主

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (主):
* → Japanese: 主(しゅ) (shu)
* → Korean: 주(主) (ju)
* → Vietnamese: chủ (主)

→ Proto-Tai: *ɕɤwꟲ (“master”)

desc

Lao: ເຈົ້າ (chao, “lord, master, owner”)

Thai: เจ้า (jâao, “lord, master, owner”)

→ Vietnamese: chúa (主, “retired father of a king”), Chúa (主, “Lord”)

Pictogram (象形). Three distinct forms can observed in ancient scripts, all of which have merged into the same character in modern script:
A lamp or torch with a flame at the top. Original form of 炷.
Wood (木, now 王) on fire.
A spirit tablet. Same character as 示.
Unclear. Compare Tibetan ཇོ་བོ (jo bo, “elder brother, nobleman, lord”), Tibetan ཇོ་མོ (jo mo, “mistress, lady, goddess”), Tibetan ཐུ། (thu, “chief”), Proto-Monic *(d)ndooʔ (“to teach, to instruct; headman”), and Thai โจก (jòok, “leader, chief”) (Schuessler, 2007)
Also compare Burmese အတို့ (a.tui., “honorific personal pronoun”).


代

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (代):
* → Japanese: 代(だい) (dai)
* → Korean: 대(代) (dae)
* → Vietnamese: đại (代)

→ Vietnamese: đời (𠁀)

Second round of simplified Chinese characters

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'ɯːɡs): semantic 亻 (“person”) + phonetic 弋 (OC *lɯɡ)
;state's name → toponym
Most of the people with this surname in Mainland China were originally with the surname 戴 (Dài) and was a result of second-round simplification of Chinese characters.

Han compound

(grammar) Short for 代名詞／代名词 (dàimíngcí); short for 代詞／代词 (dàicí, “pronoun”).


動

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (動):
* → Japanese: 動(どう) (dō)
* → Korean: 동(動) (dong)
* → Vietnamese: động (動)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *doːŋʔ): phonetic 重 (OC *doŋ, *doŋʔ, *doŋs) + semantic 力 (“strength”).

Han compound

动
㣫
働
勭
𡺍
𨔝
𭜀
𢳾

(grammar) Short for 動詞／动词 (dòngcí, “verb”).


副

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pʰɯɡs, *pʰrɯɡ, *pʰɯɡ): phonetic 畐 (OC *pʰrɯɡ, *bɯɡ) + semantic 刂 (“knife”).

Han compound

(grammar) Short for 副詞／副词 (fùcí, “adverb”).


嘆

(grammar) Short for 嘆詞／叹词 (tàncí, “interjection”).


名

/ᵐbiaŋ²²⁻²²⁵/

/ᵐbiaŋ²²⁻²²⁵/

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): 夕 (“crescent moon”) + 口 (“mouth”) — to say one's own name to identify oneself in the dark.
An alternative theory has been proposed based on Shang era texts. 口 was originally used to write both 口 and 名. 夕 standing for what later came to be written 明, was added as a phonetic indicator to disambiguate the two meanings.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-miŋ (“name”). Cognate with Tibetan མིང (ming), Burmese အမည် (a.many), and Mizo hming.

(grammar) Short for 名詞／名词 (míngcí, “noun”).

專有名詞 專有名詞#Chinese

专有名词 专有名词#Chinese

(grammar) Short for 專有名詞／专有名词 (zhuānyǒu míngcí, “proper noun”).


式

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *hljɯɡ): phonetic 弋 (OC *lɯɡ) + semantic 工 (“work”).

Han compound

敘述式

叙述式


態

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *n̥ʰɯːs): phonetic 能 (OC *nɯː, *nɯːs, *nɯːŋ, *nɯːŋʔ) + semantic 心 (“heart”) – one’s heart-felt attitude.
Probably from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-nyaŋ (“can; be able to”); see 能 (OC *nɯː, *nɯːs, *nɯːŋ, *nɯːŋʔ, “able, capable”) for more.


性

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (性):
* → Japanese: 性(せい) (sei); 性(しょう) (shō)
* → Korean: 성(性) (seong)
* → Vietnamese: tính (性)

→ Tangut: 𗵤 (*sjij¹)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sleŋs): semantic 忄 (“heart”) + phonetic 生 (OC *sʰleːŋ, *sreŋs) – nature, personal quality, hence of the heart.
Derived from 生 (OC *sʰleːŋ, *sreŋs, “to live; to be born; innate”).


形

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (形):
* → Vietnamese: hình (形)

Characters in the same phonetic series (井) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): 幵 + 彡. In current form 幵 has been simplified to 开.
It may also be interpreted as a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡeːŋ): phonetic 井 (OC *skeŋʔ) + semantic 彡, if the original character was 𢒈.

Han compound

(grammar) Short for 形容詞／形容词 (xíngróngcí, “adjective”).


數

Exopassive derivation of Etymology 1 with suffix *-s, meaning "what is counted" (Schuessler, 2007).

單數／单数 ― dānshù ― singular


格

Characters in the same phonetic series (各) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *klaːɡ, *kraːɡ): semantic 木 (“wood”) + phonetic 各 (OC *klaːɡ).
; “to go; to come; to arrive”
: Baxter (1992) proposes that this is related to 路 (OC *ɡ·raːɡs, “road”). Compare 客 (OC *kʰraːɡ, “guest, visitor”), 旅 (OC *ɡ·raʔ, “travel, lodge”), and 行 (OC *ɡaːŋ, *ɡaːŋs, *ɡraːŋ, *ɡraːŋs, “to go”)
; “to obstruct; to hinder”
; “frame; square”
; “style; form; pattern; standard; personality; character”

och-l

共格

益格


時

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (時):
* → Japanese: 時(じ) (ji)
* → Korean: 시(時) (si)
* → Vietnamese: thời (時), thì (時)

→ Vietnamese: giờ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *djɯ): semantic 日 (“sun; day”) + phonetic 寺 (OC *ljɯs).
In ancient scripts, it had the form 旹, with 之 (OC *tjɯ) as the phonetic instead.
From 之 (OC *tjɯ, “to go; to proceed”) + endopassive voicing + endoactive tone B (OC *-ʔ > expected MC 上聲), literally “that which is proceeding” (Schuessler, 2007). The glottal stop was however lost, probably due to confusion with the pronoun sense.
; "this"

Han compound

過去時

过去时


貶

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *promʔ): semantic 貝 (“shell”) + phonetic 乏 (OC *bob).


詞

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ljɯ): semantic 言 (“speech”) + phonetic 司 (OC *slɯ).

Han compound

詞典

词典

單詞

单词

詞語

词语

See also: 辭

phrase; expression; speech; statement; lyrics

(literature) ci; a form of poetry originating in the Tang dynasty and flourishing during the Song dynasty (Classifier: 首 m)

(traditional lexicology, obsolete) function word; particle


賓

Shuowen: Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mpin): phonetic 𡧍 (OC *meːnʔ) + semantic 貝.
In oracle bone script, ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): a person 人 in a building 宀 – a guest.
Variants that replaced 人 with 万 (OC *mans, *mɯːɡ) were also common, and posited to be the original form of 丏 (OC *meːnʔ), which would also act as the character's phonetic component, which has corrupted into ⿱一𣥂 in the modern form.
Bronze inscriptions added 貝 (“money; valuables”), signifying gifts.
From n-nominalization of Proto-Sino-Tibetan *hin (“to give”). Cognate with 嬪 (OC *bin, “to become a bride”), which is an endopassive of 賓 (OC *mpin, “lit, "to be received like a guest"”). See 畀 (OC *pids, “to give”) for more cognates.

och-l

宾
賔
𧶉
𧶎
𥦎
𡪛
𡧍
𡫅
𢊟
𧶑
𠆄


連

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): 辶 (“to walk”) + 車 (“chariot”) – man-drawn carriage.
According to Duan Yucai, 聯／联 (lián) and 連 are two characters for a same word, with the former used in the Zhou dynasty and the latter in the Han dynasty.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-rjan (“equal; to place in a row; to align; row”); related to 聯 (OC *ɡ·ron) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007).

inh

(grammar) Short for 連詞／连词 (liáncí, “conjunction”).


體

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *r̥ʰiːʔ): semantic 骨 (“bone”) + phonetic 豊 (OC *riːʔ).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *sri (“to exist”) (Benedict, 1976); cognate with Proto-Tibeto-Burman *s-ri(t), whence Tibetan སྲིད་པ (srid pa) and Burmese ရှိ (hri., “to be, to exist”).
Schuessler (2007) derives Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-riŋ ~ s-r(j)aŋ (“live, alive, green, raw”) from this root, yet points out that 生 (OC *sʰleːŋ, *sreŋs)'s initial *sr- cluster was retained instead of becoming voiceless /r̥/ as in 體 (OC *r̥ʰiːʔ), possibly owing to re-analysis of *s- as a causative prefix.

cog

進行體

进行体

(Mainland China, grammar) aspect of a verb


品詞

/pʰin²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/pʰin²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/


用言

/jʊŋ⁵¹ jɛn³⁵/

/jʊŋ⁵¹ jɛn³⁵/

declinable words (in Japanese and Korean)


形容詞

ㄒㄧㄥˊ ㄖㄨㄥˊ ㄘˊ

/ɕiŋ³⁵ ʐʊŋ³⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/jɪŋ²¹ jʊŋ²¹ t͡sʰiː²¹/

/jen²² jɵŋ²² ɬu²²/

/hiɪŋ²³⁻³³ iɔŋ²³⁻³³ su²³/

/hiɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ iɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ su²⁴/

/ɕiŋ³⁵ ʐʊŋ³⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/jɪŋ²¹ jʊŋ²¹ t͡sʰiː²¹/

/jen²² jɵŋ²² ɬu²²/

/hiɪŋ²³⁻³³ iɔŋ²³⁻³³ su²³/

/hiɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ iɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ su²⁴/


一致

/i⁵⁵⁻³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/jɐt̚⁵ t͡siː³³/

/it̚² t͡sɨ⁵⁵/

/it̚³²⁻⁴ ti²¹/

/it̚⁵⁻²⁴ ti⁴¹/

/it̚³²⁻⁵ ti²¹/

/it̚³²⁻⁴ ti¹¹/

/it̚³²⁻⁴ ti²¹/

/t͡sek̚⁴⁻² ti²¹³/

/iɪʔ³³ t͡sz̩⁴⁴/

/i⁵⁵⁻³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/jɐt̚⁵ t͡siː³³/

/it̚² t͡sɨ⁵⁵/

/it̚³²⁻⁴ ti²¹/

/it̚⁵⁻²⁴ ti⁴¹/

/it̚³²⁻⁵ ti²¹/

/it̚³²⁻⁴ ti¹¹/

/it̚³²⁻⁴ ti²¹/

/t͡sek̚⁴⁻² ti²¹³/

/iɪʔ³³ t͡sz̩⁴⁴/

(linguistics, grammar) agreement; grammatical agreement; concord


一般

/i⁵⁵⁻⁵¹ pän⁵⁵/

/i⁵⁵⁻⁵¹ pɑɻ⁵⁵/

/it̚³²⁻⁴ puã⁴⁴/

/it̚⁵⁻²⁴ puã³³/

/it̚³²⁻⁵ puã⁴⁴/

/it̚³²⁻⁴ pan⁴⁴/

/it̚⁵⁻²⁴ pan³³/

/it̚³²⁻⁵ pan⁴⁴/

/t͡sit̚²⁴⁻² puã³³/

/t͡sit̚⁴⁻³² puã⁴⁴/

/t͡sit̚¹²¹⁻²¹ puã⁴⁴/

/t͡sek̚⁴⁻² pũã³³/

/iɪʔ³³ pe⁴⁴/

/i⁵⁵⁻⁵¹ pän⁵⁵/

/i⁵⁵⁻⁵¹ pɑɻ⁵⁵/

/it̚³²⁻⁴ puã⁴⁴/

/it̚⁵⁻²⁴ puã³³/

/it̚³²⁻⁵ puã⁴⁴/

/it̚³²⁻⁴ pan⁴⁴/

/it̚⁵⁻²⁴ pan³³/

/it̚³²⁻⁵ pan⁴⁴/

/t͡sit̚²⁴⁻² puã³³/

/t͡sit̚⁴⁻³² puã⁴⁴/

/t͡sit̚¹²¹⁻²¹ puã⁴⁴/

/t͡sek̚⁴⁻² pũã³³/

/iɪʔ³³ pe⁴⁴/


動名詞

ㄉㄨㄥˋ ㄇㄧㄥˊ ㄘˊ

/tʊŋ⁵¹ miŋ³⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/tʊŋ²² mɪŋ²¹ t͡sʰiː²¹/

/tʊŋ⁵¹ miŋ³⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/tʊŋ²² mɪŋ²¹ t͡sʰiː²¹/


形容動詞

ㄒㄧㄥˊ ㄖㄨㄥˊ ㄉㄨㄥˋ ㄘˊ

синжун дунцы

/ɕiŋ³⁵ ʐʊŋ³⁵ tʊŋ⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/ɕiŋ³⁵ ʐʊŋ³⁵ tʊŋ⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

(grammar) adjectival noun (in Japanese grammar)


複數

/fu⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂu⁵¹/

/fu⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂuɻʷ⁵¹/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ sɔ²¹/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ sɔ¹¹/

/hɔk̚⁴⁻³² sɔ¹¹/

/hɔk̚⁴⁻³² sɔ²¹/

/fu⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂu⁵¹/

/fu⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂuɻʷ⁵¹/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ sɔ²¹/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ sɔ¹¹/

/hɔk̚⁴⁻³² sɔ¹¹/

/hɔk̚⁴⁻³² sɔ²¹/


專有名詞

ㄓㄨㄢ ㄧㄡˇ ㄇㄧㄥˊ ㄘˊ

чжуанью минцы

/ʈ͡ʂu̯än⁵⁵ joʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ miŋ³⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/t͡syːn⁵⁵ jɐu̯¹³ mɪŋ²¹ t͡sʰiː²¹/

/t͡suan⁴⁴⁻²² iu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ biɪŋ¹³⁻²² su¹³/

/ʈ͡ʂu̯än⁵⁵ joʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ miŋ³⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/t͡syːn⁵⁵ jɐu̯¹³ mɪŋ²¹ t͡sʰiː²¹/

/t͡suan⁴⁴⁻²² iu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ biɪŋ¹³⁻²² su¹³/


普通名詞

ㄆㄨˇ ㄊㄨㄥ ㄇㄧㄥˊ ㄘˊ

/pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰʊŋ⁵⁵ miŋ³⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/pʰou̯³⁵ tʰʊŋ⁵⁵ mɪŋ²¹ t͡sʰiː²¹/

/pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰʊŋ⁵⁵ miŋ³⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/pʰou̯³⁵ tʰʊŋ⁵⁵ mɪŋ²¹ t͡sʰiː²¹/


語法

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (語法):
* → Japanese: 語(ご)法(ほう) (gohō)
* → Korean: 어법(語法) (eobeop)
* → Vietnamese: ngữ pháp (語法)

/y²¹⁴⁻³⁵ fä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ŋi⁴⁴⁻³⁵ fap̚¹/

/ŋy³³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾uɑʔ²⁴/

/ɡɯ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ huat̚⁵/

/ɡu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ huat̚³²/

/ɡi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ huat̚³²/

/ɡi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ huat̚³²/

/n̠ʲy²² faʔ⁴⁴/

/y²¹⁴⁻³⁵ fä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ŋi⁴⁴⁻³⁵ fap̚¹/

/ŋy³³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾uɑʔ²⁴/

/ɡɯ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ huat̚⁵/

/ɡu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ huat̚³²/

/ɡi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ huat̚³²/

/ɡi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ huat̚³²/

/n̠ʲy²² faʔ⁴⁴/

grammar (system of rules and principles for speaking and writing a language)


奪格

/tu̯ɔ³⁵ kɤ³⁵/

/tu̯ɔ³⁵ kɤ³⁵/


量詞

/li̯ɑŋ⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/lœːŋ²² t͡sʰiː²¹/

/liɔŋ²²⁻²¹ su²⁴/

/liɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² sɯ²⁴/

/liaŋ²²⁻²¹ su¹³/

/liaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sɯ⁵⁵/

/li̯ɑŋ⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/lœːŋ²² t͡sʰiː²¹/

/liɔŋ²²⁻²¹ su²⁴/

/liɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² sɯ²⁴/

/liaŋ²²⁻²¹ su¹³/

/liaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sɯ⁵⁵/

專用動量詞

動量詞／动量词 (dòngliàngcí)

专用动量词

動量詞／动量词 (dòngliàngcí)

借用動量詞

動量詞／动量词 (dòngliàngcí)

借用动量词

動量詞／动量词 (dòngliàngcí)

(grammar) classifier; measure word; numerary adjunct (Classifier: 個／个 m)


離合詞

/li³⁵ xɤ³⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/li³⁵ xɤ³⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/


人稱

/ʐən³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ⁵⁵/

/jɐn²¹ t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵/

/zin²³⁻³³ t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/d͡zin¹³⁻²² t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/lin²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/lin²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/lin²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰiɪŋ³³/

/ʐən³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ⁵⁵/

/jɐn²¹ t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵/

/zin²³⁻³³ t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/d͡zin¹³⁻²² t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/lin²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/lin²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/lin²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰiɪŋ³³/


俗諺

/siɔk̚⁴⁻³² ɡan³³/

/siɔk̚⁴⁻³² ɡan³³/


衛星

Sino-Xenic (衛星):
* → Japanese: 衛星(えいせい) (eisei)
* → Korean: 위성(衛星) (wiseong)
* → Vietnamese: vệ tinh (衛星)

/weɪ̯⁵¹ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/weɪ̯⁵¹ ɕiɤ̯̃ɻ⁵⁵/

/wɐi̯²² sɪŋ⁵⁵/

/ui²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾liŋ⁵⁵/

/ue³³⁻¹¹ t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴/

/ue⁴¹⁻²² t͡sʰĩ³³/

/ue²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴/

/ue²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰɛ̃⁴⁴/

/ue³³⁻²¹ t͡sʰẽ⁴⁴/

/ui³³⁻¹¹ t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴/

/ui³³⁻²¹ t͡sʰẽ⁴⁴/

/ue³³⁻²¹ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ue²²⁻²¹ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ue³³⁻¹¹ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ue⁴¹⁻²² siɪŋ³³/

/ue³⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sʰẽ³³/

/ɦue²² ɕin⁴⁴/

/weɪ̯⁵¹ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/weɪ̯⁵¹ ɕiɤ̯̃ɻ⁵⁵/

/wɐi̯²² sɪŋ⁵⁵/

/ui²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾liŋ⁵⁵/

/ue³³⁻¹¹ t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴/

/ue⁴¹⁻²² t͡sʰĩ³³/

/ue²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴/

/ue²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰɛ̃⁴⁴/

/ue³³⁻²¹ t͡sʰẽ⁴⁴/

/ui³³⁻¹¹ t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴/

/ui³³⁻²¹ t͡sʰẽ⁴⁴/

/ue³³⁻²¹ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ue²²⁻²¹ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ue³³⁻¹¹ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ue⁴¹⁻²² siɪŋ³³/

/ue³⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sʰẽ³³/

/ɦue²² ɕin⁴⁴/

“Satellite” in the grammar sense is a semantic loan from English satellite.


活用

/xu̯ɔ³⁵ jʊŋ⁵¹/

/wuːt̚² jʊŋ²²/

/xu̯ɔ³⁵ jʊŋ⁵¹/

/wuːt̚² jʊŋ²²/

to flexibly put to use; to apply flexibly; to have multiple uses


助動詞

/ʈ͡ʂu⁵¹⁻⁵³ tʊŋ⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/t͡sɔː²² tʊŋ²² t͡sʰiː²¹/

/t͡sɔ²²⁻²¹ tɔŋ²²⁻²¹ su²⁴/

/t͡sɔ⁴¹⁻²² tɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² su²⁴/

/t͡sɔ²²⁻²¹ tɔŋ²²⁻²¹ su¹³/

/t͡sɔ³³⁻¹¹ tɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ su²⁴/

/t͡sɔ³³⁻²¹ tɔŋ³³⁻²¹ su²³/

/ʈ͡ʂu⁵¹⁻⁵³ tʊŋ⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/t͡sɔː²² tʊŋ²² t͡sʰiː²¹/

/t͡sɔ²²⁻²¹ tɔŋ²²⁻²¹ su²⁴/

/t͡sɔ⁴¹⁻²² tɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² su²⁴/

/t͡sɔ²²⁻²¹ tɔŋ²²⁻²¹ su¹³/

/t͡sɔ³³⁻¹¹ tɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ su²⁴/

/t͡sɔ³³⁻²¹ tɔŋ³³⁻²¹ su²³/


固有名詞

ㄍㄨˋ ㄧㄡˇ ㄇㄧㄥˊ ㄘˊ

/ku⁵¹ joʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ miŋ³⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/ku⁵¹ joʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ miŋ³⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/


文法

Reborrowing from Japanese 文法(ぶんぽう) (bunpō).

/wən³⁵ fä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/uŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋuɑʔ²⁴/

/vən²² faʔ⁴⁴/

/wən³⁵ fä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/uŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋuɑʔ²⁴/

/vən²² faʔ⁴⁴/


他動詞

/tʰä⁵⁵ tʊŋ⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/tʰaː⁵⁵ tʊŋ²² t͡sʰiː²¹/

/tʰä⁵⁵ tʊŋ⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/tʰaː⁵⁵ tʊŋ²² t͡sʰiː²¹/


主語

/ʈ͡ʂu²¹⁴⁻³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʈ͡ʂu⁵¹ y²⁴/

/t͡syː³⁵ jyː¹³/

/t͡su⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ɡɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡu⁵³/

/t͡su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡi⁵³/

/t͡su⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɡi⁴¹/

/ʈ͡ʂu²¹⁴⁻³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʈ͡ʂu⁵¹ y²⁴/

/t͡syː³⁵ jyː¹³/

/t͡su⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ɡɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡu⁵³/

/t͡su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡi⁵³/

/t͡su⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɡi⁴¹/


時制

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

(grammar) tense (any of the forms of a verb which distinguish when an action or state of being occurs or exists; an inflected form of a verb that indicates tense)


指示代名詞

ㄓˇ ㄕˋ ㄉㄞˋ ㄇㄧㄥˊ ㄘˊ

чжиши дайминцы

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ taɪ̯⁵¹ miŋ³⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/t͡siː³⁵ siː²² tɔːi̯²² mɪŋ²¹ t͡sʰiː²¹/

/t͡siː³⁵ siː²² tɔːi̯²² mɪŋ²¹ t͡sʰiː²¹/

指示代詞 指示代詞#Chinese

指示代词 指示代词#Chinese

demonstrative pronoun
demonstrative pronoun

(grammar) Synonym of 指示代詞／指示代词 (zhǐshì dàicí, “demonstrative pronoun”)


疑問詞

/i³⁵ wən⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/jiː²¹ mɐn²² t͡sʰiː²¹/

/i³⁵ wən⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/jiː²¹ mɐn²² t͡sʰiː²¹/

interrogative pronoun
interrogative pronoun

interrogative adverb
interrogative adverb

interrogative adjective
interrogative adjective

(grammar) Interrogatives or question words, including the interrogative pronoun, interrogative adverb, and interrogative adjective.


不定詞

/pu⁵¹⁻³⁵ tiŋ⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/pɐt̚⁵ tɪŋ²² t͡sʰiː²¹/

/pu⁵¹⁻³⁵ tiŋ⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/pɐt̚⁵ tɪŋ²² t͡sʰiː²¹/


定冠詞

Sino-Xenic (定冠詞):
* → Japanese: 定冠詞(ていかんし) (teikanshi)
* → Korean: 정관사(定冠詞) (jeonggwansa)

ㄉㄧㄥˋ ㄍㄨㄢˋ ㄘˊ

/tiŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ku̯än⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/tɪŋ²² kuːn³³ t͡sʰiː²¹/

/tiŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ku̯än⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/tɪŋ²² kuːn³³ t͡sʰiː²¹/


不定冠詞

ㄅㄨˋ ㄉㄧㄥˋ ㄍㄨㄢˋ ㄘˊ

будин гуаньцы

/pu⁵¹⁻³⁵ tiŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ku̯än⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/pɐt̚⁵ tɪŋ²² kuːn³³ t͡sʰiː²¹/

/pu⁵¹⁻³⁵ tiŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ku̯än⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/pɐt̚⁵ tɪŋ²² kuːn³³ t͡sʰiː²¹/


前置詞

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/t͡sʰiːn²¹ t͡siː³³ t͡sʰiː²¹/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/t͡sʰiːn²¹ t͡siː³³ t͡sʰiː²¹/


現在分詞

ㄒㄧㄢˋ ㄗㄞˋ ㄈㄣ ㄘˊ

сяньцзай фэньцы

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡saɪ̯⁵¹ fən⁵⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/jiːn²² t͡sɔːi̯²² fɐn⁵⁵ t͡sʰiː²¹/

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡saɪ̯⁵¹ fən⁵⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/jiːn²² t͡sɔːi̯²² fɐn⁵⁵ t͡sʰiː²¹/


過去分詞

ㄍㄨㄛˋ ㄑㄩˋ ㄈㄣ ㄘˊ

гоцюй фэньцы

/ku̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕʰy⁵¹ fən⁵⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/kʷɔː³³ hɵy̯³³ fɐn⁵⁵ t͡sʰiː²¹/

/ku̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕʰy⁵¹ fən⁵⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/kʷɔː³³ hɵy̯³³ fɐn⁵⁵ t͡sʰiː²¹/


比較級

ㄅㄧˇ ㄐㄧㄠˋ ㄐㄧˊ

/pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕi³⁵/

/pei̯³⁵ kaːu̯³³ kʰɐp̚⁵/

/pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕi³⁵/

/pei̯³⁵ kaːu̯³³ kʰɐp̚⁵/


主格

Sino-Xenic (主格):
* → Japanese: 主(しゅ)格(かく) (shukaku)
* → Korean: 주격(主格) (jugyeok)

/ʈ͡ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹ kɤ³⁵/

/t͡sz̩³³ kaʔ⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹ kɤ³⁵/

/t͡sz̩³³ kaʔ⁴⁴/


所有格

Sino-Xenic (所有格):
* → Japanese: 所有格(しょゆうかく) (shoyūkaku)
* → Korean: 소유격(所有格) (soyugyeok)

ㄙㄨㄛˇ ㄧㄡˇ ㄍㄜˊ

/su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ joʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ kɤ³⁵/

/sɔː³⁵ jɐu̯¹³ kaːk̚³/

/sɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ iu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ keʔ³²/

/sɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ iu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ keʔ³²/

/su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ joʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ kɤ³⁵/

/sɔː³⁵ jɐu̯¹³ kaːk̚³/

/sɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ iu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ keʔ³²/

/sɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ iu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ keʔ³²/


具格

/t͡ɕy⁵¹ kɤ³⁵/

/kɵy̯²² kaːk̚³/

/t͡ɕy⁵¹ kɤ³⁵/

/kɵy̯²² kaːk̚³/


句子

/t͡ɕy⁵¹ d͡z̥z̩¹/

/kɵy̯³³ t͡siː³⁵/

/t͡ɕy⁵¹ d͡z̥z̩¹/

/kɵy̯³³ t͡siː³⁵/

以it開頭的句子

以it开头的句子


與格

Sino-Xenic (與格):
* → Japanese: 与(よ)格(かく) (yokaku)
* → Korean: 여격(與格) (yeogyeok)

/y²¹⁴⁻²¹ kɤ³⁵/

/y²¹⁴⁻²¹ kɤ³⁵/


名言

/miŋ³⁵ jɛn³⁵/

/mɪŋ²¹ jiːn²¹/

/mi̯aŋ¹¹ ŋi̯en¹¹/

/mi̯aŋ¹¹ ŋi̯an¹¹/

/miã²⁴⁻²² ɡiɛn²⁴/

/miã²⁴⁻²² ɡiɛn²⁴/

/miã¹³⁻²² ɡiɛn¹³/

/miã²⁴⁻¹¹ ɡiɛn²⁴/

/miã²³⁻³³ ɡiɛn²³/

/miŋ³⁵ jɛn³⁵/

/mɪŋ²¹ jiːn²¹/

/mi̯aŋ¹¹ ŋi̯en¹¹/

/mi̯aŋ¹¹ ŋi̯an¹¹/

/miã²⁴⁻²² ɡiɛn²⁴/

/miã²⁴⁻²² ɡiɛn²⁴/

/miã¹³⁻²² ɡiɛn¹³/

/miã²⁴⁻¹¹ ɡiɛn²⁴/

/miã²³⁻³³ ɡiɛn²³/

saying (expression offering advice or wisdom)


合法

ja-r

合法(ごうほう) (gōhō)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (合法):
* → Japanese: 合法(ごうほう) (gōhō)
* → Korean: 합법(合法) (hapbeop)
* → Vietnamese: hợp pháp (合法)

/xɤ³⁵ fä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hap̚¹²¹⁻²¹ huat̚³²/

/xɤ³⁵ fä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hap̚¹²¹⁻²¹ huat̚³²/


字眼

/t͡sz̩⁵¹ jɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sz̩⁵¹ jɑɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡siː²² ŋaːn¹³/

/sɨ⁵⁵ ŋi̯en³¹/

/sɨ⁵⁵ ŋi̯an³¹/

/li³³⁻¹¹ ɡan⁵³/

/li²²⁻²¹ ɡan⁵³/

/li⁴¹⁻²² ɡan⁵⁵⁴/

/d͡zi²²⁻²¹ ɡan⁵³/

/zi³³⁻²¹ ɡan⁴¹/

/t͡sz̩⁵¹ jɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sz̩⁵¹ jɑɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡siː²² ŋaːn¹³/

/sɨ⁵⁵ ŋi̯en³¹/

/sɨ⁵⁵ ŋi̯an³¹/

/li³³⁻¹¹ ɡan⁵³/

/li²²⁻²¹ ɡan⁵³/

/li⁴¹⁻²² ɡan⁵⁵⁴/

/d͡zi²²⁻²¹ ɡan⁵³/

/zi³³⁻²¹ ɡan⁴¹/

words or expressions used to express a specific meaning; choice of words; wording

(Zhangzhou Hokkien) trivial things; trifling matter


字眼

/t͡sz̩⁵¹ jɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sz̩⁵¹ jɑɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡siː²² ŋaːn¹³/

/sɨ⁵⁵ ŋi̯en³¹/

/sɨ⁵⁵ ŋi̯an³¹/

/li³³⁻¹¹ ɡan⁵³/

/li²²⁻²¹ ɡan⁵³/

/li⁴¹⁻²² ɡan⁵⁵⁴/

/d͡zi²²⁻²¹ ɡan⁵³/

/zi³³⁻²¹ ɡan⁴¹/

/t͡sz̩⁵¹ jɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sz̩⁵¹ jɑɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡siː²² ŋaːn¹³/

/sɨ⁵⁵ ŋi̯en³¹/

/sɨ⁵⁵ ŋi̯an³¹/

/li³³⁻¹¹ ɡan⁵³/

/li²²⁻²¹ ɡan⁵³/

/li⁴¹⁻²² ɡan⁵⁵⁴/

/d͡zi²²⁻²¹ ɡan⁵³/

/zi³³⁻²¹ ɡan⁴¹/

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) interesting; fascinating

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) not knowing how to behave (describing surprise or discontent in a situation)


省略

Sino-Xenic (省略):
* → Japanese: 省略(しょうりゃく) (shōryaku)
* → Korean: 생략(省略) (saengnyak)

/ʂɤŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ly̯ɛ⁵¹/

/saːŋ³⁵ lœːk̚²/

/siɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ liɔk̚²⁴/

/siɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ liɔk̚⁴/

/siɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɔk̚⁴/

/siɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liak̚¹²¹/

/siɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ liak̚⁴/

/sɛ̃⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liak̚¹²¹/

/sẽ⁵²⁻³⁵ liak̚⁴/

/ʂɤŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ly̯ɛ⁵¹/

/saːŋ³⁵ lœːk̚²/

/siɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ liɔk̚²⁴/

/siɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ liɔk̚⁴/

/siɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɔk̚⁴/

/siɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liak̚¹²¹/

/siɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ liak̚⁴/

/sɛ̃⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liak̚¹²¹/

/sẽ⁵²⁻³⁵ liak̚⁴/


性別

Sino-Xenic (性別):
* → Japanese: 性別(せいべつ) (seibetsu)
* → Korean: 성별(性別) (seongbyeol)

→ Bouyei: xinqbief

→ Zhuang: singqbied, singbez

/ɕiŋ⁵¹ pi̯ɛ³⁵/

/sɪŋ³³ piːt̚²/

/siŋ²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾miɛʔ²⁴/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ piɛt̚⁴/

/siɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ piɛt̚²⁴/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ piɛt̚¹²¹/

/siɪŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ piɛt̚⁴/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ piɛt̚⁴/

/sẽ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ piek̚⁴/

/sẽ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ piak̚⁴/

/ɕin³³ biɪʔ⁴⁴/

/ɕiŋ⁵¹ pi̯ɛ³⁵/

/sɪŋ³³ piːt̚²/

/siŋ²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾miɛʔ²⁴/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ piɛt̚⁴/

/siɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ piɛt̚²⁴/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ piɛt̚¹²¹/

/siɪŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ piɛt̚⁴/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ piɛt̚⁴/

/sẽ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ piek̚⁴/

/sẽ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ piak̚⁴/

/ɕin³³ biɪʔ⁴⁴/


呼格

Sino-Xenic (呼格):
* → Japanese: 呼(こ)格(かく) (kokaku)
* → Korean: 호격(呼格) (hogyeok)


數詞

/ʂu⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/sou̯³³ t͡sʰiː²¹/

/sɔ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ sɯ²⁴/

/sɔ²¹⁻⁵³ su¹³/

/sɔ²¹⁻⁴¹ su²³/

/sɔ²¹⁻⁵³ su²⁴/

/sɔ¹¹⁻⁵³ su²⁴/

/ʂu⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/sou̯³³ t͡sʰiː²¹/

/sɔ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ sɯ²⁴/

/sɔ²¹⁻⁵³ su¹³/

/sɔ²¹⁻⁴¹ su²³/

/sɔ²¹⁻⁵³ su²⁴/

/sɔ¹¹⁻⁵³ su²⁴/

numeral (word or symbol representing a number)


並列結構

ㄅㄧㄥˋ ㄌㄧㄝˋ ㄐㄧㄝˊ ㄍㄡˋ

бинле цзегоу

/piŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ li̯ɛ⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵ koʊ̯⁵¹/

/piŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ li̯ɛ⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵ koʊ̯⁵¹/


意合式

/i⁵¹ xɤ³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/i⁵¹ xɤ³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/


換置法

/xu̯än⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹ fä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/xu̯än⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹ fä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/


聯詞

/li̯ɛn³⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/li̯ɛn³⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/


時態

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ tʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/siː²¹ tʰaːi̯³³/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ tʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/siː²¹ tʰaːi̯³³/


限定

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹⁻⁵³ tiŋ⁵¹/

/haːn²² tɪŋ²²/

/han³³⁻²¹ tiɪŋ³³/

/han²²⁻²¹ tiɪŋ²²/

/han³³⁻¹¹ tiɪŋ³³/

/an²²⁻²¹ tiɪŋ²²/

/han³³⁻²¹ tiã³³/

/han²²⁻²¹ tiã²²/

/han³³⁻¹¹ tiã³³/

/an²²⁻²¹ tiã²²/

/an³³⁻²¹ tiã³³/

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹⁻⁵³ tiŋ⁵¹/

/haːn²² tɪŋ²²/

/han³³⁻²¹ tiɪŋ³³/

/han²²⁻²¹ tiɪŋ²²/

/han³³⁻¹¹ tiɪŋ³³/

/an²²⁻²¹ tiɪŋ²²/

/han³³⁻²¹ tiã³³/

/han²²⁻²¹ tiã²²/

/han³³⁻¹¹ tiã³³/

/an²²⁻²¹ tiã²²/

/an³³⁻²¹ tiã³³/


中性

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ɕiŋ⁵¹/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ sɪŋ³³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² siɪŋ²¹/

/tiɔŋ³³ siɪŋ⁴¹/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² siɪŋ²¹/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ siɪŋ¹¹/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ siɪŋ²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ɕiŋ⁵¹/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ sɪŋ³³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² siɪŋ²¹/

/tiɔŋ³³ siɪŋ⁴¹/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² siɪŋ²¹/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ siɪŋ¹¹/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ siɪŋ²¹/


語氣

/y²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi⁵¹/

/ɡu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰi²¹/

/ɡu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰi¹¹/

/ɡɯ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kʰi⁴¹/

/ɡi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰi²¹/

/ɡi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kʰi²¹/

/y²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi⁵¹/

/ɡu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰi²¹/

/ɡu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰi¹¹/

/ɡɯ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kʰi⁴¹/

/ɡi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰi²¹/

/ɡi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kʰi²¹/


雙數

/ʂu̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ʂu⁵¹/

/ʂu̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ʂuɻʷ⁵¹/

/sœːŋ⁵⁵ sou̯³³/

/siaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sɔ²¹/

/siaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sɔ²¹/

/siaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sɔ¹¹/

/ʂu̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ʂu⁵¹/

/ʂu̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ʂuɻʷ⁵¹/

/sœːŋ⁵⁵ sou̯³³/

/siaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sɔ²¹/

/siaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sɔ²¹/

/siaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sɔ¹¹/


單數

Sino-Xenic (單數):
* → Japanese: 単数(たんすう) (tansū)
* → Korean: 단수(單數) (dansu)

/tän⁵⁵ ʂu⁵¹/

/tän⁵⁵ ʂuɻʷ⁵¹/

/tan²⁴⁻¹¹ su⁵⁵/

/taŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nou²¹³/

/tan⁴⁴⁻²² sɔ²¹/

/tan⁴⁴⁻²² sɔ²¹/

/tan⁴⁴⁻³³ sɔ¹¹/

/tan⁴⁴⁻³³ sɔ²¹/

/tän⁵⁵ ʂu⁵¹/

/tän⁵⁵ ʂuɻʷ⁵¹/

/tan²⁴⁻¹¹ su⁵⁵/

/taŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nou²¹³/

/tan⁴⁴⁻²² sɔ²¹/

/tan⁴⁴⁻²² sɔ²¹/

/tan⁴⁴⁻³³ sɔ¹¹/

/tan⁴⁴⁻³³ sɔ²¹/


述語

/ʂu⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɵt̚² jyː¹³/

/ʂu⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɵt̚² jyː¹³/


欠格

Sino-Xenic (欠格):
* → Japanese: 欠格(けっかく) (kekkaku)
* → Korean: 흠격(欠格) (heumgyeok)

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵¹ kɤ³⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵¹ kɤ³⁵/


抽象名詞

ㄔㄡ ㄒㄧㄤˋ ㄇㄧㄥˊ ㄘˊ

чоусян минцы

/ʈ͡ʂʰoʊ̯⁵⁵ ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹ miŋ³⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/t͡sʰɐu̯⁵⁵ t͡sœːŋ²² mɪŋ²¹ t͡sʰiː²¹/

/tʰiu⁴⁴⁻²² siɔŋ²²⁻²¹ biɪŋ²⁴⁻²² su²⁴/

/tʰiu³³ siɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴⁻²² su²⁴/

/tʰiu⁴⁴⁻²² siɔŋ²²⁻²¹ biɪŋ¹³⁻²² su¹³/

/tʰiu⁴⁴⁻³³ siɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ biɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ su²⁴/

/tʰiu⁴⁴⁻³³ siɔŋ³³⁻²¹ biɪŋ²³⁻³³ su²³/

/ʈ͡ʂʰoʊ̯⁵⁵ ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹ miŋ³⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/t͡sʰɐu̯⁵⁵ t͡sœːŋ²² mɪŋ²¹ t͡sʰiː²¹/

/tʰiu⁴⁴⁻²² siɔŋ²²⁻²¹ biɪŋ²⁴⁻²² su²⁴/

/tʰiu³³ siɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴⁻²² su²⁴/

/tʰiu⁴⁴⁻²² siɔŋ²²⁻²¹ biɪŋ¹³⁻²² su¹³/

/tʰiu⁴⁴⁻³³ siɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ biɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ su²⁴/

/tʰiu⁴⁴⁻³³ siɔŋ³³⁻²¹ biɪŋ²³⁻³³ su²³/


賓語

Sino-Xenic (賓語):
* → Vietnamese: tân ngữ (賓語)

/pin⁵⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pɐn⁵⁵ jyː¹³/

/pin⁵⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pɐn⁵⁵ jyː¹³/


入格

/d͡zip̚¹²¹⁻²¹ kɛʔ³²/

/d͡zip̚¹²¹⁻²¹ kɛʔ³²/

illative case (case used to indicate movement into something)


向格

Sino-Xenic (向格):
* → Japanese: 向格(こうかく) (kōkaku)
* → Korean: 향격(向格) (hyanggyeok)

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹ kɤ³⁵/

/hœːŋ³³ kaːk̚³/

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹ kɤ³⁵/

/hœːŋ³³ kaːk̚³/


虛擬

/ɕy⁵⁵ ni²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɵy̯⁵⁵ jiː¹³/

/hɵy̯⁵⁵ jiː²¹/

/hu⁴⁴⁻²² ɡi⁵³/

/hɯ³³ ɡi⁵⁵⁴/

/hi⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡi⁵³/

/hi⁴⁴⁻²² ɡi⁵³/

/hi⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡi⁴¹/

/hɯ³³⁻²³ ŋi⁵²/

/ɕy⁵⁵ ni²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɵy̯⁵⁵ jiː¹³/

/hɵy̯⁵⁵ jiː²¹/

/hu⁴⁴⁻²² ɡi⁵³/

/hɯ³³ ɡi⁵⁵⁴/

/hi⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡi⁵³/

/hi⁴⁴⁻²² ɡi⁵³/

/hi⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡi⁴¹/

/hɯ³³⁻²³ ŋi⁵²/

(grammar, grammatical moods) subjunctive


集合名詞

ㄐㄧˊ ㄏㄜˊ ㄇㄧㄥˊ ㄘˊ

/t͡ɕi³⁵ xɤ³⁵ miŋ³⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/t͡saːp̚² hɐp̚² mɪŋ²¹ t͡sʰiː²¹/

/t͡ɕi³⁵ xɤ³⁵ miŋ³⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/t͡saːp̚² hɐp̚² mɪŋ²¹ t͡sʰiː²¹/


虛擬語氣

ㄒㄩ ㄋㄧˇ ㄩˇ ㄑㄧˋ

/ɕy⁵⁵ ni²¹⁴⁻³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi⁵¹/

/ɕy⁵⁵ ni²¹⁴⁻³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi⁵¹/


出格

/ʈ͡ʂʰu⁵⁵ kɤ³⁵/

/t͡sʰɵt̚⁵ kaːk̚³/

/t͡sʰut̚³²⁻⁵ keʔ³²/

/t͡sʰut̚³²⁻⁴ keʔ³²/

/t͡sʰut̚⁵⁻²⁴ keʔ⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu⁵⁵ kɤ³⁵/

/t͡sʰɵt̚⁵ kaːk̚³/

/t͡sʰut̚³²⁻⁵ keʔ³²/

/t͡sʰut̚³²⁻⁴ keʔ³²/

/t͡sʰut̚⁵⁻²⁴ keʔ⁵/

to overstep the bounds; to go too far; to exceed what is proper


語尾

/y²¹⁴⁻³⁵ weɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/y²¹⁴⁻³⁵ weɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

(grammar) Alternative name for 詞尾／词尾 (cíwěi, “suffix; ending”).


連用

/li̯ɛn³⁵ jʊŋ⁵¹/

/liːn²¹ jʊŋ²²/

/li̯ɛn³⁵ jʊŋ⁵¹/

/liːn²¹ jʊŋ²²/

(Japanese grammar) The conjunctive form (連用形).


眾數

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂu⁵¹/

/t͡sʊŋ³³ sou̯³³/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂu⁵¹/

/t͡sʊŋ³³ sou̯³³/


詞語

Sino-Xenic (詞語):
* → Vietnamese: từ ngữ (詞語)

/t͡sʰz̩³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰiː²¹ jyː¹³/

/su²⁴⁻²² ɡu⁵³/

/sɯ²⁴⁻²² ɡɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/su¹³⁻²² ɡi⁵³/

/sɯ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ɡɯ⁵²/

/t͡sʰz̩³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰiː²¹ jyː¹³/

/su²⁴⁻²² ɡu⁵³/

/sɯ²⁴⁻²² ɡɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/su¹³⁻²² ɡi⁵³/

/sɯ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ɡɯ⁵²/

(linguistics) word (general term including monosyllables through to short phrases)


從句

/t͡sʰʊŋ³⁵ t͡ɕy⁵¹/

/t͡sʰʊŋ³⁵ t͡ɕy⁵¹/


定語

/tiŋ⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tɪŋ²² jyː¹³/

/tiŋ⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tɪŋ²² jyː¹³/


詞性

/t͡sʰz̩³⁵ ɕiŋ⁵¹/

/t͡sʰiː²¹ sɪŋ³³/

/su¹³⁻²² siɪŋ²¹/

/su²⁴⁻²² siɪŋ²¹/

/sɯ²⁴⁻²² siɪŋ⁴¹/

/t͡sʰz̩³⁵ ɕiŋ⁵¹/

/t͡sʰiː²¹ sɪŋ³³/

/su¹³⁻²² siɪŋ²¹/

/su²⁴⁻²² siɪŋ²¹/

/sɯ²⁴⁻²² siɪŋ⁴¹/

詞性標記／词性标记


詞類

/t͡sʰz̩³⁵ leɪ̯⁵¹/

/t͡sʰiː²¹ lɵy̯²²/

/su²⁴⁻¹¹ lui³³/

/su²³⁻³³ lui³³/

/sɯ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lui¹¹/

/t͡sʰz̩³⁵ leɪ̯⁵¹/

/t͡sʰiː²¹ lɵy̯²²/

/su²⁴⁻¹¹ lui³³/

/su²³⁻³³ lui³³/

/sɯ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lui¹¹/


第三人稱

ㄉㄧˋ ㄙㄢ ㄖㄣˊ ㄔㄥ

дисань жэньчэн

/ti⁵¹ sän⁵⁵ ʐən³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ⁵⁵/

/ti⁵¹ sän⁵⁵ ʐən³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ⁵⁵/

third person (the form of a verb used when the subject of a sentence is not the audience or the one making the statement)


第一人稱

ㄉㄧˋ ㄧ ㄖㄣˊ ㄔㄥ

/ti⁵¹ i⁵⁵ ʐən³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ⁵⁵/

/ti⁵¹ i⁵⁵ ʐən³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ⁵⁵/

first person (the form of a pronoun verb used when the subject of a sentence is making the statement)


第二人稱

ㄉㄧˋ ㄦˋ ㄖㄣˊ ㄔㄥ

диэр жэньчэн

/ti⁵¹⁻⁵³ ˀɤɻ⁵¹ ʐən³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ⁵⁵/

/ti⁵¹⁻⁵³ ˀɤɻ⁵¹ ʐən³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ⁵⁵/

second person (the form of a verb used when the subject of a sentence is the audience)


複合詞

/fu⁵¹ xɤ³⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/fu⁵¹ xɤ³⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

(linguistics) compound word (word composed of others)


謂語

/weɪ̯⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/wɐi̯²² jyː¹³/

/ui²²⁻²¹ ɡu⁵³/

/ui⁴¹⁻²² ɡɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/ui²²⁻²¹ ɡi⁵³/

/weɪ̯⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/wɐi̯²² jyː¹³/

/ui²²⁻²¹ ɡu⁵³/

/ui⁴¹⁻²² ɡɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/ui²²⁻²¹ ɡi⁵³/


複句

/fu⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕy⁵¹/

/fʊk̚⁵ kɵy̯³³/

/fu⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕy⁵¹/

/fʊk̚⁵ kɵy̯³³/

complex sentence, compound phrase (sentence containing one independent clause and no dependent clause)


單句

/tän⁵⁵ t͡ɕy⁵¹/

/taːn⁵⁵ kɵy̯³³/

/tan²⁴⁻¹¹ ki⁵⁵/

/tän⁵⁵ t͡ɕy⁵¹/

/taːn⁵⁵ kɵy̯³³/

/tan²⁴⁻¹¹ ki⁵⁵/

simple sentence (sentence containing one independent clause and no dependent clause)


連接詞

/li̯ɛn³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/liːn²¹ t͡siːp̚³ t͡sʰiː²¹/

/li̯ɛn³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/liːn²¹ t͡siːp̚³ t͡sʰiː²¹/


賓格

Sino-Xenic (賓格):
* → Japanese: 賓格(ひんかく) (hinkaku)
* → Korean: 빈격(賓格) (bin'gyeok)


屬格

Sino-Xenic (屬格):
* → Japanese: 属格(ぞっかく) (zokkaku)
* → Korean: 속격(屬格) (sokgyeok)

/ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹ kɤ³⁵/

/ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹ kɤ³⁵/


體言

/tʰi²¹⁴⁻²¹ jɛn³⁵/

/tʰi²¹⁴⁻²¹ jɛn³⁵/

uninflected/indeclinable word, indeclinable nominal (in Japanese or Korean)


對稱

Sino-Xenic (對稱):
* → Japanese: 対称(たいしょう) (taishō)
* → Korean: 대칭(對稱) (daeching)
* → Vietnamese: đối xưng (對稱)

/tu̯eɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂʰən⁵¹/

/tu̯eɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ⁵¹/

/tɵy̯³³ t͡sʰɪŋ³³/

/tɵy̯³³ t͡sʰɐn³³/

/tui⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴¹/

/tui²¹⁻⁵³ t͡sʰiɪŋ²¹/

/tui²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡sʰin²¹/

/tui¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡sʰin¹¹/

/tu̯eɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂʰən⁵¹/

/tu̯eɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ⁵¹/

/tɵy̯³³ t͡sʰɪŋ³³/

/tɵy̯³³ t͡sʰɐn³³/

/tui⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴¹/

/tui²¹⁻⁵³ t͡sʰiɪŋ²¹/

/tui²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡sʰin²¹/

/tui¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡sʰin¹¹/

/tu̯eɪ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ⁵⁵/

/tɵy̯³³ t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵/

/tui²¹⁻⁵³ t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/tui⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡sʰiɪŋ³³/

/tui²¹⁻⁵³ t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/tui¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/tui²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/tu̯eɪ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ⁵⁵/

/tɵy̯³³ t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵/

/tui²¹⁻⁵³ t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/tui⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡sʰiɪŋ³³/

/tui²¹⁻⁵³ t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/tui¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/tui²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴/

name for the other party in the conversation; second person


詞序

/t͡sʰz̩³⁵ ɕy⁵¹/

/t͡sʰiː²¹ t͡sɵy̯²²/

/t͡sʰz̩³⁵ ɕy⁵¹/

/t͡sʰiː²¹ t͡sɵy̯²²/


直接引語

ㄓˊ ㄐㄧㄝ ㄧㄣˇ ㄩˇ

чжицзе иньюй

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵⁵ in²¹⁴⁻³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sɪk̚² t͡siːp̚³ jɐn¹³ jyː¹³/

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵⁵ in²¹⁴⁻³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sɪk̚² t͡siːp̚³ jɐn¹³ jyː¹³/


間接引語

ㄐㄧㄢˋ ㄐㄧㄝ ㄧㄣˇ ㄩˇ

цзяньцзе иньюй

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵⁵ in²¹⁴⁻³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kaːn³³ t͡siːp̚³ jɐn¹³ jyː¹³/

/kaːn³³ t͡siːp̚³ jɐn¹³ jyː¹³/

reported speech (a form of speech used to express what another has said)


補助詞

/pu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂu⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/pou̯³⁵ t͡sɔː²² t͡sʰiː²¹/

/pu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂu⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/pou̯³⁵ t͡sɔː²² t͡sʰiː²¹/


純數

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən³⁵ ʂu⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən³⁵ ʂu⁵¹/

cardinal number (word that expresses a countable quantity)


過去式

/ku̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕʰy⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/kʷɔː³³ hɵy̯³³ sɪk̚⁵/

/ku̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕʰy⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/kʷɔː³³ hɵy̯³³ sɪk̚⁵/


狀語

/ʈ͡ʂu̯ɑŋ⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sɔːŋ²² jyː¹³/

/ʈ͡ʂu̯ɑŋ⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sɔːŋ²² jyː¹³/


祈使語氣

ㄑㄧˊ ㄕˇ ㄩˇ ㄑㄧˋ

/t͡ɕʰi³⁵ ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi⁵¹/

/t͡ɕʰi³⁵ ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi⁵¹/


祈使句

/t͡ɕʰi³⁵ ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕy⁵¹/

/kʰei̯²¹ siː³⁵ kɵy̯³³/

/kʰei̯²¹ sɐi̯³⁵ kɵy̯³³/

/t͡ɕʰi³⁵ ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕy⁵¹/

/kʰei̯²¹ siː³⁵ kɵy̯³³/

/kʰei̯²¹ sɐi̯³⁵ kɵy̯³³/


祈使

/t͡ɕʰi³⁵ ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʰei̯²¹ siː³⁵/

/kʰei̯²¹ sɐi̯³⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi³⁵ ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʰei̯²¹ siː³⁵/

/kʰei̯²¹ sɐi̯³⁵/

(grammar, in the context of mood) to wish; to request; to command


不合法

Sino-Xenic (不合法):
* → Vietnamese: bất hợp pháp (不合法)

/pu⁵¹ xɤ³⁵ fä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pɐt̚⁵ hɐp̚² faːt̚³/

/pu⁵¹ xɤ³⁵ fä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pɐt̚⁵ hɐp̚² faːt̚³/


專有

/ʈ͡ʂu̯än⁵⁵ joʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡syːn⁵⁵ jɐu̯¹³/

/ʈ͡ʂu̯än⁵⁵ joʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡syːn⁵⁵ jɐu̯¹³/


補語

Sino-Xenic (補語):
* → Vietnamese: bổ ngữ (補語)

/pu²¹⁴⁻³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pu²¹⁴⁻³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

結果補語

结果补语


介詞短語

ㄐㄧㄝˋ ㄘˊ ㄉㄨㄢˇ ㄩˇ

цзецы дуаньюй

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵ tu̯än²¹⁴⁻³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

prepositional phrase
prepositional phrase


短語

/tu̯än²¹⁴⁻³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tu̯än²¹⁴⁻³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

phrase (short written or spoken expression)


變位

/pi̯ɛn⁵¹⁻⁵³ weɪ̯⁵¹/

/pi̯ɛn⁵¹⁻⁵³ weɪ̯⁵¹/


變位

Sino-Xenic (變位):
* → Japanese: 変(へん)位(い) (hen'i)
* → Korean: 변위(變位) (byeonwi)

/pi̯ɛn⁵¹⁻⁵³ weɪ̯⁵¹/

/pi̯ɛn⁵¹⁻⁵³ weɪ̯⁵¹/


指示代詞

ㄓˇ ㄕˋ ㄉㄞˋ ㄘˊ

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ taɪ̯⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/t͡siː³⁵ siː²² tɔːi̯²² t͡sʰiː²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ taɪ̯⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/t͡siː³⁵ siː²² tɔːi̯²² t͡sʰiː²¹/


施事

/ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/siː⁵⁵ siː²²/

/ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/siː⁵⁵ siː²²/


人稱代詞

ㄖㄣˊ ㄔㄥ ㄉㄞˋ ㄘˊ

жэньчэндайцы

/ʐən³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ⁵⁵ taɪ̯⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/jɐn²¹ t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ tɔːi̯²² t͡sʰiː²¹/

/ʐən³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ⁵⁵ taɪ̯⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/jɐn²¹ t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ tɔːi̯²² t͡sʰiː²¹/


倒置

/tɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/tɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/


語序

/y²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕy⁵¹/

/jyː¹³ t͡sɵy̯²²/

/ɡɯ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sɯ²²/

/ɡu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ su²²/

/ɡi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ si²²/

/y²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕy⁵¹/

/jyː¹³ t͡sɵy̯²²/

/ɡɯ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sɯ²²/

/ɡu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ su²²/

/ɡi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ si²²/


片語

/pʰi̯ɛn⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pʰiːn³³ jyː¹³/

/pʰiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ ɡi⁵³/

/pʰiɛn⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ɡi⁵⁵⁴/

/pʰiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ ɡi⁵³/

/pʰiɛn¹¹⁻⁵³ ɡi⁵³/

/pʰiɛn²¹⁻⁴¹ ɡi⁴¹/

/pʰi³³ n̠ʲy⁴⁴/

/pʰi̯ɛn⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pʰiːn³³ jyː¹³/

/pʰiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ ɡi⁵³/

/pʰiɛn⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ɡi⁵⁵⁴/

/pʰiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ ɡi⁵³/

/pʰiɛn¹¹⁻⁵³ ɡi⁵³/

/pʰiɛn²¹⁻⁴¹ ɡi⁴¹/

/pʰi³³ n̠ʲy⁴⁴/


倒裝

/tɑʊ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂu̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/tou̯³³ t͡sɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/tou̯³⁵ t͡sɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/tɑʊ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂu̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/tou̯³³ t͡sɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/tou̯³⁵ t͡sɔːŋ⁵⁵/


倒裝

/tɑʊ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂu̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/tou̯³³ t͡sɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/tou̯³⁵ t͡sɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/tɑʊ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂu̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/tou̯³³ t͡sɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/tou̯³⁵ t͡sɔːŋ⁵⁵/


具體名詞

ㄐㄩˋ ㄊㄧˇ ㄇㄧㄥˊ ㄘˊ

цзюйти минцы

/t͡ɕy⁵¹ tʰi²¹⁴⁻²¹ miŋ³⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/t͡ɕy⁵¹ tʰi²¹⁴⁻²¹ miŋ³⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/


使役

/ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ i⁵¹/

/siː³⁵ jɪk̚²/

/ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ i⁵¹/

/siː³⁵ jɪk̚²/

(grammar) to express a cause or causation; to be causative


可數名詞

ㄎㄜˇ ㄕㄨˇ ㄇㄧㄥˊ ㄘˊ

/kʰɤ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹ miŋ³⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/kʰɤ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹ miŋ³⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/


現在時

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡saɪ̯⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/jiːn²² t͡sɔːi̯²² siː²¹/

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡saɪ̯⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/jiːn²² t͡sɔːi̯²² siː²¹/


一般現在時

ㄧ ㄅㄢ ㄒㄧㄢˋ ㄗㄞˋ ㄕˊ

yībān xiànzàishí [Phonetic:yìbān xiànzàishí]

ибань сяньцзайши

/i⁵⁵⁻⁵¹ pän⁵⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡saɪ̯⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵/


實詞

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/sɐt̚² t͡sʰiː²¹/

/sit̚⁴⁻³² su²⁴/

/sit̚¹²¹⁻²¹ su¹³/

/sit̚²⁴⁻² sɯ²⁴/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/sɐt̚² t͡sʰiː²¹/

/sit̚⁴⁻³² su²⁴/

/sit̚¹²¹⁻²¹ su¹³/

/sit̚²⁴⁻² sɯ²⁴/


通性

/tʰʊŋ⁵⁵ ɕiŋ⁵¹/

/tʰʊŋ⁵⁵ sɪŋ³³/

/tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² siɪŋ²¹/

/tʰɔŋ³³ siɪŋ⁴¹/

/tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² siɪŋ²¹/

/tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ siɪŋ¹¹/

/tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ siɪŋ²¹/

/tʰoŋ⁵⁵ ɕin²¹/

/tʰʊŋ⁵⁵ ɕiŋ⁵¹/

/tʰʊŋ⁵⁵ sɪŋ³³/

/tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² siɪŋ²¹/

/tʰɔŋ³³ siɪŋ⁴¹/

/tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² siɪŋ²¹/

/tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ siɪŋ¹¹/

/tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ siɪŋ²¹/

/tʰoŋ⁵⁵ ɕin²¹/


及物

/t͡ɕi³⁵ u⁵¹/

/kʰɐp̚² mɐt̚²/

/t͡ɕi³⁵ u⁵¹/

/kʰɐp̚² mɐt̚²/

(grammar, of a verb) to able to be followed by an object; to be transitive


及物

Sino-Xenic (及物):
* → Vietnamese: cập vật (及物)

/t͡ɕi³⁵ u⁵¹/

/kʰɐp̚² mɐt̚²/

/t͡ɕi³⁵ u⁵¹/

/kʰɐp̚² mɐt̚²/


不可數名詞

ㄅㄨˋ ㄎㄜˇ ㄕㄨˇ ㄇㄧㄥˊ ㄘˊ

букэшу минцы

/pu⁵¹ kʰɤ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹ miŋ³⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/pɐt̚⁵ hɔː³⁵ sou̯³⁵ mɪŋ²¹ t͡sʰiː²¹/

/pɐt̚⁵ hɔː³⁵ sou̯³⁵ mɪŋ²¹ t͡sʰiː²¹/


表語

/pi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/piːu̯³⁵ jyː¹³/

/pi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/piːu̯³⁵ jyː¹³/


反問句

фаньвэньцзюй

/fän²¹⁴⁻²¹ wən⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕy⁵¹/

/faːn³⁵ mɐn²² kɵy̯³³/

/fän²¹⁴⁻²¹ wən⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕy⁵¹/

/faːn³⁵ mɐn²² kɵy̯³³/


反身

/fän²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂən⁵⁵/

/fän²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂən⁵⁵/

/piɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ sin⁴⁴/

/piɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sin⁴⁴/

/piɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ sin⁴⁴/

/piɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sin⁴⁴/


規則動詞

ㄍㄨㄟ ㄗㄜˊ ㄉㄨㄥˋ ㄘˊ

гуйцзэ дунцы

/ku̯eɪ̯⁵⁵ t͡sɤ³⁵ tʊŋ⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/kʷʰɐi̯⁵⁵ t͡sɐk̚⁵ tʊŋ²² t͡sʰiː²¹/

/ku̯eɪ̯⁵⁵ t͡sɤ³⁵ tʊŋ⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/kʷʰɐi̯⁵⁵ t͡sɐk̚⁵ tʊŋ²² t͡sʰiː²¹/


不規則動詞

ㄅㄨˋ ㄍㄨㄟ ㄗㄜˊ ㄉㄨㄥˋ ㄘˊ

бугуйцзэ дунцы

/pu⁵¹ ku̯eɪ̯⁵⁵ t͡sɤ³⁵ tʊŋ⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/pɐt̚⁵ kʷʰɐi̯⁵⁵ t͡sɐk̚⁵ tʊŋ²² t͡sʰiː²¹/

/pu⁵¹ ku̯eɪ̯⁵⁵ t͡sɤ³⁵ tʊŋ⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/pɐt̚⁵ kʷʰɐi̯⁵⁵ t͡sɐk̚⁵ tʊŋ²² t͡sʰiː²¹/


最高級

/t͡su̯eɪ̯⁵¹ kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ t͡ɕi³⁵/

/t͡sɵy̯³³ kou̯⁵⁵ kʰɐp̚⁵/

/t͡su̯eɪ̯⁵¹ kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ t͡ɕi³⁵/

/t͡sɵy̯³³ kou̯⁵⁵ kʰɐp̚⁵/


不及物

Sino-Xenic (不及物):
* → Vietnamese: bất cập vật (不及物)

/pu⁵¹ t͡ɕi³⁵ u⁵¹/

/pɐt̚⁵ kʰɐp̚² mɐt̚²/

/pu⁵¹ t͡ɕi³⁵ u⁵¹/

/pɐt̚⁵ kʰɐp̚² mɐt̚²/


病句

/piŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕy⁵¹/

/pɛːŋ²² kɵy̯³³/

/piŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕy⁵¹/

/pɛːŋ²² kɵy̯³³/

ungrammatical sentence; illogical sentence


詞組

/t͡sʰz̩³⁵ t͡su²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰiː²¹ t͡sou̯³⁵/

/t͡sʰz̩³⁵ t͡su²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰiː²¹ t͡sou̯³⁵/


子句

/t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕy⁵¹/

/t͡siː³⁵ kɵy̯³³/

/t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕy⁵¹/

/t͡siː³⁵ kɵy̯³³/


絕對分詞子句

ㄐㄩㄝˊ ㄉㄨㄟˋ ㄈㄣ ㄘˊ ㄗˇ ㄐㄩˋ

цзюэдуй фэньцы цзыцзюй

/t͡ɕy̯ɛ³⁵ tu̯eɪ̯⁵¹ fən⁵⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕy⁵¹/


語態

/y²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/jyː¹³ tʰaːi̯³³/

/y²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/jyː¹³ tʰaːi̯³³/


同位語

/tʰʊŋ³⁵ weɪ̯⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰʊŋ²¹ wɐi̯²² jyː¹³/

/tɔŋ²³⁻³³ ui³³⁻²¹ ɡi⁴¹/

/tɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ui³³⁻¹¹ ɡu⁵³/

/tʰʊŋ³⁵ weɪ̯⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰʊŋ²¹ wɐi̯²² jyː¹³/

/tɔŋ²³⁻³³ ui³³⁻²¹ ɡi⁴¹/

/tɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ui³³⁻¹¹ ɡu⁵³/


分句

/fən⁵⁵ t͡ɕy⁵¹/

/fən⁵⁵ t͡ɕy⁵¹/


零冠詞

ㄌㄧㄥˊ ㄍㄨㄢˋ ㄘˊ

/liŋ³⁵ ku̯än⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/liŋ³⁵ ku̯än⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/


比較等級

ㄅㄧˇ ㄐㄧㄠˋ ㄉㄥˇ ㄐㄧˊ

бицзяо дэнцзи

/pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹ tɤŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi³⁵/

/pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹ tɤŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi³⁵/

degree of comparison
degree of comparison

(linguistics, grammar) degree of comparison


命令句

ㄇㄧㄥˋ ㄌㄧㄥˋ ㄐㄩˋ

/miŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ liŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕy⁵¹/

/mɪŋ²² lɪŋ²² kɵy̯³³/

/miŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ liŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕy⁵¹/

/mɪŋ²² lɪŋ²² kɵy̯³³/


連接動詞

ㄌㄧㄢˊ ㄐㄧㄝ ㄉㄨㄥˋ ㄘˊ

ляньцзе дунцы

/li̯ɛn³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵⁵ tʊŋ⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/liːn²¹ t͡siːp̚³ tʊŋ²² t͡sʰiː²¹/

/li̯ɛn³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵⁵ tʊŋ⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/liːn²¹ t͡siːp̚³ tʊŋ²² t͡sʰiː²¹/


詞彙範疇

ㄘˊ ㄏㄨㄟˋ ㄈㄢˋ ㄔㄡˊ

цыхуэй фаньчоу

/t͡sʰz̩³⁵ xu̯eɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ fän⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰoʊ̯³⁵/

/t͡sʰz̩³⁵ xu̯eɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ fän⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰoʊ̯³⁵/


倒裝句

даочжуанцзюй

/tɑʊ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂu̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕy⁵¹/

/tou̯³³ t͡sɔːŋ⁵⁵ kɵy̯³³/

/tou̯³⁵ t͡sɔːŋ⁵⁵ kɵy̯³³/

/tɑʊ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂu̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕy⁵¹/

/tou̯³³ t͡sɔːŋ⁵⁵ kɵy̯³³/

/tou̯³⁵ t͡sɔːŋ⁵⁵ kɵy̯³³/


無人稱

/u³⁵ ʐən³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ⁵⁵/

/mou̯²¹ jɐn²¹ t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵/

/u³⁵ ʐən³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ⁵⁵/

/mou̯²¹ jɐn²¹ t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵/


非完整

/feɪ̯⁵⁵ wän³⁵ ʈ͡ʂɤŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fei̯⁵⁵ jyːn²¹ t͡sɪŋ³⁵/

/feɪ̯⁵⁵ wän³⁵ ʈ͡ʂɤŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fei̯⁵⁵ jyːn²¹ t͡sɪŋ³⁵/


否定詞

/foʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ tiŋ⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/fɐu̯³⁵ tɪŋ²² t͡sʰiː²¹/

/foʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ tiŋ⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/fɐu̯³⁵ tɪŋ²² t͡sʰiː²¹/


完成體

/wän³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ tʰi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/wän³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ tʰi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/


被動語態

ㄅㄟˋ ㄉㄨㄥˋ ㄩˇ ㄊㄞˋ

бэйдун юйтай

/peɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ tʊŋ⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/pei̯²² tʊŋ²² jyː¹³ tʰaːi̯³³/

/peɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ tʊŋ⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/pei̯²² tʊŋ²² jyː¹³ tʰaːi̯³³/


主動語態

ㄓㄨˇ ㄉㄨㄥˋ ㄩˇ ㄊㄞˋ

чжудун юйтай

/ʈ͡ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʊŋ⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/t͡syː³⁵ tʊŋ²² jyː¹³ tʰaːi̯³³/

/ʈ͡ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʊŋ⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/t͡syː³⁵ tʊŋ²² jyː¹³ tʰaːi̯³³/


將來時態

ㄐㄧㄤ ㄌㄞˊ ㄕˊ ㄊㄞˋ

цзянлай шитай

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ laɪ̯³⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵ tʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/t͡sœːŋ⁵⁵ lɔːi̯²¹ siː²¹ tʰaːi̯³³/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ laɪ̯³⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵ tʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/t͡sœːŋ⁵⁵ lɔːi̯²¹ siː²¹ tʰaːi̯³³/


將來時制

ㄐㄧㄤ ㄌㄞˊ ㄕˊ ㄓˋ

цзянлай шичжи

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ laɪ̯³⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/t͡sœːŋ⁵⁵ lɔːi̯²¹ siː²¹ t͡sɐi̯³³/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ laɪ̯³⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/t͡sœːŋ⁵⁵ lɔːi̯²¹ siː²¹ t͡sɐi̯³³/


將來時

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ laɪ̯³⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/t͡sœːŋ⁵⁵ lɔːi̯²¹ siː²¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ laɪ̯³⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/t͡sœːŋ⁵⁵ lɔːi̯²¹ siː²¹/


及物性

/t͡ɕi³⁵ u⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕiŋ⁵¹/

/kʰɐp̚² mɐt̚² sɪŋ³³/

/t͡ɕi³⁵ u⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕiŋ⁵¹/

/kʰɐp̚² mɐt̚² sɪŋ³³/


句尾

/t͡ɕy⁵¹ weɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɵy̯³³ mei̯¹³/

/t͡ɕy⁵¹ weɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɵy̯³³ mei̯¹³/


指小詞

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/t͡siː³⁵ siːu̯³⁵ t͡sʰiː²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/t͡siː³⁵ siːu̯³⁵ t͡sʰiː²¹/


小稱詞

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ⁵⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/siːu̯³⁵ t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ t͡sʰiː²¹/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ⁵⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/siːu̯³⁵ t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ t͡sʰiː²¹/


過去時態

ㄍㄨㄛˋ ㄑㄩˋ ㄕˊ ㄊㄞˋ

/ku̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕʰy⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵ tʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/kʷɔː³³ hɵy̯³³ siː²¹ tʰaːi̯³³/

/ku̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕʰy⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵ tʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/kʷɔː³³ hɵy̯³³ siː²¹ tʰaːi̯³³/


過去時

/ku̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕʰy⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/kʷɔː³³ hɵy̯³³ siː²¹/

/ku̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕʰy⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/kʷɔː³³ hɵy̯³³ siː²¹/


現在時態

ㄒㄧㄢˋ ㄗㄞˋ ㄕˊ ㄊㄞˋ

сяньцзай шитай

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡saɪ̯⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵ tʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/jiːn²² t͡sɔːi̯²² siː²¹ tʰaːi̯³³/

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡saɪ̯⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵ tʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/jiːn²² t͡sɔːi̯²² siː²¹ tʰaːi̯³³/


使役動詞

ㄕˇ ㄧˋ ㄉㄨㄥˋ ㄘˊ

/ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ i⁵¹⁻⁵³ tʊŋ⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ i⁵¹⁻⁵³ tʊŋ⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/


情態動詞

ㄑㄧㄥˊ ㄊㄞˋ ㄉㄨㄥˋ ㄘˊ

цинтай дунцы

/t͡ɕʰiŋ³⁵ tʰaɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ tʊŋ⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/t͡sʰɪŋ²¹ tʰaːi̯³³ tʊŋ²² t͡sʰiː²¹/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ³⁵ tʰaɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ tʊŋ⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/t͡sʰɪŋ²¹ tʰaːi̯³³ tʊŋ²² t͡sʰiː²¹/


能願動詞

ㄋㄥˊ ㄩㄢˋ ㄉㄨㄥˋ ㄘˊ

нэнъюаньдунцы

/nɤŋ³⁵ ɥɛn⁵¹⁻⁵³ tʊŋ⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/nɐŋ²¹ jyːn²² tʊŋ²² t͡sʰiː²¹/

/nɤŋ³⁵ ɥɛn⁵¹⁻⁵³ tʊŋ⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/nɐŋ²¹ jyːn²² tʊŋ²² t͡sʰiː²¹/


句首

/t͡ɕy⁵¹ ʂoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɵy̯³³ sɐu̯³⁵/

/t͡ɕy⁵¹ ʂoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɵy̯³³ sɐu̯³⁵/


工具格

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕy⁵¹ kɤ³⁵/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ kɵy̯²² kaːk̚³/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕy⁵¹ kɤ³⁵/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ kɵy̯²² kaːk̚³/


中心語

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ɕin⁵⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ sɐm⁵⁵ jyː¹³/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ɕin⁵⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ sɐm⁵⁵ jyː¹³/


中心詞

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ɕin⁵⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ sɐm⁵⁵ t͡sʰiː²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ɕin⁵⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ sɐm⁵⁵ t͡sʰiː²¹/


疑問副詞

ㄧˊ ㄨㄣˋ ㄈㄨˋ ㄘˊ

/i³⁵ wən⁵¹⁻⁵³ fu⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/jiː²¹ mɐn²² fuː³³ t͡sʰiː²¹/

/i³⁵ wən⁵¹⁻⁵³ fu⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/jiː²¹ mɐn²² fuː³³ t͡sʰiː²¹/


疑問代詞

ㄧˊ ㄨㄣˋ ㄉㄞˋ ㄘˊ

/i³⁵ wən⁵¹⁻⁵³ taɪ̯⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/jiː²¹ mɐn²² tɔːi̯²² t͡sʰiː²¹/

/i³⁵ wən⁵¹⁻⁵³ taɪ̯⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/jiː²¹ mɐn²² tɔːi̯²² t͡sʰiː²¹/


名詞片語

ㄇㄧㄥˊ ㄘˊ ㄆㄧㄢˋ ㄩˇ

минцы пяньюй

/miŋ³⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵ pʰi̯ɛn⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mɪŋ²¹ t͡sʰiː²¹ pʰiːn³³ jyː¹³/

/miŋ³⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵ pʰi̯ɛn⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mɪŋ²¹ t͡sʰiː²¹ pʰiːn³³ jyː¹³/


名詞短語

ㄇㄧㄥˊ ㄘˊ ㄉㄨㄢˇ ㄩˇ

минцы дуаньюй

/miŋ³⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵ tu̯än²¹⁴⁻³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mɪŋ²¹ t͡sʰiː²¹ tyːn³⁵ jyː¹³/

/miŋ³⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵ tu̯än²¹⁴⁻³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mɪŋ²¹ t͡sʰiː²¹ tyːn³⁵ jyː¹³/


受詞

/ʂoʊ̯⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/sɐu̯²² t͡sʰiː²¹/

/ʂoʊ̯⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/sɐu̯²² t͡sʰiː²¹/


間接格

ㄐㄧㄢˋ ㄐㄧㄝ ㄍㄜˊ

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵⁵ kɤ³⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵⁵ kɤ³⁵/


直接賓語

ㄓˊ ㄐㄧㄝ ㄅㄧㄣ ㄩˇ

чжицзе биньюй

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵⁵ pin⁵⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sɪk̚² t͡siːp̚³ pɐn⁵⁵ jyː¹³/

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵⁵ pin⁵⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sɪk̚² t͡siːp̚³ pɐn⁵⁵ jyː¹³/


間接賓語

ㄐㄧㄢˋ ㄐㄧㄝ ㄅㄧㄣ ㄩˇ

цзяньцзе биньюй

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵⁵ pin⁵⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kaːn³³ t͡siːp̚³ pɐn⁵⁵ jyː¹³/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵⁵ pin⁵⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kaːn³³ t͡siːp̚³ pɐn⁵⁵ jyː¹³/


合成詞

/xɤ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/hɐp̚² sɪŋ²¹ t͡sʰiː²¹/

/xɤ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/hɐp̚² sɪŋ²¹ t͡sʰiː²¹/


位格

/weɪ̯⁵¹ kɤ³⁵/

/weɪ̯⁵¹ kɤ³⁵/


發語詞

/fä⁵⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/fä⁵⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

(grammar) sentence-initial particle (function word that indicates the start of an expression, chiefly in Classical Chinese)


不定式

/pu⁵¹⁻³⁵ tiŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/pɐt̚⁵ tɪŋ²² sɪk̚⁵/

/pu⁵¹⁻³⁵ tiŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/pɐt̚⁵ tɪŋ²² sɪk̚⁵/


倒置法

/tɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹ fä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹ fä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/


不定代名詞

ㄅㄨˋ ㄉㄧㄥˋ ㄉㄞˋ ㄇㄧㄥˊ ㄘˊ

bùdìng dàimíngcí [Phonetic:búdìng dàimíngcí]

будин дайминцы

/pu⁵¹⁻³⁵ tiŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ taɪ̯⁵¹ miŋ³⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/


關係代名詞

ㄍㄨㄢ ㄒㄧˋ ㄉㄞˋ ㄇㄧㄥˊ ㄘˊ

гуаньси дайминцы

/ku̯än⁵⁵ ɕi⁵¹⁻⁵³ taɪ̯⁵¹ miŋ³⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/kʷaːn⁵⁵ hɐi̯²² tɔːi̯²² mɪŋ²¹ t͡sʰiː²¹/

/ku̯än⁵⁵ ɕi⁵¹⁻⁵³ taɪ̯⁵¹ miŋ³⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/kʷaːn⁵⁵ hɐi̯²² tɔːi̯²² mɪŋ²¹ t͡sʰiː²¹/


關係形容詞

ㄍㄨㄢ ㄒㄧˋ ㄒㄧㄥˊ ㄖㄨㄥˊ ㄘˊ

ㄍㄨㄢ ㄒㄧ ㄒㄧㄥˊ ㄖㄨㄥˊ ㄘˊ

гуаньси синжунцы

/ku̯än⁵⁵ ɕi⁵¹ ɕiŋ³⁵ ʐʊŋ³⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/ku̯än⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵ ɕiŋ³⁵ ʐʊŋ³⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/ku̯än⁵⁵ ɕi⁵¹ ɕiŋ³⁵ ʐʊŋ³⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/ku̯än⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵ ɕiŋ³⁵ ʐʊŋ³⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/


作格

/t͡su̯ɔ⁵¹ kɤ³⁵/

/t͡su̯ɔ⁵¹ kɤ³⁵/


能格

/nɤŋ³⁵ kɤ³⁵/

/nɤŋ³⁵ kɤ³⁵/


形而上語言

ㄒㄧㄥˊ ㄦˊ ㄕㄤˋ ㄩˇ ㄧㄢˊ

синъэршан юйянь

/ɕiŋ³⁵ ˀɤɻ³⁵ ʂɑŋ⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹ jɛn³⁵/

/ɕiŋ³⁵ ˀɤɻ³⁵ ʂɑŋ⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹ jɛn³⁵/

(computing, grammar, linguistics, translation studies) metalanguage


元語言

/ɥɛn³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹ jɛn³⁵/

/ɥɛn³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹ jɛn³⁵/


名詞化

ㄇㄧㄥˊ ㄘˊ ㄏㄨㄚˋ

/miŋ³⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/mɪŋ²¹ t͡sʰiː²¹ faː³³/

/mi̯aŋ¹¹ t͡sʰɨ¹¹ fa⁵⁵/

/miŋ³⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/mɪŋ²¹ t͡sʰiː²¹ faː³³/

/mi̯aŋ¹¹ t͡sʰɨ¹¹ fa⁵⁵/


兼類詞

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ leɪ̯⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ leɪ̯⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

(grammar) word that has more than one part of speech


屬性詞

/ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕiŋ⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕiŋ⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/


處置式

/ʈ͡ʂʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/t͡sʰyː³⁵ t͡siː³³ sɪk̚⁵/

/t͡sʰyː¹³ t͡siː³³ sɪk̚⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/t͡sʰyː³⁵ t͡siː³³ sɪk̚⁵/

/t͡sʰyː¹³ t͡siː³³ sɪk̚⁵/

(grammar) disposal construction (the bǎ construction in Mandarin or similar constructions in Chinese varieties)


被動式

/peɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ tʊŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/peɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ tʊŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/


主動式

/ʈ͡ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʊŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʊŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/


呼語

/xu⁵⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/xu⁵⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

(grammar) vocative (word in the vocative case)


可數性

ㄎㄜˇ ㄕㄨˇ ㄒㄧㄥˋ

/kʰɤ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕiŋ⁵¹/

/kʰɤ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕiŋ⁵¹/


斜格

/ɕi̯ɛ³⁵ kɤ³⁵/

/t͡sʰɛː²¹ kaːk̚³/

/ɕi̯ɛ³⁵ kɤ³⁵/

/t͡sʰɛː²¹ kaːk̚³/


懸空

/ɕy̯ɛn³⁵ kʰʊŋ⁵⁵/

/jyːn²¹ hʊŋ⁵⁵/

/hiaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kʰoŋ³³/

/ɕy̯ɛn³⁵ kʰʊŋ⁵⁵/

/jyːn²¹ hʊŋ⁵⁵/

/hiaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kʰoŋ³³/

介詞懸空／介词悬空

2004, 邓思颖 [Sze-Wing Tang], “从南雄珠玑方言看被动句 [Structures of Passives as Illustrated by Zhuji Dialect Spoken in Nanxiong, Northern Guangdong Province]”, in 《方言》, number 2, page 112:

The existence of this null element violates the restriction in Chinese where prepositions cannot be stranded; thus, it is ungrammatical.

Cúnzài zhège kōng de chéngfèn wéifǎnle Hànyǔ jiècí bùdé xuánkōng de xiànzhì, yīncǐ bù hé yǔfǎ.

存在这个空的成分违反了汉语介词不得悬空的限制，因此不合语法。

存在這個空的成分違反了漢語介詞不得懸空的限制，因此不合語法。


動詞化

ㄉㄨㄥˋ ㄘˊ ㄏㄨㄚˋ

/tʊŋ⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/tʊŋ⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/


敘述式

/ɕy⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂu⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/ɕy⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂu⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/


名詞類別

ㄇㄧㄥˊ ㄘˊ ㄌㄟˋ ㄅㄧㄝˊ

/miŋ³⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵ leɪ̯⁵¹ pi̯ɛ³⁵/

/mɪŋ²¹ t͡sʰiː²¹ lɵy̯²² piːt̚²/

/miŋ³⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵ leɪ̯⁵¹ pi̯ɛ³⁵/

/mɪŋ²¹ t͡sʰiː²¹ lɵy̯²² piːt̚²/


動量詞

ㄉㄨㄥˋ ㄌㄧㄤˋ ㄘˊ

/tʊŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ li̯ɑŋ⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/tʊŋ²² lœːŋ²² t͡sʰiː²¹/

/tʊŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ li̯ɑŋ⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/tʊŋ²² lœːŋ²² t͡sʰiː²¹/

(grammar) verbal classifier (a classifier used specifically for counting the number of times an event occurs, such as 次 (cì), 回 (huí), 遍 (biàn))


受事

/ʂoʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/sɐu̯²² siː²²/

/ʂoʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/sɐu̯²² siː²²/


祈願語氣

ㄑㄧˊ ㄩㄢˋ ㄩˇ ㄑㄧˋ

/t͡ɕʰi³⁵ ɥɛn⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi⁵¹/

/t͡ɕʰi³⁵ ɥɛn⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi⁵¹/


頂格

/tiŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ kɤ³⁵/

/tɪŋ³⁵ kaːk̚³/

/teŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ keʔ²/

/tiŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ kɤ³⁵/

/tɪŋ³⁵ kaːk̚³/

/teŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ keʔ²/


進行式

ㄐㄧㄣˋ ㄒㄧㄥˊ ㄕˋ

/t͡ɕin⁵¹ ɕiŋ³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/t͡sɵn³³ hɐŋ²¹ sɪk̚⁵/

/t͡ɕin⁵¹ ɕiŋ³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/t͡sɵn³³ hɐŋ²¹ sɪk̚⁵/

現在進行式／现在进行式 ― xiànzài jìnxíngshì ― present progressive


反身動詞

ㄈㄢˇ ㄕㄣ ㄉㄨㄥˋ ㄘˊ

фаньшэнь дунцы

/fän²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂən⁵⁵ tʊŋ⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/fän²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂən⁵⁵ tʊŋ⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/


動詞性

ㄉㄨㄥˋ ㄘˊ ㄒㄧㄥˋ

/tʊŋ⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵ ɕiŋ⁵¹/

/tʊŋ⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵ ɕiŋ⁵¹/


名詞性

ㄇㄧㄥˊ ㄘˊ ㄒㄧㄥˋ

/miŋ³⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵ ɕiŋ⁵¹/

/miŋ³⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵ ɕiŋ⁵¹/


始格

/ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ kɤ³⁵/

/ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ kɤ³⁵/


耶扎菲

/jɛ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂä⁵⁵ feɪ̯⁵⁵/

/jɛ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂä⁵⁵ feɪ̯⁵⁵/

/jɛ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂä⁵⁵ feɪ̯⁵⁵/

/jɛ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂä⁵⁵ feɪ̯⁵⁵/

Etymology tree
Arabic إِضَافَة (ʔiḍāfa)bor.
Iranian Persian اِضَافِه (ezâfe)bor.
Chinese 耶扎菲 (yēzhāfēi)
Borrowed from Iranian Persian اِضافِه (ezâfe), from Classical Persian اِضَافَه (izāfa), from Arabic إِضَافَة (ʔiḍāfa).

der

Arabic إِضَافَة (ʔiḍāfa)

(grammar) ezafe (a Persian grammatical construct)