中華人民共和國

ja-r

中%華 人%民 共%和%国

^ちゅう%か ^じん%みん ^きょう%わ%こく

desc

^중화인민공화국(中華人民共和國)

CJKV/code

^ちゅう%か ^じん%みん ^きょう%わ%こく

中%華 人%民 共%和%国

Sino-Xenic (中華人民共和國):
* → Japanese: 中(ちゅう)華(か)人(じん)民(みん)共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) (Chūka Jinmin Kyōwakoku)
* → Korean: 중화인민공화국(中華人民共和國) (Junghwainmin'gonghwaguk)

CJKV

中%華 人%民 共%和%国

^ちゅう%か ^じん%みん ^きょう%わ%こく

desc

→ Bouyei: Zungyhuaf Renfminf Gungqhofguef

→ Bouyei: Zungyhuaf Renfminf Gungqhofguef

→ Hlai: Dongxhwax Naengsmiens Gong'hwasgok

→ Zhuang: Cunghvaz Yinzminz Gunghozgoz

→ Vietnamese: Cộng hoà Nhân dân Trung Hoa (calque)

ㄓㄨㄥ ㄏㄨㄚˊ ㄖㄣˊ ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄍㄨㄥˋ ㄏㄜˊ ㄍㄨㄛˊ

Җунхуа Жынмин Гунхәгуә

Җунхуа Жынмин Гунхәгуй

doeng¹ hua² zing² ming² goeng⁵ hor² gorh⁶

dyeng¹ hua² zing² ming² gyeng⁵ hor² gorh⁶

ㄓㄨㄥ ㄏㄨㄚˊ ㄖㄣˊ ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄍㄨㄥˋ ㄏㄜˊ ㄍㄨㄛˊ

Чжунхуа Жэньминь Гунхэго

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä³⁵ ʐən³⁵ min³⁵ kʊŋ⁵¹ xɤ³⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ xua²¹ zən²¹ min²¹ koŋ²¹³ xo²¹ kuɛ²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂuŋ²⁴ xua²⁴ ʐəŋ²⁴ miŋ²⁴ kuŋ²⁴ xə²⁴ kuə²⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂuŋ²⁴ xua²⁴ ʐəŋ²⁴ miŋ²⁴ kuŋ²⁴ xə²⁴ kuei²⁴/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ waː²¹ jɐn²¹ mɐn²¹ kʊŋ²² wɔː²¹ kʷɔːk̚³/

/t͡suŋ⁴² fa³⁵ lɨn³⁵ min³⁵ kʰuŋ¹¹ fo³⁵ kuɛt̚⁵/

/t͡suŋ²⁴ fa¹¹ ŋin¹¹ min¹¹ kʰi̯uŋ⁵⁵ fo¹¹ ku̯et̚²/

/t͡suŋ¹¹ xua¹¹ t͡səŋ¹¹ miŋ¹¹ kuŋ⁴⁵ xuɤ¹¹ kuəʔ²/

/tɔŋ³³ ua²¹ neiŋ³³ meiŋ²¹ kɔŋ⁵⁵ ua²¹ ko²⁴/

/tyŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua⁵³ iŋ⁵³ miŋ⁵³ kyŋ²⁴² ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋuo⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾uɔʔ²⁴/

doeng¹ hua² zing² ming² goeng⁵ hor² gorh⁶ [Phonetic:doeng⁵ hua² zing⁵ ming² goeng⁵ hor² gorh⁶]

/tœŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ hua¹³ t͡siŋ¹³⁻²¹ miŋ¹³ kœŋ²¹ hɒ¹³ kɒʔ¹/

doeng¹ hua² zing² ming² goeng⁵ hor² gorh⁶ [Phonetic:doeng⁵ ngua² zing⁵ ming² goeng⁵ ngor² gorh⁶]

/tœŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua¹³ t͡siŋ¹³⁻²¹ miŋ¹³ kœŋ²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋɒ¹³ kɒʔ¹/

dyeng¹ hua² zing² ming² gyeng⁵ hor² gorh⁶ [Phonetic:dyeng⁵ hua² zing⁵ ming² gyeng⁵ hor² gorh⁶]

/tyøŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ hua¹³ t͡siŋ¹³⁻²¹ miŋ¹³ kyøŋ²¹ hɒ¹³ kɒʔ²/

dyeng¹ hua² zing² ming² gyeng⁵ hor² gorh⁶ [Phonetic:dyeng⁵ ngua² zing⁵ ming² gyeng⁵ ngor² gorh⁶]

/tyøŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua¹³ t͡siŋ¹³⁻²¹ miŋ¹³ kyøŋ²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋɒ¹³ kɒʔ²/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua¹³ d͡zin¹³⁻²² bin¹³ kiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ ho¹³⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²³ zin²³⁻³³ bin²³ kiɔŋ³³⁻²¹ hɤ²³⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²⁴ lin²⁴⁻¹¹ bin²⁴ kiɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ ho²⁴⁻¹¹ kɔk̚³²/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua²⁴ lin²⁴⁻²² bin²⁴ kiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ ho²⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/tiɔŋ³³ hua²⁴ lin²⁴⁻²² bin²⁴ kiɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² hɔ²⁴⁻²² kɔk̚⁵/

/toŋ³³⁻²³ hua⁵⁵⁻¹¹ d͡ziŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ miŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kaŋ¹¹ hua⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kok̚²/

tson^平 gho^去 zen^去 min^去 gon^去 wu^去 koh^入

/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ ɦo³³ zən²² min³³ ɡoŋ²² ɦu⁵⁵ koʔ²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ³³ ɸa̠¹³ ʐən¹³ min¹³ kʊŋ²¹⁻¹¹ xo¹³ ku̯ɤ̞²⁴/

/t͡sən³³ ɸa̠¹³ ʐən¹³ min¹³ kən²¹⁻¹¹ xo¹³ ku̯ɤ̞²⁴/

/tɔŋ³³ ua²¹ neiŋ³³ meiŋ²¹ kɔŋ⁵⁵ ua²¹ ko²⁴/

[Phonetic: doeng⁵ hua² zing⁵ ming² goeng⁵ hor² gorh⁶]

[Phonetic: doeng⁵ ngua² zing⁵ ming² goeng⁵ ngor² gorh⁶]

[Phonetic: dyeng⁵ hua² zing⁵ ming² gyeng⁵ hor² gorh⁶]

[Phonetic: dyeng⁵ ngua² zing⁵ ming² gyeng⁵ ngor² gorh⁶]

In 1949, Chairman Mao Zedong declared the founding of the People’s Republic of China.

1949 nián, Máo Zédōng zhǔxí xuāngào Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó chénglì.

1949年，毛澤東主席宣告中華人民共和國成立。

1949年，毛泽东主席宣告中华人民共和国成立。

People's Republic of China (the official name of China)


四川

→ Catalan: Sichuan

→ English: Sichuan, Szechuan, Szechwan

→ French: Sichuan, Sétchouan

→ Korean: 쓰촨 (Sseuchwan)

→ Manchu: ᠰᡟᠴᡠᠸᠠᠨ (sycuwan)

→ Portuguese: Sichuan, Setsuan, Szechwan, Sujuão

→ Russian: Сычуа́нь (Syčuánʹ), сычуа́нец (syčuánec)

→ Spanish: Sichuán

→ Zhuang: Swconh

/sz̩⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/ɬu³³ t͡sʰun³³/

/si⁵³ t͡sʰɔn⁴⁴/

/su²¹⁻⁵³ t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/su²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/su¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/sɯ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡sʰuan³³/

/si⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡sʰuan³³/

/si²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sʰueŋ³³/

/si²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sʰuaŋ³³/

/sz̩³³ t͡sʰø⁴⁴/

/sz̩⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/ɬu³³ t͡sʰun³³/

/si⁵³ t͡sʰɔn⁴⁴/

/su²¹⁻⁵³ t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/su²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/su¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/sɯ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡sʰuan³³/

/si⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡sʰuan³³/

/si²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sʰueŋ³³/

/si²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sʰuaŋ³³/

/sz̩³³ t͡sʰø⁴⁴/

During the Tang dynasty, the area of what is now Sichuan was administratively divided into three regions based on the main throughfares through the mountains 川道 (“mountain pass (often near a river)”) at the time. During the Song dynasty, these regions were further redivided into four separate regions, giving rise to its modern name.


半島

/pän⁵¹ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/puã²¹⁻⁴¹ tɤ⁴¹/

/puã²¹⁻⁵³ to⁵³/

/puã¹¹⁻⁵³ tɔ⁵³/

/puã⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/puan²¹⁻⁴¹ tɤ⁴¹/

/puan⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/puan¹¹⁻⁵³ tɔ⁵³/

/pũã²¹³⁻⁵⁵ tau⁵²⁻²¹/

/pän⁵¹ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/puã²¹⁻⁴¹ tɤ⁴¹/

/puã²¹⁻⁵³ to⁵³/

/puã¹¹⁻⁵³ tɔ⁵³/

/puã⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/puan²¹⁻⁴¹ tɤ⁴¹/

/puan⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/puan¹¹⁻⁵³ tɔ⁵³/

/pũã²¹³⁻⁵⁵ tau⁵²⁻²¹/


雲南

Unclear. First attested in the Book of Han as a county under 益州郡, located in modern-day Xiangyun county, Yunnan.

/huŋ⁵³⁻³³ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/in¹³⁻²² lam¹³/

/huŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lam⁵⁵/

/ɦyn²² nø⁴⁴/

/huŋ⁵³⁻³³ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/in¹³⁻²² lam¹³/

/huŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lam⁵⁵/

/ɦyn²² nø⁴⁴/

(～省) Yunnan (a province in southwest China)


廈門

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (廈門):
* → Korean: 하문(廈門) (Hamun)
* → Vietnamese: Hạ Môn (廈門)

→ Arabic: شْيَامِن (šyāmin)

→ Dutch: Xiamen, Emoi

desc

→ English: Amoy, Hsia-men, Hsiamen, Xiamen

→ French: Amoy, Xiamen

→ Georgian: სიამენი (siameni)

→ Japanese: 廈(シア)門(メン) (Shiamen)

→ Korean: 샤먼 (Syameon)

→ Portuguese: Amoy, Xiamen

→ Japanese: 廈(ア)門(モイ) (Amoi)

→ Spanish: Emuy

/ɕi̯ä⁵¹ mən³⁵/

/ha³² ᵐbᵘɔn²²/

/ˈha¹¹ mɨn³⁵/

/ha⁵³⁻⁵⁵ mun¹¹/

/xa⁵⁵ mɔŋ³³/

/a²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ muoŋ⁵³/

/e⁴¹⁻²² mŋ̍²⁴/

/e²²⁻²¹ mŋ̍²⁴/

/e³³⁻²¹ mŋ̍²³/

/e³³⁻¹¹ mŋ̍²⁴/

/ɛ²²⁻²¹ muĩ¹³/

/ɛ⁵³⁻¹¹ muĩ¹¹/

/e³⁵⁻¹¹ muŋ⁵⁵/

/ɦo²² mən⁴⁴/

/ɕi̯ä⁵¹ mən³⁵/

/ha³² ᵐbᵘɔn²²/

/ˈha¹¹ mɨn³⁵/

/ha⁵³⁻⁵⁵ mun¹¹/

/xa⁵⁵ mɔŋ³³/

/a²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ muoŋ⁵³/

/e⁴¹⁻²² mŋ̍²⁴/

/e²²⁻²¹ mŋ̍²⁴/

/e³³⁻²¹ mŋ̍²³/

/e³³⁻¹¹ mŋ̍²⁴/

/ɛ²²⁻²¹ muĩ¹³/

/ɛ⁵³⁻¹¹ muĩ¹¹/

/e³⁵⁻¹¹ muŋ⁵⁵/

/ɦo²² mən⁴⁴/

A homophone of the original name 下門／下门 (Xiàmén) that came into official use for its more elegant sense.

zh-l

下門／下门 (Xiàmén)

(～市) Xiamen (a subprovincial city in Fujian, China)


海洋

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (海洋):
* → Japanese: 海洋(かいよう) (kaiyō)
* → Korean: 해양(海洋) (haeyang)
* → Vietnamese: hải dương (海洋)

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ jœːŋ²¹/

/hoi̯³¹ i̯oŋ¹¹/

/hai⁴⁵³⁻¹³ yɒŋ¹³/

/hai³³²⁻⁵⁵ yøŋ¹³/

/hai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ iũ²⁴/

/hai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ iũ²³/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ iũ²⁴/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ iɔ̃¹³/

/hai⁵²⁻³⁵ ĩõ⁵⁵/

/he³³ ɦiã⁴⁴/

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ jœːŋ²¹/

/hoi̯³¹ i̯oŋ¹¹/

/hai⁴⁵³⁻¹³ yɒŋ¹³/

/hai³³²⁻⁵⁵ yøŋ¹³/

/hai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ iũ²⁴/

/hai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ iũ²³/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ iũ²⁴/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ iɔ̃¹³/

/hai⁵²⁻³⁵ ĩõ⁵⁵/

/he³³ ɦiã⁴⁴/

海洋博物館

海洋博物馆

海洋國家

海洋国家

海洋環境

海洋环境

Libraries contain knowledge of human experience as vast as the open sea.

圖書館是人類知識的海洋。

图书馆是人类知识的海洋。

ocean; sea (as a whole) (Classifier: 個／个 m)


寧夏

→ English: Ninghsia, Ningsia, Ningxia

/niŋ³⁵ ɕi̯ä⁵¹/

/niŋ²⁴ ɕia⁵¹/

/nɪŋ²¹ haː²²/

/nˡiŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋɑ²⁴²/

/nɛŋ¹³⁻⁴² ha²¹/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ ha³³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ha³³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ha⁴¹/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ha²²/

/liɪŋ¹³⁻²² hɛ²²/

/leŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ he¹¹/

/n̠ʲin²² ɦia⁴⁴/

/niŋ³⁵ ɕi̯ä⁵¹/

/niŋ²⁴ ɕia⁵¹/

/nɪŋ²¹ haː²²/

/nˡiŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋɑ²⁴²/

/nɛŋ¹³⁻⁴² ha²¹/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ ha³³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ha³³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ha⁴¹/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ha²²/

/liɪŋ¹³⁻²² hɛ²²/

/leŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ he¹¹/

/n̠ʲin²² ɦia⁴⁴/

～回族自治區 寧夏回族自治區#Chinese

(～回族自治區, formerly ～省) Ningxia (a Hui autonomous region and former province of China; capital: Yinchuan)


尼日爾

/ni³⁵ ʐ̩⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/nei̯²¹ jɐt̚² jiː¹³/

/nĩ²⁴⁻²² lit̚⁴⁻³² nĩ⁵³/

/nĩ²⁴⁻²² lit̚²⁴⁻² nĩ⁵⁵⁴/

/nĩ¹³⁻²² d͡zit̚¹²¹⁻²¹ d͡zĩ⁵³/

/ni³⁵ ʐ̩⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/nei̯²¹ jɐt̚² jiː¹³/

/nĩ²⁴⁻²² lit̚⁴⁻³² nĩ⁵³/

/nĩ²⁴⁻²² lit̚²⁴⁻² nĩ⁵⁵⁴/

/nĩ¹³⁻²² d͡zit̚¹²¹⁻²¹ d͡zĩ⁵³/

(Mainland China) Niger (a country in West Africa, situated to the north of Nigeria)


遼寧

/li̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ niŋ³⁵/

/liːu̯²¹ nɪŋ²¹/

/l̃ieu⁵³⁻³³ nˡiŋ⁵³/

/liau²⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/liau²⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/liau¹³⁻²² liɪŋ¹³/

/liau²⁴⁻¹¹ liɪŋ²⁴/

/liau²³⁻³³ liɪŋ²³/

/liou⁵⁵⁻¹¹ leŋ⁵⁵/

/li̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ niŋ³⁵/

/liːu̯²¹ nɪŋ²¹/

/l̃ieu⁵³⁻³³ nˡiŋ⁵³/

/liau²⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/liau²⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/liau¹³⁻²² liɪŋ¹³/

/liau²⁴⁻¹¹ liɪŋ²⁴/

/liau²³⁻³³ liɪŋ²³/

/liou⁵⁵⁻¹¹ leŋ⁵⁵/

(～省) Liaoning (a province of China; capital: Shenyang)


黑龍江

desc

→ English: Heilongjiang, Heilungchiang, Hei-lung-chiang, Heilungkiang

ხეილუნგძიანგი

→ Georgian: ხეილუნგძიანგი (xeilungʒiangi)

/xeɪ̯⁵⁵ lʊŋ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/hɐk̚⁵ lʊŋ²¹ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/haːk̚⁵ lʊŋ²¹ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/hak̚⁵⁵ lɵŋ²² kɔŋ³³/

/hɛt̚¹¹ liʊŋ¹¹ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/hɛiʔ²⁴⁻³⁵ l̃yŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋøyŋ⁵⁵/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ liɔŋ²³⁻³³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ liɔŋ¹³⁻²² kaŋ⁴⁴/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴⁴/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ liɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/hiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kaŋ³³/

/hek̚²⁻⁴ leŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kaŋ³³/

/həʔ³³ loŋ⁵⁵ kɑ̃²¹/

/xeɪ̯⁵⁵ lʊŋ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/hɐk̚⁵ lʊŋ²¹ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/haːk̚⁵ lʊŋ²¹ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/hak̚⁵⁵ lɵŋ²² kɔŋ³³/

/hɛt̚¹¹ liʊŋ¹¹ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/hɛiʔ²⁴⁻³⁵ l̃yŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋøyŋ⁵⁵/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ liɔŋ²³⁻³³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ liɔŋ¹³⁻²² kaŋ⁴⁴/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴⁴/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ liɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/hiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kaŋ³³/

/hek̚²⁻⁴ leŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kaŋ³³/

/həʔ³³ loŋ⁵⁵ kɑ̃²¹/

From earlier 黑水 (Hēishuǐ), attested since the Tang Dynasty. Semantically, compare Manchu ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ
ᡠᠯᠠ (sahaliyan ula, literally “black river”), Mongolian Хар мөрөн (Xar mörön, literally “black river”).

ncog

ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ ᡠᠯᠠ

Amur River; Heilong Jiang (the river forming the border between the Russian Far East and Northeastern China)


京劇

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (京劇):
* → Japanese: 京(きょう)劇(げき) (kyōgeki); 京(けい)劇(げき) (keigeki)
* → Korean: 경극(京劇) (gyeonggeuk)
* → Vietnamese: Kinh kịch (京劇)

→ Zhuang: ginghgi

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕy⁵¹/

/kɪŋ⁵⁵ kʰɛːk̚²/

/kiã³³ kiɔk̚²⁴/

/kiã⁴⁴⁻²² kiɔk̚⁴/

/kiã⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɔk̚⁴/

/kiã⁴⁴⁻²² kiak̚¹²¹/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕy⁵¹/

/kɪŋ⁵⁵ kʰɛːk̚²/

/kiã³³ kiɔk̚²⁴/

/kiã⁴⁴⁻²² kiɔk̚⁴/

/kiã⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɔk̚⁴/

/kiã⁴⁴⁻²² kiak̚¹²¹/


山東

/ʂän⁵⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/saːn⁵⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/san²⁴⁻¹¹ tuŋ²⁴/

/san⁴⁴ tʊŋ⁴⁴/

/suiŋ⁵⁴ tɔŋ⁵⁴/

/saŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nøyŋ⁵⁵/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² taŋ⁴⁴/

/suã³³ taŋ³³/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² taŋ⁴⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ taŋ⁴⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ taŋ⁴⁴/

/sũã³³⁻²³ taŋ³³/

/ʂän⁵⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/saːn⁵⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/san²⁴⁻¹¹ tuŋ²⁴/

/san⁴⁴ tʊŋ⁴⁴/

/suiŋ⁵⁴ tɔŋ⁵⁴/

/saŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nøyŋ⁵⁵/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² taŋ⁴⁴/

/suã³³ taŋ³³/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² taŋ⁴⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ taŋ⁴⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ taŋ⁴⁴/

/sũã³³⁻²³ taŋ³³/


濕地

/ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ ti⁵¹/

/sɨp̚² tʰi⁵⁵/

/ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ ti⁵¹/

/sɨp̚² tʰi⁵⁵/

濱海濕地

滨海湿地


湖泊

/xu³⁵ pʰu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/xu³⁵ pu̯ɔ³⁵/

/xu³⁵ pʰu̯ɔ⁵¹/

/wuː²¹ pɔːk̚²/

/wuː²¹ pʰɔːk̚³/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² pʰiak̚⁵/

/ɔ²³⁻³³ pɤʔ⁴/

/ɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ poʔ⁴/

/ɔ¹³⁻²² piɪk̚¹²¹/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² piɪk̚⁴/

/ou⁵⁵⁻¹¹ poʔ⁴/

/ɦu²² pʰaʔ⁴⁴/

/xu³⁵ pʰu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/xu³⁵ pu̯ɔ³⁵/

/xu³⁵ pʰu̯ɔ⁵¹/

/wuː²¹ pɔːk̚²/

/wuː²¹ pʰɔːk̚³/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² pʰiak̚⁵/

/ɔ²³⁻³³ pɤʔ⁴/

/ɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ poʔ⁴/

/ɔ¹³⁻²² piɪk̚¹²¹/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² piɪk̚⁴/

/ou⁵⁵⁻¹¹ poʔ⁴/

/ɦu²² pʰaʔ⁴⁴/

(collective) lake (large, landlocked stretch of water)


和歌

/wɔː²¹ kɔː⁵⁵/

/ho²⁴⁻²² kua⁴⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻²² kua³³/

/ho¹³⁻²² kua⁴⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ kua⁴⁴/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ kua⁴⁴/

/wɔː²¹ kɔː⁵⁵/

/ho²⁴⁻²² kua⁴⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻²² kua³³/

/ho¹³⁻²² kua⁴⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ kua⁴⁴/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ kua⁴⁴/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 和歌(わか) (waka).


巴西

/paː⁵⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/pa²⁴⁻¹¹ si²⁴/

/pa⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɛ⁵⁵/

/pa⁴⁴⁻²² se⁴⁴/

/pa⁴⁴⁻³³ se⁴⁴/

/pa³³⁻²³ sai³³/

/paː⁵⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/pa²⁴⁻¹¹ si²⁴/

/pa⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɛ⁵⁵/

/pa⁴⁴⁻²² se⁴⁴/

/pa⁴⁴⁻³³ se⁴⁴/

/pa³³⁻²³ sai³³/

1848, 徐繼畬 [Xu Jiyu], editor, 瀛寰志略, volume 9, page 3:

Qíshí, Pútáoyá yǒu hǎibó zāo fēng, piāo zhì Yàmòlìjiā zhī Bāxī, jiàn qí tǔdì kōngkuò, xǐ guórén kěnzhǒng zhī.

其時，葡萄牙有海舶遭風，飄至亞墨利加之巴西，見其土地空闊，徙國人墾種之。

其时，葡萄牙有海舶遭风，飘至亚墨利加之巴西，见其土地空阔，徙国人垦种之。

Brazil (A large Portuguese-speaking country in South America)


團結

/tʰu̯än³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵/

/hᵘɔn²² ket̚⁵⁵/

/tuaŋ¹³⁻⁴² kɛʔ¹/

/tuoŋ¹³⁻⁴² kɛʔ²/

/tʰuan²⁴⁻²¹ kiɛt̚³²/

/tʰuan²⁴⁻²² kiɛt̚⁵/

/tʰuan¹³⁻²² kiɛt̚³²/

/tʰuan²⁴⁻¹¹ kiɛt̚³²/

/tʰuan²⁴⁻²² kiɛt̚³²/

/tʰuan²³⁻³³ kiɛt̚³²/

/tʰueŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kak̚²/

/tʰuaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kak̚²/

/dø²² t͡ɕiɪʔ⁴⁴/

/dø²⁴ t͡ɕiɪʔ²¹/

/dø²² ciɪʔ²²/

/dø²⁴ t͡ɕiəʔ⁵/

/dø²² t͡ɕiɪʔ³³/

/dɵ¹¹ t͡ɕiɪʔ³³/

/dɤə³¹ t͡ɕiɪʔ⁵⁵/

/dɤ¹¹ t͡ɕiəʔ⁵⁵/

/də¹³ t͡ɕiəʔ³³/

/dø²² t͡ɕiɪʔ⁵¹/

/dɛ²² t͡ɕiəʔ⁵⁵/

/de¹¹ t͡ɕiəʔ⁵⁵/

/duõ²² t͡ɕiəʔ³⁴/

/dø̃¹¹ t͡ɕieʔ⁵⁵/

/tʰu̯än³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵/

/hᵘɔn²² ket̚⁵⁵/

/tuaŋ¹³⁻⁴² kɛʔ¹/

/tuoŋ¹³⁻⁴² kɛʔ²/

/tʰuan²⁴⁻²¹ kiɛt̚³²/

/tʰuan²⁴⁻²² kiɛt̚⁵/

/tʰuan¹³⁻²² kiɛt̚³²/

/tʰuan²⁴⁻¹¹ kiɛt̚³²/

/tʰuan²⁴⁻²² kiɛt̚³²/

/tʰuan²³⁻³³ kiɛt̚³²/

/tʰueŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kak̚²/

/tʰuaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kak̚²/

/dø²² t͡ɕiɪʔ⁴⁴/

/dø²⁴ t͡ɕiɪʔ²¹/

/dø²² ciɪʔ²²/

/dø²⁴ t͡ɕiəʔ⁵/

/dø²² t͡ɕiɪʔ³³/

/dɵ¹¹ t͡ɕiɪʔ³³/

/dɤə³¹ t͡ɕiɪʔ⁵⁵/

/dɤ¹¹ t͡ɕiəʔ⁵⁵/

/də¹³ t͡ɕiəʔ³³/

/dø²² t͡ɕiɪʔ⁵¹/

/dɛ²² t͡ɕiəʔ⁵⁵/

/de¹¹ t͡ɕiəʔ⁵⁵/

/duõ²² t͡ɕiəʔ³⁴/

/dø̃¹¹ t͡ɕieʔ⁵⁵/

As a lake, paired with nearby Xiezuo Lake from the expression 團結協作 (tuánjié xiézuò, “to work in unity”).

zh-l

(～湖, ～鹽湖, ～鹽池) Tuanjie Lake in the Qarhan Playa, Qinghai, China

(～鎮, formerly ～鄉) Tuanjie (a town in Yuli, Bayingolin prefecture, Xinjiang, China, formerly a township)

(～社區) Tuanjie (a residential community of Ruoqiang, Ruoqiang, Bayingolin prefecture, Xinjiang, China)


丹麥

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (丹麥):
* → Vietnamese: Đan Mạch (丹麥)

→ Zhuang: Danhmwz

/tän⁵⁵ maɪ̯⁵¹/

/tan⁴⁴⁻²² beʔ⁴/

/tan⁴⁴⁻³³ beʔ⁴/

/tan⁴⁴⁻³³ biɪk̚⁴/

/tan⁴⁴⁻²² biɪk̚¹²¹/

/taŋ³³⁻²³ beʔ⁴/

/tän⁵⁵ maɪ̯⁵¹/

/tan⁴⁴⁻²² beʔ⁴/

/tan⁴⁴⁻³³ beʔ⁴/

/tan⁴⁴⁻³³ biɪk̚⁴/

/tan⁴⁴⁻²² biɪk̚¹²¹/

/taŋ³³⁻²³ beʔ⁴/


東大

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ tä⁵¹/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ taːi̯²¹/

/tʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ tʰaɪ⁵³/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ tä⁵¹/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ taːi̯²¹/

/tʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ tʰaɪ⁵³/

東北大學 w:zh:東北大學

Short for 東北大學 (“Northeastern University (China)”).

東京大學 w:zh:東京大學


鳳爪

/fɤŋ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fɤŋ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂu̯ä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fʊŋ²² t͡saːu̯³⁵/

/fɵŋ³² t͡sau⁵⁵/

/hɔŋ²²⁻²¹ t͡sua⁵³/

/voŋ²² t͡sɔ⁴⁴/

/fɤŋ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fɤŋ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂu̯ä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fʊŋ²² t͡saːu̯³⁵/

/fɵŋ³² t͡sau⁵⁵/

/hɔŋ²²⁻²¹ t͡sua⁵³/

/voŋ²² t͡sɔ⁴⁴/

鳳爪排骨飯

凤爪排骨饭

chicken feet (as food) (Classifier: 隻／只 c)


瑞士

/ʐu̯eɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/ʐu̯eɪ̯⁵¹ ʂʐ̩¹/

/sɵy̯²² siː²²/

/sɵy̯²² siː²²⁻³⁵/

/ɬui³² ɬu³²⁻³²⁵/

/su̯i⁵⁵ sɨ⁵⁵/

/suɪ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ sz̩⁵³/

/sui²⁴²⁻⁵³ søy²⁴²/

/sui⁴¹⁻²² sɯ²²/

/sui³³⁻¹¹ su³³/

/sui³³⁻²¹ su³³/

/sui²²⁻²¹ su²²/

/zø²² zz̩⁴⁴/

/ʐu̯eɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/ʐu̯eɪ̯⁵¹ ʂʐ̩¹/

/sɵy̯²² siː²²/

/sɵy̯²² siː²²⁻³⁵/

/ɬui³² ɬu³²⁻³²⁵/

/su̯i⁵⁵ sɨ⁵⁵/

/suɪ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ sz̩⁵³/

/sui²⁴²⁻⁵³ søy²⁴²/

/sui⁴¹⁻²² sɯ²²/

/sui³³⁻¹¹ su³³/

/sui³³⁻²¹ su³³/

/sui²²⁻²¹ su²²/

/zø²² zz̩⁴⁴/

From French Suisse, borrowed through a southern Chinese dialect (where 瑞 is pronounced with an s- initial). See also 瑞典 (Ruìdiǎn).
Attested in both Illustrated Treatise on the Maritime Kingdoms (海國圖志) [1842] by Wei Yuan and A Short Account of the Maritime Circuit (瀛寰志略) [1849] by Xu Jiyu.

Switzerland (a country in Western Europe and Central Europe)


上海

desc

→ English: Shang-hai, Shanghae, Shanghai

→ French: Shanghai, Shanghaï, Changhaï

→ Japanese: 上(シャン)海(ハイ) (Shanhai)

→ Korean: 상하이 (Sanghai)

→ Russian: Шанха́й (Šanxáj)

→ Zhuang: Sanghaij

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sœːŋ²² hɔːi̯³⁵/

/siaŋ³² hᵘɔi⁵⁵/

/sɔŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ hoɪ³¹/

/sɒ̃⁴⁵ xai⁵³/

/t͡siɔŋ⁵⁵ xuɛ²¹/

/suoŋ²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai³³/

/ɬyɒŋ²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai⁴⁵³/

/ɬyøŋ²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai³³²/

/siɔŋ²¹ hai⁴⁴⁵/

/siɔŋ³³⁻²¹ hai⁴¹/

/siɔŋ²²⁻²¹ hai⁴²/

/siɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ hai⁵³/

/siɔŋ²²⁻²¹ hai⁵³/

/siɔŋ²² hai⁵⁵⁴/

/siɔŋ³³⁻²² hai⁵⁵⁴/

/siaŋ²²⁻²¹ hai⁵³/

/siaŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ hai⁵²/

/zɑ̃²² he⁴⁴/

/zɑ̃²² he³³/

/ʂan²¹⁻¹¹ xai̯⁴¹/

/san²¹⁻¹¹ xai̯⁴¹/

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sœːŋ²² hɔːi̯³⁵/

/siaŋ³² hᵘɔi⁵⁵/

/sɔŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ hoɪ³¹/

/sɒ̃⁴⁵ xai⁵³/

/t͡siɔŋ⁵⁵ xuɛ²¹/

/suoŋ²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai³³/

/ɬyɒŋ²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai⁴⁵³/

/ɬyøŋ²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai³³²/

/siɔŋ²¹ hai⁴⁴⁵/

/siɔŋ³³⁻²¹ hai⁴¹/

/siɔŋ²²⁻²¹ hai⁴²/

/siɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ hai⁵³/

/siɔŋ²²⁻²¹ hai⁵³/

/siɔŋ²² hai⁵⁵⁴/

/siɔŋ³³⁻²² hai⁵⁵⁴/

/siaŋ²²⁻²¹ hai⁵³/

/siaŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ hai⁵²/

/zɑ̃²² he⁴⁴/

/zɑ̃²² he³³/

/ʂan²¹⁻¹¹ xai̯⁴¹/

/san²¹⁻¹¹ xai̯⁴¹/

Named after 上海浦, a historical river in Shanghai, which was filled in during the late Qing dynasty.

華亭／华亭, 松江

two historical major cities now under the juristiction of Shanghai

上海證券交易所

上海证券交易所

她最近跑到上海去了。

I still have a few things to arrange in Shanghai.

Zài Shànghǎi wǒ háiyǒu jǐ jiàn shìqíng yào ānpái.

在上海我還有幾件事情要安排。

在上海我还有几件事情要安排。

⁶non ⁵tau ⁶zaon-he ⁶le ⁰leq ¹tu-sau ⁶zen-kuaon ⁰leq

儂到上海來了多少辰光了？

侬到上海来了多少辰光了？

(～市) Shanghai (a major port city and direct-administered municipality of China, the largest urban area in China)


揚州

ja-r

揚(よう)州(しゅう) (Yōshū)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (揚州):
* → Japanese: 揚(よう)州(しゅう) (Yōshū)
* → Vietnamese: Dương Châu (揚州)

desc

→ English: Yang-chou, Yangchow, Yangzhou

/jɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/jœːŋ²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/i̯oŋ¹¹ t͡su²⁴/

/iɔŋ¹¹ t͡su⁴⁴/

/iɒ̃¹¹ t͡səu¹¹/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu³³/

/iɔŋ¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/iɔŋ²³⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/iaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡siu³³/

/ɦiã²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

/jɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/jœːŋ²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/i̯oŋ¹¹ t͡su²⁴/

/iɔŋ¹¹ t͡su⁴⁴/

/iɒ̃¹¹ t͡səu¹¹/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu³³/

/iɔŋ¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/iɔŋ²³⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/iaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡siu³³/

/ɦiã²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

From the area of 揚州 recorded as one of the Nine Provinces 九州 (Jiǔzhōu) of Yu the Great 大禹 (Dà Yǔ) in the "Tribute of Yu" 禹贡 (Yǔ Gòng) section of the Book of Xia 夏書 /夏书 (Xià Shū) in the Book of Documents 書經 /书经 (shūjīng)

(～市) Yangzhou (a prefecture-level city in Jiangsu, in eastern China)


好萊塢

/xɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ laɪ̯³⁵ u⁵¹/

/xɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ laɪ̯³⁵ u⁵⁵/

/hou̯³⁵ lɔːi̯²¹ wuː³⁵⁻⁵⁵/

/ho⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lai²⁴⁻²² u²¹/

/ho⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lai²⁴⁻²² u⁴¹/

/ho⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lai¹³⁻²² u²¹/

/ho⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lai²⁴⁻¹¹ u¹¹/

/hɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lai²³⁻³³ u²¹/

/xɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ laɪ̯³⁵ u⁵¹/

/xɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ laɪ̯³⁵ u⁵⁵/

/hou̯³⁵ lɔːi̯²¹ wuː³⁵⁻⁵⁵/

/ho⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lai²⁴⁻²² u²¹/

/ho⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lai²⁴⁻²² u⁴¹/

/ho⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lai¹³⁻²² u²¹/

/ho⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lai²⁴⁻¹¹ u¹¹/

/hɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lai²³⁻³³ u²¹/

Does Hollywood have a negative influence on the world?

Hǎoláiwù huì gěi shìjiè dàilái bùliáng de yǐngxiǎng ma?

好萊塢會給世界帶來不良的影響嗎？

好莱坞会给世界带来不良的影响吗？


希臘

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (希臘):
* → Korean: 희랍(希臘) (Huirap)
* → Vietnamese: Hi Lạp (希臘)

→ Zhuang: Hihlaz

/hi²⁴⁻¹¹ li̯ap̚⁵/

/hi⁴⁴⁻²² laʔ⁴/

/hi⁴⁴⁻²² laʔ¹²¹/

/hi³³⁻²³ laʔ⁴/

/ɕi⁵⁵ laʔ²¹/

/hi²⁴⁻¹¹ li̯ap̚⁵/

/hi⁴⁴⁻²² laʔ⁴/

/hi⁴⁴⁻²² laʔ¹²¹/

/hi³³⁻²³ laʔ⁴/

/ɕi⁵⁵ laʔ²¹/

Ultimately from Ancient Greek Ἑλλάς (Hellás); attested as early as 1837, in the Eastern Western Monthly Magazine. Compare English Hellas.

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English


波士頓

/pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ tu̯ən⁵¹/

bo¹ xi⁶ dên⁶⁻²

/pɔː⁵⁵ siː²² tɵn²²⁻³⁵/

/pᵘɔ³³ si³² tun³²⁻³²⁵/

/pᵘɔ³³ si³² tun³²/

/pᵘɔ³³ si³²⁻²¹ tun³²⁻³²⁵/

/pᵘɔ³³ si³²⁻²¹ tun³²/

/pʰɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ su³³⁻²¹ tun²¹/

/pʰo⁴⁴⁻³³ su³³⁻¹¹ tun¹¹/

/pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ tu̯ən⁵¹/

/pɔː⁵⁵ siː²² tɵn²²⁻³⁵/

/pᵘɔ³³ si³² tun³²⁻³²⁵/

/pᵘɔ³³ si³² tun³²/

/pᵘɔ³³ si³²⁻²¹ tun³²⁻³²⁵/

/pᵘɔ³³ si³²⁻²¹ tun³²/

/pʰɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ su³³⁻²¹ tun²¹/

/pʰo⁴⁴⁻³³ su³³⁻¹¹ tun¹¹/

1888, T. L. Stedman, K. P. Lee, A Chinese and English Phrase Book in the Canton Dialect, New York: William R. Jenkins Co., page 45:

The rates to Boston are twenty-five cents for ten words.

gei³ heoi³ bo¹ si⁶ deon⁶, mui⁵ sap⁶ go³ zi⁶, jiu³ je⁵ ng⁵ go³ sin¹.

寄去波士頓，每十箇字，要廿五箇仙。

寄去波士顿，每十个字，要廿五个仙。

Boston (the capital and largest city of Massachusetts, United States)


泰國

Sino-Xenic (泰國):
* → Japanese: 泰国(たいこく) (taikoku)
* → Korean: 태국(泰國) (taeguk)

→ Zhuang: Daigoz

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/tʰaːi̯³³ kʷɔːk̚³/

/tʰaɪ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ kuɛt̚¹/

/tʰai²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾uɔʔ²⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ kɔk̚³²/

/tʰai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kɔk̚⁵/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ kɔk̚³²/

/tʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ kɔk̚³²/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ kɔk̚³²/

/tʰai²¹³⁻⁵⁵ kok̚²/

/tʰa³³ koʔ⁴⁴/

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/tʰaːi̯³³ kʷɔːk̚³/

/tʰaɪ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ kuɛt̚¹/

/tʰai²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾uɔʔ²⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ kɔk̚³²/

/tʰai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kɔk̚⁵/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ kɔk̚³²/

/tʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ kɔk̚³²/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ kɔk̚³²/

/tʰai²¹³⁻⁵⁵ kok̚²/

/tʰa³³ koʔ⁴⁴/


江渚

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ t͡syː³⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ t͡syː³⁵/

(literary) sand barge in the middle of a river, or near the bank of a river


桃園

For the place in Taiwan, shortened from Hokkien 桃仔園 /桃仔园 (Thô-á-hn̂g), which was used alongside 桃園 /桃园 by the time of the Guangxu Emperor. Found in official Qing documents by 1888.

/tʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/tʰo⁵⁵ ʒan⁵⁵/

/tʰo⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾uoŋ⁵³/

/tʰo²⁴⁻²² hŋ̍²⁴/

/tʰɤ²³⁻³³ hŋ̍²³/

/tʰo²⁴⁻¹¹ hŋ̍²⁴/

/tʰo¹³⁻²² huĩ¹³/

/tʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/tʰo⁵⁵ ʒan⁵⁵/

/tʰo⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾uoŋ⁵³/

/tʰo²⁴⁻²² hŋ̍²⁴/

/tʰɤ²³⁻³³ hŋ̍²³/

/tʰo²⁴⁻¹¹ hŋ̍²⁴/

/tʰo¹³⁻²² huĩ¹³/

(～市, formerly ～縣) Taoyuan (a city and former county of Taiwan)


青山

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰi̯aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ san²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ san³³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰi̯aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ san²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ san³³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

留得青山在，不愁沒柴燒 / 留得青山在，不愁没柴烧

liú dé qīngshān zài, bù chóu méi chái shāo

an escaped criminal from the Castle Peak hospital

青山走犯

psychiatric hospital
psychiatric hospital

(Hong Kong Cantonese, slang) psychiatric hospital


長江

desc

→ Manchu: ᡤᠣᠯᠮᡳᠨ
ᡠᠯᠠ (golmin ula) (calque)

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰiaŋ²² kɔŋ³³/

/t͡sʰoŋ¹¹ koŋ²⁴/

/tuoŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋøyŋ⁵⁵/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²² kaŋ³³/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kaŋ³³/

/tŋ̍¹³⁻²² kaŋ⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ¹³⁻²² kaŋ⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²³⁻³³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²³⁻³³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kaŋ³³/

/zã²² kɑ̃⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰiaŋ²² kɔŋ³³/

/t͡sʰoŋ¹¹ koŋ²⁴/

/tuoŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋøyŋ⁵⁵/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²² kaŋ³³/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kaŋ³³/

/tŋ̍¹³⁻²² kaŋ⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ¹³⁻²² kaŋ⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²³⁻³³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²³⁻³³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kaŋ³³/

/zã²² kɑ̃⁴⁴/

揚子江

originally only in reference to the lower reaches

A solitary sail's distant image disappears into the blue sky; only the Yangtze River continues to flow towards the horizon.

Gūfān yuǎn yǐng bìkōng jìn, wéi jiàn Chángjiāng tiānjì liú.

孤帆遠影碧空盡，唯見長江天際流。

孤帆远影碧空尽，唯见长江天际流。

(～河) Changjiang Creek, the upper course of the Jin River (錦江 /锦江 (Jǐnjiāng)) in Jiangxi

(～社區) Changjiang (a community of Guanshan, Hongshan district, Wuhan, Hubei, China)


洛陽

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (洛陽):
* → Japanese: 洛陽(らくよう) (Rakuyō)
* → Korean: 낙양(洛陽) (Nagyang)
* → Vietnamese: Lạc Dương (洛陽)

→ English: Luoyang

desc

→ Thai: ลั่วหยาง, ลกเอี๋ยง

→ Thai: ลั่วหยาง, ลกเอี๋ยง

/lu̯ɔ⁵¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/lɔːk̚³ jœːŋ²¹/

/lɔːk̚² jœːŋ²¹/

/lɔk̚⁵ iɔŋ¹¹/

/l̃ouʔ⁵⁻³³ yoŋ⁵³/

/lɔk̚²⁴⁻² iɔŋ²⁴/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² iɔŋ²⁴/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² iɔŋ²³/

/lɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ iaŋ¹³/

/lo(ʔ)²⁴⁻² iũ²⁴/

/lo(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ iũ²⁴/

/lok̚⁴⁻² iaŋ⁵⁵/

/loʔ¹¹ ɦiã²³/

/lu̯ɔ⁵¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/lɔːk̚³ jœːŋ²¹/

/lɔːk̚² jœːŋ²¹/

/lɔk̚⁵ iɔŋ¹¹/

/l̃ouʔ⁵⁻³³ yoŋ⁵³/

/lɔk̚²⁴⁻² iɔŋ²⁴/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² iɔŋ²⁴/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² iɔŋ²³/

/lɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ iaŋ¹³/

/lo(ʔ)²⁴⁻² iũ²⁴/

/lo(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ iũ²⁴/

/lok̚⁴⁻² iaŋ⁵⁵/

/loʔ¹¹ ɦiã²³/

Encyclopædia Britannica
Luo River (Henan)
Yin_and_yang#Toponymy

Yang (north) of the Luo River; based on Yin and yang toponymy in which north is associated with yang. Luoyang is situated to the north of the Luo River.

(～市) Luoyang (a prefecture-level city in Henan, China)

(～江) Luoyang (a river in the prefecture-level city of Quanzhou, Fujian, China)


徐州

/ɕy³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɵy̯²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/sɯ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu³³/

/su²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/si¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/ɕy³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɵy̯²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/sɯ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu³³/

/su²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/si¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

(～市) Xuzhou (a prefecture-level city in northwestern Jiangsu, China)


中山

Named after Chinese president 孫中山 (Sun Yat-sen), who used the pseudonym 中(なか)山(やま)樵(きこり) (Nakayama Kikori). Ultimately from the Japanese surname 中(なか)山(やま) (Nakayama).
Zhongshan, Guangdong was renamed from 香山 (Xiāngshān); Sun Yat-sen's birthplace is in Zhongshan.

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/t͡sɵŋ³³ san³³/

/t͡suŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ san²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/t͡sɵŋ³³ san³³/

/t͡suŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ san²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

(～市, formerly ～縣) Zhongshan (a prefecture-level city and former county of Guangdong, China)


杭州

ja-r

杭(こう)州(しゅう) (Kōshū)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (杭州):
* → Japanese: 杭(こう)州(しゅう) (Kōshū)
* → Korean: 항주(杭州) (Hangju)
* → Vietnamese: Hàng Châu (杭州)

/xɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/hɔːŋ²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/hɔŋ²² t͡siu³³/

/hɔŋ¹¹ t͡su⁴⁴/

/haŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/haŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu³³/

/haŋ¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/haŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/haŋ²³⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/haŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡siu³³/

/ɦɑ̃²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

/xɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/hɔːŋ²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/hɔŋ²² t͡siu³³/

/hɔŋ¹¹ t͡su⁴⁴/

/haŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/haŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu³³/

/haŋ¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/haŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/haŋ²³⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/haŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡siu³³/

/ɦɑ̃²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

The province's name derived from 餘杭／余杭 (Yúháng), traditionally glossed as a mistake for 禹航 (“Yu's ferry”) but more likely a transcription into Old Chinese characters of a native Proto-Wu placename.

zh-l

餘杭／余杭 (Yúháng)

(～市) Hangzhou (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Zhejiang, China)

(～灣) Hangzhou Bay (the adjacent bay of the East China Sea, separating Shanghai from Ningbo)


山嶺

/ʂän⁵⁵ liŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/saːn⁵⁵ lɛːŋ¹³/

/san²⁴⁻¹¹ li̯aŋ²⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² niã⁵³/

/suã³³ niã⁵⁵⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² niã⁵³/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ niã⁵³/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ niã⁴¹/

/ʂän⁵⁵ liŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/saːn⁵⁵ lɛːŋ¹³/

/san²⁴⁻¹¹ li̯aŋ²⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² niã⁵³/

/suã³³ niã⁵⁵⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² niã⁵³/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ niã⁵³/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ niã⁴¹/

ridge (of a string of mountains or hills)


紅旗

/xʊŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/hʊŋ²¹ kʰei̯²¹/

/aŋ¹³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋi¹³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² ki²⁴/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² ki²⁴/

/aŋ¹³⁻²² ki¹³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ki²⁴/

/aŋ²³⁻³³ ki²³/

/aŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ki⁵⁵/

/xʊŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/hʊŋ²¹ kʰei̯²¹/

/aŋ¹³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋi¹³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² ki²⁴/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² ki²⁴/

/aŋ¹³⁻²² ki¹³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ki²⁴/

/aŋ²³⁻³³ ki²³/

/aŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ki⁵⁵/

At that time, those places will have red flags nearby erected to act as a signal, everybody please do not enter into the zone, lest any danger happen.

gaai³ si⁴ goi¹ keoi¹ fu⁶ gan⁶ zoeng¹ wui⁵ jyun⁴ gwaa³ hung⁴ kei⁴ zi² si⁶, gok³ gaai³ jan⁴ si⁶ cit³ mat⁶ zeon³ jap⁶ keoi¹ noi⁶, ji⁵ min⁵ faat³ sang¹ ngai⁴ him².

屆時該區附近將會懸掛紅旗指示，各界人士切勿進入區內，以免發生危險。

届时该区附近将会悬挂红旗指示，各界人士切勿进入区内，以免发生危险。

red flag; red banner (Classifier: 面 m; 支 c)

(Hong Kong) a red banner used by the police: "Stop Charging or We Use Force / 停止衝擊，否則使用武力"


紅旗

/xʊŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/hʊŋ²¹ kʰei̯²¹/

/aŋ¹³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋi¹³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² ki²⁴/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² ki²⁴/

/aŋ¹³⁻²² ki¹³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ki²⁴/

/aŋ²³⁻³³ ki²³/

/aŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ki⁵⁵/

/xʊŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/hʊŋ²¹ kʰei̯²¹/

/aŋ¹³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋi¹³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² ki²⁴/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² ki²⁴/

/aŋ¹³⁻²² ki¹³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ki²⁴/

/aŋ²³⁻³³ ki²³/

/aŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ki⁵⁵/

(～村) Hongqi (a village in Yonglong, Jingshan, Jingmen, Hubei, China)

(～村) Hongqi (a village in Huilong, Fang, Shiyan, Hubei, China)

(～社區) Hongqi (a community of Zhucheng, Xinzhou district, Wuhan, Hubei, China)


錢塘

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵ tʰɑŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰiːn²¹ tʰɔːŋ²¹/

/ʑi²² dɑ̃⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵ tʰɑŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰiːn²¹ tʰɔːŋ²¹/

/ʑi²² dɑ̃⁴⁴/

Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period
Qian Liu
Tang dynasty
Wuyue

Named for the dyke constructed on the river by Qian Liu (錢鏐), ruler of Wuyue, one of the Ten Kingdoms that succeeded the Tang dynasty.

(～江) Qiantang River (a river in Zhejiang, China)


河南

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (河南):
* → Japanese: 河(か)南(なん) (Kanan)
* → Korean: 하남(河南) (Hanam)
* → Vietnamese: Hà Nam (河南)

→ English: Henan

/xɤ³⁵ nän³⁵/

/hɔː²¹ naːm²¹/

/o⁵³⁻³³ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/ho²⁴⁻²² lam²⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻²² lam²⁴/

/ho¹³⁻²² lam¹³/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ lam²⁴/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ lam²³/

/ho⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lam⁵⁵/

/xɤ³⁵ nän³⁵/

/hɔː²¹ naːm²¹/

/o⁵³⁻³³ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/ho²⁴⁻²² lam²⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻²² lam²⁴/

/ho¹³⁻²² lam¹³/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ lam²⁴/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ lam²³/

/ho⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lam⁵⁵/

(～省) Henan (a province of China; capital: Zhengzhou)


冰山

/piŋ⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/pɪŋ⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/piɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/piɪŋ³³ suã³³/

/piɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/piɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ suã⁴⁴/

/piɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ suã⁴⁴/

/pĩã³³⁻²³ sũã³³/

/piŋ⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/pɪŋ⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/piɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/piɪŋ³³ suã³³/

/piɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/piɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ suã⁴⁴/

/piɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ suã⁴⁴/

/pĩã³³⁻²³ sũã³³/

(figurative) (political) backer that cannot be relied on for long


富士山

/fu⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

/fuː³³ siː²² saːn⁵⁵/

/hu¹¹⁻⁵³ su³³⁻¹¹ suã⁴⁴/

/hu²¹⁻⁴¹ su³³⁻²¹ suã⁴⁴/

/fu⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

/fuː³³ siː²² saːn⁵⁵/

/hu¹¹⁻⁵³ su³³⁻¹¹ suã⁴⁴/

/hu²¹⁻⁴¹ su³³⁻²¹ suã⁴⁴/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 富士山 (Fujisan).

obor

Mount Fuji (the highest mountain in Japan)


長沙

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (長沙):
* → Japanese: 長(ちょう)沙(さ) (Chōsa)
* → Korean: 장사(長沙) (Jangsa)
* → Vietnamese: Trường Sa (長沙)

→ English: Changsha, Ch'ang-sha

→ Korean: 창사 (Changsa)

→ Russian: Чанша́ (Čanšá)

→ Zhuang: Cangzsah

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʂä⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ saː⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰoŋ¹¹ sa²⁴/

/t͡sʰɔŋ¹¹ sa⁴⁴/

/tuoŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾na⁵⁵/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² sa⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² sa³³/

/tiaŋ¹³⁻²² sɛ⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ sua⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²³⁻³³ sua⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sa³³/

/ʈ͡ʂan¹³ sa̠³³/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʂä⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ saː⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰoŋ¹¹ sa²⁴/

/t͡sʰɔŋ¹¹ sa⁴⁴/

/tuoŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾na⁵⁵/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² sa⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² sa³³/

/tiaŋ¹³⁻²² sɛ⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ sua⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²³⁻³³ sua⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sa³³/

/ʈ͡ʂan¹³ sa̠³³/

(～市) Changsha (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Hunan, in south-central China)


平原

/pʰiŋ³⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ jyːn²¹/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ɡuan²⁴/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ɡuan²⁴/

/piɪŋ¹³⁻²² ɡuan¹³/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ɡuan²⁴/

/piɪŋ²³⁻³³ ɡuan²³/

/pʰeŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ŋuaŋ⁵⁵/

/pʰeŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ŋueŋ⁵⁵/

/pʰiŋ³⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ jyːn²¹/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ɡuan²⁴/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ɡuan²⁴/

/piɪŋ¹³⁻²² ɡuan¹³/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ɡuan²⁴/

/piɪŋ²³⁻³³ ɡuan²³/

/pʰeŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ŋuaŋ⁵⁵/

/pʰeŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ŋueŋ⁵⁵/

(geography) plain (large area of flat land with no trees); flatland (Classifier: 片 m)


平原

Sino-Xenic (平原):
* → Japanese: 平原(へいげん) (heigen)
* → Korean: 평원(平原) (pyeong'won)
* → Vietnamese: bình nguyên (平原)

/pʰiŋ³⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ jyːn²¹/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ɡuan²⁴/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ɡuan²⁴/

/piɪŋ¹³⁻²² ɡuan¹³/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ɡuan²⁴/

/piɪŋ²³⁻³³ ɡuan²³/

/pʰeŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ŋuaŋ⁵⁵/

/pʰeŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ŋueŋ⁵⁵/

/pʰiŋ³⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ jyːn²¹/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ɡuan²⁴/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ɡuan²⁴/

/piɪŋ¹³⁻²² ɡuan¹³/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ɡuan²⁴/

/piɪŋ²³⁻³³ ɡuan²³/

/pʰeŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ŋuaŋ⁵⁵/

/pʰeŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ŋueŋ⁵⁵/

Pingyuan County
w:Pingyuan County, Shandong

(～縣) Pingyuan County (a county of Shandong, China)

(～省) Pingyuan Province (a former province of China; capital: Xinxiang)


富貴

Sino-Xenic (富貴):
* → Japanese: 富(ふう)貴(き) (fūki)
* → Korean: 부귀(富貴) (bugwi)
* → Vietnamese: phú quý (富貴), phú quí (富貴)

/fu⁵¹⁻⁵³ ku̯eɪ̯⁵¹/

/fuː³³ kʷɐi̯³³/

/fu⁵³⁻⁵⁵ kuɪ⁵³/

/hu²¹⁻⁵³ kui²¹/

/hu⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kui⁴¹/

/hu²¹⁻⁵³ kui²¹/

/hu¹¹⁻⁵³ kui¹¹/

/hu²¹⁻⁴¹ kui²¹/

/pu²¹³⁻⁵⁵ kui²¹³/

/fu⁵¹⁻⁵³ ku̯eɪ̯⁵¹/

/fuː³³ kʷɐi̯³³/

/fu⁵³⁻⁵⁵ kuɪ⁵³/

/hu²¹⁻⁵³ kui²¹/

/hu⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kui⁴¹/

/hu²¹⁻⁵³ kui²¹/

/hu¹¹⁻⁵³ kui¹¹/

/hu²¹⁻⁴¹ kui²¹/

/pu²¹³⁻⁵⁵ kui²¹³/

(～角) Cape Fugui (northernmost point on Taiwan Island)


京闕

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰy̯ɛ⁵¹/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰy̯ɛ⁵¹/


中國大陸

ㄓㄨㄥ ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄉㄚˋ ㄌㄨˋ

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵ tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ lu⁵¹/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³ taːi̯²² lʊk̚²/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ tai³³⁻²¹ liɔk̚⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ tai³³⁻¹¹ liɔk̚⁴/

/toŋ³³⁻²³ kok̚²⁻⁴ tai³⁵⁻¹¹ lek̚⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵ tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ lu⁵¹/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³ taːi̯²² lʊk̚²/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ tai³³⁻²¹ liɔk̚⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ tai³³⁻¹¹ liɔk̚⁴/

/toŋ³³⁻²³ kok̚²⁻⁴ tai³⁵⁻¹¹ lek̚⁴/


陝西

desc

→ English: Shaanxi, Shanxi, Shensi, Xensi

/ʂän²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi⁵⁵/

/siːm³⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/ˈsɛn²¹³⁻¹³ ɕi⁴²/

/sieŋ³³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nɛ⁵⁵/

/ʂän²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi⁵⁵/

/siːm³⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/ˈsɛn²¹³⁻¹³ ɕi⁴²/

/sieŋ³³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nɛ⁵⁵/

From its position west of the Shan Pass in Shanzhou, Henan, through which the Yellow River flows into the North China Plain.

In Shaanxi there are so many different kinds and variations of food made from wheat.

Shǎnxī miànshí de zhǒnglèi hé huāyàng zhēn duō.

陝西麵食的種類和花樣真多。

陕西面食的种类和花样真多。


天津

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ t͡sɵn⁵⁵/

/tʰi̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sin²⁴/

/tʰɛŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ ^((t͡s-))niŋ⁵³³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sin⁴⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sin⁴⁴/

/tʰieŋ³³⁻²³ t͡siŋ³³/

/tʰiaŋ³³⁻²³ t͡siŋ³³/

/tʰi⁵⁵ t͡ɕin²¹/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ t͡sɵn⁵⁵/

/tʰi̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sin²⁴/

/tʰɛŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ ^((t͡s-))niŋ⁵³³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sin⁴⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sin⁴⁴/

/tʰieŋ³³⁻²³ t͡siŋ³³/

/tʰiaŋ³³⁻²³ t͡siŋ³³/

/tʰi⁵⁵ t͡ɕin²¹/

(～市) Tianjin (a direct-administered municipality and major city in northern China)


東邦

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ pɑŋ⁵⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ pɑŋ⁵⁵/


札幌

/ʈ͡ʂä³⁵ xu̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡saːt̚³ fɔːŋ³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂä³⁵ xu̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡saːt̚³ fɔːŋ³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 札(さっ)幌(ぽろ) (Sapporo), from Ainu.

(～市) Sapporo (the capital and largest city of Hokkaido prefecture, Japan)


馬德里

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ tɤ³⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/maː¹³ tɐk̚⁵ lei̯¹³/

/mã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ li⁵⁵⁴/

/mã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ li⁴¹/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ li⁵³/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ li⁵³/

/ma²² təʔ⁵⁵ li²¹/

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ tɤ³⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/maː¹³ tɐk̚⁵ lei̯¹³/

/mã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ li⁵⁵⁴/

/mã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ li⁴¹/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ li⁵³/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ li⁵³/

/ma²² təʔ⁵⁵ li²¹/

Community of Madrid
Community of Madrid#English

autonomous community
autonomous community

(～自治區) Madrid, Community of Madrid (an autonomous community of Spain)


南歐

/nän³⁵ ˀoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/naːm²¹ ɐu̯⁵⁵/

/nän³⁵ ˀoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/naːm²¹ ɐu̯⁵⁵/


新竹

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (新竹):
* → Japanese: 新竹(しんちく) (Shinchiku)
* → Vietnamese: Tân Trúc (新竹)

→ English: Hsinchu, Hsin-chu, Xinzhu

/ɕin⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂu³⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ t͡sʊk̚⁵/

/siŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nøyʔ²⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɪk̚³²/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² tiɔk̚³²/

/ɕin⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂu³⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ t͡sʊk̚⁵/

/siŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nøyʔ²⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɪk̚³²/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² tiɔk̚³²/

From 新 (xīn) + 竹塹 /竹堑 (Zhúqiàn), from the 1878 reform of the administration of Qing-held Taiwan. Hsinchu included the former subprefecture of Tek-kham as well as its surrounding hinterland.

(～市) Hsinchu (a city in northern Taiwan)

(～縣) Hsinchu (a county in northern Taiwan)


澳門

Sino-Xenic (澳門):
* → Korean: 오문(澳門) (Omun)
* → Vietnamese: Áo Môn (澳門)

→ Armenian: Աոմին (Aomin)

→ English: Aomen

→ Japanese: 澳門(アオメン) (Aomen)

→ Korean: 아오먼 (Aomeon)

desc

→ Lü: ᦀᦱᧁᧈᦵᦙᦲᧃᧉ (˙ʼaaw¹moen²)

→ Lü: ᦀᦱᧁᧈᦵᦙᦲᧃᧉ (˙ʼaaw¹moen²)

→ Russian: Аомы́нь (Aomýnʹ), Аомэ́нь (Aomɛ́nʹ)

→ Zhuang: Aumwnz

/ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹ mən³⁵/

/ou̯³³ muːn²¹⁻³⁵/

/au³³ ᵐbᵘɔn²²⁻²²⁵/

/au⁵³⁻⁵⁵ mun¹¹/

/o²¹³⁻⁵⁵ muoŋ⁵³/

/ɒ⁴²⁻⁵⁵ mui¹³/

/ɒ⁴²⁻⁵⁵ muoŋ¹³/

/ɤ²¹⁻⁴¹ mŋ̍²³/

/o¹¹⁻⁵³ mŋ̍²⁴/

/o⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ mŋ̍²⁴/

/o²¹⁻⁵³ mŋ̍²⁴/

/o²¹⁻³³ mui²³/

/o²¹⁻⁵³ muĩ¹³/

/o⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ bun²⁴/

/o²¹³⁻⁵⁵ muŋ⁵⁵/

/ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹ mən³⁵/

/ou̯³³ muːn²¹⁻³⁵/

/au³³ ᵐbᵘɔn²²⁻²²⁵/

/au⁵³⁻⁵⁵ mun¹¹/

/o²¹³⁻⁵⁵ muoŋ⁵³/

/ɒ⁴²⁻⁵⁵ mui¹³/

/ɒ⁴²⁻⁵⁵ muoŋ¹³/

/ɤ²¹⁻⁴¹ mŋ̍²³/

/o¹¹⁻⁵³ mŋ̍²⁴/

/o⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ mŋ̍²⁴/

/o²¹⁻⁵³ mŋ̍²⁴/

/o²¹⁻³³ mui²³/

/o²¹⁻⁵³ muĩ¹³/

/o⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ bun²⁴/

/o²¹³⁻⁵⁵ muŋ⁵⁵/

(Macau): First attested in 陳末議以保海隅萬世治安疏, a memorial to the emperor [1564] by government official Pang Shangpeng (龐尚鵬):
:
Earlier names include 濠鏡澳／濠镜澳 (Háojìng'ào) (蠔鏡澳／蚝镜澳), 濠鏡／濠镜 (Háojìng), 香山澳, etc.

lang

陳末議以保海隅萬世治安疏

陳末議以保海隅萬世治安疏

題為陳末議以保海隅萬世治安

題為陳末議以保海隅萬世治安

zh-l

濠鏡澳／濠镜澳 (Háojìng'ào)

濠鏡／濠镜 (Háojìng)

題為陳末議以保海隅萬世治安 in 皇明經世文編

Guǎngzhōu nán yǒu Xiāngshān xiàn, dì dāng bīn hǎi. Yóu yōngmài zhì Háojìng'ào, jì yīrì zhī chéng, yǒu shān Duìzhì rú tái, yuē nánběi tái. Jí Àomén yě...... Yì zhě yù yú Àomén xiá chù, yòng shí tiánsài, dù fānbó qiánxíng, yǐ gù Xiāngshān ménhù.

廣州南有香山縣，地當瀕海。由雍麥至蠔鏡澳，計一日之程，有山對峙如臺，曰南北臺。即澳門也……議者欲於澳門狹處，用石填塞，杜番舶潛行，以固香山門戶。

題為陳末議以保海隅萬世治安 in 皇明經世文編

广州南有香山县，地当濒海。由雍麦至蚝镜澳，计一日之程，有山对峙如台，曰南北台。即澳门也……议者欲于澳门狭处，用石填塞，杜番舶潜行，以固香山门户。

澳門歷史城區

澳门历史城区

～特別行政區 澳門特別行政區#Chinese

(～特別行政區) Macau, Aomen (a city and special administrative region of China)


伊朗

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (伊朗):
* → Vietnamese: Y Lãng (伊朗)

→ Zhuang: Yihlangj

/i⁵⁵ lɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jiː⁵⁵ lɔːŋ¹³/

/i⁴⁴⁻³⁵ lɔŋ³¹/

/i⁵⁵⁻⁵³ l̃aŋ³³/

/i³³ lɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/i⁴⁴⁻²² lɔŋ⁵³/

/i⁴⁴⁻³³ laŋ⁴⁴/

/i³³⁻²³ laŋ³⁵/

/i⁵⁵ lɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jiː⁵⁵ lɔːŋ¹³/

/i⁴⁴⁻³⁵ lɔŋ³¹/

/i⁵⁵⁻⁵³ l̃aŋ³³/

/i³³ lɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/i⁴⁴⁻²² lɔŋ⁵³/

/i⁴⁴⁻³³ laŋ⁴⁴/

/i³³⁻²³ laŋ³⁵/

Iran (a country in West Asia, in the Middle East)


高麗

Sino-Xenic (高麗):
* → Japanese: 高麗(こうらい) (kōrai)
* → Korean: 고려(高麗) (goryeo)
* → Vietnamese: Cao Li (高麗)

→ Dutch: Korea

→ English: Korea, Gaoli, Kao-li

→ Welsh: Corea

→ French: Corée

→ German: Korea

→ Italian: Corea

→ Lao: ເກົາຫຼີ (kao lī, “Korea”)

→ New Latin: Corea

→ Portuguese: Coreia

→ Russian: Коре́я (Koréja)

→ Spanish: Corea

→ Thai: เกาหลี (gao-lǐi, “Korea”)

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ li³⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ lɐi̯²²/

/ko⁵⁵ l̃ɛ⁵³/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² le²⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² le¹³/

/ko⁴⁴⁻³³ le²⁴/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ le²³/

/kau³³⁻²³ li⁵⁵/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ li³⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ lɐi̯²²/

/ko⁵⁵ l̃ɛ⁵³/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² le²⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² le¹³/

/ko⁴⁴⁻³³ le²⁴/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ le²³/

/kau³³⁻²³ li⁵⁵/

From a shortening of 高句麗／高句丽 (Gāogōulí).

zh-l

高句麗／高句丽 (Gāogōulí)

高麗參

高丽参


安寧

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (安寧):
* → Japanese: 安寧(あんねい) (annei)
* → Korean: 안녕(安寧) (annyeong)
* → Vietnamese: an ninh (安寧)

/ˀän⁵⁵ niŋ³⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ nɪŋ²¹/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/an³³ liɪŋ²⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² liɪŋ¹³/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ liɪŋ²⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ liɪŋ²³/

/aŋ³³⁻²³ leŋ⁵⁵/

/ø⁵⁵ n̠ʲin²¹/

/ˀän⁵⁵ niŋ³⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ nɪŋ²¹/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/an³³ liɪŋ²⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² liɪŋ¹³/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ liɪŋ²⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ liɪŋ²³/

/aŋ³³⁻²³ leŋ⁵⁵/

/ø⁵⁵ n̠ʲin²¹/


羅馬

/lu̯ɔ³⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lɔː²¹ maː¹³/

/l̃o⁵³⁻³³ ma³³/

/lo²⁴⁻²² mã⁵³/

/lo²⁴⁻²² mã⁵⁵⁴/

/lo¹³⁻²² mã⁵³/

/lo²⁴⁻¹¹ mã⁵³/

/lɤ²³⁻³³ mã⁴¹/

/lu̯ɔ³⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lɔː²¹ maː¹³/

/l̃o⁵³⁻³³ ma³³/

/lo²⁴⁻²² mã⁵³/

/lo²⁴⁻²² mã⁵⁵⁴/

/lo¹³⁻²² mã⁵³/

/lo²⁴⁻¹¹ mã⁵³/

/lɤ²³⁻³³ mã⁴¹/

Borrowed from Italian Roma (“Rome”) or Latin Roma (“Rome”). Possible doublet of 拂菻 (Fúlǐn) (see page for details).
Attested as 羅瑪／罗玛 in 16th and 17th century works, although Kunyu Wanguo Quantu [1602] has 羅馬 /罗马.


羅馬尼亞

ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄇㄚˇ ㄋㄧˊ ㄧㄚˋ

ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄇㄚˇ ㄋㄧˊ ㄧㄚˇ

/lu̯ɔ³⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ni³⁵ jä⁵¹/

/lu̯ɔ³⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ni³⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lɔː²¹ maː¹³ nei̯²¹ aː³³/

/lo¹¹ ma⁴⁴⁻³⁵ ni¹¹ a⁵³/

/lo²⁴⁻²² mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nĩ²⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/lo²⁴⁻²² mã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ nĩ²⁴⁻²² a³³/

/lo¹³⁻²² mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nĩ¹³⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/lo²⁴⁻¹¹ mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nĩ²⁴⁻¹¹ a⁴⁴/

/lɤ²³⁻³³ mã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ nĩ²³⁻³³ a⁴⁴/

/lu²² ma⁵⁵ n̠ʲi³³ ia²¹/

/lu̯ɔ³⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ni³⁵ jä⁵¹/

/lu̯ɔ³⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ni³⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lɔː²¹ maː¹³ nei̯²¹ aː³³/

/lo¹¹ ma⁴⁴⁻³⁵ ni¹¹ a⁵³/

/lo²⁴⁻²² mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nĩ²⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/lo²⁴⁻²² mã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ nĩ²⁴⁻²² a³³/

/lo¹³⁻²² mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nĩ¹³⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/lo²⁴⁻¹¹ mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nĩ²⁴⁻¹¹ a⁴⁴/

/lɤ²³⁻³³ mã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ nĩ²³⁻³³ a⁴⁴/

/lu²² ma⁵⁵ n̠ʲi³³ ia²¹/

1891, 薛福成 [Xue Fucheng], 出使英法義比四國日記, volume 6, page 48:

Guāngxù chūnián, É Tǔ jiāobīng, dài lìyuē yìhé, érén lèlìng tǔrén lì Luómǎníyà wéi zìzhǔ zhī guó, bìng gē shù dì yǐ fùyì zhī. Jīn Luómǎníyà qiǎn shǐ fēn zhù gè bāng, yǎnrán zìlì, qiě qí dì jiào Dānmǎ, Bǐlìshí zhū guó wéi dà. Rán sù qí yuānyuán, shí gǔ Luómǎ zhī yíyì yě; qí tǔsú, zé gǔ Luómǎ zhī yífēng yě.

光緒初年，俄土交兵，迨立約議和，俄人勒令土人立羅馬尼亞為自主之國，并割數地以附益之。今羅馬尼亞遣使分駐各邦，儼然自立，且其地較丹馬、比利時諸國為大。然溯其淵源，實古羅馬之遺裔也；其土俗，則古羅馬之遺風也。

光绪初年，俄土交兵，迨立约议和，俄人勒令土人立罗马尼亚为自主之国，并割数地以附益之。今罗马尼亚遣使分驻各邦，俨然自立，且其地较丹马、比利时诸国为大。然溯其渊源，实古罗马之遗裔也；其土俗，则古罗马之遗风也。


新疆

Sino-Xenic (新疆):
* → Japanese: 新(しん)疆(きょう) (Shinkyō)
* → Korean: 신강(新疆) (Sin'gang)
* → Vietnamese: Tân Cương (新疆)

desc

→ English: Xinjiang, Sinkiang, Hsin-chiang

→ Kazakh: Шынжаң (Şynjañ), شىنجاڭ (xinjyang)

→ Mongolian: ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠶᠠᠩ (sinǰiyang), Шиньжян (Šinʹžjan)

→ Russian: Синьцзя́н (Sinʹczján)

→ Nuosu: ꑟꏦ (xi jie)

→ Tatar: Шеңҗан (Şeñcan)

→ Turkish: Sincan

→ Uyghur: شىنجاڭ (shinjang), Шинҗаң (Shinjang)

→ Written Oirat: ᠱᡅᠨᡓᡅᡕᠠᡊ (šinǰiyang)

→ Zhuang: Sinhgyangh

→ Yakut: Синдьээҥ (Sinjeeñ)

/ɕin⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ kœːŋ⁵⁵/

/ˈɕin⁴² t͡ɕiɔŋ⁴²/

/sin²⁴⁻¹¹ ki̯oŋ²⁴/

/siŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋyoŋ⁵⁵/

/ɬiŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ kyɒŋ⁵³³/

/ɬiŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ kyøŋ⁵³³/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² kiaŋ⁴⁴/

/siŋ³³⁻²³ kiaŋ³³/

/ɕin⁵⁵ t͡ɕiã²¹/

/ɕin⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ kœːŋ⁵⁵/

/ˈɕin⁴² t͡ɕiɔŋ⁴²/

/sin²⁴⁻¹¹ ki̯oŋ²⁴/

/siŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋyoŋ⁵⁵/

/ɬiŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ kyɒŋ⁵³³/

/ɬiŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ kyøŋ⁵³³/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² kiaŋ⁴⁴/

/siŋ³³⁻²³ kiaŋ³³/

/ɕin⁵⁵ t͡ɕiã²¹/

Daoguang Emperor
Jiaqing
Jinchuan County
Qianlong
Southern Song

Originally a general term for newly acquired territories, used since the Southern Song dynasty. In the Qing dynasty, various non-Han-inhabited territories were referred to as 新疆, including southwestern and western Guizhou, Wumeng (烏蒙／乌蒙, modern-day Zhaotong, Yunnan), Jinchuan (金川), and the region now known as Xinjiang. 疆 (jiāng) denotes the region was inhabited by non-Han ethnicities.
The first instance of a Qing emperor referring to the region now known as Xinjiang as 新疆 is found in the foreword of 欽定新疆識略 written by the Daoguang Emperor in 1821. Prior to that, the region was referred to as 西域 (Xīyù, literally “Western Regions”), a term used since the Han dynasty (Li, 1981). In 大清一統志 published during the eras of Qianlong and Jiaqing, the region was referred to as 西域新疆. Furthermore, during the era of Qianlong, northern Xinjiang or Dzungaria was referred to as 準疆／准疆 and 準部／准部, among other names, while southern Xinjiang or Altishahr was referred to as 回疆 (Huíjiāng) and 回部 (Huíbù).

1877, Zuo Zongtang, 統籌新疆全局疏; quoted in 羅正鈞, editor, 左文襄公年譜, volume 8, 1897, page 24:

Thus, attaching importance to Xinjiang is the way to safeguard Mongolia, and safeguarding Mongolia is the way to defend the capital.

Shìgù zhòng Xīnjiāng zhě suǒyǐ bǎo Ménggǔ, bǎo Ménggǔ zhě suǒyǐ wèi Jīngshī.

是故重新疆者所以保蒙古，保蒙古者所以衛京師。

是故重新疆者所以保蒙古，保蒙古者所以卫京师。

～維吾爾自治區 新疆維吾爾自治區#Chinese

(～維吾爾自治區, formerly ～省) Xinjiang (a Uygur autonomous region and former province in far western China; capital: Ürümqi)


阿富汗

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (阿富汗):
* → Vietnamese: A Phú Hãn (阿富汗)

/ˀä⁵⁵ fu⁵¹⁻⁵³ xän⁵¹/

/aː³³ fuː³³ hɔːn²²/

/ɔː⁵⁵ fuː³³ hɔːn²²/

/a²⁴⁻¹¹ fu⁵⁵ hon⁵⁵/

/o⁵⁵⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾u²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ɑŋ²⁴²/

/a³³ hu⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ han⁴¹/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² hu²¹⁻⁵³ han²²/

/a⁵⁵ fu³³ ɦø²¹/

/ˀä⁵⁵ fu⁵¹⁻⁵³ xän⁵¹/

/aː³³ fuː³³ hɔːn²²/

/ɔː⁵⁵ fuː³³ hɔːn²²/

/a²⁴⁻¹¹ fu⁵⁵ hon⁵⁵/

/o⁵⁵⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾u²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ɑŋ²⁴²/

/a³³ hu⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ han⁴¹/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² hu²¹⁻⁵³ han²²/

/a⁵⁵ fu³³ ɦø²¹/

Afghanistan (Afuhan), is [also transcribed as] Aiwuhan. This country borders Bukhara to its north, Balochistan to its south, India to its east, and Persia to its west. It spans more than two thousand li from east to west.

1929, Zhao Erxun (lead editor), Draft History of Qing

Āfùhàn, jí Àiwūhǎn. Qí guó běi jiè Bùhā'ěr, nán jiè Bǐlùzhī, dōng jiè Yìndù, xī jiè Bōsī, dōngxī èrqiān yú lǐ.

阿富汗，即愛烏罕。其國北界布哈爾，南界俾路支，東界印度，西界波斯，東西二千餘里。

阿富汗，即爱乌罕。其国北界布哈尔，南界俾路支，东界印度，西界波斯，东西二千余里。

Afghanistan (A landlocked country between Central Asia and South Asia)


岡比亞

/kɑŋ⁵⁵ pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ jä⁵¹/

/kɑŋ⁵⁵ pi²¹⁴⁻³⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ pei̯³⁵ aː³³/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ a⁴⁴/

/kaŋ³³ pi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ a³³/

/kɑŋ⁵⁵ pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ jä⁵¹/

/kɑŋ⁵⁵ pi²¹⁴⁻³⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ pei̯³⁵ aː³³/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ a⁴⁴/

/kaŋ³³ pi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ a³³/

(Mainland China) Gambia (a country in West Africa)


伽倻

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ jɛ⁵⁵/

/kaː⁵⁵ jɛː²¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ jɛ⁵⁵/

/kaː⁵⁵ jɛː²¹/

(historical) Gaya (ancient confederacy in Korea)


津巴布韋

ㄐㄧㄣ ㄅㄚ ㄅㄨˋ ㄨㄟˊ

Цзиньбабувэй

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ pä⁵⁵ pu⁵¹ weɪ̯³⁵/

/t͡sɵn⁵⁵ paː⁵⁵ pou̯³³ wɐi̯²¹/

/t͡sɵn⁵⁵ paː⁵⁵ pou̯³³ wɐi̯¹³/

/t͡sin⁴⁴⁻²² pa⁴⁴⁻²² pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ ui²⁴/

/tin³³ pa³³ pɔ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ui²⁴/

/t͡sin⁴⁴⁻²² pa⁴⁴⁻²² pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ ui⁵³/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ pä⁵⁵ pu⁵¹ weɪ̯³⁵/

/t͡sɵn⁵⁵ paː⁵⁵ pou̯³³ wɐi̯²¹/

/t͡sɵn⁵⁵ paː⁵⁵ pou̯³³ wɐi̯¹³/

/t͡sin⁴⁴⁻²² pa⁴⁴⁻²² pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ ui²⁴/

/tin³³ pa³³ pɔ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ui²⁴/

/t͡sin⁴⁴⁻²² pa⁴⁴⁻²² pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ ui⁵³/

(Mainland China, Hong Kong) Zimbabwe (a country in Southern Africa)


辛巴威

/ɕin⁵⁵ pä⁵⁵ weɪ̯⁵⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ paː⁵⁵ wɐi̯⁵⁵/

/ɕin⁵⁵ pä⁵⁵ weɪ̯⁵⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ paː⁵⁵ wɐi̯⁵⁵/


國務院

/ku̯ɔ³⁵ u⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɥɛn⁵¹/

/kʷɔːk̚³ mou̯²² jyːn²²⁻³⁵/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ bu²²⁻²¹ ĩ²²/

/kɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ bu⁴¹⁻²² ĩ⁴¹/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁵ bu²²⁻²¹ ĩ²²/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ bu³³⁻¹¹ ĩ³³/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ bu³³⁻²¹ ĩ³³/

/ku̯ɔ³⁵ u⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɥɛn⁵¹/

/kʷɔːk̚³ mou̯²² jyːn²²⁻³⁵/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ bu²²⁻²¹ ĩ²²/

/kɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ bu⁴¹⁻²² ĩ⁴¹/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁵ bu²²⁻²¹ ĩ²²/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ bu³³⁻¹¹ ĩ³³/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ bu³³⁻²¹ ĩ³³/

國務院部署

国务院部署

State Council of the People's Republic of China


密西西比河

ㄇㄧˋ ㄒㄧ ㄒㄧ ㄅㄧˇ ㄏㄜˊ

/mi⁵¹ ɕi⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵ pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ xɤ³⁵/

/mɐt̚² sɐi̯⁵⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵ pei̯³⁵ hɔː²¹/

/mi⁵¹ ɕi⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵ pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ xɤ³⁵/

/mɐt̚² sɐi̯⁵⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵ pei̯³⁵ hɔː²¹/


摩洛哥

/mu̯ɔ³⁵ lu̯ɔ⁵¹ kɤ⁵⁵/

/mɔː⁵⁵ lɔːk̚³ kɔː⁵⁵/

/mɔː⁵⁵ lɔːk̚² kɔː⁵⁵/

/mɔ̃²⁴⁻²² lɔk̚⁴⁻³² ko⁴⁴/

/mɔ̃²⁴⁻²² lɔk̚²⁴⁻² ko³³/

/mɔ̃¹³⁻²² lɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ ko⁴⁴/

/mɔ̃²⁴⁻¹¹ lɔk̚⁴⁻³² ko⁴⁴/

/mɔ̃²³⁻³³ lɔk̚⁴⁻³² kɤ⁴⁴/

/mu̯ɔ³⁵ lu̯ɔ⁵¹ kɤ⁵⁵/

/mɔː⁵⁵ lɔːk̚³ kɔː⁵⁵/

/mɔː⁵⁵ lɔːk̚² kɔː⁵⁵/

/mɔ̃²⁴⁻²² lɔk̚⁴⁻³² ko⁴⁴/

/mɔ̃²⁴⁻²² lɔk̚²⁴⁻² ko³³/

/mɔ̃¹³⁻²² lɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ ko⁴⁴/

/mɔ̃²⁴⁻¹¹ lɔk̚⁴⁻³² ko⁴⁴/

/mɔ̃²³⁻³³ lɔk̚⁴⁻³² kɤ⁴⁴/


密西西比

ㄇㄧˋ ㄒㄧ ㄒㄧ ㄅㄧˇ

/mi⁵¹ ɕi⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵ pi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mɐt̚² sɐi̯⁵⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵ pei̯³⁵/

/mi⁵¹ ɕi⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵ pi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mɐt̚² sɐi̯⁵⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵ pei̯³⁵/

From English Mississippi, from Ojibwe misi-ziibi (“great river”).

(～州) Mississippi (a state of the United States)


奈及利亞

ㄋㄞˋ ㄐㄧˊ ㄌㄧˋ ㄧㄚˋ

ㄋㄞˋ ㄐㄧˊ ㄌㄧˋ ㄧㄚˇ

/naɪ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕi³⁵ li⁵¹⁻⁵³ jä⁵¹/

/naɪ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕi³⁵ li⁵¹ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/nɔːi̯²² kʰɐp̚² lei̯²² aː³³/

/nãi³³⁻¹¹ kip̚⁴⁻³² li³³⁻¹¹ a⁴⁴/

/nãi³³⁻²¹ kip̚⁴⁻³² li³³⁻²¹ a⁴⁴/

/naɪ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕi³⁵ li⁵¹⁻⁵³ jä⁵¹/

/naɪ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕi³⁵ li⁵¹ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/nɔːi̯²² kʰɐp̚² lei̯²² aː³³/

/nãi³³⁻¹¹ kip̚⁴⁻³² li³³⁻¹¹ a⁴⁴/

/nãi³³⁻²¹ kip̚⁴⁻³² li³³⁻²¹ a⁴⁴/

(Taiwan) Nigeria (a country in West Africa, south of the country of Niger)


尼日利亞

ㄋㄧˊ ㄖˋ ㄌㄧˋ ㄧㄚˋ

ㄋㄧˊ ㄖˋ ㄌㄧˋ ㄧㄚˇ

/ni³⁵ ʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹⁻⁵³ jä⁵¹/

/ni³⁵ ʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/nei̯²¹ jɐt̚² lei̯²² aː³³/

/ni¹¹ ŋit̚¹ li⁵³⁻⁵⁵ a⁵³/

/nĩ²⁴⁻²² lit̚²⁴⁻² li⁴¹⁻²² a³³/

/nĩ²⁴⁻²² lit̚⁴⁻³² li²²⁻²¹ a⁴⁴/

/nĩ¹³⁻²² d͡zit̚¹²¹⁻²¹ li²²⁻²¹ a⁴⁴/

/ni³⁵ ʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹⁻⁵³ jä⁵¹/

/ni³⁵ ʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/nei̯²¹ jɐt̚² lei̯²² aː³³/

/ni¹¹ ŋit̚¹ li⁵³⁻⁵⁵ a⁵³/

/nĩ²⁴⁻²² lit̚²⁴⁻² li⁴¹⁻²² a³³/

/nĩ²⁴⁻²² lit̚⁴⁻³² li²²⁻²¹ a⁴⁴/

/nĩ¹³⁻²² d͡zit̚¹²¹⁻²¹ li²²⁻²¹ a⁴⁴/

(Mainland China, Hong Kong) Nigeria (a country in West Africa, south of the country of Niger)


平地

/pʰiŋ³⁵ ti⁵¹/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ tei̯²²/

/pʰi̯aŋ¹¹ tʰi⁵⁵/

/piɪŋ²³⁻³³ te³³/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² te²²/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² te⁴¹/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ tue³³/

/pẽ²³⁻³³ te³³/

/pɛ̃¹³⁻²² te²²/

/pĩ²⁴⁻¹¹ tue³³/

/pĩ²⁴⁻²² tue⁴¹/

/pĩ²⁴⁻²² tue²²/

/pẽ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ti¹¹/

/pʰiŋ³⁵ ti⁵¹/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ tei̯²²/

/pʰi̯aŋ¹¹ tʰi⁵⁵/

/piɪŋ²³⁻³³ te³³/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² te²²/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² te⁴¹/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ tue³³/

/pẽ²³⁻³³ te³³/

/pɛ̃¹³⁻²² te²²/

/pĩ²⁴⁻¹¹ tue³³/

/pĩ²⁴⁻²² tue⁴¹/

/pĩ²⁴⁻²² tue²²/

/pẽ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ti¹¹/


山川

/ʂän⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/san²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰon²⁴/

/ʂän⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/san²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰon²⁴/

It is just as if, above, the brightness of the sun and moon were darkened; as if, beneath, the productive vigour of the hills and streams were dried up; and as if, between, the operation of the four seasons were brought to an end: in which case there would not be a single weak and wriggling insect, nor any plant that grows up, which would not lose its proper nature.

Zhuangzi, circa 3ʳᵈ – 2ⁿᵈ centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

Gù shàng bèi rìyuè zhī míng, xià shuò shānchuān zhī jīng, zhōng duò sìshí zhī shī, zhuìnuò zhī chóng, xiàoqiào zhī wù, mòbù shī qí xìng.

故上悖日月之明，下爍山川之精，中墮四時之施，惴耎之蟲，肖翹之物，莫不失其性。

故上悖日月之明，下烁山川之精，中堕四时之施，惴耎之虫，肖翘之物，莫不失其性。


東歐

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ ˀoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ ɐu̯⁵⁵/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² au⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² au⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ au⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ au⁴⁴/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ ˀoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ ɐu̯⁵⁵/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² au⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² au⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ au⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ au⁴⁴/

Eastern Europe (a geographical region of Europe)


TG

Possible sources:
* Initialism of 土共 (tǔgòng).
* From the emblem of the Communist Party of China. The Latin letters T and G resemble the hammer and the sickle, respectively.

(Internet slang) Communist Party of China


渤海

Sino-Xenic (渤海):
* → Japanese: 渤海(ぼっかい) (Bokkai)
* → Korean: 발해(渤海) (Balhae)
* → Vietnamese: Bột Hải (渤海)

/pu̯ɔ³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/puːt̚² hɔːi̯³⁵/

/pu̯ɔ³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/puːt̚² hɔːi̯³⁵/


死海

/sz̩²¹⁴⁻³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sei̯³⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/sz̩²¹⁴⁻³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sei̯³⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵/

Dead Sea (a highly saline lake in Israel, Palestine and Jordan)


洛水

/lu̯ɔ⁵¹ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lɔːk̚³ sɵy̯³⁵/

/lɔːk̚² sɵy̯³⁵/

/lu̯ɔ⁵¹ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lɔːk̚³ sɵy̯³⁵/

/lɔːk̚² sɵy̯³⁵/

Luo River (a tributary of the Yellow River)


淡水

→ English: Tamsui, Tan-shui

/tän⁵¹ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰaːm¹³ sɵy̯³⁵/

/tã³⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sui⁵²/

/tän⁵¹ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰaːm¹³ sɵy̯³⁵/

/tã³⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sui⁵²/

/taːm²² sɵy̯³⁵/

/tän⁵¹ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/taːm²² sɵy̯³⁵/

(～河) Tamsui (a river in northern Taiwan)


溫州

/wən⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/wɐn⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/vun²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡su²⁴/

/un⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/un⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/un⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/un⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/uŋ³³⁻²³ t͡siu³³/

/uən⁵⁵ t͡sɤ²¹/

/wən⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/wɐn⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/vun²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡su²⁴/

/un⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/un⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/un⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/un⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/uŋ³³⁻²³ t͡siu³³/

/uən⁵⁵ t͡sɤ²¹/

(～市) Wenzhou (a prefecture-level city in Zhejiang, in southeastern China)


恆河

/xɤŋ³⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/hɐŋ²¹ hɔː²¹/

/hiɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ho²⁴/

/hiɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ho²⁴/

/hiɪŋ¹³⁻²² ho¹³/

/hiɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ho²⁴/

/hiɪŋ²³⁻³³ hɤ²³/

/xɤŋ³⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/hɐŋ²¹ hɔː²¹/

/hiɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ho²⁴/

/hiɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ho²⁴/

/hiɪŋ¹³⁻²² ho¹³/

/hiɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ho²⁴/

/hiɪŋ²³⁻³³ hɤ²³/

恆 is short for 恆伽 (MC hong gja), from Sanskrit गङ्गा (gaṅgā, “Ganges”).


奉行

/fɤŋ⁵¹ ɕiŋ³⁵/

/fʊŋ²² hɐŋ²¹/

/fuŋ⁵⁵ haŋ¹¹/

/hɔŋ²² hiɪŋ²⁴/

/hɔŋ³³⁻²¹ hiɪŋ²³/

/hɔŋ²²⁻²¹ hiɪŋ¹³/

/hɔŋ²²⁻²¹ hiɪŋ²⁴/

/hɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ hiɪŋ²⁴/

/fɤŋ⁵¹ ɕiŋ³⁵/

/fʊŋ²² hɐŋ²¹/

/fuŋ⁵⁵ haŋ¹¹/

/hɔŋ²² hiɪŋ²⁴/

/hɔŋ³³⁻²¹ hiɪŋ²³/

/hɔŋ²²⁻²¹ hiɪŋ¹³/

/hɔŋ²²⁻²¹ hiɪŋ²⁴/

/hɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ hiɪŋ²⁴/

(historical) bugyō (title assigned to samurai officials of the Tokugawa government in feudal Japan)


德州

→ English: Dezhou, Te-chou

/tɤ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/tɐk̚⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/tɤ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/tɐk̚⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

(～市) Dezhou (a prefecture-level city in Shandong, China)


德州

/tɤ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/tɐk̚⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/tɤ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/tɐk̚⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

Short for 德克薩斯州／德克萨斯州 (Dékèsàsī Zhōu, “State of Texas”).


黃旗

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/wɔːŋ²¹ kʰei̯²¹/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻²² ki²⁴/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻²² ki²⁴/

/ŋ̍¹³⁻²² ki¹³/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ ki²⁴/

/ŋ̍²³⁻³³ ki²³/

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/wɔːŋ²¹ kʰei̯²¹/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻²² ki²⁴/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻²² ki²⁴/

/ŋ̍¹³⁻²² ki¹³/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ ki²⁴/

/ŋ̍²³⁻³³ ki²³/

(archaic) a yellow banner (used by the military in ancient times)

(Hong Kong) a yellow banner used by the police: "Police Cordon, Do Not Cross / 警察封鎖線，不得越過"

(Hong Kong) a yellow banner used by the police: "Police Warning: You are in breach of the law. You may be prosecuted. / 警察警告：你現在違反法例 你可能被檢控"


黃旗

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/wɔːŋ²¹ kʰei̯²¹/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻²² ki²⁴/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻²² ki²⁴/

/ŋ̍¹³⁻²² ki¹³/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ ki²⁴/

/ŋ̍²³⁻³³ ki²³/

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/wɔːŋ²¹ kʰei̯²¹/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻²² ki²⁴/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻²² ki²⁴/

/ŋ̍¹³⁻²² ki¹³/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ ki²⁴/

/ŋ̍²³⁻³³ ki²³/


大南

/tä⁵¹ nän³⁵/

/tä⁵¹ nän³⁵/

(chiefly Hong Kong, dated) Da Nang (a city in Vietnam)


挪威

/nu̯ɔ³⁵ weɪ̯⁵⁵/

/nɔː²¹ wɐi̯⁵⁵/

/nˡo⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ui⁵⁵/

/nɔ̃²⁴⁻²² ui⁴⁴/

/nɔ̃²⁴⁻²² ui³³/

/nɔ̃¹³⁻²² ui⁴⁴/

/nɔ̃²⁴⁻¹¹ ui⁴⁴/

/nɔ̃²³⁻³³ ui⁴⁴/

/no⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ui³³/

/nu̯ɔ³⁵ weɪ̯⁵⁵/

/nɔː²¹ wɐi̯⁵⁵/

/nˡo⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ui⁵⁵/

/nɔ̃²⁴⁻²² ui⁴⁴/

/nɔ̃²⁴⁻²² ui³³/

/nɔ̃¹³⁻²² ui⁴⁴/

/nɔ̃²⁴⁻¹¹ ui⁴⁴/

/nɔ̃²³⁻³³ ui⁴⁴/

/no⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ui³³/


中東

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡suŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ tuŋ²⁴/

/tyŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nøyŋ⁵⁵/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² taŋ⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ³³ taŋ³³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² taŋ⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ taŋ⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ taŋ⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡suŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ tuŋ²⁴/

/tyŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nøyŋ⁵⁵/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² taŋ⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ³³ taŋ³³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² taŋ⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ taŋ⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ taŋ⁴⁴/

Middle East (region comprising Western Asia without the South Caucasus and additionally including all of Egypt and all of Turkey)


江東

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kɑ̃⁵⁵ toŋ²¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kɑ̃⁵⁵ toŋ²¹/

(～區) Gangdong (a district of Seoul, South Korea)


本州

/pən²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/puːn³⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/pun⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡siu³³/

/pən²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/puːn³⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/pun⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡siu³³/


米國

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 米国(べいこく) (Beikoku, “America (the country)”).

ja-r

/mi²¹⁴⁻²¹ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/mɐi̯¹³ kʷɔːk̚³/

/bi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kɔk̚³²/

/bi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kɔk̚⁵/

/bi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kɔk̚³²/

/bi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kɔk̚³²/

/bi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kɔk̚³²/

/mi²¹⁴⁻²¹ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/mɐi̯¹³ kʷɔːk̚³/

/bi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kɔk̚³²/

/bi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kɔk̚⁵/

/bi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kɔk̚³²/

/bi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kɔk̚³²/

/bi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kɔk̚³²/

The Republican [sic] U.S. Congressman Weiner was going to begin an election campaign to run for the mayor of New York, but unintentionally, he sent a link to a photo of his erected penis - which was only meant to be seen by a woman who maintains unclear relationship with him on the Internet - on Twitter. Then “tragedy happened (to him)”.

2011: 米国议员Weiner玩微博引发的杯具

Mǐguó Gònghédǎng Yìyuán Weiner zhǔnbèi cānjiā Niǔyuē shìcháng jìngxuǎn, bùxiǎoxīn bǎ yī zhāng bóqǐ de zìpāizhào zài Twitter shàng gěi qúnfā le — yuánběn shì yào dāndú fā gěi yī ge wéichí zhe wǎngluò àimèi guānxì de nǚrén, jiéguǒ tā jiù bēijù le.

米國共和黨議員Weiner準備參加紐約市長競選，不小心把一張BO起的自拍照在Twitter上給群發了——原本是要單獨發給一個維持著網絡曖昧關係的女人，結果他就杯具了。

2011: 米国议员Weiner玩微博引发的杯具

米国共和党议员Weiner准备参加纽约市长竞选，不小心把一张BO起的自拍照在Twitter上给群发了——原本是要单独发给一个维持着网络暧昧关系的女人，结果他就杯具了。

United States of America
United States of America

(Taiwanese Hokkien, Taiwanese Hakka, rare, of Northeastern Mandarin, Internet slang, often humorous) the United States of America


格魯吉亞

ㄍㄜˊ ㄌㄨˇ ㄐㄧˊ ㄧㄚˋ

/kɤ³⁵ lu²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi³⁵ jä⁵¹/

/kaːk̚³ lou̯¹³ kɐt̚⁵ aː³³/

/kiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ lɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kiɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ a³³/

/kiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ lɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ a⁴⁴/

/kiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ lɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kit̚³²⁻⁵ a⁴⁴/

/kaʔ³³ lu⁵⁵ t͡ɕiɪʔ³³ ia²¹/

/kɤ³⁵ lu²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi³⁵ jä⁵¹/

/kaːk̚³ lou̯¹³ kɐt̚⁵ aː³³/

/kiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ lɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kiɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ a³³/

/kiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ lɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ a⁴⁴/

/kiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ lɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kit̚³²⁻⁵ a⁴⁴/

/kaʔ³³ lu⁵⁵ t͡ɕiɪʔ³³ ia²¹/

Borrowed from Russian Гру́зия (Grúzija).

(Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau) Georgia (A transcontinental country in the Caucasus region of Europe and Asia, on the coast of the Black Sea, often considered to belong politically to Europe)


尼加拉瓜

ㄋㄧˊ ㄐㄧㄚ ㄌㄚ ㄍㄨㄚ

/ni³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ lä⁵⁵ ku̯ä⁵⁵/

/nei̯²¹ kaː⁵⁵ laːi̯⁵⁵ kʷaː⁵⁵/

/ni¹¹ ka²⁴⁻¹¹ la²⁴⁻¹¹ ku̯a²⁴/

/nĩ²⁴⁻²² ka³³ la³³ kua³³/

/nĩ²⁴⁻²² ka⁴⁴⁻²² la⁴⁴⁻²² kua⁴⁴/

/nĩ¹³⁻²² kɛ⁴⁴⁻²² la⁴⁴⁻²² kua⁴⁴/

/nĩ²⁴⁻¹¹ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ la⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kua⁴⁴/

/nĩ²³⁻³³ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ la⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kua⁴⁴/

/ni³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ lä⁵⁵ ku̯ä⁵⁵/

/nei̯²¹ kaː⁵⁵ laːi̯⁵⁵ kʷaː⁵⁵/

/ni¹¹ ka²⁴⁻¹¹ la²⁴⁻¹¹ ku̯a²⁴/

/nĩ²⁴⁻²² ka³³ la³³ kua³³/

/nĩ²⁴⁻²² ka⁴⁴⁻²² la⁴⁴⁻²² kua⁴⁴/

/nĩ¹³⁻²² kɛ⁴⁴⁻²² la⁴⁴⁻²² kua⁴⁴/

/nĩ²⁴⁻¹¹ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ la⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kua⁴⁴/

/nĩ²³⁻³³ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ la⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kua⁴⁴/

Nicaragua (a country in Central America)


英國

→ Central Bai: Yenx‧guaif

⇒ Manchu: ᠶᡝᠩ
ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ (yeng gurun)

→ Zhuang: Yinghgoz

/iŋ⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/jɪŋ⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³/

/in⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kuɛt̚¹/

/iŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋuɔʔ²⁴/

/iŋ⁵³³⁻¹³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɒʔ¹/

/iŋ⁵³³⁻¹³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɒʔ²/

/iɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/iɪŋ³³ kɔk̚⁵/

/iɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/iɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

/iɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

/eŋ³³⁻²³ kok̚²/

/iŋ⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/jɪŋ⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³/

/in⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kuɛt̚¹/

/iŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋuɔʔ²⁴/

/iŋ⁵³³⁻¹³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɒʔ¹/

/iŋ⁵³³⁻¹³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɒʔ²/

/iɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/iɪŋ³³ kɔk̚⁵/

/iɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/iɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

/iɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

/eŋ³³⁻²³ kok̚²/

大不列顛及北愛爾蘭聯合王國

Dà-Bùlièdiān jí Běi-Ài'ěrlán Liánhé Wángguó

Meronyms: 英格蘭 /英格兰 (Yīnggélán), (dated) 英吉利 (Yīngjílì), (dated) 英倫 /英伦 (Yīnglún), 蘇格蘭 /苏格兰 (Sūgélán), (chiefly Taiwan and Hong Kong) 威爾斯 /威尔斯 (Wēi'ěrsī), 威爾士 /威尔士 (Wēi'ěrshì)

The River Thames is the second longest river in the UK.

Tàiwùshìhé shì Yīngguó dì'èr cháng de héliú.

泰晤士河是英國第二長的河流。

泰晤士河是英国第二长的河流。

On what authority can the British government interfere?

英國政府憑什麼要干涉？

英国政府凭什么要干涉？


加利西亞

ㄐㄧㄚ ㄌㄧˋ ㄒㄧ ㄧㄚˋ

ㄐㄧㄚ ㄌㄧˋ ㄒㄧ ㄧㄚˇ

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ li⁵¹ ɕi⁵⁵ jä⁵¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ li⁵¹ ɕi⁵⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kaː⁵⁵ lei̯²² sɐi̯⁵⁵ aː³³/

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ li⁵¹ ɕi⁵⁵ jä⁵¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ li⁵¹ ɕi⁵⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kaː⁵⁵ lei̯²² sɐi̯⁵⁵ aː³³/

(～自治區) Galicia (an autonomous community of Spain)


赫爾辛基

ㄏㄜˋ ㄦˇ ㄒㄧㄣ ㄐㄧ

/xɤ⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕin⁵⁵ t͡ɕi⁵⁵/

/haːk̚⁵ jiː¹³ sɐn⁵⁵ kei̯⁵⁵/

/hiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ nĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sin³³ ki³³/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sin⁴⁴⁻²² ki⁴⁴/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ d͡zĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sin⁴⁴⁻²² ki⁴⁴/

/həʔ³³ ɦəl⁵⁵ ɕin³³ t͡ɕi²¹/

/xɤ⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕin⁵⁵ t͡ɕi⁵⁵/

/haːk̚⁵ jiː¹³ sɐn⁵⁵ kei̯⁵⁵/

/hiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ nĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sin³³ ki³³/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sin⁴⁴⁻²² ki⁴⁴/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ d͡zĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sin⁴⁴⁻²² ki⁴⁴/

/həʔ³³ ɦəl⁵⁵ ɕin³³ t͡ɕi²¹/

Helsinki (a city, the capital city of Finland)


福州

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (福州):
* → Japanese: 福(ふく)州(しゅう) (Fukushū)
* → Korean: 복주(福州) (Bokju)
* → Vietnamese: Phúc Châu (福州)

desc

→ English: Foochow, Fuchow, Fujhou, Fuzhou, Hokchew, Hockchew, Hokchiu

→ Korean: 푸저우 (Pujeou)

→ Russian: Фучжо́у (Fučžóu)

→ Zhuang: Fuzcouh

→ Spanish: Focheu, Fucheu

/fu³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/fʊk̚⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/huʔ²⁴⁻²¹ t͡sieu⁵⁵/

/hɒʔ¹⁻⁴⁵ t͡siu⁵³³/

/hɒʔ²⁻²⁴ t͡siu⁵³³/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ t͡siu³³/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁵ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/foʔ³³ t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

/fu³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/fʊk̚⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/huʔ²⁴⁻²¹ t͡sieu⁵⁵/

/hɒʔ¹⁻⁴⁵ t͡siu⁵³³/

/hɒʔ²⁻²⁴ t͡siu⁵³³/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ t͡siu³³/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁵ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/foʔ³³ t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

(～市) Fuzhou (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Fujian, China)


江蘇

English: Jiangsu, Kiangsu, Kiang-su, Kiang Su, Keangsoo, Keang-soo, Chiang-su, Kiang-Sou (obsolete or historical)

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ su⁵⁵/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ sou̯⁵⁵/

/kɔŋ³³ ɬu³³/

/koŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ su²⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴ su⁴⁴/

/kouŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nu⁵⁵/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sɔ⁴⁴/

/kaŋ³³ sɔ³³/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sɔ⁴⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sɔ⁴⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sɔ⁴⁴/

/kaŋ³³⁻²³ sou³³/

/kɑ̃⁵⁵ su²¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ su⁵⁵/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ sou̯⁵⁵/

/kɔŋ³³ ɬu³³/

/koŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ su²⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴ su⁴⁴/

/kouŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nu⁵⁵/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sɔ⁴⁴/

/kaŋ³³ sɔ³³/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sɔ⁴⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sɔ⁴⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sɔ⁴⁴/

/kaŋ³³⁻²³ sou³³/

/kɑ̃⁵⁵ su²¹/

Short for 江寧／江宁 (Jiāngníng) + 蘇州／苏州 (Sūzhōu).


南京

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (南京):
* → Japanese: 南京(なんきん) (Nankin)
* → Korean: 남경(南京) (Namgyeong)
* → Vietnamese: Nam Kinh (南京)

desc

→ Georgian: ნანძინგი (nanʒingi), ნანკინი (nanḳini)

/nän³⁵ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/lã²⁴ t͡ɕĩ³¹/

/naːm²¹ kɪŋ⁵⁵/

/nˡaŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋiŋ⁵⁵/

/lam²⁴⁻²² kiã⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² kiã³³/

/lam¹³⁻²² kiã⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ kiã⁴⁴/

/lam²³⁻³³ kiã⁴⁴/

/lam⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kĩã³³/

/nø²² t͡ɕin⁴⁴/

/nän³⁵ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/lã²⁴ t͡ɕĩ³¹/

/naːm²¹ kɪŋ⁵⁵/

/nˡaŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋiŋ⁵⁵/

/lam²⁴⁻²² kiã⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² kiã³³/

/lam¹³⁻²² kiã⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ kiã⁴⁴/

/lam²³⁻³³ kiã⁴⁴/

/lam⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kĩã³³/

/nø²² t͡ɕin⁴⁴/

(～市) Nanjing (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Jiangsu, China)


哈爾濱

→ English: Ha'erbin, Haerbin, Ha-erh-pin, Ha-êrh-pin

→ Russian: Харби́н (Xarbín)

/xä⁵⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ pin⁵⁵/

/haː⁵⁵ jiː¹³ pɐn⁵⁵/

/ha(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pin⁴⁴/

/ha(ʔ)⁵ nĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ pin³³/

/ha(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ d͡zĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pin⁴⁴/

/xä⁵⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ pin⁵⁵/

/haː⁵⁵ jiː¹³ pɐn⁵⁵/

/ha(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pin⁴⁴/

/ha(ʔ)⁵ nĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ pin³³/

/ha(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ d͡zĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pin⁴⁴/

Borrowed from a dialectal Manchu word cognate with Standard Manchu ᡥᠠᠯᡶᡳᠶᠠᠨ (halfiyan, “flat”) (Huang, 2010). Compare /kʰɑlpin/ ("flat") in the Manchu dialect spoken in Dawujiazi (大五家子) of Aihui County (now in Heihe) (Wang, 2005).

Harbin's ice sculptures are very famous.

哈爾濱的冰雕很有名。

哈尔滨的冰雕很有名。

During winter Harbin is a world of ice and snow.

Dōngtiān de shíhou Hā'ěrbīn shì bīngtiānxuědì.

冬天的時候哈爾濱是冰天雪地。

冬天的时候哈尔滨是冰天雪地。

(～市) Harbin (a subprovincial city, provincial capital, and largest city in Heilongjiang, China)


東都

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ tu⁵⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ tou̯⁵⁵/

/taŋ³³ tɔ³³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tɔ⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔ⁴⁴/

/taŋ³³⁻²³ tou³³/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ tu⁵⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ tou̯⁵⁵/

/taŋ³³ tɔ³³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tɔ⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔ⁴⁴/

/taŋ³³⁻²³ tou³³/


荒地

/xu̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ti⁵¹/

/xuɑŋ²⁴ ti⁴⁴/

/fɔːŋ⁵⁵ tei̯²²/

/foŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰi⁵⁵/

/hŋ̍⁴⁴⁻³³ te³³/

/hŋ̍⁴⁴⁻²² tue²²/

/hŋ̍⁴⁴⁻³³ tue³³/

/hŋ̍³³ tue⁴¹/

/huĩ⁴⁴⁻²² te²²/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tue³³/

/hɔŋ³³ tue⁴¹/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tue²²/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ te³³/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² te²²/

/hŋ̍²³⁻³³ te³³/

/hŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ tue³³/

/huaŋ³³⁻²³ ti¹¹/

/xu̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ti⁵¹/

/xuɑŋ²⁴ ti⁴⁴/

/fɔːŋ⁵⁵ tei̯²²/

/foŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰi⁵⁵/

/hŋ̍⁴⁴⁻³³ te³³/

/hŋ̍⁴⁴⁻²² tue²²/

/hŋ̍⁴⁴⁻³³ tue³³/

/hŋ̍³³ tue⁴¹/

/huĩ⁴⁴⁻²² te²²/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tue³³/

/hɔŋ³³ tue⁴¹/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tue²²/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ te³³/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² te²²/

/hŋ̍²³⁻³³ te³³/

/hŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ tue³³/

/huaŋ³³⁻²³ ti¹¹/

go² dou⁶ ji⁵ cin⁴ hai⁶ fong¹ dei⁶ lai⁴ ge³.

嗰度以前係荒地嚟嘅。

嗰度以前系荒地嚟嘅。

wasteland; undeveloped land; uncultivated land; barren land


近東

/t͡ɕin⁵¹ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kɐn²² tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kun²² tɔŋ³³/

/kun²²⁻²¹ tɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kun³³⁻¹¹ tɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kin³³⁻²¹ tɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kin²²⁻²¹ tɔŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕin⁵¹ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kɐn²² tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kun²² tɔŋ³³/

/kun²²⁻²¹ tɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kun³³⁻¹¹ tɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kin³³⁻²¹ tɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kin²²⁻²¹ tɔŋ⁴⁴/


懸崖

/ɕy̯ɛn³⁵ jä³⁵/

/ɕy̯ɛn³⁵ jaɪ̯³⁵/

/jyːn²¹ ŋaːi̯²¹/

/hiɛn¹³⁻²² ɡai¹³/

/hiɛn²⁴⁻²² ɡai²⁴/

/suan²⁴⁻²² ɡai²⁴/

/ɦyø²² ɦia⁴⁴/

/ɕy̯ɛn³⁵ jä³⁵/

/ɕy̯ɛn³⁵ jaɪ̯³⁵/

/jyːn²¹ ŋaːi̯²¹/

/hiɛn¹³⁻²² ɡai¹³/

/hiɛn²⁴⁻²² ɡai²⁴/

/suan²⁴⁻²² ɡai²⁴/

/ɦyø²² ɦia⁴⁴/

It is dangerous to walk near the edge of a cliff.

在懸崖邊行走是危險的。

在悬崖边行走是危险的。

(literally, figuratively) cliff; precipice


共青團

ㄍㄨㄥˋ ㄑㄧㄥ ㄊㄨㄢˊ

/kʊŋ⁵¹ t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ tʰu̯än³⁵/

/kʊŋ²² t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ tʰyːn²¹/

/kiɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ tʰuan²⁴/

/kiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tʰuan²⁴/

/kiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tʰuan¹³/

/kʊŋ⁵¹ t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ tʰu̯än³⁵/

/kʊŋ²² t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ tʰyːn²¹/

/kiɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ tʰuan²⁴/

/kiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tʰuan²⁴/

/kiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tʰuan¹³/

Short for 共產主義青年團／共产主义青年团 (Gòngchǎn Zhǔyì Qīngniántuán).

zh-etym-short

He is a member of the Communist Youth League of China.

他是一個共青團成員。

他是一个共青团成员。


海灘

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰän⁵⁵/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ tʰaːn⁵⁵/

/hai³³⁻²¹ l̃aŋ⁵⁵/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰuã⁴⁴/

/hai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tʰuã³³/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰuã⁴⁴/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰuã⁴⁴/

/hai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tʰuã⁴⁴/

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰän⁵⁵/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ tʰaːn⁵⁵/

/hai³³⁻²¹ l̃aŋ⁵⁵/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰuã⁴⁴/

/hai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tʰuã³³/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰuã⁴⁴/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰuã⁴⁴/

/hai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tʰuã⁴⁴/

The children are building sandcastles on the beach.

Háizi men zài hǎitān biān yòng shāzi duīqì chéngbǎo.

孩子們在海灘邊用沙子堆砌城堡。

孩子们在海滩边用沙子堆砌城堡。


洞窟

/tʊŋ⁵¹ kʰu⁵⁵/

/tʊŋ²² fɐt̚⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵¹ kʰu⁵⁵/

/tʊŋ²² fɐt̚⁵/


漢學

/xän⁵¹ ɕy̯ɛ³⁵/

/hɔːn³³ hɔːk̚²/

/han⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ hak̚²⁴/

/han²¹⁻⁵³ hak̚¹²¹/

/xän⁵¹ ɕy̯ɛ³⁵/

/hɔːn³³ hɔːk̚²/

/han⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ hak̚²⁴/

/han²¹⁻⁵³ hak̚¹²¹/

Han school of classical Chinese (i.e. study of classical Chinese during the Han dynasty)


荒山

/xu̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/foŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ san²⁴/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/hɔŋ³³ san³³/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/xu̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/foŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ san²⁴/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/hɔŋ³³ san³³/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/


天皇誕生日

ㄊㄧㄢ ㄏㄨㄤˊ ㄉㄢˋ ㄕㄥ ㄖˋ

тяньхуан даньшэнжи

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ tän⁵¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵ ʐ̩⁵¹/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ wɔːŋ²¹ taːn³³ sɐŋ⁵⁵ jɐt̚²/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ tän⁵¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵ ʐ̩⁵¹/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ wɔːŋ²¹ taːn³³ sɐŋ⁵⁵ jɐt̚²/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 天皇誕生日.


洞庭湖

ㄉㄨㄥˋ ㄊㄧㄥˊ ㄏㄨˊ

/tʊŋ⁵¹ tʰiŋ³⁵ xu³⁵/

/tʊŋ²² tʰɪŋ²¹ wuː²¹/

/tʊŋ⁵¹ tʰiŋ³⁵ xu³⁵/

/tʊŋ²² tʰɪŋ²¹ wuː²¹/

Lake Dongting (a lake northeastern Hunan, China)


洞庭

/tʊŋ⁵¹ tʰiŋ³⁵/

/tʊŋ²² tʰɪŋ²¹/

/tʊŋ⁵¹ tʰiŋ³⁵/

/tʊŋ²² tʰɪŋ²¹/

(～湖) Lake Dongting (a lake northeastern Hunan, China)


福建

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (福建):
* → Japanese: 福(ふっ)建(けん) (Fukken)
* → Okinawan: 福(ふ)建(ちゃん) (Fuchan)
* → Korean: 복건(福建) (Bokgeon)
* → Vietnamese: Phúc Kiến (福建)

desc

→ English: Fujian, Fuhkien, Fukien, Fu-chien, Fookien, Fokien, Hokkien

→ Georgian: ფუძიენი (puʒieni)

→ Khmer: ហុកកៀន (hokkiən)

→ Korean: 푸젠 (Pujen)

→ Malay: Fujian, Hokkien, Hokkian

→ Russian: Фуцзя́нь (Fuczjánʹ), фуцзя́нец (fuczjánec)

→ Spanish: Fujian, Fokien, Fukién

→ Tagalog: Fukien, Hokkien

→ Thai: ฝูเจี้ยน, ฮกเกี้ยน

→ Thai: ฝูเจี้ยน, ฮกเกี้ยน

/fu³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/huʔ²⁴⁻⁵⁵ kyɔŋ²¹³/

/hɒʔ¹⁻⁴⁵ kœŋ⁴²/

/hɒʔ²⁻²⁴ kyøŋ⁴²/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ kiɛn¹¹/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ kiɛn²¹/

/hɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ kiɛn⁴¹/

/hɔk̚³⁻⁴ kiɛn²¹/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁵ kiɛn²¹/

/hok̚²⁻⁴ kieŋ²¹³/

/hok̚²⁻⁴ kiaŋ²¹³/

/foʔ³³ t͡ɕi⁴⁴/

/foʔ⁵⁵ t͡ɕie²¹/

/fu³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/huʔ²⁴⁻⁵⁵ kyɔŋ²¹³/

/hɒʔ¹⁻⁴⁵ kœŋ⁴²/

/hɒʔ²⁻²⁴ kyøŋ⁴²/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ kiɛn¹¹/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ kiɛn²¹/

/hɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ kiɛn⁴¹/

/hɔk̚³⁻⁴ kiɛn²¹/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁵ kiɛn²¹/

/hok̚²⁻⁴ kieŋ²¹³/

/hok̚²⁻⁴ kiaŋ²¹³/

/foʔ³³ t͡ɕi⁴⁴/

/foʔ⁵⁵ t͡ɕie²¹/

Short for 福州 (Fúzhōu) + 建州 (Jiànzhōu), two ancient prefectures in modern Fujian. Coined with the establishment of 福建路 (“Fujian Circuit”) in 985 CE by the Northern Song court.

(～省) Fujian, Fukien (a province of China; capital: Fuzhou)


湖北

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (湖北):
* → Japanese: 湖(こ)北(ほく) (Kohoku)
* → Korean: 호북(湖北) (Hobuk)
* → Vietnamese: Hồ Bắc (湖北)

→ English: Hubei, Hupeh

→ Korean: 후베이 (Hubei)

→ Manchu: ᡥᡡᠪᡝ (hūbe)

→ Mongolian: ᠬᠤᠪᠧᠢ (qubēi)

→ Russian: Хубэ́й (Xubɛ́j)

→ Uyghur: خۇبېي (xubëy)

→ Zhuang: Huzbwz

/xu³⁵ peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/wuː²¹ pɐk̚⁵/

/hu⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βɔyʔ²⁴/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² pak̚³²/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² pak̚⁵/

/ɔ¹³⁻²² pak̚³²/

/ɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ pak̚³²/

/ɔ²³⁻³³ pak̚³²/

/ou⁵⁵⁻¹¹ pak̚²/

/ɦu²² poʔ⁴⁴/

/xu³⁵ peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/wuː²¹ pɐk̚⁵/

/hu⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βɔyʔ²⁴/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² pak̚³²/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² pak̚⁵/

/ɔ¹³⁻²² pak̚³²/

/ɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ pak̚³²/

/ɔ²³⁻³³ pak̚³²/

/ou⁵⁵⁻¹¹ pak̚²/

/ɦu²² poʔ⁴⁴/

So named as it lies on the north of Lake Dongting.


阿姆斯特丹

ㄚ ㄇㄨˇ ㄙ ㄊㄜˋ ㄉㄢ

/ˀä⁵⁵ mu²¹⁴⁻²¹ sz̩⁵⁵ tʰɤ⁵¹ tän⁵⁵/

/aː³³ mou̯¹³ siː⁵⁵ tɐk̚² taːn⁵⁵/

/a³³ bu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sɯ³³ tiak̚²⁴⁻² tan³³/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ su⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚⁴⁻³² tan⁴⁴/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² bo⁵³⁻⁴⁴ su⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ tan⁴⁴/

/ˀä⁵⁵ mu²¹⁴⁻²¹ sz̩⁵⁵ tʰɤ⁵¹ tän⁵⁵/

/aː³³ mou̯¹³ siː⁵⁵ tɐk̚² taːn⁵⁵/

/a³³ bu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sɯ³³ tiak̚²⁴⁻² tan³³/

Amsterdam (a city, the capital city of the Netherlands)


三輔

/sän⁵⁵ fu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sän⁵⁵ fu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

三 (three) + 輔 (auxiliary; to assist: i.e. to assist in defending the capital)
: This term was originally coined to describe three official civil posts. Each of the three civil posts also defined a specific geographic area outside of the capital at Chang'an. The three posts were:
:# 京兆尹 jīngzhàoyǐn (on the eastern outskirts of Chang'an)
:# 左馮翊 zuǒ píngyì (on the northwestern outskirts of Chang'an)
:# 右扶風 yòu fúfēng (on the western outskirts of Chang'an)

(archaic) the three auxiliary defensive zones (which surrounded the ancient capital at Chang'an)


山西

/ʂän⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/

/saːn⁵⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/san²⁴⁻¹¹ si²⁴/

/saŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nɛ⁵⁵/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² sai⁴⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ se⁴⁴/

/sũã³³⁻²³ sai³³/

/ʂän⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/

/saːn⁵⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/san²⁴⁻¹¹ si²⁴/

/saŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nɛ⁵⁵/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² sai⁴⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ se⁴⁴/

/sũã³³⁻²³ sai³³/


傳國

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än³⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än³⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

(archaic) to pass down a national heirloom from ruler to ruler


流派

/li̯oʊ̯³⁵ pʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/lɐu̯²¹ pʰaːi̯³³/

/liu²⁴⁻²² pʰai²¹/

/liu²⁴⁻²² pʰai⁴¹/

/liu¹³⁻²² pʰai²¹/

/liu²⁴⁻¹¹ pʰai¹¹/

/liu²³⁻³³ pʰai²¹/

/liu⁵⁵⁻¹¹ pʰai²¹³/

/li̯oʊ̯³⁵ pʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/lɐu̯²¹ pʰaːi̯³³/

/liu²⁴⁻²² pʰai²¹/

/liu²⁴⁻²² pʰai⁴¹/

/liu¹³⁻²² pʰai²¹/

/liu²⁴⁻¹¹ pʰai¹¹/

/liu²³⁻³³ pʰai²¹/

/liu⁵⁵⁻¹¹ pʰai²¹³/

(literally) tributary (river that flows into a larger river)


山背

/ʂän⁵⁵ peɪ̯⁵¹/

/ʂän⁵⁵ peɪ̯⁵¹/


堤岸

/ti⁵⁵ ˀän⁵¹/

/tʰi³⁵ ˀän⁵¹/

/tʰɐi̯²¹ ŋɔːn²²/

/tʰe²⁴⁻²² huã²²/

/tʰe²⁴⁻²² huã⁴¹/

/tʰe¹³⁻²² huã²²/

/tʰe²⁴⁻¹¹ huã³³/

/tʰe²³⁻³³ huã³³/

/ti⁵⁵ ˀän⁵¹/

/tʰi³⁵ ˀän⁵¹/

/tʰɐi̯²¹ ŋɔːn²²/

/tʰe²⁴⁻²² huã²²/

/tʰe²⁴⁻²² huã⁴¹/

/tʰe¹³⁻²² huã²²/

/tʰe²⁴⁻¹¹ huã³³/

/tʰe²³⁻³³ huã³³/

;Cholon
:See Sài Gòn for further etymology.

Cholon (the Chinatown of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam)


喀什

From Mongolian Хаш (Xaš), from Mongolian хаш (xaš, “jade”).

/kʰä⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/kʰä⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/kʰä⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/kʰä⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

(～河) Kash (a river in Ili prefecture, Xinjiang, China)


山谷

/ʂän⁵⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

/suã³³ kɔk̚⁵/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/san⁴⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/ʂän⁵⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

/suã³³ kɔk̚⁵/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/san⁴⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

The Yi and the Di people are greedy and desirous of gain; they wear their hair down their backs and fasten their garments on the left; they have human faces but the hearts of wild beasts. Their ceremonial garments differ from those worn in the Central States [of China]; their customs and diet differ from ours; and our languages are mutually unintelligible. They dwell far away, in the cold, on the bare lands of the north, driving their herds in pursuit of pasture, and hunting with the bow and arrow in order to sustain themselves. They are separated from us by mountains and valleys and cut off by the desert. By these means did Heaven and Earth divide inner from outer.

Yídí zhī rén tān ér hǎolì, bèifà zuǒrèn, rénmiànshòuxīn. Qí yǔ Zhōngguó shū zhāngfú, yì xísú, yǐnshí bùtóng, yányǔ bùtōng, pì jū běichuí hánlù zhī yě, zhú cǎo suí xù, shèliè wèishēng, gé yǐ shāngǔ, yōng yǐ shāmù, tiāndì suǒyǐ jué wàinèi yě.

夷狄之人貪而好利，被髮左衽，人面獸心。其與中國殊章服，異習俗，飲食不同，言語不通，辟居北垂寒露之野，逐草隨畜，射獵為生，隔以山谷，雍以沙幕，天地所以絕外內也。

夷狄之人贪而好利，被发左衽，人面兽心。其与中国殊章服，异习俗，饮食不同，言语不通，辟居北垂寒露之野，逐草随畜，射猎为生，隔以山谷，雍以沙幕，天地所以绝外内也。


布加勒斯特

ㄅㄨˋ ㄐㄧㄚ ㄌㄜˋ ㄙ ㄊㄜˋ

/pu⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ lɤ⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵ tʰɤ⁵¹/

/pou̯³³ kaː⁵⁵ lɐk̚² siː⁵⁵ tɐk̚²/

/pɔ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ka³³ liak̚²⁴⁻² sɯ³³ tiak̚²⁴/

/pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ ka⁴⁴⁻²² liɪk̚⁴⁻³² su⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚⁴/

/pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ kɛ⁴⁴⁻²² liɪk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ su⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚¹²¹/

/pu³³ ka⁵⁵ ləʔ³³ sz̩³³ dəʔ²¹/

/pu⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ lɤ⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵ tʰɤ⁵¹/

/pou̯³³ kaː⁵⁵ lɐk̚² siː⁵⁵ tɐk̚²/

/pɔ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ka³³ liak̚²⁴⁻² sɯ³³ tiak̚²⁴/

/pu³³ ka⁵⁵ ləʔ³³ sz̩³³ dəʔ²¹/

Borrowed from English Bucharest, from Romanian București.

Bucharest (a city, the capital city of Romania)


意大利航空

ㄧˋ ㄉㄚˋ ㄌㄧˋ ㄏㄤˊ ㄎㄨㄥ

Идали Ханкун

/i⁵¹⁻⁵³ tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹ xɑŋ³⁵ kʰʊŋ⁵⁵/

/i⁵¹⁻⁵³ tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹ xɑŋ³⁵ kʰʊŋ⁵⁵/


松花江

/sʊŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰʊŋ²¹ faː⁵⁵ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/sʊŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰʊŋ²¹ faː⁵⁵ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

松花 is a phono-semantic matching of Manchu ᠰᡠᠩᡤᠠᡵᡳ (sunggari), as in ᠰᡠᠩᡤᠠᡵᡳ
ᡠᠯᠠ (sunggari ula, “Songhua River”). The original meaning of sunggari may be “Milky Way”; cf. ᠰᡠᠩᡤᠠᡵᡳ
ᠪᡳᡵᠠ (sunggari bira, “Milky Way”).

psm

Songhua River (a river in northeastern China)


哥倫比亞

ㄍㄜ ㄌㄨㄣˊ ㄅㄧˇ ㄧㄚˋ

ㄍㄜ ㄌㄨㄣˊ ㄅㄧˇ ㄧㄚˇ

/kɤ⁵⁵ lu̯ən³⁵ pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ jä⁵¹/

/kɤ⁵⁵ lu̯ən³⁵ pi²¹⁴⁻³⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɔː⁵⁵ lɵn²¹ pei̯³⁵ aː³³/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² lun²⁴⁻²² pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ a⁴⁴/

/ko³³ lun²⁴⁻²² pi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ a³³/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² lun¹³⁻²² pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ a⁴⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻³³ lun²⁴⁻¹¹ pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ a⁴⁴/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ lun²³⁻³³ pi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ a⁴⁴/

/kɤ⁵⁵ lu̯ən³⁵ pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ jä⁵¹/

/kɤ⁵⁵ lu̯ən³⁵ pi²¹⁴⁻³⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɔː⁵⁵ lɵn²¹ pei̯³⁵ aː³³/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² lun²⁴⁻²² pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ a⁴⁴/

/ko³³ lun²⁴⁻²² pi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ a³³/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² lun¹³⁻²² pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ a⁴⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻³³ lun²⁴⁻¹¹ pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ a⁴⁴/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ lun²³⁻³³ pi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ a⁴⁴/

Columbia (the capital city of South Carolina, United States)


嫩江

/nən⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/nyːn²² kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/nən⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/nyːn²² kɔːŋ⁵⁵/


意大利

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (意大利):
* → Vietnamese: Ý Đại Lợi (意大利)

/i⁵¹⁻⁵³ tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹/

/jiː³³ taːi̯²² lei̯²²/

/i⁵⁵ tʰai̯⁵⁵ li⁵⁵/

/i⁵³⁻⁵⁵ tʰaɪ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ li⁵³/

/i²¹³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lai²⁴²⁻⁵³ l̃ɛi²¹³/

/i²¹⁻⁵³ tai²²⁻²¹ li²²/

/i⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tai⁴¹⁻²² li⁴¹/

/i²¹⁻⁵³ tai²²⁻²¹ li²²/

/i¹¹⁻⁵³ tai³³⁻¹¹ li³³/

/i²¹⁻⁴¹ tai³³⁻²¹ li³³/

/i²¹³⁻⁵⁵ tai³⁵⁻¹¹ li³⁵/

/ɦi²² da⁵⁵ li²¹/

/i⁵¹⁻⁵³ tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹/

/jiː³³ taːi̯²² lei̯²²/

/i⁵⁵ tʰai̯⁵⁵ li⁵⁵/

/i⁵³⁻⁵⁵ tʰaɪ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ li⁵³/

/i²¹³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lai²⁴²⁻⁵³ l̃ɛi²¹³/

/i²¹⁻⁵³ tai²²⁻²¹ li²²/

/i⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tai⁴¹⁻²² li⁴¹/

/i²¹⁻⁵³ tai²²⁻²¹ li²²/

/i¹¹⁻⁵³ tai³³⁻¹¹ li³³/

/i²¹⁻⁴¹ tai³³⁻²¹ li³³/

/i²¹³⁻⁵⁵ tai³⁵⁻¹¹ li³⁵/

/ɦi²² da⁵⁵ li²¹/

Borrowed from English Italy. Attested as early as 1837, in the Eastern Western Monthly Magazine.

1891, 薛福成 [Xue Fucheng], 出使英法義比四國日記, volume 1, page 33:

Chǒu zhèng, guò Yìdàlì zhī Nábōlì hǎi kǒu. Xī Xǔ Zhúyún xīngshǐ yóucǐ dēng'àn, chéng huǒchē zhì Bólíng. Nábōlì xīběi yībǎi èrshí yánglǐ, jí Yìdàlì zhī Luómǎ dūchéng yě.

丑正，過意大利之拿波利海口。昔許竹篔星使由此登岸，乘火車至伯靈。拿波利西北一百二十洋里，即意大利之羅馬都城也。

丑正，过意大利之拿波利海口。昔许竹筼星使由此登岸，乘火车至伯灵。拿波利西北一百二十洋里，即意大利之罗马都城也。

(Mainland China, Hong Kong) Italy (a country in Southern Europe)


新斯科細亞

ㄒㄧㄣ ㄙ ㄎㄜ ㄒㄧˋ ㄧㄚˋ

ㄒㄧㄣ ㄙ ㄎㄜ ㄒㄧˋ ㄧㄚˇ

Синь Сыкэсия

/ɕin⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵⁵ ɕi⁵¹⁻⁵³ jä⁵¹/

/ɕin⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵⁵ ɕi⁵¹ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ɕin⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵⁵ ɕi⁵¹⁻⁵³ jä⁵¹/

/ɕin⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵⁵ ɕi⁵¹ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

(～省) (Taiwan) Nova Scotia (a province of Canada)


魁北克

ㄎㄨㄟˊ ㄅㄟˇ ㄎㄜˋ

/kʰu̯eɪ̯³⁵ peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ kʰɤ⁵¹/

/fuːi̯⁵⁵ pɐk̚⁵ hɐk̚⁵/

/kʰu̯eɪ̯³⁵ peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ kʰɤ⁵¹/

/fuːi̯⁵⁵ pɐk̚⁵ hɐk̚⁵/


深圳

→ English: Shenzhen, Shumchun

/ʂən⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂən⁵¹/

/sɐm⁵⁵ t͡sɐn³³/

/t͡sʰɨm²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sun⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰəm⁴⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sun⁵³/

/t͡sʰim⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sun²¹/

/t͡sʰim⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sun²¹/

/t͡sʰim⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sun¹¹/

/t͡sʰim⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sun²¹/

/t͡sʰim³³⁻²³ t͡suŋ²¹³/

/ʂən⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂən⁵¹/

/sɐm⁵⁵ t͡sɐn³³/

/t͡sʰɨm²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sun⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰəm⁴⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sun⁵³/

/t͡sʰim⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sun²¹/

/t͡sʰim⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sun²¹/

/t͡sʰim⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sun¹¹/

/t͡sʰim⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sun²¹/

/t͡sʰim³³⁻²³ t͡suŋ²¹³/

Army Map Service
Gazetteer of Xin'an County

Originally as 深圳墟 (Shēnzhèn xū, “Shenzhen Market”) and referred to a market town located in present-day Dongmen, Luohu District, Shenzhen. The name is first attested in Gazetteer of Xin'an County (新安縣志) [1688].
In 1979, Bao'an County (寶安縣 /宝安县) of Guangdong was renamed and converted to Shenzhen City (深圳市 (Shēnzhèn shì)).

(～市) Shenzhen (a subprovincial city in Guangdong, China)


青海

Sino-Xenic (青海):
* → Japanese: 青海(せいかい) (Seikai)
* → Korean: 청해(青海) (Cheonghae)
* → Vietnamese: Thanh Hải (青海)

desc

→ English: Tsinghai, Tsing-hai, Qinghai, Ch'ing-hai

→ Georgian: ცინგხაი (cingxai)

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/t͡sʰi̯aŋ²⁴ hoi̯³¹/

/t͡sʰiaŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ hoɪ³¹/

/t͡sʰiŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai³³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hai⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ hai⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hai⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hai⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hai⁴¹/

/t͡sʰẽ³³⁻²³ hai⁵²/

/t͡ɕʰin⁵⁵ he²¹/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/t͡sʰi̯aŋ²⁴ hoi̯³¹/

/t͡sʰiaŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ hoɪ³¹/

/t͡sʰiŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai³³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hai⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ hai⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hai⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hai⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hai⁴¹/

/t͡sʰẽ³³⁻²³ hai⁵²/

/t͡ɕʰin⁵⁵ he²¹/

Compare similar-meaning names for Qinghai Lake in other languages: Tibetan མཚོ་སྔོན (mtsho sngon), མཚོ་སྔོན་པོ (mtsho sngon po, “blue lake”), Mongolian ᠬᠥᠬᠡ
ᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ (köke naɣur, “blue lake”).

ncog

Haven’t you seen by Kokonor white bones from ancient times that have never been recovered?

8th century, 杜甫 (Du Fu), 兵車行 (The Army Wagons: A Ballad); translated by Stephen Owen

Jūn bùjiàn Qīnghǎi tóu, gǔlái báigǔ wúrén shōu.

君不見青海頭，古來白骨無人收。

君不见青海头，古来白骨无人收。

(～湖) Qinghai Lake (a lake in Qinghai, China)

(～省) Qinghai (a province of China; capital: Xining)


黃河

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (黃河):
* → Japanese: 黄(こう)河(が) (Kōga)
* → Korean: 황하(黃河) (Hwangha)
* → Vietnamese: Hoàng Hà (黃河)

desc

خْوَانْغْخِي

هْوَانْغْهِي

اَلنَّهْر اَلْأَصْفَر

→ Arabic: خْوَانْغْخِي (ḵwānḡḵī), هْوَانْغْهِي (hwānḡhī), اَلنَّهْر اَلْأَصْفَر (an-nahr al-ʔaṣfar) (calque)

→ Armenian: Հուանհե (Huanhe)

→ Czech: Chuang-che, Žlutá řeka (calque)

→ Dutch: Hoangho, Gele Rivier (calque)

→ English: Huang He, Huang Ho, Hwang Ho, Yellow River (calque)

→ Finnish: Keltainenjoki (calque)

→ French: Huang He, Houang-Ho, fleuve Jaune (calque)

→ German: Huang He, Gelber Fluss (calque)

Κίτρινος Ποταμός

→ Greek: Κίτρινος Ποταμός (Kítrinos Potamós) (calque)

→ Hindi: ह्वांगहो (hvāṅgho)

→ Hungarian: Sárga-folyó (calque)

→ Italian: Huang He, Fiume Giallo (calque)

→ Korean: 황허 (Hwangheo)

→ Malay: Sungai Kuning (calque)

ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠩ ᡥᠣ ᠪᡳᡵᠠ

⇒ Manchu: ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠩ
ᡥᠣ
ᠪᡳᡵᠠ (hūwang ho bira)

→ Mongolian: Шар мөрөн (Šar mörön) (calque)

→ Mangghuer: xira muroon (calque)

→ Persian: رود زرد (calque)

→ Polish: Rzeka Żółta (calque)

→ Portuguese: Huang He, Rio Amarelo (calque)

Жёлтая река́

→ Russian: Хуанхэ́ (Xuanxɛ́), Жёлтая река́ (Žóltaja reká) (calque)

→ Spanish: Huang He, río Amarillo (calque)

→ Tagalog: Ilog na Dilaw (calque)

→ Uyghur: سېرىق دەريا (sëriq derya) (calque)

⇒ Zhuang: Dahvangzhoz

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/xuɑŋ²⁴ xə²⁴/

/wɔːŋ²¹ hɔː²¹/

/vɔŋ²² hᵘɔ²²/

/hɔŋ²³⁻³³ hɤ²³/

/hɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ho²⁴/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ ho²⁴/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻²² ho²⁴/

/ŋ̍²³⁻³³ hɤ²³/

/uĩ¹³⁻²² ho¹³/

/ŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ho⁵⁵/

/ɦuɑ̃²² ɦu⁴⁴/

/ɦuɑ̃²² ɦəu³³/

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/xuɑŋ²⁴ xə²⁴/

/wɔːŋ²¹ hɔː²¹/

/vɔŋ²² hᵘɔ²²/

/hɔŋ²³⁻³³ hɤ²³/

/hɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ho²⁴/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ ho²⁴/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻²² ho²⁴/

/ŋ̍²³⁻³³ hɤ²³/

/uĩ¹³⁻²² ho¹³/

/ŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ho⁵⁵/

/ɦuɑ̃²² ɦu⁴⁴/

/ɦuɑ̃²² ɦəu³³/

The large amount of sand in the river makes the river appear yellow.
Earliest extant authentic attestions of 黃河 are in Pei Songzhi's Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms [5th century CE]:
*
*
Lee (2004) and Hargett (2021) propose that the earliest occurrence of 黃河 is in Book of Han 16.527 [1st century CE]; yet Wang Niansun (王念孫) (1831) stated that the letter 黃 there was a later interpolation.

In Weishi Chunqiu, (Yuan) Shao's exhortation to the provinces and commanderies is recorded thus: “… my main armies sail across the Yellow River to assail his (Cao Cao's) front, and the Jing province's troops descend on Wan and Ye to attack his rear, …”

Pei Songzhi, Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms, circa 5ᵗʰ century CE

“Wèishì Chūnqiū” zǎi Shào xí zhōujùn wén yuē: “...... Dàjūn fàn Huánghé yǐ jué qí qián, Jīngzhōu xià wǎn yè ér jī qí hòu......”

《魏氏春秋》載紹檄州郡文曰：「……大軍汎黃河以角其前，荊州下宛葉而犄其後……」

《魏氏春秋》载绍檄州郡文曰：「……大军泛黄河以角其前，荆州下宛叶而犄其后……」

In Account of Emperor Xian, it's said: … (Ju) Shou looked over the ford, sighed, and said: “Above filled with ambition, below obsessed with achievements. O everlasting Yellow River, shall I return?”

“Xiàndì zhuàn” yuē:...... Shòu lín jì tàn yuē: “Shàng yíng qí zhì, xià wù qí gōng, yōuyōu Huánghé, wú qí fǎn hū?”

《獻帝傳》曰：……授臨濟歎曰：「上盈其志，下務其功，悠悠黃河，吾其反乎？」

《献帝传》曰：……授临济叹曰：「上盈其志，下务其功，悠悠黄河，吾其反乎？」

The Yellow River is spacious; its fishes are numerous; I came to the ford yet did not cross.

3rd century, 孔叢子 (Kǒngcóngzǐ) (The Many Kong Family Master's Anthology), attributed to 孔鮒 (Kong Fu)

Huánghé yángyáng, yōuyōu zhī yú, lín jīn bù jì.

黃河洋洋，悠悠之魚，臨津不濟。

黄河洋洋，悠悠之鱼，临津不济。

Have you not seen that the waters of the Yellow River come from the sky, surging into the ocean, never to return again.

Jūn bùjiàn Huánghé zhī shuǐ tiānshàng lái, bēnliú dào hǎi bù fùhuí.

君不見黃河之水天上來，奔流到海不復回。

君不见黄河之水天上来，奔流到海不复回。


極東

/t͡ɕi³⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kɪk̚² tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kiʔ⁵⁻⁵⁵ tøyŋ⁵⁵/

/kiɪk̚⁴⁻³² taŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕi³⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kɪk̚² tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kiʔ⁵⁻⁵⁵ tøyŋ⁵⁵/

/kiɪk̚⁴⁻³² taŋ⁴⁴/


夏威夷

/ɕi̯ä⁵¹ weɪ̯⁵⁵ i³⁵/

/ɕi̯ä⁵¹ weɪ̯³⁵ i³⁵/

/haː²² wɐi̯⁵⁵ jiː²¹/

/ha⁵³ ʋi⁴⁴⁻³⁵ i¹¹/

/ha³³⁻¹¹ ui⁴⁴⁻³³ i²⁴/

/ha⁴¹⁻²² ui³³ i²⁴/

/ha²²⁻²¹ ui⁴⁴⁻²² i²⁴/

/ha³³⁻²¹ ui⁴⁴⁻³³ i²³/

/hɛ²²⁻²¹ ui⁴⁴⁻²² i¹³/

/he¹¹ ui³³⁻²³ i⁵⁵/

/ɕi̯ä⁵¹ weɪ̯⁵⁵ i³⁵/

/ɕi̯ä⁵¹ weɪ̯³⁵ i³⁵/

/haː²² wɐi̯⁵⁵ jiː²¹/

/ha⁵³ ʋi⁴⁴⁻³⁵ i¹¹/

/ha³³⁻¹¹ ui⁴⁴⁻³³ i²⁴/

/ha⁴¹⁻²² ui³³ i²⁴/

/ha²²⁻²¹ ui⁴⁴⁻²² i²⁴/

/ha³³⁻²¹ ui⁴⁴⁻³³ i²³/

/hɛ²²⁻²¹ ui⁴⁴⁻²² i¹³/

/he¹¹ ui³³⁻²³ i⁵⁵/

From English Hawaii, originally borrowed into Cantonese.

(～州) Hawaii (a state of the United States)


巴哈馬

/pä⁵⁵ xä⁵⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/paː⁵⁵ haː⁵⁵ maː¹³/

/pa⁴⁴⁻²² ha(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ mã⁵³/

/pä⁵⁵ xä⁵⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/paː⁵⁵ haː⁵⁵ maː¹³/

/pa⁴⁴⁻²² ha(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ mã⁵³/

Bahamas (an archipelago and country in the Caribbean)


亞齊

/jä⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/aː³³ t͡sʰɐi̯²¹/

/jä⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/aː³³ t͡sʰɐi̯²¹/


科特迪瓦

ㄎㄜ ㄊㄜˋ ㄉㄧˊ ㄨㄚˇ

/kʰɤ⁵⁵ tʰɤ⁵¹ ti³⁵ wä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fɔː⁵⁵ tɐk̚² tɪk̚² ŋaː¹³/

/kʰo⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ tiɪk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ ua⁵³/

/kʰo⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚⁴⁻³² tiɪk̚⁴⁻³² ua⁵³/

/kʰə³³ tiak̚²⁴⁻² tiak̚²⁴⁻² ua⁵⁵⁴/

/kʰɤ⁵⁵ tʰɤ⁵¹ ti³⁵ wä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fɔː⁵⁵ tɐk̚² tɪk̚² ŋaː¹³/

/kʰo⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ tiɪk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ ua⁵³/

/kʰo⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚⁴⁻³² tiɪk̚⁴⁻³² ua⁵³/

/kʰə³³ tiak̚²⁴⁻² tiak̚²⁴⁻² ua⁵⁵⁴/

Borrowed from French Côte d’Ivoire. Doublet of 象牙海岸 (Xiàngyá Hǎi'àn).

(Mainland China) Ivory Coast, Côte d'Ivoire (a country in West Africa)


漢水

/xän⁵¹ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔːn³³ sɵy̯³⁵/

/xän⁵¹ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔːn³³ sɵy̯³⁵/

Alternative name for 漢江／汉江 (Hànjiāng, “Han River, a left tributary of the Yangtze”).


漢江

/xän⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/hɔːn³³ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/han²¹⁻⁵³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/han⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kaŋ³³/

/han²¹⁻⁵³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/han¹¹⁻⁵³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/han²¹⁻⁴¹ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/xän⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/hɔːn³³ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/han²¹⁻⁵³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/han⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kaŋ³³/

/han²¹⁻⁵³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/han¹¹⁻⁵³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/han²¹⁻⁴¹ kaŋ⁴⁴/

Han River (a left tributary of the Yangtze in Shaanxi and Hubei, China)


廣東

ja-r

広東(こうとう) (Kōtō)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (廣東):
* → Japanese: 広東(こうとう) (Kōtō)
* → Okinawan: 広東(くゎんとぅん) (Kwantun)
* → Korean: 광동(廣東) (Gwangdong)
* → Vietnamese: Quảng Đông (廣東)

→ English: Guangdong, Kwangtung

→ French: Guangdong, Kouang-tong

→ Korean: 광둥 (Gwangdung)

→ Manchu: ᡤᡠᠸᠠᠩᡩᡠᠩ (guwangdung)

→ Mongolian: ᠭᠤᠸᠠᠩᠳᠦᠩ (ɣuwangdüng)

→ Portuguese: Cantão

→ English: Canton

→ Japanese: 広東(カントン) (Kanton)

→ French: Canton

→ Italian: Canton

→ Russian: Канто́н (Kantón)

→? Spanish: Cantón

→ Russian: Гуанду́н (Guandún)

→ Thai: กวางตุ้ง (gwaang-dtûng)

→ Zhuang: Guengjdoeng, Gvangjdungh

/ku̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kʷɔːŋ³⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kɔŋ⁵⁵ ɵŋ³³/

/koŋ³¹ tuŋ²⁴/

/koŋ²⁴⁻³³ tuŋ⁵³/

/kuɔŋ³¹ tʊŋ⁴⁴/

/kuoŋ³³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nøyŋ⁵⁵/

/kuŋ⁴⁵³⁻¹³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nɒŋ⁵³³/

/kŋ̍³³²⁻²¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nɒŋ⁵³³/

/kŋ̍⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ taŋ³³/

/kŋ̍⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ taŋ⁴⁴/

/kŋ̍⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ taŋ³³/

/kŋ̍⁵³⁻⁴⁴ taŋ⁴⁴/

/kuĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ taŋ⁴⁴/

/kɯŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ taŋ³³/

/kuɑ̃³³ toŋ⁴⁴/

/ku̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kʷɔːŋ³⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kɔŋ⁵⁵ ɵŋ³³/

/koŋ³¹ tuŋ²⁴/

/koŋ²⁴⁻³³ tuŋ⁵³/

/kuɔŋ³¹ tʊŋ⁴⁴/

/kuoŋ³³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nøyŋ⁵⁵/

/kuŋ⁴⁵³⁻¹³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nɒŋ⁵³³/

/kŋ̍³³²⁻²¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nɒŋ⁵³³/

/kŋ̍⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ taŋ³³/

/kŋ̍⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ taŋ⁴⁴/

/kŋ̍⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ taŋ³³/

/kŋ̍⁵³⁻⁴⁴ taŋ⁴⁴/

/kuĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ taŋ⁴⁴/

/kɯŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ taŋ³³/

/kuɑ̃³³ toŋ⁴⁴/

Named after Guangnan East Circuit (廣南東路／广南东路 (Guǎngnán Dōng Lù)) of the Song dynasty, which was abbreviated as 廣東路 (Guǎngdōng Lù).

zh-l

廣南東路／广南东路 (Guǎngnán Dōng Lù)

Zhou Qufei, Representative Answers from the Region beyond the Mountains, 12ᵗʰ century CE

Zì Qín shì yǒu Wǔlǐng zhī shuō, jiē zhǐ shān míng zhī. Kǎo zhī, nǎi rù lǐng zhī tú wǔ ěr, fēi bì shān yě. Zì Fújiàn zhī Tīng, rù Guǎngdōng zhī Xún, Méi, yī yě.

自秦世有五嶺之說，皆指山名之。考之，乃入嶺之途五耳，非必山也。自福建之汀，入廣東之循、梅，一也。

自秦世有五岭之说，皆指山名之。考之，乃入岭之途五耳，非必山也。自福建之汀，入广东之循、梅，一也。

(～省) Guangdong (a province of China; capital: Guangzhou)


青衣

→ English: Tsing Yi

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ i⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ jiː⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɛːŋ⁵⁵ jiː⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ i⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ jiː⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɛːŋ⁵⁵ jiː⁵⁵/

(～江) Qingyi River (a river in Sichuan, China)


安徽

desc

English: Anhui, Anhuei, An-hwei, Anhwei, An-hui (Wade–Giles)

Georgian: ანხუეი (anxuei)

/ˀän⁵⁵ xu̯eɪ̯⁵⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ fɐi̯⁵⁵/

/ᵘɔn³³ fei³³/

/on²⁴⁻¹¹ fi²⁴/

/aŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋui⁵⁵/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² hui⁴⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² hui⁴⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ hui⁴⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ hui⁴⁴/

/aŋ³³⁻²³ hui³³/

/ˀän⁵⁵ xu̯eɪ̯⁵⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ fɐi̯⁵⁵/

/ᵘɔn³³ fei³³/

/on²⁴⁻¹¹ fi²⁴/

/aŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋui⁵⁵/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² hui⁴⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² hui⁴⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ hui⁴⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ hui⁴⁴/

/aŋ³³⁻²³ hui³³/

From the names of two cities in southern Anhui: 安慶／安庆 (Ānqìng, “Anqing”) and 徽州 (Huīzhōu, “Huizhou”, now Huangshan City).


山水

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (山水):
* → Japanese: 山水(さんすい) (sansui)
* → Korean: 산수(山水) (sansu)
* → Vietnamese: sơn thuỷ (山水)

/ʂän⁵⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/saːn⁵⁵ sɵy̯³⁵/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sui⁵³/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sui⁴¹/

/sũã³³⁻²³ t͡sui⁵²/

/ʂän⁵⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/saːn⁵⁵ sɵy̯³⁵/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sui⁵³/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sui⁴¹/

/sũã³³⁻²³ t͡sui⁵²/

(Senses 1 and 2) dvandva of 山 (shān, “mountain”) + 水 (shuǐ, “water”)


唐山

Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan

Arising from the position of coastal Guangdong and Fujian (both primary origin points for overseas Chinese migrants, the latter also being an origin point for many "early" Han Chinese settlers in Taiwan before the Chinese Civil War and Nationalist flight) between the sea and inland mountains and the use of 唐 (táng, “Tang”) to refer to China in general due to its perception as a "golden age" in Chinese history.

lang

教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典

教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典

thcwd

“Entry #5806”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2025.

/tʰɑŋ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/tʰɔːŋ²¹ saːn⁵⁵/

/hɔŋ²² san³³/

/tʰɔŋ¹¹ san⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²² suã³³/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²¹ suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²³⁻²¹ suã³³/

/tŋ̍¹³⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²³⁻³³ suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ suã⁴⁴/

/tʰaŋ¹¹ suã³³⁴/

/tɯŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sũã³³/

/tʰɑŋ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/tʰɔːŋ²¹ saːn⁵⁵/

/hɔŋ²² san³³/

/tʰɔŋ¹¹ san⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²² suã³³/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²¹ suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²³⁻²¹ suã³³/

/tŋ̍¹³⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²³⁻³³ suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ suã⁴⁴/

/tʰaŋ¹¹ suã³³⁴/

/tɯŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sũã³³/

Chinese Elder Brother (The Big Boss, 1971 film featuring Bruce Lee)

《唐山大兄》

possibly based on the Zhongshan variety of Yue

Please do, for I have to go back to China soon.

do¹ faan⁴ nei⁵ laa³. jan¹ wai⁶ ngo⁵ soeng² zou² jat⁶ faan¹ tong⁴ saan¹.

多煩你嚹。因為我想早日翻唐山。

多烦你嚹。因为我想早日翻唐山。

As people went from mainland China over to Taiwan, their hearts became weighed down. (an idiom about the Chinese migration toward Taiwan in Qing Dynasty)

Tn̂g-soaⁿ kòe Tâi-oân, sim-koaⁿ kiat kui oân

唐山過台灣，心肝結規丸

唐山过台湾，心肝结规丸

[From] mainland China [they] went over to Taiwan, without any money, diligently cultivating the hill lands and tilling the fields.

涂敏恆 (Tu Min-Heng), 《客家本色》 ("Natural Color of Hakka")

Thòng-sân ko Thòi-vàn, mò pan tiám chhièn, sat-mâng tá-piang kâng-sân-kâng-thièn.

唐山過台灣，無半點錢，煞猛打拚耕山耕田。

唐山过台湾，无半点钱，煞猛打拚耕山耕田。

(Taiwan, Philippine Hokkien, dated) mainland China


唐山

→ English: Tangshan, T'ang-shan

Named after the Tang Mountain in the city; the Tang Mountain was named after the Tang Dynasty

/tʰɑŋ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/tʰɔːŋ²¹ saːn⁵⁵/

/hɔŋ²² san³³/

/tʰɔŋ¹¹ san⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²² suã³³/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²¹ suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²³⁻²¹ suã³³/

/tŋ̍¹³⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²³⁻³³ suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ suã⁴⁴/

/tʰaŋ¹¹ suã³³⁴/

/tɯŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sũã³³/

/tʰɑŋ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/tʰɔːŋ²¹ saːn⁵⁵/

/hɔŋ²² san³³/

/tʰɔŋ¹¹ san⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²² suã³³/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²¹ suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²³⁻²¹ suã³³/

/tŋ̍¹³⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²³⁻³³ suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ suã⁴⁴/

/tʰaŋ¹¹ suã³³⁴/

/tɯŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sũã³³/

Great Tangshan earthquake (1976 Tangshan earthquake)

唐山大地震

(～市) Tangshan (a prefecture-level city in northeastern Hebei, China)


霹靂

/pʰɪk̚⁵ lɪk̚⁵/

/pʰiʔ²⁴⁻²¹ l̃iʔ⁵/

/pʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ liɪk̚¹²¹/

/pʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ liɪk̚⁴/

/pe²²⁻²¹ laʔ⁴/

/pʰɪk̚⁵ lɪk̚⁵/

/pʰiʔ²⁴⁻²¹ l̃iʔ⁵/

/pʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ liɪk̚¹²¹/

/pʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ liɪk̚⁴/

/pe²²⁻²¹ laʔ⁴/

霹雳
*辟歷
*辟历
礔礰
礕礰
劈歷
霹雳
吡叻


湖南

/hu⁵³⁻³³ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² lam²⁴/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² lam²⁴/

/ɔ¹³⁻²² lam¹³/

/ɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ lam²⁴/

/ɔ²³⁻³³ lam²³/

/ou⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lam⁵⁵/

/ou⁵⁵⁻¹¹ nam⁵⁵/

/ɸu¹³ l̃an¹³/

/hu⁵³⁻³³ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² lam²⁴/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² lam²⁴/

/ɔ¹³⁻²² lam¹³/

/ɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ lam²⁴/

/ɔ²³⁻³³ lam²³/

/ou⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lam⁵⁵/

/ou⁵⁵⁻¹¹ nam⁵⁵/

/ɸu¹³ l̃an¹³/


加蓬

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ pʰɤŋ³⁵/

/kaː⁵⁵ pʰʊŋ²¹/

/ka⁴⁴⁻²² pʰɔŋ²⁴/

/ka³³ pʰɔŋ²⁴/

/kɛ⁴⁴⁻²² pʰɔŋ¹³/

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ pʰɤŋ³⁵/

/kaː⁵⁵ pʰʊŋ²¹/

/ka⁴⁴⁻²² pʰɔŋ²⁴/

/ka³³ pʰɔŋ²⁴/

/kɛ⁴⁴⁻²² pʰɔŋ¹³/

(Mainland China) Gabon (a country in Central Africa)


東海

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hai⁵³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hai⁵³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hai⁵³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hai⁴¹/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hai⁵³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hai⁵³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hai⁵³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hai⁴¹/


土耳其

/tʰu²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/tʰou̯³⁵ jiː¹³ kʰei̯²¹/

/tʰu³¹ ŋi³¹ kʰi¹¹/

/tʰu³¹ ŋi³¹ kʰi¹¹/

/tʰu³³⁻²¹ i³³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾i⁵³/

/tʰɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ nĩ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ki²³/

/tʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ki²⁴/

/tʰɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ nĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ki²⁴/

/tʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ d͡zĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ki¹³/

/tʰɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ nĩ³³⁻²¹ ki²³/

/tʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nĩ³³⁻¹¹ ki²⁴/

/tʰou⁵²⁻³⁵ d͡zɯ⁵²⁻³⁵ kʰi⁵⁵/

/tʰu³³ ɦəl⁵⁵ d͡ʑi²¹/

/tʰu²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/tʰou̯³⁵ jiː¹³ kʰei̯²¹/

/tʰu³¹ ŋi³¹ kʰi¹¹/

/tʰu³¹ ŋi³¹ kʰi¹¹/

/tʰu³³⁻²¹ i³³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾i⁵³/

/tʰɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ nĩ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ki²³/

/tʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ki²⁴/

/tʰɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ nĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ki²⁴/

/tʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ d͡zĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ki¹³/

/tʰɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ nĩ³³⁻²¹ ki²³/

/tʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nĩ³³⁻¹¹ ki²⁴/

/tʰou⁵²⁻³⁵ d͡zɯ⁵²⁻³⁵ kʰi⁵⁵/

/tʰu³³ ɦəl⁵⁵ d͡ʑi²¹/

1848, 徐繼畬 [Xu Jiyu], editor, 瀛寰志略, volume 6, page 11:

Tàixī zhū guó kuà Yàxìyà Ōuluóbā liǎng tǔ zhě, wéi Éluósī yǔ Tǔ'ěrqí liǎng guó. Tǔ'ěrqí jiāngyù zhī dà, bùjí Éluósī, ér shàn gāoyú zhī rǎng, jù xíngbiàn zhī dì, bǎinián lái zhúlù fēnfēn, qì wú zhǐgē zhī rì.

泰西諸國跨亞細亞歐羅巴兩土者，惟峩羅斯與土耳其兩國。土耳其疆域之大，不及峩羅斯，而擅膏腴之壤，據形便之地，百年來逐鹿紛紛，迄無止戈之日。

泰西诸国跨亚细亚欧罗巴两土者，惟峩罗斯与土耳其两国。土耳其疆域之大，不及峩罗斯，而擅膏腴之壤，据形便之地，百年来逐鹿纷纷，迄无止戈之日。

Turkey (a country located in eastern Thrace in southeastern Europe and Anatolia in southwestern Asia)


海島

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ tou̯³⁵/

/xuɛ²¹ tɔ⁵⁵/

/hai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/hai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tɤ⁴¹/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ to⁵³/

/hai⁵²⁻³⁵ tau⁵²⁻²¹/

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ tou̯³⁵/

/xuɛ²¹ tɔ⁵⁵/

/hai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/hai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tɤ⁴¹/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ to⁵³/

/hai⁵²⁻³⁵ tau⁵²⁻²¹/

(countable) island in the sea (Classifier: 座 m)


芬蘭

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (芬蘭):
* → Vietnamese: Phần Lan (芬蘭)

→ Wutunhua: fenlan

/fən⁵⁵ län³⁵/

/huŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ˡ⁻⁾nˡaŋ⁵³/

/huŋ³³⁻²³ laŋ⁵⁵/

/fən⁵⁵ län³⁵/

/huŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ˡ⁻⁾nˡaŋ⁵³/

/huŋ³³⁻²³ laŋ⁵⁵/

1848, 徐繼畬 [Xu Jiyu], editor, 瀛寰志略, volume 4, page 27; quoted in 魏源 [Wei Yuan], 海國圖志 [Illustrated Treatise on the Maritime Kingdoms], volume 56, 1852, page 43:

Qí xī jìng zì Bǐdéluó juéqǐ, rìyì huītuò, xī gē Ruìdiǎn zhī Fēnlán, nán jiān Gāojiāsuǒ yí běi zhū bù, xī qǔ Bái'é zhū bù, yòu gē Bōlán sān fēn zhī èr, Tǔ'ěrqí, Bōsī běi jìng, yì duō bèi qīngē.

其西境自彼得羅崛起，日益恢拓，西割瑞典之芬蘭，南兼高加索迤北諸部，西取白峩諸部，又割波蘭三分之二，土耳其、波斯北境，亦多被侵割。

其西境自彼得罗崛起，日益恢拓，西割瑞典之芬兰，南兼高加索迤北诸部，西取白峩诸部，又割波兰三分之二，土耳其、波斯北境，亦多被侵割。


大海

/tä⁵¹ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/taːi̯²² hɔːi̯³⁵/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² hai⁵⁵⁴/

/tä⁵¹ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/taːi̯²² hɔːi̯³⁵/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² hai⁵⁵⁴/

Where I live now there is no sea, but only high mountains.

Wǒ xiànzài de zhùsuǒ wéiyǒu gāoshān, bù jiàn dàhǎi.

我現在的住所唯有高山，不見大海。

我现在的住所唯有高山，不见大海。


奧克蘭

/ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ kʰɤ⁵¹ län³⁵/

/ou̯³³ hɐk̚⁵ laːn²¹/

/ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ kʰɤ⁵¹ län³⁵/

/ou̯³³ hɐk̚⁵ laːn²¹/

Oakland (a city in California, United States)


東莞

Sino-Xenic (東莞):
* → Japanese: 東莞(とうかん) (Tōkan)
* → Vietnamese: Đông Hoản (東莞)

desc

→ English: Dongguan, Tungkuan, Tung-kuan, Tungkun, Tungkoon, Tung Koon

→ Zhuang: Dunghgvanj

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ ku̯än²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ kuːn³⁵/

/tʊŋ²¹³ kun³⁵/

/ɵŋ³³ kᵘɔn⁵⁵/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kuan⁵³/

/taŋ³³⁻²³ kuaŋ⁵²/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ ku̯än²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ kuːn³⁵/

/tʊŋ²¹³ kun³⁵/

/ɵŋ³³ kᵘɔn⁵⁵/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kuan⁵³/

/taŋ³³⁻²³ kuaŋ⁵²/

(～市) Dongguan (a prefecture-level city in Guangdong, China)


廣州

ja-r

広(こう)州(しゅう) (Kōshū)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (廣州):
* → Japanese: 広(こう)州(しゅう) (Kōshū)
* → Korean: 광주(廣州) (Gwangju)
* → Vietnamese: Quảng Châu (廣州)

desc

→ English: Guangzhou, Kwangchow, Kwang-chow

→ French: Guangzhou

→ German: Guangzhou

→ Hindi: ग्वांगझोउ (gvāṅgjhou)

→ Japanese: コワンチョウ (Kowanchō)

→ Korean: 광저우 (Gwangjeou)

→ Portuguese: Guangzhou

→ Russian: Гуанчжо́у (Guančžóu)

→ Swedish: Guangzhou

→ Thai: กว่างโจว

→ Thai: กว่างโจว

→ Uyghur: گۇاڭجۇ (guangju)

→ Zhuang: Gvangjcouh

/ku̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kʷɔːŋ³⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/kʷɔŋ³⁵ t͡sau²¹³/

/kɔŋ⁵⁵ t͡siu³³/

/kuɔŋ³¹ t͡su⁴⁴/

/kŋ̍⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kŋ̍⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡siu³³/

/kŋ̍⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kŋ̍⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ t͡siu³³/

/kŋ̍⁴²⁻²⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kuĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kɯŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡siu³³/

/kuɑ̃³³ t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

/ku̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kʷɔːŋ³⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/kʷɔŋ³⁵ t͡sau²¹³/

/kɔŋ⁵⁵ t͡siu³³/

/kuɔŋ³¹ t͡su⁴⁴/

/kŋ̍⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kŋ̍⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡siu³³/

/kŋ̍⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kŋ̍⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ t͡siu³³/

/kŋ̍⁴²⁻²⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kuĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kɯŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡siu³³/

/kuɑ̃³³ t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

Originally the name of a prefecture, first established in 226 CE and re-established in 264 CE, that covered parts of present-day Guangdong and whose seat was originally located in Panyu.

(～市, formerly ～府, ～路) Guangzhou (a prefecture-level city, subprovincial city, and port, the provincial capital of Guangdong, China)

(～市) Gwangju (a city in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea)


馬薩諸塞

ㄇㄚˇ ㄙㄚˋ ㄓㄨ ㄙㄞˋ

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ sä⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂu⁵⁵ saɪ̯⁵¹/

/maː¹³ saːt̚³ t͡syː⁵⁵ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ sä⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂu⁵⁵ saɪ̯⁵¹/

/maː¹³ saːt̚³ t͡syː⁵⁵ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/

(～州, ～聯邦) Massachusetts (a state of the United States)


濟南

→ English: Chinan, Chi-nan, Jinan, Ji'nan, Tsinan

/t͡ɕi²¹⁴⁻²¹ nän³⁵/

/t͡sɐi̯³⁵ naːm²¹/

/t͡sɐi̯³³ naːm²¹/

/t͡si⁵³⁻⁵⁵ nam¹¹/

/t͡sɛ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/t͡se²¹⁻⁵³ lam²⁴/

/t͡se¹¹⁻⁵³ lam²⁴/

/t͡se²¹⁻⁵³ lam¹³/

/t͡se²¹⁻⁴¹ lam²³/

/t͡se⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lam²⁴/

/t͡ɕi²¹⁴⁻²¹ nän³⁵/

/t͡sɐi̯³⁵ naːm²¹/

/t͡sɐi̯³³ naːm²¹/

/t͡si⁵³⁻⁵⁵ nam¹¹/

/t͡sɛ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/t͡se²¹⁻⁵³ lam²⁴/

/t͡se¹¹⁻⁵³ lam²⁴/

/t͡se²¹⁻⁵³ lam¹³/

/t͡se²¹⁻⁴¹ lam²³/

/t͡se⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lam²⁴/

(～市) Jinan (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Shandong, China)


金門

→ English: Kinmen, Quemoy, Chinmen, Chin-men, Jinmen

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ mən³⁵/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ mŋ̍²³/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² mŋ̍²⁴/

/kim³³ mŋ̍²⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ mŋ̍²⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² muĩ¹³/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ mən³⁵/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ mŋ̍²³/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² mŋ̍²⁴/

/kim³³ mŋ̍²⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ mŋ̍²⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² muĩ¹³/

(～縣) Kinmen (a county of Taiwan (Republic of China); de jure part of its Fujian Province)


溫泉

/wən⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵/

/wɐn⁵⁵ t͡sʰyːn²¹/

/un⁴⁴⁻²² t͡suã²⁴/

/un⁴⁴⁻²² t͡suã¹³/

/un⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡suã²⁴/

/un⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡suã²³/

/wən⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵/

/wɐn⁵⁵ t͡sʰyːn²¹/

/un⁴⁴⁻²² t͡suã²⁴/

/un⁴⁴⁻²² t͡suã¹³/

/un⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡suã²⁴/

/un⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡suã²³/

(～縣) Wenquan County (a county of Xinjiang, China)


河口

/xɤ³⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/xə²⁴ kʰou⁵¹/

/hɔː²¹ hɐu̯³⁵/

/xɤ³⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/xɤ³⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/xə²⁴ kʰou⁵¹/

/hɔː²¹ hɐu̯³⁵/


南斯拉夫

/nän³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ lä⁵⁵ fu⁵⁵/

/naːm²¹ siː⁵⁵ laːi̯⁵⁵ fuː⁵⁵/

/lam²⁴⁻²² su⁴⁴⁻²² la⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hu⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² su³³ la⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ hu³³/

/lam¹³⁻²² su⁴⁴⁻²² la⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hu⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ su⁴⁴⁻³³ la⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hu⁴⁴/

/lam²³⁻³³ su⁴⁴⁻³³ la⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ hu⁴⁴/

/nän³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ lä⁵⁵ fu⁵⁵/

/naːm²¹ siː⁵⁵ laːi̯⁵⁵ fuː⁵⁵/

/lam²⁴⁻²² su⁴⁴⁻²² la⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hu⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² su³³ la⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ hu³³/

/lam¹³⁻²² su⁴⁴⁻²² la⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hu⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ su⁴⁴⁻³³ la⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hu⁴⁴/

/lam²³⁻³³ su⁴⁴⁻³³ la⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ hu⁴⁴/

Partial calque of Serbo-Croatian Jugòslāvija

partial calque

南斯拉夫社會主義聯邦共和國

Nánsīlāfū Shèhuì Zhǔyì Liánbāng Gònghéguó


南亞

/nän³⁵ jä⁵¹/

/nän³⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/naːm²¹ aː³³/

/nˡaŋ⁵³⁻³³ ^((Ø-))ŋa³³/

/lam²⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² a³³/

/lam¹³⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ a⁴⁴/

/lam²³⁻³³ a⁴⁴/

/nän³⁵ jä⁵¹/

/nän³⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/naːm²¹ aː³³/

/nˡaŋ⁵³⁻³³ ^((Ø-))ŋa³³/

/lam²⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² a³³/

/lam¹³⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ a⁴⁴/

/lam²³⁻³³ a⁴⁴/


南海

/nän³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/naːm²¹ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/ⁿdam²² hᵘɔi⁵⁵/

/lam²⁴⁻²² hai⁵⁵⁴/

/nän³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/naːm²¹ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/ⁿdam²² hᵘɔi⁵⁵/

/lam²⁴⁻²² hai⁵⁵⁴/

; "Nanhai, Guangdong, China; Nanhai Commandery"

Nanhai (a lake in Zhongnanhai, Xicheng district, Beijing, China)

Shǔ zhī bǐ yǒu èr sēng: qí yī pín, qí yī fù. Pín zhě yǔ yú fù zhě yuē: “Wú yù zhī Nánhǎi, hérú?”

蜀之鄙有二僧：其一貧，其一富。貧者語於富者曰：「吾欲之南海，何如？」

蜀之鄙有二僧：其一贫，其一富。贫者语于富者曰：「吾欲之南海，何如？」

(historical) Mount Putuo (an island and mountain in Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China)


山脈

/ʂän⁵⁵ maɪ̯⁵¹/

/ʂän⁵⁵ mu̯ɔ⁵¹/

/suã³³ beʔ²⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² mẽʔ⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ mẽʔ⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² mɛ̃ʔ¹²¹/

/ʂän⁵⁵ maɪ̯⁵¹/

/ʂän⁵⁵ mu̯ɔ⁵¹/

/suã³³ beʔ²⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² mẽʔ⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ mẽʔ⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² mɛ̃ʔ¹²¹/

(geography, collective) mountain range (Classifier: 條／条)


漢化

/xän⁵¹⁻⁵³ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/hɔːn³³ faː³³/

/xän⁵¹⁻⁵³ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/hɔːn³³ faː³³/

(computing) to implement Chinese localization; to translate into Chinese or convert into a Chinese interface


中國化

ㄓㄨㄥ ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄏㄨㄚˋ

ㄓㄨㄥ ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄏㄨㄚˋ

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³ faː³³/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³ faː³³/

馬克思主義中國化

马克思主义中国化


日本化

/ʐ̩⁵¹ pən²¹⁴⁻²¹ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/ʐ̩⁵¹ pən²¹⁴⁻²¹ xu̯ä⁵¹/


蘇聯

/sɔ⁴⁴⁻²² liɛn²⁴/

/sɔ³³ liɛn²⁴/

/sɔ⁴⁴⁻²² liɛn¹³/

/sɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ liɛn²⁴/

/sɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ liɛn²³/

/sɔ⁴⁴⁻²² liɛn²⁴/

/sɔ³³ liɛn²⁴/

/sɔ⁴⁴⁻²² liɛn¹³/

/sɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ liɛn²⁴/

/sɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ liɛn²³/

Short for 蘇維埃聯盟／苏维埃联盟 (Sūwéi'āi Liánméng).


東帝汶

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ ti⁵¹⁻⁵³ wən⁵¹/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ tɐi̯³³ mɐn²²/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ tɐi̯³³ mɐn²¹/

/tɔŋ³³ te⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ bun⁴¹/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² te²¹⁻⁵³ bun²²/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ ti⁵¹⁻⁵³ wən⁵¹/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ tɐi̯³³ mɐn²²/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ tɐi̯³³ mɐn²¹/

/tɔŋ³³ te⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ bun⁴¹/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² te²¹⁻⁵³ bun²²/

East Timor (a country in Southeast Asia occupying half the island of Timor)


布隆迪

ㄅㄨˋ ㄌㄨㄥˊ ㄉㄧˊ

/pu⁵¹ lʊŋ³⁵ ti³⁵/

/pou̯³³ lʊŋ²¹ tɪk̚²/

/po²¹⁻⁵³ liɔŋ¹³⁻²² tiɪk̚¹²¹/

/po²¹⁻⁵³ liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚⁴/

/pɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² tiak̚²⁴/

/pu⁵¹ lʊŋ³⁵ ti³⁵/

/pou̯³³ lʊŋ²¹ tɪk̚²/

/po²¹⁻⁵³ liɔŋ¹³⁻²² tiɪk̚¹²¹/

/po²¹⁻⁵³ liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚⁴/

/pɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² tiak̚²⁴/

(Mainland China) Burundi (a country in East Africa)


西班牙

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (西班牙):
* → Korean: 서반아(西班牙) (Seobana)
* → Vietnamese: Tây Ban Nha (西班牙)

/ɕi⁵⁵ pän⁵⁵ jä³⁵/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ paːn⁵⁵ ŋaː²¹/

/ɬai³³ pan³³ ᵑɡa²²/

/si²⁴⁻¹¹ pan²⁴ ŋa¹¹/

/si⁴⁴ pan⁴⁴⁻³⁵ ŋa¹¹/

/sɛ⁵⁵⁻²¹ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βaŋ⁵⁵ ŋa⁵³/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² pan⁴⁴⁻²² ɡa²⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ pan⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡa²⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ pan⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡa²³/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² pan⁴⁴⁻²² ɡɛ¹³/

/si³³⁻²¹ pan³³⁻²¹ ɡɛ²³/

/sai³³⁻²³ paŋ³³⁻²³ ɡe⁵⁵/

/ɕi⁵⁵ pe³³ ŋa²¹/

/ɕi⁵⁵ pän⁵⁵ jä³⁵/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ paːn⁵⁵ ŋaː²¹/

/ɬai³³ pan³³ ᵑɡa²²/

/si²⁴⁻¹¹ pan²⁴ ŋa¹¹/

/si⁴⁴ pan⁴⁴⁻³⁵ ŋa¹¹/

/sɛ⁵⁵⁻²¹ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βaŋ⁵⁵ ŋa⁵³/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² pan⁴⁴⁻²² ɡa²⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ pan⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡa²⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ pan⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡa²³/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² pan⁴⁴⁻²² ɡɛ¹³/

/si³³⁻²¹ pan³³⁻²¹ ɡɛ²³/

/sai³³⁻²³ paŋ³³⁻²³ ɡe⁵⁵/

/ɕi⁵⁵ pe³³ ŋa²¹/

Borrowed from the word for Spain in a European language; compare English Spain, Spanish España, German Spanien, Latin Hispania. The choice of the final syllable 牙 (yá) is possibly influenced or reinforced by 葡萄牙 (Pútáoyá, “Portugal”).
Attested as early as 1835, in the Eastern Western Monthly Magazine. An earlier similar transcription is 是班呀, attested in 海國聞見錄 [1730] by Chen Lunjiong (陳倫烱).

Qiánmíng Hóngzhì niánjiān, Xībānyá zhī chén yǒu Kělún zhě, jià jù jiàn xī xún xīn dì, shǐ dǐ jiālèhǎiwān qúndǎo, zhī yǒu Yàmòlìjiā guǎngtǔ, xiān qǔ Kělúnbǐyà.

前明宏治年間，西班牙之臣有可侖者，駕巨艦西尋新地，始抵加勒海灣群島，知有亞墨利加廣土，先取可侖比亞。

前明宏治年间，西班牙之臣有可仑者，驾巨舰西寻新地，始抵加勒海湾群岛，知有亚墨利加广土，先取可仑比亚。

Spain (a country in Southern Europe, including most of the Iberian peninsula)


法國

Sino-Xenic (法國):
* → Vietnamese: Pháp Quốc (法國)

⇒ Manchu: ᡶᠠ
ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ (fa gurun)

→ Zhuang: Fazgoz

/fä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/fä⁵¹ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/faːt̚³ kʷɔːk̚³/

/fat̚⁵⁵ kɔk̚⁵⁵/

/huaʔ²⁴⁻⁵⁵ kuɔʔ²⁴/

/haʔ¹⁻⁴² kɒʔ¹/

/haʔ²⁻²⁴ kɒʔ²/

/huat̚³²⁻⁴ kɔk̚³²/

/huat̚⁵⁻²⁴ kɔk̚⁵/

/huat̚³²⁻⁵ kɔk̚³²/

/huat̚³²⁻⁴ kɔk̚³²/

/huat̚³²⁻⁴ kɔk̚³²/

/faʔ³³ koʔ⁴⁴/

/fä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/fä⁵¹ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/faːt̚³ kʷɔːk̚³/

/fat̚⁵⁵ kɔk̚⁵⁵/

/huaʔ²⁴⁻⁵⁵ kuɔʔ²⁴/

/haʔ¹⁻⁴² kɒʔ¹/

/haʔ²⁻²⁴ kɒʔ²/

/huat̚³²⁻⁴ kɔk̚³²/

/huat̚⁵⁻²⁴ kɔk̚⁵/

/huat̚³²⁻⁵ kɔk̚³²/

/huat̚³²⁻⁴ kɔk̚³²/

/huat̚³²⁻⁴ kɔk̚³²/

/faʔ³³ koʔ⁴⁴/

From 法 (Fǎ, abbreviation of 法蘭西／法兰西 (Fǎlánxī), from French France) + 國／国 (guó, “country”).

zh-m

法蘭西／法兰西 (Fǎlánxī)

法國南部

法国南部

How many consulates does France have in the US?

Fǎguó zài Měiguó yǒu duōshao lǐngshìguǎn?

法國在美國有多少領事館？

法国在美国有多少领事馆？

These are some materials that I brought back for you from France. Please take a look.

Zhè shì wǒ tèyì cóng Fǎguó gěi nǐmen dài huílái de yīxiē zīliào, nǐmen hǎohǎo kànkàn.

這是我特意從法國給你們帶回來的一些資料，你們好好看看。

这是我特意从法国给你们带回来的一些资料，你们好好看看。


莫斯科

/mu̯ɔ⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵⁵/

/mɔːk̚² siː⁵⁵ fɔː⁵⁵/

/mok̚⁵ sɨ²⁴⁻¹¹ kʰo²⁴/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² su⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰɤ⁴⁴/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² su⁴⁴⁻²² kʰo⁴⁴/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² su⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰo⁴⁴/

/bɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ su⁴⁴⁻²² kʰo⁴⁴/

/bɔk̚²⁴⁻² sɯ³³ kʰə³³/

/moʔ¹¹ sz̩²² kʰu²³/

/mu̯ɔ⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵⁵/

/mɔːk̚² siː⁵⁵ fɔː⁵⁵/

/mok̚⁵ sɨ²⁴⁻¹¹ kʰo²⁴/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² su⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰɤ⁴⁴/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² su⁴⁴⁻²² kʰo⁴⁴/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² su⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰo⁴⁴/

/bɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ su⁴⁴⁻²² kʰo⁴⁴/

/bɔk̚²⁴⁻² sɯ³³ kʰə³³/

/moʔ¹¹ sz̩²² kʰu²³/

Borrowed from English Moscow, or shortened from Qing-era 莫斯科窪／莫斯科洼 (Mòsīkēwā), which is borrowed from Manchu ᠮᠣᠰᠺᠣᠸᠠ (mosk'owa).

zh-l

莫斯科窪／莫斯科洼 (Mòsīkēwā)

《莫斯科郊外的晚上》

Moscow (a federal city, the capital of Russia)


巴黎

/paː⁵⁵ lɐi̯²¹/

/pa⁵⁵ l̃ɛ⁵³/

/pa⁴⁴⁻²² le²⁴/

/pa⁴⁴⁻²² le¹³/

/pa⁴⁴⁻³³ le²⁴/

/pa⁴⁴⁻³³ le²³/

/pa³³⁻²³ li⁵⁵/

/paː⁵⁵ lɐi̯²¹/

/pa⁵⁵ l̃ɛ⁵³/

/pa⁴⁴⁻²² le²⁴/

/pa⁴⁴⁻²² le¹³/

/pa⁴⁴⁻³³ le²⁴/

/pa⁴⁴⁻³³ le²³/

/pa³³⁻²³ li⁵⁵/

From French Paris. Attested as early as 1838, in 古今萬國綱鑑 by German missionary Karl Gützlaff.

The Eiffel Tower is Paris's landmark structure.

Àifēi'ěr Tiětǎ shì Bālí de biāozhìxìng jiànzhù.

艾菲爾鐵塔是巴黎的標誌性建築。

艾菲尔铁塔是巴黎的标志性建筑。

1866, 斌椿, 乘槎筆記; republished volume 2, Tokyo: 袋屋龜次郎, 1872, page 26:

Èrshísānrì, qíng, zhù bālí hǎiguān, miǎn yàn xínglǐ, jiēshì fánhuá, qìjú kuòdà, yòu shèngyú Lǐ'áng.

二十三日，晴，駐巴黎海關，免驗行李，街市繁華，氣局闊大，又勝於里昂。

二十三日，晴，驻巴黎海关，免验行李，街市繁华，气局阔大，又胜于里昂。

Paris (the capital and largest city of France; department of Île-de-France)


澳大利亞人

ㄠˋ ㄉㄚˋ ㄌㄧˋ ㄧㄚˋ ㄖㄣˊ

ㄠˋ ㄉㄚˋ ㄌㄧˋ ㄧㄚˇ ㄖㄣˊ

/ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹⁻⁵³ jä⁵¹ ʐən³⁵/

/ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʐən³⁵/

/ou̯³³ taːi̯²² lei̯²² aː³³ jɐn²¹/

/ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹⁻⁵³ jä⁵¹ ʐən³⁵/

/ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʐən³⁵/

/ou̯³³ taːi̯²² lei̯²² aː³³ jɐn²¹/

一個地道的澳大利亞人

一个地道的澳大利亚人


俄國

desc

→ Lü: ᦵᦁᦲᧉᦷᦅᧉ (ʼoe²ko²)

→ Lü: ᦵᦁᦲᧉᦷᦅᧉ (ʼoe²ko²)

/ˀɤ³⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/ˀɤ⁵¹ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/ŋɔː²¹ kʷɔːk̚³/

/ᵑɡᵘɔ²² kɔk̚⁵⁵/

/ˈŋo³⁵ kuɛt̚⁵/

/ŋo¹¹ kuɛt̚¹/

/ŋo⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾uɔʔ²⁴/

/ɡɤ²³⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

/ɡo²⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/ɡo²⁴⁻¹¹ kɔk̚³²/

/ɡo¹³⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/ŋɔ̃²⁴⁻²² kɔk̚⁵/

/ŋo⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kok̚²/

/ŋu²² koʔ⁴⁴/

/ˀɤ³⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/ˀɤ⁵¹ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/ŋɔː²¹ kʷɔːk̚³/

/ᵑɡᵘɔ²² kɔk̚⁵⁵/

/ˈŋo³⁵ kuɛt̚⁵/

/ŋo¹¹ kuɛt̚¹/

/ŋo⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾uɔʔ²⁴/

/ɡɤ²³⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

/ɡo²⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/ɡo²⁴⁻¹¹ kɔk̚³²/

/ɡo¹³⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/ŋɔ̃²⁴⁻²² kɔk̚⁵/

/ŋo⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kok̚²/

/ŋu²² koʔ⁴⁴/

From 俄 (É, abbreviation of 俄羅斯／俄罗斯 (Éluósī)) + 國／国 (guó, “country”); attested as early as 1838, in the Eastern Western Monthly Magazine.

zh-m

俄羅斯／俄罗斯 (Éluósī)

Russia (A transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and North Asia) (at any point of its history)


俄羅斯

→ Zhuang: Ngozlozswh

Ngò̤-lò̤-sṳ̆

/ˀɤ³⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵/

/ˀɤ⁵¹ lu̯ɔ³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵/

/ŋɔː²¹ lɔː²¹ siː⁵⁵/

/ᵑɡᵘɔ²² lᵘɔ²² ɬu³³/

/ŋo¹¹ lo¹¹ sɨ²⁴/

/ŋo¹¹ lo¹¹ sz̩⁴⁴/

Ngò̤-lò̤-sṳ̆

/ŋo⁵³⁻³³ l̃o⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾ly⁵⁵/

/ɡo¹³⁻²² lo¹³⁻²² su⁴⁴/

/ɡɤ²³⁻³³ lɤ²³⁻³³ su⁴⁴/

/ɡo²⁴⁻¹¹ lo²⁴⁻¹¹ su⁴⁴/

/ɡo²⁴⁻²² lo²⁴⁻²² su⁴⁴/

/ŋɔ̃²⁴⁻²² lo²⁴⁻²² sɯ³³/

/ŋo⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lo⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sɯ³³/

/ŋu²² lu⁵⁵ sz̩²¹/

/ˀɤ³⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵/

/ˀɤ⁵¹ lu̯ɔ³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵/

/ŋɔː²¹ lɔː²¹ siː⁵⁵/

/ᵑɡᵘɔ²² lᵘɔ²² ɬu³³/

/ŋo¹¹ lo¹¹ sɨ²⁴/

/ŋo¹¹ lo¹¹ sz̩⁴⁴/

/ŋo⁵³⁻³³ l̃o⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾ly⁵⁵/

/ɡo¹³⁻²² lo¹³⁻²² su⁴⁴/

/ɡɤ²³⁻³³ lɤ²³⁻³³ su⁴⁴/

/ɡo²⁴⁻¹¹ lo²⁴⁻¹¹ su⁴⁴/

/ɡo²⁴⁻²² lo²⁴⁻²² su⁴⁴/

/ŋɔ̃²⁴⁻²² lo²⁴⁻²² sɯ³³/

/ŋo⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lo⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sɯ³³/

/ŋu²² lu⁵⁵ sz̩²¹/

Qing-era transcription of Manchu ᠣᡵᠣᠰ (oros, “Russians; Russia”), from Classical Mongolian ᠣᠷᠤᠰ (orus, “Russians; Russia”), from Middle Mongol 斡羅思 (orus, “Rus”), from Kipchak [Term?] (“Rus”) (whence Armeno-Kipchak Որուս (Orus, “Ruthenia”), with vowel-harmonic prothesis o- before liquid r-), from Old East Slavic Русь f (Rusĭ, “Rus”), from Proto-Finnic *roocci (“Swede, Varangian”).

der

俄罗斯
鄂羅斯
斡羅思
峨羅斯

中國和俄羅斯的邊界

中国和俄罗斯的边界

Russia (A transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and North Asia)

Armeno-Kipchak language
Liquid consonant
Prothesis (linguistics)
Qing dynasty
Vowel harmony


伊拉克

→ Zhuang: Yihlahgwz

/i⁵⁵ lä⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹/

/i⁵⁵ lä⁵⁵ kʰɤɻ⁵¹/

/jiː⁵⁵ laːi̯⁵⁵ hɐk̚⁵/

/i⁴⁴ la⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kʰɛt̚¹/

/i⁴⁴⁻²² la⁴⁴⁻²² kʰiɪk̚³²/

/i⁴⁴⁻³³ la⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰiɪk̚³²/

/i⁴⁴⁻²² liap̚¹²¹⁻²¹ kʰiɪk̚³²/

/i⁵⁵ la³³ kʰəʔ²¹/

/i⁵⁵ lä⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹/

/i⁵⁵ lä⁵⁵ kʰɤɻ⁵¹/

/jiː⁵⁵ laːi̯⁵⁵ hɐk̚⁵/

/i⁴⁴ la⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kʰɛt̚¹/

/i⁴⁴⁻²² la⁴⁴⁻²² kʰiɪk̚³²/

/i⁴⁴⁻³³ la⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰiɪk̚³²/

/i⁴⁴⁻²² liap̚¹²¹⁻²¹ kʰiɪk̚³²/

/i⁵⁵ la³³ kʰəʔ²¹/

From Arabic الْعِرَاق (al-ʕirāq, “Iraq”).

Iraq (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)