團

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (團):
* → Vietnamese: đoàn (團)

→ Lü: ᦒᦸᧃᧉ (thoan²)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *doːn): semantic 囗 + phonetic 專 (OC *tjon).


度

Originally an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): 石 (“rock”) + 又 (“hand”) — hand measuring a piece of rock. Also a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声), with 石 (OC *djaɡ) as a phonetic component. 石 is then corrupted into ⿸广廿.
Shuowen considers it to be a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *daːɡs, *daːɡ): phonetic 庶 (OC *hljaɡs) + semantic 又.
Compare 庶 (OC *hljaɡs) and 席 (OC *ljaːɡ).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-twa (“handspan”). Cognate with Tibetan མཐོ (mtho, “span; span of thumb and middle finger”), Burmese ထွာ (htwa, “to measure by a handspan; a quarter yard”), အထွာ (a.htwa, “handspan; quarter yard”), တွက် (twak, “to consider, to reckon; to calculate; to refuse to do things because others would not”), အတွက် (a.twak, “calculation; because of; for the sake of”). It is unclear whether Proto-Mon-Khmer *cɗaʔ (“span; handspan”) (whence Mon ဍ (daˀ, “to measure by spans of thumb and middle finger”)) is related. Related to 圖 (OC *daː, “to plan; to consider; plan; map”).

och-l

入度

出度


樹

/t͡sʰiɛu²¹³/

/t͡sʰiɛu²¹³/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *djoʔ, *djos) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 尌 (OC *djos, “a hand planting a tree”).
Originally written 尌, see there for more.
Area word (Schuessler, 2007): Mizo tuh (“to plant, to sow”), Khmer ដុះ (doh, “to grow, to bud”). Starostin compares it with Tibetan གདོས (gdos), གདོས་པ (gdos pa, “mast”) and Burmese ထူ (htu, “to erect (a post), to raise (a flag)”).
Related to 豎 (OC *djoʔ, “to erect; to make vertical”).

och-l

树
𣗬
尌
𡬾
𣕒
𣗳
侸
𠊪
𣚤
𢒳

盤栽

chiefly to transplant, Zhangzhou Hokkien, chiefly to transplant

紅黑樹

红黑树

決策樹

决策树


王

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (王):
* → Japanese: 王(おう) (ō)
* → Okinawan: 王(をー) (wō)
* → Korean: 왕(王) (wang)
* → Vietnamese: vương (王)

desc

→ Classical Mongolian: ᠸᠠᠩ (wang) (via Mandarin)

Mongolian:

Mongolian script: ᠸᠠᠩ (wang)

Cyrillic script: ван (van)

→ Buryat: ван (van)

→ English: Wang (via Mandarin), Wong (via Cantonese), Ong (via Hokkien), Heng (via Teochew)

→ Iu Mien: hungh

→ Manchu: ᠸᠠᠩ (wang) (via Mandarin)

→ Middle Mongol: (via Early Mandarin)

Uigurjin script: ᠣᠩ (ʾwnk /oŋ/)

→ Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽳𐽺𐽷 (oŋ) (via Early Mandarin), 𐽳𐽰𐽺𐽷 (wʾnk /waŋ/) (via Early Mandarin)

→ Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽳𐽶𐽺𐽷 (öŋ)

→ Tagalog: Ong (via Hokkien), Wong (via Cantonese), Wang (via Mandarin)

→ Thai: อ๋อง (ɔ̌ng) (via Hokkien)

→ Zhuang: vuengz

Chinese bronze inscriptions
Konyak languages
Zhou dynasty

Characters in the same phonetic series (王) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Pictogram (象形) of a ritual axe made perhaps of jade, a symbols of the king's power. A ceremonial axe was kept near the throne, and was used for performing rituals in ancient China. As an alternative, it's a crown.
The traditional interpretation (most likely a folk etymology given the original appearence of the character) is that the character metaphorically indicates the king or emperor according to the ancient Chinese thought: three horizontal strokes represent Heaven, Man and Earth, and the vertical stroke is the king or emperor, the one who connects them together. However, compare 天 (tiān) (a man with a horizontal stroke above his head to indicate the sky).
Unrelated to 玉 (yù, “a string with three pieces of jade”) and 主 (“master”); partly related to 士 (a war axe and, perhaps, sometimes a variant of 王), to the inner component of 匡 (kuāng, “square‑shaped bamboo basket”), and to the right component of 往 (< 𢓸).
Uncertain. There are many proposed etymologies:
* Sagart and Baxter (2009) compare it to Tibetan གོང་མ (gong ma, “superior one”).
* Schuessler (2007) compares it to Tibetan དབང (dbang, “strength, power”) and Burmese အန် (an, “strength, power”), which derive from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *d-baŋ (“strength, power”). However, reconstructing the Old Chinese as *waŋ, he notes the mismatch between Old Chinese *w- vs. Tibetan *b- (unless *dw- can become db-; for possible *b- ~ * w- variation, see 花). He also compares it to Proto-Northern Naga *waŋ (“chief”).
* Schuessler (2007) alternatively proposes a connection to Old Khmer vāṅ, vaṅ (modern Khmer វាំង (veăng), “royal palace”), which he considers to be cognate with Khmer ហ្លួង (luŏng, “king”). This is perhaps supported by a bronze inscription where 王 refers to a place, not the Zhou king (Shaughnessy, 1991). The semantic shift from "palace" to "king" parallels Egyptian pr-ꜥꜣ (“pharaoh”, literally “palace”), from pr (“house”) + ꜥꜣ (“great, big”). The connection to the Old Khmer word would thus relate it to Proto-Mon-Khmer *waŋ ~ *waaŋ (“enclosure; to go round”), which is part of a larger Austroasiatic word family, including 營 (OC *ɢʷeŋ) and 環 (OC *ɡʷraːn). Bodman (1980) connects 王 with 皇 (OC *ɡʷaːŋ, “sovereign”), which Schuessler (2007) connects to this word family.
* Speculations exist about its connection to 尪 (OC *qʷaːŋ, “lame, crippled”) and 狂 (OC *ɡʷaŋ, “mad”), based on theories about the connection between ancient Chinese kingship and shamanism (Keightley, 1995).

cog

In every tournament there exists a king.

任意競賽圖都有一個王。

任意竞赛图都有一个王。

(graph theory) king (a vertex in a directed graph which can reach every other vertex via a path with a length of at most 2)


邊

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (邊):
* → Japanese: 辺(へん) (hen)
* → Korean: 변(邊) (byeon)
* → Vietnamese: biên (邊)

desc

→ Vietnamese: bên (“side; edge; face; beside”)

→ Vietnamese: ven (“shore; bank; side”)

Originally 臱. Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mpeːn): phonetic 臱 (OC *men) + semantic 辶 (“walking;movement”). The semantic component 辵 (now 辶) was added during bronze inscriptions.
Perhaps cognate with 偏 (OC *pʰen, *pʰens, “side; oblique”), 片 (OC *pʰeːns, “partial; one-sided”), 諞 (OC *ben, *brenʔ, *benʔ, “glib-tongued; insincere”) (Schuessler, 2007).
Based on Old Vietnamese data, Gong (2019) proposes the additional preinitial *tə- to the Baxter-Sagart reconstruction.
; “to have hot pot”


階

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (階):
* → Japanese: 階(かい) (kai)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kriːl): semantic 阝 + phonetic 皆 (OC *kriːl).

Han compound

Evidently, every n-vertex graph is an n-partite graph.

2012, Xiong Bin and Zheng Zhongyi, Graph Theory, page 18

Xiǎnrán rènhé n jiē tú shì yīge n bù tú.

顯然任何n階圖是一個n部圖。

显然任何n阶图是一个n部图。

(mathematics) order; degree (quantity signifying various concepts in mathematics, chiefly integer-valued)

(graph theory) the number of vertices in a graph


森林

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (森林):
* → Japanese: 森林(しんりん) (shinrin)
* → Korean: 삼림(森林) (samnim)

/sɐm⁵⁵ lɐm²¹/

/sɛiŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ˡ⁻⁾nˡiŋ⁵³/

/sɔm⁴⁴⁻²² lin¹³/

/sɔm⁴⁴⁻³³ lim²³/

/sɐm⁵⁵ lɐm²¹/

/sɛiŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ˡ⁻⁾nˡiŋ⁵³/

/sɔm⁴⁴⁻²² lin¹³/

/sɔm⁴⁴⁻³³ lim²³/

(graph theory) forest (graph with no cycles)


映像

/iŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹/

/jɪŋ³⁵ t͡sœːŋ²²/

/iŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹/

/jɪŋ³⁵ t͡sœːŋ²²/


有向圖

ㄧㄡˇ ㄒㄧㄤˋ ㄊㄨˊ

/joʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹ tʰu³⁵/

/jɐu̯¹³ hœːŋ³³ tʰou̯²¹/

/joʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹ tʰu³⁵/

/jɐu̯¹³ hœːŋ³³ tʰou̯²¹/


平面圖

ㄆㄧㄥˊ ㄇㄧㄢˋ ㄊㄨˊ

/pʰiŋ³⁵ mi̯ɛn⁵¹ tʰu³⁵/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ miːn²²⁻³⁵ tʰou̯²¹/

/pʰiŋ³⁵ mi̯ɛn⁵¹ tʰu³⁵/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ miːn²²⁻³⁵ tʰou̯²¹/

(architecture) floor plan (diagram showing the layout of a building)


流程圖

ㄌㄧㄡˊ ㄔㄥˊ ㄊㄨˊ

/li̯oʊ̯³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ tʰu³⁵/

/li̯oʊ̯³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ tʰu³⁵/


箱形圖

ㄒㄧㄤ ㄒㄧㄥˊ ㄊㄨˊ

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ɕiŋ³⁵ tʰu³⁵/

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ɕiŋ³⁵ tʰu³⁵/


餅狀圖

ㄅㄧㄥˇ ㄓㄨㄤˋ ㄊㄨˊ

/piŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂu̯ɑŋ⁵¹ tʰu³⁵/

/pɛːŋ³⁵ t͡sɔːŋ²² tʰou̯²¹/

/piŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂu̯ɑŋ⁵¹ tʰu³⁵/

/pɛːŋ³⁵ t͡sɔːŋ²² tʰou̯²¹/


條形圖

ㄊㄧㄠˊ ㄒㄧㄥˊ ㄊㄨˊ

/tʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ ɕiŋ³⁵ tʰu³⁵/

/tʰiːu̯²¹ jɪŋ²¹ tʰou̯²¹/

/tʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ ɕiŋ³⁵ tʰu³⁵/

/tʰiːu̯²¹ jɪŋ²¹ tʰou̯²¹/


折線圖

ㄓㄜˊ ㄒㄧㄢˋ ㄊㄨˊ

/ʈ͡ʂɤ³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ tʰu³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂɤ³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ tʰu³⁵/


圓形圖

ㄩㄢˊ ㄒㄧㄥˊ ㄊㄨˊ

/ɥɛn³⁵ ɕiŋ³⁵ tʰu³⁵/

/jyːn²¹ jɪŋ²¹ tʰou̯²¹/

/ɥɛn³⁵ ɕiŋ³⁵ tʰu³⁵/

/jyːn²¹ jɪŋ²¹ tʰou̯²¹/


餅圖

/piŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰu³⁵/

/pɛːŋ³⁵ tʰou̯²¹/

/piŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰu³⁵/

/pɛːŋ³⁵ tʰou̯²¹/


條狀圖

ㄊㄧㄠˊ ㄓㄨㄤˋ ㄊㄨˊ

/tʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ ʈ͡ʂu̯ɑŋ⁵¹ tʰu³⁵/

/tʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ ʈ͡ʂu̯ɑŋ⁵¹ tʰu³⁵/


圓餅圖

ㄩㄢˊ ㄅㄧㄥˇ ㄊㄨˊ

/ɥɛn³⁵ piŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰu³⁵/

/ɥɛn³⁵ piŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰu³⁵/


柱狀圖

ㄓㄨˋ ㄓㄨㄤˋ ㄊㄨˊ

/ʈ͡ʂu⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂu̯ɑŋ⁵¹ tʰu³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂu⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂu̯ɑŋ⁵¹ tʰu³⁵/


棒形圖

ㄅㄤˋ ㄒㄧㄥˊ ㄊㄨˊ

/pɑŋ⁵¹ ɕiŋ³⁵ tʰu³⁵/

/pʰaːŋ¹³ jɪŋ²¹ tʰou̯²¹/

/pɑŋ⁵¹ ɕiŋ³⁵ tʰu³⁵/

/pʰaːŋ¹³ jɪŋ²¹ tʰou̯²¹/


線形圖

ㄒㄧㄢˋ ㄒㄧㄥˊ ㄊㄨˊ

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ ɕiŋ³⁵ tʰu³⁵/

/siːn³³ jɪŋ²¹ tʰou̯²¹/

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ ɕiŋ³⁵ tʰu³⁵/

/siːn³³ jɪŋ²¹ tʰou̯²¹/


橋邊

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ pi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ pi̯ɛn⁵⁵/


無向圖

/u³⁵ ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹ tʰu³⁵/

/mou̯²¹ hœːŋ³³ tʰou̯²¹/

/u³⁵ ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹ tʰu³⁵/

/mou̯²¹ hœːŋ³³ tʰou̯²¹/


生成樹

/ʂɤŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ ʂu⁵¹/

/sɐŋ⁵⁵ sɪŋ²¹ syː²²/

/ʂɤŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ ʂu⁵¹/

/sɐŋ⁵⁵ sɪŋ²¹ syː²²/


加權圖

ㄐㄧㄚ ㄑㄩㄢˊ ㄊㄨˊ

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵ tʰu³⁵/

/kaː⁵⁵ kʰyːn²¹ tʰou̯²¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵ tʰu³⁵/

/kaː⁵⁵ kʰyːn²¹ tʰou̯²¹/


最小生成樹

ㄗㄨㄟˋ ㄒㄧㄠˇ ㄕㄥ ㄔㄥˊ ㄕㄨˋ

цзуйсяо шэнчэншу

/t͡su̯eɪ̯⁵¹ ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ ʂu⁵¹/

/t͡sɵy̯³³ siːu̯³⁵ sɐŋ⁵⁵ sɪŋ²¹ syː²²/

/t͡sɵy̯³³ siːu̯³⁵ sɐŋ⁵⁵ sɪŋ²¹ syː²²/

minimum spanning tree
minimum spanning tree


深度優先搜索

ㄕㄣ ㄉㄨˋ ㄧㄡ ㄒㄧㄢ ㄙㄡ ㄙㄨㄛˇ

шэньду юсянь соусо

/ʂən⁵⁵ tu⁵¹ joʊ̯⁵⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ soʊ̯⁵⁵ su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɐm⁵⁵ tou̯²² jɐu̯⁵⁵ siːn⁵⁵ sɐu̯³⁵ sɔːk̚³/

/sɐm⁵⁵ tou̯²² jɐu̯⁵⁵ siːn⁵⁵ sɐu̯³⁵ saːk̚³/


廣度優先搜索

ㄍㄨㄤˇ ㄉㄨˋ ㄧㄡ ㄒㄧㄢ ㄙㄡ ㄙㄨㄛˇ

гуанду юсянь соусо

/ku̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ tu⁵¹ joʊ̯⁵⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ soʊ̯⁵⁵ su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʷɔːŋ³⁵ tou̯²² jɐu̯⁵⁵ siːn⁵⁵ sɐu̯³⁵ sɔːk̚³/

/kʷɔːŋ³⁵ tou̯²² jɐu̯⁵⁵ siːn⁵⁵ sɐu̯³⁵ saːk̚³/

breadth-first search
breadth-first search


物像

/u⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹/

/u⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹/


四色定理

ㄙˋ ㄙㄜˋ ㄉㄧㄥˋ ㄌㄧˇ

/sz̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ sɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ tiŋ⁵¹ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sz̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ sɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ tiŋ⁵¹ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/


競賽圖

ㄐㄧㄥˋ ㄙㄞˋ ㄊㄨˊ

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ saɪ̯⁵¹ tʰu³⁵/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ saɪ̯⁵¹ tʰu³⁵/

(graph theory) tournament (digraph obtained by assigning a direction to each edge in an undirected complete graph)


子圖

/t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰu³⁵/

/t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰu³⁵/


鄰接表

ㄌㄧㄣˊ ㄐㄧㄝ ㄅㄧㄠˇ

/lin³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵⁵ pi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lin³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵⁵ pi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/


鄰接矩陣

ㄌㄧㄣˊ ㄐㄧㄝ ㄐㄩˇ ㄓㄣˋ

линьцзе цзюйчжэнь

/lin³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵⁵ t͡ɕy²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂən⁵¹/

/lin³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵⁵ t͡ɕy²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂən⁵¹/


歐拉圖

/ˀoʊ̯⁵⁵ lä⁵⁵ tʰu³⁵/

/ˀoʊ̯⁵⁵ lä⁵⁵ tʰu³⁵/


入度

/ʐu⁵¹⁻⁵³ tu⁵¹/

/ʐu⁵¹⁻⁵³ tu⁵¹/


出度

/ʈ͡ʂʰu⁵⁵ tu⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu⁵⁵ tu⁵¹/