多倫多

ㄉㄨㄛ ㄌㄨㄣˊ ㄉㄨㄛ

/tu̯ɔ⁵⁵ lu̯ən³⁵ tu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/tɔː⁵⁵ lɵn²¹ tɔː⁵⁵/

/to⁴⁴⁻²² lun²⁴⁻²² to⁴⁴/

/to³³ lun²⁴⁻²² to³³/

/to⁴⁴⁻²² lun¹³⁻²² to⁴⁴/

/to⁴⁴⁻³³ lun²⁴⁻¹¹ to⁴⁴/

/tɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ lun²³⁻³³ tɤ⁴⁴/

/tu̯ɔ⁵⁵ lu̯ən³⁵ tu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/tɔː⁵⁵ lɵn²¹ tɔː⁵⁵/

/to⁴⁴⁻²² lun²⁴⁻²² to⁴⁴/

/to³³ lun²⁴⁻²² to³³/

/to⁴⁴⁻²² lun¹³⁻²² to⁴⁴/

/to⁴⁴⁻³³ lun²⁴⁻¹¹ to⁴⁴/

/tɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ lun²³⁻³³ tɤ⁴⁴/

1857, Alexander Wylie, editor, 六合叢談 [Shanghae Serial], volume 6, page 10; republished 官板刪定本 edition, volume 6, 竪川三之橋, (Please provide a date or year), page 14:

Èryuè shíqī rì, běi Yàmòlìjiā Jiānàdà dà xī huǒlúnchē lù zhōng, huǒlúnchē yī dào, liánluò shí shù chē, jīng Duōlúnduō jìn Hāmìdūn dìfāng, huǒlúnchē hū lí tiělù, chè hòu chē bēnyì bùkě zhǐ.

二月十七日，北亞墨利加加那大大西火輪車路中，火輪車一道，聯絡十數車，經多倫多近哈密敦地方，火輪車忽離鐵路，掣後車奔逸不可止。

二月十七日，北亚墨利加加那大大西火轮车路中，火轮车一道，联络十数车，经多伦多近哈密敦地方，火轮车忽离铁路，掣后车奔逸不可止。

Toronto (the capital city of Ontario, Canada, and largest city in Canada)


渥太華

ㄨㄛˋ ㄊㄞˋ ㄏㄨㄚˊ

/wɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ xu̯ä³⁵/

/ɐk̚⁵ tʰaːi̯³³ waː²¹/

/ʊk̚⁵ tʰaːi̯³³ waː²¹/

/ɔk̚³²⁻⁴ tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ hua²⁴/

/ɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ tʰai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ hua²⁴/

/ɔk̚³²⁻⁵ tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ hua¹³/

/ɔk̚³²⁻⁴ tʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ hua²⁴/

/ɔk̚³²⁻⁴ tʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ hua²³/

/wɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ xu̯ä³⁵/

/ɐk̚⁵ tʰaːi̯³³ waː²¹/

/ʊk̚⁵ tʰaːi̯³³ waː²¹/

/ɔk̚³²⁻⁴ tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ hua²⁴/

/ɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ tʰai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ hua²⁴/

/ɔk̚³²⁻⁵ tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ hua¹³/

/ɔk̚³²⁻⁴ tʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ hua²⁴/

/ɔk̚³²⁻⁴ tʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ hua²³/

Ottawa (a city in Ontario, Canada; capital city of Canada)


日內瓦

/ʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ neɪ̯⁵¹ wä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jɐt̚² nɔːi̯²² ŋaː¹³/

/zit̚⁴⁻³² lue³³⁻²¹ ua⁴¹/

/zit̚⁴⁻³² lai³³⁻²¹ ua³³/

/ʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ neɪ̯⁵¹ wä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jɐt̚² nɔːi̯²² ŋaː¹³/

/zit̚⁴⁻³² lue³³⁻²¹ ua⁴¹/

/zit̚⁴⁻³² lai³³⁻²¹ ua³³/


建德

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ tɤ³⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ tɤ³⁵/

(～市) Jiande (a county-level city in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China)


拉薩

/la⁴⁴⁻³⁵ sat̚¹/

/l̃a⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɑʔ²⁴/

/la⁵³³⁻¹³ ɬaʔ¹/

/la⁵³³⁻¹³ ɬaʔ²/

/la⁴⁴⁻²² sat̚³²/

/la⁴⁴⁻³³ sat̚³²/

/la⁴⁴⁻³⁵ sat̚¹/

/l̃a⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɑʔ²⁴/

/la⁵³³⁻¹³ ɬaʔ¹/

/la⁵³³⁻¹³ ɬaʔ²/

/la⁴⁴⁻²² sat̚³²/

/la⁴⁴⁻³³ sat̚³²/

Borrowed from Manchu ᠯᠠᠰᠠ (lasa), from Classical Tibetan ལྷ་ས (lha sa).

(～市) Lhasa (the capital city of the Tibet Autonomous Region, China)


大連

→ English: Dalian, Talien, Ta-lien

/tä⁵¹ li̯ɛn³⁵/

/tai²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ l̃ieŋ⁵³/

/tai²²⁻²¹ liɛn²⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² liɛn²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ liɛn¹³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ liɛn²⁴/

/tai³³⁻²¹ liɛn²³/

/tai³⁵⁻¹¹ liaŋ⁵⁵/

/tai³⁵⁻¹¹ lieŋ⁵⁵/

/tä⁵¹ li̯ɛn³⁵/

/tai²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ l̃ieŋ⁵³/

/tai²²⁻²¹ liɛn²⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² liɛn²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ liɛn¹³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ liɛn²⁴/

/tai³³⁻²¹ liɛn²³/

/tai³⁵⁻¹¹ liaŋ⁵⁵/

/tai³⁵⁻¹¹ lieŋ⁵⁵/

Ultimately from the name of the original Russian settlement, Russian Да́льний (Dálʹnij, literally “distant”). Folk etymology suggests a derivation from 褡褳／褡裢 (dālian, “type of rectangle-shaped pocket with a pouch in the middle and two bags at the ends”).

zh-l

(～市) Dalian (a subprovincial city in Liaoning, China)


西安

desc

→ English: Hsi-an, Sian, Singan, Xian, Xi'an

/ɕi⁵⁵ ˀän⁵⁵/

/ɕi²⁴ næ̃²⁴/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ ɔːn⁵⁵/

/si²⁴⁻¹¹ on²⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² an⁴⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² an⁴⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ an⁴⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ an⁴⁴/

/sai³³⁻²³ aŋ³³/

/ɕi⁵⁵ ˀän⁵⁵/

/ɕi²⁴ næ̃²⁴/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ ɔːn⁵⁵/

/si²⁴⁻¹¹ on²⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² an⁴⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² an⁴⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ an⁴⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ an⁴⁴/

/sai³³⁻²³ aŋ³³/

Usually glossed as meaning "Western Peace" but inclusive of the idea of "Western Pacification" or "Pacified Area", first adopted under the Ming Dynasty in 1369 as the city was conquered from the Yuan and protected with a new wall.

(～市) Xi'an (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Shaanxi, China)


蘭州

→ English: Lan-chou, Lanchow, Lanzhou

/län³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/læ̃²⁴ ʈ͡ʂou⁵¹/

/laːn²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/laŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡siu³³/

/le²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

/län³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/læ̃²⁴ ʈ͡ʂou⁵¹/

/laːn²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/laŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡siu³³/

/le²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

Coined in 581 with the establishment of 蘭州府 (“Lan prefecture”). Named after 皋蘭山／皋兰山.

(～市) Lanzhou (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Gansu, China)


太原

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

/tʰaːi̯³³ jyːn²¹/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ ŋi̯en¹¹/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ ŋi̯an¹¹/

/tʰaɪ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ŋian¹¹/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ ɡuan²⁴/

/tʰai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ɡuan²⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ ɡuan¹³/

/tʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ ɡuan²⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ ɡuan²³/

/tʰai²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ŋuaŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

/tʰaːi̯³³ jyːn²¹/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ ŋi̯en¹¹/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ ŋi̯an¹¹/

/tʰaɪ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ŋian¹¹/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ ɡuan²⁴/

/tʰai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ɡuan²⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ ɡuan¹³/

/tʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ ɡuan²⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ ɡuan²³/

/tʰai²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ŋuaŋ⁵⁵/

(～市) Taiyuan (a prefecture-level city, provincial capital, and largest city in Shanxi, in northern China)


向日

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʐ̩⁵¹/

/hœːŋ³³ jɐt̚²/

/hiɔŋ²¹⁻⁵³ lit̚⁴/

/hiɔŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ lit̚⁴/

/hiɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ lit̚²⁴/

/hiaŋ²¹⁻⁵³ d͡zit̚¹²¹/

/hiɔŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ zit̚⁴/

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʐ̩⁵¹/

/hœːŋ³³ jɐt̚²/

/hiɔŋ²¹⁻⁵³ lit̚⁴/

/hiɔŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ lit̚⁴/

/hiɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ lit̚²⁴/

/hiaŋ²¹⁻⁵³ d͡zit̚¹²¹/

/hiɔŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ zit̚⁴/

(～市) Mukō (a city in Kyōto prefecture, Japan)


伊斯蘭堡

/i⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ län³⁵ pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jiː⁵⁵ siː⁵⁵ laːn²¹ pou̯³⁵/

/i³³ sɯ³³ lan²⁴⁻²² po⁵⁵⁴/

/i⁴⁴⁻²² su⁴⁴⁻²² lan¹³⁻²² po⁵³/

/i⁴⁴⁻²² su⁴⁴⁻²² lan²⁴⁻²² po⁵³/

/i⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ län³⁵ pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jiː⁵⁵ siː⁵⁵ laːn²¹ pou̯³⁵/

/i³³ sɯ³³ lan²⁴⁻²² po⁵⁵⁴/

/i⁴⁴⁻²² su⁴⁴⁻²² lan¹³⁻²² po⁵³/

/i⁴⁴⁻²² su⁴⁴⁻²² lan²⁴⁻²² po⁵³/

(Mainland China) Islamabad (a city, the capital city of Pakistan)


吉布提

/t͡ɕi³⁵ pu⁵¹ tʰi³⁵/

/kɐt̚⁵ pou̯³³ tʰɐi̯²¹/

/kiɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ pɔ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tʰe²⁴/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ tʰe²⁴/

/kit̚³²⁻⁵ pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ tʰe¹³/

/t͡ɕi³⁵ pu⁵¹ tʰi³⁵/

/kɐt̚⁵ pou̯³³ tʰɐi̯²¹/

/kiɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ pɔ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tʰe²⁴/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ tʰe²⁴/

/kit̚³²⁻⁵ pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ tʰe¹³/

Djibouti (a country in East Africa)
Djibouti (the capital city of Djibouti)


突尼斯

/tʰu⁵⁵ ni³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵/

/tʰu³⁵ ni³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵/

/tɐt̚² nei̯²¹ siː⁵⁵/

/tut̚²⁴⁻² nĩ²⁴⁻²² sɯ³³/

/tut̚¹²¹⁻²¹ nĩ¹³⁻²² su⁴⁴/

/tut̚⁴⁻³² nĩ²⁴⁻²² su⁴⁴/

/tʰu⁵⁵ ni³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵/

/tʰu³⁵ ni³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵/

/tɐt̚² nei̯²¹ siː⁵⁵/

/tut̚²⁴⁻² nĩ²⁴⁻²² sɯ³³/

/tut̚¹²¹⁻²¹ nĩ¹³⁻²² su⁴⁴/

/tut̚⁴⁻³² nĩ²⁴⁻²² su⁴⁴/

(～城, ～市) Tunis (The capital city, since 1159, and largest city of Tunisia)


拉斯維加斯

ㄌㄚ ㄙ ㄨㄟˊ ㄐㄧㄚ ㄙ

Ласывэйцзясы

/lä⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ weɪ̯³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵/

/laːi̯⁵⁵ siː⁵⁵ wɐi̯²¹ kaː⁵⁵ siː⁵⁵/

/lä⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ weɪ̯³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵/

/laːi̯⁵⁵ siː⁵⁵ wɐi̯²¹ kaː⁵⁵ siː⁵⁵/

Borrowing from English Las Vegas, from Spanish las vegas (“the meadows”).

Las Vegas (a city in Nevada, United States)


光明

/ku̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ miŋ³⁵/

/kʷɔːŋ⁵⁵ mɪŋ²¹/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² biɪŋ¹³/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ biɪŋ²³/

/kɔŋ³³ biɪŋ²⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ biɪŋ²⁴/

/kŋ̍⁴⁴⁻³³ biɪŋ²⁴/

/kŋ̍⁴⁴⁻³³ biɪŋ²³/

/ku̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ miŋ³⁵/

/kʷɔːŋ⁵⁵ mɪŋ²¹/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² biɪŋ¹³/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ biɪŋ²³/

/kɔŋ³³ biɪŋ²⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ biɪŋ²⁴/

/kŋ̍⁴⁴⁻³³ biɪŋ²⁴/

/kŋ̍⁴⁴⁻³³ biɪŋ²³/

(～市) Gwangmyeong (a city in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea)


多久

/tu̯ɔ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tɔː⁵⁵ kɐu̯³⁵/

/to⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kiu³¹/

/tu̯ɔ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tɔː⁵⁵ kɐu̯³⁵/

/to⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kiu³¹/

(～市) Taku (a city in Saga Prefecture, Japan)


臨海

/lin³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lɐm²¹ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/lin³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lɐm²¹ hɔːi̯³⁵/

(～縣) Linhai County (a county-level city in Zhejiang, China)


玉門

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (玉門):
* → Japanese: 玉(ぎょく)門(もん) (gyokumon)
* → Korean: 옥문(玉門) (ongmun)

(～市) Yumen (a county-level city in Jiuquan, Gansu, China)


符拉迪沃斯托克

ㄈㄨˊ ㄌㄚ ㄉㄧˊ ㄨㄛˋ ㄙ ㄊㄨㄛ ㄎㄜˋ

Фуладивосытокэ

/fu³⁵ lä⁵⁵ ti³⁵ wɔ⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵ tʰu̯ɔ⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹/

/fuː²¹ laːi̯⁵⁵ tɪk̚² jʊk̚⁵ siː⁵⁵ tʰɔːk̚³ hɐk̚⁵/

Borrowed from Russian Владивосто́к (Vladivostók).

bor

Владивосто́к

Russian Far East
Russian Far East#English

Vladivostok (a city and seaport in the Russian Far East, on the Sea of Japan, near North Korea; the administrative centre of Primorsky Krai)


都柏林

/tou̯⁵⁵ pʰaːk̚³ lɐm²¹/

/tɔ³³ piak̚⁵⁻²⁴ lim²⁴/

/tɔ⁴⁴⁻²² piɪk̚³²⁻⁴ lim²⁴/

/tɔ⁴⁴⁻²² piɪk̚³²⁻⁵ lim¹³/

/tou̯⁵⁵ pʰaːk̚³ lɐm²¹/

/tɔ³³ piak̚⁵⁻²⁴ lim²⁴/

/tɔ⁴⁴⁻²² piɪk̚³²⁻⁴ lim²⁴/

/tɔ⁴⁴⁻²² piɪk̚³²⁻⁵ lim¹³/

Dublin (a city, the capital city of Ireland)


烏蘭巴托

ㄨ ㄌㄢˊ ㄅㄚ ㄊㄨㄛ

/u⁵⁵ län³⁵ pä⁵⁵ tʰu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/wuː⁵⁵ laːn²¹ paː⁵⁵ tʰɔːk̚³/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻²² lan²⁴⁻²² pa⁴⁴⁻²² tʰɔk̚³²/

/ɔ³³ lan²⁴⁻²² pa³³ tʰɔk̚⁵/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻²² lan¹³⁻²² pa⁴⁴⁻²² tʰɔk̚³²/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ lan²⁴⁻¹¹ pa⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰɔk̚³²/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ lan²³⁻³³ pa⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰɔk̚³²/

/u⁵⁵ län³⁵ pä⁵⁵ tʰu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/wuː⁵⁵ laːn²¹ paː⁵⁵ tʰɔːk̚³/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻²² lan²⁴⁻²² pa⁴⁴⁻²² tʰɔk̚³²/

/ɔ³³ lan²⁴⁻²² pa³³ tʰɔk̚⁵/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻²² lan¹³⁻²² pa⁴⁴⁻²² tʰɔk̚³²/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ lan²⁴⁻¹¹ pa⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰɔk̚³²/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ lan²³⁻³³ pa⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰɔk̚³²/

Borrowed from Mongolian ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨᠪᠠᠭᠠᠲᠤᠷ (ulaɣanbaɣatur) / Улаанбаатар (Ulaanbaatar). Compare 烏蘭浩特／乌兰浩特 (Wūlánhàotè).

ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨᠪᠠᠭᠠᠲᠤᠷ

zh-l

烏蘭浩特／乌兰浩特 (Wūlánhàotè)

Ulaanbaatar (the capital city of Mongolia)


馬尼拉

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ni³⁵ lä⁵⁵/

/maː¹³ nei̯²¹ laːi̯⁵⁵/

/mã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ nĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ la³³/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nĩ²⁴⁻²² la⁴⁴/

/ma⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ni²⁴⁻²² la³³/

/bin²⁴⁻²² li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ la⁴⁴/

/bin²⁴⁻²² nĩ²⁴⁻²² la⁴⁴/

/bin²²⁻²¹ nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lap̚¹²¹/

/mã⁴⁴⁻³³ nĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ la⁴⁴/

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ni³⁵ lä⁵⁵/

/maː¹³ nei̯²¹ laːi̯⁵⁵/

/mã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ nĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ la³³/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nĩ²⁴⁻²² la⁴⁴/

/ma⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ni²⁴⁻²² la³³/

/bin²⁴⁻²² li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ la⁴⁴/

/bin²⁴⁻²² nĩ²⁴⁻²² la⁴⁴/

/bin²²⁻²¹ nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lap̚¹²¹/

/mã⁴⁴⁻³³ nĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ la⁴⁴/

Borrowed from Spanish Manila, from Classical Tagalog Maynila.

马尼拉
馬尼剌
岷埠
岷里拉:Bîn
岷尼拉:Bîn
岷里刺:Bîn
岷里納:Bīn
岷唎喇:Bîn
岷里臘:Bīn
民希臘:Bīn
蠻哩喇
呅哖膋
貓里呂
麻里嚕
麻里蘆
麻里呂
麻逸

Manila (the capital city of the Philippines)


金邊

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (金邊):
* → Vietnamese: Kim Biên (金邊)

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ pi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² piɛn⁴⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ pĩ⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ pi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² piɛn⁴⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ pĩ⁴⁴/

From the earlier name 金塔 (Jīntǎ) + Khmer ពេញ (pɨñ, “Penh”).

1927, 張相時, “越南”, in 華僑中心之南洋, volume 下, 海南書局, page 13:

Jiǎnpǔzhài jí Jiāozhǐ zhī Méigōnghé xiàyóu shuǐ jí shēn, qìchuán kě zhídá Jiǎnpǔzhài shǒudū zhī Jīnbiān dàn Khone yǐshàng shuǐliú shèn jí, gù Lǎowō bùnéng dà xiǎng qí lì yǐ.

柬埔寨及交趾之湄公河下游水極深，汽船可直達柬埔寨首都之金邊但Khone以上水流甚急，故老撾不能大享其利矣。

柬埔寨及交趾之湄公河下游水极深，汽船可直达柬埔寨首都之金边但Khone以上水流甚急，故老挝不能大享其利矣。

(～市) Phnom Penh (the capital city of Cambodia)


萬象

Phono-semantic matching of Lao ວຽງຈັນ (wīang chan). 萬象 literally means “ten thousand elephants”, analogous to 瀾滄／澜沧 (Láncāng, “Lan Xang”) which also means “million elephants” in Lao.

psm

/wän⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹/

/maːn²² t͡sœːŋ²²/

/ban²²⁻²¹ siɔŋ²²/

/ban³³⁻²¹ siɔŋ³³/

/ban³³⁻¹¹ siɔŋ³³/

/ban⁴¹⁻²² siɔŋ²²/

/ban²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰiaŋ²²/

/ve²² ʑiã⁴⁴/

/wän⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹/

/maːn²² t͡sœːŋ²²/

/ban²²⁻²¹ siɔŋ²²/

/ban³³⁻²¹ siɔŋ³³/

/ban³³⁻¹¹ siɔŋ³³/

/ban⁴¹⁻²² siɔŋ²²/

/ban²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰiaŋ²²/

/ve²² ʑiã⁴⁴/

(Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Malaysia, Singapore) Vientiane (a city, the capital city of Laos)


里斯本

/li²¹⁴⁻²¹ sz̩⁵⁵ pən²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ su⁴⁴⁻²² pun⁵³/

/li⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sɯ³³ pun⁵⁵⁴/

/li²² sz̩⁵⁵ pən²¹/

/li²¹⁴⁻²¹ sz̩⁵⁵ pən²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ su⁴⁴⁻²² pun⁵³/

/li⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sɯ³³ pun⁵⁵⁴/

/li²² sz̩⁵⁵ pən²¹/

Iberian Peninsula
Iberian Peninsula#English

Lisbon (a port city on the Iberian Peninsula, at the mouth of the Tagus River on the Atlantic Ocean; capital city of Portugal)


阿斯塔納

/ˀä⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ tʰä²¹⁴⁻²¹ nä⁵¹/

/aː³³ siː⁵⁵ tʰaːp̚³ naːp̚²/

/a³³ sɯ³³ tʰa(ʔ)⁵ lap̚²⁴/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² su⁴⁴⁻²² tʰa(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ lap̚⁴/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² su⁴⁴⁻²² tʰa(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ lap̚¹²¹/

/ˀä⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ tʰä²¹⁴⁻²¹ nä⁵¹/

/aː³³ siː⁵⁵ tʰaːp̚³ naːp̚²/

/a³³ sɯ³³ tʰa(ʔ)⁵ lap̚²⁴/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² su⁴⁴⁻²² tʰa(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ lap̚⁴/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² su⁴⁴⁻²² tʰa(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ lap̚¹²¹/

Astana (a city, the capital city of Kazakhstan)


科倫坡

/kʰɤ⁵⁵ lu̯ən³⁵ pʰu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/fɔː⁵⁵ lɵn²¹ pɔː⁵⁵/

/kʰo⁴⁴⁻²² lun¹³⁻²² pʰo⁴⁴/

/kʰo⁴⁴⁻²² lun²⁴⁻²² pʰo⁴⁴/

/kʰə³³ lun²⁴⁻²² pʰo³³/

/kʰɤ⁵⁵ lu̯ən³⁵ pʰu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/fɔː⁵⁵ lɵn²¹ pɔː⁵⁵/

/kʰo⁴⁴⁻²² lun¹³⁻²² pʰo⁴⁴/

/kʰo⁴⁴⁻²² lun²⁴⁻²² pʰo⁴⁴/

/kʰə³³ lun²⁴⁻²² pʰo³³/

Colombo (the commercial capital and largest city of Sri Lanka)


塔什干

/tʰä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵ kän⁵⁵/

/tʰaːp̚³ sɐp̚² kɔːn⁵⁵/

/tʰa(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ sip̚⁴⁻³² kan⁴⁴/

/tʰa(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ sip̚¹²¹⁻²¹ kan⁴⁴/

/tʰa(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ sip̚⁴⁻³² kan⁴⁴/

/tʰa(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ sip̚⁴⁻³² kan⁴⁴/

/tʰä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵ kän⁵⁵/

/tʰaːp̚³ sɐp̚² kɔːn⁵⁵/

/tʰa(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ sip̚⁴⁻³² kan⁴⁴/

/tʰa(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ sip̚¹²¹⁻²¹ kan⁴⁴/

/tʰa(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ sip̚⁴⁻³² kan⁴⁴/

/tʰa(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ sip̚⁴⁻³² kan⁴⁴/

Borrowed from Manchu ᡨᠠᠰᡳᡤᠠᠨ (tasigan), from Written Oirat ᡐᠠᠱᡍᡄᠨ (tašken), from Chagatai [Term?].

Tashkent (a city, the capital city of Uzbekistan)


安卡拉

/ˀän⁵⁵ kʰä²¹⁴⁻²¹ lä⁵⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ kʰaː⁵⁵ laːi̯⁵⁵/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² kʰa⁵³⁻⁴⁴ la⁴⁴/

/ø⁵⁵ kʰa³³ la²¹/

/ˀän⁵⁵ kʰä²¹⁴⁻²¹ lä⁵⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ kʰaː⁵⁵ laːi̯⁵⁵/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² kʰa⁵³⁻⁴⁴ la⁴⁴/

/ø⁵⁵ kʰa³³ la²¹/

From English Ankara, from Turkish Ankara, from Ottoman Turkish آنقره (Ankara), from Ancient Greek Ἄγκυρα (Ánkura).

Ankara (a city, the capital city of Turkey)


青島

desc

→ English: Qingdao, Tsingtao, Ch'ing-tao

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ tou̯³⁵/

/t͡sʰiaŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ to³¹/

/t͡sʰiŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾no³³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɤ⁴¹/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² to⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ tɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔ⁵³/

/t͡sʰẽ³³⁻²³ tau⁵²/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ tou̯³⁵/

/t͡sʰiaŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ to³¹/

/t͡sʰiŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾no³³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɤ⁴¹/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² to⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ tɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔ⁵³/

/t͡sʰẽ³³⁻²³ tau⁵²/

(～市) Qingdao (a subprovincial city in Shandong, China)


武漢

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (武漢):
* → Japanese: 武(ぶ)漢(かん) (Bukan)
* → Korean: 무한(武漢) (Muhan)
* → Vietnamese: Vũ Hán (武漢)

→ English: Wuhan, Wu-han, Wu Han

→ Georgian: უხანი (uxani)

→ Korean: 우한 (Uhan)

→ Russian: Уха́нь (Uxánʹ)

→ Zhuang: Vujhan

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ xän⁵¹/

/mou̯¹³ hɔːn³³/

/ʋu³¹ hɔn⁵³/

/u³³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ɑŋ²¹³/

/bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ han²¹/

/bu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ han⁴¹/

/bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ han²¹/

/bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ han¹¹/

/bu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ han²¹/

/bu⁵²⁻³⁵ haŋ²¹³/

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ xän⁵¹/

/mou̯¹³ hɔːn³³/

/ʋu³¹ hɔn⁵³/

/u³³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ɑŋ²¹³/

/bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ han²¹/

/bu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ han⁴¹/

/bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ han²¹/

/bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ han¹¹/

/bu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ han²¹/

/bu⁵²⁻³⁵ haŋ²¹³/

From 武昌 (Wǔchāng) + 漢口／汉口 (Hànkǒu), two of the three towns that were merged to form Wuhan.

(～市) Wuhan (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Hubei, China)


重慶

ja-r

重慶(じゅうけい) (Jūkei)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (重慶):
* → Japanese: 重慶(じゅうけい) (Jūkei)
* → Korean: 중경(重慶) (Junggyeong)
* → Vietnamese: Trùng Khánh (重慶)

desc

→ English: Chongqing, Chungching, Ch'ung-ch'ing, Chungking, Tchang-king

→ Japanese: 重慶(チョンチン) (Chonchin)

/ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵¹/

/t͡sʰoŋ²¹ t͡ɕʰin²¹³/

/t͡sʰʊŋ²¹ hɪŋ³³/

/t͡sʰuŋ¹¹ kʰin⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kʰin⁵³/

/tʰyŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ^((kʰ-))ŋɛiŋ²¹³/

/tyŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ^((kʰ-))ŋɛiŋ²¹³/

/tœŋ¹³⁻⁵⁵ kʰiŋ⁴²/

/tyøŋ¹³⁻⁵⁵ kʰiŋ⁴²/

/tiɔŋ¹³⁻²² kʰiɪŋ²¹/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kʰiɪŋ⁴¹/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kʰiɪŋ²¹/

/tiɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ kʰiɪŋ¹¹/

/tiɔŋ³³⁻²¹ kʰiɪŋ²¹/

/t͡sʰoŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kʰeŋ²¹³/

/zoŋ²² t͡ɕʰin⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵¹/

/t͡sʰoŋ²¹ t͡ɕʰin²¹³/

/t͡sʰʊŋ²¹ hɪŋ³³/

/t͡sʰuŋ¹¹ kʰin⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kʰin⁵³/

/tʰyŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ^((kʰ-))ŋɛiŋ²¹³/

/tyŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ^((kʰ-))ŋɛiŋ²¹³/

/tœŋ¹³⁻⁵⁵ kʰiŋ⁴²/

/tyøŋ¹³⁻⁵⁵ kʰiŋ⁴²/

/tiɔŋ¹³⁻²² kʰiɪŋ²¹/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kʰiɪŋ⁴¹/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kʰiɪŋ²¹/

/tiɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ kʰiɪŋ¹¹/

/tiɔŋ³³⁻²¹ kʰiɪŋ²¹/

/t͡sʰoŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kʰeŋ²¹³/

/zoŋ²² t͡ɕʰin⁴⁴/

Literally "double celebration", named in 1189 after Emperor Guangzong of Song was crowned as both king and emperor.

I just received a letter from Chongqing.

Wǒ gānggāng shōudào yī fēng cóng Chóngqìng jì lái de xìn.

我剛剛收到一封從重慶寄來的信。

我刚刚收到一封从重庆寄来的信。

(～市) Chongqing (a direct-administered municipality and city in western China)


石家莊

→ English: Shijiazhuang, Shih-chia-chuang

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂu̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/sɛːk̚² kaː⁵⁵ t͡sɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/sak̚⁵ ka⁴⁴ t͡sɔŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡sio(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ ka⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sŋ̍⁴⁴/

/t͡siɤ(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sŋ̍⁴⁴/

/t͡sio(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sŋ̍⁴⁴/

/t͡sio(ʔ)²⁴⁻² ka³³ t͡sŋ̍³³/

/t͡sio(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ kɛ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sŋ̍⁴⁴/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂu̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/sɛːk̚² kaː⁵⁵ t͡sɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/sak̚⁵ ka⁴⁴ t͡sɔŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡sio(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ ka⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sŋ̍⁴⁴/

/t͡siɤ(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sŋ̍⁴⁴/

/t͡sio(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sŋ̍⁴⁴/

/t͡sio(ʔ)²⁴⁻² ka³³ t͡sŋ̍³³/

/t͡sio(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ kɛ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sŋ̍⁴⁴/

(～市) Shijiazhuang (a prefecture-level city, provincial capital, and largest city in Hebei, China)


合肥

/xɤ³⁵ feɪ̯³⁵/

/hap̚¹²¹⁻²¹ pui¹³/

/xɤ³⁵ feɪ̯³⁵/

/hap̚¹²¹⁻²¹ pui¹³/

(～市) Hefei (a prefecture-level city, provincial capital, and largest city in Anhui, China)


鄭州

English: Cheng-chou, Chengchow, Zhengzhou

/ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sɛːŋ²² t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰi̯aŋ³¹ t͡su²⁴/

/t͡sʰaŋ⁵³ t͡su⁴⁴/

/tĩ⁴¹⁻²² t͡siu³³/

/tĩ²²⁻²¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/tɛ̃²²⁻²¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/zən²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sɛːŋ²² t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰi̯aŋ³¹ t͡su²⁴/

/t͡sʰaŋ⁵³ t͡su⁴⁴/

/tĩ⁴¹⁻²² t͡siu³³/

/tĩ²²⁻²¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/tɛ̃²²⁻²¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/zən²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

(～市) Zhengzhou (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Henan, in central China)


昆明

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (昆明):
* → Japanese: 昆(こん)明(めい) (Konmei)
* → Vietnamese: Côn Minh (昆明)

→ English: Kunming

→ Hungarian: Kunming

→ Portuguese: Kunming

→ Russian: Куньми́н (Kunʹmín)

→ Spanish: Kunming

/kʰu̯ən⁵⁵ miŋ³⁵/

/kʷʰɐn⁵⁵ mɪŋ²¹/

/kʰun⁴⁴⁻³⁵ min¹¹/

/kʰouŋ⁵⁵ miŋ⁵³/

/kʰun⁴⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/

/kʰun³³ biɪŋ²⁴/

/kʰun⁴⁴⁻²² biɪŋ¹³/

/kʰun⁴⁴⁻³³ biɪŋ²⁴/

/kʰun⁴⁴⁻³³ biɪŋ²³/

/kʰuŋ³³⁻²³ meŋ⁵⁵/

/kʰu̯ən⁵⁵ miŋ³⁵/

/kʷʰɐn⁵⁵ mɪŋ²¹/

/kʰun⁴⁴⁻³⁵ min¹¹/

/kʰouŋ⁵⁵ miŋ⁵³/

/kʰun⁴⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/

/kʰun³³ biɪŋ²⁴/

/kʰun⁴⁴⁻²² biɪŋ¹³/

/kʰun⁴⁴⁻³³ biɪŋ²⁴/

/kʰun⁴⁴⁻³³ biɪŋ²³/

/kʰuŋ³³⁻²³ meŋ⁵⁵/

Originally the endonym of an ethnic group living in what is now western Yunnan province and southwestern Sichuan province.

(～市) Kunming (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Yunnan, in southwestern China)


海口

→ English: Haikou, Hai-k'ou, Hoihow

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ hɐu̯³⁵/

/hai⁴⁵³⁻²¹ kʰieu⁴⁵³/

/hai³³²⁻²¹ kʰieu³³²/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰau⁵³/

/hai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kʰau⁵⁵⁴/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰau⁵³/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰau⁵³/

/hai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kʰau⁴¹/

/he³³ kʰɤ⁴⁴/

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ hɐu̯³⁵/

/hai⁴⁵³⁻²¹ kʰieu⁴⁵³/

/hai³³²⁻²¹ kʰieu³³²/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰau⁵³/

/hai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kʰau⁵⁵⁴/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰau⁵³/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰau⁵³/

/hai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kʰau⁴¹/

/he³³ kʰɤ⁴⁴/

(～市) Haikou (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Hainan, China)


瀋陽

Sino-Xenic (瀋陽):
* → Japanese: 瀋陽(しんよう) (Shin'yō)
* → Korean: 심양(瀋陽) (Simyang)
* → Vietnamese: Thẩm Dương (瀋陽)

→ English: Shenyang, Shen-yang

→ Japanese: 瀋(シェン)陽(ヤン) (Shen'yan)

→ Korean: 선양 (Seonyang)

→ Zhuang: Sinjyangz

/ʂən²¹⁴⁻²¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/sɐm³⁵ jœːŋ²¹/

/sɨm³¹ i̯oŋ¹¹/

/səm³¹ iɔŋ¹¹/

/sim⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ iɔŋ²³/

/sim⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ iɔŋ²⁴/

/sim⁵³⁻⁴⁴ iɔŋ²⁴/

/sim⁵³⁻⁴⁴ iaŋ¹³/

/ʂən²¹⁴⁻²¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/sɐm³⁵ jœːŋ²¹/

/sɨm³¹ i̯oŋ¹¹/

/səm³¹ iɔŋ¹¹/

/sim⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ iɔŋ²³/

/sim⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ iɔŋ²⁴/

/sim⁵³⁻⁴⁴ iɔŋ²⁴/

/sim⁵³⁻⁴⁴ iaŋ¹³/

Named in reference to its location to the north (the sunny side) of the Shen River. Coined in 1296 when the Shen Prefecture (瀋州／沈州) was converted to Shenyang Circuit (瀋陽路).

(～市) Shenyang (a subprovincial city, provincial capital, and largest city in Liaoning, China)


新西伯利亞

ㄒㄧㄣ ㄒㄧ ㄅㄛˊ ㄌㄧˋ ㄧㄚˋ

/ɕin⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵ pu̯ɔ³⁵ li⁵¹⁻⁵³ jä⁵¹/

/sɐn⁵⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵ paːk̚³ lei̯²² aː³³/

/ɕin⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵ pu̯ɔ³⁵ li⁵¹⁻⁵³ jä⁵¹/

/sɐn⁵⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵ paːk̚³ lei̯²² aː³³/

Novosibirsk (a city, the administrative center of Novosibirsk Oblast, Russia)


摩納哥

/mu̯ɔ³⁵ nä⁵¹ kɤ⁵⁵/

/mɔː⁵⁵ naːp̚² kɔː⁵⁵/

/mɔ̃²⁴⁻²² lap̚²⁴⁻² ko³³/

/mɔ̃²⁴⁻²² lap̚⁴⁻³² ko⁴⁴/

/mɔ̃¹³⁻²² lap̚¹²¹⁻²¹ ko⁴⁴/

/mu̯ɔ³⁵ nä⁵¹ kɤ⁵⁵/

/mɔː⁵⁵ naːp̚² kɔː⁵⁵/

/mɔ̃²⁴⁻²² lap̚²⁴⁻² ko³³/

/mɔ̃²⁴⁻²² lap̚⁴⁻³² ko⁴⁴/

/mɔ̃¹³⁻²² lap̚¹²¹⁻²¹ ko⁴⁴/


聖馬力諾

ㄕㄥˋ ㄇㄚˇ ㄌㄧˋ ㄋㄨㄛˋ

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ li⁵¹⁻⁵³ nu̯ɔ⁵¹/

/sɪŋ³³ maː¹³ lɪk̚² nɔːk̚²/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɪk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ lɔk̚¹²¹/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɪk̚⁴⁻³² lɔk̚⁴/

/siɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ mã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ liak̚²⁴⁻² lɔk̚²⁴/

/sən³³ ma⁵⁵ liɪʔ³³ noʔ²¹/

/sən⁴⁴ ma²² liɪʔ⁵⁵ noʔ²¹/

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ li⁵¹⁻⁵³ nu̯ɔ⁵¹/

/sɪŋ³³ maː¹³ lɪk̚² nɔːk̚²/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɪk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ lɔk̚¹²¹/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɪk̚⁴⁻³² lɔk̚⁴/

/siɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ mã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ liak̚²⁴⁻² lɔk̚²⁴/

/sən³³ ma⁵⁵ liɪʔ³³ noʔ²¹/

/sən⁴⁴ ma²² liɪʔ⁵⁵ noʔ²¹/

San Marino (a landlocked microstate in Southern Europe, located within the borders of Italy)

San Marino (the capital city of San Marino)


烏魯木齊

desc

→ English: Wulumuchi, Wu-lu-mu-ch'i, Wulumuqi

ㄨ ㄌㄨˇ ㄇㄨˋ ㄑㄧˊ

/u⁵⁵ lu²¹⁴⁻²¹ mu⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/wuː⁵⁵ lou̯¹³ mʊk̚² t͡sʰɐi̯²¹/

ou¹ lou³ borh⁷ ze² [Phonetic:ou⁵ lou⁵ borh⁶ ze²]

/ɔu⁵³³⁻²¹ lɔu⁴⁵³⁻²¹ pɒʔ⁴⁻¹ t͡se¹³/

/ɔu⁵³³⁻²¹ lɔu³³²⁻²¹ pɒʔ²⁴⁻² t͡se¹³/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻²² lɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bɔk̚⁴⁻³² t͡se²⁴/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ lɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ bɔk̚⁴⁻³² t͡se²³/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻²² lɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡se¹³/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ lɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bɔk̚⁴⁻³² t͡se²⁴/

/ɔ³³ lɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ bɔk̚²⁴⁻² t͡se²⁴/

/u⁵⁵ lu²¹⁴⁻²¹ mu⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/wuː⁵⁵ lou̯¹³ mʊk̚² t͡sʰɐi̯²¹/

/ɔu⁵³³⁻²¹ lɔu⁴⁵³⁻²¹ pɒʔ⁴⁻¹ t͡se¹³/

/ɔu⁵³³⁻²¹ lɔu³³²⁻²¹ pɒʔ²⁴⁻² t͡se¹³/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻²² lɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bɔk̚⁴⁻³² t͡se²⁴/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ lɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ bɔk̚⁴⁻³² t͡se²³/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻²² lɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡se¹³/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ lɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bɔk̚⁴⁻³² t͡se²⁴/

/ɔ³³ lɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ bɔk̚²⁴⁻² t͡se²⁴/

Borrowed from Manchu ᡠᡵᡠᠮᠴᡳ (urumci), from Written Oirat ᡇᠷᡇᡏᡔᡅ (urumci), from Chagatai اورُمجی (ūrumǧī /ürümči/).

乌鲁木齐
烏嚕木齊
乌鲁木齐
烏漉木製
烏櫓莫濟
烏鹵沐齊
烏鹵沐債
烏魯沐債
烏漉沐漬

On September 11th, 1985, Rugosa rose was chosen as Wlumuqi's^([sic – meaning Wulumuqi's]) city flower at the 18th Session of the Standing Committee of the 9th MPC of Wulumuqi, and the elm tree as Wulumuqi's city tree.

1989, China City Flowers (中国城市市花) p.88 & 89 →ISBN

1985 nián 9 yuè 11 rì, Wūlǔmùqí Shì réndà chángwěihuì dì 9 jiè 18 cì huìyì shàng, jiāng méigui dìng wéi shì huā, tóngshí dìng dà yè yú wèi shì shù.

1985年9月11日，烏魯木齊市人大常委會第9屆18次會議上，將玫瑰定為市花，同時定大葉榆為市樹。

1985年9月11日，乌鲁木齐市人大常委会第9届18次会议上，将玫瑰定为市花，同时定大叶榆为市树。

(～市) Ürümqi (a prefecture-level city, the capital of Xinjiang, China)


長春

→ English: Changchun, Ch'ang-ch'un

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ t͡sʰɵn⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰoŋ¹¹ t͡sʰun²⁴/

/t͡sʰɔŋ¹¹ t͡sʰun⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰun⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰun⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰun³³/

/tiɔŋ²³⁻³³ t͡sʰun⁴⁴/

/tiaŋ¹³⁻²² t͡sʰun⁴⁴/

/zã²² t͡sʰən⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ t͡sʰɵn⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰoŋ¹¹ t͡sʰun²⁴/

/t͡sʰɔŋ¹¹ t͡sʰun⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰun⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰun⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰun³³/

/tiɔŋ²³⁻³³ t͡sʰun⁴⁴/

/tiaŋ¹³⁻²² t͡sʰun⁴⁴/

/zã²² t͡sʰən⁴⁴/

(～市) Changchun (a subprovincial city, provincial capital, and largest city in Jilin, China)


成都

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (成都):
* → Japanese: 成(せい)都(と) (Seito)
* → Korean: 성도(成都) (Seongdo)
* → Vietnamese: Thành Đô (成都)

→ English: Chengdu, Chengtu, Ch'eng-tu

→ French: Chengdu, Tcheng-tou

ja-r

チョントゥー (Chontū)

→ Japanese: チョントゥー (Chontū), チェンドゥ (Chendu)

→ Korean: 청두 (Cheongdu)

→ Manchu: ᠴᡝᠩ
ᡩᡠ (ceng du)

→ Portuguese: Chengdu

→ Russian: Чэнду́ (Čɛndú)

→ Zhuang: Cwngzduh

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ tu⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰən²¹ tu⁵⁵/

/sɪŋ²¹ tou̯⁵⁵/

/siŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nu⁵⁵/

/siɪŋ²⁴⁻²² tɔ⁴⁴/

/siɪŋ²⁴⁻²² tɔ³³/

/siɪŋ¹³⁻²² tɔ⁴⁴/

/siɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ tɔ⁴⁴/

/siɪŋ²³⁻³³ tɔ⁴⁴/

/seŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tou³³/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ tu⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰən²¹ tu⁵⁵/

/sɪŋ²¹ tou̯⁵⁵/

/siŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nu⁵⁵/

/siɪŋ²⁴⁻²² tɔ⁴⁴/

/siɪŋ²⁴⁻²² tɔ³³/

/siɪŋ¹³⁻²² tɔ⁴⁴/

/siɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ tɔ⁴⁴/

/siɪŋ²³⁻³³ tɔ⁴⁴/

/seŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tou³³/

May be the transcription of a native non-Chinese word. Attested on excavated artefacts dating to the late Warring States Period, as well as in the Records of the Grand Historian.
Compare 邛都, 新都 (Xīndū), 廣都／广都, 筰都, 武都 (Wǔdū), all of which are toponyms in present-day southwest China with 都 (OC *taː) as the second syllable. In particular, according to the Records of the Grand Historian, 邛都 (OC *ɡoŋ taː) and 筰都 (OC *zaːɡ taː) were originally names of tribes that were "Southwestern Barbarians" (西南夷 (Xīnányí)).

zh-l

西南夷 (Xīnányí)

(～市) Chengdu (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Sichuan, China)

(～市) (historical) Chengdu (the capital city of the kingdom of Shu)


第比利斯

ㄉㄧˋ ㄅㄧˇ ㄌㄧˋ ㄙ

/ti⁵¹ pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ li⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵/

/tɐi̯²² pei̯³⁵ lei̯²² siː⁵⁵/

/te²²⁻²¹ pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ li²²⁻²¹ su⁴⁴/

/te⁴¹⁻²² pi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ li⁴¹⁻²² sɯ³³/

/ti⁵¹ pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ li⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵/

/tɐi̯²² pei̯³⁵ lei̯²² siː⁵⁵/

/te²²⁻²¹ pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ li²²⁻²¹ su⁴⁴/

/te⁴¹⁻²² pi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ li⁴¹⁻²² sɯ³³/

Borrowed from Georgian თბილისი (tbilisi).

(Mainland China, Hong Kong) Tbilisi (a city, the capital city of Georgia)


埃里溫

/ˀaɪ̯⁵⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹ wən⁵⁵/

/ɔːi̯⁵⁵ lei̯¹³ wɐn⁵⁵/

/aːi̯⁵⁵ lei̯¹³ wɐn⁵⁵/

/ai⁴⁴⁻²² li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ un⁴⁴/

/ai³³ li⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ un³³/

/ai⁴⁴⁻²² li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ un⁴⁴/

/ai⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ un⁴⁴/

/ai⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ un⁴⁴/

/ˀaɪ̯⁵⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹ wən⁵⁵/

/ɔːi̯⁵⁵ lei̯¹³ wɐn⁵⁵/

/aːi̯⁵⁵ lei̯¹³ wɐn⁵⁵/

/ai⁴⁴⁻²² li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ un⁴⁴/

/ai³³ li⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ un³³/

/ai⁴⁴⁻²² li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ un⁴⁴/

/ai⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ un⁴⁴/

/ai⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ un⁴⁴/

(Mainland China) Yerevan (a city, the capital city of Armenia)


里加

/li²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵/

/li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ka⁴⁴/

/li⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ka³³/

/li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kɛ⁴⁴/

/li²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵/

/li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ka⁴⁴/

/li⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ka³³/

/li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kɛ⁴⁴/

Riga (a city, the capital city of Latvia)


巴庫

/pä⁵⁵ kʰu⁵¹/

/paː⁵⁵ fuː³³/

/pa⁴⁴⁻²² kʰɔ²¹/

/pa³³ kʰɔ⁴¹/

/pa⁴⁴⁻²² kʰɔ²¹/

/pa⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰɔ¹¹/

/pa⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰɔ²¹/

/pä⁵⁵ kʰu⁵¹/

/paː⁵⁵ fuː³³/

/pa⁴⁴⁻²² kʰɔ²¹/

/pa³³ kʰɔ⁴¹/

/pa⁴⁴⁻²² kʰɔ²¹/

/pa⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰɔ¹¹/

/pa⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰɔ²¹/


明斯克

/miŋ³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹/

/mɪŋ²¹ siː⁵⁵ hɐk̚⁵/

/biɪŋ²⁴⁻²² sɯ³³ kʰiak̚⁵/

/biɪŋ¹³⁻²² su⁴⁴⁻²² kʰiɪk̚³²/

/biɪŋ²⁴⁻²² su⁴⁴⁻²² kʰiɪk̚³²/

/min²² sz̩⁵⁵ kʰəʔ²¹/

/miŋ³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹/

/mɪŋ²¹ siː⁵⁵ hɐk̚⁵/

/biɪŋ²⁴⁻²² sɯ³³ kʰiak̚⁵/

/biɪŋ¹³⁻²² su⁴⁴⁻²² kʰiɪk̚³²/

/biɪŋ²⁴⁻²² su⁴⁴⁻²² kʰiɪk̚³²/

/min²² sz̩⁵⁵ kʰəʔ²¹/

Minsk (a city, the capital city of Belarus)


阿什哈巴德

ㄚ ㄕˊ ㄏㄚ ㄅㄚ ㄉㄜˊ

/ˀä⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵ xä⁵⁵ pä⁵⁵ tɤ³⁵/

/aː³³ sɐp̚² haː⁵⁵ paː⁵⁵ tɐk̚⁵/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² sip̚¹²¹⁻²¹ ha(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ pa⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚³²/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² sip̚⁴⁻³² ha(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ pa⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚³²/

/ˀä⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵ xä⁵⁵ pä⁵⁵ tɤ³⁵/

/aː³³ sɐp̚² haː⁵⁵ paː⁵⁵ tɐk̚⁵/


華沙

/xu̯ä³⁵ ʂä⁵⁵/

/waː²¹ saː⁵⁵/

/hua²⁴⁻²² sa³³/

/hua²⁴⁻¹¹ sa⁴⁴/

/hua²⁴⁻²² sa⁴⁴/

/hua²³⁻³³ sa⁴⁴/

/hua¹³⁻²² sɛ⁴⁴/

/xu̯ä³⁵ ʂä⁵⁵/

/waː²¹ saː⁵⁵/

/hua²⁴⁻²² sa³³/

/hua²⁴⁻¹¹ sa⁴⁴/

/hua²⁴⁻²² sa⁴⁴/

/hua²³⁻³³ sa⁴⁴/

/hua¹³⁻²² sɛ⁴⁴/

Warsaw (a city, the capital city of Poland)


布拉格

/pu⁵¹ lä⁵⁵ kɤ³⁵/

/pɔ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ la³³ kiak̚⁵/

/pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ la⁴⁴⁻²² kiɪk̚³²/

/pu⁵¹ lä⁵⁵ kɤ³⁵/

/pɔ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ la³³ kiak̚⁵/

/pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ la⁴⁴⁻²² kiɪk̚³²/

Prague (a city, the capital city of the Czech Republic)


維爾紐斯

ㄨㄟˊ ㄦˇ ㄋㄧㄡˇ ㄙ

/weɪ̯³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ni̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ sz̩⁵⁵/

/wɐi̯²¹ jiː¹³ nɐu̯³⁵ siː⁵⁵/

/ui²⁴⁻²² nĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ liu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sɯ³³/

/ui²⁴⁻²² nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ su⁴⁴/

/ui¹³⁻²² d͡zĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ su⁴⁴/

/vi²² ɦəl⁵⁵ n̠ʲiɤ³³ sz̩²¹/

/weɪ̯³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ni̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ sz̩⁵⁵/

/wɐi̯²¹ jiː¹³ nɐu̯³⁵ siː⁵⁵/

/ui²⁴⁻²² nĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ liu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sɯ³³/

/ui²⁴⁻²² nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ su⁴⁴/

/ui¹³⁻²² d͡zĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ su⁴⁴/

/vi²² ɦəl⁵⁵ n̠ʲiɤ³³ sz̩²¹/

Vilnius (a city, the capital city of Lithuania)


杜尚別

ㄉㄨˋ ㄕㄤˋ ㄅㄧㄝˊ

/tu⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂɑŋ⁵¹ pi̯ɛ³⁵/

/tou̯²² sœːŋ²² piːt̚²/

/tɔ²²⁻²¹ siɔŋ²²⁻²¹ piɛt̚⁴/

/tɔ⁴¹⁻²² siɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² piɛt̚²⁴/

/tɔ²²⁻²¹ siaŋ²²⁻²¹ piɛt̚¹²¹/

/tu⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂɑŋ⁵¹ pi̯ɛ³⁵/

/tou̯²² sœːŋ²² piːt̚²/

/tɔ²²⁻²¹ siɔŋ²²⁻²¹ piɛt̚⁴/

/tɔ⁴¹⁻²² siɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² piɛt̚²⁴/

/tɔ²²⁻²¹ siaŋ²²⁻²¹ piɛt̚¹²¹/

(Mainland China) Dushanbe (a city, the capital city of Tajikistan)


布拉迪斯拉發

Bùlādísīlāfā

ㄅㄨˋ ㄌㄚ ㄉㄧˊ ㄙ ㄌㄚ ㄈㄚ

Bùlādísīlāfā

Буладисылафа

/pu⁵¹ lä⁵⁵ ti³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ lä⁵⁵ fä⁵⁵/

/pou̯³³ laːi̯⁵⁵ tɪk̚² siː⁵⁵ laːi̯⁵⁵ faːt̚³/

/pɔ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ la³³ tiak̚²⁴⁻² sɯ³³ la³³ huat̚⁵/

/pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ la⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ su⁴⁴⁻²² la⁴⁴⁻²² huat̚³²/

/pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ la⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚⁴⁻³² su⁴⁴⁻²² la⁴⁴⁻²² huat̚³²/

/pu³³ la⁵⁵ diɪʔ³³ sz̩⁵⁵ la³³ faʔ²¹/

/pu⁵¹ lä⁵⁵ ti³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ lä⁵⁵ fä⁵⁵/

/pu³³ la⁵⁵ diɪʔ³³ sz̩⁵⁵ la³³ faʔ²¹/

(Mainland China) Bratislava (a city, the capital city of Slovakia)

布拉提斯拉瓦

Bùlātísīlāwǎ


喀布爾

/kʰä⁵⁵ pu⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʰɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ pu⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʰiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ pɔ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ nĩ⁵⁵⁴/

/kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ nĩ⁵³/

/kʰiak̚³²⁻⁵ pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ d͡zĩ⁵³/

/kʰä⁵⁵ pu⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʰɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ pu⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʰiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ pɔ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ nĩ⁵⁵⁴/

/kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ nĩ⁵³/

/kʰiak̚³²⁻⁵ pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ d͡zĩ⁵³/


伯爾尼

/pu̯ɔ³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ni³⁵/

/piak̚⁵⁻²⁴ nĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ nĩ²⁴/

/piɪk̚³²⁻⁴ nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nĩ²⁴/

/piɪk̚³²⁻⁵ d͡zĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nĩ¹³/

/paʔ³³ ɦəl⁵⁵ n̠ʲi²¹/

/pu̯ɔ³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ni³⁵/

/piak̚⁵⁻²⁴ nĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ nĩ²⁴/

/piɪk̚³²⁻⁴ nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nĩ²⁴/

/piɪk̚³²⁻⁵ d͡zĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nĩ¹³/

/paʔ³³ ɦəl⁵⁵ n̠ʲi²¹/

(Mainland China) Bern (a city, the capital city of Switzerland)


維也納

/weɪ̯³⁵ jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ nä⁵¹/

/wɐi̯²¹ jaː¹³ naːp̚²/

/vi¹¹ i̯a²⁴⁻¹¹ nap̚⁵/

/ui²⁴⁻²² ia⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lap̚⁴/

/ui¹³⁻²² ia⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lap̚¹²¹/

/ui²⁴⁻²² ia⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lap̚²⁴/

/ui²⁴⁻¹¹ ia³³⁻¹¹ lap̚⁴/

/ui²³⁻³³ ia³³⁻²¹ lap̚⁴/

/vi²² ɦie⁵⁵ naʔ²¹/

/vi²² ɦie⁵⁵ nəʔ²¹/

/weɪ̯³⁵ jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ nä⁵¹/

/wɐi̯²¹ jaː¹³ naːp̚²/

/vi¹¹ i̯a²⁴⁻¹¹ nap̚⁵/

/ui²⁴⁻²² ia⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lap̚⁴/

/ui¹³⁻²² ia⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lap̚¹²¹/

/ui²⁴⁻²² ia⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lap̚²⁴/

/ui²⁴⁻¹¹ ia³³⁻¹¹ lap̚⁴/

/ui²³⁻³³ ia³³⁻²¹ lap̚⁴/

/vi²² ɦie⁵⁵ naʔ²¹/

/vi²² ɦie⁵⁵ nəʔ²¹/

Vienna (a city, the capital city of Austria)


斯德哥爾摩

ㄙ ㄉㄜˊ ㄍㄜ ㄦˇ ㄇㄛˊ

/sz̩⁵⁵ tɤ³⁵ kɤ⁵⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ mu̯ɔ³⁵/

/siː⁵⁵ tɐk̚⁵ kɔː⁵⁵ jiː¹³ mɔː⁵⁵/

/sɯ³³ tiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ ko³³ nĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ mɔ̃²⁴/

/su⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ ko⁴⁴⁻²² nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ mɔ̃²⁴/

/su⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ ko⁴⁴⁻²² d͡zĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ mɔ̃¹³/

/sz̩⁵⁵ təʔ³³ ku³³ ɦəl³³ mu²¹/

/sz̩⁵⁵ təʔ³³ ku³³ ɦəl³³ mo²¹/

/sz̩⁵⁵ tɤ³⁵ kɤ⁵⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ mu̯ɔ³⁵/

/siː⁵⁵ tɐk̚⁵ kɔː⁵⁵ jiː¹³ mɔː⁵⁵/

/sɯ³³ tiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ ko³³ nĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ mɔ̃²⁴/

/sz̩⁵⁵ təʔ³³ ku³³ ɦəl³³ mu²¹/

/sz̩⁵⁵ təʔ³³ ku³³ ɦəl³³ mo²¹/

Stockholm (a city, the capital city of Sweden)


雅典

/jä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ti̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ŋaː¹³ tiːn³⁵/

/ŋa³¹ tiɛn³¹/

/ŋã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiɛn⁵³/

/ŋã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tiɛn⁴¹/

/ŋã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tiɛn⁵⁵⁴/

/ŋɛ̃⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiɛn⁵³/

/jä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ti̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ŋaː¹³ tiːn³⁵/

/ŋa³¹ tiɛn³¹/

/ŋã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiɛn⁵³/

/ŋã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tiɛn⁴¹/

/ŋã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tiɛn⁵⁵⁴/

/ŋɛ̃⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiɛn⁵³/

Borrowed from a European language; compare English Athens, German Athen, etc. Attested as early as 1838, in 古今萬國綱鑑 by German missionary Karl Gützlaff.

1848, 徐繼畬 [Xu Jiyu], editor, 瀛寰志略, volume 6, page 26:

Yú cháng wén zhī Yīng guān Lǐ Tàiguō yún: Yǎdiǎn zuì jiǎng wénxué, yìxí zhī jīng, wéi tàixī zhī Zōulǔ.

余嘗聞之英官李太郭云：雅典最講文學，肄習之精，為泰西之鄒魯。

余尝闻之英官李太郭云：雅典最讲文学，肄习之精，为泰西之邹鲁。

Athens (a city, the capital city of Greece)


巴里

/pä⁵⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pä⁵⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

* The city in Ontario is borrowed from English Barrie.
* The city in Italy is borrowed from Italian Bari.

Bari (the capital city of Apulia, Italy)


仰光

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (仰光):
* → Vietnamese: Ngưỡng Quang (仰光)

/jɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ku̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/jœːŋ¹³ kʷɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/ɡiɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/ɡiɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kɔŋ³³/

/ɡiaŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/n̠ʲin²² kuɑ̃⁴⁴/

/jɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ku̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/jœːŋ¹³ kʷɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/ɡiɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/ɡiɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kɔŋ³³/

/ɡiaŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/n̠ʲin²² kuɑ̃⁴⁴/

1891, 薛福成 [Xue Fucheng], 出使英法義比四國日記, volume 3, page 12:

Huáshāng huágōng zài Yǎngguāng zhě sān wàn yú rén, Mǐn shāng jū sān fēn zhī yī, shēngyì jiào dà, Yuè rén suī duō ér shēngyì cì zhī.

華商華工在仰光者三萬餘人，閩商居三分之一，生意較大，粵人雖多而生意次之。

华商华工在仰光者三万余人，闽商居三分之一，生意较大，粤人虽多而生意次之。


三亞

Sino-Xenic (三亞):
* → Vietnamese: Tam Á (三亞)

→ English: Sanya

/sän⁵⁵ jä⁵¹/

/sän⁵⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/saːm⁵⁵ aː³³/

/sän⁵⁵ jä⁵¹/

/sän⁵⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/saːm⁵⁵ aː³³/

First attested in 1521 in 正德瓊台志.
Wang (2014) suggests that 三亞 is borrowed from a Hlai word meaning "field with crows".
* 三 (Hainanese /ta¹/) is borrowed from Hlai dax (“field; farmland”) (Heitu dialect: /naː²/).
* 亞／亚 (Hainanese /a¹/) is likely borrowed from Hlai eek (“crow”) (Heitu dialect: /ʔaːʔ⁹/).
Note that toponyms with 三 as the first character are common in southern Hainan where the Hlai (Li) people live.
Originally referring to the area around Sanya Harbor (三亞港), it replaced 崖縣／崖县 (Yáxiàn, “Ya County”) in 1984 to refer to the entire prefecture-level city.

(～市) Sanya (a prefecture-level city in Hainan, China)


沖繩

/ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ⁵⁵ ʂɤŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰʊŋ⁵⁵ sɪŋ²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ⁵⁵ ʂɤŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰʊŋ⁵⁵ sɪŋ²¹/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 沖縄 (Okinawa).

obor

(～市) Okinawa (a city in Okinawa Prefecture, Japan)


大同

→ English: Datong, Tatung

/tä⁵¹ tʰʊŋ³⁵/

/taːi̯²² tʰʊŋ²¹/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ tʰuŋ¹¹/

/tai²²⁻²¹ tɔŋ²⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² tɔŋ²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ tɔŋ¹³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ tɔŋ²⁴/

/tai³³⁻²¹ tɔŋ²³/

/tä⁵¹ tʰʊŋ³⁵/

/taːi̯²² tʰʊŋ²¹/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ tʰuŋ¹¹/

/tai²²⁻²¹ tɔŋ²⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² tɔŋ²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ tɔŋ¹³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ tɔŋ²⁴/

/tai³³⁻²¹ tɔŋ²³/

The philosophical sense is from the Book of Rites, Book 9 (《禮記·禮運》)

… In this way (selfish) schemings were repressed and found no development. Robbers, filchers, and rebellious traitors did not show themselves, and hence the outer doors remained open, and were not shut. This was (the period of) what we call the Grand Union.

The Book of Rites, c. 4ᵗʰ – 2ⁿᵈ century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

...... Shìgù móu bì ér bù xīng, dàoqiè luànzéi ér bù zuò, gù wàihù ér bù bì, shì wèi dàtóng.

……是故謀閉而不興，盜竊亂賊而不作，故外戶而不閉，是謂大同。

……是故谋闭而不兴，盗窃乱贼而不作，故外户而不闭，是谓大同。

(～市) Datong (a prefecture-level city in Shanxi, China)


金甌

Borrowed from Vietnamese, probably a phono-semantic matching of Vietnamese Cà Mau, likely via Cantonese.

psm

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ ˀoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kɐm⁵⁵ ɐu̯⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ ˀoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kɐm⁵⁵ ɐu̯⁵⁵/


興平

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/hiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² piɪŋ²⁴/

/hiɪŋ³³ piɪŋ²⁴/

/hiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² piɪŋ¹³/

/hiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ piɪŋ²⁴/

/hiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ piɪŋ²³/

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/hiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² piɪŋ²⁴/

/hiɪŋ³³ piɪŋ²⁴/

/hiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² piɪŋ¹³/

/hiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ piɪŋ²⁴/

/hiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ piɪŋ²³/

(～市) Xingping (a county-level city in Xianyang, Shaanxi, China)


林肯

/lin³⁵ kʰən²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lɐm²¹ hɐŋ³⁵/

/lin³⁵ kʰən²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lɐm²¹ hɐŋ³⁵/

Lincoln (a city, the state capital of Nebraska, United States)


太白

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ paɪ̯³⁵/

/tʰaːi̯³³ paːk̚²/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ piɪk̚⁴/

/tʰai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ piɪk̚²⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ piɪk̚¹²¹/

/tʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ piɪk̚⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ piɪk̚⁴/

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ paɪ̯³⁵/

/tʰaːi̯³³ paːk̚²/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ piɪk̚⁴/

/tʰai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ piɪk̚²⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ piɪk̚¹²¹/

/tʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ piɪk̚⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ piɪk̚⁴/


古來

→ Malay: Kulai

This place was originally known as 龜來, since many turtles are found on the river bank after floods. Since the character 龜 is complex, it is later renamed 古來.

/ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ laɪ̯³⁵/

/kuː³⁵ lɔːi̯²¹/

/ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ laɪ̯³⁵/

/kuː³⁵ lɔːi̯²¹/

Kulai (a town, the capital of Kulai district, Johor, Malaysia)


的黎波里

ㄉㄧ ㄌㄧˊ ㄅㄛ ㄌㄧˇ

/ti⁵⁵ li³⁵ pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tɪk̚⁵ lɐi̯²¹ pɔː⁵⁵ lei̯¹³/

/ti⁵⁵ li³⁵ pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tɪk̚⁵ lɐi̯²¹ pɔː⁵⁵ lei̯¹³/


邯鄲

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (邯鄲):
* → Japanese: 邯鄲(かんたん) (Kantan)
* → Korean: 한단(邯鄲) (Handan)

→ English: Handan, Han-tan

/xän³⁵ tän⁵⁵/

/hɔːn²¹ taːn⁵⁵/

/xän³⁵ tän⁵⁵/

/hɔːn²¹ taːn⁵⁵/

(～市) Handan (a prefecture-level city in Hebei, China)


加德滿都

ㄐㄧㄚ ㄉㄜˊ ㄇㄢˇ ㄉㄨ

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ tɤ³⁵ män²¹⁴⁻²¹ tu⁵⁵/

/kaː⁵⁵ tɐk̚⁵ muːn¹³ tou̯⁵⁵/

/ka³³ tiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ buan⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tɔ³³/

/ka⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ buan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tɔ⁴⁴/

/kɛ⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ buan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tɔ⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ tɤ³⁵ män²¹⁴⁻²¹ tu⁵⁵/

/kaː⁵⁵ tɐk̚⁵ muːn¹³ tou̯⁵⁵/

/ka³³ tiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ buan⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tɔ³³/

/ka⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ buan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tɔ⁴⁴/

/kɛ⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ buan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tɔ⁴⁴/

Borrowed from English Kathmandu, from Nepali काठमाडौं (kāṭhmāḍa͠u), from Sanskrit काष्ठमण्डप (kāṣṭhamaṇḍapa), from काष्ठ (kāṣṭha, “wood”) + मण्डप (maṇḍapa, “pavilion”).

bor

Nepali काठमाडौं (kāṭhmāḍa͠u)


宜城

/i³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/jiː²¹ sɪŋ²¹/

/i³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/jiː²¹ sɪŋ²¹/

(～市) Yicheng (a county-level city in Xiangyang, Hubei, China)


開羅

→ Zhuang: Gaihloz

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵/

/hɔːi̯⁵⁵ lɔː²¹/

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵/

/hɔːi̯⁵⁵ lɔː²¹/

Cairo (a city, the capital city of Egypt)


曼谷

/män⁵¹ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/man⁵³⁻⁵⁵ kʊk̚¹/

/ban²²⁻²¹ kɔk̚³²/

/ban⁴¹⁻²² kɔk̚⁵/

/ban²²⁻²¹ kɔk̚³²/

/ban³³⁻¹¹ kɔk̚³²/

/ban³³⁻²¹ kɔk̚³²/

/maŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ kok̚⁴/

/män⁵¹ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/man⁵³⁻⁵⁵ kʊk̚¹/

/ban²²⁻²¹ kɔk̚³²/

/ban⁴¹⁻²² kɔk̚⁵/

/ban²²⁻²¹ kɔk̚³²/

/ban³³⁻¹¹ kɔk̚³²/

/ban³³⁻²¹ kɔk̚³²/

/maŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ kok̚⁴/

Borrowed from Thai บางกอก (baang-gɔ̀ɔk), via Hokkien.

1898, 薛福成 [Xue Fucheng], 出使日記續刻, volume 5, page 26:

Guāngxù shíyī nián, Xiānluó rù tàixī gèguó zhī yóuzhèng huì, ānshè diànxiàn, nán shǐ Màngǔ, běi zhǐ Jǐngmài, zhōng tōng gè chéng, yòu dōng zhì Xīgòng, xī jiē Xiàmiǎndiàn, gòngyǒu diànxiàn wǔ qiān yībǎi sìshí lǐ yǒu qí.

光緒十一年，暹羅入泰西各國之郵政會，安設電線，南始曼谷，北止景邁，中通各城，又東至西貢，西接下緬甸，共有電線五千一百四十里有奇。

光绪十一年，暹罗入泰西各国之邮政会，安设电线，南始曼谷，北止景迈，中通各城，又东至西贡，西接下缅甸，共有电线五千一百四十里有奇。

1929, 龔學遂, 中國民族海外發展狀況, 大華書社, page 21:

Màngǔ de huáqiáo, zài shíwǔ wàn zhì èrshí wàn zhījiān, Xiānluó zhèngfǔ yǔnxǔ huáqiáo zìyóu rù guó, bìng miǎnchú qiángzhì láodòng.

曼谷的華僑，在十五萬至二十萬之間，暹羅政府允許華僑自由入國，併免除強制勞動。

1929, 龔學遂, 中國民族海外發展狀況, 大華書社, page 21:

曼谷的华侨，在十五万至二十万之间，暹罗政府允许华侨自由入国，并免除强制劳动。


薩那

/sä⁵¹⁻⁵³ nä⁵¹/

/sat̚⁵⁻²⁴ nã⁴¹/

/sat̚³²⁻⁴ nã⁵³/

/sat̚³²⁻⁵ nã⁵³/

/sä⁵¹⁻⁵³ nä⁵¹/

/sat̚⁵⁻²⁴ nã⁴¹/

/sat̚³²⁻⁴ nã⁵³/

/sat̚³²⁻⁵ nã⁵³/

(Mainland China) Sana'a (a city, the capital city of Yemen)


巴格達

/pä⁵⁵ kɤ³⁵ tä³⁵/

/pa⁴⁴⁻³³ ke(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ tat̚⁴/

/pa⁴⁴⁻³³ ke(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ tat̚⁴/

/pa⁴⁴⁻²² kiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ tat̚⁴/

/pa⁴⁴⁻²² kiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ tat̚¹²¹/

/pä⁵⁵ kɤ³⁵ tä³⁵/

/pa⁴⁴⁻³³ ke(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ tat̚⁴/

/pa⁴⁴⁻³³ ke(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ tat̚⁴/

/pa⁴⁴⁻²² kiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ tat̚⁴/

/pa⁴⁴⁻²² kiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ tat̚¹²¹/


大馬士革

ㄉㄚˋ ㄇㄚˇ ㄕˋ ㄍㄜˊ

/tä⁵¹ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂʐ̩⁵¹ kɤ³⁵/

/taːi̯²² maː¹³ siː²² kaːk̚³/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ ma²⁴⁻¹¹ sɨ⁵⁵ ki̯et̚²/

/tai³³⁻²¹ mã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ su³³⁻²¹ kiɪk̚³²/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ su³³⁻¹¹ kiɪk̚³²/

/tai²²⁻²¹ mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ su²²⁻²¹ kiɪk̚³²/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² mã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sɯ²² kiak̚⁵/

/tä⁵¹ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂʐ̩⁵¹ kɤ³⁵/

/taːi̯²² maː¹³ siː²² kaːk̚³/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ ma²⁴⁻¹¹ sɨ⁵⁵ ki̯et̚²/

/tai³³⁻²¹ mã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ su³³⁻²¹ kiɪk̚³²/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ su³³⁻¹¹ kiɪk̚³²/

/tai²²⁻²¹ mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ su²²⁻²¹ kiɪk̚³²/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² mã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sɯ²² kiak̚⁵/

Damascus (a city, the capital city of Syria)


多哈

/tu̯ɔ⁵⁵ xä⁵⁵/

/tɔː⁵⁵ haː⁵⁵/

/to⁴⁴⁻²² haʔ³²/

/tu̯ɔ⁵⁵ xä⁵⁵/

/tɔː⁵⁵ haː⁵⁵/

/to⁴⁴⁻²² haʔ³²/

(Mainland China, Hong Kong) Doha (the capital and largest city of Qatar)


高山

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 高山(たかやま) (Takayama).

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/ko²⁴⁻¹¹ san²⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/ko²⁴⁻¹¹ san²⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

(～市) Takayama (a city in Gifu Prefecture, Japan)


隆昌

/lʊŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/lʊŋ²¹ t͡sʰœːŋ⁵⁵/

/lʊŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/lʊŋ²¹ t͡sʰœːŋ⁵⁵/

(～市, formerly ～縣) Longchang (a county-level city under the city of Neijiang, Sichuan, China)


孝義

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ i⁵¹/

/haːu̯³³ jiː²²/

/hau²¹⁻⁵³ ɡi²²/

/hau⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ɡi⁴¹/

/hau²¹⁻⁵³ ɡi²²/

/hau¹¹⁻⁵³ ɡi³³/

/hau²¹⁻⁴¹ ɡi³³/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ i⁵¹/

/haːu̯³³ jiː²²/

/hau²¹⁻⁵³ ɡi²²/

/hau⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ɡi⁴¹/

/hau²¹⁻⁵³ ɡi²²/

/hau¹¹⁻⁵³ ɡi³³/

/hau²¹⁻⁴¹ ɡi³³/


雅法

/jä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ fä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ fä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/


千葉

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ jɛ⁵¹/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ jɛ⁵¹/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 千(ち)葉(ば) (Chiba).

(～市) Chiba (the capital city of Chiba Prefecture, Japan)


三浦

/sän⁵⁵ pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sän⁵⁵ pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

(～市) Miura (a city in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan)


尚志

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/sœːŋ²² t͡siː³³/

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/sœːŋ²² t͡siː³³/

The city was named after Chinese military commander 趙尚志 (Zhao Shangzhi).

named-after

(～市) Shangzhi (a county-level city in Harbin, Heilongjiang, China)


南雄

/nän³⁵ ɕi̯ʊŋ³⁵/

/naːm²¹ hʊŋ²¹/

/nän³⁵ ɕi̯ʊŋ³⁵/

/naːm²¹ hʊŋ²¹/

(～市) Nanxiong (a county-level city in Shaoguan, Guangdong, China)


千曲

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰy⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰy⁵⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 千曲 (Chikuma).

obor

(～市) Chikuma (a city in Nagano Prefecture, Japan)


昌都

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵⁵ tu⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰœːŋ⁵⁵ tou̯⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵⁵ tu⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰœːŋ⁵⁵ tou̯⁵⁵/

Borrowed from Tibetan ཆབ་མདོ (chab mdo).

(～市, formerly ～地區) Chamdo, Qamdo (a prefecture-level city in the Tibet Autonomous Region, China, formerly a prefecture)


高島

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 高島 (Takashima).

(～市) Takashima (a city in Shiga Prefecture, Japan)


田村

/tʰi̯ɛn³⁵ t͡sʰu̯ən⁵⁵/

/tʰi̯ɛn³⁵ t͡sʰu̯ən⁵⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 田村 (Tamura).

(～市) Tamura (a city in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan)


市川

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/siː¹³ t͡sʰyːn⁵⁵/

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/siː¹³ t͡sʰyːn⁵⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 市川 (Ichikawa).

(～市) Ichikawa (a city in Chiba Prefecture, Japan)


飯田

/fän⁵¹ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/fän⁵¹ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 飯田 (Iida).

(～市) Iida (a city in Nagano Prefecture, Japan)


大野

/tä⁵¹ jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tä⁵¹ jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 大野 (Ōno).

(～市) Ōno (a city in Fukui Prefecture, Japan)


上田

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

In reference to the Japanese place, an orthographic borrowing from Japanese 上田 (Ueda).

(～市) Ueda (a city in Nagano Prefecture, Japan)


古賀

/ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ xɤ⁵¹/

/ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ xɤ⁵¹/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 古賀 (Koga).

(～市) Koga (a city in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan)


池田

/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩³⁵ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/t͡sʰiː²¹ tʰiːn²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩³⁵ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/t͡sʰiː²¹ tʰiːn²¹/

(～市) Ikeda (a city in Ōsaka prefecture, Japan)


太田

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/tʰaːi̯³³ tʰiːn²¹/

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/tʰaːi̯³³ tʰiːn²¹/

(～市) Ōta (a city in Gunma Prefecture, Japan)


岡崎

/kɑŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ kʰei̯²¹/

/kɑŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ kʰei̯²¹/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 岡崎(おかざき) (Okazaki).

(～市) Okazaki (a city in Aichi Prefecture, Japan)


竹田

/ʈ͡ʂu³⁵ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂu³⁵ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 竹田 (Taketa).

(～市) Taketa (a city in Ōita Prefecture, Japan)


佐野

/t͡su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 佐野 (Sano).

(～市) Sano (a city in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan)


佐伯

/t͡su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ pu̯ɔ³⁵/

/t͡su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ pu̯ɔ³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 佐伯 (Saiki).

(～市) Saiki (a city in Ōita Prefecture, Japan)


帕拉馬里博

ㄆㄚˋ ㄌㄚ ㄇㄚˇ ㄌㄧˇ ㄅㄛˊ

/pʰä⁵¹ lä⁵⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹ pu̯ɔ³⁵/

/pʰä⁵¹ lä⁵⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹ pu̯ɔ³⁵/

Paramaribo (the capital city of Suriname)


大川

/tä⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/taːi̯²² t͡sʰyːn⁵⁵/

/tä⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/taːi̯²² t͡sʰyːn⁵⁵/

(～市) Ōkawa (a city in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan)


大津

/tä⁵¹ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/taːi̯²² t͡sɵn⁵⁵/

/tä⁵¹ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/taːi̯²² t͡sɵn⁵⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 大津(おおつ) (Ōtsu).

(～市) Ōtsu (a city in Shiga Prefecture, Japan)


大田

/tä⁵¹ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/taːi̯²² tʰiːn²¹/

/tua²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰan²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ tiɛn²⁴/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² t͡sʰan²⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² tiɛn²⁴/

/tua²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰan¹³/

/tai²²⁻²¹ tiɛn¹³/

/tua³³⁻¹¹ t͡sʰan²⁴/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ tiɛn²⁴/

/tua³³⁻²¹ t͡sʰan²³/

/tai³³⁻²¹ tiɛn²³/

/tä⁵¹ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/taːi̯²² tʰiːn²¹/

/tua²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰan²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ tiɛn²⁴/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² t͡sʰan²⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² tiɛn²⁴/

/tua²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰan¹³/

/tai²²⁻²¹ tiɛn¹³/

/tua³³⁻¹¹ t͡sʰan²⁴/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ tiɛn²⁴/

/tua³³⁻²¹ t͡sʰan²³/

/tai³³⁻²¹ tiɛn²³/

(～廣域市, ～市) Daejeon (a city in South Korea)


白井

/paɪ̯³⁵ t͡ɕiŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/paɪ̯³⁵ t͡ɕiŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 白井 (Shiroi).

(～市) Shiroi (a city in Chiba Prefecture, Japan)


鶴岡

/xɤ⁵¹ kɑŋ⁵⁵/

/xɤ⁵¹ kɑŋ⁵⁵/

(～市) Tsuruoka (a city in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan)


小野

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 小野 (Ono).

(～市) Ono (a city in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan)


大村

/tä⁵¹ t͡sʰu̯ən⁵⁵/

/tä⁵¹ t͡sʰu̯ən⁵⁵/

(～市) Ōmura (a city in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan)


大城

/tä⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/taːi̯²² sɪŋ²¹/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ saŋ¹¹/

/tua²²⁻²¹ siã²⁴/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² siã²⁴/

/tua²²⁻²¹ siã¹³/

/tua³³⁻¹¹ siã²⁴/

/tua³³⁻²¹ siã²³/

/tua¹¹ sĩã⁵⁵/

/tä⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/taːi̯²² sɪŋ²¹/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ saŋ¹¹/

/tua²²⁻²¹ siã²⁴/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² siã²⁴/

/tua²²⁻²¹ siã¹³/

/tua³³⁻¹¹ siã²⁴/

/tua³³⁻²¹ siã²³/

/tua¹¹ sĩã⁵⁵/

/taɪ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/tai²²⁻²¹ siã²⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² siã²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ siã¹³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ siã²⁴/

/tai³³⁻²¹ siã²³/

/taɪ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/tä⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/taːi̯²² sɪŋ²¹/

/tai²²⁻²¹ siã²⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² siã²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ siã¹³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ siã²⁴/

/tai³³⁻²¹ siã²³/

Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya
Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya#English

Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya (a city in Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya province, Thailand)


伊達

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 伊達 (Date).

(～市) Date (a city in Hokkaido prefecture, Japan)


武雄

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi̯ʊŋ³⁵/

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi̯ʊŋ³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 武雄 (Takeo).

(～市) Takeo (a city in Saga Prefecture, Japan)


甲斐

/t͡ɕi̯ä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ feɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡ɕi̯ä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ feɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 甲斐(かい) (Kai).

(～市) Kai (a city in Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan)


長井

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ t͡ɕiŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ t͡ɕiŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 長井 (Nagai).

(～市) Nagai (a city in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan)


長野

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ jɛː¹³/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ jɛː¹³/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 長(なが)野(の) (Nagano).

(～市) Nagano (the capital city of Nagano Prefecture, Japan)


中野

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ jɛː¹³/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ jɛː¹³/

(～市) Nakano (a city in Nagano Prefecture, Japan)


島田

/tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 島田 (Shimada).

(～市) Shimada (a city in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)


沼田

/ʈ͡ʂɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 沼田 (Numata).

(～市) Numata (a city in Gunma Prefecture, Japan)


濱中

/pin⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵/

/pin⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 浜中 (Hamanaka).

(～町) Hamanaka (a town in Hokkaido prefecture, Japan)


西尾

/ɕi⁵⁵ weɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ɕi⁵⁵ weɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 西尾 (Nishio).

(～市) Nishio (a city in Aichi Prefecture, Japan)


日野

/ʐ̩⁵¹ jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʐ̩⁵¹ jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 日野 (Hino).


橋本

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ pən²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʰiːu̯²¹ puːn³⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ pən²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʰiːu̯²¹ puːn³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 橋本 (Hashimoto).

(～市) Hashimoto (a city in Wakayama Prefecture, Japan)


日高

/ʐ̩⁵¹ kɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/ʐ̩⁵¹ kɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 日高 (Hidaka).

(～市) Hidaka (a city in Saitama Prefecture, Japan)


半田

/pän⁵¹ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/pän⁵¹ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 半田 (Handa).

(～市) Handa (a city in Aichi Prefecture, Japan)


野田

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 野田 (Noda).

/jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

(～市) Noda (a city in Chiba Prefecture, Japan)


福井

/fu³⁵ t͡ɕiŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fʊk̚⁵ t͡sɛːŋ³⁵/

/fu³⁵ t͡ɕiŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fʊk̚⁵ t͡sɛːŋ³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 福(ふく)井(い) (Fukui).

(～市) Fukui (the capital city of Fukui Prefecture, Japan)


平川

/pʰiŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ t͡sʰyːn⁵⁵/

/pʰiŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ t͡sʰyːn⁵⁵/

(～市) Hirakawa (a city in Aomori Prefecture, Japan)


藤澤

/tʰɤŋ³⁵ t͡sɤ³⁵/

/tʰɤŋ³⁵ t͡sɤ³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 藤沢 (Fujisawa).

(～市) Fujisawa (a city in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan)


藤岡

/tʰɤŋ³⁵ kɑŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰɤŋ³⁵ kɑŋ⁵⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 藤岡 (Fujioka).

(～市) Fujioka (a city in Gunma Prefecture, Japan)


藤枝

/tʰɤŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/

/tʰɤŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 藤枝 (Fujieda).

(～市) Fujieda (a city in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)


深谷

/ʂən⁵⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɐm⁵⁵ kʊk̚⁵/

/ʂən⁵⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɐm⁵⁵ kʊk̚⁵/

(～市) Fukaya (a city in Saitama Prefecture, Japan)


福山

/fu³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/fu³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

(～市) Fukuyama (a city in Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan)


古川

/ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 古川 (Furukawa).

(～市) Furukawa (a city in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan)


舟山

/ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/t͡sieu⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾laŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡siu⁴⁴⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/t͡siu⁴⁴⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/t͡siu⁴⁴⁻³³ suã⁴⁴/

/t͡siu⁴⁴⁻³³ suã⁴⁴/

/t͡sɤ⁵⁵ se²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/t͡sieu⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾laŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡siu⁴⁴⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/t͡siu⁴⁴⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/t͡siu⁴⁴⁻³³ suã⁴⁴/

/t͡siu⁴⁴⁻³³ suã⁴⁴/

/t͡sɤ⁵⁵ se²¹/

(～市) Zhoushan (a prefecture-level city in Zhejiang, China)


古河

/ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ xɤ³⁵/

/ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ xɤ³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 古河 (Koga).

(～市) Koga (a city in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan)


益田

/i⁵¹ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/i⁵¹ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 益田 (Masuda).

(～市) Masuda (a city in Shimane Prefecture, Japan)


前原

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 前原 (Maebaru).

(～市) Maebaru (a city in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan)


別府

/pi̯ɛ³⁵ fu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pi̯ɛ³⁵ fu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 別府 (Beppu).

(～市) Beppu (a city in Ōita Prefecture, Japan)


益山

(～市, formerly ～郡) Iksan (a city and former county of North Jeolla Province, South Korea)


町田

/tʰiŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/tʰiŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 町田 (Machida).


三澤

/sän⁵⁵ t͡sɤ³⁵/

/sän⁵⁵ t͡sɤ³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 三沢 (Misawa).

(～市) Misawa (a city in Aomori Prefecture, Japan)


松原

/sʊŋ⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/sʊŋ⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

(～市) Songyuan (a prefecture-level city in Jilin, China)

(～市) Matsubara (a city in Ōsaka prefecture, Japan)


三島

/sän⁵⁵ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sän⁵⁵ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 三島 (Mishima).

(～市) Mishima (a city in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)


三原

/sän⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/sän⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

(～市) Mihara (a city in Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan)


松山

/sʊŋ⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰʊŋ²¹ saːn⁵⁵/

/siɔŋ²⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ²⁴⁻²² san³³/

/siɔŋ¹³⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ san⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ²³⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/sʊŋ⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰʊŋ²¹ saːn⁵⁵/

/siɔŋ²⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ²⁴⁻²² san³³/

/siɔŋ¹³⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ san⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ²³⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

;Songshan; Matsuyama
Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 松(まつ)山(やま) (Matsuyama). In the case of Songshan, it replaced 錫口／锡口, the old name of the area.

(～市) Matsuyama (a city in Ehime Prefecture, Japan)


美馬

/meɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/meɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 美馬 (Mima).

(～市) Mima (a city in Tokushima Prefecture, Japan)


水原

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɥɛn³⁵/


松浦

/sʊŋ⁵⁵ pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sʊŋ⁵⁵ pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

(～市) Matsuura (a city in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan)


宮崎

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ kʰei̯²¹/

/kiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kia³³/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ kʰei̯²¹/

/kiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kia³³/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 宮崎(みやざき) (Miyazaki).

(～市) Miyazaki (a city in Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan)


三好

/sän⁵⁵ xɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sän⁵⁵ xɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 三好 (Miyoshi).

(～市) Miyoshi (a city in Tokushima Prefecture, Japan)


柳川

/li̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/li̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 柳川 (Yanagawa).

(～市) Yanagawa (a city in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan)


村上

/t͡sʰu̯ən⁵⁵ ʂɑŋ⁵¹/

/t͡sʰyːn⁵⁵ sœːŋ²²/

/t͡sʰu̯ən⁵⁵ ʂɑŋ⁵¹/

/t͡sʰyːn⁵⁵ sœːŋ²²/

(～市) Murakami (a city in Niigata Prefecture, Japan)


水尾

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ weɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɵy̯³⁵ mei̯¹³/

/ʃui²⁴⁻³³ mui⁵³/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ be⁵³/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ bə⁵⁵⁴/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ weɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɵy̯³⁵ mei̯¹³/

/ʃui²⁴⁻³³ mui⁵³/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ be⁵³/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ bə⁵⁵⁴/

(Cantonese) end of an event, news, popularity, etc.


吉川

/t͡ɕi³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 吉川 (Yoshikawa).

(～市) Yoshikawa (a city in Saitama Prefecture, Japan)


明石

/miŋ³⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/mɪŋ²¹ sɛːk̚²/

/miŋ³⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/mɪŋ²¹ sɛːk̚²/

(～市) Akashi (a city in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan)


和田

/xɤ³⁵ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/wɔː²¹ tʰiːn²¹/

/xɤ³⁵ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/wɔː²¹ tʰiːn²¹/

Homophonous replacement for 和闐／和阗 (Hétián) from 1959; Uyghur خوتەن (xoten).

zh-l

和闐／和阗 (Hétián)

(～市) Hotan (a county-level city in Hotan prefecture, Xinjiang, China)


高崎

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 高(たか)崎(さき) (Takasaki).

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² kia²⁴/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² kia²⁴/

(～市) Takasaki (a city in Gunma Prefecture, Japan)


相馬

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sœːŋ⁵⁵ maː¹³/

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sœːŋ⁵⁵ maː¹³/

(～市) Sōma (a city in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan)


市原

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 市原 (Ichihara).

obor

(～市) Ichihara (a city in Chiba Prefecture, Japan)


砂川

/ʂä⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/ʂä⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 砂川 (Sunagawa).

(～市) Sunagawa (a city in Hokkaido prefecture, Japan)


宇城

/y²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/y²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 宇城 (Uki).

(～市) Uki (a city in Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan)


濱田

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 浜田 (Hamada).

(～市) Hamada (a city in Shimane Prefecture, Japan)


米澤

/mi²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡sɤ³⁵/

/mi²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡sɤ³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 米沢 (Yonezawa).

(～市) Yonezawa (a city in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan)


平塚

/pʰiŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pʰiŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

(～市) Hiratsuka (a city in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan)


三明

/sän⁵⁵ miŋ³⁵/

/saːm⁵⁵ mɪŋ²¹/

/saŋ⁵⁵ miŋ⁵³/

/sam²⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/

/sän⁵⁵ miŋ³⁵/

/saːm⁵⁵ mɪŋ²¹/

/saŋ⁵⁵ miŋ⁵³/

/sam²⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/

(～市) Sanming (a prefecture-level city in Fujian, China)


島原

/tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

/tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 島原 (Shimabara).

(～市) Shimabara (a city in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan)


白石

/paɪ̯³⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/paːk̚² sɛːk̚²/

/paɪ̯³⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/paːk̚² sɛːk̚²/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 白石 (Shiroishi).

(～市) Shiroishi (a city in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan)


田原

/tʰi̯ɛn³⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/tʰi̯ɛn³⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 田原 (Tahara).

(～市) Tahara (a city in Aichi Prefecture, Japan)


土佐

/tʰu²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰou̯³⁵ t͡sɔː³³/

/tʰou̯³⁵ t͡sɔː²²/

/tʰu²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰou̯³⁵ t͡sɔː³³/

/tʰou̯³⁵ t͡sɔː²²/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 土佐 (Tosa).

(～市) Tosa (a city in Kōchi Prefecture, Japan)


布宜諾斯艾利斯

ㄅㄨˋ ㄧˊ ㄋㄨㄛˋ ㄙ ㄞˋ ㄌㄧˋ ㄙ

Буиносыайлисы

/pu⁵¹ i³⁵ nu̯ɔ⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵ ˀaɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵/

/pou̯³³ jiː²¹ nɔːk̚² siː⁵⁵ ŋaːi̯²² lei̯²² siː⁵⁵/

Buenos Aires (the capital city of Argentina)


內比都

/neɪ̯⁵¹ pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ tu⁵⁵/

/nɔːi̯²² pei̯³⁵ tou̯⁵⁵/

/neɪ̯⁵¹ pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ tu⁵⁵/

/nɔːi̯²² pei̯³⁵ tou̯⁵⁵/

Borrowed from Burmese နေပြည်တော် (ne-pranytau), using Chinese 都 (dū, “capital”).


海防

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ fɑŋ³⁵/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ fɔːŋ²¹/

/hai³³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾uoŋ⁵³/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hɔŋ²⁴/

/hai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ hɔŋ²⁴/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hɔŋ¹³/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hɔŋ²⁴/

/hai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ hɔŋ²³/

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ fɑŋ³⁵/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ fɔːŋ²¹/

/hai³³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾uoŋ⁵³/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hɔŋ²⁴/

/hai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ hɔŋ²⁴/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hɔŋ¹³/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hɔŋ²⁴/

/hai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ hɔŋ²³/


真奈

/ʈ͡ʂən⁵⁵ naɪ̯⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂən⁵⁵ naɪ̯⁵¹/

2004, Chitra Soundar, translated by 符祝炎, 印度文化之旅, Asiapac Books Pte Ltd, translation of Gateway to Indian Culture, →ISBN, page 142:

The second largest city for Indian cinema is Chennai (formerly known as Madras) in South India, where Tamil-language films are made under the "Kollywood" moniker, referring to the city's Kodambakkam neighborhood.

Yìndù dì'èr dà diànyǐng chéng wèiyú nán Yìndù Zhēnnài (Chennai, qián chēng mǎdélāsī) de Kèdànbākǎmǔ zhèn (Kodambakkam), chēngwèi "Kèláiwù" (Koliwood), zhǔ yào zhìzuò Dànmǐ'ěryǔ diànyǐng.

印度第二大電影城位於南印度真奈（Chennai，前稱馬德拉斯）的克淡巴卡姆鎮（Kodambakkam），稱為"克萊塢"（Koliwood），主要制作淡米爾語電影。

印度第二大电影城位于南印度真奈（Chennai，前称马德拉斯）的克淡巴卡姆镇（Kodambakkam），称为"克莱坞"（Koliwood），主要制作淡米尔语电影。

2016 September 23, “新加坡飞印度航班惊魂 三星手机冒黑烟”, in Nanyang Post:

The plane was flying from Singapore to Chennai, India.

Zhè jià fēijī dāngshí zhèngzài zhíxíng cóng Xīnjiāpō fēi wǎng Yìndù Zhēnnài.

这架飛機當時正在執行从新加坡飛往印度真奈。

这架飞机当时正在执行从新加坡飞往印度真奈。

(chiefly Malaysia, Singapore) Chennai (the capital and largest city of Tamil Nadu, India)


船橋

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än³⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵/

/syːn²¹ kʰiːu̯²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än³⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵/

/syːn²¹ kʰiːu̯²¹/

(～市) Funabashi (a city in Chiba Prefecture, Japan)


守口

/ʂoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʂoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 守口 (Moriguchi).

(～市) Moriguchi (a city in Ōsaka prefecture, Japan)


八代

/pä⁵⁵ taɪ̯⁵¹/

/pä⁵⁵ taɪ̯⁵¹/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 八代 (Yatsushiro).

(～市) Yatsushiro (a city in Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan)


結城

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 結(ゆう)城(き) (Yūki).

(～市) Yūki (a city in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan)


伊賀

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 伊賀 (Iga).

(～市) Iga (a city in Mie Prefecture, Japan)


宇治

/y²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/jyː¹³ t͡siː²²/

/y²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/jyː¹³ t͡siː²²/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 宇治 (Uji).

(～市) Uji (a city in Kyōto prefecture, Japan)


美里

/meɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/meɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/


孝感

→ English: Hsiao-kan, Siaokan, Xiaogan

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹ kän²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/haːu̯³³ kɐm³⁵/

/hau²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾aŋ³³/

/hau⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kam⁵⁵⁴/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹ kän²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/haːu̯³³ kɐm³⁵/

/hau²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾aŋ³³/

/hau⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kam⁵⁵⁴/

Huang-p'o is treacherous, and Hsiao-kan is cunning, but Han-ch'uan is both treacherous and cunning.

1922, E. T. C. Werner, Chinese Ditties, page 4

jiān Huángpí, jiǎo Xiàogǎn, yòu jiān yòu jiǎo shì Hànchuān

奸黃陂 狡孝感 又奸又狡是漢川

奸黄陂 狡孝感 又奸又狡是汉川

(～市) Xiaogan (a prefecture-level city in Hubei, China)


衡州

/xɤŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/xɤŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

People's Republic of China
People's Republic of China

Hengzhou, a former name for the city of Hengyang in Hunan province in the People's Republic of China


比薩

/pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ sä⁵¹/

/pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ sä⁵¹/


熊谷

/ɕi̯ʊŋ³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ɕi̯ʊŋ³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 熊谷 (Kumagaya).

(～市) Kumagaya (a city in Saitama Prefecture, Japan)


廣義

/ku̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ i⁵¹/

/kʷɔːŋ³⁵ jiː²²/

/kɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡi²²/

/kɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ɡi⁴¹/

/kɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡi²²/

/kɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡi³³/

/kɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɡi³³/

/ku̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ i⁵¹/

/kʷɔːŋ³⁵ jiː²²/

/kɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡi²²/

/kɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ɡi⁴¹/

/kɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡi²²/

/kɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡi³³/

/kɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɡi³³/


基希訥烏

/t͡ɕi⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵ nɤ⁵¹ u⁵⁵/

/kei̯⁵⁵ hei̯⁵⁵ nɐt̚² wuː⁵⁵/

/ki⁴⁴⁻²² hi⁴⁴⁻²² lut̚¹²¹⁻²¹ ɔ⁴⁴/

/ki⁴⁴⁻²² hi⁴⁴⁻²² lut̚⁴⁻³² ɔ⁴⁴/

/ki³³ hi³³ lut̚²⁴⁻² ɔ³³/

/ki⁴⁴⁻²² hi⁴⁴⁻²² lap̚⁴⁻³² ɔ⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕi⁵⁵ ɕi³³ nəʔ³³ u²¹/

/t͡ɕi⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵ nɤ⁵¹ u⁵⁵/

/kei̯⁵⁵ hei̯⁵⁵ nɐt̚² wuː⁵⁵/

/ki⁴⁴⁻²² hi⁴⁴⁻²² lut̚¹²¹⁻²¹ ɔ⁴⁴/

/ki⁴⁴⁻²² hi⁴⁴⁻²² lut̚⁴⁻³² ɔ⁴⁴/

/ki³³ hi³³ lut̚²⁴⁻² ɔ³³/

/ki⁴⁴⁻²² hi⁴⁴⁻²² lap̚⁴⁻³² ɔ⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕi⁵⁵ ɕi³³ nəʔ³³ u²¹/

Chișinău (a city, the capital city of Moldova)


丹陽

/tän⁵⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/taːn⁵⁵ jœːŋ²¹/

/tän⁵⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/taːn⁵⁵ jœːŋ²¹/

Danyang (a county-level city in Jiangsu, China)


行方

/ɕiŋ³⁵ fɑŋ⁵⁵/

/ɕiŋ³⁵ fɑŋ⁵⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 行方 (Namegata).

(～市) Namegata (a city in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan)


神木

/ʂən³⁵ mu⁵¹/

/sɐn²¹ mʊk̚²/

/sin²⁴⁻²² bɔk̚⁴/

/sin²⁴⁻²² bɔk̚²⁴/

/sin¹³⁻²² bɔk̚¹²¹/

/sin²⁴⁻¹¹ bɔk̚⁴/

/sin²³⁻³³ bɔk̚⁴/

/ʂən³⁵ mu⁵¹/

/sɐn²¹ mʊk̚²/

/sin²⁴⁻²² bɔk̚⁴/

/sin²⁴⁻²² bɔk̚²⁴/

/sin¹³⁻²² bɔk̚¹²¹/

/sin²⁴⁻¹¹ bɔk̚⁴/

/sin²³⁻³³ bɔk̚⁴/

(～市, formerly ～縣) Shenmu (a county-level city and former county of Yulin, Shaanxi, China)


松滋

/sʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡sz̩⁵⁵/

/sʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡sz̩⁵⁵/

(～市) Songzi (a county-level city in Jingzhou, Hubei, China) (in southwest Hubei province)


廬山

/lu³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/lɔ²⁴⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/lɔ²⁴⁻²² suã³³/

/lɔ¹³⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/lɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ suã⁴⁴/

/lɔ²³⁻³³ suã⁴⁴/

/lu³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/lɔ²⁴⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/lɔ²⁴⁻²² suã³³/

/lɔ¹³⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/lɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ suã⁴⁴/

/lɔ²³⁻³³ suã⁴⁴/

(～市) Lushan (a county-level city in Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China)


嘉興

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/kaː⁵⁵ hɪŋ⁵⁵/

/ka⁴⁴⁻²² hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ka³³ hiɪŋ³³/

/ka⁴⁴⁻²² hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ka⁴⁴⁻³³ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ka⁴⁴⁻³³ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/kaː⁵⁵ hɪŋ⁵⁵/

/ka⁴⁴⁻²² hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ka³³ hiɪŋ³³/

/ka⁴⁴⁻²² hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ka⁴⁴⁻³³ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ka⁴⁴⁻³³ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

(～市) Jiaxing (a prefecture-level city in Zhejiang, China)


鳴門

/miŋ³⁵ mən³⁵/

/mɪŋ²¹ muːn²¹/

/miŋ³⁵ mən³⁵/

/mɪŋ²¹ muːn²¹/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 鳴門 (Naruto).

(～市) Naruto (a city in Tokushima Prefecture, Japan)


餘姚

/y³⁵ jɑʊ̯³⁵/

/jyː²¹ jiːu̯²¹/

/y³⁵ jɑʊ̯³⁵/

/jyː²¹ jiːu̯²¹/

餘 (OC *la) is thought to be the same as the first syllable in 餘杭, and may be derived from a Kra-Dai substrate word. See 餘杭 for more.

(～市) Yuyao (a county-level city in Ningbo, Zhejiang, China)


臺南

→ English: Tainan

→ Korean: 타이난 (Tainan)

→ Russian: Тайнань (Tajnanʹ)

/tʰaɪ̯³⁵ nän³⁵/

/tʰɔːi̯²¹ naːm²¹/

/tʰaɪ̯³⁵ nän³⁵/

/tʰɔːi̯²¹ naːm²¹/

Officially, with the creation of Tainan Prefecture (臺南府) in 1887.

(～市) (historical) Tainan City (former provincial city, now part of the special municipality)


伊東

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 伊東 (Itō).

(～市) Itō (a city in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)


裾野

/t͡ɕy⁵⁵ jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡ɕy⁵⁵ jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 裾野 (Susono).

(～市) Susono (a city in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)


宣城

/ɕy̯ɛn⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/syːn⁵⁵ sɪŋ²¹/

/souŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾niaŋ⁵³/

/suan⁴⁴⁻²² siã²⁴/

/suan⁴⁴⁻²² siã¹³/

/suan⁴⁴⁻³³ siã²⁴/

/suan⁴⁴⁻³³ siã²³/

/ɕi⁵⁵ zən²¹/

/ɕy̯ɛn⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/syːn⁵⁵ sɪŋ²¹/

/souŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾niaŋ⁵³/

/suan⁴⁴⁻²² siã²⁴/

/suan⁴⁴⁻²² siã¹³/

/suan⁴⁴⁻³³ siã²⁴/

/suan⁴⁴⁻³³ siã²³/

/ɕi⁵⁵ zən²¹/

(～市) Xuancheng (a prefecture-level city in Anhui, China)


舊金山

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (舊金山):
* → Vietnamese: Cựu Kim Sơn (舊金山)

Цзюцзиньшань

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕin⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/kɐu̯²² kɐm⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/kʰi̯u⁵⁵ kim²⁴⁻¹¹ san²⁴/

/ku²²⁻²¹ kim⁴⁴⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/ku⁴¹⁻²² kim³³ suã³³/

/ku²²⁻²¹ kim⁴⁴⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/ku³³⁻¹¹ kim⁴⁴⁻³³ suã⁴⁴/

/ku³³⁻²¹ kim⁴⁴⁻³³ suã⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕin⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/kɐu̯²² kɐm⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/kʰi̯u⁵⁵ kim²⁴⁻¹¹ san²⁴/

/ku²²⁻²¹ kim⁴⁴⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/ku⁴¹⁻²² kim³³ suã³³/

/ku²²⁻²¹ kim⁴⁴⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/ku³³⁻¹¹ kim⁴⁴⁻³³ suã⁴⁴/

/ku³³⁻²¹ kim⁴⁴⁻³³ suã⁴⁴/

The name refers to the gold rush in the 19th century, and "old" is in comparison to the "New Gold Mountain" (新金山 (Xīnjīnshān)) of Melbourne, Australia. (金山 (jīnshān) is being used loosely for any place of great chances for wealth in a similar fashion to the English "gold mine".)

1904, Liang Qichao, 新大陸遊記, 廣智書局, published 1907, page 192:

From all the societies I have seen in the world, there is no society as disorderly as the Chinese community in San Francisco. Why so? It's because of freedom.

Wú guān quán dìqiú zhī shèhuì, wèi yǒu língluàn yú Jiùjīnshān zhī huárén zhě. Cǐ hé yǐ gù? Yuē zìyóu ěr.

吾觀全地球之社會，未有凌亂於舊金山之華人者。此何以故？曰自由耳。

吾观全地球之社会，未有凌乱于旧金山之华人者。此何以故？曰自由耳。

Chinese workers and merchants living abroad in the New and Old Gold Mountains, Hawaii, Singapore, Penang Island, Cuba and Peru numbered at least millions. Their home letters often failed to reach their hometowns ten years after being sent, since the mail company had the custom of intercepting mails sent to non-treaty powers.

1929, Zhao Erxun, "Draft History of Qing"

Zhōngguó gōngshāng lǚjū Xīn Jiù jīnshān, Tánxiāngshān, Xīnjiāpō, Bīnlángyǔ, Gǔbā, Mìlǔ zhě, bùxià shù bǎiwàn rén, wǎngwǎng yǒu yī zhǐ jiāshū shí nián bù dá zhě, yuán yóuhuì yǒu kòuzǔ wúyuēguó wénhán zhī lì yě.

中國工商旅居新舊金山、檀香山、新嘉坡、檳榔嶼、古巴、秘魯者，不下數百萬人，往往有一紙家書十年不達者，緣郵會有扣阻無約國文函之例也。

中国工商旅居新旧金山、檀香山、新嘉坡、槟榔屿、古巴、秘鲁者，不下数百万人，往往有一纸家书十年不达者，缘邮会有扣阻无约国文函之例也。

(chiefly Mainland China, Taiwan, dated in Hong Kong) San Francisco (a city in California, United States)


維多利亞

ㄨㄟˊ ㄉㄨㄛ ㄌㄧˋ ㄧㄚˋ

ㄨㄟˊ ㄉㄨㄛ ㄌㄧˋ ㄧㄚˇ

/weɪ̯³⁵ tu̯ɔ⁵⁵ li⁵¹⁻⁵³ jä⁵¹/

/weɪ̯³⁵ tu̯ɔ⁵⁵ li⁵¹ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/wɐi̯²¹ tɔː⁵⁵ lei̯²² aː³³/

/weɪ̯³⁵ tu̯ɔ⁵⁵ li⁵¹⁻⁵³ jä⁵¹/

/weɪ̯³⁵ tu̯ɔ⁵⁵ li⁵¹ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/wɐi̯²¹ tɔː⁵⁵ lei̯²² aː³³/

British Columbia
British Columbia#English

Victoria (a city in British Columbia, Canada)

City of Victoria
City of Victoria#English

(historical) (～城) City of Victoria (a city in Hong Kong)


大分

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ fən⁵¹/

/taːi̯²² fɐn⁵⁵/

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ fən⁵¹/

/taːi̯²² fɐn⁵⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 大分(おおいた) (Ōita).

ja-r

大分(おおいた) (Ōita)

(～市) Ōita (a city in Ōita Prefecture, Japan)


西海

/ɕi⁵⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/ɕi⁵⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵/

(～市) Saikai (a city in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan)


恩賈梅納

ㄣ ㄐㄧㄚˇ ㄇㄟˊ ㄋㄚˋ

/ˀən⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä²¹⁴⁻²¹ meɪ̯³⁵ nä⁵¹/

/ˀən⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä²¹⁴⁻²¹ meɪ̯³⁵ nä⁵¹/


牛津

/ni̯oʊ̯³⁵ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/ŋɐu̯²¹ t͡sɵn⁵⁵/

/ɡiu²⁴⁻²² tin⁴⁴/

/ni̯oʊ̯³⁵ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/ŋɐu̯²¹ t͡sɵn⁵⁵/

/ɡiu²⁴⁻²² tin⁴⁴/

(～市) Oxford (a city in Oxfordshire, England)


信陽

→ English: Hsin-yang, Xinyang

/ɕin⁵¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/sɵn³³ jœːŋ²¹/

/siŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ^((Ø-))ŋyoŋ⁵³/

/sin²¹⁻⁵³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/sin⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ iɔŋ²⁴/

/sin²¹⁻⁵³ iɔŋ¹³/

/sin¹¹⁻⁵³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/sin²¹⁻⁴¹ iɔŋ²³/

/ɕin³³ ɦiã⁴⁴/

/ɕin⁵¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/sɵn³³ jœːŋ²¹/

/siŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ^((Ø-))ŋyoŋ⁵³/

/sin²¹⁻⁵³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/sin⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ iɔŋ²⁴/

/sin²¹⁻⁵³ iɔŋ¹³/

/sin¹¹⁻⁵³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/sin²¹⁻⁴¹ iɔŋ²³/

/ɕin³³ ɦiã⁴⁴/

(～市) Xinyang (a prefecture-level city in Henan, China)


西寧

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (西寧):
* → Japanese: 西寧(せいねい) (Seinei)
* → Korean: 서녕(西寧) (Seonyeong)

→ English: Xining, Sining, Hsi-ning

/ɕi⁵⁵ niŋ³⁵/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ nɪŋ²¹/

/si⁴⁴⁻³⁵ nɛn¹¹/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/se³³ liɪŋ²⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² liɪŋ¹³/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ liɪŋ²⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ liɪŋ²³/

/ɕi⁵⁵ niŋ³⁵/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ nɪŋ²¹/

/si⁴⁴⁻³⁵ nɛn¹¹/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/se³³ liɪŋ²⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² liɪŋ¹³/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ liɪŋ²⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ liɪŋ²³/

; "Xining": Coined in 1104 with the establishment of 西寧州 (“Xining prefecture”), intended to convey the meaning "peaceful western frontier". Compare 西零 (MC sej len).

(～市) Xining (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Qinghai, China)


銀川

desc

→ English: Yin-ch'uan, Yinchuan, Yinchwan

/in³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/iŋ²⁴ ʈ͡ʂʰuæ̃²⁴/

/ŋɐn²¹ t͡sʰyːn⁵⁵/

/ŋyŋ¹³⁻²¹ t͡sʰœŋ⁵³³/

/ŋyŋ¹³⁻²¹ t͡sʰyøŋ⁵³³/

/ɡun²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰuan³³/

/ɡun²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/ɡun²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/ɡin²³⁻³³ t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/ɡin¹³⁻²² t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/in³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/iŋ²⁴ ʈ͡ʂʰuæ̃²⁴/

/ŋɐn²¹ t͡sʰyːn⁵⁵/

/ŋyŋ¹³⁻²¹ t͡sʰœŋ⁵³³/

/ŋyŋ¹³⁻²¹ t͡sʰyøŋ⁵³³/

/ɡun²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰuan³³/

/ɡun²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/ɡun²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/ɡin²³⁻³³ t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/ɡin¹³⁻²² t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

(～市) Yinchuan (a prefecture-level city, the regional capital of Ningxia, China)


北上

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂɑŋ⁵¹/

/pɐk̚⁵ sœːŋ¹³/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ siɔŋ³³/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ siaŋ³³/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂɑŋ⁵¹/

/pɐk̚⁵ sœːŋ¹³/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ siɔŋ³³/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ siaŋ³³/

(～市) Kitakami (a city in Iwate Prefecture, Japan)


安康

/ˀän⁵⁵ kʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ hɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² kʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/an³³ kʰɔŋ³³/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² kʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/aŋ³³⁻²³ kʰaŋ³³/

/ˀän⁵⁵ kʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ hɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² kʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/an³³ kʰɔŋ³³/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² kʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/aŋ³³⁻²³ kʰaŋ³³/

(～市) Ankang (a prefecture-level city in Shaanxi, China)


鴨川

/jä⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/jä⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 鴨川 (Kamogawa).

obor

(～市) Kamogawa (a city in Chiba Prefecture, Japan)


大邱

/tä⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/

/taːi̯²² jɐu̯⁵⁵/

/tä⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/

/taːi̯²² jɐu̯⁵⁵/


蔚山

/weɪ̯⁵¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

/wɐi̯³³ saːn⁵⁵/

/weɪ̯⁵¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

/wɐi̯³³ saːn⁵⁵/


淄博

/t͡sz̩⁵⁵ pu̯ɔ³⁵/

/t͡siː⁵⁵ pɔːk̚³/

/t͡sy⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βɑuʔ²⁴/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻²² pʰɔk̚³²/

/t͡su³³ pʰɔk̚⁵/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻²² pʰɔk̚³²/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻³³ pʰɔk̚³²/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻³³ pʰɔk̚³²/

/t͡sɯ³³⁻²³ pʰak̚²/

/t͡sz̩⁵⁵ poʔ²¹/

/t͡sz̩⁵⁵ pu̯ɔ³⁵/

/t͡siː⁵⁵ pɔːk̚³/

/t͡sy⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βɑuʔ²⁴/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻²² pʰɔk̚³²/

/t͡su³³ pʰɔk̚⁵/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻²² pʰɔk̚³²/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻³³ pʰɔk̚³²/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻³³ pʰɔk̚³²/

/t͡sɯ³³⁻²³ pʰak̚²/

/t͡sz̩⁵⁵ poʔ²¹/

(～市) Zibo (a prefecture-level city in central Shandong, China)


仁川

/ʐən³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/jɐn²¹ t͡sʰyːn⁵⁵/

/ʐən³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/jɐn²¹ t͡sʰyːn⁵⁵/

(～廣域市, ～市) Incheon (a city in South Korea)


養父

/jɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ fu⁵¹/

/jœːŋ¹³ fuː²²/

/i̯oŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ fu⁵⁵/

/(j)i̯oŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ fu⁵⁵/

/iɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ hu³³/

/iɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hu³³/

/iũ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pe³³/

/iũ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ pe³³/

/iũ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pe²²/

/iɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pe³³/

/iɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ pe³³/

/jɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ fu⁵¹/

/jœːŋ¹³ fuː²²/

/i̯oŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ fu⁵⁵/

/(j)i̯oŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ fu⁵⁵/

/iɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ hu³³/

/iɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hu³³/

/iũ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pe³³/

/iũ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ pe³³/

/iũ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pe²²/

/iɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pe³³/

/iɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ pe³³/

(～市) Yabu (a city in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan)


鞍山

/ˀän⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/ˀän⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

(～市) Anshan (a prefecture-level city in Liaoning, China)


保定

/pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ tiŋ⁵¹/

/pou̯³⁵ tɪŋ²²/

/pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ tiŋ⁵¹/

/pou̯³⁵ tɪŋ²²/

(～市) Baoding (a prefecture-level city in Hebei, China; the former provincial capital of Zhili during the Qing dynasty, and Hebei from 1949 to 1958 and 1966 to 1968)


包頭

→ English: Baotou, Pao-t'ou, Paotow

Borrowed from Mongolian ᠪᠤᠭᠤᠲᠤ (buɣutu), from ᠪᠤᠭᠤ (buɣu, “deer”) / буга (buga) + -ᠲᠤ (-tu, “place where ... is”)

/pɑʊ̯⁵⁵ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/

/pɑʊ̯⁵⁵ tʰɤʊ̯ɻʷ³⁵/

/paːu̯⁵⁵ tʰɐu̯²¹/

/pau⁴⁴⁻²² tʰau²⁴/

/pau⁴⁴⁻²² tʰau¹³/

/pau⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰau²⁴/

/pau⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰau²³/

/pau³³⁻²³ tʰau⁵⁵/

/pɒu̯³³ təu̯¹³/

/pɑʊ̯⁵⁵ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/

/pɑʊ̯⁵⁵ tʰɤʊ̯ɻʷ³⁵/

/paːu̯⁵⁵ tʰɐu̯²¹/

/pau⁴⁴⁻²² tʰau²⁴/

/pau⁴⁴⁻²² tʰau¹³/

/pau⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰau²⁴/

/pau⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰau²³/

/pau³³⁻²³ tʰau⁵⁵/

/pɒu̯³³ təu̯¹³/

(～市) Baotou (a prefecture-level city, the largest city in Inner Mongolia, in northern China)


釜山

/fu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

/hu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ san⁴⁴/

/hu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ san³³/

/hu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ san⁴⁴/

/hu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ san⁴⁴/

/hu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ san⁴⁴/

/fu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

/hu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ san⁴⁴/

/hu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ san³³/

/hu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ san⁴⁴/

/hu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ san⁴⁴/

/hu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ san⁴⁴/


銚子

/ti̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹ d͡z̥z̩¹/

/ti̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹ d͡z̥z̩¹/

(～市) Chōshi (a city in Chiba Prefecture, Japan)


大慶

→ English: Daqing, Taching, Ta-ch'ing

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵¹/

/taːi̯²² hɪŋ³³/

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵¹/

/taːi̯²² hɪŋ³³/

(～市) Daqing (a prefecture-level city in Heilongjiang, China)


新潟

/ɕin⁵⁵ ɕi⁵¹/

/sɐn⁵⁵ sɪk̚⁵/

/ɕin⁵⁵ ɕi⁵¹/

/sɐn⁵⁵ sɪk̚⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 新(にい)潟(がた) (Niigata).

(～市) Niigata (the capital city of Niigata Prefecture, Japan)


釧路

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵¹⁻⁵³ lu⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵¹⁻⁵³ lu⁵¹/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 釧路 (Kushiro).

(～市) Kushiro (a city in Hokkaido prefecture, Japan)


舞鶴

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ xɤ⁵¹/

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ xɤ⁵¹/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 舞(まい)鶴(づる) (Maizuru).

(～市) Maizuru (a city in Kyoto Prefecture, Japan)


美濃

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 美濃(みの) (Mino).

/meɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ nʊŋ³⁵/

/mei̯¹³ nʊŋ²¹/

/bi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lɔŋ²³/

/bi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lɔŋ²⁴/

/bi⁴⁴⁻³³ lɔŋ⁴⁴/

/meɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ nʊŋ³⁵/

/mei̯¹³ nʊŋ²¹/

/bi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lɔŋ²³/

/bi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lɔŋ²⁴/

/bi⁴⁴⁻³³ lɔŋ⁴⁴/

(～市) Mino (a city in Gifu Prefecture, Japan)


富士

/fu⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/fuː³³ siː²²/

/fu⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/fuː³³ siː²²/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 富士(ふじ) (Fuji).

(～市) Fuji (a city in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)


筑波

/ʈ͡ʂu⁵¹ pu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂu³⁵ pu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂu⁵¹ pu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂu³⁵ pu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 筑波(つくば) (Tsukuba).

(～市) Tsukuba (a city in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan)


佐渡

/t͡su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ tu⁵¹/

/t͡su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ tu⁵¹/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 佐渡 (Sado).

(～市) Sado (a city in Niigata Prefecture, Japan)


岡山

/kɑŋ⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/kɔŋ³³ san³³/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/kɑŋ⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/kɔŋ³³ san³³/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

; Okayama, Japan
; Gangshan District, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

(～市) Okayama (the capital city of Okayama Prefecture, Japan)


埼玉

/t͡ɕʰi³⁵ y⁵¹/

/kʰei̯²¹ jʊk̚²/

/ki²³⁻³³ ɡiɔk̚⁴/

/ki²⁴⁻¹¹ ɡiɔk̚⁴/

/t͡ɕʰi³⁵ y⁵¹/

/kʰei̯²¹ jʊk̚²/

/ki²³⁻³³ ɡiɔk̚⁴/

/ki²⁴⁻¹¹ ɡiɔk̚⁴/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 埼(さい)玉(たま) (Saitama).

(～市) Saitama (the capital city of Saitama Prefecture, Japan)


岐阜

/t͡ɕʰi³⁵ fu⁵¹/

/kʰei̯²¹ fɐu̯²²/

/t͡ɕʰi³⁵ fu⁵¹/

/kʰei̯²¹ fɐu̯²²/

(～市) Gifu (a city in Gifu Prefecture, Japan)


秋田

/t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/t͡sʰɐu̯⁵⁵ tʰiːn²¹/

/t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/t͡sʰɐu̯⁵⁵ tʰiːn²¹/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 秋(あき)田(た) (Akita).

(～市) Akita (a city in Akita Prefecture, Japan)


富山

/fu⁵¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

/hu²¹⁻⁴¹ suã⁴⁴/

/hu¹¹⁻⁵³ suã⁴⁴/

/fu⁵¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

/hu²¹⁻⁴¹ suã⁴⁴/

/hu¹¹⁻⁵³ suã⁴⁴/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 富(と)山(やま) (Toyama).

(～市) Toyama (a city in Toyama Prefecture, Japan)


青森

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ sən⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ sɐm⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sim⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ sən⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ sɐm⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sim⁴⁴/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 青(あお)森(もり) (Aomori).

(～市) Aomori (a city in Aomori Prefecture, Japan)


熊本

/ɕi̯ʊŋ³⁵ pən²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hʊŋ²¹ puːn³⁵/

/ɕi̯ʊŋ³⁵ pən²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hʊŋ²¹ puːn³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 熊本(くまもと) (Kumamoto).

(～市) Kumamoto (the capital city of Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan)


山形

/ʂän⁵⁵ ɕiŋ³⁵/

/saːn⁵⁵ jɪŋ²¹/

/ʂän⁵⁵ ɕiŋ³⁵/

/saːn⁵⁵ jɪŋ²¹/

(～市) Yamagata (a city in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan)


伊勢

/jiː⁵⁵ sɐi̯³³/

/jiː⁵⁵ sɐi̯³³/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 伊勢 (Ise).

(～市) Ise (a city in Mie Prefecture, Japan)


栃木

/li⁵¹⁻⁵³ mu⁵¹/

/lɐi̯²² mʊk̚²/

/li⁵¹⁻⁵³ mu⁵¹/

/lɐi̯²² mʊk̚²/

(～市) Tochigi (a city in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan)


和歌山

/xɤ³⁵ kɤ⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/wɔː²¹ kɔː⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/xɤ³⁵ kɤ⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/wɔː²¹ kɔː⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 和歌(わか)山(やま) (Wakayama).

(～市) Wakayama (a city in Wakayama Prefecture, Japan)


佐賀

/t͡su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ xɤ⁵¹/

/t͡sɔː³³ hɔː²²/

/t͡su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ xɤ⁵¹/

/t͡sɔː³³ hɔː²²/

(～市) Saga (a city in Saga Prefecture, Japan)


八幡

/pä⁵⁵ fän⁵⁵/

/pä⁵⁵ fän⁵⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 八幡 (Hachiman).

(～市) Hachiman (a city in Kyōto prefecture, Japan)


桐生

/tʰʊŋ³⁵ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰʊŋ³⁵ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 桐生 (Kiryū).

(～市) Kiryū (a city in Gunma Prefecture, Japan)


本庄

/pən²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂu̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/pən²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂu̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

For pronunciation and definitions of 本庄 – see 本莊 (“local; native”).
(This term is the simplified form of 本莊).
 Notes:
Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.
Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

zh-see

(～市) Honjō (a city in Saitama Prefecture, Japan)


金山

→ English: Chinshan, Jinshan, → Gold Mountain (calque)

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/kim³³ san³³⁻³³⁵/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/kim³³ san³³⁻³³⁵/

For some geographical locations, the name refers to the gold rush in the 19th century. (The term is being used loosely for any place of great chances for wealth in a similar fashion to the English "gold mine".)

(～市) Kaneyama (a city in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan)


鳥取

/ni̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡ɕʰy²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/niːu̯¹³ t͡sʰɵy̯³⁵/

/ni̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡ɕʰy²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/niːu̯¹³ t͡sʰɵy̯³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 鳥取(とっとり) (Tottori).

(～市) Tottori (a city in Tottori Prefecture, Japan)


足利

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 足利 (Ashikaga).

obor

(～市) Ashikaga (a city in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan)


高知

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/

(～市) Kōchi (a city in Kōchi Prefecture, Japan)


宇都宮

/y²¹⁴⁻²¹ tu⁵⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/y²¹⁴⁻²¹ tu⁵⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

Utsunomiya (the capital city of Tochigi Prefecture, Japan)


北九州

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/pɐk̚⁵ kɐu̯³⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/pɐk̚⁵ kɐu̯³⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 北九州 (Kitakyūshū).

(～市) Kitakyūshū (a city in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan)


長岡

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ kɑŋ⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ kɑŋ⁵⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 長岡 (Nagaoka).

(～市) Nagaoka (a city in Niigata Prefecture, Japan)


小田原

ㄒㄧㄠˇ ㄊㄧㄢˊ ㄩㄢˊ

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 小田原 (Odawara).

(～市) Odawara (a city in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan)


函館

/xän³⁵ ku̯än²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/xän³⁵ ku̯än²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 函(はこ)館(だて) (Hakodate).

(～市) Hakodate (a city in Hokkaido prefecture, Japan)


盛岡

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹ kɑŋ⁵⁵/

/sɪŋ²² kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹ kɑŋ⁵⁵/

/sɪŋ²² kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 盛(もり)岡(おか) (Morioka).

Morioka (the capital city of Iwate Prefecture, Japan)


熊野

/ɕi̯ʊŋ³⁵ jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ɕi̯ʊŋ³⁵ jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 熊野 (Kumano).

(～市) Kumano (a city in Mie Prefecture, Japan)


鹿島

/lu⁵¹ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lu⁵¹ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

(～市) Kashima (a city in Saga Prefecture, Japan)


加賀

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ xɤ⁵¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ xɤ⁵¹/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 加賀 (Kaga).

(～市) Kaga (a city in Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan)


淡路

/tän⁵¹⁻⁵³ lu⁵¹/

/tän⁵¹⁻⁵³ lu⁵¹/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 淡路 (Awaji).

(～市) Awaji (a city in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan)


三河

/sän⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/saːm⁵⁵ hɔː²¹/

/sam⁴⁴⁻²² ho²⁴/

/sam⁴⁴⁻²² ho¹³/

/sam⁴⁴⁻³³ ho²⁴/

/sam⁴⁴⁻³³ hɤ²³/

/sän⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/saːm⁵⁵ hɔː²¹/

/sam⁴⁴⁻²² ho²⁴/

/sam⁴⁴⁻²² ho¹³/

/sam⁴⁴⁻³³ ho²⁴/

/sam⁴⁴⁻³³ hɤ²³/

(～市) Sanhe (a county-level city in Langfang, Hebei, China)


佐世保

/t͡su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂʐ̩⁵¹ pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂʐ̩⁵¹ pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 佐世保 (Sasebo).

(～市) Sasebo (a city in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan)


鳥羽

/ni̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ni̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 鳥羽 (Toba).

(～市) Toba (a city in Mie Prefecture, Japan)


白河

/paɪ̯³⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/paːk̚² hɔː²¹/

/pe(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ ho¹³/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ hɤ²³/

/paɪ̯³⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/paːk̚² hɔː²¹/

/pe(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ ho¹³/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ hɤ²³/

(～市) Shirakawa (a city in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan)


弘前

/xʊŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/xʊŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 弘前 (Hirosaki).

(～市) Hirosaki (a city in Aomori Prefecture, Japan)


立川

/li⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/li⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 立川 (Tachikawa).


秩父

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ fu⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ fu⁵¹/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 秩父 (Chichibu).

(～市) Chichibu (a city in Saitama Prefecture, Japan)


和泉

/xɤ³⁵ t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵/

/xɤ³⁵ t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 和泉 (Izumi).

(～市) Izumi (a city in Ōsaka prefecture, Japan)


四日市

/sz̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/sz̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 四日市 (Yokkaichi).

(～市) Yokkaichi (a city in Mie Prefecture, Japan)


丹波

/tän⁵⁵ pu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/tän⁵⁵ pu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 丹波 (Tanba).

(～市) Tanba (a city in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan)


御所

/y⁵¹ su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/y⁵¹ su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 御所 (Gose).

(～市) Gose (a city in Nara Prefecture, Japan)


石垣

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/sɛːk̚² wuːn²¹/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/sɛːk̚² wuːn²¹/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 石垣 (Ishigaki).

(～市) Ishigaki (a city in Okinawa Prefecture, Japan)


朝倉

/ʈ͡ʂɑʊ̯⁵⁵ t͡sʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂɑʊ̯⁵⁵ t͡sʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 朝倉 (Asakura).

(～市) Asakura (a city in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan)


鈴鹿

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 鈴鹿 (Suzuka).

(～市) Suzuka (a city in Mie Prefecture, Japan)


一宮

/i⁵⁵⁻⁵¹ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/jɐt̚⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/i⁵⁵⁻⁵¹ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/jɐt̚⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 一宮 (Ichinomiya).

(～市) Ichinomiya (a city in Aichi Prefecture, Japan)


前橋

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵/

/t͡sʰiːn²¹ kʰiːu̯²¹/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵/

/t͡sʰiːn²¹ kʰiːu̯²¹/

(～市) Maebashi (a city in Gunma Prefecture, Japan)


五常

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵/

/ŋ̍¹³ sœːŋ²¹/

/ŋɔ̃⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɔŋ²⁴/

/ŋɔ̃⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ siɔŋ²³/

/ɡɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ siɔŋ²⁴/

/ŋɔ̃⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siaŋ¹³/

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵/

/ŋ̍¹³ sœːŋ²¹/

/ŋɔ̃⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɔŋ²⁴/

/ŋɔ̃⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ siɔŋ²³/

/ɡɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ siɔŋ²⁴/

/ŋɔ̃⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siaŋ¹³/

(～市) Wuchang (a county-level city in Harbin, Heilongjiang, China)


鄂州

→ English: Ezhou, O-chou

/ˀɤ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/ŋɔːk̚² t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/ŋouʔ²⁴⁻²¹ t͡sieu⁵⁵/

/ɡɔk̚⁴⁻³² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/ɡɔk̚²⁴⁻² t͡siu³³/

/ɡɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/ɡɔk̚⁴⁻³² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/ɡɔk̚⁴⁻³² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/ŋoʔ¹¹ t͡sɤ²³/

/ˀɤ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/ŋɔːk̚² t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/ŋouʔ²⁴⁻²¹ t͡sieu⁵⁵/

/ɡɔk̚⁴⁻³² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/ɡɔk̚²⁴⁻² t͡siu³³/

/ɡɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/ɡɔk̚⁴⁻³² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/ɡɔk̚⁴⁻³² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/ŋoʔ¹¹ t͡sɤ²³/

(～市) Ezhou (a prefecture-level city in Hubei, China)


鳳凰城

ㄈㄥˋ ㄏㄨㄤˊ ㄔㄥˊ

/fɤŋ⁵¹ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/fʊŋ²² wɔːŋ²¹ sɪŋ²¹/

/fɤŋ⁵¹ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/fʊŋ²² wɔːŋ²¹ sɪŋ²¹/

(chiefly Taiwan, Hong Kong) Phoenix (a city, the state capital of Arizona, United States)


貴港

/ku̯eɪ̯⁵¹ kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʷɐi̯³³ kɔːŋ³⁵/

/kui²¹³⁻⁵⁵ kaŋ⁵²⁻²¹/

/ku̯eɪ̯⁵¹ kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʷɐi̯³³ kɔːŋ³⁵/

/kui²¹³⁻⁵⁵ kaŋ⁵²⁻²¹/

(～市) Guigang (a prefecture-level city in Guangxi, China)


天水

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ sɵy̯³⁵/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ sɵy̯³⁵/

(～市) Tianshui (a prefecture-level city in Gansu, China)


天長

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ t͡sʰœːŋ²¹/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ t͡sʰœːŋ²¹/

(～市) Tianchang (a county-level city in Chuzhou, Anhui, China)


宇部

/y²¹⁴⁻²¹ pu⁵¹/

/y²¹⁴⁻²¹ pu⁵¹/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 宇部 (Ube).

(～市) Ube (a city in Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan)


蘇州

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (蘇州):
* → Japanese: 蘇(そ)州(しゅう) (soshū)
* → Vietnamese: Tô Châu (蘇州)

desc

→ English: Suzhou, Su-chou, Soochow, Suchow, Suchou (obsolete)

→ Georgian: სუჭოუ (suč̣ou)

→ Lao: ຊູໂຈ (sū chō)

/su⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/sou̯⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/su²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡su²⁴/

/sɔ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/sɔ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/sɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/sɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/su⁵⁵ t͡sɤ²¹/

/su⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/sou̯⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/su²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡su²⁴/

/sɔ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/sɔ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/sɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/sɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/su⁵⁵ t͡sɤ²¹/

(～市) Suzhou (a prefecture-level city in Jiangsu, China)


吳縣

/u³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/ŋ̍²¹ jyːn²²/

/u³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/ŋ̍²¹ jyːn²²/

(～市) (historical) Wuxian (a former county-level city in Jiangsu, China; now part of Suzhou, Jiangsu, China)


國立

/ku̯ɔ³⁵ li⁵¹/

/kʷɔːk̚³ laːp̚²/

/kʷɔːk̚³ lɐp̚²/

/kɔk̚⁵⁵ lip̚³²/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ lip̚⁴/

/kɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ lip̚²⁴/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁵ lip̚¹²¹/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ lip̚⁴/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ lip̚⁴/

/ku̯ɔ³⁵ li⁵¹/

/kʷɔːk̚³ laːp̚²/

/kʷɔːk̚³ lɐp̚²/

/kɔk̚⁵⁵ lip̚³²/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ lip̚⁴/

/kɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ lip̚²⁴/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁵ lip̚¹²¹/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ lip̚⁴/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ lip̚⁴/


倉敷

/t͡sʰɑŋ⁵⁵ fu⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɑŋ⁵⁵ fu⁵⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 倉敷 (Kurashiki).

obor

(～市) Kurashiki (a city in Okayama Prefecture, Japan)


同仁

/tʰʊŋ³⁵ ʐən³⁵/

/tʰʊŋ²¹ jɐn²¹/

/tɔŋ²³⁻³³ zin²³/

/tɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ lin²⁴/

/tʰʊŋ³⁵ ʐən³⁵/

/tʰʊŋ²¹ jɐn²¹/

/tɔŋ²³⁻³³ zin²³/

/tɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ lin²⁴/

(～市, formerly ～縣) Tongren (a county-level city and former county of Huangnan prefecture, Qinghai, China)


烏蘭察布

ㄨ ㄌㄢˊ ㄔㄚˊ ㄅㄨˋ

/u⁵⁵ län³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰä³⁵ pu⁵¹/

/wuː⁵⁵ laːn²¹ t͡sʰaːt̚³ pou̯³³/

/u⁵⁵ län³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰä³⁵ pu⁵¹/

/wuː⁵⁵ laːn²¹ t͡sʰaːt̚³ pou̯³³/

(～市) Ulanqab (a prefecture-level city in Inner Mongolia, China)


羅省

/lu̯ɔ³⁵ ʂɤŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lɔː²¹ saːŋ³⁵/

/lᵘɔ²² saŋ⁵⁵/

/lu̯ɔ³⁵ ʂɤŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lɔː²¹ saːŋ³⁵/

/lᵘɔ²² saŋ⁵⁵/

Phono-semantic matching of English Los Angeles.
Compare Japanese 羅府 (Rafu, “Los Angeles”) and Korean 나성(羅城) (Naseong, “Los Angeles”).

psm

(dated or dialectal) Los Angeles (a large city in California, United States)


寶雞

/pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi⁵⁵/

/pou̯³⁵ kɐi̯⁵⁵/

/po³³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ie⁵⁵/

/pɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ke⁴⁴/

/pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi⁵⁵/

/pou̯³⁵ kɐi̯⁵⁵/

/po³³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ie⁵⁵/

/pɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ke⁴⁴/

(～市) Baoji (a prefecture-level city in Shaanxi, China)


阿克蘇

→ English: Akesu, A-k'o-su

/ˀä⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹ su⁵⁵/

/aː³³ hɐk̚⁵ sou̯⁵⁵/

/ˀä⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹ su⁵⁵/

/aː³³ hɐk̚⁵ sou̯⁵⁵/

Borrowed from Manchu ᠠᡴᠰᡠ (aksu), from Middle Mongol ᠠᠭᠰᠤ (aɣsu), from Chagatai آقسُو (Āqsū), اکسو (Aksū). Compare Uyghur ئاقسۇ (aqsu), Written Oirat ᠠᡎᠰᡇ, Tibetan ཨག་སུ (ag su).

(～市) Aksu (a county-level city in Aksu prefecture, Xinjiang, China)


路德

Borrowed from German Luther, or English Rudd.

A transliteration of the English male given name Luther


馬賽

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ saɪ̯⁵¹/

/maː¹³ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sai²¹/

/mã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sai⁴¹/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sai²¹/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sai¹¹/

/mã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ sai²¹/

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ saɪ̯⁵¹/

/maː¹³ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sai²¹/

/mã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sai⁴¹/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sai²¹/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sai¹¹/

/mã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ sai²¹/

Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur#English

Marseille (the capital city of the Bouches-du-Rhône department, France; capital city of the region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur)


馬六甲

ㄇㄚˇ ㄌㄧㄡˋ ㄐㄧㄚˇ

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ li̯oʊ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/maː¹³ lʊk̚² kaːp̚³/

/ma⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ lak̚⁴⁻³ kaʔ³/

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ li̯oʊ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/maː¹³ lʊk̚² kaːp̚³/

/ma⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ lak̚⁴⁻³ kaʔ³/

Borrowed from Malay Melaka, via Hokkien.

1824, 尚德 [Walter Henry Medhurst], 咬𠺕吧總論, page 5:

Qiě Yǎoliúba zhī dìtǔ, shènwéi féihòu, shèng yú Mǎliùjiǎ jí Jùgǎng děng chù zhī dìtǔ, yīn yǒu duō huǒshān zhī cáiliào, yǔ qí tǔní jiāocān, yòu yīn tiānshàng jiàngyǔ shí, shān biān zhī líng tǔ, tóng liú xià píngdì qù, zhì qí tǔ miàn chéng hòu, suǒyǐ wéi féi yě.

且咬𠺕吧之地土，甚為肥厚，勝於馬六甲及巨港等處之地土，因有多火山之材料，與其土泥交參，又因天上降雨時，山邊之零土，同流下平地去，致其土面成厚，所以為肥也。

且咬𠺕吧之地土，甚为肥厚，胜于马六甲及巨港等处之地土，因有多火山之材料，与其土泥交参，又因天上降雨时，山边之零土，同流下平地去，致其土面成厚，所以为肥也。


來賓

/lɔːi̯²¹ pɐn⁵⁵/

/lai⁵⁵⁻¹¹ piŋ³³/

/lɔːi̯²¹ pɐn⁵⁵/

/lai⁵⁵⁻¹¹ piŋ³³/

(～市) Laibin (a prefecture-level city in Guangxi, China)


珀斯

/pʰu̯ɔ⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵/

/pʰaːk̚³ siː⁵⁵/

/pʰu̯ɔ⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵/

/pʰaːk̚³ siː⁵⁵/

Western Australia
Western Australia#English

Perth (the state capital of Western Australia)


海牙

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ jä³⁵/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ ŋaː²¹/

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ jä³⁵/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ ŋaː²¹/

Probably from French La Haye or Portuguese Haia.

The Hague (the administrative capital of the Netherlands)


莫爾茲比港

ㄇㄛˋ ㄦˇ ㄗ ㄅㄧˇ ㄍㄤˇ

Моэрцзыби ган

/mu̯ɔ⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡sz̩⁵⁵ pi²¹⁴⁻³⁵ kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea#English

Port Moresby (the capital of Papua New Guinea)


波哥大

/pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ kɤ⁵⁵ tä⁵¹/

/pɔː⁵⁵ kɔː⁵⁵ taːi̯²²/

/pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ kɤ⁵⁵ tä⁵¹/

/pɔː⁵⁵ kɔː⁵⁵ taːi̯²²/


拉巴斯

/lä⁵⁵ pä⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵/

/lä⁵⁵ pä⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵/


阿拉木圖

ㄚ ㄌㄚ ㄇㄨˋ ㄊㄨˊ

/ˀä⁵⁵ lä⁵⁵ mu⁵¹ tʰu³⁵/

/aː³³ laːi̯⁵⁵ mʊk̚² tʰou̯²¹/

/ˀä⁵⁵ lä⁵⁵ mu⁵¹ tʰu³⁵/

/aː³³ laːi̯⁵⁵ mʊk̚² tʰou̯²¹/


哈瓦那

/xä⁵⁵ wä²¹⁴⁻²¹ nä⁵¹/

/haː⁵⁵ ŋaː¹³ naː¹³/

/xä⁵⁵ wä²¹⁴⁻²¹ nä⁵¹/

/haː⁵⁵ ŋaː¹³ naː¹³/

Havana (a city, the capital city of Cuba)


地拉那

/ti⁵¹ lä⁵⁵ nä⁵¹/

/tei̯²² laːi̯⁵⁵ naː¹³/

/te⁴¹⁻²² la³³ nã⁴¹/

/te²²⁻²¹ la⁴⁴⁻²² nã⁵³/

/ti⁵¹ lä⁵⁵ nä⁵¹/

/tei̯²² laːi̯⁵⁵ naː¹³/

/te⁴¹⁻²² la³³ nã⁴¹/

/te²²⁻²¹ la⁴⁴⁻²² nã⁵³/

Tirana (the capital and largest city of Albania)


馬累

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ leɪ̯⁵¹/

/maː¹³ lɵy̯²²/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lui²²/

/mã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lui⁴¹/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lui²²/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lui³³/

/mã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lui³³/

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ leɪ̯⁵¹/

/maː¹³ lɵy̯²²/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lui²²/

/mã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lui⁴¹/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lui²²/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lui³³/

/mã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lui³³/

(Mainland China) Malé (a city, the capital city of the Maldives)


喀土穆

/kʰä⁵⁵ tʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ mu⁵¹/

/kʰä⁵⁵ tʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ mu⁵¹/


卡拉卡斯

ㄎㄚˇ ㄌㄚ ㄎㄚˇ ㄙ

/kʰä²¹⁴⁻²¹ lä⁵⁵ kʰä²¹⁴⁻²¹ sz̩⁵⁵/

/kʰä²¹⁴⁻²¹ lä⁵⁵ kʰä²¹⁴⁻²¹ sz̩⁵⁵/


雷克雅維克

ㄌㄟˊ ㄎㄜˋ ㄧㄚˇ ㄨㄟˊ ㄎㄜˋ

/leɪ̯³⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹ weɪ̯³⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹/

/lɵy̯²¹ hɐk̚⁵ ŋaː¹³ wɐi̯²¹ hɐk̚⁵/

/le²² kʰəʔ⁵⁵ ia³³ vi³³ kʰəʔ²¹/

/leɪ̯³⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹ weɪ̯³⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹/

/lɵy̯²¹ hɐk̚⁵ ŋaː¹³ wɐi̯²¹ hɐk̚⁵/

/le²² kʰəʔ⁵⁵ ia³³ vi³³ kʰəʔ²¹/

(Taiwan) Reykjavík (the capital city of Iceland)


奧斯陸

/ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵ lu⁵¹/

/ou̯³³ siː⁵⁵ lʊk̚²/

/o⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ sɯ³³ liɔk̚²⁴/

/o²¹⁻⁵³ su⁴⁴⁻²² liɔk̚⁴/

/o¹¹⁻⁵³ su⁴⁴⁻³³ liɔk̚⁴/

/o²¹⁻⁵³ su⁴⁴⁻²² liɔk̚¹²¹/

/ɤ²¹⁻⁴¹ su⁴⁴⁻³³ liɔk̚⁴/

/ɔ³³ sz̩⁵⁵ loʔ²¹/

/ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵ lu⁵¹/

/ou̯³³ siː⁵⁵ lʊk̚²/

/o⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ sɯ³³ liɔk̚²⁴/

/o²¹⁻⁵³ su⁴⁴⁻²² liɔk̚⁴/

/o¹¹⁻⁵³ su⁴⁴⁻³³ liɔk̚⁴/

/o²¹⁻⁵³ su⁴⁴⁻²² liɔk̚¹²¹/

/ɤ²¹⁻⁴¹ su⁴⁴⁻³³ liɔk̚⁴/

/ɔ³³ sz̩⁵⁵ loʔ²¹/


喬治敦

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹ tu̯ən⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹ tu̯ən⁵⁵/


蒙得維的亞

ㄇㄥˊ ㄉㄜˊ ㄨㄟˊ ㄉㄧˊ ㄧㄚˋ

/mɤŋ³⁵ tɤ³⁵ weɪ̯³⁵ ti³⁵ jä⁵¹/

/mɤŋ³⁵ tɤ³⁵ weɪ̯³⁵ ti³⁵ jä⁵¹/

Montevideo (a city, the capital city of Uruguay)


利馬

/li⁵¹ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/li⁴¹⁻²² mã⁵⁵⁴/

/li²²⁻²¹ mã⁵³/

/li⁵¹ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/li⁴¹⁻²² mã⁵⁵⁴/

/li²²⁻²¹ mã⁵³/


拉姆安拉

/lä⁵⁵ mu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ˀän⁵⁵ lä⁵⁵/

/lä⁵⁵ mu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ˀän⁵⁵ lä⁵⁵/

(chiefly Mainland China) Ramallah (a city in Palestine)


廷布

/tʰiŋ³⁵ pu⁵¹/

/tʰɪŋ²¹ pou̯³³/

/tiɪŋ²⁴⁻²² pɔ²¹/

/tiɪŋ²⁴⁻²² pɔ⁴¹/

/tiɪŋ¹³⁻²² pɔ²¹/

/tiɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ pɔ¹¹/

/tiɪŋ²³⁻³³ pɔ²¹/

/tʰiŋ³⁵ pu⁵¹/

/tʰɪŋ²¹ pou̯³³/

/tiɪŋ²⁴⁻²² pɔ²¹/

/tiɪŋ²⁴⁻²² pɔ⁴¹/

/tiɪŋ¹³⁻²² pɔ²¹/

/tiɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ pɔ¹¹/

/tiɪŋ²³⁻³³ pɔ²¹/

Borrowed from Dzongkha ཐིམ་ཕུ (thim phu).

(Mainland China) Thimphu (the capital city of Bhutan)


巴西利亞

ㄅㄚ ㄒㄧ ㄌㄧˋ ㄧㄚˋ

/pä⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵ li⁵¹⁻⁵³ jä⁵¹/

/paː⁵⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵ lei̯²² aː³³/

/pä⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵ li⁵¹⁻⁵³ jä⁵¹/

/paː⁵⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵ lei̯²² aː³³/

Distrito Federal
Distrito Federal#English

Brasília (a municipality, the capital city of Brazil; state capital of Distrito Federal, Brazil)


比勒陀利亞

ㄅㄧˇ ㄌㄜˋ ㄊㄨㄛˊ ㄌㄧˋ ㄧㄚˋ

/pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ lɤ⁵¹ tʰu̯ɔ³⁵ li⁵¹⁻⁵³ jä⁵¹/

/pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ lɤ⁵¹ tʰu̯ɔ³⁵ li⁵¹⁻⁵³ jä⁵¹/

Pretoria (a city, the administrative capital of South Africa)


開普敦

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ tu̯ən⁵⁵/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ pʰou̯³⁵ tɵn⁵⁵/

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ tu̯ən⁵⁵/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ pʰou̯³⁵ tɵn⁵⁵/

Cape Town (a city, the legislative capital of South Africa)


利雅得

/li⁵¹ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹ tɤ³⁵/

/lei̯²² ŋaː¹³ tɐk̚⁵/

/li⁴¹⁻²² ŋã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tiak̚⁵/

/li²²⁻²¹ ŋã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiɪk̚³²/

/li²²⁻²¹ ŋɛ̃⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiɪk̚³²/

/li⁵¹ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹ tɤ³⁵/

/lei̯²² ŋaː¹³ tɐk̚⁵/

/li⁴¹⁻²² ŋã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tiak̚⁵/

/li²²⁻²¹ ŋã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiɪk̚³²/

/li²²⁻²¹ ŋɛ̃⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiɪk̚³²/

(Mainland China, Hong Kong) Riyadh (the capital city of Saudi Arabia)


馬斯喀特

ㄇㄚˇ ㄙ ㄎㄚ ㄊㄜˋ

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ sz̩⁵⁵ kʰä⁵⁵ tʰɤ⁵¹/

/maː¹³ siː⁵⁵ kʰaː³³ tɐk̚²/

/mã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sɯ³³ kʰiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ tiak̚²⁴/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ su⁴⁴⁻²² kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ tiɪk̚¹²¹/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ su⁴⁴⁻²² kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ tiɪk̚⁴/

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ sz̩⁵⁵ kʰä⁵⁵ tʰɤ⁵¹/

/maː¹³ siː⁵⁵ kʰaː³³ tɐk̚²/

/mã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sɯ³³ kʰiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ tiak̚²⁴/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ su⁴⁴⁻²² kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ tiɪk̚¹²¹/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ su⁴⁴⁻²² kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ tiɪk̚⁴/


瓦杜茲

/wä²¹⁴⁻²¹ tu⁵¹ t͡sz̩⁵⁵/

/ŋaː¹³ tou̯²² t͡siː⁵⁵/

/ua⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tɔ²² t͡sɯ³³/

/ua⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tɔ²²⁻²¹ t͡su⁴⁴/

/ŋo²² du⁵⁵ t͡sz̩²¹/

/wä²¹⁴⁻²¹ tu⁵¹ t͡sz̩⁵⁵/

/ŋaː¹³ tou̯²² t͡siː⁵⁵/

/ua⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tɔ²² t͡sɯ³³/

/ua⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tɔ²²⁻²¹ t͡su⁴⁴/

/ŋo²² du⁵⁵ t͡sz̩²¹/

(Mainland China) Vaduz (the capital city of Liechtenstein)


貝魯特

/peɪ̯⁵¹ lu²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰɤ⁵¹/

/puːi̯³³ lou̯¹³ tɐk̚²/

/pue⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ lɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tiak̚²⁴/

/pue²¹⁻⁵³ lɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiɪk̚⁴/

/pue¹¹⁻⁵³ lɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiɪk̚⁴/

/pue²¹⁻⁵³ lɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiɪk̚¹²¹/

/pue²¹⁻⁴¹ lɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tiɪk̚⁴/

/peɪ̯⁵¹ lu²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰɤ⁵¹/

/puːi̯³³ lou̯¹³ tɐk̚²/

/pue⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ lɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tiak̚²⁴/

/pue²¹⁻⁵³ lɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiɪk̚⁴/

/pue¹¹⁻⁵³ lɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiɪk̚⁴/

/pue²¹⁻⁵³ lɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiɪk̚¹²¹/

/pue²¹⁻⁴¹ lɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tiɪk̚⁴/


麥納麥

/maɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ nä⁵¹⁻⁵³ maɪ̯⁵¹/

/mɐk̚² naːp̚² mɐk̚²/

/biak̚²⁴⁻² lap̚²⁴⁻² biak̚²⁴/

/biɪk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ lap̚¹²¹⁻²¹ biɪk̚¹²¹/

/biɪk̚⁴⁻³² lap̚⁴⁻³² biɪk̚⁴/

/maɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ nä⁵¹⁻⁵³ maɪ̯⁵¹/

/mɐk̚² naːp̚² mɐk̚²/

/biak̚²⁴⁻² lap̚²⁴⁻² biak̚²⁴/

/biɪk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ lap̚¹²¹⁻²¹ biɪk̚¹²¹/

/biɪk̚⁴⁻³² lap̚⁴⁻³² biɪk̚⁴/

(Mainland China) Manama (a city, the capital city of Bahrain)


薩格勒布

ㄙㄚˋ ㄍㄜˊ ㄌㄜˋ ㄅㄨˋ

/sä⁵¹ kɤ³⁵ lɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ pu⁵¹/

/sat̚⁵⁻²⁴ kiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ liak̚²⁴⁻² pɔ⁴¹/

/sat̚³²⁻⁴ kiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ liɪk̚⁴⁻³² pɔ²¹/

/sat̚³²⁻⁵ kiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ liɪk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ pɔ²¹/

/saʔ³³ kaʔ⁵⁵ ləʔ³³ pu²¹/

/sä⁵¹ kɤ³⁵ lɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ pu⁵¹/

/sat̚⁵⁻²⁴ kiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ liak̚²⁴⁻² pɔ⁴¹/

/sat̚³²⁻⁴ kiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ liɪk̚⁴⁻³² pɔ²¹/

/sat̚³²⁻⁵ kiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ liɪk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ pɔ²¹/

/saʔ³³ kaʔ⁵⁵ ləʔ³³ pu²¹/

(Mainland China) Zagreb (the capital city of Croatia)


盧布爾雅那

ㄌㄨˊ ㄅㄨˋ ㄦˇ ㄧㄚˇ ㄋㄚˋ

/lu³⁵ pu⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹ nä⁵¹/

/lou̯²¹ pou̯³³ jiː¹³ ŋaː¹³ naː¹³/

/lɔ²⁴⁻²² pɔ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ nĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ŋã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ nã⁴¹/

/lɔ²⁴⁻²² pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ŋã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nã⁵³/

/lɔ¹³⁻²² pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ d͡zĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ŋɛ̃⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nã⁵³/

/lu²² pu⁵⁵ ɦəl³³ ia³³ na²¹/

/lu³⁵ pu⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹ nä⁵¹/

/lou̯²¹ pou̯³³ jiː¹³ ŋaː¹³ naː¹³/

/lɔ²⁴⁻²² pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ŋã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nã⁵³/

/lu²² pu⁵⁵ ɦəl³³ ia³³ na²¹/

(Mainland China) Ljubljana (the capital city of Slovenia)


聖地牙哥

ㄕㄥˋ ㄉㄧˋ ㄧㄚˊ ㄍㄜ

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ti⁵¹ jä³⁵ kɤ⁵⁵/

/sɪŋ³³ tei̯²² ŋaː²¹ kɔː⁵⁵/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ te³³⁻²¹ ɡe²³⁻³³ kɤ⁴⁴/

/siɪŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ tue³³⁻¹¹ ɡe²⁴⁻¹¹ ko⁴⁴/

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ti⁵¹ jä³⁵ kɤ⁵⁵/

/sɪŋ³³ tei̯²² ŋaː²¹ kɔː⁵⁵/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ te³³⁻²¹ ɡe²³⁻³³ kɤ⁴⁴/

/siɪŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ tue³³⁻¹¹ ɡe²⁴⁻¹¹ ko⁴⁴/


拉巴特

/lä⁵⁵ pä⁵⁵ tʰɤ⁵¹/

/laːi̯⁵⁵ paː⁵⁵ tɐk̚²/

/lä⁵⁵ pä⁵⁵ tʰɤ⁵¹/

/laːi̯⁵⁵ paː⁵⁵ tɐk̚²/

Rabat (the capital city of Morocco, and capital city of the region of Rabat-Sale-Kenitra, Morocco)


波德戈里察

ㄅㄛ ㄉㄜˊ ㄍㄜ ㄌㄧˇ ㄔㄚˊ

/pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ tɤ³⁵ kɤ⁵⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰä³⁵/

/pɔː⁵⁵ tɐk̚⁵ kʷɔː⁵⁵ lei̯¹³ t͡sʰaːt̚³/

/pʰo³³ tiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ kɔ³³ li⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰat̚⁵/

/po⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ ko⁴⁴⁻²² li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰat̚³²/

/pʰo⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ ko⁴⁴⁻²² li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰat̚³²/

/pu⁵⁵ təʔ³³ ku³³ li³³ t͡sʰaʔ²¹/

/pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ tɤ³⁵ kɤ⁵⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰä³⁵/

/pɔː⁵⁵ tɐk̚⁵ kʷɔː⁵⁵ lei̯¹³ t͡sʰaːt̚³/

/pu⁵⁵ təʔ³³ ku³³ li³³ t͡sʰaʔ²¹/

(Mainland China, Hong Kong) Podgorica (the capital city of Montenegro)


帝力

/ti⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹/

/tɐi̯³³ lɪk̚²/

/te⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ liak̚²⁴/

/te²¹⁻⁵³ liɪk̚⁴/

/te²¹⁻⁵³ liɪk̚¹²¹/

/ti⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹/

/tɐi̯³³ lɪk̚²/

/te⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ liak̚²⁴/

/te²¹⁻⁵³ liɪk̚⁴/

/te²¹⁻⁵³ liɪk̚¹²¹/

(Mainland China) Dili (a city, the capital city of East Timor)


布隆方丹

ㄅㄨˋ ㄌㄨㄥˊ ㄈㄤ ㄉㄢ

Булунфандань

/pu⁵¹ lʊŋ³⁵ fɑŋ⁵⁵ tän⁵⁵/

/pu⁵¹ lʊŋ³⁵ fɑŋ⁵⁵ tän⁵⁵/

From Afrikaans Bloemfontein. Doublet of 布隆泉 (Bùlóngquán).

(chiefly Mainland China, Hong Kong) Bloemfontein (a major city and judicial capital of South Africa)


布魯塞爾

ㄅㄨˋ ㄌㄨˇ ㄙㄞˋ ㄦˇ

ㄅㄨˋ ㄌㄨˇ ㄙㄜˋ ㄦˇ

/pu⁵¹ lu²¹⁴⁻²¹ saɪ̯⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pu⁵¹ lu²¹⁴⁻²¹ sɤ⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pou̯³³ lou̯¹³ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³ jiː¹³/

/pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ lɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sai²¹⁻⁵³ nĩ⁵³/

/pɔ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ lɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ nĩ⁵⁵⁴/

/pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ lɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sai²¹⁻⁵³ d͡zĩ⁵³/

/pu³³ lu⁵⁵ se³³ ɦəl²¹/

/pu⁵¹ lu²¹⁴⁻²¹ saɪ̯⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pu⁵¹ lu²¹⁴⁻²¹ sɤ⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pou̯³³ lou̯¹³ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³ jiː¹³/

/pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ lɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sai²¹⁻⁵³ nĩ⁵³/

/pɔ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ lɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ nĩ⁵⁵⁴/

/pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ lɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sai²¹⁻⁵³ d͡zĩ⁵³/

/pu³³ lu⁵⁵ se³³ ɦəl²¹/


基多

/t͡ɕi⁵⁵ tu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi⁵⁵ tu̯ɔ⁵⁵/


達卡

/tä³⁵ kʰä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/taːt̚² kʰaː⁵⁵/

/tat̚²⁴⁻² kʰaʔ⁵/

/tat̚⁴⁻³² kʰa⁵³/

/tat̚¹²¹⁻²¹ kʰa⁵³/

/tä³⁵ kʰä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/taːt̚² kʰaː⁵⁵/

/tat̚²⁴⁻² kʰaʔ⁵/

/tat̚⁴⁻³² kʰa⁵³/

/tat̚¹²¹⁻²¹ kʰa⁵³/

Dhaka (a city, the capital city of Bangladesh)


達卡

/tä³⁵ kʰä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/taːt̚² kʰaː⁵⁵/

/tat̚²⁴⁻² kʰaʔ⁵/

/tat̚⁴⁻³² kʰa⁵³/

/tat̚¹²¹⁻²¹ kʰa⁵³/

/tä³⁵ kʰä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/taːt̚² kʰaː⁵⁵/

/tat̚²⁴⁻² kʰaʔ⁵/

/tat̚⁴⁻³² kʰa⁵³/

/tat̚¹²¹⁻²¹ kʰa⁵³/

(chiefly Taiwan) Dakar (a city, the capital city of Senegal)


貝爾格萊德

ㄅㄟˋ ㄦˇ ㄍㄜˊ ㄌㄞˊ ㄉㄜˊ

Бэйэргэлайдэ

/peɪ̯⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ kɤ³⁵ laɪ̯³⁵ tɤ³⁵/

/puːi̯³³ jiː¹³ kaːk̚³ lɔːi̯²¹ tɐk̚⁵/

/pue⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ nĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ lai²⁴⁻²² tiak̚⁵/

/pue²¹⁻⁵³ nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ lai²⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚³²/

/pue²¹⁻⁵³ d͡zĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ lai¹³⁻²² tiɪk̚³²/

/pe³³ ɦəl⁵⁵ kaʔ³³ le³³ təʔ²¹/

/peɪ̯⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ kɤ³⁵ laɪ̯³⁵ tɤ³⁵/

/puːi̯³³ jiː¹³ kaːk̚³ lɔːi̯²¹ tɐk̚⁵/

/pe³³ ɦəl⁵⁵ kaʔ³³ le³³ təʔ²¹/

(Mainland China) Belgrade (the capital city of Serbia)


哥本哈根

ㄍㄜ ㄅㄣˇ ㄏㄚ ㄍㄣ

Гэбэньхагэнь

/kɤ⁵⁵ pən²¹⁴⁻²¹ xä⁵⁵ kən⁵⁵/

/kɔː⁵⁵ puːn³⁵ haː⁵⁵ kɐn⁵⁵/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ pun⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ha⁴⁴⁻³³ kin⁴⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² pun⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ha(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ kun⁴⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻³³ pun⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ha⁴⁴⁻³³ kun⁴⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² pun⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ha(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ kin⁴⁴/

/ku⁵⁵ pən³³ ha³³ kən²¹/

/kɤ⁵⁵ pən²¹⁴⁻²¹ xä⁵⁵ kən⁵⁵/

/kɔː⁵⁵ puːn³⁵ haː⁵⁵ kɐn⁵⁵/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ pun⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ha⁴⁴⁻³³ kin⁴⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² pun⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ha(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ kun⁴⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻³³ pun⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ha⁴⁴⁻³³ kun⁴⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² pun⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ha(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ kin⁴⁴/

/ku⁵⁵ pən³³ ha³³ kən²¹/

From English Copenhagen, from Danish København, from Old Danish Køpmannæhafn.

Copenhagen (the capital city of Denmark)


斯里巴加灣

ㄙ ㄌㄧˇ ㄅㄚ ㄐㄧㄚ ㄨㄢ

Сыли Бацзявань

/sz̩⁵⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹ pä⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ wän⁵⁵/

/siː⁵⁵ lei̯¹³ paː⁵⁵ kaː⁵⁵ waːn⁵⁵/

/sɯ³³ li⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ pa³³ ka³³ uan³³/

/su⁴⁴⁻²² li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pa⁴⁴⁻²² ka⁴⁴⁻²² uan⁴⁴/

/su⁴⁴⁻²² li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pa⁴⁴⁻²² kɛ⁴⁴⁻²² uan⁴⁴/

/sz̩⁵⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹ pä⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ wän⁵⁵/

/siː⁵⁵ lei̯¹³ paː⁵⁵ kaː⁵⁵ waːn⁵⁵/

/sɯ³³ li⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ pa³³ ka³³ uan³³/

/su⁴⁴⁻²² li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pa⁴⁴⁻²² ka⁴⁴⁻²² uan⁴⁴/

/su⁴⁴⁻²² li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pa⁴⁴⁻²² kɛ⁴⁴⁻²² uan⁴⁴/

Bandar Seri Begawan
Bandar Seri Begawan#English

(Mainland Chinese) Bandar Seri Begawan (the capital city of Brunei)


亞松森

/jä⁵¹ sʊŋ⁵⁵ sən⁵⁵/

/jä²¹⁴⁻²¹ sʊŋ⁵⁵ sən⁵⁵/

/aː³³ t͡sʰʊŋ²¹ sɐm⁵⁵/

/jä⁵¹ sʊŋ⁵⁵ sən⁵⁵/

/jä²¹⁴⁻²¹ sʊŋ⁵⁵ sən⁵⁵/

/aː³³ t͡sʰʊŋ²¹ sɐm⁵⁵/

Asunción (a city, the capital city of Paraguay)


尼科西亞

ㄋㄧˊ ㄎㄜ ㄒㄧ ㄧㄚˋ

ㄋㄧˊ ㄎㄜ ㄒㄧ ㄧㄚˇ

/ni³⁵ kʰɤ⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵ jä⁵¹/

/ni³⁵ kʰɤ⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/nei̯²¹ fɔː⁵⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵ aː³³/

/nĩ²⁴⁻²² kʰə³³ se³³ a³³/

/nĩ²⁴⁻²² kʰo⁴⁴⁻²² se⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/nĩ¹³⁻²² kʰo⁴⁴⁻²² se⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/n̠ʲi²² kʰu⁵⁵ ɕi³³ ia²¹/

/ni³⁵ kʰɤ⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵ jä⁵¹/

/ni³⁵ kʰɤ⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/nei̯²¹ fɔː⁵⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵ aː³³/

/nĩ²⁴⁻²² kʰə³³ se³³ a³³/

/nĩ²⁴⁻²² kʰo⁴⁴⁻²² se⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/nĩ¹³⁻²² kʰo⁴⁴⁻²² se⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/n̠ʲi²² kʰu⁵⁵ ɕi³³ ia²¹/

(Mainland China) Nicosia (the capital city of Cyprus)


迪拜

/ti³⁵ paɪ̯⁵¹/

/tɪk̚² paːi̯³³/

/ti³⁵ paɪ̯⁵¹/

/tɪk̚² paːi̯³³/

United Arab Emirates
United Arab Emirates#English

(chiefly Mainland China) Dubai (the capital city of Dubai emirate, United Arab Emirates)


阿爾及爾

/ˀä⁵⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ˀä⁵⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/


哈拉雷

/xä⁵⁵ lä⁵⁵ leɪ̯³⁵/

/xä⁵⁵ lä⁵⁵ leɪ̯³⁵/


金沙薩

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ ʂä⁵⁵ sä⁵¹/

/kɐm⁵⁵ saː⁵⁵ saːt̚³/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ ʂä⁵⁵ sä⁵¹/

/kɐm⁵⁵ saː⁵⁵ saːt̚³/

Democratic Republic of the Congo#English

(Mainland China) Kinshasa (a city, the capital city of the Democratic Republic of the Congo)


聖地亞哥

ㄕㄥˋ ㄉㄧˋ ㄧㄚˋ ㄍㄜ

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ti⁵¹⁻⁵³ jä⁵¹ kɤ⁵⁵/

/sɪŋ³³ tei̯²² aː³³ kɔː⁵⁵/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ te²²⁻²¹ a⁴⁴⁻²² ko⁴⁴/

/siɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ te⁴¹⁻²² a³³ ko³³/

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ti⁵¹⁻⁵³ jä⁵¹ kɤ⁵⁵/

/sɪŋ³³ tei̯²² aː³³ kɔː⁵⁵/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ te²²⁻²¹ a⁴⁴⁻²² ko⁴⁴/

/siɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ te⁴¹⁻²² a³³ ko³³/


薩拉熱窩

ㄙㄚˋ ㄌㄚ ㄖㄜˋ ㄨㄛ

/sä⁵¹ lä⁵⁵ ʐɤ⁵¹ wɔ⁵⁵/

/saːt̚³ laːi̯⁵⁵ jiːt̚² wɔː⁵⁵/

/sat̚³²⁻⁴ la⁴⁴⁻²² liɛt̚⁴⁻³² o⁴⁴/

/sat̚⁵⁻²⁴ la³³ liɛt̚²⁴⁻² o³³/

/sat̚³²⁻⁵ la⁴⁴⁻²² d͡ziɛt̚¹²¹⁻²¹ o⁴⁴/

/saʔ³³ la⁵⁵ n̠ʲiɪʔ³³ u²¹/

/sä⁵¹ lä⁵⁵ ʐɤ⁵¹ wɔ⁵⁵/

/saːt̚³ laːi̯⁵⁵ jiːt̚² wɔː⁵⁵/

/sat̚³²⁻⁴ la⁴⁴⁻²² liɛt̚⁴⁻³² o⁴⁴/

/sat̚⁵⁻²⁴ la³³ liɛt̚²⁴⁻² o³³/

/sat̚³²⁻⁵ la⁴⁴⁻²² d͡ziɛt̚¹²¹⁻²¹ o⁴⁴/

/saʔ³³ la⁵⁵ n̠ʲiɪʔ³³ u²¹/

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina#English

(Mainland China) Sarajevo (the capital city of Bosnia and Herzegovina)


烏蘭烏德

/u⁵⁵ län³⁵ u⁵⁵ tɤ³⁵/

/wuː⁵⁵ laːn²¹ wuː⁵⁵ tɐk̚⁵/

/u⁵⁵ län³⁵ u⁵⁵ tɤ³⁵/

/wuː⁵⁵ laːn²¹ wuː⁵⁵ tɐk̚⁵/

The Trans-Mongolian Railway begins at Ulan-Ude and terminates at Erenhot. It is connected to the Trans-Siberian Railway and Jining-Erenhot Railway.

Ménggǔ zòngguàn tiělù shǐyú wūlánwūdé, zhōngyú èrliánhàotè, yǔ xībólìyà tiělù hé jí èr tiělù xiàng liánjiē.

蒙古縱貫鐵路始於烏蘭烏德，終於二連浩特，與西伯利亞鐵路和集二鐵路相連接。

蒙古纵贯铁路始于乌兰乌德，终于二连浩特，与西伯利亚铁路和集二铁路相连接。


葉卡捷琳堡

ㄧㄝˋ ㄎㄚˇ ㄐㄧㄝˊ ㄌㄧㄣˊ ㄅㄠˇ

Екацзелиньбао

/jɛ⁵¹ kʰä²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵ lin³⁵ pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jiːp̚² kʰaː⁵⁵ t͡siːt̚² lɐm²¹ pou̯³⁵/

/jiːp̚² kʰaː⁵⁵ t͡siːt̚² lɐm²¹ pou̯³⁵/

Yekaterinburg (a city, the administrative center of Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia)


薩馬拉

/sä⁵¹ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ lä⁵⁵/

/sä⁵¹ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ lä⁵⁵/

Samara (a city, the administrative center of Samara Oblast, Russia)


下諾夫哥羅德

ㄒㄧㄚˋ ㄋㄨㄛˋ ㄈㄨ ㄍㄜ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄉㄜˊ

Ся Нофугэлодэ

/ɕi̯ä⁵¹⁻⁵³ nu̯ɔ⁵¹ fu⁵⁵ kɤ⁵⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ tɤ³⁵/

Nizhny Novgorod (a city, the administrative center of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Russia)


堪察加彼得巴甫洛夫斯克

ㄎㄢ ㄔㄚˊ ㄐㄧㄚ ㄅㄧˇ ㄉㄜˊ ㄅㄚ ㄈㄨˇ ㄌㄨㄛˋ ㄈㄨ ㄙ ㄎㄜˋ

Каньчацзябидэбафулофусыкэ

/kʰän⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰä³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ tɤ³⁵ pä⁵⁵ fu²¹⁴⁻²¹ lu̯ɔ⁵¹ fu⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹/

Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky (a city in Russia)


伊爾庫茨克

ㄧ ㄦˇ ㄎㄨˋ ㄘˊ ㄎㄜˋ

/i⁵⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ kʰu⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹/

/jiː⁵⁵ jiː¹³ fuː³³ t͡sʰiː²¹ hɐk̚⁵/

/i⁵⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ kʰu⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹/

/jiː⁵⁵ jiː¹³ fuː³³ t͡sʰiː²¹ hɐk̚⁵/

Irkutsk (a city, the administrative centre of Irkutsk Oblast, Siberia, Russia)


共青城

ㄍㄨㄥˋ ㄑㄧㄥ ㄔㄥˊ

/kʊŋ⁵¹ t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/kʊŋ²² t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ sɪŋ²¹/

/kʊŋ⁵¹ t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/kʊŋ²² t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ sɪŋ²¹/

Named after 共青團／共青团 (gòngqīngtuán); compare Russian комсомо́л (komsomól).

(～市) Gongqingcheng (a sub-prefectural city in Jiangxi, China, formerly a county-level city in Jiujiang)


克拉斯諾亞爾斯克

ㄎㄜˋ ㄌㄚ ㄙ ㄋㄨㄛˋ ㄧㄚˋ ㄦˇ ㄙ ㄎㄜˋ

ㄎㄜˋ ㄌㄚ ㄙ ㄋㄨㄛˋ ㄧㄚˇ ㄦˇ ㄙ ㄎㄜˋ

Кэласынояэрсыкэ

/kʰɤ⁵¹ lä⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ nu̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ jä⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ sz̩⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹/

/kʰɤ⁵¹ lä⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ nu̯ɔ⁵¹ jä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ sz̩⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹/

Krasnoyarsk Krai
Krasnoyarsk Krai#English

Krasnoyarsk (a city, the administrative center of Krasnoyarsk Krai in Siberia, Russia)


馬加丹

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ tän⁵⁵/

/maː¹³ kaː⁵⁵ taːn⁵⁵/

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ tän⁵⁵/

/maː¹³ kaː⁵⁵ taːn⁵⁵/

Magadan (a city and administrative centre of Magadan Oblast, Russia)


阿比讓

/ˀä⁵⁵ pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʐɑŋ⁵¹/

/ˀä⁵⁵ pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʐɑŋ⁵¹/


順化

/ʂu̯ən⁵¹⁻⁵³ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/sɵn²² faː³³/

/suŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ hue²¹³/

/ʂu̯ən⁵¹⁻⁵³ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/sɵn²² faː³³/

/suŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ hue²¹³/

(～市) Hue (a city in Thừa Thiên Huế province, central Vietnam)


阿布賈

/ˀä⁵⁵ pu⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/aː³³ pou̯³³ kaː³⁵/

/ˀä⁵⁵ pu⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/aː³³ pou̯³³ kaː³⁵/

Abuja (a city, the capital city of Nigeria)


阿斯馬拉

/ˀä⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ lä⁵⁵/

/ˀä⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ lä⁵⁵/


阿克拉

/ˀä⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹ lä⁵⁵/

/ˀä⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹ lä⁵⁵/


比紹

/pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂɑʊ̯⁵¹/


班吉

/pän⁵⁵ t͡ɕi³⁵/

/pän⁵⁵ t͡ɕi³⁵/

Central African Republic
Central African Republic#English

Bangui (the capital of the Central African Republic)


班珠爾

/pän⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂu⁵⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pän⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂu⁵⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

(Mainland China) Banjul (the capital of the Gambia)


安曼

/ˀän⁵⁵ män⁵¹/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ maːn²²/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² ban²²/

/ˀän⁵⁵ män⁵¹/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ maːn²²/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² ban²²/

Amman (a city, the capital city of Jordan)


巴馬科

/pä⁵⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ kʰɤ⁵⁵/

/pä⁵⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ kʰɤ⁵⁵/


烏法

/u⁵⁵ fä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/u⁵⁵ fä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Ufa (the capital and largest city of the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia)


貝爾莫潘

ㄅㄟˋ ㄦˇ ㄇㄛˋ ㄆㄢ

/peɪ̯⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ mu̯ɔ⁵¹ pʰän⁵⁵/

/peɪ̯⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ mu̯ɔ⁵¹ pʰän⁵⁵/


加拉加斯

ㄐㄧㄚ ㄌㄚ ㄐㄧㄚ ㄙ

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ lä⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ lä⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵/


卡拉奇

/kʰä²¹⁴⁻²¹ lä⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/kʰaː⁵⁵ laːi̯⁵⁵ kʰei̯²¹/

/kʰä²¹⁴⁻²¹ lä⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/kʰaː⁵⁵ laːi̯⁵⁵ kʰei̯²¹/

(Mainland China, Hong Kong) Karachi (a large city in Pakistan)


布瓊布拉

ㄅㄨˋ ㄑㄩㄥˊ ㄅㄨˋ ㄌㄚ

/pu⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi̯ʊŋ³⁵ pu⁵¹ lä⁵⁵/

/pou̯³³ kʰɪŋ²¹ pou̯³³ laːi̯⁵⁵/

/pɔ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kʰiɪŋ²⁴⁻²² pɔ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ la³³/

/pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ kʰiɪŋ²⁴⁻²² pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ la⁴⁴/

/pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ kʰiɪŋ¹³⁻²² pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ la⁴⁴/

/pu⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi̯ʊŋ³⁵ pu⁵¹ lä⁵⁵/

/pou̯³³ kʰɪŋ²¹ pou̯³³ laːi̯⁵⁵/

/pɔ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kʰiɪŋ²⁴⁻²² pɔ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ la³³/

/pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ kʰiɪŋ²⁴⁻²² pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ la⁴⁴/

/pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ kʰiɪŋ¹³⁻²² pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ la⁴⁴/

(Mainland China, Hong Kong) Bujumbura (a city, the capital city of Burundi)


喀山

/kʰä⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/kʰä⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

Borrowed from Manchu ᡴᠠᠰᠠᠨ (kasan). First attested in Narrative of the Chinese Embassy to the Khan of the Tourgouth Tartars (異域錄), 1723.

Kazan (the capital and largest city of the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia)


鄂木斯克

ㄜˋ ㄇㄨˋ ㄙ ㄎㄜˋ

/ˀɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ mu⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹/

/ŋɔːk̚² mʊk̚² siː⁵⁵ hɐk̚⁵/

/ˀɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ mu⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹/

/ŋɔːk̚² mʊk̚² siː⁵⁵ hɐk̚⁵/

Omsk (a city, the administrative center of Omsk Oblast, Russia)


亞的斯亞貝巴

ㄧㄚˋ ㄉㄧˊ ㄙ ㄧㄚˋ ㄅㄟˋ ㄅㄚ

/jä⁵¹ ti³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ jä⁵¹⁻⁵³ peɪ̯⁵¹ pä⁵⁵/

/jä⁵¹ ti³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ jä⁵¹⁻⁵³ peɪ̯⁵¹ pä⁵⁵/

(Mainland China) Addis Ababa (a city, the capital city of Ethiopia)


彼爾姆

/pi²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ mu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pi²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ mu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Perm (a city, the administrative center of Perm Krai, Russia)


盧薩卡

/lu³⁵ sä⁵¹ kʰä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lou̯²¹ saːt̚³ kʰaː⁵⁵/

/lu³⁵ sä⁵¹ kʰä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lou̯²¹ saːt̚³ kʰaː⁵⁵/

Lusaka (a city, the capital city of Zambia)


伏爾加格勒

ㄈㄨˊ ㄦˇ ㄐㄧㄚ ㄍㄜˊ ㄌㄜˋ

/fu³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ kɤ³⁵ lɤ⁵¹/

/fʊk̚² jiː¹³ kaː⁵⁵ kaːk̚³ laːk̚²/

/fu³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ kɤ³⁵ lɤ⁵¹/

/fʊk̚² jiː¹³ kaː⁵⁵ kaːk̚³ laːk̚²/

Volgograd (a city, the administrative center of Volgograd Oblast, Russia)


頓河畔羅斯托夫

ㄉㄨㄣˋ ㄏㄜˊ ㄆㄢˋ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄙ ㄊㄨㄛ ㄈㄨ

Дунь Хэ пань Лосытофу

/tu̯ən⁵¹ xɤ³⁵ pʰän⁵¹ lu̯ɔ³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ tʰu̯ɔ⁵⁵ fu⁵⁵/

/tɵn²² hɔː²¹ puːn²² lɔː²¹ siː⁵⁵ tʰɔːk̚³ fuː⁵⁵/

Calque of Russian Росто́в-на-Дону́ (Rostóv-na-Donú).

cal

Росто́в-на-Дону́

Rostov-on-Don, Rostov-na-Donu (a large city, the administrative center of Rostov Oblast, in southern Russia)


羅安達

/lu̯ɔ³⁵ ˀän⁵⁵ tä³⁵/

/lɔː²¹ ɔːn⁵⁵ taːt̚²/

/lo²⁴⁻²² an⁴⁴⁻²² tat̚⁴/

/lo²⁴⁻²² an³³ tat̚²⁴/

/lo¹³⁻²² an⁴⁴⁻²² tat̚¹²¹/

/lo²⁴⁻¹¹ an⁴⁴⁻³³ tat̚⁴/

/lɤ²³⁻³³ an⁴⁴⁻³³ tat̚⁴/

/lu̯ɔ³⁵ ˀän⁵⁵ tä³⁵/

/lɔː²¹ ɔːn⁵⁵ taːt̚²/

/lo²⁴⁻²² an⁴⁴⁻²² tat̚⁴/

/lo²⁴⁻²² an³³ tat̚²⁴/

/lo¹³⁻²² an⁴⁴⁻²² tat̚¹²¹/

/lo²⁴⁻¹¹ an⁴⁴⁻³³ tat̚⁴/

/lɤ²³⁻³³ an⁴⁴⁻³³ tat̚⁴/

Luanda (a city, the capital city of Angola)


孟買

/mɤŋ⁵¹ maɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/maːŋ²² maːi̯¹³/

/mɛiŋ²⁴²⁻⁵³ mɛ³³/

/biɪŋ²²⁻²¹ mãi⁵³/

/mɤŋ⁵¹ maɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/maːŋ²² maːi̯¹³/

/mɛiŋ²⁴²⁻⁵³ mɛ³³/

/biɪŋ²²⁻²¹ mãi⁵³/

From some Indian language, cf. Marathi मुंबई (mumbaī). Compare 孟加拉 (Mèngjiālā, “Bengal”).

Mèngmǎi, zài Àngjīli běi shǎo xī, xiàngqù yuē shù shí lǐ, wéi Yīngjílì suǒ xiá dì, yǒu chéngguō.

孟買，在盎叽哩北少西，相去約數十里，為𠸄咭利所轄地，有城郭。

孟买，在盎叽哩北少西，相去约数十里，为𠸄咭利所辖地，有城郭。

Mumbai (a megacity, the capital of Maharashtra, India)


布拉柴維爾

ㄅㄨˋ ㄌㄚ ㄔㄞˊ ㄨㄟˊ ㄦˇ

Булачайвэйэр

/pu⁵¹ lä⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰaɪ̯³⁵ weɪ̯³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Republic of the Congo
Republic of the Congo#English

Brazzaville (the capital of the Republic of the Congo)