東京

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (東京):
* → Japanese: 東京(とうけい) (Tōkei)

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ kɪŋ⁵⁵/

/ɵŋ³³ ken³³/

/tuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kin²⁴/

/tʊŋ⁴⁴ kin⁴⁴/

/tøyŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋiŋ⁵⁵/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kiã⁴⁴/

/taŋ³³ kiã³³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kiã⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kiã⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kiã⁴⁴/

/taŋ³³⁻²³ kĩã³³/

/toŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕin²¹/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ kɪŋ⁵⁵/

/ɵŋ³³ ken³³/

/tuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kin²⁴/

/tʊŋ⁴⁴ kin⁴⁴/

/tøyŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋiŋ⁵⁵/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kiã⁴⁴/

/taŋ³³ kiã³³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kiã⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kiã⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kiã⁴⁴/

/taŋ³³⁻²³ kĩã³³/

/toŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕin²¹/

2006, “富士山下”, in 林夕 (lyrics), What's Going On...?, performed by 陳奕迅 [Eason Chan]:

mong⁴ diu⁶ ngo⁵ gan¹ nei⁵ jan¹ jyun³, jing¹ faa¹ hoi¹ liu⁵ gei² zyun³, dung¹ ging¹ zi¹ leoi⁵ jat¹ zou² bei² jat¹ sai³ jiu⁴ jyun⁵

忘掉我跟你恩怨 櫻花開了幾轉 東京之旅一早比一世遙遠

忘掉我跟你恩怨 樱花开了几转 东京之旅一早比一世遥远

(～都) Tokyo (a prefecture, the capital city of Japan)


中國

He zun
King Wu of Zhou
Names of China#Zhongguo
Western Zhou

Earliest attested on the Western Zhou bronze vessel He zun. See Names of China#Zhongguo.

When King Wu conquered the great city Shang, he then made reverent declarations to Heaven, saying: "Let me dwell in this, the central region, and from here govern the people."

He zun inscription, translated by Pankenier (2013)

Wéi Wǔwáng jì kè Dàyìshāng, zé tíng gào yú Tiān, yuē: yú qí zhái zī Zhōngguó, zì zhī yì mín.

隹珷王既克大邑商，𠟭廷吿于天，曰：余𠀠宅𢆶𠁩或，自之辥民。

隹珷王既克大邑商，𠟭廷告于天，曰：余𠀠宅𢆶𠁩或，自之辥民。

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ kuɛ²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂuŋ²⁴ kuei⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂuŋ²⁴ kuə⁵¹/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³/

/t͡sɵŋ³³ kɔk̚⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kuɛt̚¹/

/tyŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋuɔʔ²⁴/

/tœŋ⁵³³⁻¹³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɒʔ¹/

/tyøŋ⁵³³⁻¹³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɒʔ²/

/tiɔŋ³³ kɔk̚⁵/

/tiɔŋ³³⁻²¹ kɔk̚³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/toŋ³³⁻²³ kok̚²/

/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ koʔ²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ kuɛ²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂuŋ²⁴ kuei⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂuŋ²⁴ kuə⁵¹/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³/

/t͡sɵŋ³³ kɔk̚⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kuɛt̚¹/

/tyŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋuɔʔ²⁴/

/tœŋ⁵³³⁻¹³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɒʔ¹/

/tyøŋ⁵³³⁻¹³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɒʔ²/

/tiɔŋ³³ kɔk̚⁵/

/tiɔŋ³³⁻²¹ kɔk̚³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/toŋ³³⁻²³ kok̚²/

/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ koʔ²¹/

中國和平崛起

中国和平崛起

中國社會科學院

中国社会科学院

English translations of Chinese classics

中國典籍英譯

中国典籍英译

to interfere in China's internal affairs

干涉中國內政

干涉中国内政

中國的首都是北京。

中国的首都是北京。

他現在在中國旅行。

他现在在中国旅行。

你喜歡中國文學嗎？

你喜欢中国文学吗？

We humbly think that Buddhism is merely a religion of barbarians, which entered China during the Later Han and is not found in our ancestry.

Fú yǐ Fó zhě, yídí zhī yī fǎ ěr, zì Hòuhàn shí liúrù Zhōngguó, shànggǔ wèicháng yǒu yě.

伏以佛者，夷狄之一法耳，自後漢時流入中國，上古未嘗有也。

伏以佛者，夷狄之一法耳，自后汉时流入中国，上古未尝有也。

Someone asks, "The Four Barbarians and Ten Nations are not Chinese. Why do you describe the barbarian contributions but not ten nations'?" We reply, "Viewing from Chinese on barbarians, one shall barbarize them; Viewing from Five Dynasties on Ten Nations, one shall not."

11th century, Ouyang Xiu, Historical Records of the Five Dynasties

Wènzhě yuē: Sìyí, Shíguó, jiē fēi Zhōngguó zhī yǒu yě, Sìyí zhī fēngjué cháogòng zé shū, ér Shíguó zhī bù shū hé yě? Yuē: yǐ Zhōngguó ér shì yídí, yídí zhī kě yě. Yǐ Wǔdài zhī jūn ér shì Shíguó, yídí zhī zé wèikě yě.

問者曰：四夷、十國，皆非中國之有也，四夷之封爵朝貢則書，而十國之不書何也？曰：以中國而視夷狄，夷狄之可也。以五代之君而視十國，夷狄之則未可也。

问者曰：四夷、十国，皆非中国之有也，四夷之封爵朝贡则书，而十国之不书何也？曰：以中国而视夷狄，夷狄之可也。以五代之君而视十国，夷狄之则未可也。

c. 1300, 周達觀 (Zhou Daguan), 真臘風土記 (The Customs of Cambodia)

Tángrén dào bǐ, jiē bù yǔ zhī yánjí Zhōngguó fèn yōng zhī shì, kǒng wéi suǒ bǐ.

唐人到彼，皆不與之言及中國糞壅之事，恐為所鄙。

唐人到彼，皆不与之言及中国粪壅之事，恐为所鄙。

The national voice is different to that in China, with scripts mutually unintelligible. Thus, our humble people have some to say, but many could not express their feelings.

c. 1446, Sejong the Great, 訓民正音 (Hunminjeongeum)

國之語音，異乎中國，與文字不相流通，故愚民有所欲言，而終不得伸其情者多矣。

Zì wǒ cháo rùzhǔ zhōngtǔ, jūnlín tiānxià, bìng Ménggǔ jíbiān zhū bùluò, jù guī bǎntú, shì Zhōngguó zhī jiāngtǔ kāituò guǎngyuǎn, nǎi Zhōngguó chénmín zhī dàxìng, hédé shàngyǒu huáyí zhōngwài zhī fēn lùn zāi!

自我朝入主中土，君臨天下，并蒙古極邊諸部落，俱歸版圖，是中國之疆土開拓廣遠，乃中國臣民之大幸，何得尚有華夷中外之分論哉！

自我朝入主中土，君临天下，并蒙古极边诸部落，俱归版图，是中国之疆土开拓广远，乃中国臣民之大幸，何得尚有华夷中外之分论哉！

How much of it is forest? The population of China being very dense, the forests cannot be extensive.

1841, Elijah Coleman Bridgman, A Chinese Chrestomathy in the Canton Dialect, page 345

jau⁵ gei² do¹ syu⁶ muk⁶ ne¹? zung¹ gwok³ jan⁴ jin¹ cau⁴ zaap⁶, syu⁶ muk⁶ mou⁴ do¹.

有幾多樹木呢？中國人烟稠集，樹木無多。

有几多树木呢？中国人烟稠集，树木无多。

China (a country in Asia; capital: Beijing)


俄

俄語

俄语

Short for 俄羅斯／俄罗斯 (Éluósī).: Russia (A transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and North Asia)


加

Shuowen: ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 力 (“strength”) + 口 (“mouth”) — exaggerate; slander.
Sun Changxu: ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 力 (“plowing”) + 口 (“mouth”) — to put more effort. 口 here indicates exclamations or breath associated with the effort.
駕 (OC *kraːls, “to yoke”) is the exopassive of 加 (OC *kraːl, “to add; to attach”) (Schuessler, 2007). Cognate with Tibetan ཁྲལ (khral, “to impose a tax”), Burmese ကြား (kra:, “between”).

Han compound

美加邊界

美加边界

加國

加国

訪加

访加

Used in transcription.
Short for 加拿大 (Jiānádà, “Canada”).


坡

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *pʰaːl): semantic 土 (“dirt”) + phonetic 皮 (OC *bral).

Han compound

坡幣

坡币

(Taiwan, Hong Kong) Short for 新加坡 (Xīnjiāpō, “Singapore”).

Used in transcription.
Short for 新加坡 (Xīnjiāpō, “Singapore”).


唐

Cao Wei
Chen dynasty
Eastern Han dynasty
Eastern Wei
Eastern Wu
Eastern Zhou dynasty
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
Han dynasty
Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
Jin dynasty (265–420)
Liang dynasty
Liao dynasty
Liu Song dynasty
Ming dynasty
Northern Qi
Northern Wei
Northern Zhou
Northern and Southern dynasties
Qin dynasty
Qing dynasty
Shang dynasty
Shu Han
Song dynasty
Southern Qi
Southern and Northern dynasties
Spring and Autumn period
Sui dynasty
Tang dynasty
Three Kingdoms
Warring States period
Western Han dynasty
Western Liao
Western Wei
Western Xia
Western Zhou dynasty
Xia dynasty
Xin dynasty
Yuan dynasty
Zhou dynasty

→ English: Tang, T'ang, Tong, Tng

desc

→ Proto-Southwestern Tai: *daːŋᴬ² (“road; way”)

Northern Thai: ᨴᩤ᩠ᨦ

Khün: ᨴᩤ᩠ᨦ

Lao: ທາງ (thāng)

Lü: ᦑᦱᧂ (taang)

Tai Dam: ꪕꪱꪉ

Shan: တၢင်း (táang)

Tai Nüa: ᥖᥣᥒᥰ (täang)

Ahom: 𑜄𑜂𑜫 (taṅ)

Thai: ทาง (taang, “road; way”)

→ Thai: ถัง (tǎng, “Tang (dynasty)”)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡl'aːŋ): phonetic 庚 (OC *kraːŋ) + semantic 口 (“mouth”) – to exaggerate, to boast. 唐 and 庚 were near-homophones in Old Chinese. The phonetic component on top 庚 today appears slightly contracted (the bottom part 人 is missing).
Either related to 途 (OC *l'aː) (Wang, 1982) or from Austroasiatic, compare Proto-Austroasiatic *glɔːŋ, whence Mon ဂၠံၚ်, Kensiu gəlɔŋ, Kuy khlù:aŋ (Schuessler, 2007).

Han compound

Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland#English

(～郡) Down (a county of Northern Ireland, United Kingdom)


壩

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *praːɡs): semantic 土 (“earth”) + phonetic 霸 (OC *praːɡs).

Han compound

beach (sandy, on a river, lake or coast, used chiefly in place names)


婺

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *moɡs): phonetic 敄 (OC *moʔ, *mos) + semantic 女 (“woman”).


岷

(～江) Min River (a river in Sichuan Province, China)


峽

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡreːb): semantic 山 (“mountain”) + phonetic 夾 (OC *kreːb).


川

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰyøŋ⁵³³/

/t͡sʰzʷõ³³⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰyøŋ⁵³³/

/t͡sʰzʷõ³³⁴/

Pictogram (象形) – compare 水 (OC *qʰʷljilʔ), 川, and 𡿧.
The Middle and Old Chinese reconstruction of this word is phonologically problematic (STEDT):
* Karlgren (1957) notes that the Middle Chinese form is irregular based on evidence from Shijing rimes.
* Based on velar contacts in the same phonetic series, e.g. 巛, 甽 and 訓, Baxter (1992) and Schuessler (2007) reconstruct the word with a velar initial (Handel, 1998; Sagart, 1999), which undergoes irregular palatalization in the development to Middle Chinese (Baxter, 1992).
* Based on other characters in the same phonetic series, e.g. 順 and 馴, Sagart (1999), and later, Baxter and Sagart (2014), reconstructs 川 with a lateral initial and suggests that only a *t- prefix would account for the Middle Chinese initial /t͡ɕʰ/.
Schuessler (2007) relates this word to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kl(j)u(ŋ/k) (“river; valley”), whence 江 (OC *kroːŋ, “river”), 谷 (OC *kloːɡ, “valley”), Tibetan ཀླུང (klung, “river”), Burmese ချောင်း (hkyaung:, “stream”). STEDT notes that this does not account for the *-n coda.
STEDT instead compares it to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-t(w)əj-n ~ m-ti-s (“water; fluid; liquid; river; soak; spit”), whence 涕 (OC *tʰiːlʔ, “tears”), Proto-Kuki-Chin *tuj (“water; fluid; liquid”), Chepang तीः (“water; rain; river”); this depends on a reconstruction with a dental initial and requires positing an *‑n suffix not present in Tibeto-Burman languages.

cog

川流不息

The Master standing by a stream, said, "It passes on just like this, not ceasing day or night!"

The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

Zǐ zài chuān shàng, yuē: “Shì zhě rúsī fū! Bù shè zhòuyè.”

子在川上，曰：「逝者如斯夫！不舍晝夜。」

子在川上，曰：「逝者如斯夫！不舍昼夜。」

川菜

Short for 四川 (Sìchuān, “Sichuan Province, China”).

平川

挺川

川粉

(Internet slang) Short for 川普 (Chuānpǔ, “Donald Trump”).


島

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (島):
* → Japanese: 島(とう) (tō)
* → Korean: 도(島) (do)
* → Vietnamese: đảo (島)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *tuːwʔ): phonetic 鳥 (OC *tɯːwʔ) + semantic 山 (“mountain”).
Reminiscent of Mon လ္ကံ (from Proto-Mon-Khmer *tkɔɔʔ), but probably not related (Schuessler, 2007).

Han compound

岛
㠀
嶋
嶌
隝
嶹
隯


敦

Originally written 𦎫 in oracle bone script and bronze script, an ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 亯 (“ancestral shrine”) + 羊 (“sheep”). According to Ma Rulin (馬如森), the character represents a cooked goat used as a sacrifice. According to Ma Xulun (馬敍倫) and Yang Shuda (楊樹達), the character's original meanings was "to cook" and is the original form of 燉.
Later used to mean “to force; to compel” and came to be written with 攴, making the modern form an ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *tuːl, *doːn, *tuːn, *tuːns): phonetic 𦎫 () + semantic 攴 (“hand”). The character 燉 was graphically shaped after the modern version.
; “thick; earnest; plentiful; large”
; “Tun”

Han compound

㪟
𦎫
𦎧
𣀦
𢼪
𠧈
𠧉


泿

(～水) an ancient river in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region


泗

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *hljids): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 四 (OC *hljids).


洈

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *krolʔ, *ŋrol): semantic 氵 (“river”) + phonetic 危 (OC *ŋrol).


沌

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *donʔ, *duːn, *duːnʔ): semantic 氵 + phonetic 屯 (OC *duːn, *tun).


沃

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qoːwɢ): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 夭 (OC *qoːwʔ, *qrow, *qrowʔ) – to irrigate with water.


涇

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡeŋʔ, *keːŋ): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 巠 (OC *keːŋ)


涪

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *bɯ): semantic 氵 + phonetic 咅 (OC *pʰɯʔ, *pʰl'oːs).

Han compound

(～江) Fu River (a river in Sichuan and Chongqing, China)


渜

name of an ancient river in Hebei province


渭

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɢuds): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 胃 (OC *ɢuds)


洨

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡreːw): semantic 水 (“river; water”) + phonetic 交 (OC *kreːw).

Han compound

(～水, ～河) Xiao River (a river in Hebei, China)

(～水) (historical) Xiao River (a river in Anhui, China; modern Tuo River)


湋

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɢʷɯl): semantic 水 (“river”) + phonetic 韋 (OC *ɢʷɯl).


淦

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kɯːm, *kɯːms): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 金 (OC *krɯm).


渫

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *zreːb, *sled): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 枼 (OC *leb).

Han compound

(～水) Xie River (a river in Shimen County, Hunan, China)


洲

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *tju): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 州 (OC *tju).
Unknown.
According to the Erya and the Shiming, the following characters show some notable semantic relations (Schuessler, 2007)
: 渚 (OC *tjaʔ, “islet”) is smaller than 洲 (OC *tju)
: 沚 (OC *kjɯʔ, “islet”) is smaller than 渚 (OC *tjaʔ)
: 坻 (OC *tiːlʔ, *tjelʔ, *dil, “islet”) is smaller than 沚 (OC *kjɯʔ)


泉

/t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵/

/t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵/

Pictogram (象形) or ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 白 (“spring mouth”) + 水 (“water”) – water flowing from the source of a spring. See also 原.
Schuessler (2007) minimally reconstructs the Old Chinese as *dzwan and also reconstructs Proto-Tibeto-Burman *tso (“to bubble; to boil”) (> Tibetan འཚོད་པ ('tshod pa, “to be boiled”), Tibetan བཙོས (btsos, “to cook in boiling water”), Burmese ဆူ (hcu, “to boil; to bubble”)), and considers 泉 (OC *sɡʷen, “spring (of water)”) to be cognate to it (with an n-suffix nominalization). However, STEDT considers the above three Tibeto-Burman terms to be descended from Proto-Tibeto-Burman *tsjow (“to boil; to burn; to bake; to bake”), to which 焦 (OC *ʔsew, “to roast; to burn; to scorch”) is cognate.


溳

(～水) A river in Hubei, part of the Han River


溚

(historical) An ancient river located in modern-day northwestern Shandong, China.


池

Characters in the same phonetic series (也) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *l'aːl, *l'al): semantic 氵 + phonetic 也 (OC *laːlʔ).
Perhaps a Sino-Tibetan word; compare Proto-Kuki-Chin *lii (“pool; lake; pond”), whence Mizo li (“quiet, deep pool”) (STEDT).

廟小妖風大，池淺王八多 / 庙小妖风大，池浅王八多

miào xiǎo yāofēng dà, chí qiǎn wángbā duō


滃

(～江) A tributary of the Bei River, Guangdong, China


漳

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kjaŋ): semantic 水 + phonetic 章 (OC *kjaŋ).

Han compound

(～河) Zhang River (river flowing from Shanxi to Hebei)


漣

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ren): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 連 (OC *ren)


泊

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *baːɡ): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 白 (OC *braːɡ) – a ship stays still after running aground in shallow water.

Han compound

My gate moors for eastern Wu a ten-thousand league boat.

8th century, Du Fu, 絕句四首·其三 (Four Quatrains III); translated by Stephen Owen

門泊東吳萬里船。

门泊东吴万里船。


泊

lake (large, landlocked stretch of water)


泊

Phono-semantic matching of English park.

一個位都冇得泊

一个位都冇得泊


渦

Guo River (a river in Henan and Anhui, China)


濂

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡ·reːm): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 廉 (OC *ɡ·rem)


潟

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sjaːɡ): semantic 水 + phonetic 舄 (OC *sʰjaːɡ, *sʰaɡ, *sjaːɡ, *sjaːɡ).


澧

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *riːʔ): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 豊 (OC *riːʔ).

Han compound

(～水) Lishui River (a river in Hunan, China)

(～河, ～水) Lihe River (a river in Henan, China)


潘

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (潘):
* → Korean: 반(潘) (ban)
* → Vietnamese: Phan (潘)

→ English: Pan, Poon, Pun, Phua

→ Mandarin: ㄆㄨㄣ (pūn) (Taiwanese slang from Hokkien)

→ Tagalog: Pua (via Hokkien)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *pʰaːn): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 番 (OC *paːl, *paːls, *pʰaːn, *pʰan, *ban).


灃

Feng (a river in Shaanxi Province, China)


澳

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *quːɡs, *quɡ): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 奧 (OC *quːɡs)

Han compound

澳式英語

澳式英语

白澳政策

澳大利亞 澳大利亞#Chinese

澳大利亚 澳大利亚#Chinese

Short for 澳大利亞／澳大利亚 (Àodàlìyà).: Australia (A country in Oceania comprising the islands of Australia, Tasmania and other smaller islands in the Pacific Ocean, as well as a former colony in the British Empire)


瀟

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sɯːw): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 蕭 (OC *sɯːw).

Han compound

(～水) Xiao River (a river in Hunan, China)


湖

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (湖):
* → Japanese: 湖(こ) (ko)
* → Korean: 호(湖) (ho)
* → Vietnamese: hồ (湖)

→ Ai-Cham: fu²

→ Zhuang: huz

Characters in the same phonetic series (古) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡaː): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 胡 (OC *ɡaː).


港

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kroːŋʔ, *ɡloːŋs): semantic 水 (“river; water”) + phonetic 巷 (OC *ɡroːŋs).
Cognate with 江 (OC *kroːŋ, “river”) (Schuessler, 2007). The southern dialectal word originally meant "small river/stream", which is still preserved in some Min languages. The irregular pronunciation in Mandarin (expected Mandarin reflex is *jiǎng) originated from southern dialects where velars have not palatalized (Schuessler, 2007).

Han compound

港幣／港币 [Cantonese] ― gong² bai⁶ [Jyutping] ― Hong Kong dollar

省港 [Cantonese] ― saang² gong² [Jyutping] ― Canton-Hong Kong


灕

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *rel): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 離 (OC *reːls, *rel, *rels).

Han compound

(～江, ～水) Li River (a river in Guangxi, China)


泥

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *niːl, *niːls): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 尼 (OC *nil).
Schuessler (2007) suggests it is of Sino-Tibetan origin and compares it to Lai [script needed] (nôoy-I, nǒoy-II, “be muddy”), which STEDT derives from Proto-Kuki-Chin *nooy ~ *naay (“muddy; dirty”). According to Schuessler (2007), 泥 (OC *niːl, “mud”) is also cognate with 濘 (OC *neːŋs) but not with 涅 (OC *niːɡ), and is distinct from 泥 (OC *niːls, “impeded”).
On the other hand, STEDT compares 泥 (OC *niːl, *niːls) to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-njak (“filth(y); excrement”), to which 敜 (OC *nɯːb) and 涅 (OC *niːɡ) are also compared.

cog

GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)


河

Wutunhua: xhe

Characters in the same phonetic series (可) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡaːl): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 可 (OC *kʰaːlʔ).
Originally particularly used for the Yellow River, with other rivers known as 水 (OC *qʰʷljilʔ). Later extended generally as a word for rivers in northern China but the influence of 江 (OC *kroːŋ, “Yangtze River; river in southern China”) has meant that modern usage tends to favor it for shorter rivers and creeks except in historical cases.
External etymology uncertain. Various hypotheses have been proposed:
* Sino-Tibetan. Cognate with Tibetan རྒལ (rgal, “to cross, to traverse”) (Coblin, 1986).
* A Mongolic loan. Compare Proto-Mongolic *gowl (“river”) > Mongolian ᠭᠣᠣᠯ (ɣool, “river”) (Norman and Mei, 1976). This was argued against in Zhang (1998).
* Derived from 湖 (OC *ɡaː, “lake”) (Matisoff, 1995).
* Takashima (2012), citing palaeographical and archaeological evidence, posits that the Yellow River's name stemmed from the shape, which resembles an adze handle 柯 (OC *kaːl), of a stretch spanning 500 to 600 kilometers "from Héjīn, Tóngguān to east of Zhèngzhōu".


瀧

Baxter's transcription for Middle Chinese

Resemblance to Vietnamese sông – which is from Proto-Vietic *k-roːŋ – is coincidental, for in the early 11th century CE 瀧 (MC sraewng) (Baxter) already possesed retroflex fricative initial 生 (as indicated by pronunciation 所江切 in Guangyun [1007 - 1008 CE]); meanwhile, as seen in Phật thuyết đại báo phụ mẫu ân trọng kinh (佛說大報父母恩重經) [12th century CE], Old Vietnamese clusters */Cr-/ had not yet become a retroflex fricative ancestral to Modern Vietnamese ‹s-›.

defdate

1007 - 1008 <small class='ce-date'>CE</small>

defdate

12th century <small class='ce-date'>CE</small>


洋

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (洋):
* → Japanese: 洋(よう) (yō)
* → Korean: 양(洋) (yang)
* → Vietnamese: dương (洋)

→ Zhuang: yangz

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ljaŋ, *laŋ): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 羊 (OC *laŋ).
; “multitudinous; vast; ocean”: Schuessler (2007) compares it with Tibetan ཡངས་པ (yangs pa, “wide; extensive; vast; spacious”). In contrast, Starostin sets up Proto-Sino-Tibetan *lɨ̆ŋ (“wave”), encompassing this and Tibetan ཀློང (klong, “space; expanse; wave”), Burmese လှိုင်း (hluing:, “wave; to abound; plentiful”).
: Compare 羕 (OC *laŋs, “(of rivers) long”), 漾 (OC *laŋs, “waves; (of rivers) long”).
; "vast expanse of flat land"

cog

太平洋

ocean; vast area of sea; great expanse of water

撥我三隻洋。

拨我三只洋。

(historical or Shanghainese) foreign money; dollar (Classifier: 隻／只 w)

(historical) A river in southern Shaanxi, China


洋

Alternative name for 彌河／弥河 (“Mi River in Shandong”).


灣

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qroːn): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 彎 (OC *qroːn) – a type of water.
Cognate with 彎 (OC *qroːn, “bend; curve”) (Wang, 1982).


瀼

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *njaŋ): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 襄 (OC *snaŋ).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-naːŋ (“heavy; thick (of liquids); viscous”); cognate with Mizo hnâng (“thick; viscous”) (Schuessler, 2007; STEDT). Coblin (1986) also compares this with Burmese နှင်း (hnang:, “dew; mist”).

inh

(～河) Rang River (a river in Henan, China)


灘

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *n̥ʰaːn, *naːns, *hnaːnʔ, *hnaːns): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 難 (OC *n̥ʰaːn, *naːns).

Han compound

Classifier for liquid or paste spread over a surface: pool; puddle


海

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (海):
* → Japanese: 海(かい) (kai)
* → Korean: 해(海) (hae)
* → Vietnamese: hải (海)

→ Bouyei: haaic

→ Zhuang: haij

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *hmlɯːʔ): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 每 (OC *mɯːʔ).
Probably related to 晦 (OC *hmɯːs, “dark”); in numerous Zhou texts 海 is described as 晦 (Schuessler, 2007). Compare the parallelism in Chinese: 溟 (OC *meːŋ, *meːŋʔ, “ocean”) < 冥 (OC *meːŋ, “dark”).
STEDT compares 海 (OC *hmlɯːʔ) to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *muːŋ ~ r/s-muːk (“foggy; dark; sullen; menacing; thunder”).

inh

I really want to go and look at the sea.

好想去看海。

(Cantonese) wide river, especially the Pearl River

人海

火海

(figurative) sea; abundance; infiniteness

(dialectal, colloquial) unrestrainedly; randomly; casually

Hai Rui (Chinese scholar-official of the Ming dynasty)

海瑞

a surname. Hai (mainland China, Taiwan), Hoi (Hong Kong)


甌

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qoː) and ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): phonetic 區 (OC *qoː, *kʰo, “vessel”) + semantic 瓦 (“pottery”).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ʔəw-ŋ (“pot; vat; jar”) (reconstructed provisionally). Related to 椀 (OC *qoːnʔ), 碗 (OC *qoːnʔ, “bowl”), and possibly 甕 (OC *qoːŋs, “urn”). Compare Burmese အိုး (ui:, “pot”) (Schuessler, 2007).

inh

Abbreviation of 溫州 /温州 (Wēnzhōu): Wenzhou (a prefecture-level city in Zhejiang, in southeastern China)


穴

Characters in the same phonetic series (穴) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Pictogram (象形)—possibly an entrance to a cave or a door flap. A conservative version is 𠕉. See also 奐.


褌

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kuːn): semantic 衤 (“clothes”) + phonetic 軍 (OC *kun).

Han compound

(dialectal Mandarin, dialectal Wu, Waxiang) trousers; pants

fundoshi (traditional Japanese loincloth)


蜀

Cao Wei
Chen dynasty
Eastern Han dynasty
Eastern Wei
Eastern Wu
Eastern Zhou dynasty
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
Han dynasty
Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
Jin dynasty (265–420)
Liang dynasty
Liao dynasty
Liu Song dynasty
Ming dynasty
Northern Qi
Northern Wei
Northern Zhou
Northern and Southern dynasties
Qin dynasty
Qing dynasty
Shang dynasty
Shu Han
Shuowen Jiezi
Song dynasty
Southern Qi
Southern and Northern dynasties
Spring and Autumn period
Sui dynasty
Tang dynasty
Three Kingdoms
Warring States period
Western Han dynasty
Western Liao
Western Wei
Western Xia
Western Zhou dynasty
Xia dynasty
Xin dynasty
Yuan dynasty
Zhou dynasty

Shuowen Jiezi interprets this as a pictograph of a silkworm: with 目 (mù, “eye”) depicting its head above its wriggling body; cf. 蠶叢／蚕丛 (“silkworm-thicket”), legendary inventor of silk and sericulture and ancestor of the first dynasty of the Shu kings.


贛

In the bronze script, it was attested as 𬔧, an ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 章 (“jade ornament”) + 丮 (“to hold”) – holding a jade ornament > “to bestow”. The 丮 component corrupts into 欠 or 次, and later to 夂 or a variant with 二 under 夂. An additional semantic component 貝 (“cowrie; money”) was often added. The 二 and 貝 components combine to form an emergent phonetic component 貢 (OC *koːŋs).
Shuowen reinterprets it as a phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kluːmʔ, *kluːms, *kromʔ, *kloːms): abbreviated phonetic 竷 (OC *kʰluːms) + semantic 貝 (“shell; money”), but this is not supported by earlier scripts.

Han compound

赣
贑/𫎬
𥫔
灨
⿱夂贡
赣
贑/𫎬

(～江, ～水) Gan River (a river in Jiangxi, China)


角

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (角):
* → Japanese: 角(かく) (kaku)
* → Korean: 각(角) (gak)
* → Vietnamese: giác (角)

→ Khmer: កាក់ (kak)
→ English: kak

→ Thai: กั๊ก (gák)

→ Vietnamese: góc

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴/

Characters in the same phonetic series (角) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Pictogram (象形) – a horn. A conservative version is 𧢲. Similar but unrelated to 甬, 用, and the bottom part of 備.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *krəw (“horn; angle; corner”) (STEDT). Cognate with Tibetan རྭ (rwa, “horn”), Garo grong (“horn”), Jingpho nrung (“horn”), Chepang रोङः (roŋʔ, “horn”), 觡 (OC *kraːɡ, “antler”). The Tibeto-Burman *-ŋ final variant is reflected in 觥 (OC *kʷraːŋ, “drinking vessel made from animal horn”) (Schuessler, 2007). Possibly also related to 鹿 (OC *b·roːɡ, “deer”) (Sagart, 1999).
A derivative is 餃 (“stuffed dumpling”), named for its horn-like shape (Norman, 1988).
It is probably unrelated with Proto-Indo-European *ḱr̥h₂nós (“horn”) ( < *ḱerh₂- (“horn”)) and Proto-Semitic *ḳarn- (“horn”) despite the phonological and semantic resemblance between the three.

och-l

(numismatics) one tenth of a yuan or dollar

Why is the note called jué? Jué means yuè ‘to leap’' the yang-fluid stirs and leaps; …

Ban Gu, The Comprehensive Discussions in the White Tiger Hall, 79 CE, translated based on Tjan Tjoe Som's version

Suǒyǐ míng zhī wèi jué zhě? Yuè yě, yángqì dòngyuè;.......

所以名之為角者？躍也，陽氣動躍；……。

所以名之为角者？跃也，阳气动跃；……。

(music) third note in the Chinese pentatonic scale, or mi

(gaming) Short for 角色 (juésè). (Classifier: 隻／只)


郪

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sʰiːl, *sʰil): phonetic 妻 (OC *sʰiːl, *sʰiːls) + semantic 邑 (“city”).

Han compound

(～江) Qi River (a river in Sichuan, China)


鄂

→ English: E, O

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ŋaːɡ): phonetic 咢 (OC *ŋaːɡ) + semantic 阝 (“area”).

Han compound

Short for 湖北 (Húběi).: Hubei (a province of China)


日本

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (日本):
* → Japanese: 日本(にほん) (Nihon); 日本(にっぽん) (Nippon); 日本(じっぽん) (Jippon)
* → Korean: 일본(日本) (Ilbon)
* → Vietnamese: Nhật Bản (日本)

→ Lao: ຍີ່ປຸ່ນ (nyī pun)

→ Malay: Jepang, Jepun (see there for further descendants)

→ Manchu: ᡰᡳ
ᠪᡝᠨ (ži ben)

→ Thai: ญี่ปุ่น (yîi-bpùn)

→ Tibetan: ཇི་བེན (ji ben)

→ Wutunhua: reben

→ Zhuang: Yizbwnj

/ʐ̩⁵¹ pən²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʐ̩⁴⁴ pəŋ⁵¹/

/ᵑɡit̚³² pᵘɔn⁵⁵/

/ʐəʔ²⁻⁴⁵ pəŋ⁵³/

/nˡiʔ⁵⁻³³ puoŋ³³/

/d͡zit̚¹⁴⁻³³ pun⁵³/

/d͡zit̚⁴³⁻²¹ pun⁴²/

/d͡zit̚¹²¹⁻²¹ pun⁵³/

/lit̚²⁴⁻² pun⁵⁵⁴/

/d͡zik̚⁴⁻² puŋ⁵²/

/zəʔ¹¹ pən²³/

/zəʔ²² pən⁵¹/

/ʐ̩⁵¹ pən²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʐ̩⁴⁴ pəŋ⁵¹/

/ᵑɡit̚³² pᵘɔn⁵⁵/

/ʐəʔ²⁻⁴⁵ pəŋ⁵³/

/nˡiʔ⁵⁻³³ puoŋ³³/

/d͡zit̚¹⁴⁻³³ pun⁵³/

/d͡zit̚⁴³⁻²¹ pun⁴²/

/d͡zit̚¹²¹⁻²¹ pun⁵³/

/lit̚²⁴⁻² pun⁵⁵⁴/

/d͡zik̚⁴⁻² puŋ⁵²/

/zəʔ¹¹ pən²³/

/zəʔ²² pən⁵¹/

This appellation comes from imperial correspondence between the Chinese Sui Dynasty and Japan, and refers to the eastward position of Japan relative to China.

the sun's origin; where the sun originates

日本電視劇／日本电视剧 ― Rìběn diànshìjù ― Japanese TV drama

Japan (a country and archipelago in East Asia)


閩

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *mrɯn, *mɯn): phonetic 門 (OC *mɯːn) + semantic 虫 (“snake”). The 虫 radical was a common component of the names of barbarians (Schuessler, 2007), probably reflecting the Min people's worship of snakes (Li, 2017).
Matisoff (2003) relates it to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-b/m-ruːl (“snake”), but this comparison is no longer held in STEDT.
In most modern Min dialects and some other southern dialects (including Hakka and Xiang), it is read with a level tone (平聲), which is the expected reflex based on rime dictionaries. In Mandarin and the remaining southern dialects, it is read with a rising tone (上聲), probably due to analogy with the phonetic component of 閔 (MC minX) (Li, 2017).

Han compound

(～江) Min River (a river in Fujian, China)


鰲

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ŋaːw): phonetic 敖 (OC *ŋaːw) + semantic 魚 (“fish”)
Possibly a back-formation from 黿 (OC *ŋoːn, *ŋon, “large turtle”) with final -n discarded due to folk etymology (Schuessler, 2007).


麗

Book of Documents
Book of Rites
Chu Ci
Rites of Zhou
Zuozhuan

Pictogram (象形) – a deer with antlers.
Schuessler (2007) minimally reconstructed this word's OC pronunciation as *rêh and considered it a possible allofam of 麗 (OC *rê(k)h) "number" < "what is calculated", exopassive derivative of 歷 (OC *rêk) "to calculate".
麗 underwent this historical semantic shift: from "a pair" (Zhouli), to "mate, companion" (儷) (Zuo), to "paired", to "well-proportioned" (Liji), and finally to "elegant, beautiful" (Chuci) as well as "refinement" (Shu).

丽
𠀙
𠀞
𠧥
𮭶
𮭷
𮭹
𪋘
丽
婯
𡡜
𠪕
䴡

Only used in 高麗／高丽 (Gāolí, “Goryeo”) and 高句麗／高句丽 (Gāogōulí, “Goguryeo”).

麗祖

麗末

麗史

麗制

(Korean Classical Chinese) Short for 高麗 /高丽 (“Goryeo”).


布列塔尼

ㄅㄨˋ ㄌㄧㄝˋ ㄊㄚˇ ㄋㄧˊ

/pu⁵¹⁻⁵³ li̯ɛ⁵¹ tʰä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ni³⁵/

/pu⁵¹⁻⁵³ li̯ɛ⁵¹ tʰä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ni³⁵/

administrative region
administrative region

Brittany (an administrative region, historical province, and peninsula in northwest France)


澳洲

/ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/ou̯³³ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/o²¹⁻⁵³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/o⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡siu³³/

/o²¹⁻⁵³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/o¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/ɤ²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/o²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡siu³³/

/ɔ³³ t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

/ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/ou̯³³ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/o²¹⁻⁵³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/o⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡siu³³/

/o²¹⁻⁵³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/o¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/ɤ²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/o²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡siu³³/

/ɔ³³ t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

From 澳 (Ào, abbreviation of 澳大利亞／澳大利亚 (Àodàlìyà), from English Australia) + 洲 (zhōu, “continent”).

zh-l

澳大利亞／澳大利亚 (Àodàlìyà)

zh-m

The low price of China's goods allows them to break into the Australian market.

Dījià ràng Zhōngguó shāngpǐn zài Àozhōu de shìchǎng dǎkāi júmiàn.

低價讓中國商品在澳洲的市場打開局面。

低价让中国商品在澳洲的市场打开局面。

1904, Liang Qichao, 新大陸遊記 [Travel Notes of the New Continent], 廣智書局, published 1907, page 8:

In Western Australia and South Australia, entry is limited to those who can understand more than fifty sentences in English.

Àozhōu zhī Xī'ào, Nán'ào liǎng shěng, xiàn néng jiě yīngyǔ wǔshí jù yǐshàng zhě, nǎi kě dēnglù.

澳洲之西澳、南澳兩省，限能解英語五十句以上者，乃可登陸。

澳洲之西澳、南澳两省，限能解英语五十句以上者，乃可登陆。

Australia reported on Sunday (26th) that 10 people died from COVID-19, marking a new single-day high since the outbreak of the pandemic.

2020 July 27, 《澳 10 人冠病死 單日新高》, in Harian Indonesia, page A5

Àozhōu zhōurì (26 rì) tōngbào yǒu 10 rén sǐ yú 2019guānzhuàngbìngdúbìng, chuàng yìqíng bàofā chuàng dānrì sǐwáng shùzì xīngāo.

澳洲週日（26日）通報有10人死於2019冠狀病毒病，創疫情爆發創單日死亡數字新高。

澳洲周日（26日）通报有10人死于2019冠状病毒病，创疫情爆发创单日死亡数字新高。

Australia (A country in Oceania comprising the islands of Australia, Tasmania and other smaller islands in the Pacific Ocean, as well as a former colony in the British Empire)


澳大利亞

ㄠˋ ㄉㄚˋ ㄌㄧˋ ㄧㄚˋ

ㄠˋ ㄉㄚˋ ㄌㄧˋ ㄧㄚˇ

/ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹⁻⁵³ jä⁵¹/

/ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ou̯³³ taːi̯²² lei̯²² aː³³/

/o⁵⁵ tʰai̯⁵⁵ li⁵⁵ a²⁴/

/o⁵⁵ tʰai̯⁵⁵ li⁵⁵ a³¹/

/au⁵³⁻⁵⁵ tʰaɪ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ li⁵³⁻⁵⁵ a⁵³/

/o²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lai²⁴²⁽⁻²¹⁾ l̃i²¹³⁻⁵³ a³³/

/o⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tai⁴¹⁻²² li⁴¹⁻²² a³³/

/o²¹⁻⁵³ tai²²⁻²¹ li²²⁻²¹ a⁴⁴/

/ɤ²¹⁻⁴¹ tua³³⁻²¹ li³³⁻²¹ a⁴⁴/

/o¹¹⁻⁵³ tua³³⁻¹¹ li³³⁻¹¹ a⁴⁴/

/ɔ³³ da⁵⁵ li³³ ia²¹/

/ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹⁻⁵³ jä⁵¹/

/ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ou̯³³ taːi̯²² lei̯²² aː³³/

/o⁵⁵ tʰai̯⁵⁵ li⁵⁵ a²⁴/

/o⁵⁵ tʰai̯⁵⁵ li⁵⁵ a³¹/

/au⁵³⁻⁵⁵ tʰaɪ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ li⁵³⁻⁵⁵ a⁵³/

/o²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lai²⁴²⁽⁻²¹⁾ l̃i²¹³⁻⁵³ a³³/

/o⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tai⁴¹⁻²² li⁴¹⁻²² a³³/

/o²¹⁻⁵³ tai²²⁻²¹ li²²⁻²¹ a⁴⁴/

/ɤ²¹⁻⁴¹ tua³³⁻²¹ li³³⁻²¹ a⁴⁴/

/o¹¹⁻⁵³ tua³³⁻¹¹ li³³⁻¹¹ a⁴⁴/

/ɔ³³ da⁵⁵ li³³ ia²¹/

From English Australia or Dutch Australië.

入境澳大利亞

入境澳大利亚

澳大利亞本土品牌

澳大利亚本土品牌

Australia has three levels of government: federal, state and local.

Àodàlìyà yǒu sān jí zhèngfǔ: liánbāng zhèngfǔ, zhōu zhèngfǔ hé dìfāng zhèngfǔ.

澳大利亞有三級政府：聯邦政府、州政府和地方政府。

澳大利亚有三级政府：联邦政府、州政府和地方政府。

Is the cost of living in Australia high?

澳大利亞消費高嗎？

澳大利亚消费高吗？

1848, 徐繼畬 [Xu Jiyu], editor, 瀛寰志略, volume 1, pages 6–7:

Aside from the four continents there are a multitude of islands, the largest of which is Australia. Remaining islands include the archipelago of Southeast Asia, and the Caribbean Islands of America. All of them frequented by merchant vessels.

Sì dà tǔ zhīwài, dǎoyǔ shèn duō, zuì dà zhě Àodàlìyà, yú zé Yàxìyà zhī Nányáng zhūdǎo, Yàmòlìjiā zhī hǎiwān qúndǎo, jiē shāngsōu shuò zhì zhī dì yě.

四大土之外，島嶼甚多，最大者澳大利亞，餘則亞細亞之南洋諸島、亞墨利加之海灣群島，皆商艘數至之地也。

四大土之外，岛屿甚多，最大者澳大利亚，余则亚细亚之南洋诸岛、亚墨利加之海湾群岛，皆商艘数至之地也。


北京

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (北京):
* → Japanese: 北京(ほっきょう) (Hokkyō)
* → Korean: 북경(北京) (Bukgyeong)
* → Vietnamese: Bắc Kinh (北京)

→ Amis: Piking

→ Arabic: بِكِين (bikīn)

→ Asturian: Beijing

→ Belarusian: Пекі́н (Pjekín)

→ Bengali: বেইজিং (beijiṅ)

→ Bouyei: Bagtjingl

desc

→ Burmese: ပေကျင်း (pe-kyang:), ပီကင်း (pikang:)

→ Catalan: Pequín

→ Czech: Peking

→ Danish: Beijing, Peking

→ Dutch: Peking

→ English: Beijing, Peking, Pei-ching

→ French: Pékin

→ Finnish: Peking, Beijing

→ Georgian: პეკინი (ṗeḳini)

→ German: Peking

→ Greek: Πεκίνο (Pekíno)

→ Hebrew: בייג׳ינג (beijing)

→ Hindi: बेजिंग (bejiṅg)

→ Hlai: Bhakgengs

→ Hungarian: Peking

→ Italian: Pechino

→ Japanese: 北(ペ)京(キン) (Pekin)

→ Kazakh: Бейжің (Beijıñ)

→ Khmer: ប៉េកាំង (peekang)

→ Korean: 베이징 (Beijing)

→ Lao: ປັກກິງ (pak king)

→ Latin: Pechinum

→ Latvian: Pekina

→ Lithuanian: Pekinas

→ Lü: ᦵᦗᦲᧉᦋᦲᧃᧈ (poe²tsiin¹)

→ Lü: ᦵᦗᦲᧉᦋᦲᧃᧈ (poe²tsiin¹)

→ Macedonian: Пекинг (Peking)

→ Manchu: ᠪᡝᡤᡳᠩ (beging)

→ Mongolian: Бээжин (Beežin) / ᠪᠡᠭᠡᠵᠢᠩ (begeǰing)

→ Nepali: बेइजिङ (beijiṅ)

→ Nuosu: ꀙꏢ (bip ji)

→ Persian: پکن (pekan)

→ Polish: Pekin

→ Portuguese: Pequim

→ Romanian: Beijing, Pekin

→ Russian: Пеки́н (Pekín)

→ Armenian: Պեկին (Pekin)

→ Serbo-Croatian: Пѐкинг / Pèking, Бејџинг / Bejdžing

→ Slovene: Peking

→ Spanish: Pekín, Pequín

→ Swedish: Peking, Beijing

→ Telugu: బీజింగ్ (bījiṅg)

→ Thai: ปักกิ่ง (bpàk-gìng)

→ Tibetan: པེ་ཅིན (pe cin), པེ་ཅིང (pe cing)

→ Urdu: بیجنگ (bējiṅg)

→ Uyghur: بېيجىڭ (bëyjing)

→ Zhuang: Baekging

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕiɤ̯̃ɻ⁵⁵/

/pɛ²¹ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/pei²⁴ t͡ɕiŋ²⁴/

/pɐk̚⁵ kɪŋ⁵⁵/

/pɛt̚⁵ t͡ɕin⁴²/

/pei⁵³ t͡ɕiŋ¹¹/

/pɛ²⁴ keiŋ⁵⁴/

/pøyʔ²⁴⁻²¹ kiŋ⁵⁵/

/paʔ¹⁻⁴⁵ kiŋ⁵³³/

/paʔ²⁻²⁴ kiŋ⁵³³/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴/

/pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ kiã³³/

/pak̚³²⁻⁵ kiã⁴⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴/

/pak̚²⁻⁴ kĩã³³/

/poʔ³³ t͡ɕin⁴⁴/

/pɤ̞²⁴ t͡ɕin³³/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕiɤ̯̃ɻ⁵⁵/

/pɛ²¹ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/pei²⁴ t͡ɕiŋ²⁴/

/pɐk̚⁵ kɪŋ⁵⁵/

/pɛt̚⁵ t͡ɕin⁴²/

/pei⁵³ t͡ɕiŋ¹¹/

/pɛ²⁴ keiŋ⁵⁴/

/pøyʔ²⁴⁻²¹ kiŋ⁵⁵/

/paʔ¹⁻⁴⁵ kiŋ⁵³³/

/paʔ²⁻²⁴ kiŋ⁵³³/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴/

/pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ kiã³³/

/pak̚³²⁻⁵ kiã⁴⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴/

/pak̚²⁻⁴ kĩã³³/

/poʔ³³ t͡ɕin⁴⁴/

/pɤ̞²⁴ t͡ɕin³³/

南京 — 洛陽

Other capitals in the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China

中國的首都是北京。

中国的首都是北京。

Beijing’s spring is very suitable for cycling around the hutongs.

Běijīng de chūntiān hěn shìhé qíchē guàng hútòng.

北京的春天很適合騎車逛衚衕。

北京的春天很适合骑车逛胡同。

Forgive me for not being able to go with you to Beijing.

原諒我不能陪你去北京。

原谅我不能陪你去北京。

This story took place during the Xuande era of the current dynasty. There was an elderly man named Liu De who resided in Hexiwu town. This town is located beside the canal, about 200 lis away from Peking, and serves as a crucial route for people traveling to and from the capital from various provinces.

Feng Menglong, Stories to Awaken the World, 1627 CE

Zhè huàběn yě chū zài běncháo Xuāndé nián jiān, yǒu yī lǎozhě, xìng Liú, míng Dé, jiā zuǒ Héxīwù zhèn shàng. Zhè zhèn zài yùnhé zhī páng, lí běijīng yǒu èrbǎi lǐ tiándì, nǎi gè shěng chūrù jīngdōu de yàolù.

這話本也出在本朝宣德年間，有一老者，姓劉，名德，家佐河西務鎮上。這鎮在運河之旁，離北京有二百里田地，乃各省出入京都的要路。

这话本也出在本朝宣德年间，有一老者，姓刘，名德，家佐河西务镇上。这镇在运河之旁，离北京有二百里田地，乃各省出入京都的要路。

(～市) Beijing (a direct-administered municipality, the capital city of China)

南京 — 東京

southern capital; eastern capital; western capital


加拿大

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (加拿大):
* → Vietnamese: Gia Nã Đại (加拿大)

→ Zhuang: Gyahnazda

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ nä³⁵ tä⁵¹/

/kaː⁵⁵ naː²¹ taːi̯²²/

/ka³³ ⁿda²² ai³²⁻³²⁵/

/ka²⁴⁻¹¹ na²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰai̯⁵⁵/

/ka⁵⁵⁻²¹ nˡa³³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lɑi²⁴²/

/ka³³ na⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tai⁴¹/

/ka⁴⁴⁻³³ nã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tai³³/

/ka⁴⁴⁻²² nã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tai²²/

/ka³³ nã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tai⁴¹/

/ka⁴⁴⁻³³ nã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tai³³/

/kɛ⁴⁴⁻²² nã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tai²²/

/kia³³⁻²³ na⁵²⁻³⁵ tai³⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ nä³⁵ tä⁵¹/

/kaː⁵⁵ naː²¹ taːi̯²²/

/ka³³ ⁿda²² ai³²⁻³²⁵/

/ka²⁴⁻¹¹ na²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰai̯⁵⁵/

/ka⁵⁵⁻²¹ nˡa³³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lɑi²⁴²/

/ka³³ na⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tai⁴¹/

/ka⁴⁴⁻³³ nã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tai³³/

/ka⁴⁴⁻²² nã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tai²²/

/ka³³ nã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tai⁴¹/

/ka⁴⁴⁻³³ nã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tai³³/

/kɛ⁴⁴⁻²² nã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tai²²/

/kia³³⁻²³ na⁵²⁻³⁵ tai³⁵/

Attested in Kunyu Wanguo Quantu [1602] as 加拿大國／加拿大国, referring to the French colony within the larger territory of New France.

Wèishénme nàme duō yímín xuǎnzé Jiānádà?

為什麼那麼多移民選擇加拿大？

为什么那么多移民选择加拿大？

1904, Liang Qichao, 新大陸遊記 [Travel Notes of the New Continent], 廣智書局, published 1907, page 4:

Huárén zhī zài Jiānádà zhě, shēngjì shū jiǒngcù, yuǎn bùdài zài Měiguó. Qí gōngrén zhī bù dé zhíyè zhě shí ér wǔ liù, kùnkǔ bùkěyánzhuàng.

華人之在加拿大者，生計殊窘蹙，遠不逮在美國。其工人之不得職業者十而五六，困苦不可言狀。

华人之在加拿大者，生计殊窘蹙，远不逮在美国。其工人之不得职业者十而五六，困苦不可言状。


加的夫

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ ti³⁵ fu⁵⁵/

/kaː⁵⁵ tɪk̚⁵ fuː⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ ti³⁵ fu⁵⁵/

/kaː⁵⁵ tɪk̚⁵ fuː⁵⁵/

Cardiff (a city and county, the capital and largest city of Wales)


匈牙利

/ɕi̯ʊŋ⁵⁵ jä³⁵ li⁵¹/

/hʊŋ⁵⁵ ŋaː²¹ lei̯²²/

/hi̯uŋ²⁴ ŋa¹¹ li⁵⁵/

/hiʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ ŋa¹¹ li⁵³/

/hyŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ŋa⁵³⁻²¹ l̃ɛi²¹³/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ɡa²⁴⁻²² li²²/

/hiɔŋ³³ ɡa²⁴⁻²² li⁴¹/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡa²⁴⁻¹¹ li³³/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡa²³⁻³³ li³³/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ɡɛ¹³⁻²² li²²/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡe²⁴⁻¹¹ li³³/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡe²³⁻³³ li³³/

/ɕioŋ⁵⁵ ŋa³³ li²¹/

/ɕi̯ʊŋ⁵⁵ jä³⁵ li⁵¹/

/hʊŋ⁵⁵ ŋaː²¹ lei̯²²/

/hi̯uŋ²⁴ ŋa¹¹ li⁵⁵/

/hiʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ ŋa¹¹ li⁵³/

/hyŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ŋa⁵³⁻²¹ l̃ɛi²¹³/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ɡa²⁴⁻²² li²²/

/hiɔŋ³³ ɡa²⁴⁻²² li⁴¹/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡa²⁴⁻¹¹ li³³/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡa²³⁻³³ li³³/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ɡɛ¹³⁻²² li²²/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡe²⁴⁻¹¹ li³³/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡe²³⁻³³ li³³/

/ɕioŋ⁵⁵ ŋa³³ li²¹/

Borrowed from English Hungary. Attested as early as 1844 in 萬國地理全集 by German missionary Karl Gützlaff.

匈牙利燉牛肉／匈牙利炖牛肉

匈牙利舞曲

1848, 徐繼畬 [Xu Jiyu], editor, 瀛寰志略, volume 5, page 7:

Transylvania, also known as Seven Mountains, lies to the southeast of Hungary. Its mountain ranges tower into the heavens and bear gold and iron ores. Its capital is called Hermannstadt, with a population of twenty thousand residents.

Dálángxīlǐwǎníyà yòu míng Qīshān, zài Xiōngyálì zhī dōngnán, shānlǐng gāo jì xiāohàn, chū jīn tiě kuàng, huìchéng yuē Hēimàn, jūmín èr wàn.

達郎西里瓦尼亞又名七山，在匈牙利之東南，山嶺高際霄漢，出金鐵鑛，會城曰黑曼，居民二萬。

达郎西里瓦尼亚又名七山，在匈牙利之东南，山岭高际霄汉，出金铁矿，会城曰黑曼，居民二万。


忍者

/ʐən²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ʈ͡ʂɤ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jɐn³⁵ t͡sɛː³⁵/

/ʐən²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ʈ͡ʂɤ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jɐn³⁵ t͡sɛː³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 忍者 (ninja).

obor

(historical) ninja (covert agent or mercenary in feudal Japan)


瑞典

/ʐu̯eɪ̯⁵¹ ti̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɵy̯²² tiːn³⁵/

/suɪ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ tiɛn³¹/

/sui²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lieŋ³³/

/sui²²⁻²¹ tiɛn⁵³/

/sui⁴¹⁻²² tiɛn⁵⁵⁴/

/sui²²⁻²¹ tiɛn⁵³/

/sui³³⁻¹¹ tiɛn⁵³/

/sui³³⁻²¹ tiɛn⁴¹/

/sui³⁵⁻¹¹ tieŋ⁵²/

/ʐu̯eɪ̯⁵¹ ti̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɵy̯²² tiːn³⁵/

/suɪ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ tiɛn³¹/

/sui²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lieŋ³³/

/sui²²⁻²¹ tiɛn⁵³/

/sui⁴¹⁻²² tiɛn⁵⁵⁴/

/sui²²⁻²¹ tiɛn⁵³/

/sui³³⁻¹¹ tiɛn⁵³/

/sui³³⁻²¹ tiɛn⁴¹/

/sui³⁵⁻¹¹ tieŋ⁵²/

From English Sweden, borrowed through a southern Chinese variety (where 瑞 is pronounced with an s- initial), or an earlier stage of Mandarin. See also 瑞士 (Ruìshì).

1838, Karl Gützlaff, 古今萬國綱鑑, volume 19, Singapore: 堅夏書院, page 87:

Dàní zú qǐ gēngtián, zhǒng wǔgǔ jí ānfèn, guó zhě yǔ Ruìdiǎn dìfāng héhé, wéi Dàní wáng xíng nüèzhèng, Ruìdiǎn mín fǎnpàn yān.

大尼族起耕田，種五穀及安分，國者與瑞典地方和合，惟大尼王行虐政，瑞典民反叛焉。

大尼族起耕田，种五谷及安分，国者与瑞典地方和合，惟大尼王行虐政，瑞典民反叛焉。

1841, Elijah Coleman Bridgman, Chinese Chrestomathy in the Canton Dialect, Macao: S.W. Williams, page 411:

Sweden and Norway, of which Charles XIV. is king.

seoi⁶ din² no⁵ waa⁴ loeng⁵ gwok³ ze² wong⁴ hou⁶ zaa¹ lei⁵ dai⁶ sap⁶ sei³ cyun⁴

瑞典那華兩國者王號揸理第十四傳

瑞典那华两国者王号揸理第十四传


峽谷

/ɕi̯ä³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kiap̚³²⁻⁴ kɔk̚³²/

/kiap̚⁵⁻²⁴ kɔk̚⁵/

/kiap̚³²⁻⁵ kɔk̚³²/

/kiap̚³²⁻⁴ kɔk̚³²/

/kiap̚³²⁻⁴ kɔk̚³²/

/ɕi̯ä³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kiap̚³²⁻⁴ kɔk̚³²/

/kiap̚⁵⁻²⁴ kɔk̚⁵/

/kiap̚³²⁻⁵ kɔk̚³²/

/kiap̚³²⁻⁴ kɔk̚³²/

/kiap̚³²⁻⁴ kɔk̚³²/


日本人

/ʐ̩⁵¹ pən²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʐən³⁵/

/ʐ̩⁴⁴ pəŋ⁵¹ ʐəŋ²⁴/

/jɐt̚² puːn³⁵ jɐn²¹/

/nˡiʔ⁵⁻²¹ puoŋ³³⁻²¹ nˡøyŋ⁵³/

/lit̚⁴⁻³² pun⁵³⁻⁴⁴ laŋ²⁴/

/lit̚²⁴⁻² pun⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ laŋ²⁴/

/zit̚⁴⁻³² pun⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ laŋ²³/

/d͡zit̚¹²¹⁻²¹ pun⁵³⁻⁴⁴ laŋ¹³/

/d͡zik̚⁴⁻² puŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ naŋ⁵⁵/

/zəʔ¹¹ pən²² n̠ʲin²³/

/ʐ̩⁵¹ pən²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʐən³⁵/

/ʐ̩⁴⁴ pəŋ⁵¹ ʐəŋ²⁴/

/jɐt̚² puːn³⁵ jɐn²¹/

/nˡiʔ⁵⁻²¹ puoŋ³³⁻²¹ nˡøyŋ⁵³/

/lit̚⁴⁻³² pun⁵³⁻⁴⁴ laŋ²⁴/

/lit̚²⁴⁻² pun⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ laŋ²⁴/

/zit̚⁴⁻³² pun⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ laŋ²³/

/d͡zit̚¹²¹⁻²¹ pun⁵³⁻⁴⁴ laŋ¹³/

/d͡zik̚⁴⁻² puŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ naŋ⁵⁵/

/zəʔ¹¹ pən²² n̠ʲin²³/


越南

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (越南):
* → Japanese: 越(えつ)南(なん) (Etsunan)
* → Okinawan: 越(いつ)南(なん) (Itsunan)
* → Korean: 월남(越南) (Wollam)
* → Vietnamese: Việt Nam (越南)

→ Zhuang: Yeznanz

/ɥɛ⁵¹ nän³⁵/

/uoʔ⁵⁻³³ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/uat̚¹²¹⁻²¹ lam¹³/

/ɦyɪʔ¹¹ nø²³/

/ɥɛ⁵¹ nän³⁵/

/uoʔ⁵⁻³³ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/uat̚¹²¹⁻²¹ lam¹³/

/ɦyɪʔ¹¹ nø²³/

越 (“Yue”) + 南 (“south”). See 越 (yuè) and Vietnamese Việt Nam for more.


香港

Sino-Xenic (香港):
* → Korean: 향항(香港) (Hyanghang)
* → Vietnamese: Hương Cảng (香港)

→ English: Hong Kong, Xianggang

→ Japanese: 香港(ホンコン) (Honkon)

→ Korean: 홍콩 (Hongkong)

→ Russian: Гонко́нг (Gonkóng)

→ French: Hong Kong, Hongkong

→ Japanese: シャンガン (Shangan)

→ Lao: ຮົງກົງ (hong kong)

→ Mongolian: Хонконг (Xonkong) (Mongolia)

→ Mongolian: ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠩᠭᠠᠩ (siyangɣang) (China)

→ Russian: Сянга́н (Sjangán)

→ Thai: ฮ่องกง (hɔ̂ng-gong)

→ Tibetan: ཞང་ཀང (zhang kang)

→ Uyghur: شياڭگاڭ (shyanggang)

→ Vietnamese: Hồng Công, Hồng Kông

→ Zhuang: Yanghgangj

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hœːŋ⁵⁵ kɔːŋ³⁵/

/høŋ²¹³ kɔŋ³⁵/

/hiaŋ³³ kʰɔŋ⁵⁵/

/hi̯oŋ²⁴ koŋ³¹/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kuɔŋ³¹/

/xiɔŋ⁵⁴ kɔŋ²¹/

/hyoŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋøyŋ³³/

/hyɒŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ kaŋ⁴⁵³/

/hyøŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ kaŋ³³²/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴²/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁵³/

/hiɔŋ³³ kaŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kaŋ⁴¹/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kaŋ⁵³/

/hiaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁵³/

/hiaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴²/

/hiaŋ³³⁻²¹ kaŋ⁴⁴⁵/

/hiaŋ³³⁻²³ kaŋ⁵²/

/ɕiã⁵⁵ kɑ̃²¹/

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hœːŋ⁵⁵ kɔːŋ³⁵/

/høŋ²¹³ kɔŋ³⁵/

/hiaŋ³³ kʰɔŋ⁵⁵/

/hi̯oŋ²⁴ koŋ³¹/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kuɔŋ³¹/

/xiɔŋ⁵⁴ kɔŋ²¹/

/hyoŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋøyŋ³³/

/hyɒŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ kaŋ⁴⁵³/

/hyøŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ kaŋ³³²/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴²/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁵³/

/hiɔŋ³³ kaŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kaŋ⁴¹/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kaŋ⁵³/

/hiaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁵³/

/hiaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴²/

/hiaŋ³³⁻²¹ kaŋ⁴⁴⁵/

/hiaŋ³³⁻²³ kaŋ⁵²/

/ɕiã⁵⁵ kɑ̃²¹/

Ap Lei Chau
Gazetteer of Xin'an County
Treaty of Nanking
Wong Chuk Hang

The name 香港 first appeared on a map in 粵大記 [1595] as a label for an island that seems to be Ap Lei Chau. In the two Gazetteer of Xin'an County (新安縣志) published in 1688 and 1819, 香港 was the name of a village (as 香港村). The village was likely located in Wong Chuk Hang in the south of Hong Kong Island as indicated by 19th-century maps.
18th-century western maps appear to render the name of Hong Kong Island as Fan Chin Chow (or its variants), which appears to be a Hakka romanization of 飯甑洲 (Kwok and Cheung, 2007). In the Treaty of Nanking signed in 1842, the name 香港 referred to the entire Hong Kong Island.

～特別行政區 香港特別行政區#Chinese

(～特別行政區) Hong Kong (a city and special administrative region of China)


新加坡

/ɕin⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ pʰu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ kaː³³ pɔː⁵⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ kaː³³ pʰɔː⁵⁵/

/sin²⁴⁻¹¹ ka²⁴⁻¹¹ pʰo²⁴/

/sin²⁴⁻¹¹ ka²⁴⁻¹¹ po⁵⁵/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ pʰo⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ pʰɤ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² ka⁴⁴⁻²² pʰo⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² kɛ⁴⁴⁻²² pʰo⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² ka⁴⁴⁻²² po⁴⁴/

/sin³³⁻²¹ ka³³⁻²¹ po³³/

/siŋ³³⁻²³ kia³³⁻²³ po³³/

/ɕin⁵⁵ ka³³ pʰu²¹/

/ɕin⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ pʰu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ kaː³³ pɔː⁵⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ kaː³³ pʰɔː⁵⁵/

/sin²⁴⁻¹¹ ka²⁴⁻¹¹ pʰo²⁴/

/sin²⁴⁻¹¹ ka²⁴⁻¹¹ po⁵⁵/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ pʰo⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ pʰɤ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² ka⁴⁴⁻²² pʰo⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² kɛ⁴⁴⁻²² pʰo⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² ka⁴⁴⁻²² po⁴⁴/

/sin³³⁻²¹ ka³³⁻²¹ po³³/

/siŋ³³⁻²³ kia³³⁻²³ po³³/

/ɕin⁵⁵ ka³³ pʰu²¹/

Borrowed from English Singapore, from Malay Singapura, from Sanskrit सिंहपुर (siṃhá-pura), from सिंह (siṃha, “lion”) + पुर (pura, “city”).
Shanghainese sense from 莘嘉浦 via phono-semantic matching.

compound

Singapore abolished its jury system in 1969, so all criminal defendants are tried before judges.

Xīnjiāpō zài 1969 nián fèichú le péishěntuán zhìdù, yīncǐ suǒyǒu xíngshì ànjiàn de bèigàorén jūn yóu fǎguān shěnpàn.

新加坡在1969年廢除了陪審團制度，因此所有刑事案件的被告人均由法官審判。

新加坡在1969年废除了陪审团制度，因此所有刑事案件的被告人均由法官审判。

Chén chū sān kè dǐ Xīgòng, yóu Xīnjiāpō zhì cǐ èr qiān sì bǎi èrshíyī lǐ.

辰初三刻抵西貢，由新加坡至此二千四百二十一里。

辰初三刻抵西贡，由新加坡至此二千四百二十一里。

新加坡共和國 新加坡共和國#Chinese

新加坡共和国 新加坡共和国#Chinese

Singapore (an island and city-state in Southeast Asia, located off the southernmost tip of the Malay Peninsula; a former British crown colony; official name: 新加坡共和國 /新加坡共和国)


火山

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (火山):
* → Japanese: 火山(かざん) (kazan)
* → Korean: 화산(火山) (hwasan)

/xu̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

/xuə⁵¹ sæ̃²⁴/

/fɔː³⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/fo²⁴⁻³³ san⁵³/

/hui³³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾laŋ⁵⁵/

/he⁵³⁻⁴⁴ suã⁴⁴/

/hə⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ suã³³/

/hue⁵³⁻⁴⁴ suã⁴⁴/

/hue⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ suã⁴⁴/

/hue⁵²⁻³⁵ sũã³³/

/xu̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

/xuə⁵¹ sæ̃²⁴/

/fɔː³⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/fo²⁴⁻³³ san⁵³/

/hui³³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾laŋ⁵⁵/

/he⁵³⁻⁴⁴ suã⁴⁴/

/hə⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ suã³³/

/hue⁵³⁻⁴⁴ suã⁴⁴/

/hue⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ suã⁴⁴/

/hue⁵²⁻³⁵ sũã³³/


一共

/i⁵⁵⁻³⁵ kʊŋ⁵¹/

/i²¹ koŋ²¹³/

/jɐt̚⁵ kʊŋ²²/

/it̚² kʰi̯uŋ⁵⁵/

/it̚¹ kʰiʊŋ⁵³/

/iəʔ² kuŋ⁴⁵/

/it̚⁵⁻²⁴ kiɔŋ⁴¹/

/it̚³²⁻⁵ kiɔŋ²²/

/it̚³²⁻⁴ kiɔŋ²²/

/iɪʔ³³ ɡoŋ⁴⁴/

/i⁵⁵⁻³⁵ kʊŋ⁵¹/

/i²¹ koŋ²¹³/

/jɐt̚⁵ kʊŋ²²/

/it̚² kʰi̯uŋ⁵⁵/

/it̚¹ kʰiʊŋ⁵³/

/iəʔ² kuŋ⁴⁵/

/it̚⁵⁻²⁴ kiɔŋ⁴¹/

/it̚³²⁻⁵ kiɔŋ²²/

/it̚³²⁻⁴ kiɔŋ²²/

/iɪʔ³³ ɡoŋ⁴⁴/

People's Republic of China
People's Republic of China

(figurative) Mao or pre-reform era of the People's Republic of China


肯德基

→ Mongolian: ᠺᠧᠨ
ᠳᠧ
ᠵᠢᠢ (kēn dē ǰii)

→ Tibetan: ཁེན་ཐུ་ཁེ (khen thu khe)

→ Uyghur: كېنتاكىي (këntakiy)

/kʰən²¹⁴⁻²¹ tɤ³⁵ t͡ɕi⁵⁵/

/hɐŋ³⁵ tɐk̚⁵ kei̯⁵⁵/

/kʰeŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ tek̚²⁻⁴ ki³³/

/kʰən²¹⁴⁻²¹ tɤ³⁵ t͡ɕi⁵⁵/

/hɐŋ³⁵ tɐk̚⁵ kei̯⁵⁵/

/kʰeŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ tek̚²⁻⁴ ki³³/

(～州) Kentucky (a state of the United States)


漢堡

/xän⁵¹ pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔːn³³ pou̯³⁵/

/han²¹⁻⁵³ po⁵³/

/han⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ po⁵⁵⁴/

/han²¹⁻⁵³ po⁵³/

/han¹¹⁻⁵³ po⁵³/

/han²¹⁻⁴¹ pɤ⁴¹/

/xän⁵¹ pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔːn³³ pou̯³⁵/

/han²¹⁻⁵³ po⁵³/

/han⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ po⁵⁵⁴/

/han²¹⁻⁵³ po⁵³/

/han¹¹⁻⁵³ po⁵³/

/han²¹⁻⁴¹ pɤ⁴¹/

Hamburg (the second-largest city in Germany)

Hamburg (a state of Germany containing the city of the same name)


愛爾蘭海

ㄞˋ ㄦˇ ㄌㄢˊ ㄏㄞˇ

Айэрлань хай

/ˀaɪ̯⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ län³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ˀaɪ̯⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ län³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/


大陸

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ lu⁵¹/

/taːi̯²² lʊk̚²/

/ai³² lɵk̚³²/

/tai²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ l̃yʔ⁵/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ liɔk̚⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² liɔk̚²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ liɔk̚⁴³/

/tai³³⁻²¹ liɔk̚⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ liɔk̚¹²¹/

/tai²²⁻²¹ liɔk̚⁴/

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ lu⁵¹/

/taːi̯²² lʊk̚²/

/ai³² lɵk̚³²/

/tai²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ l̃yʔ⁵/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ liɔk̚⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² liɔk̚²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ liɔk̚⁴³/

/tai³³⁻²¹ liɔk̚⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ liɔk̚¹²¹/

/tai²²⁻²¹ liɔk̚⁴/

歐亞大陸

欧亚大陆


大陸

Sino-Xenic (大陸):
* → Japanese: 大陸(たいりく) (tairiku)
* → Korean: 대륙(大陸) (daeryuk)
* → Vietnamese: đại lục (大陸)

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ lu⁵¹/

/taːi̯²² lʊk̚²/

/ai³² lɵk̚³²/

/tai²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ l̃yʔ⁵/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ liɔk̚⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² liɔk̚²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ liɔk̚⁴³/

/tai³³⁻²¹ liɔk̚⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ liɔk̚¹²¹/

/tai²²⁻²¹ liɔk̚⁴/

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ lu⁵¹/

/taːi̯²² lʊk̚²/

/ai³² lɵk̚³²/

/tai²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ l̃yʔ⁵/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ liɔk̚⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² liɔk̚²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ liɔk̚⁴³/

/tai³³⁻²¹ liɔk̚⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ liɔk̚¹²¹/

/tai²²⁻²¹ liɔk̚⁴/

After the major earthquake, artists from the Mainland, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan all worked together to perform several concerts to collect funds for disaster relief.

"499. 共襄盛舉." 500 Common Chinese Idioms: An annotated Frequency Dictionary. Liwei Jiao, Cornelius C. Kubler, and Weiguo Zhang. 2011.

Fāshēng le dà dìzhèn, Dàlù jí Gǎng, Ào, Tái sān dì yìrén wèile jiùzāi gòngxiāngshèngjǔ, jǔbàn le duō chǎng yǎnchànghuì.

發生了大地震，大陸及港、澳、台三地藝人為了救災共襄盛舉，舉辦了多場演唱會。

发生了大地震，大陆及港、澳、台三地艺人为了救灾共襄盛举，举办了多场演唱会。

And now
Homesick is a shallow strait
I am here
And Mainland is there

ér xiànzài
Xiāngchóu shì yī wān qiǎn qiǎn de hǎixiá
Wǒ zài zhè tóu
Dàlù zài nà tóu

而現在
鄉愁是一灣淺淺的海峽
我在這頭
大陸在那頭

而现在
乡愁是一湾浅浅的海峡
我在这头
大陆在那头


吉林

Sino-Xenic (吉林):
* → Japanese: 吉林(きつりん) (Kitsurin)
* → Korean: 길림(吉林) (Gillim)
* → Vietnamese: Cát Lâm (吉林)

→ English: Chi-lin, Jilin, Ji Lin

→ Georgian: ძილინი (ʒilini)

/kɐt̚⁵ lɐm²¹/

/kiʔ²⁴⁻²¹ l̃iŋ⁵³/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ lim²³/

/kiɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ lim²⁴/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ lim²⁴/

/t͡ɕiɪʔ³³ lin⁴⁴/

/kɐt̚⁵ lɐm²¹/

/kiʔ²⁴⁻²¹ l̃iŋ⁵³/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ lim²³/

/kiɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ lim²⁴/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ lim²⁴/

/t͡ɕiɪʔ³³ lin⁴⁴/

Shortened from 吉林烏拉／吉林乌拉, which was borrowed from Manchu ᡤᡳᡵᡳᠨ
ᡠᠯᠠ (girin ula).

(～省) Jilin (a province in northeastern China; capital: Changchun)


小島

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ to⁵³/

/sio⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ to⁵⁵⁴/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ to⁵³/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ to⁵³/

/siɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tɤ⁴¹/

/siou⁵²⁻³⁵ tau⁵²⁻²¹/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ to⁵³/

/sio⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ to⁵⁵⁴/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ to⁵³/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ to⁵³/

/siɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tɤ⁴¹/

/siou⁵²⁻³⁵ tau⁵²⁻²¹/


大正

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹/

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹/

/tä⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/tä⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

(literary) Alternative name for 太白星 (Tàibáixīng, “Venus”).


琵琶湖

/pʰi³⁵ pʰä³⁵ xu³⁵/

/pʰei̯²¹ pʰaː²¹ wuː²¹/

/pʰi³⁵ pʰä³⁵ xu³⁵/

/pʰei̯²¹ pʰaː²¹ wuː²¹/


阿爾巴尼亞

ㄚ ㄦˇ ㄅㄚ ㄋㄧˊ ㄧㄚˋ

ㄚ ㄦˇ ㄅㄚ ㄋㄧˊ ㄧㄚˇ

/ˀä⁵⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ pä⁵⁵ ni³⁵ jä⁵¹/

/ˀä⁵⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ pä⁵⁵ ni³⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/aː³³ jiː¹³ paː⁵⁵ nei̯²¹ aː³³/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pa⁴⁴⁻²² nĩ²⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/a³³ nĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ pa³³ nĩ²⁴⁻²² a³³/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² d͡zĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pa⁴⁴⁻²² nĩ¹³⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/ˀä⁵⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ pä⁵⁵ ni³⁵ jä⁵¹/

/ˀä⁵⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ pä⁵⁵ ni³⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/aː³³ jiː¹³ paː⁵⁵ nei̯²¹ aː³³/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pa⁴⁴⁻²² nĩ²⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/a³³ nĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ pa³³ nĩ²⁴⁻²² a³³/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² d͡zĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pa⁴⁴⁻²² nĩ¹³⁻²² a⁴⁴/

Borrowed from English Albania. Attested since at least 1902.

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English

阿爾巴尼亞語

Ā'ěrbāníyàyǔ

阿尔巴尼亚语

Ā'ěrbāníyàyǔ


安道爾

/ˀän⁵⁵ tɑʊ̯⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ tou̯²² jiː¹³/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² to²²⁻²¹ nĩ⁵³/

/an³³ tɔ²² nĩ⁵⁵⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² to²²⁻²¹ d͡zĩ⁵³/

/ø⁵⁵ dɔ³³ ɦəl²¹/

/ˀän⁵⁵ tɑʊ̯⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ tou̯²² jiː¹³/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² to²²⁻²¹ nĩ⁵³/

/an³³ tɔ²² nĩ⁵⁵⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² to²²⁻²¹ d͡zĩ⁵³/

/ø⁵⁵ dɔ³³ ɦəl²¹/

Andorra (a microstate in Southern Europe, between Spain and France)


倫敦

Sino-Xenic (倫敦):
* → Vietnamese: Luân Đôn (倫敦)

/lu̯ən³⁵ tu̯ən⁵⁵/

/lɵn²¹ tɵn⁵⁵/

/l̃uŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nuŋ⁵⁵/

/luŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tuŋ³³/

/lən²² tən⁴⁴/

/lu̯ən³⁵ tu̯ən⁵⁵/

/lɵn²¹ tɵn⁵⁵/

/l̃uŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nuŋ⁵⁵/

/luŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tuŋ³³/

/lən²² tən⁴⁴/

英國倫敦大學地質學博士

英国伦敦大学地质学博士

1848, 徐繼畬 [Xu Jiyu], editor, 瀛寰志略, volume 7, page 38:

Hū Lúndūn dàhuǒ, fén gōngshì mínjū dàijìn, yǐ'ér wēnyì shèngxíng, sǐzhě xiàng zhěnjiè, guóshì dùn shuāi.

忽倫敦大火，焚宮室民居殆盡，已而瘟疫盛行，死者相枕藉，國勢頓衰。

忽伦敦大火，焚宫室民居殆尽，已而瘟疫盛行，死者相枕藉，国势顿衰。

London (the capital city of the United Kingdom; capital city of England)


美國

Sino-Xenic (美國):
* → Korean: 미국(美國) (miguk)
* → Vietnamese: Mĩ Quốc (美國)

→ Zhuang: Meijgoz

/meɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/mei̯¹³ kʷɔːk̚³/

/ᵐbei²¹ kɔk̚⁵⁵/

/mi⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kuɛt̚¹/

/mi³³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾uɔʔ²⁴/

/pi⁴⁵³⁻¹³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ɒʔ¹/

/pi³³²⁻¹³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ɒʔ²/

/bi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kɔk̚³²/

/bi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kɔk̚⁵/

/bi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kɔk̚³²/

/bi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kɔk̚³²/

/bi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kɔk̚³²/

/meɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/mei̯¹³ kʷɔːk̚³/

/ᵐbei²¹ kɔk̚⁵⁵/

/mi⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kuɛt̚¹/

/mi³³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾uɔʔ²⁴/

/pi⁴⁵³⁻¹³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ɒʔ¹/

/pi³³²⁻¹³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ɒʔ²/

/bi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kɔk̚³²/

/bi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kɔk̚⁵/

/bi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kɔk̚³²/

/bi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kɔk̚³²/

/bi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kɔk̚³²/

Attested as early as 1854, possibly as an abbreviation of 亞美理駕洲大合眾國／亚美理驾洲大合众国 (“United States of America”), attested in the Treaty of Wanghia [1844]. 美 (měi) also means "beautiful", which inspires false etymology.

zh-l

美國權利法案

美国权利法案

I was rejected when I applied for a tourist visa for the United States for the first time.

Wǒ dì yī cì shēnqǐng Měiguó lǚyóu qiānzhèng bèi jùqiān le.

我第一次申請美國旅遊簽證被拒簽了。

我第一次申请美国旅游签证被拒签了。

The United States saw an explosive development in artificial intelligence during the 1960s.

Zài èrshí shìjì liùshí niándài, Měiguó réngōng zhìnéng chūxiàn le bàofāxìng de fāzhǎn.

在20世紀60年代，美國人工智能出現了爆發性的發展。

在20世纪60年代，美国人工智能出现了爆发性的发展。

1864, Henry Wheaton, translated by William Alexander Parsons Martin, 萬國公法, volume 1, 京都崇實館, page 21:

Měiguó jué Yīng zìlì zhī shí, Fǎguó rèn zhī, bìng àn zhù zhī, cǐ Yīngguó yǐwéi bùgōng yú jǐ.

美國絕英自立之時，法國認之，并暗助之，此英國以為不公於己。

美国绝英自立之时，法国认之，并暗助之，此英国以为不公于己。

United States, America (a country in North America)


奧地利

/ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ti⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹/

/o²¹³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾li²⁴²⁻⁵³ l̃ɛi²¹³/

/o⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ te⁴¹⁻²² li⁴¹/

/o²¹⁻⁵³ te²²⁻²¹ li²²/

/ɤ²¹⁻⁴¹ te³³⁻²¹ li³³/

/o¹¹⁻⁵³ tue³³⁻¹¹ li³³/

/o²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ti¹¹ li³⁵/

/ɔ³³ di⁵⁵ li²¹/

/ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ti⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹/

/o²¹³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾li²⁴²⁻⁵³ l̃ɛi²¹³/

/o⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ te⁴¹⁻²² li⁴¹/

/o²¹⁻⁵³ te²²⁻²¹ li²²/

/ɤ²¹⁻⁴¹ te³³⁻²¹ li³³/

/o¹¹⁻⁵³ tue³³⁻¹¹ li³³/

/o²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ti¹¹ li³⁵/

/ɔ³³ di⁵⁵ li²¹/

From English Austria or German Österreich (“Austria”), perhaps influenced by the preexisting close-sounding word 地利 (dìlì, “geographical advantage”).

Rì'ěrmàn quánguó shí, yǐ Àodìlì wéi gòngzhǔ, zhū bù rú jīnèi zhī hóu. Dāng Chálǐ dì wǔ zhī dài xīng yě, lǔ Fó wáng, fú Luómǎ, jiān Hélán, shēnglíng hèzhuó, jī yú bà yǐ.

日耳曼全國時，以𡒃地利為共主，諸部如畿內之侯。當查理第五之代興也，擄佛王、服羅馬、兼荷蘭，聲靈赫濯，幾於霸矣。

日耳曼全国时，以奥地利为共主，诸部如畿内之侯。当查理第五之代兴也，掳佛王、服罗马、兼荷兰，声灵赫濯，几于霸矣。


亞美尼亞

ㄧㄚˋ ㄇㄟˇ ㄋㄧˊ ㄧㄚˋ

ㄧㄚˇ ㄇㄟˇ ㄋㄧˊ ㄧㄚˇ

/jä⁵¹ meɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ni³⁵ jä⁵¹/

/jä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ meɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ni³⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

a³ méi⁵ néi⁴ a³

/aː³³ mei̯¹³ nei̯²¹ aː³³/

/a³³ bi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ nĩ²⁴⁻²² a³³/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² bi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nĩ²⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² bi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nĩ¹³⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/ia⁵⁵ me³³ n̠ʲi³³ ia²¹/

/jä⁵¹ meɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ni³⁵ jä⁵¹/

/jä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ meɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ni³⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/aː³³ mei̯¹³ nei̯²¹ aː³³/

/a³³ bi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ nĩ²⁴⁻²² a³³/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² bi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nĩ²⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² bi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nĩ¹³⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/ia⁵⁵ me³³ n̠ʲi³³ ia²¹/

Armenia (A country in the South Caucasus region of Asia, sometimes considered to belong politically to Europe)


白俄羅斯

ㄅㄞˊ ㄜˊ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄙ

ㄅㄞˊ ㄜˋ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄙ

/paɪ̯³⁵ ˀɤ³⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵/

/paɪ̯³⁵ ˀɤ⁵¹ lu̯ɔ³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵/

/paːk̚² ŋɔː²¹ lɔː²¹ siː⁵⁵/

/pʰak̚⁵ ŋo¹¹ lo¹¹ sɨ²⁴/

/pʰak̚⁵ ŋo¹¹ lo¹¹ sz̩⁴⁴/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ ɡo²⁴⁻¹¹ lo²⁴⁻¹¹ su⁴⁴/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ ɡɤ²³⁻³³ lɤ²³⁻³³ su⁴⁴/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ ɡo²⁴⁻²² lo²⁴⁻²² su⁴⁴/

/pe(ʔ)²⁴⁻² ŋɔ̃²⁴⁻²² lo²⁴⁻²² sɯ³³/

/pɛ(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ ɡo¹³⁻²² lo¹³⁻²² su⁴⁴/

/baʔ¹¹ ŋu²² lu²² sz̩²³/

/paɪ̯³⁵ ˀɤ³⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵/

/paɪ̯³⁵ ˀɤ⁵¹ lu̯ɔ³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵/

/paːk̚² ŋɔː²¹ lɔː²¹ siː⁵⁵/

/pʰak̚⁵ ŋo¹¹ lo¹¹ sɨ²⁴/

/pʰak̚⁵ ŋo¹¹ lo¹¹ sz̩⁴⁴/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ ɡo²⁴⁻¹¹ lo²⁴⁻¹¹ su⁴⁴/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ ɡɤ²³⁻³³ lɤ²³⁻³³ su⁴⁴/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ ɡo²⁴⁻²² lo²⁴⁻²² su⁴⁴/

/pe(ʔ)²⁴⁻² ŋɔ̃²⁴⁻²² lo²⁴⁻²² sɯ³³/

/pɛ(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ ɡo¹³⁻²² lo¹³⁻²² su⁴⁴/

/baʔ¹¹ ŋu²² lu²² sz̩²³/


捷克

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹/

/t͡sieʔ⁵⁻²¹ kʰaiʔ²⁴/

/t͡siɛt̚⁴⁻³² kʰiɪk̚³²/

/t͡siɛt̚¹²¹⁻²¹ kʰiɪk̚³²/

/t͡siɛt̚²⁴⁻² kʰiak̚⁵/

/t͡siap̚⁴⁻³² kʰiɪk̚³²/

/ʑiɪʔ¹¹ kʰəʔ²³/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹/

/t͡sieʔ⁵⁻²¹ kʰaiʔ²⁴/

/t͡siɛt̚⁴⁻³² kʰiɪk̚³²/

/t͡siɛt̚¹²¹⁻²¹ kʰiɪk̚³²/

/t͡siɛt̚²⁴⁻² kʰiak̚⁵/

/t͡siap̚⁴⁻³² kʰiɪk̚³²/

/ʑiɪʔ¹¹ kʰəʔ²³/

捷克共和国 捷克共和国#Chinese

Czech Republic, Czechia (a country in Central Europe; official name: 捷克共和国 (Jiékè Gònghéguó))


克羅地亞

ㄎㄜˋ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄉㄧˋ ㄧㄚˋ

ㄎㄜˋ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄉㄧˋ ㄧㄚˇ

/kʰɤ⁵¹ lu̯ɔ³⁵ ti⁵¹⁻⁵³ jä⁵¹/

/kʰɤ⁵¹ lu̯ɔ³⁵ ti⁵¹ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɐk̚⁵ lɔː²¹ tei̯²² aː³³/

/kʰiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ lo²⁴⁻²² te⁴¹⁻²² a³³/

/kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ lo²⁴⁻²² te²²⁻²¹ a⁴⁴/

/kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ lo¹³⁻²² te²²⁻²¹ a⁴⁴/

/kʰəʔ³³ lu⁵⁵ di³³ ia²¹/

/kʰɤ⁵¹ lu̯ɔ³⁵ ti⁵¹⁻⁵³ jä⁵¹/

/kʰɤ⁵¹ lu̯ɔ³⁵ ti⁵¹ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɐk̚⁵ lɔː²¹ tei̯²² aː³³/

/kʰiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ lo²⁴⁻²² te⁴¹⁻²² a³³/

/kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ lo²⁴⁻²² te²²⁻²¹ a⁴⁴/

/kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ lo¹³⁻²² te²²⁻²¹ a⁴⁴/

/kʰəʔ³³ lu⁵⁵ di³³ ia²¹/

Balkan Peninsula
Balkan Peninsula#English

(Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau) Croatia (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)


比利時

/pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ li⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/pi³¹ li⁵⁵ sɨ¹¹/

/pi³¹ li⁵³⁻⁵⁵ sz̩¹¹/

/pi²⁴⁻³³ li³³ ʃi⁵⁵/

/pi³³⁻²¹ l̃i²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾li⁵³/

/pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ li²²⁻²¹ si²⁴/

/pi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ li⁴¹⁻²² si²⁴/

/pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ li²²⁻²¹ si¹³/

/pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ li³³⁻¹¹ si²⁴/

/pi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ li³³⁻²¹ si²³/

/pi⁵²⁻³⁵ li³⁵⁻¹¹ si⁵⁵/

/pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ li⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/pi³¹ li⁵⁵ sɨ¹¹/

/pi³¹ li⁵³⁻⁵⁵ sz̩¹¹/

/pi²⁴⁻³³ li³³ ʃi⁵⁵/

/pi³³⁻²¹ l̃i²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾li⁵³/

/pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ li²²⁻²¹ si²⁴/

/pi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ li⁴¹⁻²² si²⁴/

/pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ li²²⁻²¹ si¹³/

/pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ li³³⁻¹¹ si²⁴/

/pi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ li³³⁻²¹ si²³/

/pi⁵²⁻³⁵ li³⁵⁻¹¹ si⁵⁵/

1848, 徐繼畬 [Xu Jiyu], editor, 瀛寰志略, volume 6, page 52:

Jiāqìng shíjiǔ nián, Bǐlìshí fù yǔ Hélán hé. Xiānshì Hélán chóng yēsūjiào, yīncǐ yǔ Xībānyá gòubīng, shù shí nián zú huòshèng fùguó, ér Bǐlìshí pí jìn fólángxī, gù dú cóng Fó sú, shàng tiānzhǔjiào. Yòu sù lì Xībānyá, Àodìlì, jiē tiānzhǔjiào guó, jì yǔ Hélán hé, bùkěn cóng Hé sú, liǎng bù zhī mín bù xiàngnéng, shíshí gòuxìn.

嘉慶十九年，比利時復與荷蘭合。先是荷蘭崇耶穌教，因此與西班牙搆兵，數十年卒獲勝復國，而比利時毗近佛郎西，顧獨從佛俗，尚天主教。又夙隸西班牙、𡒃地利，皆天主教國，既與荷蘭合，不肯從荷俗，兩部之民不相能，時時搆釁。

嘉庆十九年，比利时复与荷兰合。先是荷兰崇耶稣教，因此与西班牙构兵，数十年卒获胜复国，而比利时毗近佛郎西，顾独从佛俗，尚天主教。又夙隶西班牙、奥地利，皆天主教国，既与荷兰合，不肯从荷俗，两部之民不相能，时时构衅。

Belgium (a country in Western Europe that has borders with the Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg and France)


保加利亞

ㄅㄠˇ ㄐㄧㄚ ㄌㄧˋ ㄧㄚˋ

ㄅㄠˇ ㄐㄧㄚ ㄌㄧˋ ㄧㄚˇ

/pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ li⁵¹⁻⁵³ jä⁵¹/

/pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ li⁵¹ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pou̯³⁵ kaː⁵⁵ lei̯²² aː³³/

/po⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ka⁴⁴⁻²² li²²⁻²¹ a⁴⁴/

/pɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ li³³⁻²¹ a⁴⁴/

/po⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ li³³⁻¹¹ a⁴⁴/

/po⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ka³³ li⁴¹⁻²² a³³/

/po⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kɛ⁴⁴⁻²² li²²⁻²¹ a⁴⁴/

/pɔ³³ ka⁵⁵ li³³ ia²¹/

/pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ li⁵¹⁻⁵³ jä⁵¹/

/pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ li⁵¹ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pou̯³⁵ kaː⁵⁵ lei̯²² aː³³/

/po⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ka⁴⁴⁻²² li²²⁻²¹ a⁴⁴/

/pɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ li³³⁻²¹ a⁴⁴/

/po⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ li³³⁻¹¹ a⁴⁴/

/po⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ka³³ li⁴¹⁻²² a³³/

/po⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kɛ⁴⁴⁻²² li²²⁻²¹ a⁴⁴/

/pɔ³³ ka⁵⁵ li³³ ia²¹/

Bulgaria (a country in Southeast Europe)


朝鮮

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (朝鮮):
* → Japanese: 朝(ちょう)鮮(せん) (Chōsen)
* → Korean: 조선(朝鮮) (Joseon)
* → Vietnamese: Triều Tiên (朝鮮)

desc

→ Classical Mongolian: ᠴᠣᠤᠬᠢᠶᠠᠨ (Čoukiyan)

→ English: Ch'ao-hsien, Chaoxian

→ Manchu: ᠴᠣᠣᡥᡳᠶᠠᠨ (Coohiyan)

→ Zhuang: Cauzsenh

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɔ²⁴ ɕiæ̃⁵¹/

/t͡sʰiːu̯²¹ siːn⁵⁵/

/t͡seu̯²⁴⁻¹¹ si̯en²⁴/

/tieu⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lieŋ³³/

/tiau²⁴⁻²² siɛn⁵⁵⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɔ²⁴ ɕiæ̃⁵¹/

/t͡sʰiːu̯²¹ siːn⁵⁵/

/t͡seu̯²⁴⁻¹¹ si̯en²⁴/

/tieu⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lieŋ³³/

/tiau²⁴⁻²² siɛn⁵⁵⁴/

Classic of Mountains and Seas
Juha Janhunen
Records of the Grand Historian
Zhanguo Ce

Attested in Classic of Mountains and Seas, Zhanguo Ce, Records of the Grand Historian, etc. Juha Janhunen tentatively suggests a connection to the ethnonyms Jurchen and Sushen. A common literal interpretation of this term is “morning (朝) calm (鮮)”, and thus Korea is also known as the “Land of the Morning Calm”.

2006, 朴英姬, “朝鲜义烈团的成立及抗日斗争”, in 历史档案, number 4, →ISSN, pages 96–99:

The nation-wide anti-Japanese patriotic March 1st Movement that erupted in Korea on 1 March, 1919 marked the arrival of this climax. However, the March 1st movement faced brutal suppression by Japanese imperialism and ultimately failed. The main reasons for its failure are…Secondly, Korean nationalists had the illusion of "pleading" for Korean independence from the United States and the Paris Peace Conference, rather than relying on armed resistance by the Korean people to achieve Korean independence. After the failure of the March 1st movement, patriotic Korean activists were unable to engage in domestic anti-Japanese struggles and consequently sought exile abroad.

1919 nián 3 yuè 1 rì zài Cháoxiǎn bàofā de quán mínzú xìng de fǎnrì àiguó yùndòng biāozhì zhe zhè yī gāocháo de dàolái. Rán'ér “sānyī” yùndòng zāodào le Rìběn dìguózhǔyì de xuèxīng zhènyā zuìzhōng shībài. Qí shībài de yuányīn zhǔyào yǒu...... Qí èr, Cháoxiǎn mínzúzhǔyì zhě huànxiǎng cóng Měiguó hé Bālí héhuì nàlǐ “qǐqiú” Cháoxiǎn dúlì, ér bù yīkào Cháoxiǎn rénmín yòng wǔlì shíxiàn Cháoxiǎn dúlì. “sānyī” yùndòng shībài hòu, Cháoxiǎn àiguó zhìshì wúfǎ zài guónèi zhǎnkāi fǎnrì dǒuzhēng, biàn fēnfēn liúwáng guówài.

1919年3月1日在朝鲜爆发的全民族性的反日爱国运动标志着这一高潮的到来。然而“三一”运动遭到了日本帝国主义的血腥镇压最终失败。其失败的原因主要有……其二，朝鲜民族主义者幻想从美国和巴黎和会那里“乞求”朝鲜独立，而不依靠朝鲜人民用武力实现朝鲜独立。“三一”运动失败后，朝鲜爱国志士无法在国内展开反日斗争，便纷纷流亡国外。

1919年3月1日在朝鮮爆發的全民族性的反日愛國運動標誌著這一高潮的到來。然而“三一”運動遭到了日本帝國主義的血腥鎮壓最終失敗。其失敗的原因主要有……其二，朝鮮民族主義者幻想從美國和巴黎和會那裡“乞求”朝鮮獨立，而不依靠朝鮮人民用武力實現朝鮮獨立。“三一”運動失敗後，朝鮮愛國志士無法在國內展開反日鬥爭，便紛紛流亡國外。

Korea (two countries in East Asia, North Korea and South Korea)

～民主主義人民共和國 朝鮮民主主義人民共和國#Chinese

(Mainland China) (～民主主義人民共和國) North Korea (a country in East Asia)


點心

/ti̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕin⁵⁵/

/ti̯ɛn²¹⁴ ɕin⁴/

/tiɛn²¹³⁻²¹ ɕin¹/

/tiɛn²¹³⁻¹³ ɕin⁴²/

/tie⁵³ ɕiŋ¹¹/

/tieŋ³³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾niŋ⁵⁵/

/tɛŋ⁴⁵³⁻²¹ ^((ɬ-))niŋ⁵³³/

/tɛŋ³³²⁻²¹ ^((ɬ-))niŋ⁵³³/

/ti³³ ɕiŋ⁵¹/

/te³³ ɕiŋ⁵¹/

/ti̯ɛn³³ ɕin⁴⁴⁵/

/ti̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕin⁵⁵/

/ti̯ɛn²¹⁴ ɕin⁴/

/tiɛn²¹³⁻²¹ ɕin¹/

/tiɛn²¹³⁻¹³ ɕin⁴²/

/tie⁵³ ɕiŋ¹¹/

/tieŋ³³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾niŋ⁵⁵/

/tɛŋ⁴⁵³⁻²¹ ^((ɬ-))niŋ⁵³³/

/tɛŋ³³²⁻²¹ ^((ɬ-))niŋ⁵³³/

/ti³³ ɕiŋ⁵¹/

/te³³ ɕiŋ⁵¹/

/ti̯ɛn³³ ɕin⁴⁴⁵/

First appeared during the Tang dynasty, e.g. from the Book of Tang:
:
「唐鄭為江淮留侯，家人備夫人晨饌，夫人謂其弟曰：『治妝未畢，我未及餐，爾且可點心。』」
Tang Zheng was the official for the Jianghuai region. (One day), after the servants prepared the morning meal, Tang's wife said to his brother, 'I have not finished doing my makeup. You can have some snacks (lit. refresh your hearts) before I am ready to eat.

quote

點心師傅

点心师傅

ngo⁵ dei⁶ sik⁶ zo² sei³ ng⁵ lung⁴ dim² sam¹.

我哋食咗四五籠點心。

我哋食咗四五笼点心。


尼布楚條約

ㄋㄧˊ ㄅㄨˋ ㄔㄨˇ ㄊㄧㄠˊ ㄩㄝ

Нибучу Тяоюэ

/ni³⁵ pu⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ ɥɛ⁵⁵/

/nei̯²¹ pou̯³³ t͡sʰɔː³⁵ tʰiːu̯²¹ jœːk̚³/

/ni³⁵ pu⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ ɥɛ⁵⁵/

Treaty of Nerchinsk (a treaty signed between Russia and the Qing Government in 1689 which established trade relations between the two countries)


幼發拉底河

ㄧㄡˋ ㄈㄚ ㄌㄚ ㄉㄧˇ ㄏㄜˊ

/joʊ̯⁵¹ fä⁵⁵ lä⁵⁵ ti²¹⁴⁻²¹ xɤ³⁵/

/jɐu̯³³ faːt̚³ laːi̯⁵⁵ tɐi̯³⁵ hɔː²¹/

/joʊ̯⁵¹ fä⁵⁵ lä⁵⁵ ti²¹⁴⁻²¹ xɤ³⁵/

/jɐu̯³³ faːt̚³ laːi̯⁵⁵ tɐi̯³⁵ hɔː²¹/


西雅圖

/ɕi⁵⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰu³⁵/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ ŋaː¹³ tʰou̯²¹/

/ɕi⁵⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰu³⁵/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ ŋaː¹³ tʰou̯²¹/

Seattle (a city in Washington, United States)


臺灣

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (臺灣):
* → Japanese: 台(たい)湾(わん) (Taiwan)
* → Korean: 대만(臺灣) (Daeman)
* → Vietnamese: Đài Loan (臺灣)

→ Arabic: تَايْوَان (tāywān)

→ Armenian: Թայվան (Tʻayvan)

→ Bulgarian: Тайван (Tajvan)

→ Burmese: ထိုင်ဝမ် (htuing-wam)

→ Catalan: Taiwan

→ Czech: Tchaj-wan, Taiwan

→ Dutch: Taiwan

→ English: Taiwan

→ Korean: 타이완 (Taiwan)

→ Portuguese: Taiwan

→ French: Taïwan

→ Manchu: ᡨᠠᡳᠸᠠᠨ (taiwan)

→ Persian: تایوان (tâyvân)

→ Polish: Tajwan

→ Russian: Тайвань (Tajvanʹ)

→ Spanish: Taiwán

→ Tibetan: ཐའེ་ཝན (tha'e wan)

→ Turkish: Tayvan

→ Zhuang: Daizvanh

/tʰaɪ̯³⁵ wän⁵⁵/

/tʰɛ²⁴ væ̃²⁴/

/tʰɔːi̯²¹ waːn⁵⁵/

/tʰoɪ¹¹ ʋan⁴⁴/

/tai⁵³⁻⁵⁵ uaŋ⁵⁵/

/tai⁵³⁻³³ uaŋ⁵³/

/tai¹³⁻²¹ uaŋ¹³/

/tai¹³⁻²¹ uoŋ¹³/

/tʰai⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ueŋ³³/

/tʰai⁵⁵⁻¹¹ uaŋ³³/

/tʰaɪ̯³⁵ wän⁵⁵/

/tʰɛ²⁴ væ̃²⁴/

/tʰɔːi̯²¹ waːn⁵⁵/

/tʰoɪ¹¹ ʋan⁴⁴/

/tai⁵³⁻⁵⁵ uaŋ⁵⁵/

/tai⁵³⁻³³ uaŋ⁵³/

/tai¹³⁻²¹ uaŋ¹³/

/tai¹³⁻²¹ uoŋ¹³/

/tʰai⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ueŋ³³/

/tʰai⁵⁵⁻¹¹ uaŋ³³/

Appears to be first attested in a memorial to the imperial government by official He Kai (何楷) in 1635:
:
Officially, no later than 1684 with the creation of Taiwan Prefecture (臺灣府). A phonetic transliteration of an ethnonym of a tribe in the southwest part of the island in the area of Anping, Tainan, southwest Taiwan, variously recorded in Dutch records as Tayouan or Tayowan or Taiouwang. A Dutch missionary referred to this group as Taiouwang no later than 1636. Other phonetic transliterations in Chinese characters included 大員 [1603], 大圓 [1617], 臺員, and 大灣 [circa 1624], as placenames initially referring to a sandbank peninsula that later silted up now wholly part of the island in the area of modern-day Anping District, Tainan that eventually became the name of the entire island.
Possibly derived from Siraya.
By surface analysis, 臺 /台 (tái, “terraced”) + 灣 /湾 (wān, “bay”).

surf

If we are to subdue the bandits, we must destroy their hideout. Where is their hideout, then? It's Taiwan. Taiwan is further from Penghu, with a distance of two days away from Zhangzhou and Quanzhou, and the land is large and fertile.

Jīn yù jìng kòufēn, fēi xū qí kū bùkě. Qí kū wéi hé? Táiwān shì yě. Táiwān zài Pénghú dǎo wài, jù Zhāng, Quán zhǐ liǎng rì yè chéng, dì guǎng ér yú.

今欲靖寇氛，非墟其窟不可。其窟維何？臺灣是也。臺灣在彭湖島外，距漳、泉止兩日夜程，地廣而腴。

今欲靖寇氛，非墟其窟不可。其窟维何？台湾是也。台湾在彭湖岛外，距漳、泉止两日夜程，地广而腴。

臺灣原住民族

台湾原住民族

臺灣文學專題

台湾文学专题

(～省) Taiwan Province (administrative division in both the Republic of China and People's Republic of China)

2021 May 19, 《台湾抗疫，民进党当局太分心了》, in Global Times, →ISSN, issue 5360, page 14

Jīnmén Xiàn xiànzhǎng xīngqīyī hūyù dāngjú yǔnxǔ gāi xiàn zhíjiē cóng Dàlù cǎigòu yìmiáo, yǒu zhè yī yuànwàng de Táiwān xiàn shì kǒngpà bùzhǐ Jīnmén yī jiā, dàn Mínjìndǎng dāngjú huìfǒu wèi bǎo cāngshēng zhī ān kāi zhège kǒuzi, fēicháng lìng rén huáiyí.

金門縣縣長星期一呼籲當局允許該縣直接從大陸採購疫苗，有這一願望的臺灣縣市恐怕不止金門一家，但民進黨當局會否為保蒼生之安開這個口子，非常令人懷疑。

金门县县长星期一呼吁当局允许该县直接从大陆采购疫苗，有这一愿望的台湾县市恐怕不止金门一家，但民进党当局会否为保苍生之安开这个口子，非常令人怀疑。

Republic of China
Republic of China#English

(～地區) Taiwan Area (Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu, and some minor islands, which are de facto governed by the Republic of China)


里約熱內盧

ㄌㄧˇ ㄩㄝ ㄖㄜˋ ㄋㄟˋ ㄌㄨˊ

Лиюэ Жэнэйлу

/li²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɥɛ⁵⁵ ʐɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ neɪ̯⁵¹ lu³⁵/

/lei̯¹³ jœːk̚³ jiːt̚² nɔːi̯²² lou̯²¹/

/li⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ iɔk̚³²⁻⁴ ziɛt̚⁴⁻³² lai³³⁻²¹ lɔ²³/

/li²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɥɛ⁵⁵ ʐɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ neɪ̯⁵¹ lu³⁵/

/lei̯¹³ jœːk̚³ jiːt̚² nɔːi̯²² lou̯²¹/

Borrowed from Portuguese Rio de Janeiro.

Yǒu Lǐyuērènèilú jīngchéng, zuìhǎo wān chuán chù, duō yǒu wàiguórén dào cǐ mǎimài, chuánzhī rú yǐ jù.

有里約熱內盧京城，最好灣船處，多有外國人到此買賣，船隻如蟻聚。

有里约热内卢京城，最好湾船处，多有外国人到此买卖，船只如蚁聚。

Rio de Janeiro (a municipality, the state capital of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil)

Southeast Region
Southeast Region#English

(～州) Rio de Janeiro (a state of the Southeast Region, Brazil)


亞得里亞海

ㄧㄚˋ ㄉㄜˊ ㄌㄧˇ ㄧㄚˋ ㄏㄞˇ

ㄧㄚˇ ㄉㄜˊ ㄌㄧˇ ㄧㄚˇ ㄏㄞˇ

/jä⁵¹ tɤ³⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹ jä⁵¹ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jä²¹⁴⁻²¹ tɤ³⁵ li²¹⁴⁻³⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/aː³³ tɐk̚⁵ lei̯¹³ aː³³ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/jä⁵¹ tɤ³⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹ jä⁵¹ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/aː³³ tɐk̚⁵ lei̯¹³ aː³³ hɔːi̯³⁵/


共產黨

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (共產黨):
* → Japanese: 共(きょう)産(さん)党(とう) (kyōsantō)
* → Korean: 공산당(共産黨) (gongsandang)
* → Vietnamese: cộng sản đảng (共產黨)

→ Lü: ᦷᦂᧂᧈᦌᦱᧃᦑᦱᧂ (k̇ong¹saantaang)

→ Zhuang: gungcanjdangj

ㄍㄨㄥˋ ㄔㄢˇ ㄉㄤˇ

ㄍㄨㄥˋ ㄔㄢˇ ㄉㄤˇ

/kʊŋ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰän²¹⁴⁻³⁵ tɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/koŋ²¹³ t͡sʰan⁵³ taŋ⁵³/

/kuŋ²⁴ t͡sʰæ̃⁵¹ tɑŋ⁵¹/

/kuŋ²⁴ t͡sʰæ̃²⁴ tɑŋ⁵¹/

/kʊŋ²² t͡sʰaːn³⁵ tɔːŋ³⁵/

/kɵŋ³² t͡sʰan⁵⁵ ɔŋ⁵⁵/

/kʰi̯uŋ⁵⁵ san³¹ toŋ³¹/

/kʰiuŋ³³ san²⁴⁻³³ toŋ²⁴/

/kyŋ²⁴²⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾naŋ³³⁻³⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nouŋ³³/

/kiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ san⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tɔŋ⁵³/

/kiɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² san⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/kiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ san⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tɔŋ⁵³/

/kiɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ san⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tɔŋ⁵³/

/kiɔŋ³³⁻²¹ san⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tɔŋ⁴¹/

/kaŋ¹¹ sũã⁵²⁻³⁵ taŋ⁵²⁻²¹/

/ɡoŋ²² t͡sʰe⁵⁵ tɑ̃²¹/

/kʊŋ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰän²¹⁴⁻³⁵ tɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/koŋ²¹³ t͡sʰan⁵³ taŋ⁵³/

/kuŋ²⁴ t͡sʰæ̃⁵¹ tɑŋ⁵¹/

/kuŋ²⁴ t͡sʰæ̃²⁴ tɑŋ⁵¹/

/kʊŋ²² t͡sʰaːn³⁵ tɔːŋ³⁵/

/kɵŋ³² t͡sʰan⁵⁵ ɔŋ⁵⁵/

/kʰi̯uŋ⁵⁵ san³¹ toŋ³¹/

/kʰiuŋ³³ san²⁴⁻³³ toŋ²⁴/

/kyŋ²⁴²⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾naŋ³³⁻³⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nouŋ³³/

/kiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ san⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tɔŋ⁵³/

/kiɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² san⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/kiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ san⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tɔŋ⁵³/

/kiɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ san⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tɔŋ⁵³/

/kiɔŋ³³⁻²¹ san⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tɔŋ⁴¹/

/kaŋ¹¹ sũã⁵²⁻³⁵ taŋ⁵²⁻²¹/

/ɡoŋ²² t͡sʰe⁵⁵ tɑ̃²¹/

The great Communist Party leads us in continuing the Long March!

1978 March 5, National anthem of the People's Republic of China (1978-1982)

Wěidà de Gòngchǎndǎng lǐngdǎo wǒmen xīn de chángzhēng.

偉大的共產黨領導我們新的長征。

伟大的共产党领导我们新的长征。


底特律

Ti³-tʻê⁴-lü⁴

/ti²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ly⁵¹/

/tɐi̯³⁵ tɐk̚² lɵt̚²/

/ti²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ly⁵¹/

/tɐi̯³⁵ tɐk̚² lɵt̚²/

Detroit (a city in Michigan, United States)


底格里斯河

ㄉㄧˇ ㄍㄜˊ ㄌㄧˇ ㄙ ㄏㄜˊ

/ti²¹⁴⁻²¹ kɤ³⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹ sz̩⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/tɐi̯³⁵ kaːk̚³ lei̯¹³ siː⁵⁵ hɔː²¹/

/ti³¹ ki̯et̚² li²⁴⁻¹¹ sɨ²⁴ ho¹¹/

/ti³¹ ki̯at̚² li²⁴⁻¹¹ sɨ²⁴ ho¹¹/

/ti²¹⁴⁻²¹ kɤ³⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹ sz̩⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/tɐi̯³⁵ kaːk̚³ lei̯¹³ siː⁵⁵ hɔː²¹/

/ti³¹ ki̯et̚² li²⁴⁻¹¹ sɨ²⁴ ho¹¹/

/ti³¹ ki̯at̚² li²⁴⁻¹¹ sɨ²⁴ ho¹¹/


巴西柔術

ㄅㄚ ㄒㄧ ㄖㄡˊ ㄕㄨˋ

/pä⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵ ʐoʊ̯³⁵ ʂu⁵¹/

/paː⁵⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵ jɐu̯²¹ sɵt̚²/

/pä⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵ ʐoʊ̯³⁵ ʂu⁵¹/

/paː⁵⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵ jɐu̯²¹ sɵt̚²/


獅子舞

/ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ d͡z̥z̩² u²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/siː⁵⁵ t͡siː³⁵ mou̯¹³/

/ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ d͡z̥z̩² u²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/siː⁵⁵ t͡siː³⁵ mou̯¹³/

lion dance (traditional Chinese dance where performers mimic a lion's movements in a lion costume)


法屬圭亞那

ㄈㄚˇ ㄕㄨˇ ㄍㄨㄟ ㄧㄚˋ ㄋㄚˋ

ㄈㄚˋ ㄕㄨˇ ㄍㄨㄟ ㄧㄚˇ ㄋㄚˋ

/fä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ku̯eɪ̯⁵⁵ jä⁵¹⁻⁵³ nä⁵¹/

/fä⁵¹ ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ku̯eɪ̯⁵⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹ nä⁵¹/

/faːt̚³ sʊk̚² kʷɐi̯⁵⁵ aː³³ naː¹³/

/huat̚⁵⁻²⁴ siɔk̚²⁴⁻² kui³³ a³³ nã⁴¹/

/huat̚³²⁻⁵ siɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ kui⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴⁻²² nã⁵³/

/huat̚³²⁻⁴ siɔk̚⁴⁻³² kui⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴⁻²² nã⁵³/

/fä⁵¹ ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ku̯eɪ̯⁵⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹ nä⁵¹/

/faːt̚³ sʊk̚² kʷɐi̯⁵⁵ aː³³ naː¹³/

/huat̚⁵⁻²⁴ siɔk̚²⁴⁻² kui³³ a³³ nã⁴¹/

French Guiana
French Guiana#English:_Q3769

French Guiana (an overseas department and administrative region of France in South America)


圭亞那

/ku̯eɪ̯⁵⁵ jä⁵¹⁻⁵³ nä⁵¹/

/ku̯eɪ̯⁵⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹ nä⁵¹/

/kʷɐi̯⁵⁵ aː³³ naː¹³/

/kʷɐi̯⁵⁵ aː³³ naː²¹/

/kui³³ a³³ nã⁴¹/

/kui⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴⁻²² nã⁵³/

/ku̯eɪ̯⁵⁵ jä⁵¹⁻⁵³ nä⁵¹/

/ku̯eɪ̯⁵⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹ nä⁵¹/

/kʷɐi̯⁵⁵ aː³³ naː¹³/

/kʷɐi̯⁵⁵ aː³³ naː²¹/

/kui³³ a³³ nã⁴¹/

/kui⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴⁻²² nã⁵³/

(Mainland China) Guyana (a country in South America)


基輔

/t͡ɕi⁵⁵ fu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ki⁴⁴⁻²² hu⁵³/

/t͡ɕi⁵⁵ vu²¹/

/t͡ɕi⁵⁵ fu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ki⁴⁴⁻²² hu⁵³/

/t͡ɕi⁵⁵ vu²¹/

(～市) Kyiv (a city, the capital city of Ukraine)


葡萄牙

Sino-Xenic (葡萄牙):
* → Korean: 포도아(葡萄牙) (Podoa)
* → Vietnamese: Bồ Đào Nha (葡萄牙)

/pʰu³⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³⁵ jä³⁵/

/pʰou̯²¹ tʰou̯²¹ ŋaː²¹/

/pʰu²² hau²² ᵑɡa²²/

/pʰu¹¹ tʰo¹¹ ŋa¹¹/

/pʰu¹¹ tʰau¹¹ ŋa¹¹/

/puo⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lo⁵³⁻³³ ŋa⁵³/

/pʰu²³⁻³³ tɤ²³⁻³³ ɡa²³/

/pʰu²⁴⁻¹¹ to²⁴⁻¹¹ ɡa²⁴/

/pʰu²⁴⁻²² to²⁴⁻²² ɡa²⁴/

/pʰɤ²⁴⁻³³ tɤ²⁴⁻³³ ɡa²⁴/

/pʰu²⁴⁻¹¹ to²⁴⁻¹¹ ɡe²⁴/

/pʰu²³⁻³³ tɤ²³⁻³³ ɡe²³/

/pʰo¹³⁻²² to¹³⁻²² ɡɛ¹³/

/pʰu⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tʰo⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ɡe⁵⁵/

/bu²² dɔ⁵⁵ ŋa²¹/

/pʰu³⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³⁵ jä³⁵/

/pʰou̯²¹ tʰou̯²¹ ŋaː²¹/

/pʰu²² hau²² ᵑɡa²²/

/pʰu¹¹ tʰo¹¹ ŋa¹¹/

/pʰu¹¹ tʰau¹¹ ŋa¹¹/

/puo⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lo⁵³⁻³³ ŋa⁵³/

/pʰu²³⁻³³ tɤ²³⁻³³ ɡa²³/

/pʰu²⁴⁻¹¹ to²⁴⁻¹¹ ɡa²⁴/

/pʰu²⁴⁻²² to²⁴⁻²² ɡa²⁴/

/pʰɤ²⁴⁻³³ tɤ²⁴⁻³³ ɡa²⁴/

/pʰu²⁴⁻¹¹ to²⁴⁻¹¹ ɡe²⁴/

/pʰu²³⁻³³ tɤ²³⁻³³ ɡe²³/

/pʰo¹³⁻²² to¹³⁻²² ɡɛ¹³/

/pʰu⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tʰo⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ɡe⁵⁵/

/bu²² dɔ⁵⁵ ŋa²¹/

Phono-semantic matching of Portuguese Portugal, possibly via Hokkien 葡萄牙 (Phû-tô-gâ). Attested in 海國聞見錄 [1730] by Chen Lunjiong (陳倫烱).
The selection of 葡萄 (“grape”) in the phonetic transcription alludes to the importance of viniculture to the early Portuguese missionaries to China, who used grapes to make sacramental wine (葡萄酒).
Compare 西班牙 (Xībānyá, “Spain”).

psm

葡萄牙者，澳門之祖家也。

葡萄牙者，澳门之祖家也。

1848, 徐繼畬 [Xu Jiyu], editor, 瀛寰志略, volume 3, page 11:

Qiánmíng zhōngyè, Pútáoyá jù Xīlán hǎikǒu, lì bùtóu, xún wéi Hélán suǒ duó.

前明中葉，葡萄牙據錫蘭海口，立埔頭，尋為荷蘭所奪。

前明中叶，葡萄牙据锡兰海口，立埔头，寻为荷兰所夺。


德國

/tɤ³⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/tɐk̚⁵ kʷɔːk̚³/

/ak̚⁵⁵ kɔk̚⁵⁵/

/tɛiʔ²⁴⁻⁵⁵ kuɔʔ²⁴/

/tɛʔ¹⁻⁴² kɒʔ¹/

/tɛʔ²⁻²⁴ kɒʔ²/

/tiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ kɔk̚³²/

/tiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ kɔk̚³²/

/tiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ kɔk̚⁵/

/təʔ³³ koʔ⁴⁴/

/tɤ³⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/tɐk̚⁵ kʷɔːk̚³/

/ak̚⁵⁵ kɔk̚⁵⁵/

/tɛiʔ²⁴⁻⁵⁵ kuɔʔ²⁴/

/tɛʔ¹⁻⁴² kɒʔ¹/

/tɛʔ²⁻²⁴ kɒʔ²/

/tiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ kɔk̚³²/

/tiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ kɔk̚³²/

/tiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ kɔk̚⁵/

/təʔ³³ koʔ⁴⁴/

From 德 (Dé, abbreviation of 德意志 (Déyìzhì), from German Deutsch) + 國／国 (guó, “country”).

zh-m

德意志 (Déyìzhì)

Germany (a country in Central Europe, formed in 1949 as West Germany, with its provisional capital Bonn until 1990, when it incorporated East Germany)


索非亞

/su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ feɪ̯⁵⁵ jä⁵¹/

/su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ feɪ̯⁵⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɔːk̚³ fei̯⁵⁵ aː³³/

/sak̚⁵⁻²⁴ hui³³ a³³/

/siɪk̚³²⁻⁴ hui⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/siɪk̚³²⁻⁵ hui⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/so(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ hui⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ feɪ̯⁵⁵ jä⁵¹/

/su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ feɪ̯⁵⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɔːk̚³ fei̯⁵⁵ aː³³/

/sak̚⁵⁻²⁴ hui³³ a³³/

/siɪk̚³²⁻⁴ hui⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/siɪk̚³²⁻⁵ hui⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/so(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ hui⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

Sofia (a city, the capital city of Bulgaria)


烏克蘭

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (烏克蘭):
* → Vietnamese: Ô Khắc Lan (烏克蘭)

/u⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹ län³⁵/

/wuː⁵⁵ hɐk̚⁵ laːn²¹/

/ʋu⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kʰɛt̚¹ lan¹¹/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ lan⁴⁴/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ lan⁴⁴/

/ɔ³³ kʰiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ lan²⁴/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ lan²⁴/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ lan²³/

/u⁵⁵ kʰəʔ³³ le²¹/

/u⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹ län³⁵/

/wuː⁵⁵ hɐk̚⁵ laːn²¹/

/ʋu⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kʰɛt̚¹ lan¹¹/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ lan⁴⁴/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ lan⁴⁴/

/ɔ³³ kʰiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ lan²⁴/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ lan²⁴/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ lan²³/

/u⁵⁵ kʰəʔ³³ le²¹/

Possibly borrowed from English Ukraine, or Russian Украина (Ukraina); attested as early as 1903.

Ukraine (a country in Eastern Europe, bordering on the north shore of the Black Sea)


阿根廷

Sino-Xenic (阿根廷):
* → Vietnamese: Á Căn Đình (阿根廷)

/ˀä⁵⁵ kən⁵⁵ tʰiŋ³⁵/

/aː³³ kɐn⁵⁵ tʰɪŋ²¹/

/a²⁴⁻¹¹ kin²⁴ tʰin¹¹/

/a⁴⁴ kɛn⁴⁴⁻³⁵ tʰin¹¹/

/a⁴⁴⁻³³ kun⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɪŋ²⁴/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² kun⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪŋ²⁴/

/a³³ kun³³ tiɪŋ²⁴/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² kin⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪŋ¹³/

/a⁴⁴⁻³³ kin⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɪŋ²³/

/a³³⁻²³ kɯŋ³³⁻²³ tʰeŋ⁵⁵/

/aʔ³³ kən⁵⁵ din²¹/

/ˀä⁵⁵ kən⁵⁵ tʰiŋ³⁵/

/aː³³ kɐn⁵⁵ tʰɪŋ²¹/

/a²⁴⁻¹¹ kin²⁴ tʰin¹¹/

/a⁴⁴ kɛn⁴⁴⁻³⁵ tʰin¹¹/

/a⁴⁴⁻³³ kun⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɪŋ²⁴/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² kun⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪŋ²⁴/

/a³³ kun³³ tiɪŋ²⁴/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² kin⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪŋ¹³/

/a⁴⁴⁻³³ kin⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɪŋ²³/

/a³³⁻²³ kɯŋ³³⁻²³ tʰeŋ⁵⁵/

/aʔ³³ kən⁵⁵ din²¹/

Borrowed from French Argentine or English Argentine.

1898, 薛福成 [Xue Fucheng], 出使日記續刻, volume 3, page 80:

Běncháo Jiāqìng shíwǔ nián, Nánměizhōu gè guó jiē pàn Xībānyá, gǎiwéi zìzhǔ, Bālāguī yì chéng zìzhǔguó. Tóngzhì sì nián zhì jiǔ nián, yǔ Bāxī, Āgēntíng, Wūlāguāi gòubīng, bùshèng, nǎi yìhé, hùkǒu hào qù shí fēn zhī bā.

本朝嘉慶十五年，南美洲各國皆叛西班牙，改為自主，巴拉圭亦成自主國。同治四年至九年，與巴西、阿根廷、烏拉乖構兵，不勝，乃議和，戶口耗去十分之八。

本朝嘉庆十五年，南美洲各国皆叛西班牙，改为自主，巴拉圭亦成自主国。同治四年至九年，与巴西、阿根廷、乌拉乖构兵，不胜，乃议和，户口耗去十分之八。


英吉利海峽

ㄧㄥ ㄐㄧˊ ㄌㄧˋ ㄏㄞˇ ㄒㄧㄚˊ

Инцзили хайся

/iŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi³⁵ li⁵¹ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi̯ä³⁵/

/jɪŋ⁵⁵ kɐt̚⁵ lei̯²² hɔːi̯³⁵ haːp̚²/

/iŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi³⁵ li⁵¹ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi̯ä³⁵/

/jɪŋ⁵⁵ kɐt̚⁵ lei̯²² hɔːi̯³⁵ haːp̚²/


海濱

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ pin⁵⁵/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ pɐn⁵⁵/

/hai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ pin³³/

/hai⁵²⁻³⁵ piŋ³³/

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ pin⁵⁵/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ pɐn⁵⁵/

/hai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ pin³³/

/hai⁵²⁻³⁵ piŋ³³/


韓國

→ Zhuang: Hanzgoz

/xän³⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/hɔːn²¹ kʷɔːk̚³/

/haŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋuɔʔ²⁴/

/han²⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/han²⁴⁻²² kɔk̚⁵/

/han¹³⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/han²⁴⁻¹¹ kɔk̚³²/

/han²³⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

/haŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kok̚²/

/ɦø²² koʔ⁴⁴/

/ɦø²² koʔ³³/

/xän³⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/hɔːn²¹ kʷɔːk̚³/

/haŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋuɔʔ²⁴/

/han²⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/han²⁴⁻²² kɔk̚⁵/

/han¹³⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/han²⁴⁻¹¹ kɔk̚³²/

/han²³⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

/haŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kok̚²/

/ɦø²² koʔ⁴⁴/

/ɦø²² koʔ³³/

韓國燒酒

韩国烧酒

(chiefly Mainland China, increasingly in Hong Kong) South Korea (a country in East Asia)


星加坡

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ pʰu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/sɪŋ⁵⁵ kaː³³ pɔː⁵⁵/

/siŋ⁵⁵⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋa⁵⁵ ^((pʰ-))βo⁵⁵/

/ɕin⁵⁵ ka³³ pʰu²¹/

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ pʰu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/sɪŋ⁵⁵ kaː³³ pɔː⁵⁵/

/siŋ⁵⁵⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋa⁵⁵ ^((pʰ-))βo⁵⁵/

/ɕin⁵⁵ ka³³ pʰu²¹/

1904, Liang Qichao, 新大陸遊記 [Travel Notes of the New Continent], 廣智書局, published 1907, page 1:

Hearing of the change in Hankow, he turned south and went south from Hong Kong to Singapore and Penang to India, circumnavigating Australia for a week.

Jù wén Hànkǒu zhī biàn, zhì bùsuì, suì zhé ér nán, yóu Xiānggǎng ér Xīngjiāpō ér Bīnlángyǔ ér Yìndù, rào Àodàlìyàzhōu yī zhōu.

遽聞漢口之變，志不遂，遂折而南，由香港而星加坡而檳榔嶼而印度，繞澳大利亞洲一週。

遽闻汉口之变，志不遂，遂折而南，由香港而星加坡而槟榔屿而印度，绕澳大利亚洲一周。

1989 November 1, Francis K. Loo, 香港工業: 政策、 企業特點及前景, Hong Kong University Press, →ISBN, page 1:

In terms of industrial development, Hong Kong is often ranked alongside South Korea, Taiwan and Singapore as the "Asian Tigers".

xiānggǎng zài gōngyè fāzhǎn shàng, hěnduō shí bèi rén yǔ nánhán, táiwān hé xīngjiāpō bìngliè, chēngwèi “yàzhōusìxiǎolóng”

香港在工業發展上，很多時被人與南韓、台灣和星加坡並列，稱爲「亞洲四小龍」

香港在工业发展上，很多时被人与南韩、台湾和星加坡并列，称为「亚洲四小龙」

(dated, still common in Cantonese) Singapore (an island and city-state in Southeast Asia, located off the southernmost tip of the Malay Peninsula; a former British crown colony)


神聖羅馬帝國

ㄕㄣˊ ㄕㄥˋ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄇㄚˇ ㄉㄧˋ ㄍㄨㄛˊ

Шэньшэн Лома Диго

/ʂən³⁵ ʂɤŋ⁵¹ lu̯ɔ³⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ti⁵¹ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/sɐn²¹ sɪŋ³³ lɔː²¹ maː¹³ tɐi̯³³ kʷɔːk̚³/

/sɨn¹¹ sɨn⁵⁵ lo¹¹ ma²⁴⁻¹¹ ti⁵⁵ ku̯et̚²/

/siŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nɛiŋ²¹³ l̃o⁵³⁻³³ ma³³ tɛ²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾uɔʔ²⁴/

/sin²⁴⁻²² siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ lo²⁴⁻²² mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ te²¹⁻⁵³ kɔk̚³²/

/sin²⁴⁻²² siɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ lo²⁴⁻²² mã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ te⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kɔk̚⁵/

/sin¹³⁻²² siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ lo¹³⁻²² mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ te²¹⁻⁵³ kɔk̚³²/

/sin²⁴⁻¹¹ siɪŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ lo²⁴⁻¹¹ mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ te¹¹⁻⁵³ kɔk̚³²/

/sin²³⁻³³ siɪŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ lɤ²³⁻³³ mã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ te²¹⁻⁴¹ kɔk̚³²/

/sɨn¹¹ sɨn⁵⁵ lo¹¹ ma²⁴⁻¹¹ ti⁵⁵ ku̯et̚²/


馬其頓

ㄇㄚˇ ㄑㄧˊ ㄉㄨㄣˋ

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi³⁵ tu̯ən⁵¹/

/maː¹³ kʰei̯²¹ tɵn²²/

/ma³³⁻⁵⁵ ki⁵³⁻²¹ touŋ²¹³/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ki²⁴⁻²² tun²¹/

/mã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ki²⁴⁻²² tun⁴¹/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ki¹³⁻²² tun²¹/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ki²⁴⁻¹¹ tun¹¹/

/mã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ki²³⁻³³ tun²¹/

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi³⁵ tu̯ən⁵¹/

/maː¹³ kʰei̯²¹ tɵn²²/

/ma³³⁻⁵⁵ ki⁵³⁻²¹ touŋ²¹³/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ki²⁴⁻²² tun²¹/

/mã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ki²⁴⁻²² tun⁴¹/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ki¹³⁻²² tun²¹/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ki²⁴⁻¹¹ tun¹¹/

/mã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ki²³⁻³³ tun²¹/

北馬其頓 北馬其頓#Chinese

北马其顿 北马其顿#Chinese

Old name for 北馬其頓／北马其顿 (Běi Mǎqídùn, “North Macedonia”).


悉尼

/siɪk̚³²⁻⁴ nĩ²⁴/

/ɕiɪʔ³³ n̠ʲi⁴⁴/

/siɪk̚³²⁻⁴ nĩ²⁴/

/ɕiɪʔ³³ n̠ʲi⁴⁴/

悉尼是澳大利亞最大的城市。

悉尼是澳大利亚最大的城市。

1844, Karl Gützlaff, 萬國地理全集; quoted in 魏源 [Wei Yuan], 海國圖志 [Illustrated Treatise on the Maritime Kingdoms], 1852:

Qí jīngdū nǎi Xīní, zài guǎng hǎimén, xì shǔ dàdì zhī gǎngkǒu.

其京都乃悉尼，在廣海門，係屬大地之港口。

其京都乃悉尼，在广海门，系属大地之港口。

(chiefly Mainland China, Hong Kong) Sydney (a city in New South Wales, Australia)


雪梨

/ɕy̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ li³⁵/

/ɕy̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ li³⁵/

Borrowed from English Sydney, via Cantonese.

Soat-lê sī Ò-chiu siōng tōa ê siâⁿ-chhī.

雪梨是澳洲上大的城市。

1891, 薛福成 [Xue Fucheng], 出使英法義比四國日記, volume 3, page 24:

Xuělí Yuè shāng èrshíjiǔ jiā, Huárén shāng gōng gòng sì qiān, qí zài nèidì kāi diàn jí Zhǒngzhí zhě yì liù qiān yú. Qí kēzhèng yóu wúlǐ zhě, huá shāng yóu Xuělí wǎng Měilìbīn, yòu xū zhòng shōu shēnshuì shí bàng.

雪梨粵商二十九家，華人商工共四千，其在內地開店及種植者亦六千餘。其苛政尤無理者，華商由雪梨往美利濱，又須重收身稅十磅。

雪梨粤商二十九家，华人商工共四千，其在内地开店及种植者亦六千余。其苛政尤无理者，华商由雪梨往美利滨，又须重收身税十磅。

(chiefly Taiwan, dated elsewhere) Sydney (a city in New South Wales, Australia)

(Cantonese) Sydney (a city in Nova Scotia, Canada)


寧波

/niŋ³⁵ pu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/nɪŋ²¹ pɔː⁵⁵/

/ⁿden²² pᵘɔ³³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² pʰo⁴⁴/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² pʰo³³/

/liɪŋ¹³⁻²² pʰo⁴⁴/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ pʰo⁴⁴/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ pʰɤ⁴⁴/

/niŋ³⁵ pu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/nɪŋ²¹ pɔː⁵⁵/

/ⁿden²² pᵘɔ³³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² pʰo⁴⁴/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² pʰo³³/

/liɪŋ¹³⁻²² pʰo⁴⁴/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ pʰo⁴⁴/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ pʰɤ⁴⁴/

(～市) Ningbo (a port city, prefecture-level city, and subprovincial city in eastern Zhejiang, China)


西語

/ɕi⁵⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ jyː¹³/

/ɕi⁵⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ jyː¹³/

西班牙語 西班牙語#Chinese

西班牙语 西班牙语#Chinese

Short for 西班牙語／西班牙语 (xībānyáyǔ, “Spanish language”).


費城

/feɪ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/fɐi̯³³ sɪŋ²¹/

/hui²¹⁻⁵³ siã²⁴/

/hui⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ siã²⁴/

/hui²¹⁻⁵³ siã¹³/

/hui¹¹⁻⁵³ siã²⁴/

/hui²¹⁻⁴¹ siã²³/

/feɪ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/fɐi̯³³ sɪŋ²¹/

/hui²¹⁻⁵³ siã²⁴/

/hui⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ siã²⁴/

/hui²¹⁻⁵³ siã¹³/

/hui¹¹⁻⁵³ siã²⁴/

/hui²¹⁻⁴¹ siã²³/

費城大學

费城大学

Philadelphia (a large city in Pennsylvania, United States)


俄克拉何馬

ㄜˊ ㄎㄜˋ ㄌㄚ ㄏㄜˊ ㄇㄚˇ

/ˀɤ³⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹ lä⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ŋɔː²¹ hɐk̚⁵ laːi̯⁵⁵ hɔː²¹ maː¹³/

/ˀɤ³⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹ lä⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ŋɔː²¹ hɐk̚⁵ laːi̯⁵⁵ hɔː²¹ maː¹³/

(～州) (Mainland China) Oklahoma (a state of the United States)


愛沙尼亞

ㄞˋ ㄕㄚ ㄋㄧˊ ㄧㄚˋ

ㄞˋ ㄕㄚ ㄋㄧˊ ㄧㄚˇ

/ˀaɪ̯⁵¹ ʂä⁵⁵ ni³⁵ jä⁵¹/

/ˀaɪ̯⁵¹ ʂä⁵⁵ ni³⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ɔːi̯³³ saː⁵⁵ nei̯²¹ aː³³/

/oi̯⁵⁵ sa²⁴ ni¹¹ a³¹/

/oi̯⁵⁵ sa²⁴ ni¹¹ a²⁴/

/oɪ⁵³ sa⁴⁴⁻³⁵ ni¹¹ a⁵³/

/ai²¹⁻⁵³ sa⁴⁴⁻²² nĩ²⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/ai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ sa³³ nĩ²⁴⁻²² a³³/

/ai²¹⁻⁵³ sɛ⁴⁴⁻²² nĩ¹³⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/e³³ so⁵⁵ n̠ʲi³³ ia²¹/

/ˀaɪ̯⁵¹ ʂä⁵⁵ ni³⁵ jä⁵¹/

/ˀaɪ̯⁵¹ ʂä⁵⁵ ni³⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ɔːi̯³³ saː⁵⁵ nei̯²¹ aː³³/

/oi̯⁵⁵ sa²⁴ ni¹¹ a³¹/

/oi̯⁵⁵ sa²⁴ ni¹¹ a²⁴/

/oɪ⁵³ sa⁴⁴⁻³⁵ ni¹¹ a⁵³/

/ai²¹⁻⁵³ sa⁴⁴⁻²² nĩ²⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/ai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ sa³³ nĩ²⁴⁻²² a³³/

/ai²¹⁻⁵³ sɛ⁴⁴⁻²² nĩ¹³⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/e³³ so⁵⁵ n̠ʲi³³ ia²¹/


溫哥華

/wən⁵⁵ kɤ⁵⁵ xu̯ä³⁵/

/wɐn⁵⁵ kɔː⁵⁵ waː²¹/

/wɐn⁵⁵ kɔː⁵⁵ waː²¹⁻³⁵/

/vun³³ kᵘɔ⁵⁵ va²²/

/wən⁵⁵ kɤ⁵⁵ xu̯ä³⁵/

/wɐn⁵⁵ kɔː⁵⁵ waː²¹/

/wɐn⁵⁵ kɔː⁵⁵ waː²¹⁻³⁵/

/vun³³ kᵘɔ⁵⁵ va²²/

1904, Liang Qichao, 新大陸遊記 [Travel Notes of the New Continent], 廣智書局, published 1907, page 6:

Qí tiělù zhī chēzhàn, lúnchuán zhī mǎtóu, jiē yǐ Wēngēhuá wéi zhōngdiǎn, gù Wēngēhuá zhòu shèng. Gēlúnbǐyà shěng běn yǐ Yùduōlì wéi shǒufǔ, jīn zé shìlì quán qū yú Wēngēhuá yǐ.

其鐵路之車站，輪船之碼頭，皆以溫哥華為終點，故溫哥華驟盛。哥侖比亞省本以域多利為首府，今則勢力全趨於溫哥華矣。

其铁路之车站，轮船之码头，皆以温哥华为终点，故温哥华骤盛。哥仑比亚省本以域多利为首府，今则势力全趋于温哥华矣。

British Columbia
British Columbia#English

(～市) Vancouver (a seaport, the largest city in British Columbia, Canada)

(～市) Vancouver (a city, the county seat of Clark County, Washington, United States)


奧克拉荷馬

ㄠˋ ㄎㄜˋ ㄌㄚ ㄏㄜˊ ㄇㄚˇ

/ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ kʰɤ⁵¹ lä⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ou̯³³ hɐk̚⁵ laːi̯⁵⁵ hɔː²¹ maː¹³/

/ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ kʰɤ⁵¹ lä⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ou̯³³ hɐk̚⁵ laːi̯⁵⁵ hɔː²¹ maː¹³/

(～州) (Hong Kong, Taiwan) Oklahoma (a state of the United States)


海岸

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ˀän⁵¹/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ ŋɔːn²²/

/hai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ huã⁴¹/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ huã³³/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ huã²²/

/hai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ huã³³/

/hai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɡan³³/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡan³³/

/hai⁵²⁻³⁵ ŋai³⁵/

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ˀän⁵¹/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ ŋɔːn²²/

/hai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ huã⁴¹/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ huã³³/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ huã²²/

/hai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ huã³³/

/hai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɡan³³/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡan³³/

/hai⁵²⁻³⁵ ŋai³⁵/

海岸水域


賓夕法尼亞州

ㄅㄧㄣ ㄒㄧˋ ㄈㄚˇ ㄋㄧˊ ㄧㄚˇ ㄓㄡ

Биньсифания Чжоу

/pin⁵⁵ ɕi⁵¹ fä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ni³⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

Pennsylvania (a state of the United States)


天下

desc

ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ ᡶᡝᠵᡝᡵᡤᡳ

→ Manchu: ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ
ᡶᡝᠵᡝᡵᡤᡳ (abkai fejergi) (calque)

Поднебе́сная

→ Russian: Поднебе́сная (Podnebésnaja) (calque)

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ɕi̯ä⁵¹/

/tʰiæ̃²⁴ ɕia⁴⁴/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ haː²²/

/tʰi̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ ha⁵⁵/

/tʰieŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋɑ²⁴²/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² ha²²/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ ha³³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² hɛ²²/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ e³³/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² e²²/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² ɛ²²/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ ha³³/

/tʰĩ³³⁻²³ e³⁵/

/tʰi⁵⁵ ɦo²¹/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ɕi̯ä⁵¹/

/tʰiæ̃²⁴ ɕia⁴⁴/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ haː²²/

/tʰi̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ ha⁵⁵/

/tʰieŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋɑ²⁴²/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² ha²²/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ ha³³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² hɛ²²/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ e³³/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² e²²/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² ɛ²²/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ ha³³/

/tʰĩ³³⁻²³ e³⁵/

/tʰi⁵⁵ ɦo²¹/

Book of Documents
Classic of Poetry
Qin's wars of unification
Spring and Autumn period
Warring States period

Earliest attestations are in the Book of Documents and Classic of Poetry (as「天之下」then「天下」).
Pines (2002) thinks it "likely that "originally tianxia referred to the area under the direct rule of the Son of Heaven [a.k.a. the Zhou king], and its limits might have shrunk together with the contraction of royal power". See there for more on the term's gradual semantic evolution through the Spring and Autumn period, Warring States period, until after Qin's wars of unification.

寧教我負天下人，休教天下人負我 / 宁教我负天下人，休教天下人负我

nìngjiào wǒ fù tiānxià rén, xiū jiào tiānxià rén fù wǒ

有理走遍天下，無理寸步難行 / 有理走遍天下，无理寸步难行

yǒulǐ zǒu biàn tiānxià, wúlǐ cùnbùnánxíng

統一天下

统一天下

Investigate the nature of things, pursue knowledge, act in good faith, rectify one's mind, cultivate one's moral character, manage one's household, administer state affairs and bring peace to the nation.

Géwù, zhìzhī, chéngyì, zhèngxīn, xiūshēn, qíjiā, zhìguó, píngtiānxià.

格物、致知、誠意、正心、修身、齊家、治國、平天下。

格物、致知、诚意、正心、修身、齐家、治国、平天下。

The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE

Jí zhì Shǐhuáng, fèn liù shì zhī yúliè, zhèn chángcè ér yù yǔnèi, tūn èr zhōu ér wáng zhūhóu, lǚ zhìzūn ér zhì liùhé, zhí chuífǔ yǐ biānchī tiānxià, wēizhèn sìhǎi.

及至始皇，奮六世之餘烈，振長策而御宇內，吞二周而亡諸侯，履至尊而制六合，執棰拊以鞭笞天下，威振四海。

及至始皇，奋六世之余烈，振长策而御宇内，吞二周而亡诸侯，履至尊而制六合，执棰拊以鞭笞天下，威振四海。

Today, China is divided into three parts, and the Kingdom of Han is weak and fatigued. This is truly a critical moment determining our survival.

Jīn tiānxià sānfēn, Yìzhōu píbì, cǐ chéng wēijí cúnwáng zhī qiū yě.

今天下三分，益州疲弊，此誠危急存亡之秋也。

今天下三分，益州疲弊，此诚危急存亡之秋也。

(literary, lofty) China; the Chinese nation


九州

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kɐu̯³⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kɐu̯³⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

The Verses of Chu, 4ᵗʰ century BCE – 2ⁿᵈ century CE

Sī Jiǔzhōu zhī bódà xī, qǐ wéi shì qí yǒu nǚ?

思九州之博大兮，豈惟是其有女？

思九州之博大兮，岂惟是其有女？

Xī Hòuhàn huāng jūn, xìn huò xiéwěi, wàng jiǎ shuìmèng, shì hú yāoguǐ, yǐ luàn tiāncháng, zìgǔ Jiǔzhōu zhīzhōng wú cǐ yě.

昔後漢荒君，信惑邪偽，妄假睡夢，事胡妖鬼，以亂天常，自古九州之中無此也。

昔后汉荒君，信惑邪伪，妄假睡梦，事胡妖鬼，以乱天常，自古九州之中无此也。

(historical) the Nine Provinces of ancient China; China

Kyushu (the third largest island of Japan)


綠洲

/ly⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/lʊk̚² t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/liɪk̚⁴⁻³² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/liɪk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/ly⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/lʊk̚² t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/liɪk̚⁴⁻³² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/liɪk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/


武士道

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ tɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ su²²⁻²¹ to²²/

/bu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ su⁴¹⁻²² to⁴¹/

/bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ su²²⁻²¹ to²²/

/bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ su³³⁻¹¹ to³³/

/bu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ su³³⁻²¹ tɤ³³/

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ tɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ su²²⁻²¹ to²²/

/bu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ su⁴¹⁻²² to⁴¹/

/bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ su²²⁻²¹ to²²/

/bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ su³³⁻¹¹ to³³/

/bu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ su³³⁻²¹ tɤ³³/


天皇

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (天皇):
* → Japanese: 天皇(てんのう) (tennō); 天皇(てんこう) (tenkō)
* → Korean: 천황(天皇) (cheonhwang)
* → Vietnamese: thiên hoàng (天皇)

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ wɔːŋ²¹/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ²⁴/

/tʰiɛn³³ hɔŋ²⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ¹³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ²⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ²³/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ wɔːŋ²¹/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ²⁴/

/tʰiɛn³³ hɔŋ²⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ¹³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ²⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ²³/


三菱

/sän⁵⁵ liŋ³⁵/

/saːm⁵⁵ lɪŋ²¹/

/sam⁴⁴⁻³³ liɪŋ²³/

/sam⁴⁴⁻²² liɪŋ¹³/

/sam⁴⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/sam⁴⁴⁻³³ liɪŋ²⁴/

/sän⁵⁵ liŋ³⁵/

/saːm⁵⁵ lɪŋ²¹/

/sam⁴⁴⁻³³ liɪŋ²³/

/sam⁴⁴⁻²² liɪŋ¹³/

/sam⁴⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/sam⁴⁴⁻³³ liɪŋ²⁴/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 三菱 (Mitsubishi).

obor

Mitsubishi (a Japanese industrial company)


武士

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/bu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ su³³/

/bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ su³³/

/bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ su²²/

/bu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sɯ²²/

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/bu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ su³³/

/bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ su³³/

/bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ su²²/

/bu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sɯ²²/

(historical) member of a powerful military caste (in medieval Europe or Japan); samurai


紅海

/xʊŋ³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hʊŋ²¹ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/øyŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai³³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² hai⁵³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² hai⁵⁵⁴/

/aŋ¹³⁻²² hai⁵³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ hai⁵³/

/aŋ²³⁻³³ hai⁴¹/

/xʊŋ³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hʊŋ²¹ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/øyŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai³³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² hai⁵³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² hai⁵⁵⁴/

/aŋ¹³⁻²² hai⁵³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ hai⁵³/

/aŋ²³⁻³³ hai⁴¹/


五大湖

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ tä⁵¹ xu³⁵/

/ŋ̍¹³ taːi̯²² wuː²¹/

/ɡɔ²²⁻²¹ tua²²⁻²¹ ɔ²⁴/

/ɡɔ⁴¹⁻²² tua⁴¹⁻²² ɔ²⁴/

/ɡɔ²²⁻²¹ tua²²⁻²¹ ɔ¹³/

/ɡɔ³³⁻¹¹ tua³³⁻¹¹ ɔ²⁴/

/ɡɔ³³⁻²¹ tua³³⁻²¹ ɔ²³/

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ tä⁵¹ xu³⁵/

/ŋ̍¹³ taːi̯²² wuː²¹/

/ɡɔ²²⁻²¹ tua²²⁻²¹ ɔ²⁴/

/ɡɔ⁴¹⁻²² tua⁴¹⁻²² ɔ²⁴/

/ɡɔ²²⁻²¹ tua²²⁻²¹ ɔ¹³/

/ɡɔ³³⁻¹¹ tua³³⁻¹¹ ɔ²⁴/

/ɡɔ³³⁻²¹ tua³³⁻²¹ ɔ²³/


地中海

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (地中海):
* → Japanese: 地(ち)中(ちゅう)海(かい) (Chichūkai)
* → Korean: 지중해(地中海) (Jijunghae)
* → Vietnamese: Địa Trung Hải (地中海)

/ti⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tei̯²² t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/tʰi⁵⁵ t͡suŋ²⁴ hoi̯³¹/

/te²²⁻²¹ tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hai⁵³/

/te⁴¹⁻²² tiɔŋ³³ hai⁵⁵⁴/

/te²²⁻²¹ tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hai⁵³/

/te³³⁻¹¹ tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hai⁵³/

/te³³⁻²¹ tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hai⁴¹/

/ti⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tei̯²² t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/tʰi⁵⁵ t͡suŋ²⁴ hoi̯³¹/

/te²²⁻²¹ tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hai⁵³/

/te⁴¹⁻²² tiɔŋ³³ hai⁵⁵⁴/

/te²²⁻²¹ tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hai⁵³/

/te³³⁻¹¹ tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hai⁵³/

/te³³⁻²¹ tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hai⁴¹/

Calque of Latin Mare Mediterraneum, first attested in the 1602 《坤輿萬國全圖》 (Kunyu Wanguo Quantu) world map.

The country [Spain] has two major famous cities. One is Seville, near the Mediterranean Sea, was where all the ships of America gathered.

Guó zhōng yǒu èr dà míngchéng, yī yuē Xīwèilìyà, jìn Dìzhōnghǎi, wéi Yàmòlìjiā zhū bó suǒ jù.

國中有二大名城，一曰西未利亞，近地中海，為亞墨利加諸舶所聚。

国中有二大名城，一曰西未利亚，近地中海，为亚墨利加诸舶所聚。

Mediterranean Sea
Mediterranean Sea#English

the Mediterranean Sea (a sea between Europe and Africa)


北海

→ English: Beihai, Pakhoi

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pɐk̚⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ hai⁵⁵⁴/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pɐk̚⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ hai⁵⁵⁴/

北海公園

北海公园

(～市) Beihai (a prefecture-level city in Guangxi, China)

(historical) Kingdom of Beihai (west of present-day Changle County, Shandong)

In such a thing as taking the Tai mountain under your arm, and leaping over the north sea with it, if you say to people "I am not able to do it," that is a real case of not being able.

Xié Tàishān yǐ chāo Běihǎi, yù rén yuē ‘wǒ bùnéng’, shì chéng bùnéng yě.

挾太山以超北海，語人曰『我不能』，是誠不能也。

挟太山以超北海，语人曰『我不能』，是诚不能也。


南極海

/nän³⁵ t͡ɕi³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/nän³⁵ t͡ɕi³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/


大西洋

/tä⁵¹ ɕi⁵⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/taːi̯²² sɐi̯⁵⁵ jœːŋ²¹/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ si²⁴ i̯oŋ¹¹/

/tai³³⁻²¹ se⁴⁴⁻³³ iũ²³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ se⁴⁴⁻³³ iũ²⁴/

/tä⁵¹ ɕi⁵⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/taːi̯²² sɐi̯⁵⁵ jœːŋ²¹/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ si²⁴ i̯oŋ¹¹/

/tai³³⁻²¹ se⁴⁴⁻³³ iũ²³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ se⁴⁴⁻³³ iũ²⁴/

Attested in Kunyu Wanguo Quantu by Matteo Ricci in 1602, literally “great west sea”, from 大 (“great”, meaning great distance) and 西洋 (“west sea”, meaning any seas in the west of Indochina), as opposed to 小西洋 (“lesser west sea”, i.e. Indian Ocean), 小東洋 (“lesser east sea”, i.e. West Pacific around Japan) and 大東洋 (“great east sea”, i.e. East Pacific around Mexico) (Zhang, 2012).


南極

Sino-Xenic (南極):
* → Japanese: 南極(なんきょく) (Nankyoku)
* → Korean: 남극(南極) (Namgeuk)
* → Vietnamese: Nam cực (南極)

/nän³⁵ t͡ɕi³⁵/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ kiɪk̚⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² kiɪk̚⁴/

/lam²³⁻³³ kiɪk̚⁴/

/lam¹³⁻²² kiɪk̚¹²¹/

/nän³⁵ t͡ɕi³⁵/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ kiɪk̚⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² kiɪk̚⁴/

/lam²³⁻³³ kiɪk̚⁴/

/lam¹³⁻²² kiɪk̚¹²¹/

First attested in Kunyu Wanguo Quantu [1602].


中華

Sino-Xenic (中華):
* → Japanese: 中(ちゅう)華(か) (Chūka)
* → Korean: 중화(中華) (Junghwa)
* → Vietnamese: Trung Hoa (中華)

→ Indonesian: Tionghoa

→ Zhuang: Cunghvaz

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä³⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ waː²¹/

/t͡ʃuŋ⁵³ fa⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ fa¹¹/

/tyŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua⁵³/

/tœŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ hua¹³/

/tœŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua¹³/

/tyøŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ hua¹³/

/tyøŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua¹³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua¹³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua⁴⁴/

/toŋ³³⁻²³ hua⁵⁵/

/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ ɦo²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä³⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ waː²¹/

/t͡ʃuŋ⁵³ fa⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ fa¹¹/

/tyŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua⁵³/

/tœŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ hua¹³/

/tœŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua¹³/

/tyøŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ hua¹³/

/tyøŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua¹³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua¹³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua⁴⁴/

/toŋ³³⁻²³ hua⁵⁵/

/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ ɦo²¹/

So named because the first ancient Chinese settlements were around the Yellow River, which was considered to be the center, and because the culture was considered to be magnificent and flourishing.
First attested in Huan Wen's memorial recommending Qiao Xiu (dated [347 CE]), quoted in Sun Sheng's lost Annals of Jin (晉陽秋) [4th century] and later quoted in Pei Songzhi's Annotations [early 5th century] to Chen Shou's Records of the Three Kingdoms [late 3rd century] (translation by Farmer, 2017).
:
Pei himself uses 中華 when annotating Chen's "Biography of Zhuge Liang"

At this time, the imperial court has encountered a time of decline in the Way, the peasants have been trampled down by oppressive hardships, Zhonghua has the anguish of looking backward [toward the former capital at Luoyang], and the dark valley has no hope of moving upward.

Pei Songzhi, Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms, circa 5ᵗʰ century CE

Yú shí huángjí gòu dàoxiāo zhī huì, qúnlí dǎo diānpèi zhī jiān, zhōnghuá yǒu gùzhān zhī āi, yōugǔ wú qiānqiáo zhī wàng.

於時皇極遘道消之會，群黎蹈顛沛之艱，中華有顧瞻之哀，幽谷無遷喬之望。

于时皇极遘道消之会，群黎蹈颠沛之艰，中华有顾瞻之哀，幽谷无迁乔之望。

If [Zhuge Liang] [were] allowed to roam Zhonghua and give free rein to his dragon's brilliance, how could [its] literati's abilities drown and obscure him?

Ruò shǐ yóubù Zhōnghuá, chěng qí lóngguāng, qǐ fú duōshì suǒ néng chényì zāi!

若使游步中華，騁其龍光，豈夫多士所能沈翳哉！

若使游步中华，骋其龙光，岂夫多士所能沈翳哉！

振興中華／振兴中华

中華名小吃／中华名小吃

中華文化／中华文化

中華文明／中华文明

中華世紀壇／中华世纪坛

Ever since the powerful barbarians unleashed violence, China proper has fallen into chaos; [the people] have become desperate and dispossessed; and [the imperial court] has been temporarily relocated to the region of Yangyue. (translation based on Choo's 2014 version)

362 CE, 桓溫 (Huan Wen), 請還都洛陽疏 "Memorial [in Support of] Moving the Capital Back to Luoyang", in 648, Book of Jin

Zì qiáng hú língbào, Zhōnghuá dàngfù, lángbèi shījù, quán xìng Yángyuè.

自強胡陵暴，中華蕩覆，狼狽失據，權幸揚越。

自强胡陵暴，中华荡覆，狼狈失据，权幸扬越。

I wear the robes of zhonghua and recite the literature of zhonghua. I have indeed heard much from my three teachers about the reasons one should venerate zhonghua, so that even with hoary hair, I always sing of zhonghua. People of the world, lend me your ears; listen to my song for zhonghua.

《中華歌》("Song of zhonghua") by Yu Inseok, circa 1910

중화의관^((을)) 아착복^((하고)) 중화시서^((를)) 아송독^((하니라).) 아삼사존중화의체^((를)) 문역다^((하야)) 백수상아중화가^((하니)) 천하인^((아)) 경이청아중화가^((하라).)
Junghwa uigwan[-eul] a chakbok[-hago] Junghwa siseo[-reul] a songdok[-hanira]. A sam sa jon Junghwa uiche[-reul] mun yeok da[-haya] baeksu sang a Junghwa ga[-hani] cheonha in[-a] gyeong'i cheong a Junghwa ga[-hara].

中華衣冠我着服，中華詩書我誦讀。我三師尊中華義諦聞亦多，白首常我中華歌。天下人，傾耳聽我中華歌。

(formal, poetic, exalted) China (the civilization of China; nowadays, the nation of the Chinese people)

(～里) An urban village in Songshan district, Taipei, Taiwan

中華隊／中华队

中華臺北 中華臺北#Chinese

中华台北 中华台北#Chinese

Short for 中華臺北／中华台北 (Zhōnghuá Táiběi, “Chinese Taipei”).


漢音

/hɔːn³³ jɐm⁵⁵/

/hɔːn³³ jɐm⁵⁵/

the kan'on reading of Chinese characters (kanji) in Japanese, descended from the Middle Chinese pronunciation from the late Tang Dynasty through the early Song Dynasty in Chinese history


北朝鮮

ㄅㄟˇ ㄔㄠˊ ㄒㄧㄢˇ

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

Бэй Чжаосянь

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/pɐk̚⁵ t͡sʰiːu̯²¹ siːn⁵⁵/

/pɐk̚⁵ t͡siːu̯⁵⁵ siːn⁵⁵/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ tiau²⁴⁻²² siɛn⁵³/

/pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ tiau²⁴⁻²² siɛn⁵⁵⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁵ tiau¹³⁻²² siɛn⁵³/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ tiau²⁴⁻¹¹ siɛn⁵³/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ tiau²³⁻³³ siɛn⁴¹/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/pɐk̚⁵ t͡sʰiːu̯²¹ siːn⁵⁵/

/pɐk̚⁵ t͡siːu̯⁵⁵ siːn⁵⁵/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ tiau²⁴⁻²² siɛn⁵³/

/pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ tiau²⁴⁻²² siɛn⁵⁵⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁵ tiau¹³⁻²² siɛn⁵³/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ tiau²⁴⁻¹¹ siɛn⁵³/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ tiau²³⁻³³ siɛn⁴¹/


日本料理

ㄖˋ ㄅㄣˇ ㄌㄧㄠˋ ㄌㄧˇ

Жибэнь ляоли

/ʐ̩⁵¹ pən²¹⁴⁻²¹ li̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jɐt̚² puːn³⁵ liːu̯²² lei̯¹³/

/ʐ̩⁵¹ pən²¹⁴⁻²¹ li̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jɐt̚² puːn³⁵ liːu̯²² lei̯¹³/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 日本料理 (Nihon ryōri).

obor

Whether you want Chinese or Japanese food, the buffet will have what you like.

Wúlùn nǐ xiǎng chī Zhōngguócài háishì Rìběn liàolǐ, zìzhùcān dōu huì yǒu nǐ xǐhuān de.

無論你想吃中國菜還是日本料理，自助餐都會有你喜歡的。

无论你想吃中国菜还是日本料理，自助餐都会有你喜欢的。


胡弓

/xu³⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/xu³⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵/


大洋

/tä⁵¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/taːi̯²² jœːŋ²¹/

/taːi̯²² jœːŋ²¹⁻³⁵/

/tai²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ yoŋ⁵³/

/tua³³⁻¹¹ iũ²⁴/

/tua²²⁻²¹ iũ²⁴/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² iũ²⁴/

/tua³³⁻²¹ iũ²³/

/tua²²⁻²¹ iɔ̃¹³/

/tai³³⁻²¹ iũ²³/

/tai²²⁻²¹ iũ²⁴/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ iũ²⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² iɔŋ²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ iaŋ¹³/

/tä⁵¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/taːi̯²² jœːŋ²¹/

/taːi̯²² jœːŋ²¹⁻³⁵/

/tai²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ yoŋ⁵³/

/tua³³⁻¹¹ iũ²⁴/

/tua²²⁻²¹ iũ²⁴/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² iũ²⁴/

/tua³³⁻²¹ iũ²³/

/tua²²⁻²¹ iɔ̃¹³/

/tai³³⁻²¹ iũ²³/

/tai²²⁻²¹ iũ²⁴/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ iũ²⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² iɔŋ²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ iaŋ¹³/


河川

/xɤ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/hɔː²¹ t͡sʰyːn⁵⁵/

/ho²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰuan³³/

/ho¹³⁻²² t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/xɤ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/hɔː²¹ t͡sʰyːn⁵⁵/

/ho²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰuan³³/

/ho¹³⁻²² t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/


平成

/pʰiŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/pʰiŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/


平成

/pʰiŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/piŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾niŋ⁵³/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² siɪŋ²⁴/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² siɪŋ²⁴/

/piɪŋ¹³⁻²² siɪŋ¹³/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ siɪŋ²⁴/

/piɪŋ²³⁻³³ siɪŋ²³/

/pʰiŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/piŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾niŋ⁵³/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² siɪŋ²⁴/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² siɪŋ²⁴/

/piɪŋ¹³⁻²² siɪŋ¹³/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ siɪŋ²⁴/

/piɪŋ²³⁻³³ siɪŋ²³/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 平成 (Heisei).


昭和

/ʈ͡ʂɑʊ̯⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/t͡sʰiːu̯⁵⁵ wɔː²¹/

/t͡siau⁴⁴⁻³³ hɤ²³/

/ʈ͡ʂɑʊ̯⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/t͡sʰiːu̯⁵⁵ wɔː²¹/

/t͡siau⁴⁴⁻³³ hɤ²³/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 昭和 (Shōwa).


昭和

/ʈ͡ʂɑʊ̯⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/t͡sʰiːu̯⁵⁵ wɔː²¹/

/t͡siau⁴⁴⁻³³ hɤ²³/

/ʈ͡ʂɑʊ̯⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/t͡sʰiːu̯⁵⁵ wɔː²¹/

/t͡siau⁴⁴⁻³³ hɤ²³/

Alternative form: 招核 (Zhāohé)

(neologism, Internet slang) of Showa-style; Japanese imperialistic, militaristic or nationalistic


印度

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (印度):
* → Japanese: 印度(インド) (Indo)
* → Korean: 인도(印度) (Indo)
* → Vietnamese: Ấn Độ (印度)

/in⁵¹⁻⁵³ tu⁵¹/

/in⁵³⁻⁵⁵ tʰu⁵³/

/iŋ²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nou²⁴²/

/in²¹⁻⁵³ tɔ²²/

/in⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tɔ⁴¹/

/in²¹⁻⁵³ tɔ²²/

/in¹¹⁻⁵³ tɔ³³/

/in²¹⁻⁴¹ tɔ³³/

/iŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ tou¹¹/

/in⁵¹⁻⁵³ tu⁵¹/

/in⁵³⁻⁵⁵ tʰu⁵³/

/iŋ²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nou²⁴²/

/in²¹⁻⁵³ tɔ²²/

/in⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tɔ⁴¹/

/in²¹⁻⁵³ tɔ²²/

/in¹¹⁻⁵³ tɔ³³/

/in²¹⁻⁴¹ tɔ³³/

/iŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ tou¹¹/

A transcription of an exonym for India during the Tang dynasty.
Introduced by Xuanzang (a Chinese Buddhist monk who had travelled to India) in his book The Great Tang Records on the Western Regions [646 CE], Xuanzang proposed that this “correct” name be used, in preference to the many other alternative names for India:
:
This Tang-dynasty transcription reflected a source form of *In-du or *In-dak, although the source language is unclear. It is unlikely to be an endonym used by the Indians, who ― as Xuanzang described ― used the names of the local states. Later in the same passage, Xuanzang explained the name Yin-du as one of the many names for “Moon” (in India), evidently referring to the Sanskrit word इन्दु (indu, “Moon”). Xuanzang also explained that:
:
Although now deemed etymologically unsound, this was likely suggesting that the transcription Yin-du was a phono-semantic matching, to be interpreted literally as “trace (印 (yìn)) + transmigration (度)”.
The source language for this borrowing is unclear. The glottal-stop initial of the first syllable in this term is unusual; it is also reflected in 印特伽 (MC 'jinH dok gja), the Kuchean name for “India” recorded in Song Gaoseng Zhuan [988 CE]. On the basis of this, Wang et al. (2011: 8–9) proposed that Yin-du was borrowed from Tocharian B; compare Tocharian B yentuke (“Indian”), with a similar phonological shape.

When looking closely at the names for India (in the records), one finds that there are many different versions: formerly it was called Juandu, or Xiandou; but now (we should) follow the correct pronunciation, and adopt the name Yindu.

Xuanzang, Great Tang Records on the Western Regions, 646 CE

Xiáng fú Tiānzhú zhī chēng, yìyì jiūfēn, jiù yún Juāndú, huò yuē Xiándòu, jīn cóng zhèngyīn, yí yún Yìndù.

詳夫天竺之稱，異議糾紛，舊云身毒，或曰賢豆，今從正音，宜云印度。

详夫天竺之称，异议纠纷，旧云身毒，或曰贤豆，今从正音，宜云印度。

The Moon was a symbolism for endless transmigrations of all beings, and […] the name for India was derived from “Moon”, since the land of India featured a succession of sages and prophets who provided guidance to the common people and things, like the moonlight.

Yán zhū qúnshēng lúnhuí bùxī...... Yīn'ér pì yuè. Liáng yǐ qí tǔ shèngxián jì guǐ, dǎo fán yù wù, rú yuè zhàolín.

言諸群生輪迴不息……因而譬月。良以其土聖賢繼軌，導凡御物，如月照臨。

言诸群生轮回不息……因而譬月。良以其土圣贤继轨，导凡御物，如月照临。

印度商人


馬來西亞

→ Zhuang: Majlaizsihya

ㄇㄚˇ ㄌㄞˊ ㄒㄧ ㄧㄚˋ

ㄇㄚˇ ㄌㄞˊ ㄒㄧ ㄧㄚˇ

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ laɪ̯³⁵ ɕi⁵⁵ jä⁵¹/

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ laɪ̯³⁵ ɕi⁵⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/maː¹³ lɔːi̯²¹ sɐi̯⁵⁵ aː³³/

/ᵐba²¹ lᵘɔi²² ɬai³³ a³³/

/ma²⁴ loi̯¹¹ si²⁴⁻¹¹ a²⁴/

/ma³³⁻²¹ l̃ai⁵³⁽⁻²¹⁾ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɛ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ a³³/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lai²⁴⁻²² se⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/mã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lai²⁴⁻²² se³³ a³³/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lai¹³⁻²² se⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lai²⁴⁻¹¹ se⁴⁴⁻³³ a⁴⁴/

/mã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lai²³⁻³³ se⁴⁴⁻³³ a⁴⁴/

/ma⁵²⁻³⁵ lai⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sai³³⁻²³ a³³/

/be⁵²⁻³⁵ lai⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sai³³⁻²³ a³³/

/ma²² le⁵⁵ ɕi³³ ia²¹/

/mo²² le⁵⁵ ɕi³³ ia²¹/

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ laɪ̯³⁵ ɕi⁵⁵ jä⁵¹/

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ laɪ̯³⁵ ɕi⁵⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/maː¹³ lɔːi̯²¹ sɐi̯⁵⁵ aː³³/

/ᵐba²¹ lᵘɔi²² ɬai³³ a³³/

/ma²⁴ loi̯¹¹ si²⁴⁻¹¹ a²⁴/

/ma³³⁻²¹ l̃ai⁵³⁽⁻²¹⁾ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɛ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ a³³/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lai²⁴⁻²² se⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/mã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lai²⁴⁻²² se³³ a³³/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lai¹³⁻²² se⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lai²⁴⁻¹¹ se⁴⁴⁻³³ a⁴⁴/

/mã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lai²³⁻³³ se⁴⁴⁻³³ a⁴⁴/

/ma⁵²⁻³⁵ lai⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sai³³⁻²³ a³³/

/be⁵²⁻³⁵ lai⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sai³³⁻²³ a³³/

/ma²² le⁵⁵ ɕi³³ ia²¹/

/mo²² le⁵⁵ ɕi³³ ia²¹/

馬來

usage generally frowned upon by Malaysians