²¹ xɤ⁵¹ ɕin⁵⁵ ni̯ɛn³⁵/

/t͡ɕin²¹⁴⁻²¹ xɤ⁵¹ ɕin⁵⁵ ni̯ɛn³⁵/


大小

/tä⁵¹ ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/taːi̯²² siːu̯³⁵/

/tä⁵¹ ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/taːi̯²² siːu̯³⁵/


七月

/t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵ ɥɛ⁵¹/

/t͡ɕʰi²¹ ye²¹/

/t͡ɕʰi²⁴ yə⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɐt̚⁵ jyːt̚²/

/t͡sʰi²⁴ ŋyɛ⁴²/

/t͡sʰiʔ²⁴⁻²¹ ŋuoʔ⁵/

/t͡sʰit̚³²⁻⁴ ɡəʔ⁴³/

/t͡sʰit̚⁵ ɡəʔ³⁵/

/t͡sʰit̚³²⁻⁵⁴ ɡəʔ⁵⁴/

/t͡sʰit̚⁵⁻²⁴ ɡəʔ²⁴/

/t͡sʰit̚³²⁻⁴ ɡeʔ⁴/

/t͡sʰit̚³²⁻⁴ ɡeʔ⁴³/

/t͡sʰit̚⁵⁻²⁴ ɡeʔ²⁴/

/t͡sʰit̚³²⁻⁴ ɡueʔ⁴³/

/t͡sʰit̚³²⁻⁴ ɡueʔ⁴/

/t͡sʰit̚³⁻⁴ ɡueʔ⁴/

/t͡sʰit̚³²⁻⁵ ɡueʔ¹²¹/

/t͡sʰit̚²⁻⁵ ɡue³³/

/t͡sʰik̚²⁻⁴ ɡueʔ⁴/

/t͡sʰek̚²⁻⁴ ɡueʔ⁴/

/t͡ɕʰiɪʔ³³ ɦyɪʔ⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵ ɥɛ⁵¹/

/t͡ɕʰi²¹ ye²¹/

/t͡ɕʰi²⁴ yə⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɐt̚⁵ jyːt̚²/

/t͡sʰi²⁴ ŋyɛ⁴²/

/t͡sʰiʔ²⁴⁻²¹ ŋuoʔ⁵/

/t͡sʰit̚³²⁻⁴ ɡəʔ⁴³/

/t͡sʰit̚⁵ ɡəʔ³⁵/

/t͡sʰit̚³²⁻⁵⁴ ɡəʔ⁵⁴/

/t͡sʰit̚⁵⁻²⁴ ɡəʔ²⁴/

/t͡sʰit̚³²⁻⁴ ɡeʔ⁴/

/t͡sʰit̚³²⁻⁴ ɡeʔ⁴³/

/t͡sʰit̚⁵⁻²⁴ ɡeʔ²⁴/

/t͡sʰit̚³²⁻⁴ ɡueʔ⁴³/

/t͡sʰit̚³²⁻⁴ ɡueʔ⁴/

/t͡sʰit̚³⁻⁴ ɡueʔ⁴/

/t͡sʰit̚³²⁻⁵ ɡueʔ¹²¹/

/t͡sʰit̚²⁻⁵ ɡue³³/

/t͡sʰik̚²⁻⁴ ɡueʔ⁴/

/t͡sʰek̚²⁻⁴ ɡueʔ⁴/

/t͡ɕʰiɪʔ³³ ɦyɪʔ⁴⁴/


九月

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɥɛ⁵¹/

/t͡ɕiəu⁵³ ye²¹/

/t͡ɕiou⁵¹ yə²⁴/

/kɐu̯³⁵ jyːt̚²/

/kiu⁵⁵ ᵑɡut̚³²/

/kiu²¹ ŋyɛ⁴²/

/kau³³⁻²¹ ŋuoʔ⁵/

/kau⁵⁵⁻³⁵ ɡəʔ³⁵/

/kau⁴²⁻²⁴ ɡəʔ⁴³/

/kau⁵³⁻²⁴ ɡəʔ⁵⁴/

/kau⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ɡəʔ²⁴/

/kau⁴²⁻²⁴ ɡeʔ⁴³/

/kau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡeʔ⁴/

/kau⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ɡeʔ²⁴/

/kau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡueʔ¹²¹/

/kau⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ɡueʔ⁴/

/kau⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ ɡueʔ⁴/

/kau⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɡueʔ⁴/

/kau⁴²⁻²⁴ ɡueʔ⁴³/

/kau⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ɡue³³/

/kau⁵²⁻³⁵ ɡueʔ⁴/

/t͡ɕiɤ³³ ɦyɪʔ⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɥɛ⁵¹/

/t͡ɕiəu⁵³ ye²¹/

/t͡ɕiou⁵¹ yə²⁴/

/kɐu̯³⁵ jyːt̚²/

/kiu⁵⁵ ᵑɡut̚³²/

/kiu²¹ ŋyɛ⁴²/

/kau³³⁻²¹ ŋuoʔ⁵/

/kau⁵⁵⁻³⁵ ɡəʔ³⁵/

/kau⁴²⁻²⁴ ɡəʔ⁴³/

/kau⁵³⁻²⁴ ɡəʔ⁵⁴/

/kau⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ɡəʔ²⁴/

/kau⁴²⁻²⁴ ɡeʔ⁴³/

/kau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡeʔ⁴/

/kau⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ɡeʔ²⁴/

/kau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡueʔ¹²¹/

/kau⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ɡueʔ⁴/

/kau⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ ɡueʔ⁴/

/kau⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɡueʔ⁴/

/kau⁴²⁻²⁴ ɡueʔ⁴³/

/kau⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ɡue³³/

/kau⁵²⁻³⁵ ɡueʔ⁴/

/t͡ɕiɤ³³ ɦyɪʔ⁴⁴/


二月

/ˀɤɻ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɥɛ⁵¹/

/ᵑɡei³² ᵑɡut̚³²/

/ŋi⁵⁵ ŋi̯et̚⁵/

/ŋi⁵⁵ ŋi̯at̚⁵/

/ŋi⁵³ ŋiat̚⁵/

/ni⁵⁵ ŋyɛ⁴²/

/nˡi²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ŋuoʔ⁵/

/li⁴¹⁻²² ɡəʔ²⁴/

/li²²⁻¹² ɡəʔ⁵⁴/

/li³¹⁻²² ɡəʔ³⁵/

/li²²⁻²¹ ɡeʔ⁴/

/li⁴¹⁻²² ɡeʔ²⁴/

/li³³⁻¹¹ ɡeʔ⁴/

/d͡zi²²⁻²¹ ɡueʔ¹²¹/

/d͡zi³³⁻¹¹ ɡueʔ⁴/

/zi³³⁻²¹ ɡueʔ⁴/

/d͡zi³³⁻²¹ ɡue³³/

/d͡zi³⁵⁻¹¹ ɡueʔ⁴/

/n̠ʲi²² ɦyɪʔ⁴⁴/

/ˀɤɻ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɥɛ⁵¹/

/ᵑɡei³² ᵑɡut̚³²/

/ŋi⁵⁵ ŋi̯et̚⁵/

/ŋi⁵⁵ ŋi̯at̚⁵/

/ŋi⁵³ ŋiat̚⁵/

/ni⁵⁵ ŋyɛ⁴²/

/nˡi²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ŋuoʔ⁵/

/li⁴¹⁻²² ɡəʔ²⁴/

/li²²⁻¹² ɡəʔ⁵⁴/

/li³¹⁻²² ɡəʔ³⁵/

/li²²⁻²¹ ɡeʔ⁴/

/li⁴¹⁻²² ɡeʔ²⁴/

/li³³⁻¹¹ ɡeʔ⁴/

/d͡zi²²⁻²¹ ɡueʔ¹²¹/

/d͡zi³³⁻¹¹ ɡueʔ⁴/

/zi³³⁻²¹ ɡueʔ⁴/

/d͡zi³³⁻²¹ ɡue³³/

/d͡zi³⁵⁻¹¹ ɡueʔ⁴/

/n̠ʲi²² ɦyɪʔ⁴⁴/


少女

Sino-Xenic (少女):
* → Japanese: 少(しょう)女(じょ) (shōjo)
* → Korean: 소녀(少女) (sonyeo)
* → Vietnamese: thiếu nữ (少女)

/ʂɑʊ̯⁵¹ ny²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/siːu̯³³ nɵy̯¹³/

/seu̯⁵⁵ ŋ̍³¹/

/siau⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ lɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/ʂɑʊ̯⁵¹ ny²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/siːu̯³³ nɵy̯¹³/

/seu̯⁵⁵ ŋ̍³¹/

/siau⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ lɯ⁵⁵⁴/


馬上

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂɑŋ⁵¹/

/maː¹³ sœːŋ²²/

/ma²¹³⁻²¹ sɔŋ¹/

/ma²⁴⁻¹¹ soŋ⁵⁵/

/ma⁴⁴⁻³⁵ sɔŋ⁵³/

/ma³³⁻⁵⁵ suɔŋ²⁴²/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɔŋ³³/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɔŋ²²/

/mã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ siɔŋ⁴¹/

/ma⁴²⁻²⁴ siɔŋ²²/

/mã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ siɔŋ³³/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siaŋ²²/

/mã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ siaŋ³³/

/ma⁵²⁻³⁵ siaŋ³⁵/

/ma⁵⁵ zɑ̃²¹/

/mo⁵⁵ zɑ̃²¹/

/ma²² zɑ̃⁴⁴/

/mo²² zɑ̃⁴⁴/

/ma̠⁴¹ ʂan²¹⁻¹¹/

/ma̠⁴¹ san²¹⁻¹¹/

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂɑŋ⁵¹/

/maː¹³ sœːŋ²²/

/ma²¹³⁻²¹ sɔŋ¹/

/ma²⁴⁻¹¹ soŋ⁵⁵/

/ma⁴⁴⁻³⁵ sɔŋ⁵³/

/ma³³⁻⁵⁵ suɔŋ²⁴²/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɔŋ³³/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɔŋ²²/

/mã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ siɔŋ⁴¹/

/ma⁴²⁻²⁴ siɔŋ²²/

/mã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ siɔŋ³³/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siaŋ²²/

/mã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ siaŋ³³/

/ma⁵²⁻³⁵ siaŋ³⁵/

/ma⁵⁵ zɑ̃²¹/

/mo⁵⁵ zɑ̃²¹/

/ma²² zɑ̃⁴⁴/

/mo²² zɑ̃⁴⁴/

/ma̠⁴¹ ʂan²¹⁻¹¹/

/ma̠⁴¹ san²¹⁻¹¹/

From 馬背上 (mǎ bèi shàng), "on horseback", by extension, "at once; immediately", on account of the horse being the fastest mode of transportation in ancient times.

我馬上就回來。

我马上就回来。

Chinese New Year is coming soon, and I have to have drinking contests again when I go back.

Mǎshàng yào guònián le, huíqù yòu yào pīnjiǔ le.

馬上要過年了，回去又要拼酒了。

马上要过年了，回去又要拼酒了。

at once; immediately; without delay; in a minute; soon


日曜日

/ʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ jɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʐ̩⁵¹/

/jɐt̚² jiːu̯²² jɐt̚²/

/ʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ jɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʐ̩⁵¹/

/jɐt̚² jiːu̯²² jɐt̚²/


目下

/mu⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕi̯ä⁵¹/

/mʊk̚² haː²²/

/bak̚⁴⁻³² e²²/

/bak̚²⁴⁻² e⁴¹/

/bak̚¹²¹⁻²¹ e²²/

/bak̚⁴⁻³² e³³/

/bak̚⁴⁻³² e³³/

/mu⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕi̯ä⁵¹/

/mʊk̚² haː²²/

/bak̚⁴⁻³² e²²/

/bak̚²⁴⁻² e⁴¹/

/bak̚¹²¹⁻²¹ e²²/

/bak̚⁴⁻³² e³³/

/bak̚⁴⁻³² e³³/

(literary) the present time; the current time; the current moment


一日

/i⁵⁵⁻³⁵ ʐ̩⁵¹/

/jɐt̚⁵ jɐt̚²/

/suoʔ⁵⁻³³ nˡiʔ⁵/

/iʔ²⁴⁻²¹ nˡiʔ⁵/

/t͡sit̚¹²¹⁻²¹ d͡zit̚¹²¹/

/t͡sit̚²⁴⁻² lit̚²⁴/

/t͡sit̚³⁵⁻² lit̚³⁵/

/t͡sit̚⁵⁴⁻³² lit̚⁵⁴/

/iɪʔ³³ n̠ʲiɪʔ⁴⁴/

/iɪʔ⁴⁴ n̠ʲiɪʔ⁴⁴/

/i⁵⁵⁻³⁵ ʐ̩⁵¹/

/jɐt̚⁵ jɐt̚²/

/suoʔ⁵⁻³³ nˡiʔ⁵/

/iʔ²⁴⁻²¹ nˡiʔ⁵/

/t͡sit̚¹²¹⁻²¹ d͡zit̚¹²¹/

/t͡sit̚²⁴⁻² lit̚²⁴/

/t͡sit̚³⁵⁻² lit̚³⁵/

/t͡sit̚⁵⁴⁻³² lit̚⁵⁴/

/iɪʔ³³ n̠ʲiɪʔ⁴⁴/

/iɪʔ⁴⁴ n̠ʲiɪʔ⁴⁴/


何時

/xɤ³⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/hɔː²¹ siː²¹/

/ho²⁴⁻²² si²⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻²² si²⁴/

/ho¹³⁻²² si¹³/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ si²⁴/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ si²³/

/ho⁵⁵⁻¹¹ si⁵⁵/

/xɤ³⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/hɔː²¹ siː²¹/

/ho²⁴⁻²² si²⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻²² si²⁴/

/ho¹³⁻²² si¹³/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ si²⁴/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ si²³/

/ho⁵⁵⁻¹¹ si⁵⁵/

No matter when or where you have any difficulties or questions, please feel free to contact me.

Wúlùn héshí hédì, zhǐyào nǐ yǒu kùnnan huò yǒu rènhé yíwèn, dōu huānyíng suíshí liánxì wǒ.

無論何時何地，只要你有困難或有任何疑問，都歡迎隨時聯繫我。

无论何时何地，只要你有困难或有任何疑问，都欢迎随时联系我。

Alas, I do not know when I will see him again.

1925, 朱自清 (Zhu Ziqing), 背影 (Retreating Figure)

Ài, wǒ bùzhī héshí zài néng yǔ tā xiāngjiàn.

唉，我不知何時再能與他相見。

唉，我不知何时再能与他相见。


大人

/tä⁵¹ ʐən³⁵/

/ta⁴⁴ ʐəŋ²⁴/

/taːi̯²² jɐn²¹/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ ŋin¹¹/

/tua²²⁻²¹ laŋ²⁴/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² laŋ²⁴/

/tua²²⁻²¹ laŋ¹³/

/tua³³⁻¹¹ laŋ²⁴/

/tua³³⁻²¹ laŋ²³/

/tä⁵¹ ʐən³⁵/

/ta⁴⁴ ʐəŋ²⁴/

/taːi̯²² jɐn²¹/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ ŋin¹¹/

/tua²²⁻²¹ laŋ²⁴/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² laŋ²⁴/

/tua²²⁻²¹ laŋ¹³/

/tua³³⁻¹¹ laŋ²⁴/

/tua³³⁻²¹ laŋ²³/

Halloween costumes are not just for adults - the costumes of children who ask for candy can also be extraordinary!

Wànshèngjié zhuāngbàn bùshì dàrén de zhuānlì, nàxiē pāi mén tǎo tángguǒ de xiǎohái zhuāngbàn yě kěyǐ shífēn chūsè!

萬聖節裝扮不是大人的專利，那些拍門討糖果的小孩裝扮也可以十分出色！

万圣节装扮不是大人的专利，那些拍门讨糖果的小孩装扮也可以十分出色！

轉大人

转大人


月曜日

/ɥɛ⁵¹⁻⁵³ jɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʐ̩⁵¹/

/jyːt̚² jiːu̯²² jɐt̚²/

/ɥɛ⁵¹⁻⁵³ jɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʐ̩⁵¹/

/jyːt̚² jiːu̯²² jɐt̚²/


火曜日

/xu̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ jɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʐ̩⁵¹/

/fɔː³⁵ jiːu̯²² jɐt̚²/

/xu̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ jɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʐ̩⁵¹/

/fɔː³⁵ jiːu̯²² jɐt̚²/


水曜日

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ jɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʐ̩⁵¹/

/sɵy̯³⁵ jiːu̯²² jɐt̚²/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ jɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʐ̩⁵¹/

/sɵy̯³⁵ jiːu̯²² jɐt̚²/


金曜日

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ jɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʐ̩⁵¹/

/kɐm⁵⁵ jiːu̯²² jɐt̚²/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ jɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʐ̩⁵¹/

/kɐm⁵⁵ jiːu̯²² jɐt̚²/


土曜日

/tʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ jɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʐ̩⁵¹/

/tʰou̯³⁵ jiːu̯²² jɐt̚²/

/tʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ iau²²⁻²¹ d͡zit̚⁴/

/tʰɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ iau⁴¹⁻²² d͡zit̚²⁴/

/tʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ iau²²⁻²¹ d͡zit̚¹²¹/

/tʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ iau³³⁻¹¹ d͡zit̚⁴/

/tʰɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ iau³³⁻²¹ zit̚⁴/

/tʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ jɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʐ̩⁵¹/

/tʰou̯³⁵ jiːu̯²² jɐt̚²/

/tʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ iau²²⁻²¹ d͡zit̚⁴/

/tʰɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ iau⁴¹⁻²² d͡zit̚²⁴/

/tʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ iau²²⁻²¹ d͡zit̚¹²¹/

/tʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ iau³³⁻¹¹ d͡zit̚⁴/

/tʰɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ iau³³⁻²¹ zit̚⁴/


以前

/i²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/i⁵¹ t͡ɕʰiæ̃²⁴/

/jiː¹³ t͡sʰiːn²¹/

/i⁴⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sʰiɛn¹¹/

/i²¹ t͡sʰiŋ³³/

/i³³⁻²¹ sɛiŋ⁵³/

/i⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡siɪŋ²³/

/i⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siɪŋ²⁴/

/i⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siɪŋ¹³/

/i⁴²⁻²⁴ t͡seŋ²⁴/

/i⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡suĩ²⁴/

/i³¹⁻²² t͡sãi²⁴/

/i⁵³⁻²⁴ t͡sãi²⁴/

/i⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡sõĩ⁵⁵/

/i⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡sãĩ⁵⁵/

/i⁴¹ t͡si̯ẽ¹³/

/i⁴¹ t͡ɕi̯ẽ¹³/

/i²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/i⁵¹ t͡ɕʰiæ̃²⁴/

/jiː¹³ t͡sʰiːn²¹/

/i⁴⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sʰiɛn¹¹/

/i²¹ t͡sʰiŋ³³/

/i³³⁻²¹ sɛiŋ⁵³/

/i⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡siɪŋ²³/

/i⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siɪŋ²⁴/

/i⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siɪŋ¹³/

/i⁴²⁻²⁴ t͡seŋ²⁴/

/i⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡suĩ²⁴/

/i³¹⁻²² t͡sãi²⁴/

/i⁵³⁻²⁴ t͡sãi²⁴/

/i⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡sõĩ⁵⁵/

/i⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡sãĩ⁵⁵/

/i⁴¹ t͡si̯ẽ¹³/

/i⁴¹ t͡ɕi̯ẽ¹³/


一度

/i⁵⁵⁻³⁵ tu⁵¹/

/it̚³²⁻⁵ tɔ²²/

/it̚³²⁻⁴ tɔ²²/

/it̚⁵⁻²⁴ tɔ⁴¹/

/i⁵⁵⁻³⁵ tu⁵¹/

/it̚³²⁻⁵ tɔ²²/

/it̚³²⁻⁴ tɔ²²/

/it̚⁵⁻²⁴ tɔ⁴¹/


一度

/i⁵⁵⁻³⁵ tu⁵¹/

/it̚³²⁻⁵ tɔ²²/

/it̚³²⁻⁴ tɔ²²/

/it̚⁵⁻²⁴ tɔ⁴¹/

/i⁵⁵⁻³⁵ tu⁵¹/

/it̚³²⁻⁵ tɔ²²/

/it̚³²⁻⁴ tɔ²²/

/it̚⁵⁻²⁴ tɔ⁴¹/


一生

/i⁵⁵⁻⁵¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/jɐt̚⁵ sɐŋ⁵⁵/

/it̚³²⁻⁴ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/it̚³²⁻⁵ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/it̚⁵⁻²⁴ sŋ̍³³/

/i⁵⁵⁻⁵¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/jɐt̚⁵ sɐŋ⁵⁵/

/it̚³²⁻⁴ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/it̚³²⁻⁵ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/it̚⁵⁻²⁴ sŋ̍³³/

你已成为我一生中最伟大的骄傲 [MSC, simp.]
nǐ yǐ chéngwéi wǒ yīshēng zhōng zuì wěidà de jiāo'ào [Pinyin]

劉德華, 你是我一生中最大的驕傲 你已成為我一生中最偉大的驕傲 [MSC, trad.]

You've become the greatest source of pride in my life

lifetime; all one's life; one's whole life


每天

/meɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/muːi̯¹³ tʰiːn⁵⁵/

/me̞i̯⁴¹ tʰi̯ẽ³³/

/meɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/muːi̯¹³ tʰiːn⁵⁵/

/me̞i̯⁴¹ tʰi̯ẽ³³/

我每天坐地鐵去上班。

我每天坐地铁去上班。

你每天怎麼都這麼準時啊。

你每天怎么都这么准时啊。

One glass of booze every day will make you live till you’re 99. (rhyme)

Měitiān yī bēi jiǔ, huó dào jiǔ shí jiǔ.

每天一杯酒，活到九十九。


前天

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰiːn²¹ tʰiːn⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰie¹¹ tʰie¹¹/

/ʑi²² tʰi⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰiːn²¹ tʰiːn⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰie¹¹ tʰie¹¹/

/ʑi²² tʰi⁴⁴/


昨天

/t͡su̯ɔ³⁵ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/t͡su̯ɔ³⁵ tʰi̯ɛn³/

/t͡sɔːk̚³ tʰiːn⁵⁵/

/t͡sɔːk̚² tʰiːn⁵⁵/

/zoʔ¹¹ tʰi²³/

/t͡su̯ɔ³⁵ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/t͡su̯ɔ³⁵ tʰi̯ɛn³/

/t͡sɔːk̚³ tʰiːn⁵⁵/

/t͡sɔːk̚² tʰiːn⁵⁵/

/zoʔ¹¹ tʰi²³/

Zuótiān fāshēng le yī jiàn kěxiào de shì.

昨天發生了一件可笑的事。

昨天发生了一件可笑的事。

I received over 30 spam text messages yesterday.

Wǒ zuótiān shōudào le sānshí duō tiáo lājī duǎnxìn.

我昨天收到了三十多條垃圾短信。

我昨天收到了三十多条垃圾短信。

我昨天發生了車禍。

我昨天发生了车祸。


明天

/miŋ³⁵ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/miŋ²⁴ tʰiæ̃⁵¹/

/mɪŋ²¹ tʰiːn⁵⁵/

/biɪŋ²⁴⁻²² tʰiɛn⁴⁴/

/biɪŋ²⁴⁻²² tʰiɛn³³/

/biɪŋ¹³⁻²² tʰiɛn⁴⁴/

/biɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰiɛn⁴⁴/

/biɪŋ²³⁻³³ tʰiɛn⁴⁴/

/meŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tʰiaŋ³³/

/miŋ³⁵ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/miŋ²⁴ tʰiæ̃⁵¹/

/mɪŋ²¹ tʰiːn⁵⁵/

/biɪŋ²⁴⁻²² tʰiɛn⁴⁴/

/biɪŋ²⁴⁻²² tʰiɛn³³/

/biɪŋ¹³⁻²² tʰiɛn⁴⁴/

/biɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰiɛn⁴⁴/

/biɪŋ²³⁻³³ tʰiɛn⁴⁴/

/meŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tʰiaŋ³³/

你明天有安排嗎？

你明天有安排吗？

If you think of going anywhere tomorrow, let me know.

Rúguǒ nǐ míngtiān xiǎng shàng nǎr qù, jiù gēn wǒ shuō yīshēng.

如果你明天想上哪兒去，就跟我說一聲。

如果你明天想上哪儿去，就跟我说一声。

I'd like to invite you out to have a meal tomorrow, if you have time.

Wǒ xiǎng yuē nǐ míngtiān yīqǐ qù chīfàn, bù zhīdào nǐ yǒu méiyǒu shíjiān.

我想約你明天一起去吃飯，不知道你有沒有時間。

我想约你明天一起去吃饭，不知道你有没有时间。

If you don't work hard today, you may not have a job to come back to tomorrow.

Jīntiān bù hǎohǎo gōngzuò, míngtiān gōngzuò dōu nánbǎo.

今天不好好工作，明天工作都難保。

今天不好好工作，明天工作都难保。

Millions with but one heart toward a communist tomorrow, / bravely struggle to develop and protect the motherland.

1978 March 5, National anthem of the People's Republic of China (1978-1982)

Wànzhòngyīxīn bēn xiàng gòngchǎn zhǔyì míngtiān, / jiànshè zǔguó bǎowèi zǔguó yīngyǒng dì dòuzhēng.

萬眾一心奔向共產主義明天， / 建設祖國保衛祖國英勇地鬥爭。

万众一心奔向共产主义明天， / 建设祖国保卫祖国英勇地斗争。


白天

/paɪ̯³⁵ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/pɛ²¹ tʰiɛn⁵⁵/

/baʔ¹¹ tʰi²³/

/paɪ̯³⁵ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/pɛ²¹ tʰiɛn⁵⁵/

/baʔ¹¹ tʰi²³/

to turn on the headlights in broad daylight

白天開大燈

白天开大灯

báitiān shì jiàoshòu, wǎnshang shì qínshòu

白天是教授，晚上是禽獸

白天是教授，晚上是禽兽


時間

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/sz̩²¹ t͡ɕiɛn⁵⁵/

/sz̩²⁴ t͡ɕiã²¹/

/si⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾aŋ⁵⁵/

/ɬi¹³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾aŋ⁵³³/

/si¹³⁻²² kan⁴⁴/

/si²³⁻³³ kan⁴⁴/

/si²⁴⁻¹¹ kan⁴⁴/

/si²⁴⁻²² kan³³/

/si⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kaŋ³³/

/zz̩²² t͡ɕi⁴⁴/

/ʂʐ̩¹³ kan³³/

/z̥z̩¹¹ t͡ɕi̯an⁴⁴⁵/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/sz̩²¹ t͡ɕiɛn⁵⁵/

/sz̩²⁴ t͡ɕiã²¹/

/si⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾aŋ⁵⁵/

/ɬi¹³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾aŋ⁵³³/

/si¹³⁻²² kan⁴⁴/

/si²³⁻³³ kan⁴⁴/

/si²⁴⁻¹¹ kan⁴⁴/

/si²⁴⁻²² kan³³/

/si⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kaŋ³³/

/zz̩²² t͡ɕi⁴⁴/

/ʂʐ̩¹³ kan³³/

/z̥z̩¹¹ t͡ɕi̯an⁴⁴⁵/

For the modern sense of “time” (as opposed to “space”), reborrowed from Japanese 時間 (jikan, “time”).

春天後母面，欲變一時間 / 春天后母面，欲变一时间

chhun-thiⁿ āu-bú bīn, beh piàn chi̍t sî-kan

Xiànzài de shíjiān shì yīdiǎn líng wǔ fēn.

現在的時間是一點零五分。

现在的时间是一点零五分。


四季

/sz̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕi⁵¹/

/sei̯³³ kʷɐi̯³³/

/sy²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾iɛ²¹³/

/si⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kui⁴¹/

/si²¹⁻⁵³ kui²¹/

/su²¹⁻⁵³ kui²¹/

/su²¹⁻⁴¹ kui²¹/

/su¹¹⁻⁵³ kui¹¹/

/sz̩³³ t͡ɕi⁴⁴/

/sz̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕi⁵¹/

/sei̯³³ kʷɐi̯³³/

/sy²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾iɛ²¹³/

/si⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kui⁴¹/

/si²¹⁻⁵³ kui²¹/

/su²¹⁻⁵³ kui²¹/

/su²¹⁻⁴¹ kui²¹/

/su¹¹⁻⁵³ kui¹¹/

/sz̩³³ t͡ɕi⁴⁴/


過去

/ku̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕʰy⁵¹/

/kuə⁴⁴ t͡ɕʰi²⁴/

/kʷɔː³³ hɵy̯³³/

/ke¹¹⁻⁵³ kʰi¹¹/

/ke²¹⁻⁵³ kʰi²¹/

/kə⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kʰɯ⁴¹/

/kə³¹⁻⁵³ kʰɨ³¹/

/kə¹²⁻⁵³ kʰɯ¹²/

/kue²¹⁻⁵³ kʰi²¹/

/kue²¹⁻⁴¹ kʰi²¹/

/ke¹¹⁻⁵³ kʰu¹¹/

/kue²¹³⁻⁵⁵ kʰɯ²¹³/

/ku³³ t͡ɕʰi⁴⁴/

/ku³³ t͡ɕʰy⁴⁴/

/ku̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕʰy⁵¹/

/kuə⁴⁴ t͡ɕʰi²⁴/

/kʷɔː³³ hɵy̯³³/

/ke¹¹⁻⁵³ kʰi¹¹/

/ke²¹⁻⁵³ kʰi²¹/

/kə⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kʰɯ⁴¹/

/kə³¹⁻⁵³ kʰɨ³¹/

/kə¹²⁻⁵³ kʰɯ¹²/

/kue²¹⁻⁵³ kʰi²¹/

/kue²¹⁻⁴¹ kʰi²¹/

/ke¹¹⁻⁵³ kʰu¹¹/

/kue²¹³⁻⁵⁵ kʰɯ²¹³/

/ku³³ t͡ɕʰi⁴⁴/

/ku³³ t͡ɕʰy⁴⁴/

回顧過去

回顾过去

The board of directors has undergone several personnel changes in the past few years.

Dǒngshìjú zài guòqù jǐnián chūxiàn duōcì de rénshì biàndòng.

董事局在過去幾年出現多次的人事變動。

董事局在过去几年出现多次的人事变动。


一輩子

/i⁵⁵⁻³⁵ peɪ̯⁵¹ d͡z̥z̩¹/

/jɐt̚⁵ puːi̯³³ t͡siː³⁵/

/iəʔ² pei⁴⁵ t͡səʔ⁴/

/it̚³²⁻⁵ pue²²⁻²¹ t͡su⁵³/

/it̚³²⁻⁴ pue²²⁻²¹ t͡su⁵³/

/it̚⁵⁻²⁴ pue⁴¹⁻²² t͡sɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sit̚⁴⁻³² pue²²⁻²¹ t͡su⁵³/

/t͡sit̚¹²¹⁻²¹ pue²²⁻²¹ t͡su⁵³/

/t͡sit̚²⁴⁻² pue⁴¹⁻²² t͡sɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sek̚⁴⁻² pue²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sɯ⁵²⁻²¹/

/iɪʔ³³ pe⁵⁵ t͡sz̩²¹/

/i⁵⁵⁻³⁵ peɪ̯⁵¹ d͡z̥z̩¹/

/jɐt̚⁵ puːi̯³³ t͡siː³⁵/

/iəʔ² pei⁴⁵ t͡səʔ⁴/

/it̚³²⁻⁵ pue²²⁻²¹ t͡su⁵³/

/it̚³²⁻⁴ pue²²⁻²¹ t͡su⁵³/

/it̚⁵⁻²⁴ pue⁴¹⁻²² t͡sɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sit̚⁴⁻³² pue²²⁻²¹ t͡su⁵³/

/t͡sit̚¹²¹⁻²¹ pue²²⁻²¹ t͡su⁵³/

/t͡sit̚²⁴⁻² pue⁴¹⁻²² t͡sɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sek̚⁴⁻² pue²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sɯ⁵²⁻²¹/

/iɪʔ³³ pe⁵⁵ t͡sz̩²¹/

辛苦一輩子

辛苦一辈子

我一輩子都被媽媽監視。

我一辈子都被妈妈监视。

(colloquial) all one's life; lifetime; lifelong


夕陽

/ɕi⁵⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/ɕi⁵¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/t͡sɪk̚² jœːŋ²¹/

/sit̚²⁴⁻² iɔŋ²⁴/

/siɪk̚⁴⁻³² iɔŋ²⁴/

/siɪk̚⁴⁻³² iɔŋ²³/

/siɪk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ iaŋ¹³/

/sek̚²⁻⁴ iaŋ⁵⁵/

/ɕi⁵⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/ɕi⁵¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/t͡sɪk̚² jœːŋ²¹/

/sit̚²⁴⁻² iɔŋ²⁴/

/siɪk̚⁴⁻³² iɔŋ²⁴/

/siɪk̚⁴⁻³² iɔŋ²³/

/siɪk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ iaŋ¹³/

/sek̚²⁻⁴ iaŋ⁵⁵/


永和

/jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ xɤ³⁵/

/wɪŋ¹³ wɔː²¹/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ho²⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ho²⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ho¹³/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ho²⁴/

/iɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ hɤ²³/

/jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ xɤ³⁵/

/wɪŋ¹³ wɔː²¹/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ho²⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ho²⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ho¹³/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ho²⁴/

/iɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ hɤ²³/

(～區, formerly ～鎮, ～市) Yonghe (a district of New Taipei, Taiwan)

(～縣) Yonghe (a county of Linfen, Shanxi, China)


暮春

/mu⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən⁵⁵/

/mu⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən⁵⁵/

(literary) "The End of Spring", a name for the third month of the Chinese lunar calendar.


十月

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ ɥɛ⁵¹/

/ʂʐ̩²⁴ yə⁵¹/

/sɨp̚⁵ ŋi̯et̚⁵/

/sɨp̚⁵ ŋi̯at̚⁵/

/si⁵⁴ ŋyɛ⁴²/

/sɛiʔ⁵⁻³³ ŋuoʔ⁵/

/t͡sap̚³⁵⁻² ɡəʔ³⁵/

/t͡sap̚⁴³⁻²¹ ɡəʔ⁴³/

/t͡sap̚²⁴⁻² ɡəʔ²⁴/

/t͡sap̚⁵⁴⁻³² ɡəʔ⁵⁴/

/t͡sap̚⁴⁻³² ɡeʔ⁴/

/t͡sap̚²⁴⁻² ɡeʔ²⁴/

/t͡sap̚⁴³⁻²¹ ɡeʔ⁴³/

/t͡sap̚⁴⁻³² ɡueʔ⁴/

/t͡sap̚⁴³⁻²¹ ɡueʔ⁴³/

/t͡sap̚¹²¹⁻²¹ ɡueʔ¹²¹/

/t͡sap̚⁴⁻³ ɡueʔ⁴/

/t͡sap̚⁴⁻¹ ɡueʔ⁴/

/t͡sap̚⁵⁻² ɡue³³/

/t͡sap̚⁴⁻² ɡueʔ⁴/

/zəʔ¹¹ ɦyɪʔ²³/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ ɥɛ⁵¹/

/ʂʐ̩²⁴ yə⁵¹/

/sɨp̚⁵ ŋi̯et̚⁵/

/sɨp̚⁵ ŋi̯at̚⁵/

/si⁵⁴ ŋyɛ⁴²/

/sɛiʔ⁵⁻³³ ŋuoʔ⁵/

/t͡sap̚³⁵⁻² ɡəʔ³⁵/

/t͡sap̚⁴³⁻²¹ ɡəʔ⁴³/

/t͡sap̚²⁴⁻² ɡəʔ²⁴/

/t͡sap̚⁵⁴⁻³² ɡəʔ⁵⁴/

/t͡sap̚⁴⁻³² ɡeʔ⁴/

/t͡sap̚²⁴⁻² ɡeʔ²⁴/

/t͡sap̚⁴³⁻²¹ ɡeʔ⁴³/

/t͡sap̚⁴⁻³² ɡueʔ⁴/

/t͡sap̚⁴³⁻²¹ ɡueʔ⁴³/

/t͡sap̚¹²¹⁻²¹ ɡueʔ¹²¹/

/t͡sap̚⁴⁻³ ɡueʔ⁴/

/t͡sap̚⁴⁻¹ ɡueʔ⁴/

/t͡sap̚⁵⁻² ɡue³³/

/t͡sap̚⁴⁻² ɡueʔ⁴/

/zəʔ¹¹ ɦyɪʔ²³/


和平

Sino-Xenic (和平):
* → Japanese: 和(わ)平(へい) (wahei)
* → Korean: 화평(和平) (hwapyeong)
* → Vietnamese: hoà bình (和平)

/xɤ³⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/xə²⁴ pʰiŋ²⁴/

/wɔː²¹ pʰɪŋ²¹/

/huo⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βiŋ⁵³/

/ho²⁴⁻²² piɪŋ²⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ piɪŋ²⁴/

/ho¹³⁻²² piɪŋ¹³/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ piɪŋ²³/

/hɔ²⁴⁻²² piɪŋ²⁴/

/hua⁵⁵⁻¹¹ pʰeŋ⁵⁵/

/xɤ³⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/xə²⁴ pʰiŋ²⁴/

/wɔː²¹ pʰɪŋ²¹/

/huo⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βiŋ⁵³/

/ho²⁴⁻²² piɪŋ²⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ piɪŋ²⁴/

/ho¹³⁻²² piɪŋ¹³/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ piɪŋ²³/

/hɔ²⁴⁻²² piɪŋ²⁴/

/hua⁵⁵⁻¹¹ pʰeŋ⁵⁵/

(～縣) Heping County (a county of Guangdong, China)

(～鎮) Heping Town (several towns in China)

(～鎮) Heping (a town in Chaoyang district, Shantou, Guangdong, China), originally named 蚝坪 (o5 pian5)

(historical) several era names in Chinese history (150; 354–355; 460–465; 551–554)


從前

/t͡sʰʊŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/t͡sʰuŋ²⁴ t͡ɕʰiæ̃²⁴/

/t͡sʰʊŋ²¹ t͡sʰiːn²¹/

/t͡sʰuŋ²⁴ t͡ɕʰiɛn²⁴/

/t͡sʰi̯uŋ¹¹ t͡sʰi̯en¹¹/

/t͡sʰiʊŋ¹¹ t͡sʰiɛn¹¹/

/t͡siɔŋ²³⁻³³ t͡siɪŋ²³/

/t͡siɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siɪŋ²⁴/

/t͡siɔŋ¹³⁻²² t͡siɪŋ¹³/

/t͡siɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siɪŋ²⁴/

/t͡siɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡suĩ²⁴/

/t͡siɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siɛn²⁴/

/t͡siɔŋ²³⁻³³ t͡siɛn²³/

/t͡sʰoŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sõĩ⁵⁵/

/zoŋ²² ʑi⁴⁴/

/zoŋ²³ zɪ¹¹/

/zoŋ¹³ ʑie³¹/

/t͡sʰʊŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/t͡sʰuŋ²⁴ t͡ɕʰiæ̃²⁴/

/t͡sʰʊŋ²¹ t͡sʰiːn²¹/

/t͡sʰuŋ²⁴ t͡ɕʰiɛn²⁴/

/t͡sʰi̯uŋ¹¹ t͡sʰi̯en¹¹/

/t͡sʰiʊŋ¹¹ t͡sʰiɛn¹¹/

/t͡siɔŋ²³⁻³³ t͡siɪŋ²³/

/t͡siɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siɪŋ²⁴/

/t͡siɔŋ¹³⁻²² t͡siɪŋ¹³/

/t͡siɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siɪŋ²⁴/

/t͡siɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡suĩ²⁴/

/t͡siɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siɛn²⁴/

/t͡siɔŋ²³⁻³³ t͡siɛn²³/

/t͡sʰoŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sõĩ⁵⁵/

/zoŋ²² ʑi⁴⁴/

/zoŋ²³ zɪ¹¹/

/zoŋ¹³ ʑie³¹/

Sincerity and hypocrisy make up our moral character, but they also inform our attitude. In the past, when talking of sincerity and hypocrisy, discussions centred mostly on moral character.

Chéngwěi shì pǐnxìng, què yòu shì tàidù. Cóngqián lùn rén chéngwěi, dàgài jiù pǐnxìng éryán.

誠偽是品性，卻又是態度。從前論人誠偽，大概就品性而言。

诚伪是品性，却又是态度。从前论人诚伪，大概就品性而言。


年輕

/ni̯ɛn³⁵ t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵/

/niæ̃²⁴ t͡ɕʰiŋ²⁴/

/niːn²¹ hɛːŋ⁵⁵/

/niːn²¹ hɪŋ⁵⁵/

/ŋi̯en¹¹ kʰi̯aŋ²⁴/

/ŋi̯an¹¹ kʰi̯aŋ²⁴/

/nie¹¹ t͡ɕʰiŋ¹¹/

/nĩ²⁴⁻¹¹ kʰin⁴⁴/

/nĩ²⁴⁻²² kʰin³³/

/nĩ²⁴⁻²² kʰin⁴⁴/

/nĩ²³⁻³³ kʰin⁴⁴/

/nĩ¹³⁻²² kʰin⁴⁴/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²² kʰiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/liɛn¹³⁻²² kʰiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²² kʰiɪŋ³³/

/ni⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kʰiŋ³³/

/n̠ʲi²² t͡ɕʰin⁴⁴/

/n̠ʲi³³ t͡ɕʰin⁵³/

/ni̯ɛn³⁵ t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵/

/niæ̃²⁴ t͡ɕʰiŋ²⁴/

/niːn²¹ hɛːŋ⁵⁵/

/niːn²¹ hɪŋ⁵⁵/

/ŋi̯en¹¹ kʰi̯aŋ²⁴/

/ŋi̯an¹¹ kʰi̯aŋ²⁴/

/nie¹¹ t͡ɕʰiŋ¹¹/

/nĩ²⁴⁻¹¹ kʰin⁴⁴/

/nĩ²⁴⁻²² kʰin³³/

/nĩ²⁴⁻²² kʰin⁴⁴/

/nĩ²³⁻³³ kʰin⁴⁴/

/nĩ¹³⁻²² kʰin⁴⁴/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²² kʰiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/liɛn¹³⁻²² kʰiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²² kʰiɪŋ³³/

/ni⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kʰiŋ³³/

/n̠ʲi²² t͡ɕʰin⁴⁴/

/n̠ʲi³³ t͡ɕʰin⁵³/

年輕有為

年轻有为

Actually, I think he is still too young.

Qíshí wǒ juéde ba, tā háishì tài niánqīng le.

其實我覺得吧，他還是太年輕了。

其实我觉得吧，他还是太年轻了。

(of a person, country, organization, etc.) young


後天

/xoʊ̯⁵¹ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/hɐu̯²² tʰiːn⁵⁵/

/hɔ²²⁻²¹ tʰiɛn⁴⁴/

/hɔ³³⁻²¹ tʰiɛn⁴⁴/

/hɔ³³⁻¹¹ tʰiɛn⁴⁴/

/ɦɤ²² tʰi⁴⁴/

/xoʊ̯⁵¹ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/hɐu̯²² tʰiːn⁵⁵/

/hɔ²²⁻²¹ tʰiɛn⁴⁴/

/hɔ³³⁻²¹ tʰiɛn⁴⁴/

/hɔ³³⁻¹¹ tʰiɛn⁴⁴/

/ɦɤ²² tʰi⁴⁴/


經常

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵/

/kɪŋ⁵⁵ sœːŋ²¹/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ siɔŋ²³/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² siɔŋ²⁴/

/kiɪŋ³³ siɔŋ²⁴/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ siɔŋ²⁴/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² siaŋ¹³/

/keŋ³³⁻²³ sĩõ⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ zã²¹/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵/

/kɪŋ⁵⁵ sœːŋ²¹/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ siɔŋ²³/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² siɔŋ²⁴/

/kiɪŋ³³ siɔŋ²⁴/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ siɔŋ²⁴/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² siaŋ¹³/

/keŋ³³⁻²³ sĩõ⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ zã²¹/

When he teaches, the classroom is often empty.

Tā jiǎngkè de shíhòu kètáng shàng jīngcháng shì kōngkōngrúyě.

他講課的時候課堂上經常是空空如也。

他讲课的时候课堂上经常是空空如也。

Teacher, can I seek more advice from you in the future?

Lǎoshī, wǒ yǐhòu kěyǐ jīngcháng guòlái xiàng nín tǎojiào ma?

老師，我以後可以經常過來向您討教嗎？

老师，我以后可以经常过来向您讨教吗？


大正

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹/

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹/

/tä⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/tä⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/


日正當中

ㄖˋ ㄓㄥˋ ㄉㄤ ㄓㄨㄥ

жичжэнданчжун

/ʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹ tɑŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵/

/jɐt̚² t͡sɪŋ³³ tɔːŋ⁵⁵ t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵/

/ʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹ tɑŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵/

/jɐt̚² t͡sɪŋ³³ tɔːŋ⁵⁵ t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵/


先行

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ɕiŋ³⁵/

/siːn⁵⁵ haːŋ²¹/

/siɛn³³ hiɪŋ²⁴/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ hiɪŋ²⁴/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻²² hiɪŋ¹³/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ hiɪŋ²³/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻²² hiɪŋ²⁴/

/suĩ³³ kiã²⁴/

/siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kiã²³/

/siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kiã¹³/

/siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kiã²⁴/

/siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kiã²⁴/

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ɕiŋ³⁵/

/siːn⁵⁵ haːŋ²¹/

/siɛn³³ hiɪŋ²⁴/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ hiɪŋ²⁴/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻²² hiɪŋ¹³/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ hiɪŋ²³/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻²² hiɪŋ²⁴/

/suĩ³³ kiã²⁴/

/siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kiã²³/

/siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kiã¹³/

/siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kiã²⁴/

/siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kiã²⁴/


四月

/sz̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɥɛ⁵¹/

/sz̩²¹³ ye²¹/

/sz̩⁴⁴ yə²⁴/

/ɬei³³ ᵑɡut̚³²/

/si³³ ŋyɛ⁴²/

/si²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ŋuoʔ⁵/

/si⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ɡəʔ²⁴/

/si²¹⁻⁴² ɡəʔ⁴³/

/si³¹⁻⁵³ ɡəʔ³⁵/

/si¹²⁻⁵³ ɡəʔ⁵⁴/

/si²¹⁻⁴² ɡeʔ⁴³/

/si²¹⁻⁵³ ɡeʔ⁴/

/si⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ɡeʔ²⁴/

/si¹¹⁻⁵³ ɡeʔ⁴/

/si²¹⁻⁴² ɡueʔ⁴³/

/si²¹⁻⁴¹ ɡueʔ⁴/

/si²¹⁻⁵³ ɡueʔ⁴/

/si²¹⁻³³ ɡueʔ⁴/

/si²¹⁻⁵³ ɡueʔ¹²¹/

/si²¹⁻⁵³ ɡue³³/

/si²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ɡueʔ⁴/

/sz̩³³ ɦyɪʔ⁴⁴/

/sz̩³³ ɦioʔ⁴⁴/

/sz̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɥɛ⁵¹/

/sz̩²¹³ ye²¹/

/sz̩⁴⁴ yə²⁴/

/ɬei³³ ᵑɡut̚³²/

/si³³ ŋyɛ⁴²/

/si²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ŋuoʔ⁵/

/si⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ɡəʔ²⁴/

/si²¹⁻⁴² ɡəʔ⁴³/

/si³¹⁻⁵³ ɡəʔ³⁵/

/si¹²⁻⁵³ ɡəʔ⁵⁴/

/si²¹⁻⁴² ɡeʔ⁴³/

/si²¹⁻⁵³ ɡeʔ⁴/

/si⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ɡeʔ²⁴/

/si¹¹⁻⁵³ ɡeʔ⁴/

/si²¹⁻⁴² ɡueʔ⁴³/

/si²¹⁻⁴¹ ɡueʔ⁴/

/si²¹⁻⁵³ ɡueʔ⁴/

/si²¹⁻³³ ɡueʔ⁴/

/si²¹⁻⁵³ ɡueʔ¹²¹/

/si²¹⁻⁵³ ɡue³³/

/si²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ɡueʔ⁴/

/sz̩³³ ɦyɪʔ⁴⁴/

/sz̩³³ ɦioʔ⁴⁴/


目前

/mu⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/mʊk̚² t͡sʰiːn²¹/

/mʊk̚¹ t͡sʰiɛn¹¹/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² t͡siɛn²⁴/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² t͡siɛn²³/

/bɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡siɛn¹³/

/bɔk̚²⁴⁻² t͡siɛn²⁴/

/bak̚²⁴⁻² t͡suĩ²⁴/

/bak̚¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡siɪŋ¹³/

/bak̚⁴⁻³² t͡siɪŋ²⁴/

/bak̚¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡san¹³/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² t͡siɪŋ²³/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² t͡siɪŋ²⁴/

/mak̚⁴⁻² t͡sõĩ⁵⁵/

/moʔ¹¹ ʑi²³/

/moʔ⁵⁵ d͡ʑie⁴⁴/

/mu⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/mʊk̚² t͡sʰiːn²¹/

/mʊk̚¹ t͡sʰiɛn¹¹/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² t͡siɛn²⁴/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² t͡siɛn²³/

/bɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡siɛn¹³/

/bɔk̚²⁴⁻² t͡siɛn²⁴/

/bak̚²⁴⁻² t͡suĩ²⁴/

/bak̚¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡siɪŋ¹³/

/bak̚⁴⁻³² t͡siɪŋ²⁴/

/bak̚¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡san¹³/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² t͡siɪŋ²³/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² t͡siɪŋ²⁴/

/mak̚⁴⁻² t͡sõĩ⁵⁵/

/moʔ¹¹ ʑi²³/

/moʔ⁵⁵ d͡ʑie⁴⁴/

目前的任務

目前的任务

就目前而言


如月

(archaic) The second month of the Chinese lunar calendar.


卯月

/mɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɥɛ⁵¹/

/mɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɥɛ⁵¹/

寅月

Month of the Year: 卯月 (Mǎoyuè); Previous


五月

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɥɛ⁵¹/

/ŋ̍¹³ jyːt̚²/

/ŋ̍³¹ ŋi̯et̚⁵/

/ŋ̍³¹ ŋi̯at̚⁵/

/n̩³¹ ŋiat̚⁵/

/ŋu⁴² ŋyɛ⁴²/

/ŋu²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ŋuoʔ⁵/

/ɡɔ³³⁻²² ɡəʔ³⁵/

/ɡɔ²² ɡəʔ²⁴/

/ɡɔ²²⁻²¹ ɡeʔ⁴³/

/ɡɔ²²⁻²¹ ɡeʔ⁴/

/ɡɔ³³⁻¹¹ ɡeʔ⁴/

/ɡɔ²²⁻²¹ ɡueʔ¹²¹/

/ɡɔ³³⁻²¹ ɡueʔ⁴/

/ɡɔ²²⁻²¹ ɡueʔ⁴³/

/ɡɔ²¹ ɡueʔ⁴/

/ɡɔ³³⁻¹¹ ɡueʔ⁴/

/ɡɔ³³⁻²² ɡeʔ²⁴/

/ɡɔ²²⁻²¹ ɡəʔ⁴³/

/ɡɔ²²⁻¹² ɡəʔ⁵⁴/

/ɡɔ³³⁻²¹ ɡue³³/

/ŋou³⁵⁻¹¹ ɡueʔ⁴/

/ŋ̍²² ɦyɪʔ⁴⁴/

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɥɛ⁵¹/

/ŋ̍¹³ jyːt̚²/

/ŋ̍³¹ ŋi̯et̚⁵/

/ŋ̍³¹ ŋi̯at̚⁵/

/n̩³¹ ŋiat̚⁵/

/ŋu⁴² ŋyɛ⁴²/

/ŋu²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ŋuoʔ⁵/

/ɡɔ³³⁻²² ɡəʔ³⁵/

/ɡɔ²² ɡəʔ²⁴/

/ɡɔ²²⁻²¹ ɡeʔ⁴³/

/ɡɔ²²⁻²¹ ɡeʔ⁴/

/ɡɔ³³⁻¹¹ ɡeʔ⁴/

/ɡɔ²²⁻²¹ ɡueʔ¹²¹/

/ɡɔ³³⁻²¹ ɡueʔ⁴/

/ɡɔ²²⁻²¹ ɡueʔ⁴³/

/ɡɔ²¹ ɡueʔ⁴/

/ɡɔ³³⁻¹¹ ɡueʔ⁴/

/ɡɔ³³⁻²² ɡeʔ²⁴/

/ɡɔ²²⁻²¹ ɡəʔ⁴³/

/ɡɔ²²⁻¹² ɡəʔ⁵⁴/

/ɡɔ³³⁻²¹ ɡue³³/

/ŋou³⁵⁻¹¹ ɡueʔ⁴/

/ŋ̍²² ɦyɪʔ⁴⁴/

modern name for the fifth month of the Chinese lunar calendar


六月

/li̯oʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɥɛ⁵¹/

/ly⁴² ŋyɛ⁴²/

/l̃øyʔ⁵⁻³³ ŋuoʔ⁵/

/laʔ²⁴⁻² ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾uei¹³/

/lak̚⁴³⁻²¹ ɡəʔ⁴³/

/lak̚³⁵⁻² ɡəʔ³⁵/

/lak̚⁵⁴⁻³² ɡəʔ⁵⁴/

/lak̚²⁴⁻² ɡəʔ²⁴/

/lak̚⁴³⁻²¹ ɡeʔ⁴³/

/lak̚²⁴⁻² ɡeʔ²⁴/

/lak̚⁴⁻³² ɡeʔ⁴/

/lak̚⁴⁻³ ɡueʔ⁴/

/lak̚¹²¹⁻²¹ ɡueʔ¹²¹/

/lak̚⁴³⁻²¹ ɡueʔ⁴³/

/lak̚⁴⁻³² ɡueʔ⁴/

/lak̚⁴⁻¹ ɡueʔ⁴/

/lak̚⁵⁻² ɡue³³/

/lak̚⁴⁻² ɡueʔ⁴/

/loʔ¹¹ ɦyɪʔ²³/

/li̯oʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɥɛ⁵¹/

/ly⁴² ŋyɛ⁴²/

/l̃øyʔ⁵⁻³³ ŋuoʔ⁵/

/laʔ²⁴⁻² ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾uei¹³/

/lak̚⁴³⁻²¹ ɡəʔ⁴³/

/lak̚³⁵⁻² ɡəʔ³⁵/

/lak̚⁵⁴⁻³² ɡəʔ⁵⁴/

/lak̚²⁴⁻² ɡəʔ²⁴/

/lak̚⁴³⁻²¹ ɡeʔ⁴³/

/lak̚²⁴⁻² ɡeʔ²⁴/

/lak̚⁴⁻³² ɡeʔ⁴/

/lak̚⁴⁻³ ɡueʔ⁴/

/lak̚¹²¹⁻²¹ ɡueʔ¹²¹/

/lak̚⁴³⁻²¹ ɡueʔ⁴³/

/lak̚⁴⁻³² ɡueʔ⁴/

/lak̚⁴⁻¹ ɡueʔ⁴/

/lak̚⁵⁻² ɡue³³/

/lak̚⁴⁻² ɡueʔ⁴/

/loʔ¹¹ ɦyɪʔ²³/


八月

/pai²⁴ ŋyɛ⁴²/

/pɛiʔ²⁴⁻²¹ ŋuoʔ⁵/

/pue(ʔ)⁵ ɡəʔ²⁴/

/pue(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ ɡəʔ⁵⁴/

/pue(ʔ)⁵⁻⁵³ ɡəʔ³⁵/

/pue(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ ɡeʔ⁴/

/pe(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ ɡueʔ¹²¹/

/pe(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ ɡueʔ⁴/

/pe(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ ɡueʔ⁴/

/pe(ʔ)²⁻⁵³ ɡue³³/

/poiʔ²⁻⁴ ɡueʔ⁴/

/paʔ³³ ɦyɪʔ⁴⁴/

/pai²⁴ ŋyɛ⁴²/

/pɛiʔ²⁴⁻²¹ ŋuoʔ⁵/

/pue(ʔ)⁵ ɡəʔ²⁴/

/pue(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ ɡəʔ⁵⁴/

/pue(ʔ)⁵⁻⁵³ ɡəʔ³⁵/

/pue(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ ɡeʔ⁴/

/pe(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ ɡueʔ¹²¹/

/pe(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ ɡueʔ⁴/

/pe(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ ɡueʔ⁴/

/pe(ʔ)²⁻⁵³ ɡue³³/

/poiʔ²⁻⁴ ɡueʔ⁴/

/paʔ³³ ɦyɪʔ⁴⁴/


十一月

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ i⁵⁵ ɥɛ⁵¹/

/sz̩²¹ i²¹ ye²¹/

/ʂʐ̩²⁴ i²⁴ yə⁵¹/

/sɐp̚² jɐt̚⁵ jyːt̚²/

/sɨp̚⁵ it̚² ŋi̯et̚⁵/

/si⁵⁴ i²⁴ ŋyɛ⁴²/

/sɛiʔ⁵⁻²¹ iʔ²⁴⁻²¹ ŋuoʔ⁵/

/t͡sap̚³⁵⁻² it̚⁵ ɡəʔ³⁵/

/t͡sap̚⁵⁴⁻³² it̚³²⁻⁵⁴ ɡəʔ⁵⁴/

/t͡sap̚⁴³⁻²¹ it̚³²⁻⁴ ɡəʔ⁴³/

/t͡sap̚²⁴⁻² it̚⁵⁻²⁴ ɡəʔ²⁴/

/t͡sap̚⁴³⁻²¹ it̚³²⁻⁴ ɡeʔ⁴³/

/t͡sap̚⁴⁻³² it̚³²⁻⁴ ɡeʔ⁴/

/t͡sap̚²⁴⁻² it̚⁵⁻²⁴ ɡeʔ²⁴/

/t͡sap̚⁴⁻³ it̚³⁻⁴ ɡueʔ⁴/

/t͡sap̚⁴⁻¹ it̚³²⁻⁴ ɡueʔ⁴/

/t͡sap̚⁴⁻³² it̚³²⁻⁴ ɡueʔ⁴/

/t͡sap̚¹²¹⁻²¹ it̚³²⁻⁵ ɡueʔ¹²¹/

/t͡sap̚⁴³⁻²¹ it̚³²⁻⁴ ɡueʔ⁴³/

/t͡sap̚⁵⁻² it̚²⁻⁵ ɡue³³/

/t͡sap̚⁴⁻² ik̚²⁻⁴ ɡueʔ⁴/

/t͡sap̚⁴⁻² ek̚²⁻⁴ ɡueʔ⁴/

/zəʔ¹¹ iɪʔ²² ɦyɪʔ²³/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ i⁵⁵ ɥɛ⁵¹/

/sz̩²¹ i²¹ ye²¹/

/ʂʐ̩²⁴ i²⁴ yə⁵¹/

/sɐp̚² jɐt̚⁵ jyːt̚²/

/sɨp̚⁵ it̚² ŋi̯et̚⁵/

/si⁵⁴ i²⁴ ŋyɛ⁴²/

/sɛiʔ⁵⁻²¹ iʔ²⁴⁻²¹ ŋuoʔ⁵/

/t͡sap̚³⁵⁻² it̚⁵ ɡəʔ³⁵/

/t͡sap̚⁵⁴⁻³² it̚³²⁻⁵⁴ ɡəʔ⁵⁴/

/t͡sap̚⁴³⁻²¹ it̚³²⁻⁴ ɡəʔ⁴³/

/t͡sap̚²⁴⁻² it̚⁵⁻²⁴ ɡəʔ²⁴/

/t͡sap̚⁴³⁻²¹ it̚³²⁻⁴ ɡeʔ⁴³/

/t͡sap̚⁴⁻³² it̚³²⁻⁴ ɡeʔ⁴/

/t͡sap̚²⁴⁻² it̚⁵⁻²⁴ ɡeʔ²⁴/

/t͡sap̚⁴⁻³ it̚³⁻⁴ ɡueʔ⁴/

/t͡sap̚⁴⁻¹ it̚³²⁻⁴ ɡueʔ⁴/

/t͡sap̚⁴⁻³² it̚³²⁻⁴ ɡueʔ⁴/

/t͡sap̚¹²¹⁻²¹ it̚³²⁻⁵ ɡueʔ¹²¹/

/t͡sap̚⁴³⁻²¹ it̚³²⁻⁴ ɡueʔ⁴³/

/t͡sap̚⁵⁻² it̚²⁻⁵ ɡue³³/

/t͡sap̚⁴⁻² ik̚²⁻⁴ ɡueʔ⁴/

/t͡sap̚⁴⁻² ek̚²⁻⁴ ɡueʔ⁴/

/zəʔ¹¹ iɪʔ²² ɦyɪʔ²³/


十二月

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ ˀɤɻ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɥɛ⁵¹/

/sz̩²¹ ɚ²¹³ ye²¹/

/ʂʐ̩²⁴ ɛɻ⁴⁴ yə²⁴/

/sɐp̚² jiː²² jyːt̚²/

/sɨp̚⁵ ŋi⁵⁵ ŋi̯et̚⁵/

/sɨp̚⁵ ŋi⁵⁵ ŋi̯at̚⁵/

/səp̚⁵ ŋi⁵³ ŋiat̚⁵/

/si⁵⁴ ni⁵⁵ ŋyɛ⁴²/

/sɛiʔ⁵⁻²¹ nˡi²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ŋuoʔ⁵/

/t͡sap̚²⁴⁻² li⁴¹⁻²² ɡəʔ²⁴/

/t͡sap̚³⁵⁻² li³¹⁻²² ɡəʔ³⁵/

/t͡sap̚⁵⁴⁻³² li²²⁻¹² ɡəʔ⁵⁴/

/t͡sap̚⁴⁻³² li²²⁻²¹ ɡeʔ⁴/

/t͡sap̚⁴⁻³² li³³⁻¹¹ ɡeʔ⁴/

/t͡sap̚²⁴⁻² li⁴¹⁻²² ɡeʔ²⁴/

/t͡sap̚⁴⁻³² zi³³⁻²¹ ɡueʔ⁴/

/t͡sap̚⁴⁻³ d͡zi²¹ ɡueʔ⁴/

/t͡sap̚¹²¹⁻²¹ d͡zi²²⁻²¹ ɡueʔ¹²¹/

/t͡sap̚⁴⁻¹ d͡zi³³⁻¹¹ ɡueʔ⁴/

/t͡sap̚⁵⁻² d͡zi³³⁻²¹ ɡue³³/

/t͡sap̚⁴⁻² d͡zi³⁵⁻¹¹ ɡueʔ⁴/

/zəʔ¹¹ n̠ʲi²² ɦyɪʔ²³/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ ˀɤɻ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɥɛ⁵¹/

/sz̩²¹ ɚ²¹³ ye²¹/

/ʂʐ̩²⁴ ɛɻ⁴⁴ yə²⁴/

/sɐp̚² jiː²² jyːt̚²/

/sɨp̚⁵ ŋi⁵⁵ ŋi̯et̚⁵/

/sɨp̚⁵ ŋi⁵⁵ ŋi̯at̚⁵/

/səp̚⁵ ŋi⁵³ ŋiat̚⁵/

/si⁵⁴ ni⁵⁵ ŋyɛ⁴²/

/sɛiʔ⁵⁻²¹ nˡi²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ŋuoʔ⁵/

/t͡sap̚²⁴⁻² li⁴¹⁻²² ɡəʔ²⁴/

/t͡sap̚³⁵⁻² li³¹⁻²² ɡəʔ³⁵/

/t͡sap̚⁵⁴⁻³² li²²⁻¹² ɡəʔ⁵⁴/

/t͡sap̚⁴⁻³² li²²⁻²¹ ɡeʔ⁴/

/t͡sap̚⁴⁻³² li³³⁻¹¹ ɡeʔ⁴/

/t͡sap̚²⁴⁻² li⁴¹⁻²² ɡeʔ²⁴/

/t͡sap̚⁴⁻³² zi³³⁻²¹ ɡueʔ⁴/

/t͡sap̚⁴⁻³ d͡zi²¹ ɡueʔ⁴/

/t͡sap̚¹²¹⁻²¹ d͡zi²²⁻²¹ ɡueʔ¹²¹/

/t͡sap̚⁴⁻¹ d͡zi³³⁻¹¹ ɡueʔ⁴/

/t͡sap̚⁵⁻² d͡zi³³⁻²¹ ɡue³³/

/t͡sap̚⁴⁻² d͡zi³⁵⁻¹¹ ɡueʔ⁴/

/zəʔ¹¹ n̠ʲi²² ɦyɪʔ²³/


星期一

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵ i⁵⁵⁻⁵¹/

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵ i⁵⁵⁻⁵¹/

/ɕiŋ²⁴ t͡ɕʰi²⁴ i²⁴/

/sɪŋ⁵⁵ kʰei̯²¹ jɐt̚⁵/

/t͡sʰẽ³³⁻²³ kʰi⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ik̚²/

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵ i⁵⁵⁻⁵¹/

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵ i⁵⁵⁻⁵¹/

/ɕiŋ²⁴ t͡ɕʰi²⁴ i²⁴/

/sɪŋ⁵⁵ kʰei̯²¹ jɐt̚⁵/

/t͡sʰẽ³³⁻²³ kʰi⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ik̚²/


星期二

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵ ˀɤɻ⁵¹/

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵ ˀɤɻ⁵¹/

/ɕiŋ²⁴ t͡ɕʰi²⁴ ɛɻ⁴⁴/

/sɪŋ⁵⁵ kʰei̯²¹ jiː²²/

/t͡sʰẽ³³⁻²³ kʰi⁵⁵⁻¹¹ d͡zi³⁵/

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵ ˀɤɻ⁵¹/

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵ ˀɤɻ⁵¹/

/ɕiŋ²⁴ t͡ɕʰi²⁴ ɛɻ⁴⁴/

/sɪŋ⁵⁵ kʰei̯²¹ jiː²²/

/t͡sʰẽ³³⁻²³ kʰi⁵⁵⁻¹¹ d͡zi³⁵/


星期三

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵ sän⁵⁵/

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵ sän⁵⁵/

/ɕiŋ²⁴ t͡ɕʰi²⁴ sæ̃²⁴/

/sɪŋ⁵⁵ kʰei̯²¹ saːm⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰẽ³³⁻²³ kʰi⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sã³³/

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵ sän⁵⁵/

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵ sän⁵⁵/

/ɕiŋ²⁴ t͡ɕʰi²⁴ sæ̃²⁴/

/sɪŋ⁵⁵ kʰei̯²¹ saːm⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰẽ³³⁻²³ kʰi⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sã³³/


星期四

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵ sz̩⁵¹/

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵ sz̩⁵¹/

/ɕiŋ²⁴ t͡ɕʰi²⁴ sz̩⁴⁴/

/sɪŋ⁵⁵ kʰei̯²¹ sei̯³³/

/siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ki²⁴⁻²² si²¹/

/siɪŋ³³ ki²⁴⁻²² si⁴¹/

/siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ki¹³⁻²² si²¹/

/siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ki²⁴⁻¹¹ si¹¹/

/siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ki²³⁻³³ si²¹/

/t͡sʰẽ³³⁻²³ kʰi⁵⁵⁻¹¹ si²¹³/

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵ sz̩⁵¹/

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵ sz̩⁵¹/

/ɕiŋ²⁴ t͡ɕʰi²⁴ sz̩⁴⁴/

/sɪŋ⁵⁵ kʰei̯²¹ sei̯³³/

/siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ki²⁴⁻²² si²¹/

/siɪŋ³³ ki²⁴⁻²² si⁴¹/

/siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ki¹³⁻²² si²¹/

/siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ki²⁴⁻¹¹ si¹¹/

/siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ki²³⁻³³ si²¹/

/t͡sʰẽ³³⁻²³ kʰi⁵⁵⁻¹¹ si²¹³/


星期五

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵ u²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵ u²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ɕiŋ²⁴ t͡ɕʰi²⁴ vou⁵¹/

/sɪŋ⁵⁵ kʰei̯²¹ ŋ̍¹³/

/t͡sʰẽ³³⁻²³ kʰi⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ŋou³⁵/

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵ u²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵ u²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ɕiŋ²⁴ t͡ɕʰi²⁴ vou⁵¹/

/sɪŋ⁵⁵ kʰei̯²¹ ŋ̍¹³/

/t͡sʰẽ³³⁻²³ kʰi⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ŋou³⁵/


星期六

ㄒㄧㄥ ㄑㄧˊ ㄌㄧㄡˋ

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵ li̯oʊ̯⁵¹/

ㄒㄧㄥ ㄑㄧˊ ㄌㄧㄡˋ

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵ li̯oʊ̯⁵¹/

/ɕiŋ²⁴ t͡ɕʰi²⁴ liou²⁴/

/sɪŋ⁵⁵ kʰei̯²¹ lʊk̚²/

/t͡sʰẽ³³⁻²³ kʰi⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lak̚⁴/

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵ li̯oʊ̯⁵¹/

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵ li̯oʊ̯⁵¹/

/ɕiŋ²⁴ t͡ɕʰi²⁴ liou²⁴/

/sɪŋ⁵⁵ kʰei̯²¹ lʊk̚²/

/t͡sʰẽ³³⁻²³ kʰi⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lak̚⁴/


星期日

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵ ʐ̩⁵¹/

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵ ʐ̩⁵¹/

/ɕiŋ²⁴ t͡ɕʰi²⁴ ʐ̩²⁴/

/sɪŋ⁵⁵ kʰei̯²¹ jɐt̚²/

/siɪŋ³³ ki²⁴⁻²² lit̚²⁴/

/siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ki²⁴⁻²² lit̚⁴/

/siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ki¹³⁻²² d͡zit̚¹²¹/

/t͡sʰẽ³³⁻²³ kʰi⁵⁵⁻¹¹ d͡zik̚⁴/

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵ ʐ̩⁵¹/

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵ ʐ̩⁵¹/

/ɕiŋ²⁴ t͡ɕʰi²⁴ ʐ̩²⁴/

/sɪŋ⁵⁵ kʰei̯²¹ jɐt̚²/

/siɪŋ³³ ki²⁴⁻²² lit̚²⁴/

/siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ki²⁴⁻²² lit̚⁴/

/siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ki¹³⁻²² d͡zit̚¹²¹/

/t͡sʰẽ³³⁻²³ kʰi⁵⁵⁻¹¹ d͡zik̚⁴/


星期天

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵ tʰi̯ɑɻ⁵⁵/

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/ɕin⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵ tʰiɛn⁵⁵/

/sɪŋ⁵⁵ kʰei̯²¹ tʰiːn⁵⁵/

/ɕiŋ¹¹ t͡ɕʰi¹¹ tʰie¹¹/

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵ tʰi̯ɑɻ⁵⁵/

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/ɕin⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵ tʰiɛn⁵⁵/

/sɪŋ⁵⁵ kʰei̯²¹ tʰiːn⁵⁵/

/ɕiŋ¹¹ t͡ɕʰi¹¹ tʰie¹¹/


正月

/ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵⁵ ɥɛ⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂəŋ²⁴ yə⁵¹/

/t͡sɪŋ⁵⁵ jyːt̚²/

/t͡saŋ⁴² n̠ʲyɵt̚²/

/t͡saŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ŋi̯et̚⁵/

/t͡saŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ŋi̯at̚⁵/

/t͡ʃaŋ⁵³ ŋiet²/

/t͡siã³³ ɡəʔ²⁴/

/t͡siã⁴⁴⁻²² ɡəʔ⁴³/

/t͡siã³³ ɡeʔ²⁴/

/t͡siã⁴⁴⁻²² ɡeʔ⁴³/

/t͡siã⁴⁴⁻²² ɡeʔ⁴/

/t͡siã⁴⁴⁻²² ɡueʔ¹²¹/

/t͡siã⁴⁴⁻²² ɡueʔ⁴³/

/t͡sĩã³³⁻²³ ɡueʔ⁴/

/t͡sən⁵⁵ ɦyɪʔ²¹/

/t͡sən⁵⁵ ɦioʔ²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵⁵ ɥɛ⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂəŋ²⁴ yə⁵¹/

/t͡sɪŋ⁵⁵ jyːt̚²/

/t͡saŋ⁴² n̠ʲyɵt̚²/

/t͡saŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ŋi̯et̚⁵/

/t͡saŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ŋi̯at̚⁵/

/t͡ʃaŋ⁵³ ŋiet²/

/t͡siã³³ ɡəʔ²⁴/

/t͡siã⁴⁴⁻²² ɡəʔ⁴³/

/t͡siã³³ ɡeʔ²⁴/

/t͡siã⁴⁴⁻²² ɡeʔ⁴³/

/t͡siã⁴⁴⁻²² ɡeʔ⁴/

/t͡siã⁴⁴⁻²² ɡueʔ¹²¹/

/t͡siã⁴⁴⁻²² ɡueʔ⁴³/

/t͡sĩã³³⁻²³ ɡueʔ⁴/

/t͡sən⁵⁵ ɦyɪʔ²¹/

/t͡sən⁵⁵ ɦioʔ²¹/

Guangyun
Qin Shi Huang
Zhu Xi
naming taboo

According to Guangyun (https://ctext.org/text.pl?node=296930&if=en#n296938) and Zhu Xi (朱熹) (https://ctext.org/library.pl?if=en&file=9216&page=85), the character 正 here was originally pronounced zhèng (like 政); according to Zhang Shoujie (張守節); its special pronunciation zhēng (like 征) originated from the naming taboo on Qin Shi Huang's real name 嬴政 (Yíng Zhèng) (https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&res=710475&searchu=%E6%AD%A3%E9%9F%B3%E6%94%BF%E5%91%A8%E6%AD%A3%E5%BB%BA%E5%AD%90%E4%B9%8B%E6%AD%A3%E4%B9%9F%E5%A7%8B%E7%9A%87%E4%BB%A5%E6%AD%A3%E6%9C%88%E6%97%A6%E7%94%9F%E6%96%BC%E8%B6%99%E5%9B%A0%E7%82%BA%E6%94%BF%E5%BE%8C%E4%BB%A5%E5%A7%8B%E7%9A%87%E8%AB%B1%E6%95%85%E9%9F%B3%E5%BE%81).
Sagart (2023) instead proposes that actually 正 here wrote 隻 (OC *tek, “one”), in context where the latter's coda *-k had been nasalized by the onset of 月 (OC *[ŋ]ʷat). He reconstructs underlying *tek-ŋʷat, whence *teŋ-ŋʷat, whose appropriate readable form was 正月.


杏月

/ɕiŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɥɛ⁵¹/

/hɐŋ²² jyːt̚²/

/ɕiŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɥɛ⁵¹/

/hɐŋ²² jyːt̚²/

正月

Month of the Year: 杏月 (Xìngyuè); Previous


桃月

/tʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ɥɛ⁵¹/

/tɒu̯¹³ y̯e̞²⁴/

/tʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ɥɛ⁵¹/

/tɒu̯¹³ y̯e̞²⁴/

(archaic) The third month of the Chinese lunar calendar.

杏月

Month of the Year: 桃月 (Táoyuè); Previous


梅月

/meɪ̯³⁵ ɥɛ⁵¹/

/me̞i̯¹³ y̯e̞²⁴/

/meɪ̯³⁵ ɥɛ⁵¹/

/me̞i̯¹³ y̯e̞²⁴/

Refers to the rainy season 梅雨 (méiyǔ), which usually occurs during the fourth month.

(archaic) The fourth month of the Chinese lunar calendar.

桃月

Month of the Year: 梅月 (Méiyuè); Previous


榴月

/li̯oʊ̯³⁵ ɥɛ⁵¹/

/lɐu̯²¹ jyːt̚²/

/li̯oʊ̯³⁵ ɥɛ⁵¹/

/lɐu̯²¹ jyːt̚²/

Refers to the blossoming of pomegranates during the fifth month.

(archaic) The fifth month of the Chinese lunar calendar.

梅月

Month of the Year: 榴月 (Liúyuè); Previous


荷月

/hɔː²¹ jyːt̚²/

/hɔː²¹ jyːt̚²/

Refers to the blooming of lotuses during the sixth month.

(archaic) The sixth month of the Chinese lunar calendar


蘭月

/län³⁵ ɥɛ⁵¹/

/län³⁵ ɥɛ⁵¹/

(archaic) The seventh month of the Chinese lunar calendar.

荷月

Month of the Year: 蘭月／兰月 (Lányuè); Previous


菊月

/t͡ɕy³⁵ ɥɛ⁵¹/

/kiɔk̚³²⁻⁴ ɡueʔ⁴/

/t͡ɕy³⁵ ɥɛ⁵¹/

/kiɔk̚³²⁻⁴ ɡueʔ⁴/

(archaic) The ninth month of the Chinese lunar calendar.


桂月

/ku̯eɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɥɛ⁵¹/

/kʷɐi̯³³ jyːt̚²/

/ku̯e̞i̯⁴⁵ y̯ẽ¹³/

/ku̯eɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɥɛ⁵¹/

/kʷɐi̯³³ jyːt̚²/

/ku̯e̞i̯⁴⁵ y̯ẽ¹³/

From the blossoming of osmanthuses around this time of year.

(archaic) The eighth month of the Chinese lunar year.

蘭月

Month of the Year: 桂月 (Guìyuè); Previous


良月

/li̯ɑŋ³⁵ ɥɛ⁵¹/

/lœːŋ²¹ jyːt̚²/

/li̯ɑŋ³⁵ ɥɛ⁵¹/

/lœːŋ²¹ jyːt̚²/

Round numbers were auspicious in ancient China, so the tenth month was thought to be good.

(archaic) The tenth month of the Chinese lunar calendar.

菊月

Month of the Year: 良月 (Liángyuè); Previous


冬月

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ ɥɛ⁵¹/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ jyːt̚²/

/tʊŋ³³ y̯e̞²⁴/

/tən³³ y̯e̞²⁴/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ ɥɛ⁵¹/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ jyːt̚²/

/tʊŋ³³ y̯e̞²⁴/

/tən³³ y̯e̞²⁴/

(archaic) The eleventh month of the Chinese lunar calendar.

良月

Month of the Year: 冬月 (Dōngyuè); Previous


臘月

/lä⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɥɛ⁵¹/

/la(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ ɡeʔ⁴/

/la(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ ɡeʔ⁴/

/la(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ ɡueʔ⁴/

/la(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ ɡueʔ¹²¹/

/la(ʔ)²⁴⁻² ɡəʔ²⁴/

/lap̚⁴⁻³² ɡuat̚⁴/

/lä⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɥɛ⁵¹/

/la(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ ɡeʔ⁴/

/la(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ ɡeʔ⁴/

/la(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ ɡueʔ⁴/

/la(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ ɡueʔ¹²¹/

/la(ʔ)²⁴⁻² ɡəʔ²⁴/

/lap̚⁴⁻³² ɡuat̚⁴/

Refers to the ancient sacrificial ritual that occurred after the winter solstice called 臘祭／腊祭.

twelfth month of the Chinese lunar calendar

冬月

Month of the Year: 臘月／腊月 (Làyuè); Previous


午前

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/ŋ̍¹³ t͡sʰiːn²¹/

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/ŋ̍¹³ t͡sʰiːn²¹/


世紀

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕi⁵¹/

/ʂʐ̩⁴⁴ t͡ɕi⁴⁴/

/sɐi̯³³ kei̯³⁵/

/sie²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾i³³/

/se¹¹⁻⁵³ ki⁵³/

/se²¹⁻⁵³ ki⁵³/

/se²¹⁻⁴¹ ki⁴¹/

/se⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ki⁵⁵⁴/

/si²¹⁻⁵³ ki⁵³/

/si²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ki⁵²⁻²¹/

/sz̩³³ t͡ɕi⁴⁴/

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕi⁵¹/

/ʂʐ̩⁴⁴ t͡ɕi⁴⁴/

/sɐi̯³³ kei̯³⁵/

/sie²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾i³³/

/se¹¹⁻⁵³ ki⁵³/

/se²¹⁻⁵³ ki⁵³/

/se²¹⁻⁴¹ ki⁴¹/

/se⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ki⁵⁵⁴/

/si²¹⁻⁵³ ki⁵³/

/si²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ki⁵²⁻²¹/

/sz̩³³ t͡ɕi⁴⁴/

中華世紀壇

中华世纪坛

The footmark of the famous 13th-century explorer Bar Sauma spans from Beijing in the East to Paris in the West.

Bā Sǎomǎ, shísān shìjì de zhùmíng lǚxíngjiā, qí zújì dōng qǐ Běijīng, xī zhì Bālí.

巴·掃馬，13世紀的著名旅行家，其足跡東起北京，西至巴黎。

巴·扫马，13世纪的著名旅行家，其足迹东起北京，西至巴黎。

The United States saw an explosive development in artificial intelligence during the 1960s.

Zài èrshí shìjì liùshí niándài, Měiguó réngōng zhìnéng chūxiàn le bàofāxìng de fāzhǎn.

在20世紀60年代，美國人工智能出現了爆發性的發展。

在20世纪60年代，美国人工智能出现了爆发性的发展。


天氣

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi⁵¹/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi²/

/tʰiɛn⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi²¹³/

/tʰiã²¹ t͡ɕʰi/

/tʰiẽ³¹ t͡ɕʰi⁴⁴/

/tʰiæ̃²⁴ t͡ɕʰi²⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴² t͡ɕʰi²/

/tʰi̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ hi⁵⁵/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³⁵ hi⁵³/

/tʰie¹¹ t͡ɕʰi⁴⁵/

/tʰiŋ⁵⁴ kʰi³³/

/tʰieŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ^((kʰ-))ŋɛi²¹³/

/tʰɛŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ kʰi⁴²/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰi¹¹/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰi²¹/

/tʰĩ³³ kʰi⁴¹/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰi²¹/

/tʰi⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi²¹/

/tʰɪ⁴⁴ t͡ɕʰi/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi⁵¹/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi²/

/tʰiɛn⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi²¹³/

/tʰiã²¹ t͡ɕʰi/

/tʰiẽ³¹ t͡ɕʰi⁴⁴/

/tʰiæ̃²⁴ t͡ɕʰi²⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴² t͡ɕʰi²/

/tʰi̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ hi⁵⁵/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³⁵ hi⁵³/

/tʰie¹¹ t͡ɕʰi⁴⁵/

/tʰiŋ⁵⁴ kʰi³³/

/tʰieŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ^((kʰ-))ŋɛi²¹³/

/tʰɛŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ kʰi⁴²/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰi¹¹/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰi²¹/

/tʰĩ³³ kʰi⁴¹/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰi²¹/

/tʰi⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi²¹/

/tʰɪ⁴⁴ t͡ɕʰi/


未來

/weɪ̯⁵¹ laɪ̯³⁵/

/mei̯²² lɔːi̯²¹/

/mei̯²² lɐi̯²¹/

/ui²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ l̃ai⁵³/

/bi²²⁻²¹ lai²⁴/

/bi⁴¹⁻²² lai²⁴/

/bi²²⁻²¹ lai¹³/

/bi³³⁻¹¹ lai²⁴/

/bi³³⁻²¹ lai²³/

/weɪ̯⁵¹ laɪ̯³⁵/

/mei̯²² lɔːi̯²¹/

/mei̯²² lɐi̯²¹/

/ui²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ l̃ai⁵³/

/bi²²⁻²¹ lai²⁴/

/bi⁴¹⁻²² lai²⁴/

/bi²²⁻²¹ lai¹³/

/bi³³⁻¹¹ lai²⁴/

/bi³³⁻²¹ lai²³/

Originally a Buddhist calque of Sanskrit अनागत (anāgata, “not yet come; future”, past participle), from अन्- (an-, “not”) + आगत (āgata, “what has come”), from the verb root आगम् (āgam, “to come”).

calque

放眼未來

放眼未来

Shūjí péiyǎng le tā fēngfù de xiǎngxiànglì hé duìyú měihǎo wèilái de chōngjǐng.

書籍培養了她豐富的想象力和對於美好未來的憧憬。

书籍培养了她丰富的想象力和对于美好未来的憧憬。


春天

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən⁵⁵ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən⁵⁵ tʰi̯ɛn²/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən⁵⁵ tʰi̯ɑɻ⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰuŋ²⁴ tʰiæ̃⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʰuŋ²⁴ tʰiæ̃²⁴/

/t͡sʰɵn⁵⁵ tʰiːn⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰun³³ hen³³⁻³³⁵/

/ˈt͡sʰun⁴² tʰiɛn⁴²/

/t͡sʰun²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰi̯en²⁴/

/t͡sʰuŋ¹¹ tʰie¹¹/

/t͡sʰœyŋ⁵⁴ tʰiŋ⁵⁴/

/t͡sʰun³³ tʰĩ³³/

/t͡sʰun³³⁻²¹ tʰĩ³³/

/t͡sʰun⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰĩ⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰun⁴⁴⁻²² tʰĩ⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰun⁴⁴⁻²² tʰiɛn⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰuŋ³³⁻²³ tʰĩ³³/

/t͡sʰən⁵⁵ tʰi²¹/

/t͡ɕʰyn³³ tʰi̯ẽ³³/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən⁵⁵ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən⁵⁵ tʰi̯ɛn²/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən⁵⁵ tʰi̯ɑɻ⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰuŋ²⁴ tʰiæ̃⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʰuŋ²⁴ tʰiæ̃²⁴/

/t͡sʰɵn⁵⁵ tʰiːn⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰun³³ hen³³⁻³³⁵/

/ˈt͡sʰun⁴² tʰiɛn⁴²/

/t͡sʰun²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰi̯en²⁴/

/t͡sʰuŋ¹¹ tʰie¹¹/

/t͡sʰœyŋ⁵⁴ tʰiŋ⁵⁴/

/t͡sʰun³³ tʰĩ³³/

/t͡sʰun³³⁻²¹ tʰĩ³³/

/t͡sʰun⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰĩ⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰun⁴⁴⁻²² tʰĩ⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰun⁴⁴⁻²² tʰiɛn⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰuŋ³³⁻²³ tʰĩ³³/

/t͡sʰən⁵⁵ tʰi²¹/

/t͡ɕʰyn³³ tʰi̯ẽ³³/


生平

/ʂɤŋ⁵⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/sɐŋ⁵⁵ pʰɪŋ²¹/

/sŋ̍³³ piɪŋ²⁴/

/siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² piɪŋ¹³/

/siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ piɪŋ²³/

/siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² piɪŋ²⁴/

/siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ piɪŋ²⁴/

/ʂɤŋ⁵⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/sɐŋ⁵⁵ pʰɪŋ²¹/

/sŋ̍³³ piɪŋ²⁴/

/siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² piɪŋ¹³/

/siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ piɪŋ²³/

/siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² piɪŋ²⁴/

/siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ piɪŋ²⁴/

lifetime; all one's life; one's whole life


白駒過隙

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (白駒過隙):
* → Korean: 백구과극(白駒過隙) (baekgugwageuk)
* → Vietnamese: bạch câu quá khích (白駒過隙)

Japanese: 白駒(はっく)隙(げき)を過(す)ぐ (hakku geki o sugu)

ㄅㄞˊ ㄐㄩ ㄍㄨㄛˋ ㄒㄧˋ

/paɪ̯³⁵ t͡ɕy⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕi⁵¹/

/paːk̚² kʰɵy̯⁵⁵ kʷɔː³³ kʷʰɪk̚⁵/

/paɪ̯³⁵ t͡ɕy⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕi⁵¹/

/paːk̚² kʰɵy̯⁵⁵ kʷɔː³³ kʷʰɪk̚⁵/

That human beings live between heaven and earth is similar to a white colt's bolting past a crevice; it is but an instant.

Rénshēng tiāndì zhī jiān, ruò báijū zhī guò xì, hūrán ér yǐ.

人生天地之間，若白駒之過郤，忽然而已。

人生天地之间，若白驹之过郤，忽然而已。

(the amount of time it takes for) a white colt to pass by a crevice

swiftness of the lapse of time; fleeting of time; in the twinkling of an eye


守時

/ʂoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/sɐu̯³⁵ siː²¹/

/siu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ si¹³/

/siu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ si²⁴/

/siu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ si²⁴/

/ʂoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/sɐu̯³⁵ siː²¹/

/siu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ si¹³/

/siu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ si²⁴/

/siu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ si²⁴/


天命

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ miŋ⁵¹/

/tʰiæ̃²⁴ miŋ⁴⁴/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ mɪŋ²²/

/tʰi̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ min⁵⁵/

/tʰɛŋ⁵³³⁻¹³ miŋ²¹/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²²/

/tʰiɛn³³ biɪŋ⁴¹/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²²/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ biɪŋ³³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ biɪŋ³³/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ miŋ⁵¹/

/tʰiæ̃²⁴ miŋ⁴⁴/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ mɪŋ²²/

/tʰi̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ min⁵⁵/

/tʰɛŋ⁵³³⁻¹³ miŋ²¹/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²²/

/tʰiɛn³³ biɪŋ⁴¹/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²²/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ biɪŋ³³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ biɪŋ³³/

Attested earliest on Zhou dynasty's bronze inscriptions, though during the Western Zhou period, the concept was not exactly worded as 天命 (tiānmìng) but 大令 (dàlìng), 大命 (dàmìng), 魯令 (lǔlìng) & 天令 (tiānlìng) (however, 令 (lìng) and 命 (mìng) were indeed used interchangeably). Goldin (2017) links Zhou's concept 天命 (tiānmìng) to Shang's concept 帝令 (dìlìng) "the Deity's command" attested in the Shang's oracle bones.
For the era name, see also Manchu ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ
ᡶᡠᠯᡳᠩᡤᠠ (abkai fulingga).

m+

ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ ᡶᡠᠯᡳᠩᡤᠠ

(historical) the Tianming era (a Chinese era name; the era of Nurhaci as khan of the Later Jin, from the proclamation of the dynasty in 1616 until 1627)


來年

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (來年):
* → Japanese: 來年(らいねん) (rainen)
* → Korean: 내년(來年) (naenyeon)

/laɪ̯³⁵ ni̯ɛn³⁵/

/lɔːi̯²¹ niːn²¹/

/lai²⁴⁻²² nĩ²⁴/

/lai²⁴⁻²² nĩ²⁴/

/lai¹³⁻²² nĩ¹³/

/lai²⁴⁻¹¹ nĩ²⁴/

/lai²³⁻³³ nĩ²³/

/laɪ̯³⁵ ni̯ɛn³⁵/

/lɔːi̯²¹ niːn²¹/

/lai²⁴⁻²² nĩ²⁴/

/lai²⁴⁻²² nĩ²⁴/

/lai¹³⁻²² nĩ¹³/

/lai²⁴⁻¹¹ nĩ²⁴/

/lai²³⁻³³ nĩ²³/

Rú zhī qí fēi yì, sī sù yǐ yǐ, hé dài láinián?

如知其非義，斯速已矣，何待來年？

如知其非义，斯速已矣，何待来年？


農曆

/nʊŋ³⁵ li⁵¹/

/nʊŋ²¹ lɪk̚²/

/nˡuŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ˡ⁻⁾nˡiʔ⁵/

/lɔŋ²⁴⁻²² liɪk̚⁴/

/lɔŋ²³⁻³³ liɪk̚⁴/

/lɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ liɪk̚⁴/

/lɔŋ¹³⁻²² liɪk̚¹²¹/

/lɔŋ²⁴⁻²² liak̚²⁴/

/loŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ leʔ⁴/

/nʊŋ³⁵ li⁵¹/

/nʊŋ²¹ lɪk̚²/

/nˡuŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ˡ⁻⁾nˡiʔ⁵/

/lɔŋ²⁴⁻²² liɪk̚⁴/

/lɔŋ²³⁻³³ liɪk̚⁴/

/lɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ liɪk̚⁴/

/lɔŋ¹³⁻²² liɪk̚¹²¹/

/lɔŋ²⁴⁻²² liak̚²⁴/

/loŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ leʔ⁴/

lunisolar calendar
lunisolar calendar#English

Chinese calendar (the traditional lunisolar calendar of East Asia)


彼一時，此一時

/pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ i⁵⁵⁻⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵ t͡sʰz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ i⁵⁵⁻⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

That was one time, and this is another. It is a rule that a true royal sovereign should arise in the course of five hundred years, and that during that time there should be men illustrious in their generation. From the commencement of the Zhou dynasty till now, more than seven hundred years have elapsed. Judging numerically, the date is past. Examining the character of the present time, we might expect the rise of such individuals in it.

Mencius, c. 4ᵗʰ century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

Bǐ yīshí, cǐ yīshí yě. Wǔbǎi nián bì yǒu wángzhě xīng, qíjiān bì yǒu míng shì zhě. Yóu Zhōu ér lái, qībǎi yǒuyú suì yǐ. Yǐ qí shù zé guò yǐ, yǐ qí shí kǎo zhī zé kě yǐ.

彼一時，此一時也。五百年必有王者興，其間必有名世者。由周而來，七百有餘歲矣。以其數則過矣，以其時考之則可矣。

彼一时，此一时也。五百年必有王者兴，其间必有名世者。由周而来，七百有余岁矣。以其数则过矣，以其时考之则可矣。

that was then, this is now
that was then, this is now


晚上

/wän²¹⁴ ʂɑŋ⁴/

/maːn¹³ sœːŋ²²/

/buan⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ siɔŋ⁴¹/

/buan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɔŋ²²/

/uan⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ siɔŋ⁴¹/

/uan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɔŋ²²/

/uan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siaŋ²²/

/muŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡sĩẽ¹¹/

/muŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡sĩõ¹¹/

/wän²¹⁴ ʂɑŋ⁴/

/maːn¹³ sœːŋ²²/

/buan⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ siɔŋ⁴¹/

/buan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɔŋ²²/

/uan⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ siɔŋ⁴¹/

/uan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɔŋ²²/

/uan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siaŋ²²/

/muŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡sĩẽ¹¹/

/muŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡sĩõ¹¹/

白天是教授，晚上是禽獸

白天是教授，晚上是禽兽

I can finally get a good night's sleep tonight.

Jīntiān wǎnshang wǒ zǒngsuàn kěyǐ tātāshíshí shuì ge jiào.

今天晚上我總算可以踏踏實實睡個覺。

今天晚上我总算可以踏踏实实睡个觉。

And the evening and the morning were the fourth day.

新標點和合本 (Chinese Union Version with New Punctuation), 創世記 (Genesis) 1:19

Yǒu wǎnshang, yǒu zǎochen, shì dì-sì rì.

有晚上，有早晨，是第四日。


豐年

/fɤŋ⁵⁵ ni̯ɛn³⁵/

/fʊŋ⁵⁵ niːn²¹/

/fuŋ²⁴ ŋi̯en¹¹/

/fuŋ²⁴ ŋi̯an¹¹/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² liɛn²⁴/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² nĩ²⁴/

/hɔŋ³³ liɛn²⁴/

/hɔŋ³³ nĩ²⁴/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² liɛn¹³/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² nĩ¹³/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ liɛn²⁴/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ nĩ²⁴/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ liɛn²³/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ nĩ²³/

/hoŋ³³⁻²³ ni⁵⁵/

/fɤŋ⁵⁵ ni̯ɛn³⁵/

/fʊŋ⁵⁵ niːn²¹/

/fuŋ²⁴ ŋi̯en¹¹/

/fuŋ²⁴ ŋi̯an¹¹/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² liɛn²⁴/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² nĩ²⁴/

/hɔŋ³³ liɛn²⁴/

/hɔŋ³³ nĩ²⁴/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² liɛn¹³/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² nĩ¹³/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ liɛn²⁴/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ nĩ²⁴/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ liɛn²³/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ nĩ²³/

/hoŋ³³⁻²³ ni⁵⁵/

timely, auspicious snow is an omen of a year of abundance

瑞雪兆豐年

瑞雪兆丰年

The chief diviner will divine the dreams,
How the multitudes dissolving into fishes,
Betoken plentiful years.

Dàrén zhān zhī, zhòng wéi yú yǐ, shí wéi fēngnián.

大人占之，眾維魚矣，實維豐年。

大人占之，众维鱼矣，实维丰年。

year of abundance; year with a good harvest


同時

/tʰʊŋ³⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/tʰʊŋ²¹ siː²¹/

/tʰuŋ¹¹ sɨ¹¹/

/tʰʊŋ¹¹ sz̩¹¹/

/tɔŋ²³⁻³³ si²³/

/tɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ si²⁴/

/tɔŋ¹³⁻²² si¹³/

/tɔŋ²⁴⁻²² si²⁴/

/taŋ²⁴⁻²² si²⁴/

/taŋ²³⁻³³ si²³/

/taŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ si²⁴/

/taŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ si⁵⁵/

/tʰʊŋ³⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/tʰʊŋ²¹ siː²¹/

/tʰuŋ¹¹ sɨ¹¹/

/tʰʊŋ¹¹ sz̩¹¹/

/tɔŋ²³⁻³³ si²³/

/tɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ si²⁴/

/tɔŋ¹³⁻²² si¹³/

/tɔŋ²⁴⁻²² si²⁴/

/taŋ²⁴⁻²² si²⁴/

/taŋ²³⁻³³ si²³/

/taŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ si²⁴/

/taŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ si⁵⁵/


成人

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ ʐən³⁵/

/sɪŋ²¹ jɐn²¹/

/sɨn¹¹ ŋin¹¹/

/sən¹¹ ŋin¹¹/

/siɪŋ²³⁻³³ zin²³/

/siɪŋ¹³⁻²² d͡zin¹³/

/siɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ lin²⁴/

/siɪŋ²⁴⁻²² lin²⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ ʐən³⁵/

/sɪŋ²¹ jɐn²¹/

/sɨn¹¹ ŋin¹¹/

/sən¹¹ ŋin¹¹/

/siɪŋ²³⁻³³ zin²³/

/siɪŋ¹³⁻²² d͡zin¹³/

/siɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ lin²⁴/

/siɪŋ²⁴⁻²² lin²⁴/

/saŋ¹¹ ŋin¹¹/

/siŋ⁵³⁻³³ ^((Ø-))ŋiŋ⁵³/

/t͡siã²⁴⁻²² laŋ²⁴/

/t͡siã²⁴⁻²² laŋ²⁴/

/t͡siã¹³⁻²² laŋ¹³/

/t͡siã²⁴⁻¹¹ laŋ²⁴/

/t͡siã²³⁻³³ laŋ²³/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ ʐən³⁵/

/sɪŋ²¹ jɐn²¹/

/saŋ¹¹ ŋin¹¹/

/siŋ⁵³⁻³³ ^((Ø-))ŋiŋ⁵³/

/t͡siã²⁴⁻²² laŋ²⁴/

/t͡siã²⁴⁻²² laŋ²⁴/

/t͡siã¹³⁻²² laŋ¹³/

/t͡siã²⁴⁻¹¹ laŋ²⁴/

/t͡siã²³⁻³³ laŋ²³/

成人教育


徐娘半老

ㄒㄩˊ ㄋㄧㄤˊ ㄅㄢˋ ㄌㄠˇ

сюйнянбаньлао

/ɕy³⁵ ni̯ɑŋ³⁵ pän⁵¹ lɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰɵy̯²¹ nœːŋ²¹ puːn³³ lou̯¹³/

/ɕy³⁵ ni̯ɑŋ³⁵ pän⁵¹ lɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰɵy̯²¹ nœːŋ²¹ puːn³³ lou̯¹³/


天天

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ tʰi̯ɑɻ⁵⁵/

/tʰiɛn⁵⁵ tʰiɛn⁵⁵/

/tʰiæ̃²⁴ tʰiæ̃⁵¹/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ tʰiːn⁵⁵/

/tʰi̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰi̯en²⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² tʰiɛn⁴⁴/

/tʰiɛn³³ tʰiɛn³³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² tʰiɛn⁴⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰiɛn⁴⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰiɛn⁴⁴/

/tʰi⁵⁵ tʰi²¹/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ tʰi̯ɑɻ⁵⁵/

/tʰiɛn⁵⁵ tʰiɛn⁵⁵/

/tʰiæ̃²⁴ tʰiæ̃⁵¹/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ tʰiːn⁵⁵/

/tʰi̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰi̯en²⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² tʰiɛn⁴⁴/

/tʰiɛn³³ tʰiɛn³³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² tʰiɛn⁴⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰiɛn⁴⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰiɛn⁴⁴/

/tʰi⁵⁵ tʰi²¹/

After he arrived in Beijing, he freeloaded from me every day.

Tā dào le Běijīng yǐhòu tiāntiān cèng wǒ de fàn.

他到了北京以後天天蹭我的飯。

他到了北京以后天天蹭我的饭。

He won't do an honest day's work, and instead spends his days just having fun.

Tā bùwùzhèngyè, tiāntiān jiù zhīdào chīhēwánlè.

他不務正業，天天就知道吃喝玩樂。

他不务正业，天天就知道吃喝玩乐。

My husband makes honey with water for me to drink after dinner every day.

Lǎogōng tiāntiān wǎncān hòu bāng wǒ chōng fēngmìshuǐ hē.

老公天天晚餐後幫我沖蜂蜜水喝。

老公天天晚餐后帮我冲蜂蜜水喝。


聖誕

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ tän⁵¹/

/sɪŋ³³ taːn³³/

/siŋ²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nɑŋ²¹³/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ tan²¹/

/siɪŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ tan¹¹/

/siɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tan⁴¹/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ tan²¹/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ tan²²/

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ tän⁵¹/

/sɪŋ³³ taːn³³/

/siŋ²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nɑŋ²¹³/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ tan²¹/

/siɪŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ tan¹¹/

/siɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tan⁴¹/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ tan²¹/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ tan²²/


時計

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ t͡ɕi⁵¹/

/siː²¹ kɐi̯³³/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ t͡ɕi⁵¹/

/siː²¹ kɐi̯³³/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 時計 (tokei)

obor

Time is the foundation of all undertakings, so there are watches.

秦同培 (1933?). 言文對照高等論說新範

Guāngyīn zhě, yīqiè shìyè zhī jīchǔ yě, yúshìhū yǒu shíjì.

光陰者，一切事業之基礎也，於是乎有時計。

秦同培 (1933?). 言文對照高等論說新範

光阴者，一切事业之基础也，于是乎有时计。


永遠

/jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ɥɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/wɪŋ¹³ jyːn¹³/

/ʒun²⁴⁻³³ ʒan²⁴/

/iŋ³³⁻³⁵ ^((Ø-))ŋuoŋ³³/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ uan⁵³/

/iɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ uan⁵⁵⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ uan⁵³/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ uan⁵³/

/iɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ uan⁴¹/

/ioŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ iaŋ⁵²/

/ioŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ ieŋ⁵²⁻²¹/

/ioŋ³³ ɦyø⁴⁴/

/*ɢʷraŋʔ ɢʷanʔ/

/jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ɥɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/wɪŋ¹³ jyːn¹³/

/ʒun²⁴⁻³³ ʒan²⁴/

/iŋ³³⁻³⁵ ^((Ø-))ŋuoŋ³³/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ uan⁵³/

/iɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ uan⁵⁵⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ uan⁵³/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ uan⁵³/

/iɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ uan⁴¹/

/ioŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ iaŋ⁵²/

/ioŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ ieŋ⁵²⁻²¹/

/ioŋ³³ ɦyø⁴⁴/

/*ɢʷraŋʔ ɢʷanʔ/

永遠相愛

永远相爱

莊家永遠是贏家。

庄家永远是赢家。

Wǒmen de dàmén yǒngyuǎn xiàng nǐ chǎngkāi.

我們的大門永遠向你敞開。

我们的大门永远向你敞开。

No beginning has ever been proved to be too late.

Rénshēng yǒngyuǎn méiyǒu tài wǎn de kāishǐ.

人生永遠沒有太晚的開始。

人生永远没有太晚的开始。

If no one offers assistance this kid will become permanently blind.

Rúguǒ méiyǒu rén juānzhù dehuà, zhè ge xiǎohái jiù huì yǒngyuǎn shīmíng.

如果沒有人捐助的話，這個小孩就會永遠失明。

如果没有人捐助的话，这个小孩就会永远失明。


永遠

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (永遠):
* → Japanese: 永遠(えいえん) (eien)
* → Korean: 영원(永遠) (yeong'won)
* → Vietnamese: vĩnh viễn (永遠)

/jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ɥɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/wɪŋ¹³ jyːn¹³/

/ʒun²⁴⁻³³ ʒan²⁴/

/iŋ³³⁻³⁵ ^((Ø-))ŋuoŋ³³/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ uan⁵³/

/iɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ uan⁵⁵⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ uan⁵³/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ uan⁵³/

/iɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ uan⁴¹/

/ioŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ iaŋ⁵²/

/ioŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ ieŋ⁵²⁻²¹/

/ioŋ³³ ɦyø⁴⁴/

/*ɢʷraŋʔ ɢʷanʔ/

/jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ɥɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/wɪŋ¹³ jyːn¹³/

/ʒun²⁴⁻³³ ʒan²⁴/

/iŋ³³⁻³⁵ ^((Ø-))ŋuoŋ³³/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ uan⁵³/

/iɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ uan⁵⁵⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ uan⁵³/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ uan⁵³/

/iɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ uan⁴¹/

/ioŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ iaŋ⁵²/

/ioŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ ieŋ⁵²⁻²¹/

/ioŋ³³ ɦyø⁴⁴/

/*ɢʷraŋʔ ɢʷanʔ/

相愛到永遠

相爱到永远

2000s, 美国·圣地亚戈, an advertisement of the product 金氮丹

yùmǐ zhuīféi yòng le tā / gāochǎn dào yǒngyuǎn

玉米追肥用了它 / 高產到永遠

玉米追肥用了它 / 高产到永远


久遠

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ɥɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɐu̯³⁵ jyːn¹³/

/kiu²⁴⁻³³ ʒan²⁴/

/kiu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ uan⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ɥɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɐu̯³⁵ jyːn¹³/

/kiu²⁴⁻³³ ʒan²⁴/

/kiu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ uan⁵⁵⁴/


多年

/tu̯ɔ⁵⁵ ni̯ɛn³⁵/

/tɔː⁵⁵ niːn²¹/

/to⁴⁴⁻²² liɛn¹³/

/tɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ liɛn²³/

/to⁴⁴⁻³³ liɛn²⁴/

/to⁴⁴⁻²² liɛn²⁴/

/tɔ³³ liɛn²⁴/

/tu̯ɔ⁵⁵ ni̯ɛn³⁵/

/tɔː⁵⁵ niːn²¹/

/to⁴⁴⁻²² liɛn¹³/

/tɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ liɛn²³/

/to⁴⁴⁻³³ liɛn²⁴/

/to⁴⁴⁻²² liɛn²⁴/

/tɔ³³ liɛn²⁴/

The whereabouts of the daughter I lost years ago are still unknown.

Wǒ nà shīsàn duōnián de nǚ'ér zhìjīn hái wú zhuóluò.

我那失散多年的女兒至今還無著落。

我那失散多年的女儿至今还无着落。


雪花

/ɕy̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ xu̯ä⁵⁵/

/ɕy̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ xu̯ɑɻ⁵⁵/

/ɕiɪʔ³³ ho⁴⁴/

/ɕy̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ xu̯ä⁵⁵/

/ɕy̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ xu̯ɑɻ⁵⁵/

/ɕiɪʔ³³ ho⁴⁴/

noise (static produced by a TV when no signal is received)