總統

ja-r

総(そう)統(とう) (sōtō)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (總統):
* → Japanese: 総(そう)統(とう) (sōtō)
* → Korean: 총통(總統) (chongtong)
* → Vietnamese: tổng thống (總統)

→ Tibetan: ཙུང་ཐུང (tsung thung)

→ Zhuang: cungjdungj

/t͡sʊŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ tʰʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡suŋ²⁴ tʰuŋ²⁴/

/t͡sʊŋ³⁵ tʰʊŋ³⁵/

/t͡suŋ³¹ tʰuŋ³¹/

/t͡sɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰɔŋ⁵³/

/t͡sɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tʰɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰɔŋ⁵³/

/t͡sɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰɔŋ⁵³/

/t͡sɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tʰɔŋ⁴¹/

/t͡soŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ tʰoŋ⁵²⁻²¹/

/t͡soŋ³³ tʰoŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡sʊŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ tʰʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡suŋ²⁴ tʰuŋ²⁴/

/t͡sʊŋ³⁵ tʰʊŋ³⁵/

/t͡suŋ³¹ tʰuŋ³¹/

/t͡sɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰɔŋ⁵³/

/t͡sɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tʰɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰɔŋ⁵³/

/t͡sɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰɔŋ⁵³/

/t͡sɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tʰɔŋ⁴¹/

/t͡soŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ tʰoŋ⁵²⁻²¹/

/t͡soŋ³³ tʰoŋ⁴⁴/


天皇

Sino-Xenic (天皇):
* → Japanese: 天皇(てんのう) (tennō); 天皇(てんこう) (tenkō)
* → Korean: 천황(天皇) (cheonhwang)
* → Vietnamese: thiên hoàng (天皇)

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ wɔːŋ²¹/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ²⁴/

/tʰiɛn³³ hɔŋ²⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ¹³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ²⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ²³/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ wɔːŋ²¹/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ²⁴/

/tʰiɛn³³ hɔŋ²⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ¹³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ²⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ²³/


帝位

/ti⁵¹⁻⁵³ weɪ̯⁵¹/

/tɐi̯³³ wɐi̯²²/

/te²¹⁻⁵³ ui²²/

/te⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ui⁴¹/

/te²¹⁻⁵³ ui²²/

/te¹¹⁻⁵³ ui³³/

/te²¹⁻⁴¹ ui³³/

/ti⁵¹⁻⁵³ weɪ̯⁵¹/

/tɐi̯³³ wɐi̯²²/

/te²¹⁻⁵³ ui²²/

/te⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ui⁴¹/

/te²¹⁻⁵³ ui²²/

/te¹¹⁻⁵³ ui³³/

/te²¹⁻⁴¹ ui³³/


皇帝

Sino-Xenic (皇帝):
* → Japanese: 皇(こう)帝(てい) (kōtei)
* → Korean: 황제(皇帝) (hwangje)
* → Vietnamese: hoàng đế (皇帝)

→ Khitan: 皇帝

→ Manchu: ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠩᡩᡳ (hūwangdi)

→ Sakizaya: hungti

→ Thai: ฮ่องเต้ (hɔ̂ng-dtêe)

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ ti⁵¹/

/xuɑŋ²⁴ ti²⁴/

/wɔːŋ²¹ tɐi̯³³/

/huoŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nɑ²¹³/

/hɔŋ²⁴⁻²² te²¹/

/hɔŋ²⁴⁻²² te⁴¹/

/hɔŋ¹³⁻²² te²¹/

/hɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ te¹¹/

/hɔŋ²³⁻³³ te²¹/

/huaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ti²¹³/

/ɦuɑ̃²² ti⁴⁴/

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ ti⁵¹/

/xuɑŋ²⁴ ti²⁴/

/wɔːŋ²¹ tɐi̯³³/

/huoŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nɑ²¹³/

/hɔŋ²⁴⁻²² te²¹/

/hɔŋ²⁴⁻²² te⁴¹/

/hɔŋ¹³⁻²² te²¹/

/hɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ te¹¹/

/hɔŋ²³⁻³³ te²¹/

/huaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ti²¹³/

/ɦuɑ̃²² ti⁴⁴/

Qin Shi Huang
Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors

After a series of conquests ending in 221 BCE, created as a title for King Zheng of Qin, who was styled Qin Shi Huangdi (literally “the First Emperor of the Qin dynasty”). The two component characters were originally the titles of the mythological rulers or deities known as the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors (三皇五帝 (Sānhuáng Wǔdì)).


君王

/t͡ɕyn⁵⁵ wɑŋ³⁵/

/kʷɐn⁵⁵ wɔːŋ²¹/

/kun⁴⁴⁻²² ɔŋ²⁴/

/kun³³ ɔŋ²⁴/

/kun⁴⁴⁻²² ɔŋ¹³/

/kun⁴⁴⁻³³ ɔŋ²⁴/

/kun⁴⁴⁻³³ ɔŋ²³/

/t͡ɕyn⁵⁵ wɑŋ³⁵/

/kʷɐn⁵⁵ wɔːŋ²¹/

/kun⁴⁴⁻²² ɔŋ²⁴/

/kun³³ ɔŋ²⁴/

/kun⁴⁴⁻²² ɔŋ¹³/

/kun⁴⁴⁻³³ ɔŋ²⁴/

/kun⁴⁴⁻³³ ɔŋ²³/

O ruler and king, ye came and punished the offences of our poor state. If the result of the campaign be that ye now pity and forgive it, will the campaign be without its (proper) name?

The Book of Rites, c. 4ᵗʰ – 2ⁿᵈ century BCE

Jūnwáng tǎo bìyì zhī zuì, yòu jīn ér shè zhī, shī yǔ, yǒuwú míng hū?

君王討敝邑之罪，又矜而赦之，師與，有無名乎？

君王讨敝邑之罪，又矜而赦之，师与，有无名乎？

His Majesty covered his face, for he could not save her.

806 CE, Bai Juyi, Song of Everlasting Regret

君王掩面救不得

king; emperor; monarch; sovereign; His Majesty


閣下

/kɤ³⁵ ɕi̯ä⁵¹/

/kɔːk̚³ haː²²/

/kɤ(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ ha³³/

/ko(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ ha³³/

/ko(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ ha²²/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁵ hɛ²²/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ ha³³/

/koʔ²⁻⁴ e³⁵/

/kɤ³⁵ ɕi̯ä⁵¹/

/kɔːk̚³ haː²²/

/kɤ(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ ha³³/

/ko(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ ha³³/

/ko(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ ha²²/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁵ hɛ²²/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ ha³³/

/koʔ²⁻⁴ e³⁵/

Géxià rúcǐ hóng cái dàlüè, bù chūlái zuò diǎn shìqíng shízài kěxī!

閣下如此宏材大略，不出來做點事情實在可惜！

阁下如此宏材大略，不出来做点事情实在可惜！

(literary) Your Excellency; His or Her Excellency; Your Honour


大統

/tä⁵¹ tʰʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/taːi̯²² tʰʊŋ³⁵/

/tä⁵¹ tʰʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/taːi̯²² tʰʊŋ³⁵/


主席

Sino-Xenic (主席):
* → Japanese: 主席(しゅせき) (shuseki)
* → Korean: 주석(主席) (juseok)
* → Vietnamese: chủ tịch (主席)

→ Bouyei: zujxif

→ Tibetan: ཀྲུའུ་ཞི (kru'u zhi)

→ Zhuang: cujsiz

/ʈ͡ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂu⁵¹ ɕi²⁴/

/t͡syː³⁵ t͡sɪk̚²/

/ˈt͡ɕy²¹³⁻¹³ ɕit̚⁵/

/t͡suo³³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾liʔ⁵/

/t͡su⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ siɪk̚⁴/

/t͡su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɪk̚¹²¹/

/t͡su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɪk̚⁴/

/t͡su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sit̚¹²¹/

/t͡su⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sit̚²⁴/

/t͡su⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡sʰieʔ⁴/

/t͡su⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡sʰioʔ⁴/

/t͡sz̩³³ ʑiɪʔ⁴⁴/

/t͡sz̩ʷ⁴⁴ d͡ʑiɪʔ⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂu⁵¹ ɕi²⁴/

/t͡syː³⁵ t͡sɪk̚²/

/ˈt͡ɕy²¹³⁻¹³ ɕit̚⁵/

/t͡suo³³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾liʔ⁵/

/t͡su⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ siɪk̚⁴/

/t͡su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɪk̚¹²¹/

/t͡su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɪk̚⁴/

/t͡su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sit̚¹²¹/

/t͡su⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sit̚²⁴/

/t͡su⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡sʰieʔ⁴/

/t͡su⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡sʰioʔ⁴/

/t͡sz̩³³ ʑiɪʔ⁴⁴/

/t͡sz̩ʷ⁴⁴ d͡ʑiɪʔ⁵⁵/

毛主席

chairperson (of a country or a party); chairman or chairwoman; president; premier (Classifier: 位)


元首

/ɥɛn³⁵ ʂoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jyːn²¹ sɐu̯³⁵/

/ɡuan²⁴⁻²² siu⁵³/

/ɡuan²⁴⁻²² siu⁵⁵⁴/

/ɡuan¹³⁻²² siu⁵³/

/ɡuan²⁴⁻¹¹ siu⁵³/

/ɡuan²³⁻³³ siu⁴¹/

/ɥɛn³⁵ ʂoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jyːn²¹ sɐu̯³⁵/

/ɡuan²⁴⁻²² siu⁵³/

/ɡuan²⁴⁻²² siu⁵⁵⁴/

/ɡuan¹³⁻²² siu⁵³/

/ɡuan²⁴⁻¹¹ siu⁵³/

/ɡuan²³⁻³³ siu⁴¹/


元首

/ɥɛn³⁵ ʂoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jyːn²¹ sɐu̯³⁵/

/ɡuan²⁴⁻²² siu⁵³/

/ɡuan²⁴⁻²² siu⁵⁵⁴/

/ɡuan¹³⁻²² siu⁵³/

/ɡuan²⁴⁻¹¹ siu⁵³/

/ɡuan²³⁻³³ siu⁴¹/

/ɥɛn³⁵ ʂoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jyːn²¹ sɐu̯³⁵/

/ɡuan²⁴⁻²² siu⁵³/

/ɡuan²⁴⁻²² siu⁵⁵⁴/

/ɡuan¹³⁻²² siu⁵³/

/ɡuan²⁴⁻¹¹ siu⁵³/

/ɡuan²³⁻³³ siu⁴¹/

Yang di-Pertuan Agong
Yang di-Pertuan Agong


單于

/ʈ͡ʂʰän³⁵ y³⁵/

/siɛn²⁴⁻²² u²⁴/

/siɛn²⁴⁻²² u³³/

/siɛn¹³⁻²² i¹³/

/ʈ͡ʂʰän³⁵ y³⁵/

/siɛn²⁴⁻²² u²⁴/

/siɛn²⁴⁻²² u³³/

/siɛn¹³⁻²² i¹³/

From Xiongnu. Earliest extant attestations of this title (reconstructed as *darƣʷa) are in Chinese language inscriptions found in ruins of Xiongnu's capital 龍城／龙城 (Lóngchéng), in modern Mongolia.
Cognate with Mongolian ᠳᠠᠷᠤᠭᠠ (darug-a) / дарга (darga, “chief; head; governor”), Persian داروغه (dâruğe, “governor”), Old Turkic 𐱃𐰺𐰴𐰣 (tarqan, “commander”).
Related to 答剌罕 (dálàhǎn, “tarkhan”), 達魯噶／达鲁噶 (“darugha”), 達魯花赤／达鲁花赤 (“darughachi”).

zh-l

達魯噶／达鲁噶 (“darugha”)


人君

/ʐən³⁵ t͡ɕyn⁵⁵/

/jɐn²¹ kʷɐn⁵⁵/

/ʐən³⁵ t͡ɕyn⁵⁵/

/jɐn²¹ kʷɐn⁵⁵/

(literary) monarch; sovereign; king; ruler


君主

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (君主):
* → Japanese: 君(くん)主(しゅ) (kunshu)
* → Korean: 군주(君主) (gunju)
* → Vietnamese: quân chủ (君主)

→ Zhuang: ginhcuj

/t͡ɕyn⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʷɐn⁵⁵ t͡syː³⁵/

/kun⁴⁴⁻²² t͡su⁵³/

/kun⁴⁴⁻²² t͡su⁵³/

/kun⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡su⁵³/

/kun⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡su⁴¹/

/kuŋ³³⁻²³ t͡su⁵²/

/t͡ɕyn⁵⁵ t͡sz̩²¹/

/t͡ɕyn⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʷɐn⁵⁵ t͡syː³⁵/

/kun⁴⁴⁻²² t͡su⁵³/

/kun⁴⁴⁻²² t͡su⁵³/

/kun⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡su⁵³/

/kun⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡su⁴¹/

/kuŋ³³⁻²³ t͡su⁵²/

/t͡ɕyn⁵⁵ t͡sz̩²¹/

The Prince (a political treatise by Niccolò Machiavelli)

《君主論》

《君主论》

The extraordinary wealth of ministers leads to the downfall of the ruler.

Han Feizi, circa 2ⁿᵈ century BCE, translated based on W. K. Liao's version

群臣之太富，君主之敗也。

群臣之太富，君主之败也。

The heart is the official [/ organ] that acts as ruler and monarch; spirit brilliance originates in it.

Huangdi Neijing, 4ᵗʰ century BCE to 3ʳᵈ century CE

Xīn zhě, jūnzhǔ zhī guān yě, shénmíng chū yān.

心者，君主之官也，神明出焉。


國家元首

ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄐㄧㄚ ㄩㄢˊ ㄕㄡˇ

гоцзя юаньшоу

/ku̯ɔ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵ ʂoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʷɔːk̚³ kaː⁵⁵ jyːn²¹ sɐu̯³⁵/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ ka⁴⁴⁻²² ɡuan²⁴⁻²² siu⁵³/

/kɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ ka³³ ɡuan²⁴⁻²² siu⁵⁵⁴/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁵ ka⁴⁴⁻²² ɡuan¹³⁻²² siu⁵³/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡuan²⁴⁻¹¹ siu⁵³/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡuan²³⁻³³ siu⁴¹/

/ku̯ɔ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵ ʂoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʷɔːk̚³ kaː⁵⁵ jyːn²¹ sɐu̯³⁵/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ ka⁴⁴⁻²² ɡuan²⁴⁻²² siu⁵³/

/kɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ ka³³ ɡuan²⁴⁻²² siu⁵⁵⁴/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁵ ka⁴⁴⁻²² ɡuan¹³⁻²² siu⁵³/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡuan²⁴⁻¹¹ siu⁵³/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡuan²³⁻³³ siu⁴¹/

(Malaysia, specifically) Yang di-Pertuan Agong


法老

/fä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ lɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/huaʔ²⁴⁻³⁵ l̃o³³/

/huat̚⁵⁻²⁴ lo⁵⁵⁴/

/huat̚³²⁻⁴ lɤ⁴¹/

/faʔ³³ lɔ⁴⁴/

/fä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ lɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/huaʔ²⁴⁻³⁵ l̃o³³/

/huat̚⁵⁻²⁴ lo⁵⁵⁴/

/huat̚³²⁻⁴ lɤ⁴¹/

/faʔ³³ lɔ⁴⁴/

Phono-semantic matching of Ancient Greek Φαραώ (Pharaṓ), from Biblical Hebrew פַּרְעֹה (parʿōh), from Egyptian pr:aA (pr-ꜥꜣ, “palace, pharaoh”).

der

<i class="Latn mention" lang="egy">pr-ꜥꜣ</i>

pharaoh (supreme ruler of ancient Egypt)


政府首腦

ㄓㄥˋ ㄈㄨˇ ㄕㄡˇ ㄋㄠˇ

чжэнфу шоунао

/ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹ fu²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ʂoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ nɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sɪŋ³³ fuː³⁵ sɐu̯³⁵ nou̯¹³/

/t͡sɪŋ³³ fuː³⁵ sɐu̯³⁵ nou̯¹³/


副主席

/fu⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi³⁵/

/fou²⁴ ʈ͡ʂu⁵¹ ɕi²⁴/

/fuː³³ t͡syː³⁵ t͡sɪk̚²/

/hu²¹⁻⁵³ t͡su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɪk̚⁴/

/hu²¹⁻⁵³ t͡su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɪk̚¹²¹/

/hu¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɪk̚⁴/

/hu²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡su⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ siɪk̚⁴/

/hu⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡su⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sit̚²⁴/

/fu⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi³⁵/

/fou²⁴ ʈ͡ʂu⁵¹ ɕi²⁴/

/fuː³³ t͡syː³⁵ t͡sɪk̚²/

/hu²¹⁻⁵³ t͡su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɪk̚⁴/

/hu²¹⁻⁵³ t͡su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɪk̚¹²¹/

/hu¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɪk̚⁴/

/hu²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡su⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ siɪk̚⁴/

/hu⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡su⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sit̚²⁴/

vice president (of the People's Republic of China)


國君

/ku̯ɔ³⁵ t͡ɕyn⁵⁵/

/kʷɔːk̚³ kʷɐn⁵⁵/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ kun⁴⁴/

/kɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ kun³³/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁵ kun⁴⁴/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ kun⁴⁴/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ kun⁴⁴/

/ku̯ɔ³⁵ t͡ɕyn⁵⁵/

/kʷɔːk̚³ kʷɐn⁵⁵/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ kun⁴⁴/

/kɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ kun³³/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁵ kun⁴⁴/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ kun⁴⁴/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ kun⁴⁴/

The people treat as exemplary even a commoner who does something excellent. How much more so the ruler of a domain?

Commentary of Zuo, c. 4ᵗʰ century BCE, translation from Zuozhuan: Commentary on the "Spring and Autumn Annals" (2017), by Stephen Durrant, Wai-yee Li and David Schaberg

Pǐfū wèi shàn, mín yóu zé zhī, kuàng guójūn hū?

匹夫為善，民猶則之，況國君乎？

匹夫为善，民犹则之，况国君乎？

No one has ever yet fulfilled his ambitions while lacking the people’s support. That is why the ruler of a domain settles and comforts his people.

Wú mín ér néng chěng qí zhì zhě, wèi zhī yǒu yě; guójūn shìyǐ zhènfǔ qí mín.

無民而能逞其志者，未之有也；國君是以鎮撫其民。

无民而能逞其志者，未之有也；国君是以镇抚其民。


人主

/ʐən³⁵ ʈ͡ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jɐn²¹ t͡syː³⁵/

/ʐən³⁵ ʈ͡ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jɐn²¹ t͡syː³⁵/


凱撒

/kʰaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ sä⁵⁵/

/kʰaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ sä⁵¹/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ saːt̚³/

/kʰai³³⁻⁵⁵ sɑʔ²⁴/

/kʰai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sat̚³²/

/kʰai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sat̚⁵/

/kʰai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sat̚³²/

/kʰai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sat̚³²/

/kʰai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ sat̚³²/

/kʰaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ sä⁵⁵/

/kʰaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ sä⁵¹/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ saːt̚³/

/kʰai³³⁻⁵⁵ sɑʔ²⁴/

/kʰai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sat̚³²/

/kʰai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sat̚⁵/

/kʰai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sat̚³²/

/kʰai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sat̚³²/

/kʰai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ sat̚³²/


攝政王

/ʂɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹ wɑŋ³⁵/

/siːp̚³ t͡sɪŋ³³ wɔːŋ²¹/

/ⁿdiap̚⁵⁵ t͡sen³³ vɔŋ²²/

/liap̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ ɔŋ²⁴/

/siap̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ ɔŋ²⁴/

/ʂɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹ wɑŋ³⁵/

/siːp̚³ t͡sɪŋ³³ wɔːŋ²¹/

/ⁿdiap̚⁵⁵ t͡sen³³ vɔŋ²²/

/liap̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ ɔŋ²⁴/

/siap̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ ɔŋ²⁴/


日王

/ʐ̩⁵¹ wɑŋ³⁵/

/ʐ̩⁵¹ wɑŋ³⁵/

(non-honorific) mikado (emperor of Japan)


國家副主席

ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄐㄧㄚ ㄈㄨˋ ㄓㄨˇ ㄒㄧˊ

гоцзя фучжуси

/ku̯ɔ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ fu⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi³⁵/

/ku̯ɔ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ fu⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi³⁵/

vice-president (of the People's Republic of China)


國家主席

ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄐㄧㄚ ㄓㄨˇ ㄒㄧˊ

/ku̯ɔ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi³⁵/

/kʷɔːk̚³ kaː⁵⁵ t͡syː³⁵ t͡sɪk̚²/

/ku̯ɔ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi³⁵/

/kʷɔːk̚³ kaː⁵⁵ t͡syː³⁵ t͡sɪk̚²/

president (of the People's Republic of China, Socialist Republic of Vietnam, Lao People's Democratic Republic, and Republic of Cuba)


帝皇

/ti⁵¹ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/ti⁵¹ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵/


考迪羅

ㄎㄠˇ ㄉㄧˊ ㄌㄨㄛˊ

/kʰɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ti³⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵/

/haːu̯³⁵ tɪk̚² lɔː²¹/

/kʰɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ti³⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵/

/haːu̯³⁵ tɪk̚² lɔː²¹/

(chiefly Mainland China, Hong Kong) caudillo (military dictator in Spain, Portugal or Latin America)