布拉戈維申斯克

ㄅㄨˋ ㄌㄚ ㄍㄜ ㄨㄟˊ ㄕㄣ ㄙ ㄎㄜˋ

Булагэвэйшэньсыкэ

/pu⁵¹ lä⁵⁵ kɤ⁵⁵ weɪ̯³⁵ ʂən⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹/

From Russian Благове́щенск (Blagovéščensk).

bor

Благове́щенск

Blagoveshchensk (a city, the administrative center of Amur Oblast in Siberia, Russia)


沅江

/ɥɛn³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/jyːn²¹ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/ɥɛn³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/jyːn²¹ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

(～市) Yuanjiang (a county-level city in Yiyang, Hunan, China)


安陽

→ English: Anyang, An-yang

/ˀän⁵⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ jœːŋ²¹/

/on²⁴ i̯oŋ¹¹/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² iɔŋ²⁴/

/an³³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² iɔŋ¹³/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ iɔŋ²³/

/aŋ³³⁻²³ iaŋ⁵⁵/

/ˀän⁵⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ jœːŋ²¹/

/on²⁴ i̯oŋ¹¹/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² iɔŋ²⁴/

/an³³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² iɔŋ¹³/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ iɔŋ²³/

/aŋ³³⁻²³ iaŋ⁵⁵/


蒙羅維亞

ㄇㄥˊ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄨㄟˊ ㄧㄚˋ

/mɤŋ³⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ weɪ̯³⁵ jä⁵¹/

/mɤŋ³⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ weɪ̯³⁵ jä⁵¹/


哈博羅內

ㄏㄚ ㄅㄛˊ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄋㄟˋ

/xä⁵⁵ pu̯ɔ³⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ neɪ̯⁵¹/

/xä⁵⁵ pu̯ɔ³⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ neɪ̯⁵¹/


基加利

/t͡ɕi⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ li⁵¹/

/t͡ɕi⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ li⁵¹/


摩加迪沙

ㄇㄛˊ ㄐㄧㄚ ㄉㄧˊ ㄕㄚ

/mu̯ɔ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ ti³⁵ ʂä⁵⁵/

/mu̯ɔ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ ti³⁵ ʂä⁵⁵/

(Mainland China, Hong Kong, Singapore) Mogadishu (the capital of Somalia)


路易港

/lu⁵¹⁻⁵³ i⁵¹ kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lu⁵¹⁻⁵³ i⁵¹ kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/


特古西加爾巴

ㄊㄜˋ ㄍㄨˇ ㄒㄧ ㄐㄧㄚ ㄦˇ ㄅㄚ

Тэгусицзяэрба

/tʰɤ⁵¹ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ pä⁵⁵/

/tɐk̚² kuː³⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵ kaː⁵⁵ jiː¹³ paː⁵⁵/

/tɐk̚² kuː³⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵ kaː⁵⁵ jiː¹³ paː⁵⁵/

(Mainland China) Tegucigalpa (a city, the capital city of Honduras)


達喀爾

/tä³⁵ kʰä⁵⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/taːt̚² kʰaː³³ jiː¹³/

/tat̚²⁴⁻² kʰiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ nĩ⁵⁵⁴/

/tat̚⁴⁻³² kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ nĩ⁵³/

/tat̚¹²¹⁻²¹ kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ d͡zĩ⁵³/

/tä³⁵ kʰä⁵⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/taːt̚² kʰaː³³ jiː¹³/

/tat̚²⁴⁻² kʰiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ nĩ⁵⁵⁴/

/tat̚⁴⁻³² kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ nĩ⁵³/

/tat̚¹²¹⁻²¹ kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ d͡zĩ⁵³/

Dakar (a city, the capital city of Senegal)


橫濱

/xɤŋ³⁵ pin⁵⁵/

/waːŋ²¹ pɐn⁵⁵/

/huãi²⁴⁻²² pin⁴⁴/

/xɤŋ³⁵ pin⁵⁵/

/waːŋ²¹ pɐn⁵⁵/

/huãi²⁴⁻²² pin⁴⁴/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 横浜(よこはま) (Yokohama).

Yokohama (the capital city of Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan)


金澤

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ t͡sɤ³⁵/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ t͡sɤ³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 金沢(かなざわ) (Kanazawa, literally “golden marsh”).

ja-r

(～市) Kanazawa (the capital city of Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan)


神戶

/ʂən³⁵ xu⁵¹/

/sɐn²¹ wuː²²/

/sin²⁴⁻¹¹ hɔ³³/

/sin²³⁻³³ hɔ³³/

/ʂən³⁵ xu⁵¹/

/sɐn²¹ wuː²²/

/sin²⁴⁻¹¹ hɔ³³/

/sin²³⁻³³ hɔ³³/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 神(こう)戸(べ) (Kōbe).

(～市) Kobe (the capital city of Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan)


靜岡

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵¹ kɑŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sɪŋ²² kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵¹ kɑŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sɪŋ²² kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

(～市) Shizuoka (the capital city of Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)


甲府

/t͡ɕi̯ä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ fu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡ɕi̯ä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ fu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

(～市) Kōfu (a city in Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan)


松江

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 松(まつ)江(え) (Matsue).

/sʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰʊŋ²¹ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/siɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kaŋ³³/

/siɔŋ¹³⁻²² kaŋ⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ²³⁻³³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/soŋ⁵⁵ kɑ̃²¹/

/sʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰʊŋ²¹ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/siɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kaŋ³³/

/siɔŋ¹³⁻²² kaŋ⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ²³⁻³³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/soŋ⁵⁵ kɑ̃²¹/

(～市) Matsue (the capital city of Shimane Prefecture, Japan)


綿陽

/mi̯ɛn³⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/mi̯ɛn³⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

(～市) Mianyang (a city in Sichuan, China)


德島

/tɤ³⁵ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tɤ³⁵ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

(～市) Tokushima (a city in Tokushima Prefecture, Japan)


那霸

/nä⁵¹⁻⁵³ pä⁵¹/

/naː¹³ paː³³/

/nä⁵¹⁻⁵³ pä⁵¹/

/naː¹³ paː³³/

(～市) Naha (a city in Okinawa Prefecture, Japan)


鹿兒島

/lu⁵¹ ˀɤɻ³⁵ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lʊk̚² jiː²¹ tou̯³⁵/

/lu⁵¹ ˀɤɻ³⁵ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lʊk̚² jiː²¹ tou̯³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 鹿児島 (Kagoshima).

obor

(～市) Kagoshima (the capital city of Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan)


車里雅賓斯克

ㄔㄜ ㄌㄧˇ ㄧㄚˇ ㄅㄧㄣ ㄙ ㄎㄜˋ

Чэлиябиньсыкэ

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤ⁵⁵ li²¹⁴⁻³⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹ pin⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹/

Chelyabinsk (a city, the administrative center of Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia)


臺中

/tʰaɪ̯³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰɔːi̯²¹ t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰoi̯¹¹ t͡suŋ²⁴/

/tai²⁴⁻²² tiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tai²⁴⁻²² tiɔŋ³³/

/tai¹³⁻²² tiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tai²⁴⁻¹¹ tiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tai²³⁻³³ tiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tʰaɪ̯³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰɔːi̯²¹ t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰoi̯¹¹ t͡suŋ²⁴/

/tai²⁴⁻²² tiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tai²⁴⁻²² tiɔŋ³³/

/tai¹³⁻²² tiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tai²⁴⁻¹¹ tiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tai²³⁻³³ tiɔŋ⁴⁴/

Officially, with the creation of Japanese 臺(たい)中(ちゅう)縣(けん) (Taichū-ken) in March 1896.

(～市) (historical) Taichung City (former provincial city of Taiwan)


基隆

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (基隆):
* → Vietnamese: Cơ Long (基隆)

→ English: Keelung, Jilong

→ Japanese: 基隆 (キールン, Kīrun)

→ Korean: 지룽(基隆) (jirung)

/t͡ɕi⁵⁵ lʊŋ³⁵/

/kei̯⁵⁵ lʊŋ²¹/

/kie⁵⁵ l̃øyŋ⁵³/

/ke⁴⁴⁻³³ laŋ²³/

/kue⁴⁴⁻³³ laŋ²⁴/

/ki³³ liɔŋ²⁴/

/ki⁴⁴⁻³³ liɔŋ²³/

/ki⁴⁴⁻²² liɔŋ²⁴/

/ki⁴⁴⁻³³ liɔŋ²⁴/

/ki⁴⁴⁻²² liɔŋ¹³/

/t͡ɕi⁵⁵ loŋ²¹/

/t͡ɕi⁵⁵ lʊŋ³⁵/

/kei̯⁵⁵ lʊŋ²¹/

/kie⁵⁵ l̃øyŋ⁵³/

/ke⁴⁴⁻³³ laŋ²³/

/kue⁴⁴⁻³³ laŋ²⁴/

/ki³³ liɔŋ²⁴/

/ki⁴⁴⁻³³ liɔŋ²³/

/ki⁴⁴⁻²² liɔŋ²⁴/

/ki⁴⁴⁻³³ liɔŋ²⁴/

/ki⁴⁴⁻²² liɔŋ¹³/

/t͡ɕi⁵⁵ loŋ²¹/

Homophonous replacement for 雞籠／鸡笼 (Ke-lâng, Koe-lâng) from 1875; intended to convey the meaning 基地昌隆 ('prosperous place').


南投

/nän³⁵ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/

/naːm²¹ tʰɐu̯²¹/

/nˡaŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nau⁵³/

/lam¹³⁻²² tɔ¹³/

/lam²⁴⁻²² tɔ²⁴/

/nän³⁵ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/

/naːm²¹ tʰɐu̯²¹/

/nˡaŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nau⁵³/

/lam¹³⁻²² tɔ¹³/

/lam²⁴⁻²² tɔ²⁴/

(～縣) Nantou (a county in central Taiwan)

(～市) Nantou (city in Nantou, central Taiwan)


花蓮

Sino-Xenic (花蓮／花莲 (Huālián)):
* → Japanese: 花蓮(かれん) (Karen)
* → Vietnamese: Hoa Liên (花蓮)

→ English: Hualien, Hualian, Hua-lien

/xu̯ä⁵⁵ li̯ɛn³⁵/

/hua⁴⁴⁻³³ liɛn²³/

/hua⁴⁴⁻³³ liɛn²⁴/

/hua⁴⁴⁻³³ liɛn⁴⁴/

/hue⁴⁴⁻³³ liɛn⁴⁴/

/xu̯ä⁵⁵ li̯ɛn³⁵/

/hua⁴⁴⁻³³ liɛn²³/

/hua⁴⁴⁻³³ liɛn²⁴/

/hua⁴⁴⁻³³ liɛn⁴⁴/

/hue⁴⁴⁻³³ liɛn⁴⁴/

Shortened from Japanese 花(か)蓮(れん)港(こう) (Karenkō), from Hokkien 洄瀾／洄澜 (Hôe-liân) during Qing-era settlement in 1851. Formerly named 奇萊／奇莱 (Kî-lâi), referring to the Sakiraya Taiwanese aborigines and their settlement.

zh-m

奇萊／奇莱 (Kî-lâi)

(～市) Hualien City (city in Hualien County, Taiwan)


阿德萊德

ㄚ ㄉㄜˊ ㄌㄞˊ ㄉㄜˊ

/ˀä⁵⁵ tɤ³⁵ laɪ̯³⁵ tɤ³⁵/

/aː³³ tɐk̚⁵ lɔːi̯²¹ tɐk̚⁵/

/ˀä⁵⁵ tɤ³⁵ laɪ̯³⁵ tɤ³⁵/

/aː³³ tɐk̚⁵ lɔːi̯²¹ tɐk̚⁵/

Adelaide (a city in South Australia, Australia)


紹興

→ English: Shao-hsing, Shaoxing

/ʂɑʊ̯⁵¹ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/siːu̯²² hɪŋ⁵⁵/

/sieu²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾iŋ⁵⁵/

/siau²²⁻²¹ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/siau⁴¹⁻²² hiɪŋ³³/

/siau²²⁻²¹ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/siau³³⁻¹¹ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/siau³³⁻²¹ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/zɔ²² ɕin⁴⁴/

/ʂɑʊ̯⁵¹ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/siːu̯²² hɪŋ⁵⁵/

/sieu²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾iŋ⁵⁵/

/siau²²⁻²¹ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/siau⁴¹⁻²² hiɪŋ³³/

/siau²²⁻²¹ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/siau³³⁻¹¹ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/siau³³⁻²¹ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/zɔ²² ɕin⁴⁴/

(～市) Shaoxing (a prefecture-level city in eastern Zhejiang, China)


濟州

→ English: Chi-chou, Jizhou

/t͡ɕi⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sɐi̯³³ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/t͡se²¹⁻⁵³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡se⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡siu³³/

/t͡se²¹⁻⁵³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡se¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡se²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕi³³ t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕi⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sɐi̯³³ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/t͡se²¹⁻⁵³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡se⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡siu³³/

/t͡se²¹⁻⁵³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡se¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡se²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕi³³ t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

(～市) Jeju (the capital city of Jeju Province, South Korea)


栗原

/li⁵¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

/li⁵¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 栗原 (Kurihara).

obor

(～市) Kurihara (a city in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan)


飯塚

/fän⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fän⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

(～市) Iizuka (a city in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan)


安達

/ˀän⁵⁵ tä³⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ taːt̚²/

/ˀän⁵⁵ tä³⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ taːt̚²/

(～市) Anda (a city in Heilongjiang, China)


角田

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 角田 (Kakuda).

(～市) Kakuda (a city in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan)


大竹

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 大竹 (Ōtake).

/tä⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂu³⁵/

/taːi̯²² t͡sʊk̚⁵/

/tä⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂu³⁵/

/taːi̯²² t͡sʊk̚⁵/

(～市) Ōtake (a city in Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan)


金華

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ xu̯ä³⁵/

/kɐm⁵⁵ waː²¹/

/kiŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua⁵³/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ ɦo²¹/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ xu̯ä³⁵/

/kɐm⁵⁵ waː²¹/

/kiŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua⁵³/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ ɦo²¹/

(～市) Jinhua (a prefecture-level city in Zhejiang, China)


下田

/ɕi̯ä⁵¹ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/haː²² tʰiːn²¹/

/ɕi̯ä⁵¹ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/haː²² tʰiːn²¹/

(～市) Shimoda (a city in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)


大崎

/tä⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/tä⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 大崎 (Ōsaki).

(～市) Ōsaki (a city in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan)


突厥斯坦

ㄊㄨ ㄐㄩㄝˊ ㄙ ㄊㄢˇ

ㄊㄨˊ ㄐㄩㄝˊ ㄙ ㄊㄢˇ

туцзюэсытань

/tʰu⁵⁵ t͡ɕy̯ɛ³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ tʰän²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰu³⁵ t͡ɕy̯ɛ³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ tʰän²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tɐt̚² kʰyːt̚³ siː⁵⁵ tʰaːn³⁵/

/tʰu⁵⁵ t͡ɕy̯ɛ³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ tʰän²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰu³⁵ t͡ɕy̯ɛ³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ tʰän²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tɐt̚² kʰyːt̚³ siː⁵⁵ tʰaːn³⁵/

Turkestan (a city in Turkistan, Kazakhstan)


越前

/ɥɛ⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/ɥɛ⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 越前 (Echizen).

(～市) Echizen (a city in Fukui Prefecture, Japan)


阿波

/ˀä⁵⁵ pu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/ˀä⁵⁵ pu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 阿波 (Awa).

(～市) Awa (a city in Tokushima Prefecture, Japan)


長門

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ mən³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ mən³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 長門 (Nagato).

(～市) Nagato (a city in Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan)


出雲

/ʈ͡ʂʰu⁵⁵ yn³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu⁵⁵ yn³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 出雲 (Izumo).

(～市) Izumo (a city in Shimane Prefecture, Japan)


筑後

/ʈ͡ʂu⁵¹⁻⁵³ xoʊ̯⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂu³⁵ xoʊ̯⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂu⁵¹⁻⁵³ xoʊ̯⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂu³⁵ xoʊ̯⁵¹/

(～市) Chikugo (a city in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan)


美作

/meɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡su̯ɔ⁵¹/

/meɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡su̯ɔ⁵¹/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 美作 (Mimasaka).

(～市) Mimasaka (a city in Okayama Prefecture, Japan)


備前

/peɪ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/peɪ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 備前 (Bizen).

(～市) Bizen (a city in Okayama Prefecture, Japan)


志摩

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹ mu̯ɔ³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹ mu̯ɔ³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 志摩 (Shima).

(～市) Shima (a city in Mie Prefecture, Japan)


磐城

/pʰän³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/pʰän³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 磐城 (Iwaki).

(～市) Iwaki (a city in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan)


伊豆

/i⁵⁵ toʊ̯⁵¹/

/jiː⁵⁵ tɐu̯²²/

/i⁵⁵ toʊ̯⁵¹/

/jiː⁵⁵ tɐu̯²²/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 伊豆 (Izu).

(～市) Izu (a city in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)


下野

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 下野 (Shimotsuke).

/ɕi̯ä⁵¹ jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/haː²² jɛː¹³/

/ha²²⁻²¹ ia⁵³/

/ha³³⁻²¹ ia⁴¹/

/ha³³⁻¹¹ ia⁵³/

/hɛ²²⁻²¹ ia⁵³/

/ɕi̯ä⁵¹ jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/haː²² jɛː¹³/

/ha²²⁻²¹ ia⁵³/

/ha³³⁻²¹ ia⁴¹/

/ha³³⁻¹¹ ia⁵³/

/hɛ²²⁻²¹ ia⁵³/

(～市) Shimotsuke (a city in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan)


城南

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ nän³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ nän³⁵/


昌原

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/t͡sʰœːŋ⁵⁵ jyːn²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/t͡sʰœːŋ⁵⁵ jyːn²¹/


有田

/joʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/joʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 有田 (Arida).

(～市) Arida (a city in Wakayama Prefecture, Japan)


永珍

/jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂən⁵⁵/

/wɪŋ¹³ t͡sɐn⁵⁵/

/jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂən⁵⁵/

/wɪŋ¹³ t͡sɐn⁵⁵/

Phono-semantic matching of Lao ວຽງຈັນ (wīang chan), via Cantonese.

psm

(Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, Malaysia, Singapore) Vientiane (a city, the capital city of Laos)


田川

/tʰi̯ɛn³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/tʰi̯ɛn³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 田川 (Tagawa).

obor

(～市) Tagawa (a city in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan)


諏訪

/t͡soʊ̯⁵⁵ fɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡soʊ̯⁵⁵ fɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 諏訪 (Suwa).

(～市) Suwa (a city in Nagano Prefecture, Japan)


煙臺

→ English: Yantai, Yen-tai, Yen-t'ai

/jɛn⁵⁵ tʰaɪ̯³⁵/

/jiːn⁵⁵ tʰɔːi̯²¹/

/ian⁴⁴⁻³⁵ tʰoɪ¹¹/

/ieŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nai⁵³/

/iɛn⁴⁴⁻²² tai²⁴/

/iɛn⁴⁴⁻²² tai¹³/

/iɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ tai²⁴/

/iɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ tai²³/

/iŋ³³⁻²³ tʰai⁵⁵/

/jɛn⁵⁵ tʰaɪ̯³⁵/

/jiːn⁵⁵ tʰɔːi̯²¹/

/ian⁴⁴⁻³⁵ tʰoɪ¹¹/

/ieŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nai⁵³/

/iɛn⁴⁴⁻²² tai²⁴/

/iɛn⁴⁴⁻²² tai¹³/

/iɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ tai²⁴/

/iɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ tai²³/

/iŋ³³⁻²³ tʰai⁵⁵/

(～市) Yantai (a coastal prefecture-level city in northeastern Shandong, China)


聖路易斯

ㄕㄥˋ ㄌㄨˋ ㄧˋ ㄙ

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ lu⁵¹⁻⁵³ i⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵/

/sɪŋ³³ lou̯²² jɪk̚² siː⁵⁵/

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ lu⁵¹⁻⁵³ i⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵/

/sɪŋ³³ lou̯²² jɪk̚² siː⁵⁵/

St. Louis (a city in Missouri, United States)


宜蘭

→ English: Yilan, Ilan

/ŋie⁵³⁻³³ l̃aŋ⁵³/

/ɡi²⁴⁻²² lan²⁴/

/ɡi²⁴⁻²² lan²⁴/

/ɡi¹³⁻²² lan¹³/

/ɡi²⁴⁻¹¹ lan²⁴/

/ɡi²³⁻³³ lan²³/

/ŋie⁵³⁻³³ l̃aŋ⁵³/

/ɡi²⁴⁻²² lan²⁴/

/ɡi²⁴⁻²² lan²⁴/

/ɡi¹³⁻²² lan¹³/

/ɡi²⁴⁻¹¹ lan²⁴/

/ɡi²³⁻³³ lan²³/

With 1875 renaming from Komalan Subprefecture (噶瑪蘭廳), from Hokkien 噶瑪蘭 (Kat-má-lán), 蛤仔蘭 (Kap-á-lân) or 蛤仔難 (Kap-á-lān), names given to sites of the Kavalan tribe of Taiwanese aborigines.

(～市) Yilan (a city in Yilan County, Taiwan)


屏東

desc

→ English: Pingtung, P'ing-tung, Ping Tung, Pingdong

/pʰiŋ³⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/piŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nøyŋ⁵⁵/

/pin²⁴⁻²² tɔŋ⁴⁴/

/pin²⁴⁻²² tɔŋ³³/

/pin¹³⁻²² tɔŋ⁴⁴/

/pin²⁴⁻¹¹ tɔŋ⁴⁴/

/pin²³⁻³³ tɔŋ⁴⁴/

/pʰiŋ³⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/piŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nøyŋ⁵⁵/

/pin²⁴⁻²² tɔŋ⁴⁴/

/pin²⁴⁻²² tɔŋ³³/

/pin¹³⁻²² tɔŋ⁴⁴/

/pin²⁴⁻¹¹ tɔŋ⁴⁴/

/pin²³⁻³³ tɔŋ⁴⁴/

From Japanese 屏東(へいとう) (Heitō) in 1920, referring to its relative position to 半屏山 (Poàⁿ-pêng-soaⁿ, “Mount Banping”).

(～市) Pingtung (a city in Pingtung County, Taiwan)


苦盞

/kʰu²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ʈ͡ʂän²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʰu²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ʈ͡ʂän²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Khujand, capital of the Sughd province in north of Tajikistan


富岡

/fu⁵¹ kɑŋ⁵⁵/

/fu⁵¹ kɑŋ⁵⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 富岡 (Tomioka).

obor

(～市) Tomioka (a city in Gunma Prefecture, Japan)


彰化

/ʈ͡ʂɑŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/t͡sœːŋ⁵⁵ faː³³/

/t͡soŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ fa⁵⁵/

/t͡suoŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋuɑ²¹³/

/t͡siaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua¹¹/

/t͡siaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²¹/

/t͡siaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua²¹/

/t͡siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²¹/

/t͡siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua¹¹/

/t͡siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂɑŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/t͡sœːŋ⁵⁵ faː³³/

/t͡soŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ fa⁵⁵/

/t͡suoŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋuɑ²¹³/

/t͡siaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua¹¹/

/t͡siaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²¹/

/t͡siaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua²¹/

/t͡siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²¹/

/t͡siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua¹¹/

/t͡siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua²¹/

(～市) Changhua (a city in Changhua County, Taiwan)


川西

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 川西 (Kawanishi).

(～市) Kawanishi (a city in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan)


羽生

/y²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/y²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 羽生 (Hanyū).

(～市) Hanyū (a city in Saitama Prefecture, Japan)


竹原

/ʈ͡ʂu³⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂu³⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 竹原 (Takehara).

(～市) Takehara (a city in Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan)


西脇

/ɕi⁵⁵ ɕi̯ɛ³⁵/

/ɕi⁵⁵ ɕi̯ɛ³⁵/

(～市) Nishiwaki (a city in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan)


撒馬爾罕

ㄙㄚˇ ㄇㄚˇ ㄦˇ ㄏㄢˇ

/sä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ xän²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/


井原

/t͡ɕiŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

/t͡ɕiŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 井原 (Ibara).

(～市) Ibara (a city in Okayama Prefecture, Japan)


柏原

/paɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

/paɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 柏原 (Kashiwara).

(～市) Kashiwara (a city in Ōsaka prefecture, Japan)


川越

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵ ɥɛ⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵ ɥɛ⁵¹/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 川越 (Kawagoe).

(～市) Kawagoe (a city in Saitama Prefecture, Japan)


坂東

/pän²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/pän²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 坂東 (Bandō).

(～市) Bandō (a city in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan)


蘇瓦

/su⁵⁵ wä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sou̯⁵⁵ ŋaː¹³/

/su⁵⁵ wä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sou̯⁵⁵ ŋaː¹³/


馬納瓜

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ nä⁵¹ ku̯ä⁵⁵/

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ nä⁵¹ ku̯ä⁵⁵/

Managua (a city, the capital city of Nicaragua)


聖薩爾瓦多

ㄕㄥˋ ㄙㄚˋ ㄦˇ ㄨㄚˇ ㄉㄨㄛ

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ sä⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ wä²¹⁴⁻²¹ tu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/sɪŋ³³ saːt̚³ jiː¹³ ŋaː¹³ tɔː⁵⁵/

/sɪŋ³³ saːt̚³ jiː¹³ ŋaː¹³ tɔː⁵⁵/

San Salvador (a city, the capital city of El Salvador)


聖保羅

ㄕㄥˋ ㄅㄠˇ ㄌㄨㄛˊ

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹ pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ lu̯ɔ³⁵/

/sɪŋ³³ pou̯³⁵ lɔː²¹/

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹ pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ lu̯ɔ³⁵/

/sɪŋ³³ pou̯³⁵ lɔː²¹/

São Paulo (a municipality, the state capital of São Paulo, Brazil)

Saint Paul (a city, the state capital of Minnesota, United States)


聖荷西

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹ xɤ³⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/

/sɪŋ³³ hɔː²¹ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹ xɤ³⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/

/sɪŋ³³ hɔː²¹ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

(Taiwan) San José (a city, the capital city of Costa Rica)

(Taiwan) San Jose (a city in California, United States)


波多諾伏

ㄅㄛ ㄉㄨㄛ ㄋㄨㄛˋ ㄈㄨˊ

/pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ tu̯ɔ⁵⁵ nu̯ɔ⁵¹ fu³⁵/

/pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ tu̯ɔ⁵⁵ nu̯ɔ⁵¹ fu³⁵/

Porto-Novo (the official capital of Benin)


淮安

/xu̯aɪ̯³⁵ ˀän⁵⁵/

/waːi̯²¹ ɔːn⁵⁵/

/huai⁵³⁻⁵⁵ aŋ⁵⁵/

/xu̯aɪ̯³⁵ ˀän⁵⁵/

/waːi̯²¹ ɔːn⁵⁵/

/huai⁵³⁻⁵⁵ aŋ⁵⁵/

(～市) Huai'an (a prefecture-level city in Jiangsu, China)


齊齊哈爾

desc

→ English: Ch'i-ch'i-ha-erh, Chichihaerh, Qiqiha'er, Qiqihaer

ㄑㄧˊ ㄑㄧˊ ㄏㄚ ㄦˇ

/t͡ɕʰi³⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵ xä⁵⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰɐi̯²¹ t͡sʰɐi̯²¹ haː⁵⁵ jiː¹³/

/t͡sʰɐi̯²¹ t͡sʰɐi̯²¹ haːi̯⁵⁵ jiː¹³/

/t͡ɕʰi³⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵ xä⁵⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰɐi̯²¹ t͡sʰɐi̯²¹ haː⁵⁵ jiː¹³/

/t͡sʰɐi̯²¹ t͡sʰɐi̯²¹ haːi̯⁵⁵ jiː¹³/

(～市) Qiqihar (a prefecture-level city in Heilongjiang, China)


常州

→ English: Changzhou, Changchow, Ch'ang-chou

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/sœːŋ²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/siɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu³³/

/siɔŋ¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ²³⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/zã²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/sœːŋ²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/siɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu³³/

/siɔŋ¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ²³⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/zã²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

(～市) Changzhou (a prefecture-level city in southern Jiangsu, China)


淮北

→ English: Huaibei, Huai-pei

/xu̯aɪ̯³⁵ peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/waːi̯²¹ pɐk̚⁵/

/huai⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βɔyʔ²⁴/

/ɦua²² poʔ⁴⁴/

/xu̯aɪ̯³⁵ peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/waːi̯²¹ pɐk̚⁵/

/huai⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βɔyʔ²⁴/

/ɦua²² poʔ⁴⁴/

(～市) Huaibei (a prefecture-level city in Anhui, China)


惠州

→ English: Huizhou, Waichow

/xu̯eɪ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/wɐi̯²² t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/xu̯eɪ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/wɐi̯²² t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

(～市) Huizhou (a prefecture-level city in southeastern Guangdong, China)


臨沂

/lɐm²¹ jiː²¹/

/l̃iŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋi⁵³/

/lim²⁴⁻²² ɡi²⁴/

/lim²⁴⁻²² ɡi²⁴/

/lim¹³⁻²² ɡi¹³/

/lim²⁴⁻¹¹ ɡi²⁴/

/lim²³⁻³³ ɡi²³/

/lɐm²¹ jiː²¹/

/l̃iŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋi⁵³/

/lim²⁴⁻²² ɡi²⁴/

/lim²⁴⁻²² ɡi²⁴/

/lim¹³⁻²² ɡi¹³/

/lim²⁴⁻¹¹ ɡi²⁴/

/lim²³⁻³³ ɡi²³/

(～市) Linyi (a prefecture-level city in Shandong, China).


台州

/tʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/tʰaɪ̯³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/tʰɔːi̯⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/tʰɔːi̯²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/tʰe⁵⁵ t͡sɤ²¹/

/tʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/tʰaɪ̯³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/tʰɔːi̯⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/tʰɔːi̯²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/tʰe⁵⁵ t͡sɤ²¹/

(～市) Taizhou (a prefecture-level city in Zhejiang, China)


貴陽

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (貴陽):
* → Japanese: 貴(き)陽(よう) (Kiyō)
* → Vietnamese: Quý Dương (貴陽)

→ English: Guiyang, Kweiyang, Kuei-yang

/ku̯eɪ̯⁵¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/kʷɐi̯³³ jœːŋ²¹/

/kuɪ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ iɔŋ¹¹/

/kui²¹³⁻⁵⁵ yoŋ⁵³/

/kui²¹⁻⁴¹ iɔŋ²³/

/kui¹¹⁻⁵³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/kui⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ iɔŋ²⁴/

/kui²¹⁻⁵³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/kui²¹⁻⁵³ iaŋ¹³/

/ku̯eɪ̯⁵¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/kʷɐi̯³³ jœːŋ²¹/

/kuɪ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ iɔŋ¹¹/

/kui²¹³⁻⁵⁵ yoŋ⁵³/

/kui²¹⁻⁴¹ iɔŋ²³/

/kui¹¹⁻⁵³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/kui⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ iɔŋ²⁴/

/kui²¹⁻⁵³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/kui²¹⁻⁵³ iaŋ¹³/

(～市) Guiyang (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Guizhou, in southwestern China)


南昌

/nän³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/naːm²¹ t͡sʰœːŋ⁵⁵/

/nam¹¹ t͡sʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/naŋ¹³⁻²¹ t͡sʰyɒŋ⁵³³/

/naŋ¹³⁻²¹ t͡sʰyøŋ⁵³³/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰiɔŋ³³/

/lam²³⁻³³ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam¹³⁻²² t͡sʰiaŋ⁴⁴/

/nam⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sʰiaŋ³³/

/nø²² t͡sʰɑ̃⁴⁴/

/nän³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/naːm²¹ t͡sʰœːŋ⁵⁵/

/nam¹¹ t͡sʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/naŋ¹³⁻²¹ t͡sʰyɒŋ⁵³³/

/naŋ¹³⁻²¹ t͡sʰyøŋ⁵³³/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰiɔŋ³³/

/lam²³⁻³³ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam¹³⁻²² t͡sʰiaŋ⁴⁴/

/nam⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sʰiaŋ³³/

/nø²² t͡sʰɑ̃⁴⁴/

Attested in the Book of Han as the name of a county and the seat of Yuzhang Commandery (豫章郡, a commandery in present-day Jiangxi) since no later than 2 CE.

(～市) Nanchang (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Jiangxi, China)


南通

English: Nantong, Nan-t'ung, Nantung

/nän³⁵ tʰʊŋ⁵⁵/

/naːm²¹ tʰʊŋ⁵⁵/

/lam²⁴⁻²² tʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² tʰɔŋ³³/

/lam¹³⁻²² tʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam²³⁻³³ tʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/nam⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tʰoŋ³³/

/nø²² tʰoŋ⁴⁴/

/nän³⁵ tʰʊŋ⁵⁵/

/naːm²¹ tʰʊŋ⁵⁵/

/lam²⁴⁻²² tʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² tʰɔŋ³³/

/lam¹³⁻²² tʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam²³⁻³³ tʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/nam⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tʰoŋ³³/

/nø²² tʰoŋ⁴⁴/

(～市) Nantong (a prefecture-level city in Jiangsu, China)


無錫

→ English: Wuhsi, Wu-hsi, Wusih, Wuxi

/mou̯²¹ sɛːk̚³/

/u⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɛiʔ²⁴/

/bu²⁴⁻²² siaʔ³²/

/bo⁵⁵⁻¹¹ siaʔ²/

/vu²² ɕiɪʔ⁴⁴/

/mou̯²¹ sɛːk̚³/

/u⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɛiʔ²⁴/

/bu²⁴⁻²² siaʔ³²/

/bo⁵⁵⁻¹¹ siaʔ²/

/vu²² ɕiɪʔ⁴⁴/

(～市) Wuxi (a prefecture-level city in Jiangsu, in eastern China)


小平

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ pʰiŋ³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 小平 (Kodaira).


尼崎

/ni³⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/ni³⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 尼崎 (Amagasaki).

(～市) Amagasaki (a city in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan)


高槻

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ku̯eɪ̯⁵⁵/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ku̯eɪ̯⁵⁵/

(～市) Takatsuki (a city in Ōsaka prefecture, Japan)


八王子

/pä⁵⁵ wɑŋ³⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/paːt̚³ wɔːŋ²¹ t͡siː³⁵/

/pä⁵⁵ wɑŋ³⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/paːt̚³ wɔːŋ²¹ t͡siː³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 八王子 (Hachiōji).


枚方

/meɪ̯³⁵ fɑŋ⁵⁵/

/meɪ̯³⁵ fɑŋ⁵⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 枚方 (Hirakata).

(～市) Hirakata (a city in Ōsaka prefecture, Japan)


哥倫布

/kɤ⁵⁵ lu̯ən³⁵ pu⁵¹/

/kɔː⁵⁵ lɵn²¹ pou̯³³/

/kɤ⁵⁵ lu̯ən³⁵ pu⁵¹/

/kɔː⁵⁵ lɵn²¹ pou̯³³/

From English Columbus, ultimately from Latin.

Columbus (a city, the state capital of Ohio, United States)


相模原

ㄒㄧㄤˋ ㄇㄛˊ ㄩㄢˊ

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹ mu̯ɔ³⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/sœːŋ³³ mou̯²¹ jyːn²¹/

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹ mu̯ɔ³⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/sœːŋ³³ mou̯²¹ jyːn²¹/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 相模原 (Sagamihara).

(～市) Sagamihara (a city in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan)


曼哈頓

/män⁵¹ xä⁵⁵ tu̯ən⁵¹/

/maːn²² haː⁵⁵ tɵn²²/

/män⁵¹ xä⁵⁵ tu̯ən⁵¹/

/maːn²² haː⁵⁵ tɵn²²/

Manhattan (a city, the county seat of Riley County, Kansas, United States)


義烏

→ English: I-wu, Yiwu

/jiː²² wuː⁵⁵/

/ɡi²²⁻²¹ ɔ⁴⁴/

/ɡi⁴¹⁻²² ɔ³³/

/ɡi²²⁻²¹ ɔ⁴⁴/

/ɡi³³⁻¹¹ ɔ⁴⁴/

/ɡi³³⁻²¹ ɔ⁴⁴/

/jiː²² wuː⁵⁵/

/ɡi²²⁻²¹ ɔ⁴⁴/

/ɡi⁴¹⁻²² ɔ³³/

/ɡi²²⁻²¹ ɔ⁴⁴/

/ɡi³³⁻¹¹ ɔ⁴⁴/

/ɡi³³⁻²¹ ɔ⁴⁴/

(～市, formerly ～縣) Yiwu (a county-level city and former county of Jinhua, Zhejiang, China)


撫順

/fu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂu̯ən⁵¹/

/fuː³⁵ sɵn²²/

/fu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂu̯ən⁵¹/

/fuː³⁵ sɵn²²/

(～市) Fushun (a prefecture-level city in Liaoning, China)


阿勒泰

/ˀä⁵⁵ lɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ tʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/aː³³ lɐk̚² tʰaːi̯³³/

/ˀä⁵⁵ lɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ tʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/aː³³ lɐk̚² tʰaːi̯³³/

Borrowed from Kazakh التاي (Altay). Doublet of 阿爾泰／阿尔泰 (Ā'ěrtài).

(～市) Altay (a county-level city in Altay prefecture, Ili prefecture, Xinjiang, China)


江門

→ English: Jiangmen, Kongmoon

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ mən³⁵/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ muːn²¹/

/kɔŋ³³ ᵐbᵘɔn²²/

/køyŋ⁵⁵ muoŋ⁵³/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² mŋ̍²⁴/

/kaŋ³³ mŋ̍²⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² mŋ̍¹³/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ mŋ̍²⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ mŋ̍²³/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ mən³⁵/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ muːn²¹/

/kɔŋ³³ ᵐbᵘɔn²²/

/køyŋ⁵⁵ muoŋ⁵³/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² mŋ̍²⁴/

/kaŋ³³ mŋ̍²⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² mŋ̍¹³/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ mŋ̍²⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ mŋ̍²³/

(～市) Jiangmen (a city in Guangdong, China)


咸陽

→ English: Hsien-yang, Xianyang

/ɕi̯ɛn³⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/haːm²¹ jœːŋ²¹/

/ɕi̯ɛn³⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/haːm²¹ jœːŋ²¹/

Xianyang is located at the south of the Jiuzong mountains and north or Wei River. This satisfied both meanings of the character 陽／阳 (yáng, “south side of mountain or north side of river”) in toponymy.

(～市) Xianyang (a city in Shaanxi, China)


番禺

/pʰän⁵⁵ y³⁵/

/pʰuːn⁵⁵ jyː²¹/

/pʰᵘɔn³³ ᵑɡui²²/

/pʰuan⁴⁴⁻²² ɡu²⁴/

/pʰũã³³⁻²³ ŋo⁵⁵/

/pʰuaŋ³³⁻²³ ŋo⁵⁵/

/pʰän⁵⁵ y³⁵/

/pʰuːn⁵⁵ jyː²¹/

/pʰᵘɔn³³ ᵑɡui²²/

/pʰuan⁴⁴⁻²² ɡu²⁴/

/pʰũã³³⁻²³ ŋo⁵⁵/

/pʰuaŋ³³⁻²³ ŋo⁵⁵/

Classic of Mountains and Seas
Records of the Grand Historian

Attested in the Records of the Grand Historian and the Classic of Mountains and Seas.
There are multiple theories attempting to explain the origin of the name:
* There were two mountains in the region, 番山 (“Pan Mountain”) and 禺山 (“Yu Mountain”). 番禺 was formed by combining the first characters of the names of the two mountains.
* From 番山之禺 (“corner of Pan mountain”), with 禺 (yú) being equivalent to 隅 (yú, “corner”).
* From 蕃禺 (“remote place of foreign tribes”), composed of 蕃 (fān, “foreign tribes”) and 禺 (yú) (equivalent to 隅 (yú, “corner; remote place”)).
* Composed of Proto-Tai *ɓaːnꟲ (“village”) and Proto-Tai *klwɯəᴬ (“salt”) (literally "salt village").

(～區, formerly ～縣, ～市) Panyu (a district, former county, and former county-level city in Guangzhou, Guangdong, China)


海門

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ mən³⁵/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ muːn²¹/

/hai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ mŋ̍²³/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ mŋ̍²⁴/

/hai⁵²⁻³⁵ muŋ⁵⁵/

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ mən³⁵/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ muːn²¹/

/hai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ mŋ̍²³/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ mŋ̍²⁴/

/hai⁵²⁻³⁵ muŋ⁵⁵/

(～區, formerly ～市, ～縣) Haimen (a district of Nantong, Jiangsu, China; former county-level city and county of Nantong, Jiangsu, China)


啟東

/t͡ɕʰi²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kʰɐi̯³⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kʰɐi̯³⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

(～市) Qidong (a county-level city in Nantong, Jiangsu, China)


邢臺

/ɕiŋ³⁵ tʰaɪ̯³⁵/

/jɪŋ²¹ tʰɔːi̯²¹/

/hĩã⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tʰai⁵⁵/

/ɕiŋ³⁵ tʰaɪ̯³⁵/

/jɪŋ²¹ tʰɔːi̯²¹/

/hĩã⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tʰai⁵⁵/

(～市) Xingtai (a prefecture-level city in Hebei, China)


南充

/nän³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ⁵⁵/

/naːm²¹ t͡sʰʊŋ⁵⁵/

/nam⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sʰoŋ³³/

/nän³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ⁵⁵/

/naːm²¹ t͡sʰʊŋ⁵⁵/

/nam⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sʰoŋ³³/

(～市) Nanchong (a prefecture-level city in Sichuan, China)


濟寧

/t͡ɕi²¹⁴⁻²¹ niŋ³⁵/

/t͡sɐi̯³³ nɪŋ²¹/

/t͡ɕi²¹⁴⁻²¹ niŋ³⁵/

/t͡sɐi̯³³ nɪŋ²¹/

(～市) Jining (a prefecture-level city in Shandong, China)


阜陽

/fu⁵¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/fɐu̯²² jœːŋ²¹/

/fu⁵⁵ i̯oŋ¹¹/

/pʰɛu²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ yoŋ⁵³/

/hu²² iɔŋ²⁴/

/hu²²⁻²¹ iɔŋ²⁴/

/hu³³⁻²¹ iɔŋ²³/

/hu³³⁻¹¹ iɔŋ²⁴/

/hu²²⁻²¹ iaŋ¹³/

/vɤ²² ɦiã⁴⁴/

/fu⁵¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/fɐu̯²² jœːŋ²¹/

/fu⁵⁵ i̯oŋ¹¹/

/pʰɛu²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ yoŋ⁵³/

/hu²² iɔŋ²⁴/

/hu²²⁻²¹ iɔŋ²⁴/

/hu³³⁻²¹ iɔŋ²³/

/hu³³⁻¹¹ iɔŋ²⁴/

/hu²²⁻²¹ iaŋ¹³/

/vɤ²² ɦiã⁴⁴/

(～市) Fuyang (a prefecture-level city in Anhui, China)


滄州

/t͡sʰɑŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɔːŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɑŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɔːŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

(～市) Cangzhou (a prefecture-level city in Hebei, China)


宜賓

→ English: I-pin, Yibin, Yipin

/jiː²¹ pɐn⁵⁵/

/jiː²¹ pɐn⁵⁵/


菏澤

/xɤ³⁵ t͡sɤ³⁵/

/ho⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lɛiʔ⁵/

/ha²⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚⁴/

/ha²⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚²⁴/

/ha¹³⁻²² tiɪk̚¹²¹/

/ha²⁴⁻¹¹ tiɪk̚⁴/

/ha²³⁻³³ tiɪk̚⁴/

/o⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sek̚⁴/

/xɤ³⁵ t͡sɤ³⁵/

/ho⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lɛiʔ⁵/

/ha²⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚⁴/

/ha²⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚²⁴/

/ha¹³⁻²² tiɪk̚¹²¹/

/ha²⁴⁻¹¹ tiɪk̚⁴/

/ha²³⁻³³ tiɪk̚⁴/

/o⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sek̚⁴/


諸城

→ English: Chu-ch'eng, Zhucheng

/ʈ͡ʂu⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/t͡syː⁵⁵ sɪŋ²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂu⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/t͡syː⁵⁵ sɪŋ²¹/

(～市) Zhucheng (a city in Shandong, China)


曲靖

/t͡ɕʰy⁵⁵ t͡ɕiŋ⁵¹/

/kʰʊk̚⁵ t͡sɪŋ²²/

/kʰiɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siɪŋ³³/

/kʰiɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siɪŋ²²/

/kʰiɔk̚³²⁻⁵ t͡siɪŋ²²/

/kʰiɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ t͡siɪŋ²²/

/t͡ɕʰy⁵⁵ t͡ɕiŋ⁵¹/

/kʰʊk̚⁵ t͡sɪŋ²²/

/kʰiɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siɪŋ³³/

/kʰiɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siɪŋ²²/

/kʰiɔk̚³²⁻⁵ t͡siɪŋ²²/

/kʰiɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ t͡siɪŋ²²/

(～市) Qujing (a prefecture-level city in Yunnan, China)


泰州

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/tʰaːi̯³³ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/tʰai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡siu³³/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/tʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/tʰa³³ t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/tʰaːi̯³³ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/tʰai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡siu³³/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/tʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/tʰa³³ t͡sɤ⁴⁴/


宿遷

→ English: Su-ch'ien, Suqian, Sutsien

/su⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/sʊk̚⁵ t͡sʰiːn⁵⁵/

/syʔ²⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰieŋ⁵⁵/

/siɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡sʰiɛn⁴⁴/

/siɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ t͡sʰiɛn³³/

/siɔk̚³²⁻⁵ t͡sʰiɛn⁴⁴/

/siɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡sʰiɛn⁴⁴/

/siɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡sʰiɛn⁴⁴/

/soʔ³³ t͡ɕʰi⁴⁴/

/su⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/sʊk̚⁵ t͡sʰiːn⁵⁵/

/syʔ²⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰieŋ⁵⁵/

/siɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡sʰiɛn⁴⁴/

/siɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ t͡sʰiɛn³³/

/siɔk̚³²⁻⁵ t͡sʰiɛn⁴⁴/

/siɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡sʰiɛn⁴⁴/

/siɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡sʰiɛn⁴⁴/

/soʔ³³ t͡ɕʰi⁴⁴/

(～市) Suqian (a prefecture-level city in Jiangsu, China)


邵陽

/ʂɑʊ̯⁵¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/siːu̯²² jœːŋ²¹/

/siou³⁵⁻¹¹ iaŋ⁵⁵/

/ʂɑʊ̯⁵¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/siːu̯²² jœːŋ²¹/

/siou³⁵⁻¹¹ iaŋ⁵⁵/


周口

→ English: Zhoukou

/ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵ hɐu̯³⁵/

/t͡siu⁴⁴⁻²² kʰau⁵³/

/t͡siu⁴⁴⁻²² kʰau⁵³/

/t͡siu⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰau⁵³/

/t͡siu⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰau⁴¹/

/t͡sɤ⁵⁵ kʰɤ²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵ hɐu̯³⁵/

/t͡siu⁴⁴⁻²² kʰau⁵³/

/t͡siu⁴⁴⁻²² kʰau⁵³/

/t͡siu⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰau⁵³/

/t͡siu⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰau⁴¹/

/t͡sɤ⁵⁵ kʰɤ²¹/

(～市) Zhoukou (a prefecture-level city in Henan, China)


聊城

/li̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/liːu̯²¹ sɪŋ²¹/

/l̃ieu⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾liaŋ⁵³/

/liau²⁴⁻²² siã²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰi²²/

/liau²⁴⁻²² siã²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰi⁴¹/

/liau¹³⁻²² siã¹³⁻²² t͡sʰi²²/

/liau²⁴⁻¹¹ siã²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰi³³/

/liau²³⁻³³ siã²³⁻³³ t͡sʰi³³/

/liɔ²² zən⁴⁴/

/li̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/liːu̯²¹ sɪŋ²¹/

/l̃ieu⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾liaŋ⁵³/

/liau²⁴⁻²² siã²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰi²²/

/liau²⁴⁻²² siã²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰi⁴¹/

/liau¹³⁻²² siã¹³⁻²² t͡sʰi²²/

/liau²⁴⁻¹¹ siã²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰi³³/

/liau²³⁻³³ siã²³⁻³³ t͡sʰi³³/

/liɔ²² zən⁴⁴/

(～市) Liaocheng (a prefecture-level city in Shandong, China)


平頂山

desc

→ English: P'ing-ting-shan, Pingdingshan

ㄆㄧㄥˊ ㄉㄧㄥˇ ㄕㄢ

/pʰiŋ³⁵ tiŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ tɪŋ³⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/piŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾niŋ³³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾naŋ⁵⁵/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² tiɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ san⁴⁴/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² tiɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ san³³/

/piɪŋ¹³⁻²² tiɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ san⁴⁴/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ tiɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ san⁴⁴/

/piɪŋ²³⁻³³ tiɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ san⁴⁴/

/pʰiŋ³⁵ tiŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ tɪŋ³⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/piŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾niŋ³³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾naŋ⁵⁵/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² tiɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ san⁴⁴/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² tiɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ san³³/

/piɪŋ¹³⁻²² tiɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ san⁴⁴/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ tiɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ san⁴⁴/

/piɪŋ²³⁻³³ tiɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ san⁴⁴/

(～市) Pingdingshan (a prefecture-level city in Henan, China)


衡陽

/xɤŋ³⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/hɐŋ²¹ jœːŋ²¹/

/xɤŋ³⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/hɐŋ²¹ jœːŋ²¹/

Yang (south) of Mount Heng; based on Yin and yang toponymy in which south is associated with yang. Hengyang is situated to the south of Mount Heng.

(～市) Hengyang (a prefecture-level city in Hunan, China)


六安

→ English: Liu'an, Liu-an, Luan, Lu'an

/li̯oʊ̯⁵¹ ˀän⁵⁵/

/lu⁵¹ ˀän⁵⁵/

/lʊk̚² ɔːn⁵⁵/

/l̃øyʔ⁵⁻⁵⁵ aŋ⁵⁵/

/liɔk̚⁴⁻³² an⁴⁴/

/liɔk̚²⁴⁻² an³³/

/liɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ an⁴⁴/

/liɔk̚⁴⁻³² an⁴⁴/

/liɔk̚⁴⁻³² an⁴⁴/

/li̯oʊ̯⁵¹ ˀän⁵⁵/

/lu⁵¹ ˀän⁵⁵/

/lʊk̚² ɔːn⁵⁵/

/l̃øyʔ⁵⁻⁵⁵ aŋ⁵⁵/

/liɔk̚⁴⁻³² an⁴⁴/

/liɔk̚²⁴⁻² an³³/

/liɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ an⁴⁴/

/liɔk̚⁴⁻³² an⁴⁴/

/liɔk̚⁴⁻³² an⁴⁴/

(～市) Lu'an (a prefecture-level city in Anhui, China)


鹽城

/jɛn³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/jiːm²¹ sɪŋ²¹/

/sieŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾niaŋ⁵³/

/iam²⁴⁻²² siã²⁴/

/iam²⁴⁻²² siã²⁴/

/iam¹³⁻²² siã¹³/

/iam²⁴⁻¹¹ siã²⁴/

/iam²³⁻³³ siã²³/

/ɦi²² zən⁴⁴/

/jɛn³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/jiːm²¹ sɪŋ²¹/

/sieŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾niaŋ⁵³/

/iam²⁴⁻²² siã²⁴/

/iam²⁴⁻²² siã²⁴/

/iam¹³⁻²² siã¹³/

/iam²⁴⁻¹¹ siã²⁴/

/iam²³⁻³³ siã²³/

/ɦi²² zən⁴⁴/

(～市) Yancheng (a prefecture-level city in Jiangsu, China)


連雲港

ㄌㄧㄢˊ ㄩㄣˊ ㄍㄤˇ

/li̯ɛn³⁵ yn³⁵ kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/liːn²¹ wɐn²¹ kɔːŋ³⁵/

/l̃ieŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋuŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋøyŋ³³/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²² hun²⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁵³/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²² hun²⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/liɛn¹³⁻²² hun¹³⁻²² kaŋ⁵³/

/liɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ hun²⁴⁻¹¹ kaŋ⁵³/

/liɛn²³⁻³³ hun²³⁻³³ kaŋ⁴¹/

/li²² ɦyn⁵⁵ kɑ̃²¹/

/li̯ɛn³⁵ yn³⁵ kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/liːn²¹ wɐn²¹ kɔːŋ³⁵/

/l̃ieŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋuŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋøyŋ³³/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²² hun²⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁵³/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²² hun²⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/liɛn¹³⁻²² hun¹³⁻²² kaŋ⁵³/

/liɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ hun²⁴⁻¹¹ kaŋ⁵³/

/liɛn²³⁻³³ hun²³⁻³³ kaŋ⁴¹/

/li²² ɦyn⁵⁵ kɑ̃²¹/

(～市) Lianyungang (a prefecture-level city in Jiangsu, China)


泰安

→ English: T'ai-an, Tai'an

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ ˀän⁵⁵/

/tʰaːi̯³³ ɔːn⁵⁵/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ an⁴⁴/

/tʰai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ an³³/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ an⁴⁴/

/tʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ an⁴⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ an⁴⁴/

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ ˀän⁵⁵/

/tʰaːi̯³³ ɔːn⁵⁵/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ an⁴⁴/

/tʰai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ an³³/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ an⁴⁴/

/tʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ an⁴⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ an⁴⁴/


常德

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ tɤ³⁵/

/sœːŋ²¹ tɐk̚⁵/

/siɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ tiɪk̚³²/

/siɔŋ²³⁻³³ tiɪk̚³²/

/siɔŋ²⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚³²/

/siɔŋ²⁴⁻²² tiak̚⁵/

/siaŋ¹³⁻²² tiɪk̚³²/

/zã²² təʔ⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ tɤ³⁵/

/sœːŋ²¹ tɐk̚⁵/

/siɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ tiɪk̚³²/

/siɔŋ²³⁻³³ tiɪk̚³²/

/siɔŋ²⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚³²/

/siɔŋ²⁴⁻²² tiak̚⁵/

/siaŋ¹³⁻²² tiɪk̚³²/

/zã²² təʔ⁴⁴/

(～市) Changde (a prefecture-level city in Hunan, China)


綏化

/su̯eɪ̯³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/su̯eɪ̯⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/sɵy̯⁵⁵ faː³³/

/su̯eɪ̯³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/su̯eɪ̯⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/sɵy̯⁵⁵ faː³³/

(～市) Suihua (a prefecture-level city in Heilongjiang, China)


新鄉

/ɕin⁵⁵ ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/ɕin⁵⁵ ɕi̯ɑ̃ɻ⁵⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ hœːŋ⁵⁵/

/siŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋyoŋ⁵⁵/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² hiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ hiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² hiaŋ⁴⁴/

/ɕin⁵⁵ ɕiã²¹/

/ɕin⁵⁵ ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/ɕin⁵⁵ ɕi̯ɑ̃ɻ⁵⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ hœːŋ⁵⁵/

/siŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋyoŋ⁵⁵/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² hiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ hiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² hiaŋ⁴⁴/

/ɕin⁵⁵ ɕiã²¹/

(～市) Xinxiang (a prefecture-level city in Henan, China)


漳州

ja-r

漳州(しょうしゅう) (Shōshū)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (漳州):
* → Japanese: 漳州(しょうしゅう) (Shōshū)
* → Korean: 장주(漳州) (Jangju)
* → Vietnamese: Chương Châu (漳州)

desc

→ English: Zhangzhou, Chang-chou, Changchow, Chang-chow, Changchew, Chiangchew, Tsiang-tsiu

→ Dutch: Zhangzhou, Tsiang-tsiu

/ʈ͡ʂɑŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sœːŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/t͡soŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡su²⁴/

/t͡sɔŋ⁴⁴ t͡su⁴⁴/

/t͡siaŋ³³⁻²¹ t͡siu³³/

/t͡siaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡siaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡siɔ̃⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡siaŋ³³⁻²³ t͡siu³³/

/t͡sɑ̃⁵⁵ t͡sɤ²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂɑŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sœːŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/t͡soŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡su²⁴/

/t͡sɔŋ⁴⁴ t͡su⁴⁴/

/t͡siaŋ³³⁻²¹ t͡siu³³/

/t͡siaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡siaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡siɔ̃⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡siaŋ³³⁻²³ t͡siu³³/

/t͡sɑ̃⁵⁵ t͡sɤ²¹/

(～市) Zhangzhou (a prefecture-level city in Fujian, China)


濰坊

/weɪ̯³⁵ fɑŋ⁵⁵/

/wɐi̯²¹ fɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/mi⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾uoŋ⁵⁵/

/i²⁴⁻²² hŋ̍⁴⁴/

/i²⁴⁻²² hŋ̍³³/

/i¹³⁻²² hŋ̍⁴⁴/

/i²⁴⁻¹¹ hŋ̍⁴⁴/

/i²³⁻³³ hŋ̍⁴⁴/

/weɪ̯³⁵ fɑŋ⁵⁵/

/wɐi̯²¹ fɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/mi⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾uoŋ⁵⁵/

/i²⁴⁻²² hŋ̍⁴⁴/

/i²⁴⁻²² hŋ̍³³/

/i¹³⁻²² hŋ̍⁴⁴/

/i²⁴⁻¹¹ hŋ̍⁴⁴/

/i²³⁻³³ hŋ̍⁴⁴/

(～市) Weifang (a city in Shandong, China)


內江

/neɪ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/nɔːi̯²² kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/neɪ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/nɔːi̯²² kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

(～市) Neijiang (a prefecture-level city in Sichuan, China)


臨汾

→ English: Linfen, Lin-fen

/lɐm²¹ fɐn²¹/

/lɐm²¹ fɐn²¹/

(～市) Linfen (a prefecture-level city in Shanxi, China)


赤峰

/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩⁵¹ fɤŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɛːk̚³ fʊŋ⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩⁵¹ fɤŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɛːk̚³ fʊŋ⁵⁵/

Calque of Mongolian ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨᠬᠠᠳᠠ (ulaɣanqada).

calque

(～市) Chifeng (a prefecture-level city in Inner Mongolia, China)


茂名

/mɑʊ̯⁵¹ miŋ³⁵/

/mɐu̯²² mɪŋ²¹/

/mou³⁵⁻¹¹ mĩã⁵⁵/

/mɑʊ̯⁵¹ miŋ³⁵/

/mɐu̯²² mɪŋ²¹/

/mou³⁵⁻¹¹ mĩã⁵⁵/

Named after Jin (晉) dynasty Taoist scholar and doctor 潘茂名 (Pān Màomíng).

named-after

(～市) Maoming (a prefecture-level city in Guangdong, China)


鐵嶺

/tʰi̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ liŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰi̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ liŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Originally a Korean place name located in present-day Hamgyong and Gangwon provinces of North Korea. The city was moved from there to present-day Tieling to continue its function as a military fort after the territory was lost.

(～市) Tieling (a prefecture-level city in Liaoning, China)


秦皇島

→ English: Qinhuangdao

ㄑㄧㄣˊ ㄏㄨㄤˊ ㄉㄠˇ

/t͡ɕʰin³⁵ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰɵn²¹ wɔːŋ²¹ tou̯³⁵/

/t͡sin²⁴⁻²² hɔŋ²⁴⁻²² to⁵³/

/t͡sin²⁴⁻²² hɔŋ²⁴⁻²² to⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sin¹³⁻²² hɔŋ¹³⁻²² to⁵³/

/t͡sin²⁴⁻¹¹ hɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ to⁵³/

/t͡sin²³⁻³³ hɔŋ²³⁻³³ tɤ⁴¹/

/t͡ɕʰin³⁵ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰɵn²¹ wɔːŋ²¹ tou̯³⁵/

/t͡sin²⁴⁻²² hɔŋ²⁴⁻²² to⁵³/

/t͡sin²⁴⁻²² hɔŋ²⁴⁻²² to⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sin¹³⁻²² hɔŋ¹³⁻²² to⁵³/

/t͡sin²⁴⁻¹¹ hɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ to⁵³/

/t͡sin²³⁻³³ hɔŋ²³⁻³³ tɤ⁴¹/

(～市) Qinhuangdao (a prefecture-level city in Hebei, China)


巴中

→ English: Bazhong, Pa-chung

/pä⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵/

/paː⁵⁵ t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵/

/pä⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵/

/paː⁵⁵ t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵/

(～市) Bazhong (a prefecture-level city in Sichuan, China)


焦作

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵ t͡su̯ɔ⁵¹/

/t͡siːu̯⁵⁵ t͡sɔːk̚³/

/t͡siau⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sɔk̚³²/

/t͡siau⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sɔk̚³²/

/t͡siau⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sɔk̚³²/

/t͡siau⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sɔk̚³²/

/t͡ɕiɔ⁵⁵ t͡soʔ²¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵ t͡su̯ɔ⁵¹/

/t͡siːu̯⁵⁵ t͡sɔːk̚³/

/t͡siau⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sɔk̚³²/

/t͡siau⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sɔk̚³²/

/t͡siau⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sɔk̚³²/

/t͡siau⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sɔk̚³²/

/t͡ɕiɔ⁵⁵ t͡soʔ²¹/

(～市) Jiaozuo (a prefecture-level city in Henan, China)


三沙

→ English: Sansha

From its three component areas of 中沙 (Zhōngshā, literally “central sand (Zhongsha)”), 南沙 (Nánshā, literally “south sand (Nansha)”), and 西沙 (Xīshā, literally “west sand (Xisha)”).

zh-l

/sän⁵⁵ ʂä⁵⁵/

/sän⁵⁵ ʂä⁵⁵/

2007, 海南籌建三沙市 爭議海域設轄區 面積約全國1/4

Zhōngguó jiāng zài yǔ dōngméng guójiā yǒu zhǔquán zhēngyì de nánzhōngguóhǎi bùfēn dǎoyǔ jí hǎiyù kuòdà xíngzhèng guǎnxiá qūyù. Jù běn bào dédào de xiāoxī, guówùyuàn yǐ pīzhǔn Hǎinán Xǐng zhèngfǔ de tíyì, jiāng xiànyǒu de Xīshā Qúndǎo bànshìchù shēnggé, shèlì xiànjíshì “Sānshā Shì”, xiàxiá Xīshā, Zhōngshā, Nánshā zhū qúndǎo. Mùqián yǒuguān jiànshì chóubèi gōngzuò zhèngzài jìnxíng. Xiāoxī chēng, wèilái de sānshā shì de hǎiyù fànwéi jiāng yú 200 wàn píngfānggōnglǐ, jiējìn quánguó lùdì miànjī (960 wàn píngfānggōnglǐ) de sì fēn zhī yī.

中國將在與東盟國家有主權爭議的南中國海部分島嶼及海域擴大行政管轄區域。據本報得到的消息，國務院已批准海南省政府的提議，將現有的西沙群島辦事處升格，設立縣級市「三沙市」，下轄西沙、中沙、南沙諸群島。目前有關建市籌備工作正在進行。消息稱，未來的三沙市的海域範圍將逾200萬平方公里，接近全國陸地面積(960萬平方公里)的四分之一。

2007, 海南籌建三沙市 爭議海域設轄區 面積約全國1/4

中国将在与东盟国家有主权争议的南中国海部分岛屿及海域扩大行政管辖区域。据本报得到的消息，国务院已批准海南省政府的提议，将现有的西沙群岛办事处升格，设立县级市「三沙市」，下辖西沙、中沙、南沙诸群岛。目前有关建市筹备工作正在进行。消息称，未来的三沙市的海域范围将逾200万平方公里，接近全国陆地面积(960万平方公里)的四分之一。

(～市) Sansha (a prefecture-level city in Hainan, China, responsible for the administration of the PRC's claims south of Hainan Island in the South China Sea)


棗莊

→ English: Tsao-chuang, Zaozhuang

/t͡sɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂu̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sou̯³⁵ t͡sɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡so⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sŋ̍⁴⁴/

/t͡so⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sŋ̍³³/

/t͡so⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sŋ̍⁴⁴/

/t͡so⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sŋ̍⁴⁴/

/t͡sɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sŋ̍⁴⁴/

/t͡sɔ³³ t͡sɑ̃⁴⁴/

/t͡sɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂu̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sou̯³⁵ t͡sɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡so⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sŋ̍⁴⁴/

/t͡so⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sŋ̍³³/

/t͡so⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sŋ̍⁴⁴/

/t͡so⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sŋ̍⁴⁴/

/t͡sɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sŋ̍⁴⁴/

/t͡sɔ³³ t͡sɑ̃⁴⁴/

(～市) Zaozhuang (a prefecture-level city in Shandong, China)


葫蘆島

→ English: Huludao, Hulutao, Hu-lu-tao

/xu³⁵ lu³⁵ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/xu³⁵ lu³⁵ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

(～市) Huludao (a prefecture-level city in Liaoning, China)


自貢

→ English: Zigong

/t͡sz̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ kʊŋ⁵¹/

/t͡siː²² kʊŋ³³/

/t͡sy²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ouŋ²¹³/

/t͡su²²⁻²¹ kɔŋ²¹/

/t͡su⁴¹⁻²² kɔŋ⁴¹/

/t͡su²²⁻²¹ kɔŋ²¹/

/t͡su³³⁻¹¹ kɔŋ¹¹/

/t͡su³³⁻²¹ kɔŋ²¹/

/t͡sz̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ kʊŋ⁵¹/

/t͡siː²² kʊŋ³³/

/t͡sy²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ouŋ²¹³/

/t͡su²²⁻²¹ kɔŋ²¹/

/t͡su⁴¹⁻²² kɔŋ⁴¹/

/t͡su²²⁻²¹ kɔŋ²¹/

/t͡su³³⁻¹¹ kɔŋ¹¹/

/t͡su³³⁻²¹ kɔŋ²¹/

(～市) Zigong (a prefecture-level city in Sichuan, China)


滁州

→ English: Ch'u-chou, Chuzhou

/ʈ͡ʂʰu³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰyː²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/tu²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/tu²⁴⁻²² t͡siu³³/

/tu¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/tu²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/tu²³⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/zz̩²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰyː²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/tu²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/tu²⁴⁻²² t͡siu³³/

/tu¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/tu²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/tu²³⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/zz̩²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

(～市) Chuzhou (a prefecture-level city in Anhui, China)


宿州

/su⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/sʊk̚⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/syʔ²⁴⁻²¹ t͡sieu⁵⁵/

/sɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/sɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ t͡siu³³/

/sɔk̚³²⁻⁵ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/sɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/sɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/soʔ³³ t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

/su⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/sʊk̚⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/syʔ²⁴⁻²¹ t͡sieu⁵⁵/

/sɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/sɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ t͡siu³³/

/sɔk̚³²⁻⁵ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/sɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/sɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/soʔ³³ t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

(～市) Suzhou (a prefecture-level city in Anhui, China)


湘潭

desc

→ English: Hsiang-t'an, Siangtan, Xiangtan

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ tʰän³⁵/

/sœːŋ⁵⁵ tʰaːm²¹/

/siaŋ³³⁻²³ tʰam⁵⁵/

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ tʰän³⁵/

/sœːŋ⁵⁵ tʰaːm²¹/

/siaŋ³³⁻²³ tʰam⁵⁵/


營口

→ English: Ying-k'ou, Yingkou, Yingkow

/iŋ³⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jɪŋ²¹ hɐu̯³⁵/

/iŋ³⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jɪŋ²¹ hɐu̯³⁵/

(～市) Yingkou (a prefecture-level city in Liaoning, China)


玉林

/jʊk̚² lɐm²¹/

/ɡek̚⁴⁻² lim⁵⁵/

/jʊk̚² lɐm²¹/

/ɡek̚⁴⁻² lim⁵⁵/

From its original name 鬱林, which is homophonous with 玉林 in Mandarin but not in the local Yue dialect.
In numerous texts from the Qing dynasty and the Republic of China era, 鬱林 was written as 玉林, presumably because the character 鬱 is relatively more complex. The official name change from 鬱林 to 玉林 took place in April 1956.
Note a similar name change did not take place for Yunan (鬱南) county in Guangdong.


蚌埠

/pɤŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ pu⁵¹/

/pɑŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ fu⁵¹/

/pʰɔːŋ¹³ fɐu̯²²/

/pʰouŋ²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾muɔ²⁴²/

/paŋ²²⁻²¹ po²²/

/paŋ⁴¹⁻²² po⁴¹/

/paŋ²²⁻²¹ po²²/

/paŋ³³⁻¹¹ po³³/

/paŋ³³⁻²¹ pɤ³³/

/pɤŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ pu⁵¹/

/pɑŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ fu⁵¹/

/pʰɔːŋ¹³ fɐu̯²²/

/pʰouŋ²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾muɔ²⁴²/

/paŋ²²⁻²¹ po²²/

/paŋ⁴¹⁻²² po⁴¹/

/paŋ²²⁻²¹ po²²/

/paŋ³³⁻¹¹ po³³/

/paŋ³³⁻²¹ pɤ³³/

(～市) Bengbu (a prefecture-level city in Anhui, China)


柳州

→ English: Liuzhou, Liu-chou, Liuchow

→ Zhuang: Liujcouh

/li̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/lɐu̯¹³ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/liu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡siu³³/

/li̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/lɐu̯¹³ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/liu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡siu³³/

(～市) Liuzhou (a prefecture-level city in north-central Guangxi, China)


肇慶

→ English: Chaoching, Chao-ch'ing, Chaoking, Shiuhing, Zhaoqing

/ʈ͡ʂɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵¹/

/siːu̯²² hɪŋ³³/

/tiau²²⁻²¹ kʰiɪŋ²¹/

/tiau⁴¹⁻²² kʰiɪŋ⁴¹/

/tiau²²⁻²¹ kʰiɪŋ²¹/

/tiau³³⁻¹¹ kʰiɪŋ¹¹/

/tiau³³⁻²¹ kʰiɪŋ²¹/

/zɔ²² t͡ɕʰin⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵¹/

/siːu̯²² hɪŋ³³/

/tiau²²⁻²¹ kʰiɪŋ²¹/

/tiau⁴¹⁻²² kʰiɪŋ⁴¹/

/tiau²²⁻²¹ kʰiɪŋ²¹/

/tiau³³⁻¹¹ kʰiɪŋ¹¹/

/tiau³³⁻²¹ kʰiɪŋ²¹/

/zɔ²² t͡ɕʰin⁴⁴/

(～市) Zhaoqing (a prefecture-level city in Guangdong, China)


南平

/nän³⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/naːm²¹ pʰɪŋ²¹/

/nˡaŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾miŋ⁵³/

/lam²⁴⁻²² piɪŋ²⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² piɪŋ²⁴/

/lam¹³⁻²² piɪŋ¹³/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ piɪŋ²⁴/

/lam²³⁻³³ piɪŋ²³/

/nän³⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/naːm²¹ pʰɪŋ²¹/

/nˡaŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾miŋ⁵³/

/lam²⁴⁻²² piɪŋ²⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² piɪŋ²⁴/

/lam¹³⁻²² piɪŋ¹³/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ piɪŋ²⁴/

/lam²³⁻³³ piɪŋ²³/

(～市) Nanping (a prefecture-level city in Fujian, China)


亳州

→ English: Bozhou, Po-chou

/pu̯ɔ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/pu̯ɔ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/pɔːk̚³ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/pɔk̚⁴⁻³² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/pɔk̚²⁴⁻² t͡siu³³/

/pɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/pɔk̚⁴⁻³² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/pɔk̚⁴⁻³² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/boʔ¹¹ t͡sɤ²³/

/pu̯ɔ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/pu̯ɔ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/pɔːk̚³ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/pɔk̚⁴⁻³² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/pɔk̚²⁴⁻² t͡siu³³/

/pɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/pɔk̚⁴⁻³² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/pɔk̚⁴⁻³² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/boʔ¹¹ t͡sɤ²³/

(～市) Bozhou (a prefecture-level city in Anhui, China)


黃石

→ English: Huangshi, Hwangshih

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/wɔːŋ²¹ sɛːk̚²/

/uoŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nuoʔ⁵/

/ŋ̍⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sioʔ⁴/

/ŋ̍³³ t͡sioʔ²⁴/

/ŋ̍⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sioʔ¹²¹/

/ŋ̍⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sioʔ⁴/

/ŋ̍⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siɤʔ⁴/

/ɦuɑ̃²² zaʔ⁴⁴/

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/wɔːŋ²¹ sɛːk̚²/

/uoŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nuoʔ⁵/

/ŋ̍⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sioʔ⁴/

/ŋ̍³³ t͡sioʔ²⁴/

/ŋ̍⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sioʔ¹²¹/

/ŋ̍⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sioʔ⁴/

/ŋ̍⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siɤʔ⁴/

/ɦuɑ̃²² zaʔ⁴⁴/

(～市) Huangshi (a prefecture-level city in Hubei, China)


牡丹江

→ English: Mudanjiang, Mu-tan-chiang

/mu²¹⁴⁻²¹ tän⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/mu²¹⁴ d̥än⁴ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/maːu̯¹³ taːn⁵⁵ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/bɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tan⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴⁴/

/bɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tan³³ kaŋ³³/

/bɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tan⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴⁴/

/bɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tan⁴⁴⁻³³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/bɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tan⁴⁴⁻³³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/mu²¹⁴⁻²¹ tän⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/mu²¹⁴ d̥än⁴ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/maːu̯¹³ taːn⁵⁵ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/bɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tan⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴⁴/

/bɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tan³³ kaŋ³³/

/bɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tan⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴⁴/

/bɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tan⁴⁴⁻³³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/bɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tan⁴⁴⁻³³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

牡丹 (mǔdān) is a phono-semantic matching of Manchu ᠮᡠᡩᠠᠨ (mudan, “bend”), in the Manchu name for the river ᠮᡠᡩᠠᠨ
ᡠᠯᠠ (mudan ula, “river of bends”).

psm

(～市) Mudanjiang (a prefecture-level city in Heilongjiang, China)


廊坊

/lɑŋ³⁵ fɑŋ³⁵/

/lɑŋ³⁵ fɑŋ⁵⁵/

/lɔːŋ²¹ fɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/lɑŋ³⁵ fɑŋ³⁵/

/lɑŋ³⁵ fɑŋ⁵⁵/

/lɔːŋ²¹ fɔːŋ⁵⁵/

(～市) Langfang (a prefecture-level city in Hebei, China)


威海

/weɪ̯⁵⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/wɐi̯⁵⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/ui⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ai³³/

/ui⁴⁴⁻²² hai⁵³/

/ui⁴⁴⁻²² hai⁵³/

/ui⁴⁴⁻³³ hai⁵³/

/ui⁴⁴⁻³³ hai⁴¹/

/weɪ̯⁵⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/wɐi̯⁵⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/ui⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ai³³/

/ui⁴⁴⁻²² hai⁵³/

/ui⁴⁴⁻²² hai⁵³/

/ui⁴⁴⁻³³ hai⁵³/

/ui⁴⁴⁻³³ hai⁴¹/

(～市) Weihai (a prefecture-level city in Shandong, China)


桂林

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (桂林):
* → Japanese: 桂林(けいりん) (Keirin)
* → Korean: 계림(桂林) (Gyerim)
* → Vietnamese: Quế Lâm (桂林)

→ English: Guilin, Kuei-lin, Kweilin

→ Georgian: კუეილინი (ḳueilini)

→ Korean: 구이린 (Gu'irin)

→ Zhuang: Gveilinz

/kʷɐi̯³³ lɐm²¹/

/kuɪ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ lim¹¹/

/kui⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ lim²⁴/

/kui²¹³⁻⁵⁵ lim⁵⁵/

/kʷɐi̯³³ lɐm²¹/

/kuɪ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ lim¹¹/

/kui⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ lim²⁴/

/kui²¹³⁻⁵⁵ lim⁵⁵/


莆田

→ English: Putian, Putien, P'u-t'ien

/pʰu³⁵ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/pʰou̯²¹ tʰiːn²¹/

/pʰu¹¹ tʰiɛn¹¹/

/puo⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lieŋ⁵³/

/pʰɔu¹³⁻²¹ ^((t͡sʰ-))lɛŋ¹³/

/pʰɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰan²⁴/

/pʰɔ²³⁻³³ t͡sʰan²³/

/pʰɔ¹³⁻²² t͡sʰan¹³/

/pʰɔ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰan²⁴/

/pɔ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰan²⁴/

/pʰu⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sʰaŋ⁵⁵/

/pʰu³⁵ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/pʰou̯²¹ tʰiːn²¹/

/pʰu¹¹ tʰiɛn¹¹/

/puo⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lieŋ⁵³/

/pʰɔu¹³⁻²¹ ^((t͡sʰ-))lɛŋ¹³/

/pʰɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰan²⁴/

/pʰɔ²³⁻³³ t͡sʰan²³/

/pʰɔ¹³⁻²² t͡sʰan¹³/

/pʰɔ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰan²⁴/

/pɔ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰan²⁴/

/pʰu⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sʰaŋ⁵⁵/

(～市) Putian (a prefecture-level city in Fujian, China)


丹東

→ English: Dandong, Tantung, Tan-tung

/tän⁵⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/taːn⁵⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/tän⁵⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/taːn⁵⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

Renamed 丹東 (literally "red east") from the similarly pronounced 安東／安东 (Āndōng, literally “to pacify the east”) in 1965 because it was considered “not friendly” to North Korea, which is on the east of China.

zh-l

(～市) Dandong (a prefecture-level city in Liaoning, China)


蕪湖

→ English: Wuhu

/u⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾u⁵³/

/bu²⁴⁻²² ɔ²⁴/

/u⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾u⁵³/

/bu²⁴⁻²² ɔ²⁴/

(～市) Wuhu (a prefecture-level city in Anhui, China)


日照

→ English: Jih-chao, Rizhao

/ʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/jɐt̚² t͡siːu̯³³/

/ʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/jɐt̚² t͡siːu̯³³/


鎮江

/ʈ͡ʂən⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sɐn³³ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/tiŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋouŋ⁵⁵/

/tin²¹⁻⁵³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/tin⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kaŋ³³/

/tin²¹⁻⁵³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/tin¹¹⁻⁵³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/tin²¹⁻⁴¹ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/tiŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ kaŋ³³/

/t͡sən³³ kɑ̃⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂən⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sɐn³³ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/tiŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋouŋ⁵⁵/

/tin²¹⁻⁵³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/tin⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kaŋ³³/

/tin²¹⁻⁵³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/tin¹¹⁻⁵³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/tin²¹⁻⁴¹ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/tiŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ kaŋ³³/

/t͡sən³³ kɑ̃⁴⁴/

(～市) Zhenjiang (a prefecture-level city in Jiangsu, China)


株洲

→ English: Chu-chou, Chuchow, Zhuzhou

/ʈ͡ʂu⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡syː⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂu⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡syː⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

(～市) Zhuzhou (a prefecture-level city in Hunan, China)


錦州

/t͡ɕin²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kɐm³⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕin²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kɐm³⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

(～市) Jinzhou (a prefecture-level city in Liaoning, China)


三藩市

/sän⁵⁵ fän⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/sän⁵⁵ fän³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/ɬam³³ fan²² si²¹⁻²¹⁵/

/sän⁵⁵ fän⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/sän⁵⁵ fän³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/ɬam³³ fan²² si²¹⁻²¹⁵/

Phono-semantic matching of English San Francisco.

psm

(～, formerly ～埠) (especially Cantonese) San Francisco (a city in California, United States)


濱州

/pin⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/pɐn⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/pin⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/pɐn⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

(～市) Binzhou (a city in Shandong, China)


德里

/tɤ³⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tɤ³⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Delhi (a megacity and union territory of India, containing the national capital New Delhi)


高石

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 高石 (Takaishi).

obor

(～市) Takaishi (a city in Ōsaka prefecture, Japan)


石獅

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/

/sɛːk̚² siː⁵⁵/

/suoʔ⁵⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lai⁵⁵/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/

/sɛːk̚² siː⁵⁵/

/suoʔ⁵⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lai⁵⁵/

(～市) Shishi (a county-level city in Quanzhou, Fujian, China)


妙高

/mi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹ kɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/mi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹ kɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 妙高 (Myōkō).

(～市) Myōkō (a city in Niigata Prefecture, Japan)


摩加迪休

ㄇㄛˊ ㄐㄧㄚ ㄉㄧˊ ㄒㄧㄡ

/mu̯ɔ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ ti³⁵ ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/

/mu̯ɔ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ ti³⁵ ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/

(Taiwan) Mogadishu (the capital city of Somalia)


青梅

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ meɪ̯³⁵/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ meɪ̯³⁵/


敦煌

desc

→ English: Dunhuang, Tun-huang, Tunhuang, Tunhwang

/tu̯ən⁵⁵ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/tɵn⁵⁵ wɔːŋ²¹/

/tun⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ²⁴/

/tun³³ hɔŋ²⁴/

/tun⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ¹³/

/tun⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ²⁴/

/tun⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ²³/

/tuŋ³³⁻²³ huaŋ⁵⁵/

/tən⁵⁵ uɑ̃²¹/

/tu̯ən⁵⁵ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/tɵn⁵⁵ wɔːŋ²¹/

/tun⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ²⁴/

/tun³³ hɔŋ²⁴/

/tun⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ¹³/

/tun⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ²⁴/

/tun⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ²³/

/tuŋ³³⁻²³ huaŋ⁵⁵/

/tən⁵⁵ uɑ̃²¹/

Likely from a historical Iranian language, with first known records in Chinese in the 2nd century BCE; likely cognate to the later Sogdian 𐼌𐼘𐼇𐼀𐼀𐼏 (δrwʾʾn /*θurwān, θruwān/) – name of Dunhuang known to the Sogdians – attested in the "Sogdian Ancient Letters" [early 4th century] (Gharib, 1995); possibly related to the Θροάνα (Throána) in Greek (Ptolemy, Geographia, Book VI, chap. 16) and Bactrian sources (Pulleyblank, 1962, 1966; Baxter and Sagart, 2014).

cog

(～市) Dunhuang (a county-level city in Jiuquan, Gansu, China)


海東

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (海東):
* → Korean: 해동(海東) (haedong)

→ English: Haidong

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

Haidong, Qinghai is east of 青海湖 (Qīnghǎi Hú, “Qinghai Lake”, literally “Blue Sea”), and Korea is east of Bohai Bay and the Yellow Sea.

zh-l

(～市, formerly ～地區) Haidong (a prefecture-level city in Qinghai, China, formerly a prefecture)


新金山

Синьцзиньшань

/ɕin⁵⁵ t͡ɕin⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ kɐm⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/ɬin³³ kim³³ san³³⁻³³⁵/

/ɕin⁵⁵ t͡ɕin⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ kɐm⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/ɬin³³ kim³³ san³³⁻³³⁵/

The name refers to the gold rush around Melbourne and contrasts it with 舊金山／旧金山 (Jiùjīnshān, “Old Gold Mountain”): San Francisco, California, in the United States. (金山 being used loosely for any place of great chances for wealth, in a similar fashion to the English "gold mine".)

舊金山

San Francisco, California, United States

(dated) Melbourne (a city, the state capital of Victoria, Australia)


庫車

/kʰu⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤ⁵⁵/

/fuː³³ t͡sʰɛː⁵⁵/

/kʰu⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤ⁵⁵/

/fuː³³ t͡sʰɛː⁵⁵/

Borrowed from Manchu ᡴᡠᠴᡝ (kuce), from Written Oirat ᡍᡉᡔᡄ (küce), from Chagatai کوجا.
Probably a doublet of 龜茲／龟兹 (Qiūcí).

龜茲／龟兹 (Qiūcí)

(～市, formerly ～縣) Kuqa, Kuche, Kuchar (a county-level city in Aksu prefecture, Xinjiang, China, formerly a county)


科隆

/kʰɤ⁵⁵ lʊŋ³⁵/

/fɔː⁵⁵ lʊŋ²¹/

/kʰɤ⁵⁵ lʊŋ³⁵/

/fɔː⁵⁵ lʊŋ²¹/

North Rhine-Westphalia
North Rhine-Westphalia#English

Cologne (the largest city in North Rhine-Westphalia, in northwestern Germany)


明光

/miŋ³⁵ ku̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/mɪŋ²¹ kʷɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/miŋ³⁵ ku̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/mɪŋ²¹ kʷɔːŋ⁵⁵/

(～市) Mingguang (a county-level city in Chuzhou, Anhui, China)


溫得和克

ㄨㄣ ㄉㄜˊ ㄏㄜˊ ㄎㄜˋ

/wən⁵⁵ tɤ³⁵ xɤ³⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹/

/wən⁵⁵ tɤ³⁵ xɤ³⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹/

Borrowed from Afrikaans/Dutch Windhoek, from wind (“wind”) + hoek (“corner, angle”).


塔那那利佛

ㄊㄚˇ ㄋㄚˋ ㄋㄚˋ ㄌㄧˋ ㄈㄛˊ

/tʰä²¹⁴⁻²¹ nä⁵¹⁻⁵³ nä⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹ fu̯ɔ³⁵/

/tʰä²¹⁴⁻²¹ nä⁵¹⁻⁵³ nä⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹ fu̯ɔ³⁵/

Antananarivo (a city, the capital city of Madagascar)

安塔那那利佛

Āntǎnànàlìfó


安塔那那利佛

Āntǎnànàlìfó

ㄢ ㄊㄚˇ ㄋㄚˋ ㄋㄚˋ ㄌㄧˋ ㄈㄛˊ

Āntǎnànàlìfó

Аньтананалифо

/ˀän⁵⁵ tʰä²¹⁴⁻²¹ nä⁵¹⁻⁵³ nä⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹ fu̯ɔ³⁵/


布松布拉

ㄅㄨˋ ㄙㄨㄥ ㄅㄨˋ ㄌㄚ

/pu⁵¹ sʊŋ⁵⁵ pu⁵¹ lä⁵⁵/

/pou̯³³ t͡sʰʊŋ²¹ pou̯³³ laːi̯⁵⁵/

/pu⁵¹ sʊŋ⁵⁵ pu⁵¹ lä⁵⁵/

/pou̯³³ t͡sʰʊŋ²¹ pou̯³³ laːi̯⁵⁵/

(Taiwan) Bujumbura (a city, the capital city of Burundi)


夏爾迦

/ɕi̯ä⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵/

/ɕi̯ä⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵/

United Arab Emirates
United Arab Emirates#English

Sharjah (the capital city of Sharjah emirate, United Arab Emirates)


弗里敦

/fu³⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹ tu̯ən⁵⁵/

/fu³⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹ tu̯ən⁵⁵/

Freetown (a city, the capital city of Sierra Leone)


惠靈頓

ㄏㄨㄟˋ ㄌㄧㄥˊ ㄉㄨㄣˋ

/xu̯eɪ̯⁵¹ liŋ³⁵ tu̯ən⁵¹/

/wɐi̯²² lɪŋ²¹ tɵn²²/

/xu̯eɪ̯⁵¹ liŋ³⁵ tu̯ən⁵¹/

/wɐi̯²² lɪŋ²¹ tɵn²²/

(～市, formerly ～埠) (Mainland China, Hong Kong, possibly obsolete in Taiwan) Wellington (a city, the capital city of New Zealand)


馬塞盧

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ sɤ⁵¹ lu³⁵/

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ saɪ̯⁵¹ lu³⁵/

/mã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ lɔ²⁴/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sai²¹⁻⁵³ lɔ²⁴/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sai²¹⁻⁵³ lɔ¹³/

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ sɤ⁵¹ lu³⁵/

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ saɪ̯⁵¹ lu³⁵/

/mã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ lɔ²⁴/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sai²¹⁻⁵³ lɔ²⁴/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sai²¹⁻⁵³ lɔ¹³/

Maseru (a city, the capital city of Lesotho)


科納克里

ㄎㄜ ㄋㄚˋ ㄎㄜˋ ㄌㄧˇ

/kʰɤ⁵⁵ nä⁵¹⁻⁵³ kʰɤ⁵¹ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʰɤ⁵⁵ nä⁵¹⁻⁵³ kʰɤ⁵¹ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Conakry (a city, the capital city of Guinea)


多多馬

/tu̯ɔ⁵⁵ tu̯ɔ⁵⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tu̯ɔ⁵⁵ tu̯ɔ⁵⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Dodoma (a city, the capital city of Tanzania)


姆巴巴納

ㄇㄨˇ ㄅㄚ ㄅㄚ ㄋㄚˋ

/mu²¹⁴⁻²¹ pä⁵⁵ pä⁵⁵ nä⁵¹/

/mou̯¹³ paː⁵⁵ paː⁵⁵ naːp̚²/

/mu²¹⁴⁻²¹ pä⁵⁵ pä⁵⁵ nä⁵¹/

/mou̯¹³ paː⁵⁵ paː⁵⁵ naːp̚²/

Mbabane (a city, the capital city of Eswatini)


莫羅尼

ㄇㄛˋ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄋㄧˊ

/mu̯ɔ⁵¹ lu̯ɔ³⁵ ni³⁵/

/mɔːk̚² lɔː²¹ nei̯²¹/

/mu̯ɔ⁵¹ lu̯ɔ³⁵ ni³⁵/

/mɔːk̚² lɔː²¹ nei̯²¹/

(Mainland China, Hong Kong) Moroni (a city, the capital city of the Comoros)


馬拉博

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ lä⁵⁵ pu̯ɔ³⁵/

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ lä⁵⁵ pu̯ɔ³⁵/

Equatorial Guinea
Equatorial Guinea#English

Malabo (a city, the capital city of Equatorial Guinea)


利伯維爾

ㄌㄧˋ ㄅㄛˊ ㄨㄟˊ ㄦˇ

/li⁵¹ pu̯ɔ³⁵ weɪ̯³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lei̯²² paːk̚³ wɐi̯²¹ jiː¹³/

/li⁵¹ pu̯ɔ³⁵ weɪ̯³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lei̯²² paːk̚³ wɐi̯²¹ jiː¹³/

Libreville (a city, the capital city of Gabon)


科托努

/kʰɤ⁵⁵ tʰu̯ɔ⁵⁵ nu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʰɤ⁵⁵ tʰu̯ɔ⁵⁵ nu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/


拉哥斯

/lä⁵⁵ kɤ⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵/

/lä⁵⁵ kɤ⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵/

(Taiwan) Lagos (port former capital of Nigeria)


坎帕拉

/kʰän²¹⁴⁻²¹ pʰä⁵¹ lä⁵⁵/

/kʰän²¹⁴⁻²¹ pʰä⁵¹ lä⁵⁵/

Kampala (a city, the capital city of Uganda)


洛美

/lu̯ɔ⁵¹ meɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lu̯ɔ⁵¹ meɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/


聖多美

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹ tu̯ɔ⁵⁵ meɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɪŋ³³ tɔː⁵⁵ mei̯¹³/

/siɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tɔ³³ bi⁵⁵⁴/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ to⁴⁴⁻²² bi⁵³/

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹ tu̯ɔ⁵⁵ meɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɪŋ³³ tɔː⁵⁵ mei̯¹³/

/siɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tɔ³³ bi⁵⁵⁴/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ to⁴⁴⁻²² bi⁵³/

São Tomé and Príncipe
São Tomé and Príncipe#English

São Tomé (a city, the capital city of São Tomé and Príncipe)


普拉亞

/pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ lä⁵⁵ jä⁵¹/

/pʰou̯³⁵ laːi̯⁵⁵ aː³³/

/pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ lä⁵⁵ jä⁵¹/

/pʰou̯³⁵ laːi̯⁵⁵ aː³³/

Praia (a city, the capital city of Cape Verde)


朱巴

/ʈ͡ʂu⁵⁵ pä⁵⁵/

/t͡syː⁵⁵ paː⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂu⁵⁵ pä⁵⁵/

/t͡syː⁵⁵ paː⁵⁵/

Juba (a city, the capital city of South Sudan)


開雲

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ yn³⁵/

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ yn³⁵/

(Taiwan) Cayenne (a city, the capital city of the French Guiana department)


利隆圭

ㄌㄧˋ ㄌㄨㄥˊ ㄍㄨㄟ

/li⁵¹ lʊŋ³⁵ ku̯eɪ̯⁵⁵/

/li⁵¹ lʊŋ³⁵ ku̯eɪ̯⁵⁵/

Lilongwe (a city, the capital city of Malawi)


瓦加杜古

ㄨㄚˇ ㄐㄧㄚ ㄉㄨˋ ㄍㄨˇ

/wä²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ tu⁵¹ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/wä²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ tu⁵¹ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Ouagadougou (a city, the capital city of Burkina Faso)


普里什蒂納

ㄆㄨˇ ㄌㄧˇ ㄕˊ ㄉㄧˋ ㄋㄚˋ

/pʰu²¹⁴⁻³⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵ ti⁵¹⁻⁵³ nä⁵¹/

/pʰou̯³⁵ lei̯¹³ sɐp̚² tɐi̯³³ naːp̚²/

/pʰu³³ li⁵⁵ zəʔ³³ ti³³ naʔ²¹/

/pʰu²¹⁴⁻³⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵ ti⁵¹⁻⁵³ nä⁵¹/

/pʰou̯³⁵ lei̯¹³ sɐp̚² tɐi̯³³ naːp̚²/

/pʰu³³ li⁵⁵ zəʔ³³ ti³³ naʔ²¹/

(Mainland China, Hong Kong) Priština (a city, the capital city of Kosovo)


巴斯特爾

/pä⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ tʰɤ⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/paː⁵⁵ siː⁵⁵ tɐk̚² jiː¹³/

/pä⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ tʰɤ⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/paː⁵⁵ siː⁵⁵ tɐk̚² jiː¹³/

Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Kitts and Nevis#English

Basseterre (a city, the capital city of Saint Kitts and Nevis)


櫻井

/iŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕiŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/iŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕiŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 桜井 (Sakurai).

obor

(～市) Sakurai (a city in Nara Prefecture, Japan)


雲浮

→ English: Wanfow, Yunfu

/wɐn²¹ fɐu̯²¹/

/hun²⁴⁻²² pʰu²⁴/

/hun²⁴⁻²² pʰu²⁴/

/hun¹³⁻²² pʰu¹³/

/hun²⁴⁻¹¹ pʰu²⁴/

/hun²³⁻³³ pʰu²³/

/wɐn²¹ fɐu̯²¹/

/hun²⁴⁻²² pʰu²⁴/

/hun²⁴⁻²² pʰu²⁴/

/hun¹³⁻²² pʰu¹³/

/hun²⁴⁻¹¹ pʰu²⁴/

/hun²³⁻³³ pʰu²³/

The first syllable 雲／云 (yún) (pronounced wan4 in Cantonese) is possibly cognate with Zhuang vunz (“person”) (Shao, 2015). There are many toponyms in Guangdong with 雲／云 (yún) as their first character.
On the other hand, the second syllable 浮 (fú) is possibly cognate with Zhuang faexbaeuz (“Pleioblastus amarus”, a plant commonly found in the area, known as 苦竹 in Chinese) (Shao, 2015), so 雲浮／云浮 (Yúnfú) may mean "the people who plant Pleioblastus amarus", making the toponym possibly phono-semantic matching of Kra-Dai substrate words.

zh-l

雲浮／云浮 (Yúnfú)

(～市) Yunfu (a prefecture-level city in Guangdong, China)


羅索

/lu̯ɔ³⁵ su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lu̯ɔ³⁵ su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Roseau (a city, the capital city of Dominica)


布里奇敦

ㄅㄨˋ ㄌㄧˇ ㄑㄧˊ ㄉㄨㄣ

/pu⁵¹ li²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi³⁵ tu̯ən⁵⁵/

/pu⁵¹ li²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi³⁵ tu̯ən⁵⁵/

Bridgetown (a city, the capital city of Barbados)


京斯敦

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ tu̯ən⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ tu̯ən⁵⁵/

(chiefly Taiwan) Kingston (a city, the capital city of Jamaica)


聖多明哥

ㄕㄥˋ ㄉㄨㄛ ㄇㄧㄥˊ ㄍㄜ

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹ tu̯ɔ⁵⁵ miŋ³⁵ kɤ⁵⁵/

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹ tu̯ɔ⁵⁵ miŋ³⁵ kɤ⁵⁵/

Dominican Republic
Dominican Republic#English

(Taiwan) Santo Domingo (a city, the capital city of the Dominican Republic)


西班牙港

ㄒㄧ ㄅㄢ ㄧㄚˊ ㄍㄤˇ

/ɕi⁵⁵ pän⁵⁵ jä³⁵ kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ paːn⁵⁵ ŋaː²¹ kɔːŋ³⁵/

/ɕi⁵⁵ pän⁵⁵ jä³⁵ kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ paːn⁵⁵ ŋaː²¹ kɔːŋ³⁵/

Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad and Tobago#English

Port of Spain (a city, the capital city of Trinidad and Tobago)


金斯敦

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ tu̯ən⁵⁵/

/kɐm⁵⁵ siː⁵⁵ tɵn⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ tu̯ən⁵⁵/

/kɐm⁵⁵ siː⁵⁵ tɵn⁵⁵/

Borrowed from English Kingston or Kingstown.

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines#English

Kingstown (a city, the capital city of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines)

金石城

capital of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines


太子港

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻³⁵ kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰaːi̯³³ t͡siː³⁵ kɔːŋ³⁵/

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻³⁵ kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰaːi̯³³ t͡siː³⁵ kɔːŋ³⁵/

Calque of French Port-au-Prince (literally “port of the prince”).

calque

Port-au-Prince (the capital city of Haiti)


打橫

Borrowed from Sundanese Tawang, from Tawang-Galunggung, the city and regency's (then-district's) former name.

/tä²¹⁴⁻²¹ xɤŋ³⁵/

/tä²¹⁴⁻²¹ xɤ̃ɻ³⁵/

/taː³⁵ waːŋ²¹/

/ta³¹ ʋaŋ¹¹/

/tä²¹⁴⁻²¹ xɤŋ³⁵/

/tä²¹⁴⁻²¹ xɤ̃ɻ³⁵/

/taː³⁵ waːŋ²¹/

/ta³¹ ʋaŋ¹¹/

(～市) Tasikmalaya (a city in West Java, Indonesia)


石岡

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ kɑŋ⁵⁵/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ kɑŋ⁵⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 石岡 (Ishioka).
; "Shigang district, Taichung, Taiwan"

obor

(～市) Ishioka (a city in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan)


安順

/ˀän⁵⁵ ʂu̯ən⁵¹/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ sɵn²²/

/ˀän⁵⁵ ʂu̯ən⁵¹/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ sɵn²²/

(～市) Anshun (a prefecture-level city in Guizhou, China)


安順

From English Anson, from English Anson Bay (former name of Teluk Intan).

der

/ˀän⁵⁵ ʂu̯ən⁵¹/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ sɵn²²/

/ˀän⁵⁵ ʂu̯ən⁵¹/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ sɵn²²/


匹茲堡

/pʰi²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡sz̩⁵⁵ pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pʰi⁵⁵ t͡sz̩⁵⁵ pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pʰɐt̚⁵ t͡siː⁵⁵ pou̯³⁵/

/pʰi²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡sz̩⁵⁵ pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pʰi⁵⁵ t͡sz̩⁵⁵ pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pʰɐt̚⁵ t͡siː⁵⁵ pou̯³⁵/

Pittsburgh (a city in Pennsylvania, United States)


奧斯汀

/ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵ tʰiŋ⁵⁵/

/ou̯³³ siː⁵⁵ tʰɪŋ⁵⁵/

/ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵ tʰiŋ⁵⁵/

/ou̯³³ siː⁵⁵ tʰɪŋ⁵⁵/

(Mainland China) Austin (a city, the state capital of Texas, United States)


新嘉坡

/ɕin⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ pʰu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ pʰo⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ pʰɤ⁴⁴/

/ɕin⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ pʰu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ pʰo⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ pʰɤ⁴⁴/

1838, “推農務之會”, in Karl Gützlaff, editor, 東西洋考每月統紀傳 [Eastern Western Monthly Magazine], page 12:

Xiànglái yú Xīnjiāpō zhī tǔ zhǐ zhòng bōluómì, hújiāo éryǐ. Hòu zāi gāopī, gānzhè, lóuténg.

向來於新嘉坡之土止種波羅蜜、胡椒而已。後栽羔丕、甘蔗、蔞藤。

向来于新嘉坡之土止种波罗蜜、胡椒而已。后栽羔丕、甘蔗、蒌藤。

(dated) Alternative name for 新加坡 (Xīnjiāpō, “Singapore”).: Singapore (an island and city-state in Southeast Asia, located off the southernmost tip of the Malay Peninsula; a former British crown colony)


普洱

→ English: Pu'er, Puer

/pʰu²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pʰou̯³⁵ nei̯¹³⁻³⁵/

/pou̯³⁵ nei̯¹³⁻³⁵/

/pʰou̯³⁵ jiː¹³/

/pʰu³³ ɦəl⁴⁴/

/pʰu²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pʰu²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pʰou̯³⁵ nei̯¹³⁻³⁵/

/pou̯³⁵ nei̯¹³⁻³⁵/

/pʰou̯³⁵ jiː¹³/

/pʰu³³ ɦəl⁴⁴/

(～市) Pu'er, Puer (a prefecture-level city in Yunnan, China)


比什凱克

ㄅㄧˇ ㄕˊ ㄎㄞˇ ㄎㄜˋ

/pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵ kʰaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ kʰɤ⁵¹/

/pei̯³⁵ sɐp̚² hɔːi̯³⁵ hɐk̚⁵/

/pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sip̚¹²¹⁻²¹ kʰai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰiɪk̚³²/

/pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sip̚⁴⁻³² kʰai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰiɪk̚³²/

/pi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sip̚²⁴⁻² kʰai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kʰiak̚⁵/

/pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵ kʰaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ kʰɤ⁵¹/

/pei̯³⁵ sɐp̚² hɔːi̯³⁵ hɐk̚⁵/

/pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sip̚¹²¹⁻²¹ kʰai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰiɪk̚³²/

/pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sip̚⁴⁻³² kʰai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰiɪk̚³²/

/pi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sip̚²⁴⁻² kʰai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kʰiak̚⁵/

(Mainland China, Hong Kong) Bishkek (a city, the capital city of Kyrgyzstan)


朝霞

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 朝(あさ)霞(か) (Asaka).

/ʈ͡ʂɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ɕi̯ä³⁵/

/t͡siːu̯⁵⁵ haː²¹/

/tiau⁴⁴⁻²² hɛ¹³/

/ʈ͡ʂɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ɕi̯ä³⁵/

/t͡siːu̯⁵⁵ haː²¹/

/tiau⁴⁴⁻²² hɛ¹³/

(～市) Asaka (a city in Saitama Prefecture, Japan)


伯利恆

/pu̯ɔ³⁵ li⁵¹ xɤŋ³⁵/

/paːk̚³ lei̯²² hɐŋ²¹/

/pɛiʔ²⁴⁻²¹ l̃i²¹³⁻⁵⁵ hɛiŋ⁵³/

/piɪk̚³²⁻⁴ li³³⁻²¹ hiɪŋ²³/

/piɪk̚³²⁻⁴ li²²⁻²¹ hiɪŋ²⁴/

/piɪk̚³²⁻⁵ li²²⁻²¹ hiɪŋ¹³/

/piɪk̚³²⁻⁴ li³³⁻¹¹ hiɪŋ²⁴/

/piak̚⁵⁻²⁴ li⁴¹⁻²² hŋ̍²⁴/

/pek̚²⁻⁴ li³⁵⁻¹¹ heŋ⁵⁵/

/pu̯ɔ³⁵ li⁵¹ xɤŋ³⁵/

/paːk̚³ lei̯²² hɐŋ²¹/

/pɛiʔ²⁴⁻²¹ l̃i²¹³⁻⁵⁵ hɛiŋ⁵³/

/piɪk̚³²⁻⁴ li³³⁻²¹ hiɪŋ²³/

/piɪk̚³²⁻⁴ li²²⁻²¹ hiɪŋ²⁴/

/piɪk̚³²⁻⁵ li²²⁻²¹ hiɪŋ¹³/

/piɪk̚³²⁻⁴ li³³⁻¹¹ hiɪŋ²⁴/

/piak̚⁵⁻²⁴ li⁴¹⁻²² hŋ̍²⁴/

/pek̚²⁻⁴ li³⁵⁻¹¹ heŋ⁵⁵/

Ultimately from Hebrew בֵּית לֶחֶם (bēṯ léḥem).

Hebrew בֵּית לֶחֶם (bēṯ léḥem)

(Protestantism, Eastern Orthodoxy or secular) Bethlehem (a city in the West Bank, Palestine, believed to be the birthplace of Jesus)


墨西哥城

ㄇㄛˋ ㄒㄧ ㄍㄜ ㄔㄥˊ

/mu̯ɔ⁵¹ ɕi⁵⁵ kɤ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/mɐk̚² sɐi̯⁵⁵ kɔː⁵⁵ sɪŋ²¹/

/mu̯ɔ⁵¹ ɕi⁵⁵ kɤ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/mɐk̚² sɐi̯⁵⁵ kɔː⁵⁵ sɪŋ²¹/

Mexico City (a city, the capital city of Mexico)


瓦萊塔

/wä²¹⁴⁻²¹ laɪ̯³⁵ tʰä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ŋaː¹³ lɔːi̯²¹ tʰaːp̚³/

/ua⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lai¹³⁻²² tʰaʔ³²/

/ua⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lai²⁴⁻²² tʰaʔ³²/

/ua⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lai²⁴⁻²² tʰaʔ⁵/

/ŋo²² le⁵⁵ tʰaʔ²¹/

/wä²¹⁴⁻²¹ laɪ̯³⁵ tʰä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ŋaː¹³ lɔːi̯²¹ tʰaːp̚³/

/ua⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lai¹³⁻²² tʰaʔ³²/

/ua⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lai²⁴⁻²² tʰaʔ³²/

/ua⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lai²⁴⁻²² tʰaʔ⁵/

/ŋo²² le⁵⁵ tʰaʔ²¹/

Valletta (a city, the capital city of Malta)


亞穆蘇克羅

ㄧㄚˋ ㄇㄨˋ ㄙㄨ ㄎㄜˋ ㄌㄨㄛˊ

ㄧㄚˇ ㄇㄨˋ ㄙㄨ ㄎㄜˋ ㄌㄨㄛˊ

/jä⁵¹⁻⁵³ mu⁵¹ su⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹ lu̯ɔ³⁵/

/jä²¹⁴⁻²¹ mu⁵¹ su⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹ lu̯ɔ³⁵/

/aː³³ mʊk̚² sou̯⁵⁵ hɐk̚⁵ lɔː²¹/

/jä⁵¹⁻⁵³ mu⁵¹ su⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹ lu̯ɔ³⁵/

/jä²¹⁴⁻²¹ mu⁵¹ su⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹ lu̯ɔ³⁵/

/aː³³ mʊk̚² sou̯⁵⁵ hɐk̚⁵ lɔː²¹/

(Mainland China) Yamoussoukro (the official and administrative capital of Ivory Coast)


阿皮亞

/ˀä⁵⁵ pʰi³⁵ jä⁵¹/

/aː³³ pʰei̯²¹ aː³³/

/ˀä⁵⁵ pʰi³⁵ jä⁵¹/

/aː³³ pʰei̯²¹ aː³³/

Apia (a city, the capital city of Samoa)


富納富提

ㄈㄨˋ ㄋㄚˋ ㄈㄨˋ ㄊㄧˊ

/fu⁵¹⁻⁵³ nä⁵¹⁻⁵³ fu⁵¹ tʰi³⁵/

/fuː³³ naːp̚² fuː³³ tʰɐi̯²¹/

/fu⁵¹⁻⁵³ nä⁵¹⁻⁵³ fu⁵¹ tʰi³⁵/

/fuː³³ naːp̚² fuː³³ tʰɐi̯²¹/

Funafuti (a city, the capital city of Tuvalu)


努庫阿洛法

ㄋㄨˇ ㄎㄨˋ ㄚ ㄌㄨㄛˋ ㄈㄚˇ

/nu²¹⁴⁻²¹ kʰu⁵¹ ˀä⁵⁵ lu̯ɔ⁵¹ fä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/nou̯¹³ fuː³³ aː³³ lɔːk̚² faːt̚³/

/nou̯¹³ fuː³³ aː³³ lɔːk̚³ faːt̚³/

/nou̯¹³ fuː³³ aː³³ lɔːk̚² faːt̚³/

/nou̯¹³ fuː³³ aː³³ lɔːk̚³ faːt̚³/

From Tongan Nukuʻalofa, from nuku (“abode”) + alofa (“love”). Literally, “abode of love”.


班加羅爾

ㄅㄢ ㄐㄧㄚ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄦˇ

/pän⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/paːn⁵⁵ kaː⁵⁵ lɔː²¹ jiː¹³/

/pän⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/paːn⁵⁵ kaː⁵⁵ lɔː²¹ jiː¹³/

(Mainland China) Bangalore (a megacity, the state capital of Karnataka, India)


曼徹斯特

ㄇㄢˋ ㄔㄜˋ ㄙ ㄊㄜˋ

/män⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂʰɤ⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵ tʰɤ⁵¹/

/maːn²² t͡sʰiːt̚³ siː⁵⁵ tɐk̚²/

/me²² t͡sʰəʔ⁵⁵ sz̩³³ dəʔ²¹/

/män⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂʰɤ⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵ tʰɤ⁵¹/

/maːn²² t͡sʰiːt̚³ siː⁵⁵ tɐk̚²/

/me²² t͡sʰəʔ⁵⁵ sz̩³³ dəʔ²¹/

metropolitan borough
metropolitan borough

Greater Manchester
Greater Manchester#English

Manchester (a major city and metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester, in northwestern England)


長洲

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

(～區) Changzhou (a prefecture-level city in southern Jiangsu, China)


安城

/ˀän⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/ˀän⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

(～市) Anjō (a city in Aichi Prefecture, Japan)


絳州

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

(～市) Jiangzhou (a city in Shanxi, China)


湖西

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 湖西 (Kosai).

obor

/wuː²¹ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² sai⁴⁴/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² sai³³/

/ɔ¹³⁻²² sai⁴⁴/

/ɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ sai⁴⁴/

/ɔ²³⁻³³ sai⁴⁴/

/wuː²¹ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² sai⁴⁴/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² sai³³/

/ɔ¹³⁻²² sai⁴⁴/

/ɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ sai⁴⁴/

/ɔ²³⁻³³ sai⁴⁴/

(～市) Kosai (a city in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)


圖森

/tʰu³⁵ sən⁵⁵/

/tʰou̯²¹ sɐm⁵⁵/

/tʰu³⁵ sən⁵⁵/

/tʰou̯²¹ sɐm⁵⁵/

(Mainland China) Tucson (a city in Arizona, United States)


瑞穗

/ʐu̯eɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ su̯eɪ̯⁵¹/

/sɵy̯²² sɵy̯²²/

/ʐu̯eɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ su̯eɪ̯⁵¹/

/sɵy̯²² sɵy̯²²/

(～市) Mizuho (a city in Gifu Prefecture, Japan)


根室

/kən⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/kən⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kən⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/kən⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 根室 (Nemuro).

(～市) Nemuro (a city in Hokkaido prefecture, Japan)


芝加哥

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ kɤ⁵⁵/

/t͡siː⁵⁵ kaː⁵⁵ kɔː⁵⁵/

/t͡si⁴⁴⁻²² ka⁴⁴⁻²² ko⁴⁴/

/t͡si⁴⁴⁻²² ka⁴⁴⁻²² ko⁴⁴/

/t͡si⁴⁴⁻³³ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ ko⁴⁴/

/t͡si⁴⁴⁻³³ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ kɤ⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ kɤ⁵⁵/

/t͡siː⁵⁵ kaː⁵⁵ kɔː⁵⁵/

/t͡si⁴⁴⁻²² ka⁴⁴⁻²² ko⁴⁴/

/t͡si⁴⁴⁻²² ka⁴⁴⁻²² ko⁴⁴/

/t͡si⁴⁴⁻³³ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ ko⁴⁴/

/t͡si⁴⁴⁻³³ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ kɤ⁴⁴/

From a spelling pronunciation of English Chicago.

Chicago (a large city in Illinois, United States)


慕尼黑

/mu⁵¹ ni³⁵ xeɪ̯⁵⁵/

/mu²² n̠ʲi⁵⁵ həʔ²¹/

/mo²² n̠ʲi⁵⁵ həʔ²¹/

/mu⁵¹ ni³⁵ xeɪ̯⁵⁵/

/mu²² n̠ʲi⁵⁵ həʔ²¹/

/mo²² n̠ʲi⁵⁵ həʔ²¹/

Munich (the capital and largest city of Bavaria, Germany)


酒田

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/t͡sɐu̯³⁵ tʰiːn²¹/

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/t͡sɐu̯³⁵ tʰiːn²¹/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 酒田 (Sakata).

(～市) Sakata (a city in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan)


崑山

/kʰu̯ən⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/kʷʰɐn⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/kʷɐn⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/kʰun⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/kʰun⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/kʰun⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/kʰun⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/kʰu̯ən⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/kʷʰɐn⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/kʷɐn⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/kʰun⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/kʰun⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/kʰun⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/kʰun⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

(～市) Kunshan (a county-level city in Suzhou, Jiangsu, China)


佐倉

/t͡su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 佐(さ)倉(くら) (Sakura).

(～市) Sakura (a city in Chiba Prefecture, Japan)


花卷

/xu̯ä⁵⁵ t͡ɕy̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/xu̯ä⁵⁵ t͡ɕy̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

For pronunciation and definitions of 花卷 – see 花捲 (“Mandarin roll; flower roll”).
(This term is the simplified and variant traditional form of 花捲).
 Notes:
Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.
Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.


沃加沃加

ㄨㄛˋ ㄐㄧㄚ ㄨㄛˋ ㄐㄧㄚ

/wɔ⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ wɔ⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵/

/wɔ⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ wɔ⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵/

Wagga Wagga (a city in New South Wales, Australia)


額爾古納

ㄜˊ ㄦˇ ㄍㄨˇ ㄋㄚˋ

/ˀɤ³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ nä⁵¹/

/ˀɤ³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ nä⁵¹/

(～市) Ergun (a city in Inner Mongolia, China)


仙桃

→ English: Xiantao

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³⁵/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻²² tʰo²⁴/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻²² tʰo¹³/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰo²⁴/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰɤ²³/

/sieŋ³⁵⁻³³ tʰɔ²²/

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³⁵/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻²² tʰo²⁴/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻²² tʰo¹³/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰo²⁴/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰɤ²³/

/sieŋ³⁵⁻³³ tʰɔ²²/

(～市) Xiantao (a sub-prefectural city in Hubei, China)


柏斯

/pu̯ɔ³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵/

/pʰaːk̚³ siː⁵⁵/

/pu̯ɔ³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵/

/pʰaːk̚³ siː⁵⁵/

Western Australia
Western Australia#English

Perth (the state capital of Western Australia)


凱恩斯

/kʰaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ˀən⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ jɐn⁵⁵ siː⁵⁵/

/kʰaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ˀən⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ jɐn⁵⁵ siː⁵⁵/

Cairns (a city in Queensland, Australia)


佩斯

/pʰeɪ̯⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵/

/pʰaːk̚³ siː⁵⁵/

/pʰeɪ̯⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵/

/pʰaːk̚³ siː⁵⁵/

Perth (a city, the state capital of Western Australia)


鄂爾多斯

/ˀɤ⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ tu̯ɔ⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵/

/ŋɔːk̚² jiː¹³ tɔː⁵⁵ siː⁵⁵/

/ˀɤ⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ tu̯ɔ⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵/

/ŋɔːk̚² jiː¹³ tɔː⁵⁵ siː⁵⁵/

(～市) Ordos (a prefecture-level city in Inner Mongolia, China)


鎌谷

/li̯ɛn³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/li̯ɛn³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 鎌ヶ谷 (Kamagaya).

obor

(～市) Kamagaya (a city in Chiba Prefecture, Japan)


金塔

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ tʰä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɐm⁵⁵ tʰaːp̚³/

/kim³³⁻²³ tʰaʔ²/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ tʰä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɐm⁵⁵ tʰaːp̚³/

/kim³³⁻²³ tʰaʔ²/

(Teochew) Phnom Penh (a city, the capital city of Cambodia)


撫州

/fu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/fuː³⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/fu²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡su²⁴/

/bu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/vu²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

/ɦu²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

/fu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/fuː³⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/fu²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡su²⁴/

/bu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/vu²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

/ɦu²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

Fuzhou (a prefecture-level city in northeastern Jiangxi, China)


出水

/ʈ͡ʂʰu⁵⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu⁵⁵ ʂu̯əɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰɵt̚⁵ sɵy̯³⁵/

/t͡sʰut̚³²⁻⁴ t͡sui⁵³/

/t͡sʰut̚⁵⁻²⁴ t͡sui⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sʰut̚³²⁻⁵ t͡sui⁵³/

/t͡sʰut̚³²⁻⁴ t͡sui⁵³/

/t͡sʰut̚³²⁻⁴ t͡sui⁴¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu⁵⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu⁵⁵ ʂu̯əɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰɵt̚⁵ sɵy̯³⁵/

/t͡sʰut̚³²⁻⁴ t͡sui⁵³/

/t͡sʰut̚⁵⁻²⁴ t͡sui⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sʰut̚³²⁻⁵ t͡sui⁵³/

/t͡sʰut̚³²⁻⁴ t͡sui⁵³/

/t͡sʰut̚³²⁻⁴ t͡sui⁴¹/

(～市) Izumi (a city in Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan)


呂宋

→ Manchu: ᠯᡳᠣᡳ
ᠰᡠᠩ (lioi sung)

/ly²¹⁴⁻²¹ sʊŋ⁵¹/

/lɵy̯¹³ sʊŋ³³/

/lui²¹ ɬɵŋ³³/

/li²⁴⁻¹¹ suŋ⁵⁵/

/lu³³⁻¹¹ sɔŋ¹¹/

/lu²²⁻²¹ sɔŋ²¹/

/lɯ²² sɔŋ⁴¹/

/li³³⁻²¹ sɔŋ²¹/

/li²²⁻²¹ sɔŋ²¹/

/lɯ³⁵⁻¹¹ soŋ²¹³/

/ly²¹⁴⁻²¹ sʊŋ⁵¹/

/lɵy̯¹³ sʊŋ³³/

/lui²¹ ɬɵŋ³³/

/li²⁴⁻¹¹ suŋ⁵⁵/

/lu³³⁻¹¹ sɔŋ¹¹/

/lu²²⁻²¹ sɔŋ²¹/

/lɯ²² sɔŋ⁴¹/

/li³³⁻²¹ sɔŋ²¹/

/li²²⁻²¹ sɔŋ²¹/

/lɯ³⁵⁻¹¹ soŋ²¹³/

北線

呂宋／吕宋 (Lū-sòng, “Luzon; (archaic) The Philippines”)

(archaic) Northern & Central Luzon; Provinces in Luzon North of Metro Manila; Northern Route

南線

(archaic) Southern Luzon; Provinces in Luzon South of Metro Manila; Southern Route

(～市) (obsolete) Manila (the capital city of the Philippines)


揭陽

→ English: Jieyang, Chieh-yang, Kityang

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/kʰiːt̚³ jœːŋ²¹/

/kieʔ²⁴⁻²¹ yoŋ⁵³/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ iɔŋ²⁴/

/kiɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ iɔŋ²⁴/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁵ iɔŋ¹³/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ iɔŋ²⁴/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ iɔŋ²³/

/kik̚²⁻⁴ ĩẽ⁵⁵/

/kik̚²⁻⁴ ĩõ⁵⁵/

/kek̚²⁻⁴ ĩõ⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/kʰiːt̚³ jœːŋ²¹/

/kieʔ²⁴⁻²¹ yoŋ⁵³/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ iɔŋ²⁴/

/kiɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ iɔŋ²⁴/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁵ iɔŋ¹³/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ iɔŋ²⁴/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ iɔŋ²³/

/kik̚²⁻⁴ ĩẽ⁵⁵/

/kik̚²⁻⁴ ĩõ⁵⁵/

/kek̚²⁻⁴ ĩõ⁵⁵/

First attested in the Records of the Grand Historian.

(～市) Jieyang (a prefecture-level city in Guangdong, China)


傑克遜

ㄐㄧㄝˊ ㄎㄜˋ ㄒㄩㄣˋ

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕyn⁵¹/

/kiːt̚² hɐk̚⁵ sɵn³³/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕyn⁵¹/

/kiːt̚² hɐk̚⁵ sɵn³³/

(Mainland China) Jackson (a city, the state capital of Mississippi, United States)


府中

/fu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵/

/hu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/hu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tiɔŋ³³/

/hu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/hu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/hu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/fu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵/

/hu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/hu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tiɔŋ³³/

/hu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/hu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/hu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tiɔŋ⁴⁴/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 府中 (Fuchū).


三鷹

/sän⁵⁵ iŋ⁵⁵/

/sän⁵⁵ iŋ⁵⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 三(み)鷹(たか) (Mitaka, literally “Three Hawks”).

ja-r

(～市) Mitaka (a city in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


阿拉爾

/ˀä⁵⁵ lä⁵⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/aː³³ laːi̯⁵⁵ jiː¹³/

/ˀä⁵⁵ lä⁵⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/aː³³ laːi̯⁵⁵ jiː¹³/


博樂

/pu̯ɔ³⁵ lɤ⁵¹/

/pɔːk̚³ lɔːk̚²/

/pu̯ɔ³⁵ lɤ⁵¹/

/pɔːk̚³ lɔːk̚²/

(～市) Bole (a county-level city in Bortala, Xinjiang, China)


石河子

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ xɤ³⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɛːk̚² hɔː²¹ t͡siː³⁵/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ xɤ³⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɛːk̚² hɔː²¹ t͡siː³⁵/

(～市) Shihezi (a city in Xinjiang, China)


庫爾勒

/kʰu⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ lɤ⁵¹/

/fuː³³ jiː¹³ lɐk̚²/

/kʰu⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ lɤ⁵¹/

/fuː³³ jiː¹³ lɐk̚²/


阜康

/fu⁵¹ kʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/fɐu̯²² hɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/fu⁵¹ kʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/fɐu̯²² hɔːŋ⁵⁵/


圖木舒克

ㄊㄨˊ ㄇㄨˋ ㄕㄨ ㄎㄜˋ

/tʰu³⁵ mu⁵¹ ʂu⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹/

/tʰou̯²¹ mʊk̚² syː⁵⁵ hɐk̚⁵/

/tʰu³⁵ mu⁵¹ ʂu⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹/

/tʰou̯²¹ mʊk̚² syː⁵⁵ hɐk̚⁵/

(～市) Tumxuk, Tumushuke (a county-level city in Xinjiang, China)


奎屯

/kʰu̯eɪ̯³⁵ tʰu̯ən³⁵/

/kʷʰɐi̯⁵⁵ tʰyːn²¹/

/kʰu̯eɪ̯³⁵ tʰu̯ən³⁵/

/kʷʰɐi̯⁵⁵ tʰyːn²¹/

Borrowed from Manchu ᡴᡠᡳᡨᡠᠨ (kuitun), from Written Oirat ᡍᡉᡕᡅᡐᡇᠨ (küyitun, “cold”).


克拉瑪依

ㄎㄜˋ ㄌㄚ ㄇㄚˇ ㄧ

/kʰɤ⁵¹ lä⁵⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ i⁵⁵/

/hɐk̚⁵ laːi̯⁵⁵ maː¹³ jiː⁵⁵/

/kʰɤ⁵¹ lä⁵⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ i⁵⁵/

/hɐk̚⁵ laːi̯⁵⁵ maː¹³ jiː⁵⁵/

Borrowed from Uyghur قاراماي (qaramay, literally “black oil”).

bor

(～市) Karamay (a prefecture-level city in Xinjiang, China)


烏蘇

Shortened from 庫爾喀喇烏蘇／库尔喀喇乌苏 (Ku’ěr Kālā Wūsū).

(～市) Wusu (a county-level city in Tacheng prefecture, Ili prefecture, Xinjiang, China)


五家渠

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰy³⁵/

/ŋ̍¹³ kaː⁵⁵ kʰɵy̯²¹/

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰy³⁵/

/ŋ̍¹³ kaː⁵⁵ kʰɵy̯²¹/

(～市) Wujiaqu (a county-level city in Xinjiang, China)


阿圖什

→ English: Atushi, A-t'u-shih

/ˀä⁵⁵ tʰu³⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/aː³³ tʰou̯²¹ sɐp̚²/

/ˀä⁵⁵ tʰu³⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/aː³³ tʰou̯²¹ sɐp̚²/

(～市) Artux, Artush (a county-level city in Kizilsu, Xinjiang, China)


塔城

→ English: T'a-ch'eng, Tacheng

/tʰä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/tʰaːp̚³ sɪŋ²¹/

/tʰä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/tʰaːp̚³ sɪŋ²¹/

塔 (tǎ) is short for 塔爾巴哈臺／塔尔巴哈台 (Tǎ'ěrbāhātái), the earlier name of the region.

(～市) Tacheng (a county-level city in Tacheng Prefecture, Ili prefecture, Xinjiang, China)


昌吉

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi³⁵/

/t͡sʰœːŋ⁵⁵ kɐt̚⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi³⁵/

/t͡sʰœːŋ⁵⁵ kɐt̚⁵/

Borrowed from Manchu ᠴᠠᠩᡤᡳ (canggi), from Written Oirat ᡔᠠᡊᡎᡅ (canggi).
Also possibly the same city as the one named 彰八里 (Zhāngbālǐ) in the History of Yuan [14th c. CE], and جَنْبَلِقْ (janbaliq) in Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk [11th c. CE]. The second component of that name was evidently related to Old Turkic 𐰉𐰞𐰶 (balïq, “town, city”).

defdate

14th c. <small class='ce-date'>CE</small>

11th c. <small class='ce-date'>CE</small>

(～市) Changji (a county-level city in Changji Prefecture, Xinjiang, China)


哈密

English: Hami, Ha-mi

/haː⁵⁵ mɐt̚²/

/haː⁵⁵ mɐt̚²/

(～市) Hami (a prefecture-level city in Xinjiang, China)


伊寧

→ English: I-ning, Yining

/jiː⁵⁵ nɪŋ²¹/

/jiː⁵⁵ nɪŋ²¹/

Renamed from 寧遠／宁远 (Níngyuǎn) in 1914 due to avoid homonymy with the county in Hunan.

(～市) Yining, Kuldja (a county-level city in Ili prefecture, Xinjiang, China)


都城

/tu⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/tou̯⁵⁵ sɪŋ²¹/

/tou³³⁻²³ sĩã⁵⁵/

/tu⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/tou̯⁵⁵ sɪŋ²¹/

/tou³³⁻²³ sĩã⁵⁵/

(～市) Miyakonojō (a city in Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan)


臺東

/tʰaɪ̯³⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰɔːi̯²¹ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰoi̯¹¹ tuŋ²⁴/

/tai⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾løyŋ⁵⁵/

/tai²⁴⁻¹¹ taŋ⁴⁴/

/tai²³⁻³³ taŋ⁴⁴/

/tai¹³⁻²² tɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tai²⁴⁻²² tɔŋ³³/

/tai²⁴⁻²² tɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tʰaɪ̯³⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰɔːi̯²¹ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰoi̯¹¹ tuŋ²⁴/

/tai⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾løyŋ⁵⁵/

/tai²⁴⁻¹¹ taŋ⁴⁴/

/tai²³⁻³³ taŋ⁴⁴/

/tai¹³⁻²² tɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tai²⁴⁻²² tɔŋ³³/

/tai²⁴⁻²² tɔŋ⁴⁴/

(～市) Taitung (a city in Taitung County, Taiwan)


五羊城

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ jɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/ŋ̍¹³ jœːŋ²¹ sɪŋ²¹/

/ŋou³⁵⁻¹¹ ienn⁵⁵⁻¹¹ siann⁵⁵/

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ jɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/ŋ̍¹³ jœːŋ²¹ sɪŋ²¹/

/ŋou³⁵⁻¹¹ ienn⁵⁵⁻¹¹ siann⁵⁵/

From the legend of the five sheep or goats ridden by the Taoist immortals who visited Guangzhou at its founding and introduced the cultivation of rice to its people. Their mounts were said to have turned into the five stones once preserved in the city's Temple of the Five Immortals.

(literary) City of the Five Rams, Guangzhou (a city in Guangdong, China)


苗栗

→ English: Miaoli, Miao-li

/mi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ li⁵¹/

/miːu̯²¹ lɵt̚²/

/miãu²³⁻³³ liɪk̚⁴/

/miãu²⁴⁻¹¹ liɪk̚⁴/

/biau¹³⁻²² lit̚¹²¹/

/mi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ li⁵¹/

/miːu̯²¹ lɵt̚²/

/miãu²³⁻³³ liɪk̚⁴/

/miãu²⁴⁻¹¹ liɪk̚⁴/

/biau¹³⁻²² lit̚¹²¹/

Alternation of 貓貍 (Bâ-lî, literally “viverrid”) or 貓里／貓裏 (Bâ-lí), from Babuza Bari (“name of a tribe”).

zh-l

貓里／貓裏 (Bâ-lí)

(～市) Miaoli (a city in Miaoli County, Taiwan)


馬加智

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/ma⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ka³³ ti⁴¹/

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/ma⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ka³³ ti⁴¹/

(Philippines) (～市) Makati (a city in Metro Manila, Philippines)


計順

/t͡ɕi⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂu̯ən⁵¹/

/ke⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ sun⁴¹/

/t͡ɕi⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂu̯ən⁵¹/

/ke⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ sun⁴¹/

Borrowed from English Quezon via Hokkien, where Quezon comes from the surname of Pres. Manuel L. Quezon, which is from Spanish Quezon, which is from Hokkien. (See also Tagalog Tuazon, Dizon, Lacson, Tiongson, etc.).

(Philippines) (～市) Quezon City (a city in Metro Manila, Philippines)


固原

→ English: Guyuan, Kuyuan

/ku⁵¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

/ku⁵¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

(～市) Guyuan (a prefecture-level city in Ningxia, China)


靈武

/liŋ³⁵ u²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lɪŋ¹³ mou̯¹³/

/liŋ³⁵ u²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lɪŋ¹³ mou̯¹³/

(～市) Lingwu (a county-level city in Yinchuan, Ningxia, China)


青銅峽

→ English: Qingtongxia

ㄑㄧㄥ ㄊㄨㄥˊ ㄒㄧㄚˊ

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ tʰʊŋ³⁵ ɕi̯ä³⁵/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ tʰʊŋ²¹ haːp̚²/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ tʰʊŋ³⁵ ɕi̯ä³⁵/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ tʰʊŋ²¹ haːp̚²/

(～市) Qingtongxia (a county-level city in Wuzhong, Ningxia, China)


石嘴山

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ t͡su̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

/sɛːk̚² t͡sɵy̯³⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ t͡su̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

/sɛːk̚² t͡sɵy̯³⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

(～市) Shizuishan (a prefecture-level city in Ningxia, China)


日喀則

→ English: Jih-k'a-tse

/ʐ̩⁵¹ kʰä⁵⁵ t͡sɤ³⁵/

/ʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ kʰɤ⁵¹ t͡sɤ³⁵/

/jɐt̚² kʰaː³³ t͡sɐk̚⁵/

/jɐt̚² haːk̚³ t͡sɐk̚⁵/

/ʐ̩⁵¹ kʰä⁵⁵ t͡sɤ³⁵/

/ʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ kʰɤ⁵¹ t͡sɤ³⁵/

/jɐt̚² kʰaː³³ t͡sɐk̚⁵/

/jɐt̚² haːk̚³ t͡sɐk̚⁵/

Borrowed from Tibetan གཞིས་ཀ་རྩེ (gzhis ka rtse).

(～市, formerly ～地區, ～專區) Shigatse, Xigazê (a prefecture-level city in the Tibet Autonomous Region, China; formerly a prefecture)


中衛

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ weɪ̯⁵¹/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ wɐi̯²²/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ weɪ̯⁵¹/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ wɐi̯²²/

(～市) Zhongwei (a prefecture-level city in Ningxia, China)


吳忠

/u³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵/

/ŋ̍²¹ t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵/

/u³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵/

/ŋ̍²¹ t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵/

(～市) Wuzhong (a prefecture-level city in Ningxia, China)


豐田

/fɤŋ⁵⁵ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/fʊŋ⁵⁵ tʰiːn²¹/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɛn²³/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɛn²⁴/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tiɛn¹³/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tiɛn²⁴/

/hɔŋ³³ tiɛn²⁴/

/fɤŋ⁵⁵ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/fʊŋ⁵⁵ tʰiːn²¹/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɛn²³/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɛn²⁴/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tiɛn¹³/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tiɛn²⁴/

/hɔŋ³³ tiɛn²⁴/

(～市) Toyota (a city in Aichi Prefecture, Japan)


花城

/xu̯ä⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/xu̯ä⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

(literary) "City of Flowers", a nickname of Guangzhou (廣州)


穗城

/su̯eɪ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/sɵy̯²² sɪŋ²¹/

/su̯eɪ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/sɵy̯²² sɪŋ²¹/

(literary) "Rice City", a nickname of Guangzhou (廣州／广州 (Guǎngzhōu))


通遼

/tʰʊŋ⁵⁵ li̯ɑʊ̯³⁵/

/tʰʊŋ⁵⁵ li̯ɑʊ̯³⁵/

(～市) Tongliao (a prefecture-level city in Inner Mongolia, China)


牙克石

/jä³⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/ŋaː²¹ hɐk̚⁵ sɛːk̚²/

/jä³⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/ŋaː²¹ hɐk̚⁵ sɛːk̚²/

(～市) Yakeshi (a county-level city in Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia, China)


扎蘭屯

/ʈ͡ʂä⁵⁵ län³⁵ tʰu̯ən³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂä⁵⁵ län³⁵ tʰu̯ən³⁵/

(～市) Zhalantun (a city in Inner Mongolia, China)


根河

/kən⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/kən⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵/

(～市) Genhe (a city in Inner Mongolia, China)


豐鎮

/fɤŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂən⁵¹/

/fʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɐn³³/

/fɤŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂən⁵¹/

/fʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɐn³³/

(～市) Fengzhen (a city in Inner Mongolia, China)


巴彥淖爾

ㄅㄚ ㄧㄢˋ ㄋㄠˋ ㄦˇ

/pä⁵⁵ jɛn⁵¹⁻⁵³ nɑʊ̯⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/paː⁵⁵ jiːn²² naːu̯²² jiː¹³/

/pä⁵⁵ jɛn⁵¹⁻⁵³ nɑʊ̯⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/paː⁵⁵ jiːn²² naːu̯²² jiː¹³/

Borrowed from Mongolian ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠨᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ (bayannaɣur).

(～市) Bayannur (a prefecture-level city in Inner Mongolia, China)


霍林郭勒

ㄏㄨㄛˋ ㄌㄧㄣˊ ㄍㄨㄛ ㄌㄜˋ

/xu̯ɔ⁵¹ lin³⁵ ku̯ɔ⁵⁵ lɤ⁵¹/

/fɔːk̚³ lɐm²¹ kʷɔːk̚³ lɐk̚²/

/xu̯ɔ⁵¹ lin³⁵ ku̯ɔ⁵⁵ lɤ⁵¹/

/fɔːk̚³ lɐm²¹ kʷɔːk̚³ lɐk̚²/

Borrowed from Mongolian ᠬᠤᠤᠯᠢᠩᠭᠤᠤᠯ (quulingɣuul), taken from the name of the Holin River; traditionally thought to be derived from ᠬᠣᠭᠤᠯᠠᠨ (qoɣulan, “food to be eaten”) + ᠭᠣᠣᠯ (ɣool, “river”), in reference to the river being historically used for rest and recuperation. Alternatively, possibly from the cognate term ᠬᠣᠭᠤᠯᠠᠶ (qoɣulay, “channel; waterway”).

(～市) Holingol (a county-level city in Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, China)


二連浩特

ㄦˋ ㄌㄧㄢˊ ㄏㄠˋ ㄊㄜˋ

/ˀɤɻ⁵¹ li̯ɛn³⁵ xɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ tʰɤ⁵¹/

/jiː²² liːn²¹ hou̯²² tɐk̚²/

/ˀɤɻ⁵¹ li̯ɛn³⁵ xɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ tʰɤ⁵¹/

/jiː²² liːn²¹ hou̯²² tɐk̚²/

Borrowed from Mongolian ᠡᠷᠢᠶᠡᠡ
ᠬᠣᠲᠠ (eriyee qota).

(～市) Erenhot (a county-level city in Xilingol, Inner Mongolia, China)


呼倫貝爾

ㄏㄨ ㄌㄨㄣˊ ㄅㄟˋ ㄦˇ

/xu⁵⁵ lu̯ən³⁵ peɪ̯⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fuː⁵⁵ lɵn²¹ puːi̯³³ jiː¹³/

/xu⁵⁵ lu̯ən³⁵ peɪ̯⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fuː⁵⁵ lɵn²¹ puːi̯³³ jiː¹³/

Transliteration of Manchu ᡥᡠᠯᡠᠨ
ᠪᡠᡳᡵ (hulun buir), from Classical Mongolian ᠬᠥᠯᠦᠨ
ᠪᠤᠶᠢᠷ (kölün buyir). Named after 呼倫／呼伦 (Hūlún) and 貝爾／贝尔 (Bèi'ěr), the names of two lakes in that region.

zh-l

呼倫／呼伦 (Hūlún)

貝爾／贝尔 (Bèi'ěr)

(～市, formerly ～盟) Hulunbuir (a prefecture-level city and former league in Inner Mongolia, China)


滿洲里

/män²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/muːn¹³ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵ lei̯¹³/

/män²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/muːn¹³ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵ lei̯¹³/

Phono-semantic matching of Russian Манжули (Manžuli), akin to English Manchuria.

psm

(～市) Manzhouli (a county-level city in Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia, China)


阿爾山

/ˀä⁵⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

/aː³³ jiː¹³ saːn⁵⁵/

/ˀä⁵⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

/aː³³ jiː¹³ saːn⁵⁵/

The full name for the city is 阿倫阿爾山／阿伦阿尔山 (Ālún Ā'ěrshān), a transcription of Mongolian ᠬᠠᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ
ᠷᠠᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨ (qalaɣun rasiyan, literally “hot holy water”).
The Mongolian name is composed of native ᠬᠠᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ (qalaɣun, “hot”) + non-native ᠷᠠᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨ (rasiyan, “holy water, spring”). The latter, which corresponds to Chinese 阿爾山／阿尔山 (Ā'ěrshān), was loaned from Sanskrit रसायन (rasāyana, “elixir”).

zh-l

阿倫阿爾山／阿伦阿尔山 (Ālún Ā'ěrshān)

der

ᠬᠠᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠷᠠᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨ

zh-l

阿爾山／阿尔山 (Ā'ěrshān)

(～市) Arxan (a county-level city in Hinggan, Inner Mongolia, China)


烏海

/u⁵⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/u⁵⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Blend of 烏達／乌达 (Wūdá) + 海勃灣／海勃湾 (Hǎibówān).

blend

(～市) Wuhai (a prefecture-level city in Inner Mongolia, China)


錫林浩特

ㄒㄧ ㄌㄧㄣˊ ㄏㄠˋ ㄊㄜˋ

ㄒㄧˊ ㄌㄧㄣˊ ㄏㄠˋ ㄊㄜˋ

/ɕi⁵⁵ lin³⁵ xɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ tʰɤ⁵¹/

/ɕi³⁵ lin³⁵ xɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ tʰɤ⁵¹/

/sɛːk̚³ lɐm²¹ hou̯²² tɐk̚²/

/ɕi⁵⁵ lin³⁵ xɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ tʰɤ⁵¹/

/ɕi³⁵ lin³⁵ xɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ tʰɤ⁵¹/

/sɛːk̚³ lɐm²¹ hou̯²² tɐk̚²/

(～市) Xilinhot (a county-level city in Xilingol, Inner Mongolia, China)


烏蘭浩特

ㄨ ㄌㄢˊ ㄏㄠˋ ㄊㄜˋ

/u⁵⁵ län³⁵ xɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ tʰɤ⁵¹/

/wuː⁵⁵ laːn²¹ hou̯²² tɐk̚²/

/u⁵⁵ län³⁵ xɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ tʰɤ⁵¹/

/wuː⁵⁵ laːn²¹ hou̯²² tɐk̚²/

Transliteration of Mongolian ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨᠬᠣᠲᠠ (ulaɣanqota, literally “Red City”)

translit

(～市) Ulanhot (a county-level city in Hinggan, Inner Mongolia, China)


尼斯

Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur#English

Nice (a coastal city, the capital of the Alpes-Maritimes department, in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeast France)


光州

/ku̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kʷɔːŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/ku̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kʷɔːŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

(～廣域市, ～市) Gwangju (a metropolitan city of South Korea)


福清

desc

→ English: Fooching, Fuching, Fu-ch'ing, Fuqing, Futsing, Hokchia, Hokchiang

/fu³⁵ t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵/

/fʊk̚⁵ t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵/

/huʔ²⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰiaŋ⁵⁵/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡sʰiã⁴⁴/

/fu³⁵ t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵/

/fʊk̚⁵ t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵/

/huʔ²⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰiaŋ⁵⁵/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡sʰiã⁴⁴/

(～市) Fuqing (a county-level city in Fuzhou, Fujian, China)


周南

/ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵ nän³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵ nän³⁵/

(～市) Shūnan (a city in Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan)


巢湖

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ xu³⁵/

/t͡sʰaːu̯²¹ wuː²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ xu³⁵/

/t͡sʰaːu̯²¹ wuː²¹/

(～市) Chaohu (a county-level city in Hefei, Anhui, China)


八尾

/pä⁵⁵ weɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pä⁵⁵ weɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 八尾 (Yao).

obor

(～市) Yao (a city in Ōsaka prefecture, Japan)


行在

→ English: Cansay, Quinsay

/ɕiŋ³⁵ t͡saɪ̯⁵¹/

/ɕiŋ³⁵ t͡saɪ̯⁵¹/

Short for 行在所, used out of hope that the northern empire would be recovered shortly and the imperial court returned to the former Song capital at Bianjing (now Kaifeng).

(historical, euphemistic) Xingzai ("Temporary Residence"), a former nickname of Lin'an (now Hangzhou) when it was the capital of the Southern Song dynasty.


無為

/u³⁵ weɪ̯³⁵/

/mou̯²¹ wɐi̯²¹/

/bu²⁴⁻²² ui²⁴/

/bo²⁴⁻²² ui²⁴/

/bu²⁴⁻²² ui²⁴/

/bo²⁴⁻²² ui²⁴/

/bu¹³⁻²² ui¹³/

/bo¹³⁻²² ui¹³/

/bu²⁴⁻¹¹ ui²⁴/

/bo²⁴⁻¹¹ ui²⁴/

/bu²³⁻³³ ui²³/

/bɤ²³⁻³³ ui²³/

/m̩²² ɦue⁴⁴/

/u³⁵ weɪ̯³⁵/

/mou̯²¹ wɐi̯²¹/

/bu²⁴⁻²² ui²⁴/

/bo²⁴⁻²² ui²⁴/

/bu²⁴⁻²² ui²⁴/

/bo²⁴⁻²² ui²⁴/

/bu¹³⁻²² ui¹³/

/bo¹³⁻²² ui¹³/

/bu²⁴⁻¹¹ ui²⁴/

/bo²⁴⁻¹¹ ui²⁴/

/bu²³⁻³³ ui²³/

/bɤ²³⁻³³ ui²³/

/m̩²² ɦue⁴⁴/

(～市) Wuwei (a county-level city in Wuhu, Anhui, China)


興化

→ English: Xinghua, Hinghwa, Henghua

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/hɪŋ⁵⁵ faː³³/

/hiŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋuɑ²¹³/

/hiŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua⁴²/

/hiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua²¹/

/hiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua²¹/

/hiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua¹¹/

/hiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²¹/

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/hɪŋ⁵⁵ faː³³/

/hiŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋuɑ²¹³/

/hiŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua⁴²/

/hiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua²¹/

/hiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua²¹/

/hiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua¹¹/

/hiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²¹/

(～市, formerly ～縣) Xinghua (a county-level city in Taizhou, Jiangsu, China, formerly a county)


吉布地

/t͡ɕi³⁵ pu⁵¹⁻⁵³ ti⁵¹/

/t͡ɕi³⁵ pu⁵¹⁻⁵³ ti⁵¹/

(Taiwan) Djibouti (the capital city of Djibouti)


塞薩洛尼基

ㄙㄞˋ ㄙㄚˋ ㄌㄨㄛˋ ㄋㄧˊ ㄐㄧ

Сайсалоницзи

/saɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ sä⁵¹⁻⁵³ lu̯ɔ⁵¹ ni³⁵ t͡ɕi⁵⁵/

/saɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ sä⁵¹⁻⁵³ lu̯ɔ⁵¹ ni³⁵ t͡ɕi⁵⁵/

Borrowed from Greek Θεσσαλονίκη (Thessaloníki).


貓本

/mɑʊ̯⁵⁵ pən²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mɑʊ̯⁵⁵ pən²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

(neologism, slang, humorous, chiefly in Australia) Melbourne (a city, the state capital of Victoria, Australia)


阿南

/ˀä⁵⁵ nän³⁵/

/ˀä⁵⁵ nän³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 阿南 (Anan).

(～市) Anan (a city in Tokushima Prefecture, Japan)


米蘭

/mi²¹⁴⁻²¹ län³⁵/

/mɐi̯¹³ laːn²¹/

/bi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lan²⁴/

/bi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lan²⁴/

/bi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lan¹³/

/bi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lan²⁴/

/bi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lan²³/

/mi²¹⁴⁻²¹ län³⁵/

/mɐi̯¹³ laːn²¹/

/bi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lan²⁴/

/bi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lan²⁴/

/bi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lan¹³/

/bi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lan²⁴/

/bi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lan²³/


鳥栖

/ni̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵/

/ni̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 鳥栖 (Tosu).

(～市) Tosu (a city in Saga Prefecture, Japan)


磐石

/pʰän³⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/pʰuːn²¹ sɛːk̚²/

/puã²³⁻³³ t͡siɤʔ⁴/

/puã²⁴⁻²² t͡sioʔ⁴/

/puã²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sioʔ⁴/

/puã¹³⁻²² t͡sioʔ¹²¹/

/puan¹³⁻²² siɪk̚¹²¹/

/pʰuan²⁴⁻²² sit̚²⁴/

/pʰän³⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/pʰuːn²¹ sɛːk̚²/

/puã²³⁻³³ t͡siɤʔ⁴/

/puã²⁴⁻²² t͡sioʔ⁴/

/puã²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sioʔ⁴/

/puã¹³⁻²² t͡sioʔ¹²¹/

/puan¹³⁻²² siɪk̚¹²¹/

/pʰuan²⁴⁻²² sit̚²⁴/

(～市) Panshi (a county-level city in Jilin City, Jilin, China)


上尾

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ weɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/siɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² bə⁵⁵⁴/

/siɔŋ²²⁻²¹ be⁵³/

/siɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ be⁵³/

/siaŋ²²⁻²¹ bue⁵³/

/siɔŋ³³⁻²¹ bue⁴¹/

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ weɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/siɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² bə⁵⁵⁴/

/siɔŋ²²⁻²¹ be⁵³/

/siɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ be⁵³/

/siaŋ²²⁻²¹ bue⁵³/

/siɔŋ³³⁻²¹ bue⁴¹/

(～市) Ageo (a city in Saitama Prefecture, Japan)


阿勒頗

/ˀä⁵⁵ lɤ⁵¹ pʰu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/ˀä⁵⁵ lɤ⁵¹ pʰu̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ˀä⁵⁵ lɤ⁵¹ pʰu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/ˀä⁵⁵ lɤ⁵¹ pʰu̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/


富良野

ㄈㄨˋ ㄌㄧㄤˊ ㄧㄝˇ

/fu⁵¹ li̯ɑŋ³⁵ jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fu⁵¹ li̯ɑŋ³⁵ jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 富良野 (Furano).

(～市) Furano (a city in Hokkaido prefecture, Japan)


普寧

/pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ niŋ³⁵/

/pʰou̯³⁵ nɪŋ²¹/

/pʰou⁵²⁻³⁵ leŋ⁵⁵/

/pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ niŋ³⁵/

/pʰou̯³⁵ nɪŋ²¹/

/pʰou⁵²⁻³⁵ leŋ⁵⁵/

(～市) Puning (a county-level city in Jieyang, Guangdong, China)


澄海

desc

→ English: Chenghai, Tenghai, Teng Hai, Teng-hai, Theng-hai

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰɪŋ²¹ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/tʰeŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hai⁵²/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰɪŋ²¹ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/tʰeŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hai⁵²/

(～區, formerly ～縣, ～市) Chenghai (a district, former county, and former county-level city in Shantou, Guangdong, China)


蒙特利爾

ㄇㄥˊ ㄊㄜˋ ㄌㄧˋ ㄦˇ

/mɤŋ³⁵ tʰɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mʊŋ²¹ tɐk̚² lei̯²² jiː¹³/

/mɤŋ³⁵ tʰɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mʊŋ²¹ tɐk̚² lei̯²² jiː¹³/

(chiefly Mainland China, Hong Kong) Montreal (the largest city in Quebec, Canada)


蒙特婁

/mɤŋ³⁵ tʰɤ⁵¹ loʊ̯³⁵/

/mʊŋ²¹ tɐk̚² lɐu̯²¹/

/bɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ tiɪk̚⁴⁻³² lɔ²⁴/

/bɔŋ²³⁻³³ tiɪk̚⁴⁻³² lɔ²³/

/mɤŋ³⁵ tʰɤ⁵¹ loʊ̯³⁵/

/mʊŋ²¹ tɐk̚² lɐu̯²¹/

/bɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ tiɪk̚⁴⁻³² lɔ²⁴/

/bɔŋ²³⁻³³ tiɪk̚⁴⁻³² lɔ²³/


安大略

/ˀän⁵⁵ tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ ly̯ɛ⁵¹/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ taːi̯²² lœːk̚²/

/ˀän⁵⁵ tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ ly̯ɛ⁵¹/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ taːi̯²² lœːk̚²/

San Bernardino County
San Bernardino County#English

Ontario (a city in San Bernardino County, California, United States)


多市

/tu̯ɔ⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/tɔː⁵⁵ siː¹³/

/tu̯ɔ⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/tɔː⁵⁵ siː¹³/

Toronto's government and police have indicated that if the 24 recommendations in the report are implemented accordingly, it can help the city government save 100 million dollars in the next 3 years.

2016, 星島日報 (Sing Tao Daily), 多市警方招標 外判違泊抄牌

Duōshì zhèngfǔ jí jǐngfāng biǎoshì, rúguǒ ànzhào bàogào de 24 xiàng jiànyì quánbù luòshí, zài wèilái 3 nián kě wèi shìfǔ jiéxǐng 1 yì yuán.

多市政府及警方表示，如果按照報告的24項建議全部落實，在未來3年可為市府節省1億元。

多市政府及警方表示，如果按照报告的24项建议全部落实，在未来3年可为市府节省1亿元。

Short for 多倫多市／多伦多市 (Duōlúnduō shì, “Toronto”), the capital city of Ontario, Canada


亞丁

/jä⁵¹ tiŋ⁵⁵/

/jä²¹⁴⁻²¹ tiŋ⁵⁵/

/aː³³ tɪŋ⁵⁵/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/jä⁵¹ tiŋ⁵⁵/

/jä²¹⁴⁻²¹ tiŋ⁵⁵/

/aː³³ tɪŋ⁵⁵/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪŋ⁴⁴/


滿地可

/män²¹⁴⁻²¹ ti⁵¹ kʰɤ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/muːn¹³ tei̯²² hɔː³⁵/

/ᵐbᵘɔn⁵⁵ ei³² hᵘɔ⁵⁵/

/män²¹⁴⁻²¹ ti⁵¹ kʰɤ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/muːn¹³ tei̯²² hɔː³⁵/

/ᵐbᵘɔn⁵⁵ ei³² hᵘɔ⁵⁵/

1904, Liang Qichao, 新大陸遊記 [Travel Notes of the New Continent], 廣智書局, published 1907, page 22:

Chū shí rì, dǐ Mǎndìkě. Mǎndìkě zhě, Jiānádà zhī zuìdà zhī dūhuì yě, rénkǒu yuē sìshí yú wàn, gōngshāngyè dà shèng.

初十日，抵滿地可。滿地可者，加拿大之最大之都會也，人口約四十餘萬，工商業大盛。

初十日，抵满地可。满地可者，加拿大之最大之都会也，人口约四十余万，工商业大盛。

(chiefly Cantonese, possibly dated in Taiwan) Montreal (the largest city in Quebec, Canada)


基督城

/t͡ɕi⁵⁵ tu⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/kei̯⁵⁵ tʊk̚⁵ sɪŋ²¹/

/t͡ɕi⁵⁵ tu⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/kei̯⁵⁵ tʊk̚⁵ sɪŋ²¹/


特拉維夫

ㄊㄜˋ ㄌㄚ ㄨㄟˊ ㄈㄨ

/tʰɤ⁵¹ lä⁵⁵ weɪ̯³⁵ fu⁵⁵/

/tɐk̚² laːi̯⁵⁵ wɐi̯²¹ fuː⁵⁵/

/tʰɤ⁵¹ lä⁵⁵ weɪ̯³⁵ fu⁵⁵/

/tɐk̚² laːi̯⁵⁵ wɐi̯²¹ fuː⁵⁵/

Borrowed from English Tel Aviv, from Hebrew תֵּל אָבִיב (tel 'avív).


清邁

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ maɪ̯⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ maːi̯²²⁻⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰeŋ³³⁻²³ mai³⁵/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ maɪ̯⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ maːi̯²²⁻⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰeŋ³³⁻²³ mai³⁵/

Borrowed from Thai เชียงใหม่ (chiiang-mài), via Teochew.

(～市) Chiang Mai (the capital city of Chiang Mai province, Thailand)


屋崙

/u⁵⁵ lu̯ən³⁵/

/ʊk̚⁵ lɵn²¹/

/u⁵⁵ lu̯ən³⁵/

/ʊk̚⁵ lɵn²¹/

(chiefly Cantonese) Auckland (a city in New Zealand)


屋崙

/u⁵⁵ lu̯ən³⁵/

/ʊk̚⁵ lɵn²¹/

/u⁵⁵ lu̯ən³⁵/

/ʊk̚⁵ lɵn²¹/

(chiefly Cantonese) Oakland (a city in California, United States)


甘露

Phono-semantic matching of English Kamloops.

psm

/kam²⁴⁻¹¹ lu⁵⁵/

/kam⁴⁴⁻²² lɔ²²/

/kam⁴⁴⁻²² lɔ²²/

/kam⁴⁴⁻³³ lɔ³³/

/kam⁴⁴⁻³³ lɔ³³/

/kam²⁴⁻¹¹ lu⁵⁵/

/kam⁴⁴⁻²² lɔ²²/

/kam⁴⁴⁻²² lɔ²²/

/kam⁴⁴⁻³³ lɔ³³/

/kam⁴⁴⁻³³ lɔ³³/

British Columbia
British Columbia#English

(Hong Kong, Taiwan) Kamloops (a city in British Columbia, Canada)


山口洋

/ʂän⁵⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/saːn⁵⁵ hɐu̯³⁵ jœːŋ²¹/

/san²⁴ kʰi̯eu̯³¹ i̯oŋ¹¹/

/ʂän⁵⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/saːn⁵⁵ hɐu̯³⁵ jœːŋ²¹/

/san²⁴ kʰi̯eu̯³¹ i̯oŋ¹¹/

Singkawang (a city in West Kalimantan, Indonesia)


朝陽

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰiːu̯²¹ jœːŋ²¹/

/t͡sʰɛu²⁴ iɔŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰau¹¹ iɒ̃¹¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰiːu̯²¹ jœːŋ²¹/

/t͡sʰɛu²⁴ iɔŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰau¹¹ iɒ̃¹¹/

(～市) Chaoyang (a prefecture-level city in Liaoning, China)


三寶壟

/sän⁵⁵ pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ lʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sän⁵⁵ pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ lʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Semarang (a city, the provincial capital of Central Java, Indonesia)


西昌

/ɕi⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ t͡sʰœːŋ⁵⁵/

/ɕi⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ t͡sʰœːŋ⁵⁵/

(～市) Xichang (a county-level city in Liangshan prefecture, Sichuan, China)


大理

/tä⁵¹ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tai²²⁻²¹ li⁵³/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² li⁵⁵⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ li⁵³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ li⁵³/

/tai³³⁻²¹ li⁴¹/

/tai³⁵⁻¹¹ li⁵²/

/tä⁵¹ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tai²²⁻²¹ li⁵³/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² li⁵⁵⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ li⁵³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ li⁵³/

/tai³³⁻²¹ li⁴¹/

/tai³⁵⁻¹¹ li⁵²/

(～市) Dali (a county-level city in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan, China)


蓉城

/ʐʊŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/ʐʊŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

From the hibiscus planted upon and around the old city walls in the 10th century.

(informal or literary) "Hibiscus City", a nickname of Chengdu, Sichuan.


錦城

/t͡ɕin²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/t͡ɕin²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

A contraction of the earlier 錦官城／锦官城 (Jinguanchéng, “City of the Brocade Official”), from a Han-era office instituted to oversee the quality and supply of the city's then-popular brocade.

(informal or literary) "Brocade City", a nickname of Chengdu, Sichuan


龜城

/ku̯eɪ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/ku̯eɪ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

“Chengdu”: Variously derived from a turtle or turtle tracks involved at the founding of the city or from the turtle-like shape of the old city walls.


錦官城

ㄐㄧㄣˇ ㄍㄨㄢ ㄔㄥˊ

Цзиньгуаньчэн

/t͡ɕin²¹⁴⁻²¹ ku̯än⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/kɐm³⁵ kuːn⁵⁵ sɪŋ²¹/

/t͡ɕin²¹⁴⁻²¹ ku̯än⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/kɐm³⁵ kuːn⁵⁵ sɪŋ²¹/

From a Han-era office instituted to oversee the quality and supply of the city's then-popular brocade.

(informal or literary, obsolete) "City of the Brocade Official", a former nickname of Chengdu, Sichuan.


增城

/t͡sɤŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/t͡sɐŋ⁵⁵ sɪŋ²¹/

/t͡sɤŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/t͡sɐŋ⁵⁵ sɪŋ²¹/

(～區, formerly ～縣, ～市) Zengcheng (a district, former county, and former county-level city in Guangzhou, Guangdong, China)


閬中

/lɑŋ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵/

/lɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵/

/lɑŋ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵/

/lɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵/

(～市) Langzhong (a county-level city in Nanchong, Sichuan, China)


羅定

/lu̯ɔ³⁵ tiŋ⁵¹/

/lɔː²¹ tɪŋ²²/

/lu̯ɔ³⁵ tiŋ⁵¹/

/lɔː²¹ tɪŋ²²/

Coined in 1577 during the Ming dynasty after the Yao rebellion in Luopang, Guangdong had been quashed in 1577, intended to convey the meaning 羅旁平定/罗旁平定 (“Luopang pacified”).
The first syllable 羅 is possibly borrowed from a Kra-Dai substrate word. Shao (2015) proposes that 羅 is cognate with either Zhuang laj (“low; down; bottom”), as in lajbya (“foothill”), or Proto-Kam-Sui *ra (“field; farmland”), whence Southern Kam jav, Sui qxgas, Maonan yras. Note that places with 羅 as the first character in their names are widespread in Guangdong.

(～市) Luoding (a county-level city in Yunfu, Guangdong, China)


呂梁

desc

→ English: Luliang, Lüliang, Lvliang, Lyuliang

/ly²¹⁴⁻²¹ li̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/lɵy̯¹³ lœːŋ²¹/

/ly²¹⁴⁻²¹ li̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/lɵy̯¹³ lœːŋ²¹/

(～市) Lüliang (a prefecture-level city in Shanxi, China)


化州

/xu̯ä⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/faː³³ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/hua⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡siu³³/

/xu̯ä⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/faː³³ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/hua⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡siu³³/

(～市) Huazhou (a county-level city in Maoming, Guangdong, China)


高州

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

(～市) Gaozhou (a county-level city in Maoming, Guangdong, China)


鶴山

/xɤ⁵¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

/hɔːk̚² saːn⁵⁵/

/xɤ⁵¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

/hɔːk̚² saːn⁵⁵/

(～市) Heshan (a county-level city in Jiangmen, Guangdong, China)


斯里賈亞瓦德納普拉科提

ㄙ ㄌㄧˇ ㄐㄧㄚˇ ㄧㄚˋ ㄨㄚˇ ㄉㄜˊ ㄋㄚˋ ㄆㄨˇ ㄌㄚ ㄎㄜ ㄊㄧˊ

ㄙ ㄌㄧˇ ㄐㄧㄚˇ ㄧㄚˇ ㄨㄚˇ ㄉㄜˊ ㄋㄚˋ ㄆㄨˇ ㄌㄚ ㄎㄜ ㄊㄧˊ

si¹ lei⁵ gaa² aa³ ngaa⁵ dak¹ naap⁶ pou² laai¹ fo¹ tai⁴

Sīlǐ Jiǎyàwǎdénàpǔlā Kētí [Phonetic:sīlíjiǎyàwǎdénàpǔlākētí]

Сыли Цзяявадэнапула Кэти

/sz̩⁵⁵ li²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä²¹⁴⁻²¹ jä⁵¹ wä²¹⁴⁻²¹ tɤ³⁵ nä⁵¹ pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ lä⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵⁵ tʰi³⁵/

Sīlǐ Jiǎyǎwǎdénàpǔlā Kētí [Phonetic:sīlíjiáyáwǎdénàpǔlākētí]

/sz̩⁵⁵ li²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ wä²¹⁴⁻²¹ tɤ³⁵ nä⁵¹ pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ lä⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵⁵ tʰi³⁵/

sī léih gá a ngáh dāk naahp póu lāai fō tàih

si¹ lei⁵ gaa² aa³ ngaa⁵ dak⁷ naap⁹ pou² laai¹ fo¹ tai⁴

xi¹ léi⁵ ga² a³ nga⁵ deg¹ nab⁶ pou² lai¹ fo¹ tei⁴

/siː⁵⁵ lei̯¹³ kaː³⁵ aː³³ ŋaː¹³ tɐk̚⁵ naːp̚² pʰou̯³⁵ laːi̯⁵⁵ fɔː⁵⁵ tʰɐi̯²¹/

斯里賈亞瓦德納普拉科特 斯里賈亞瓦德納普拉科特#Chinese

斯里贾亚瓦德纳普拉科特 斯里贾亚瓦德纳普拉科特#Chinese

Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte
Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte

Alternative name for 斯里賈亞瓦德納普拉科特／斯里贾亚瓦德纳普拉科特 (Sīlǐ Jiǎyàwǎdénàpǔlā Kētè, “Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte”).


信宜

/sɵn³³ jiː²¹/

/sɵn³³ jiː²¹/

(～市) Xinyi (a county-level city in Maoming, Guangdong, China)


開平

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/hɔːi̯⁵⁵ pʰɪŋ²¹/

/hᵘɔi³³ pʰen²²/

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/hɔːi̯⁵⁵ pʰɪŋ²¹/

/hᵘɔi³³ pʰen²²/

(～市, formerly ～縣) Kaiping, Hoiping (a county-level city and former county of Jiangmen, Guangdong, China)


恩平

/ˀən⁵⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/jɐn⁵⁵ pʰɪŋ²¹/

/ˀən⁵⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/jɐn⁵⁵ pʰɪŋ²¹/

(～市, formerly ～縣) Enping, Yanping (a county-level city and former county of Jiangmen, Guangdong, China)


清遠

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ɥɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ jyːn¹³/

/tʰen³³ jᵘɔn⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² uan⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ uan⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² uan⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ uan⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ uan⁴¹/

/t͡sʰeŋ³³⁻²³ iaŋ⁵²/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ɥɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ jyːn¹³/

/tʰen³³ jᵘɔn⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² uan⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ uan⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² uan⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ uan⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ uan⁴¹/

/t͡sʰeŋ³³⁻²³ iaŋ⁵²/

(～市) Qingyuan (a prefecture-level city in Guangdong, China)


從化

/t͡sʰʊŋ³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/t͡sʰʊŋ²¹ faː³³/

/t͡sʰʊŋ³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/t͡sʰʊŋ²¹ faː³³/

(～區, formerly ～縣, ～市) Conghua (a district, former county, and former county-level city in Guangzhou, Guangdong, China)


宮古

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ kuː³⁵/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ kuː³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 宮古 (Miyako).

obor

(～市) Miyako (a city in Iwate Prefecture, Japan)


陸豐

/lu⁵¹ fɤŋ⁵⁵/

/lʊk̚² fʊŋ⁵⁵/

/liɔk̚⁴⁻³² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/liɔk̚²⁴⁻² hɔŋ³³/

/liɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/liɔk̚⁴⁻³² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/liɔk̚⁴⁻³² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lek̚⁴⁻² hoŋ³³/

/lu⁵¹ fɤŋ⁵⁵/

/lʊk̚² fʊŋ⁵⁵/

/liɔk̚⁴⁻³² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/liɔk̚²⁴⁻² hɔŋ³³/

/liɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/liɔk̚⁴⁻³² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/liɔk̚⁴⁻³² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lek̚⁴⁻² hoŋ³³/

(～市, formerly ～縣) Lufeng (a county-level city and former county of Shanwei, Guangdong, China)


眉山

/meɪ̯³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/mi⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾laŋ⁵⁵/

/bi²⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/bi²⁴⁻²² san³³/

/bi¹³⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/bi²⁴⁻¹¹ san⁴⁴/

/bi²³⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/meɪ̯³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/mi⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾laŋ⁵⁵/

/bi²⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/bi²⁴⁻²² san³³/

/bi¹³⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/bi²⁴⁻¹¹ san⁴⁴/

/bi²³⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

(～市) Meishan (a prefecture-level city in Sichuan, China)


樸茨茅斯

ㄆㄨˇ ㄘˋ ㄇㄠˊ ㄙ

ㄆㄨˊ ㄘˋ ㄇㄠˊ ㄙ

/pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰz̩⁵¹ mɑʊ̯³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵/

/pʰu³⁵ t͡sʰz̩⁵¹ mɑʊ̯³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵/

/pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰz̩⁵¹ mɑʊ̯³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵/

/pʰu³⁵ t͡sʰz̩⁵¹ mɑʊ̯³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵/


咸寧

desc

→ English: Xianning, Sienning, Hsien-ning

/ɕi̯ɛn³⁵ niŋ³⁵/

/haːm²¹ nɪŋ²¹/

/haŋ⁵³⁻³³ nˡiŋ⁵³/

/ham²⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/ham²⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/ham¹³⁻²² liɪŋ¹³/

/ham²⁴⁻¹¹ liɪŋ²⁴/

/ham²³⁻³³ liɪŋ²³/

/ɕi̯ɛn³⁵ niŋ³⁵/

/haːm²¹ nɪŋ²¹/

/haŋ⁵³⁻³³ nˡiŋ⁵³/

/ham²⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/ham²⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/ham¹³⁻²² liɪŋ¹³/

/ham²⁴⁻¹¹ liɪŋ²⁴/

/ham²³⁻³³ liɪŋ²³/

(～市, formerly ～地區) Xianning (a prefecture-level city in Hubei, China)


張家口

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (張家口):
* → Japanese: 張(ちょう)家(か)口(こう) (Chōkakō)
* → Korean: 장가구(張家口) (Janggagu)
* → Vietnamese: Trương Gia Khẩu (張家口)

→ English: Zhangjiakou

→ Japanese: チャンチアコウ (Chanchiakō)

→ Korean: 장자커우 (Jangjakeou)

desc

ᠵᠠᠩ ᡤᡳᠶᠠ ᡴᡝᠣ

→ Manchu: ᠵᠠᠩ
ᡤᡳᠶᠠ
ᡴᡝᠣ (jang giya keo)

/ʈ͡ʂɑŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʈ͡ʂɑŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ kʰɤʊ̯ɻʷ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sœːŋ⁵⁵ kaː⁵⁵ hɐu̯³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂɑŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʈ͡ʂɑŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ kʰɤʊ̯ɻʷ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sœːŋ⁵⁵ kaː⁵⁵ hɐu̯³⁵/

A clipping of the Ming name 張家口堡／张家口堡 (Zhāngjiākǒubǔ), named for Zhang Wen (張文), who directed its construction in 1429. For the use of 囗, compare Mongolian ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠯᠭᠠᠨ (qaɣalɣan, “gate”), source of the alternate Chinese name 喀拉幹／喀拉干 (Kālāgàn).

zh-l

喀拉幹／喀拉干 (Kālāgàn)

(～市) Zhangjiakou (a prefecture-level city in Hebei, China)


藍鯨

/län³⁵ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/laːm²¹ kʰɪŋ²¹/

/län³⁵ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/laːm²¹ kʰɪŋ²¹/

(humorous) Nanjing (as spoken by someone speaking a Chinese dialect with n-l initial merger)


伯明翰

ㄅㄛˊ ㄇㄧㄥˊ ㄏㄢˋ

/pu̯ɔ³⁵ miŋ³⁵ xän⁵¹/

/paːk̚³ mɪŋ²¹ hɔːn²²/

/paʔ³³ min⁵⁵ ɦø²¹/

/pu̯ɔ³⁵ miŋ³⁵ xän⁵¹/

/paːk̚³ mɪŋ²¹ hɔːn²²/

/paʔ³³ min⁵⁵ ɦø²¹/

Birmingham (a major city and metropolitan borough of the West Midlands, England)


旺市

/wɑŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/wɔːŋ²² siː¹³/

/wɑŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/wɔːŋ²² siː¹³/

Phono-semantic matching of English Vaughan + 市 (shì, “city”).

psm

(Cantonese, local) Vaughan (a city in Ontario, Canada)


金奈

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ naɪ̯⁵¹/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ naɪ̯⁵¹/

Chennai (the capital and largest city of Tamil Nadu, India)


汴京

/pi̯ɛn⁵¹ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/piːn²² kɪŋ⁵⁵/

/pi̯ɛn⁵¹ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/piːn²² kɪŋ⁵⁵/

Northern Song dynasty
w:Northern Song dynasty

(historical) Bianjing (capital of the Northern Song dynasty in modern-day Kaifeng, Henan)


傑克森

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹ sən⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹ sən⁵⁵/

(Taiwan) Jackson (a city, the state capital of Mississippi, United States)


古晉

/ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕin⁵¹/

/kuː³⁵ t͡sɵn³³/

/ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕin⁵¹/

/kuː³⁵ t͡sɵn³³/

(～市) Kuching (a city, the capital city of Sarawak, Malaysia)


甘托克

/kän⁵⁵ tʰu̯ɔ⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹/

/kɐm⁵⁵ tʰɔːk̚³ hɐk̚⁵/

/kam³³ tʰɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ kʰiak̚⁵/

/kam⁴⁴⁻²² tʰɔk̚³²⁻⁵ kʰiɪk̚³²/

/kam⁴⁴⁻²² tʰɔk̚³²⁻⁴ kʰiɪk̚³²/

/kän⁵⁵ tʰu̯ɔ⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹/

/kɐm⁵⁵ tʰɔːk̚³ hɐk̚⁵/

/kam³³ tʰɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ kʰiak̚⁵/

/kam⁴⁴⁻²² tʰɔk̚³²⁻⁵ kʰiɪk̚³²/

/kam⁴⁴⁻²² tʰɔk̚³²⁻⁴ kʰiɪk̚³²/

Gangtok (the capital city of Sikkim, India)


馬利

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ li⁵¹/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ li³³/

/mã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ li³³/

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ li⁵¹/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ li³³/

/mã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ li³³/

(Taiwan) Malé (a city, the capital city of the Maldives)


頓內次克

ㄉㄨㄣˋ ㄋㄟˋ ㄘˋ ㄎㄜˋ

/tu̯ən⁵¹⁻⁵³ neɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡sʰz̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ kʰɤ⁵¹/


頓涅茨克

ㄉㄨㄣˋ ㄋㄧㄝˋ ㄘˊ ㄎㄜˋ

/tu̯ən⁵¹⁻⁵³ ni̯ɛ⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹/

/tɵn²² niːp̚² t͡sʰiː²¹ hɐk̚⁵/

/tu̯ən⁵¹⁻⁵³ ni̯ɛ⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹/

/tɵn²² niːp̚² t͡sʰiː²¹ hɐk̚⁵/

(Mainland China) Donetsk (a city in Ukraine)


盧甘斯克

ㄌㄨˊ ㄍㄢ ㄙ ㄎㄜˋ

/lu³⁵ kän⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹/

/lou̯²¹ kɐm⁵⁵ siː⁵⁵ hɐk̚⁵/

/lu³⁵ kän⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹/

/lou̯²¹ kɐm⁵⁵ siː⁵⁵ hɐk̚⁵/

Borrowed from Russian Луганск (Lugansk).

(Mainland China) Luhansk (a city in Ukraine)


伯恩

/pu̯ɔ³⁵ ˀən⁵⁵/

/paʔ³³ ən⁴⁴/

/pu̯ɔ³⁵ ˀən⁵⁵/

/paʔ³³ ən⁴⁴/

(Taiwan) Bern (a city, the capital city of Switzerland)


瓦都茲

/wä²¹⁴⁻²¹ tu⁵⁵ t͡sz̩⁵⁵/

/ŋaː¹³ tou̯⁵⁵ t͡siː⁵⁵/

/wä²¹⁴⁻²¹ tu⁵⁵ t͡sz̩⁵⁵/

/ŋaː¹³ tou̯⁵⁵ t͡siː⁵⁵/

(Taiwan) Vaduz (the capital city of Liechtenstein)


波德里查

ㄅㄛ ㄉㄜˊ ㄌㄧˇ ㄔㄚˊ

/pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ tɤ³⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰä³⁵/

/pɔː⁵⁵ tɐk̚⁵ lei̯²² t͡sʰaː²¹/

/pu⁵⁵ təʔ³³ li³³ zo²¹/

/pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ tɤ³⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰä³⁵/

/pɔː⁵⁵ tɐk̚⁵ lei̯²² t͡sʰaː²¹/

/pu⁵⁵ təʔ³³ li³³ zo²¹/

(Taiwan) Podgorica (the capital city of Montenegro)


貝爾格勒

ㄅㄟˋ ㄦˇ ㄍㄜˊ ㄌㄜˋ

/peɪ̯⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ kɤ³⁵ lɤ⁵¹/

/puːi̯³³ jiː¹³ kaːk̚³ lɐk̚²/

/peɪ̯⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ kɤ³⁵ lɤ⁵¹/

/puːi̯³³ jiː¹³ kaːk̚³ lɐk̚²/

(Taiwan) Belgrade (the capital city of Serbia)


老安道爾

ㄌㄠˇ ㄢ ㄉㄠˋ ㄦˇ

/lɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ˀän⁵⁵ tɑʊ̯⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ˀän⁵⁵ tɑʊ̯⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Andorra la Vella
Andorra la Vella#English

(Taiwan) Andorra la Vella (a city, the capital city of Andorra)


斯科普耶

/sz̩⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵⁵ pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ jɛ⁵⁵/

/sz̩⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵⁵ pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ jɛ⁵⁵/

(Taiwan) Skopje (a city, the capital city of North Macedonia)


札格瑞布

ㄓㄚˊ ㄍㄜˊ ㄖㄨㄟˋ ㄅㄨˋ

/ʈ͡ʂä³⁵ kɤ³⁵ ʐu̯eɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ pu⁵¹/

/t͡saːt̚³ kaːk̚³ sɵy̯²² pou̯³³/

/ʈ͡ʂä³⁵ kɤ³⁵ ʐu̯eɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ pu⁵¹/

/t͡saːt̚³ kaːk̚³ sɵy̯²² pou̯³³/

(Taiwan) Zagreb (the capital city of Croatia)


普里斯提納

ㄆㄨˇ ㄌㄧˇ ㄙ ㄊㄧˊ ㄋㄚˋ

/pʰu²¹⁴⁻³⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹ sz̩⁵⁵ tʰi³⁵ nä⁵¹/

/pʰu²¹⁴⁻³⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹ sz̩⁵⁵ tʰi³⁵ nä⁵¹/

(Taiwan) Priština (a city, the capital city of Kosovo)


杜哈

(Taiwan) Doha (the capital and largest city of Qatar)


斯里巴卡旺

ㄙ ㄌㄧˇ ㄅㄚ ㄎㄚˇ ㄨㄤˋ

Сыли Бакаван

/sz̩⁵⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹ pä⁵⁵ kʰä²¹⁴⁻²¹ wɑŋ⁵¹/

/sz̩⁵⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹ pä⁵⁵ kʰä²¹⁴⁻²¹ wɑŋ⁵¹/

Bandar Seri Begawan
Bandar Seri Begawan#English

(Taiwan) Bandar Seri Begawan (the capital city of Brunei)


麥納瑪

/maɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ nä⁵¹ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mɐk̚² naːp̚² maː¹³/

/maɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ nä⁵¹ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mɐk̚² naːp̚² maː¹³/

(Taiwan) Manama (a city, the capital city of Bahrain)


利雅德

/li⁵¹ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹ tɤ³⁵/

/lei̯²² ŋaː¹³ tɐk̚⁵/

/li⁵¹ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹ tɤ³⁵/

/lei̯²² ŋaː¹³ tɐk̚⁵/

(Taiwan) Riyadh (the capital city of Saudi Arabia)


盧比安納

ㄌㄨˊ ㄅㄧˇ ㄢ ㄋㄚˋ

/lu³⁵ pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ ˀän⁵⁵ nä⁵¹/

/lou̯²¹ pei̯³⁵ ɔːn⁵⁵ naːp̚²/

/lu³⁵ pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ ˀän⁵⁵ nä⁵¹/

/lou̯²¹ pei̯³⁵ ɔːn⁵⁵ naːp̚²/

(Taiwan) Ljubljana (the capital city of Slovenia)


布拉提斯拉瓦

Bùlātísīlāwǎ

ㄅㄨˋ ㄌㄚ ㄊㄧˊ ㄙ ㄌㄚ ㄨㄚˇ

Bùlātísīlāwǎ

Булатисылава

/pu⁵¹ lä⁵⁵ tʰi³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ lä⁵⁵ wä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pou̯³³ laːi̯⁵⁵ tʰɐi̯²¹ siː⁵⁵ laːi̯⁵⁵ ŋaː¹³/

(Taiwan) Bratislava (a city, the capital city of Slovakia)

布拉迪斯拉發

Bùlādísīlāfā

布拉迪斯拉发

Bùlādísīlāfā


葉里溫

/jɛ⁵¹ li²¹⁴⁻²¹ wən⁵⁵/

/ɦiɪʔ¹¹ li²² uən²³/

/jɛ⁵¹ li²¹⁴⁻²¹ wən⁵⁵/

/ɦiɪʔ¹¹ li²² uən²³/

(Taiwan) Yerevan (a city, the capital city of Armenia)


沙那

/saː⁵⁵ naː¹³/

/saː⁵⁵ naː¹³/

(Taiwan) Sana'a (a city, the capital city of Yemen)


狄力

(Taiwan) Dili (a city, the capital city of East Timor)


提比里斯

ㄊㄧˊ ㄅㄧˇ ㄌㄧˇ ㄙ

/tʰi³⁵ pi²¹⁴⁻³⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹ sz̩⁵⁵/

/tʰi³⁵ pi²¹⁴⁻³⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹ sz̩⁵⁵/

Borrowed from Georgian თბილისი (tbilisi).

(Taiwan) Tbilisi (a city, the capital city of Georgia)


雷克雅未克

ㄌㄟˊ ㄎㄜˋ ㄧㄚˇ ㄨㄟˋ ㄎㄜˋ

/leɪ̯³⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹ weɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ kʰɤ⁵¹/

/lɵy̯²¹ hɐk̚⁵ ŋaː¹³ mei̯²² hɐk̚⁵/

/lui²⁴⁻²² kʰiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ ŋã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ bi⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kʰiak̚⁵/

/lui²⁴⁻²² kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ ŋã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bi²¹⁻⁵³ kʰiɪk̚³²/

/lui¹³⁻²² kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ ŋɛ̃⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bi²¹⁻⁵³ kʰiɪk̚³²/

/leɪ̯³⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹ weɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ kʰɤ⁵¹/

/lɵy̯²¹ hɐk̚⁵ ŋaː¹³ mei̯²² hɐk̚⁵/

(Mainland China) Reykjavík (the capital city of Iceland)


安道爾城

ㄢ ㄉㄠˋ ㄦˇ ㄔㄥˊ

/ˀän⁵⁵ tɑʊ̯⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ tou̯²² jiː¹³ sɪŋ²¹/

/an³³ tɔ²² nĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ siɪŋ²⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² to²²⁻²¹ nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɪŋ²⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² to²²⁻²¹ d͡zĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɪŋ¹³/

/ˀän⁵⁵ tɑʊ̯⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ tou̯²² jiː¹³ sɪŋ²¹/

/an³³ tɔ²² nĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ siɪŋ²⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² to²²⁻²¹ nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɪŋ²⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² to²²⁻²¹ d͡zĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɪŋ¹³/

(Mainland China) Andorra la Vella (a city, the capital city of Andorra)


尼柯西亞

ㄋㄧˊ ㄎㄜ ㄒㄧ ㄧㄚˋ

ㄋㄧˊ ㄎㄜ ㄒㄧ ㄧㄚˇ

/ni³⁵ kʰɤ⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵ jä⁵¹/

/ni³⁵ kʰɤ⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ni³⁵ kʰɤ⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵ jä⁵¹/

/ni³⁵ kʰɤ⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

(Taiwan) Nicosia (the capital city of Cyprus)


比斯凱克

ㄅㄧˇ ㄙ ㄎㄞˇ ㄎㄜˋ

/pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ sz̩⁵⁵ kʰaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ kʰɤ⁵¹/

/pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ sz̩⁵⁵ kʰaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ kʰɤ⁵¹/

(Taiwan) Bishkek (a city, the capital city of Kyrgyzstan)


伊斯蘭瑪巴德

ㄧ ㄙ ㄌㄢˊ ㄇㄚˇ ㄅㄚ ㄉㄜˊ

Исыланьмабадэ

/i⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ län³⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ pä⁵⁵ tɤ³⁵/

/jiː⁵⁵ siː⁵⁵ laːn²¹ maː¹³ paː⁵⁵ tɐk̚⁵/

/i⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ län³⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ pä⁵⁵ tɤ³⁵/

/jiː⁵⁵ siː⁵⁵ laːn²¹ maː¹³ paː⁵⁵ tɐk̚⁵/

(Taiwan) Islamabad (a city, the capital city of Pakistan)