京都

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ tu⁵⁵/

/kɪŋ⁵⁵ tou̯⁵⁵/

/kiã⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔ⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ tu⁵⁵/

/kɪŋ⁵⁵ tou̯⁵⁵/

/kiã⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔ⁴⁴/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 京都 (Kyōto).

obor

(～市) Kyoto (a city in Kyoto Prefecture, Japan)


東京

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (東京):
* → Japanese: 東京(とうけい) (Tōkei)

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ kɪŋ⁵⁵/

/ɵŋ³³ ken³³/

/tuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kin²⁴/

/tʊŋ⁴⁴ kin⁴⁴/

/tøyŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋiŋ⁵⁵/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kiã⁴⁴/

/taŋ³³ kiã³³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kiã⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kiã⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kiã⁴⁴/

/taŋ³³⁻²³ kĩã³³/

/toŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕin²¹/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ kɪŋ⁵⁵/

/ɵŋ³³ ken³³/

/tuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kin²⁴/

/tʊŋ⁴⁴ kin⁴⁴/

/tøyŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋiŋ⁵⁵/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kiã⁴⁴/

/taŋ³³ kiã³³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kiã⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kiã⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kiã⁴⁴/

/taŋ³³⁻²³ kĩã³³/

/toŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕin²¹/

(～都) Tokyo (a prefecture, the capital city of Japan)


吳

→ English: Wu, Ng, Goh, Ngo

→ Tagalog: Go, Wu

Cao Wei
Chen dynasty
Eastern Han dynasty
Eastern Wei
Eastern Wu
Eastern Zhou dynasty
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
Han dynasty
Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
Jin dynasty (265–420)
Liang dynasty
Liao dynasty
Liu Song dynasty
Ming dynasty
Northern Qi
Northern Wei
Northern Zhou
Northern and Southern dynasties
Qin dynasty
Qing dynasty
Shang dynasty
Shu Han
Song dynasty
Southern Qi
Southern and Northern dynasties
Spring and Autumn period
Sui dynasty
Tang dynasty
Three Kingdoms
Warring States period
Western Han dynasty
Western Liao
Western Wei
Western Xia
Western Zhou dynasty
Xia dynasty
Xin dynasty
Yuan dynasty
Zhou dynasty

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): 口 (“mouth”) + 夨 (“man with tilted head”) – to speak loudly.
; "to shout"

Han compound

吴
吴
呉
𠯵
㕦
𡗾
𡗿

(～市) Kure (a city in Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan)


楠

nanmu tree (Machilus nanmu or Phoebe zhennan)

name of various species of Phoebe and Machilus


甌

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qoː) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): phonetic 區 (OC *qoː, *kʰo, “vessel”) + semantic 瓦 (“pottery”).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ʔəw-ŋ (“pot; vat; jar”) (reconstructed provisionally). Related to 椀 (OC *qoːnʔ), 碗 (OC *qoːnʔ, “bowl”), and possibly 甕 (OC *qoːŋs, “urn”). Compare Burmese အိုး (ui:, “pot”) (Schuessler, 2007).

inh

Abbreviation of 溫州／温州 (Wēnzhōu): Wenzhou (a prefecture-level city in Zhejiang, in southeastern China)


北京

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (北京):
* → Japanese: 北京(ほっきょう) (Hokkyō)
* → Korean: 북경(北京) (Bukgyeong)
* → Vietnamese: Bắc Kinh (北京)

→ Amis: Piking

→ Arabic: بِكِين (bikīn)

→ Asturian: Beijing

→ Belarusian: Пекі́н (Pjekín)

→ Bengali: বেইজিং (beijiṅ)

→ Bouyei: Bagtjingl

desc

→ Burmese: ပေကျင်း (pe-kyang:), ပီကင်း (pikang:)

→ Catalan: Pequín

→ Czech: Peking

→ Danish: Beijing, Peking

→ Dutch: Peking

→ English: Beijing, Peking, Pei-ching

→ French: Pékin

→ Finnish: Peking, Beijing

→ Georgian: პეკინი (ṗeḳini)

→ German: Peking

→ Greek: Πεκίνο (Pekíno)

→ Hebrew: בייג׳ינג (beijing)

→ Hindi: बेजिंग (bejiṅg)

→ Hlai: Bhakgengs

→ Hungarian: Peking

→ Italian: Pechino

→ Japanese: 北(ペ)京(キン) (Pekin)

→ Kazakh: Бейжің (Beijıñ)

→ Khmer: ប៉េកាំង (peekang)

→ Korean: 베이징 (Beijing)

→ Lao: ປັກກິງ (pak king)

→ Latin: Pechinum

→ Latvian: Pekina

→ Lithuanian: Pekinas

→ Lü: ᦵᦗᦲᧉᦋᦲᧃᧈ (poe²tsiin¹)

→ Lü: ᦵᦗᦲᧉᦋᦲᧃᧈ (poe²tsiin¹)

→ Macedonian: Пекинг (Peking)

→ Manchu: ᠪᡝᡤᡳᠩ (beging)

→ Mongolian: Бээжин (Beežin) / ᠪᠡᠭᠡᠵᠢᠩ (begeǰing)

→ Nepali: बेइजिङ (beijiṅ)

→ Nuosu: ꀙꏢ (bip ji)

→ Persian: پکن (pekan)

→ Polish: Pekin

→ Portuguese: Pequim

→ Romanian: Beijing, Pekin

→ Russian: Пеки́н (Pekín)

→ Armenian: Պեկին (Pekin)

→ Serbo-Croatian: Пѐкинг / Pèking, Бејџинг / Bejdžing

→ Slovene: Peking

→ Spanish: Pekín, Pequín

→ Swedish: Peking, Beijing

→ Telugu: బీజింగ్ (bījiṅg)

→ Thai: ปักกิ่ง (bpàk-gìng)

→ Tibetan: པེ་ཅིན (pe cin), པེ་ཅིང (pe cing)

→ Urdu: بیجنگ (bējiṅg)

→ Uyghur: بېيجىڭ (bëyjing)

→ Zhuang: Baekging

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕiɤ̯̃ɻ⁵⁵/

/pɛ²¹ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/pei²⁴ t͡ɕiŋ²⁴/

/pɐk̚⁵ kɪŋ⁵⁵/

/pɛt̚⁵ t͡ɕin⁴²/

/pei⁵³ t͡ɕiŋ¹¹/

/pɛ²⁴ keiŋ⁵⁴/

/pøyʔ²⁴⁻²¹ kiŋ⁵⁵/

/paʔ¹⁻⁴⁵ kiŋ⁵³³/

/paʔ²⁻²⁴ kiŋ⁵³³/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴/

/pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ kiã³³/

/pak̚³²⁻⁵ kiã⁴⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴/

/pak̚²⁻⁴ kĩã³³/

/poʔ³³ t͡ɕin⁴⁴/

/pɤ̞²⁴ t͡ɕin³³/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕiɤ̯̃ɻ⁵⁵/

/pɛ²¹ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/pei²⁴ t͡ɕiŋ²⁴/

/pɐk̚⁵ kɪŋ⁵⁵/

/pɛt̚⁵ t͡ɕin⁴²/

/pei⁵³ t͡ɕiŋ¹¹/

/pɛ²⁴ keiŋ⁵⁴/

/pøyʔ²⁴⁻²¹ kiŋ⁵⁵/

/paʔ¹⁻⁴⁵ kiŋ⁵³³/

/paʔ²⁻²⁴ kiŋ⁵³³/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴/

/pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ kiã³³/

/pak̚³²⁻⁵ kiã⁴⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴/

/pak̚²⁻⁴ kĩã³³/

/poʔ³³ t͡ɕin⁴⁴/

/pɤ̞²⁴ t͡ɕin³³/

南京 — 洛陽

Other capitals in the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China

中國的首都是北京。

中国的首都是北京。

Beijing’s spring is very suitable for cycling around the hutongs.

Běijīng de chūntiān hěn shìhé qíchē guàng hútòng.

北京的春天很適合騎車逛衚衕。

北京的春天很适合骑车逛胡同。

Forgive me for not being able to go with you to Beijing.

原諒我不能陪你去北京。

原谅我不能陪你去北京。

This story took place during the Xuande era of the current dynasty. There was an elderly man named Liu De who resided in Hexiwu town. This town is located beside the canal, about 200 lis away from Peking, and serves as a crucial route for people traveling to and from the capital from various provinces.

Feng Menglong, Stories to Awaken the World, 1627 CE

Zhè huàběn yě chū zài běncháo Xuāndé nián jiān, yǒu yī lǎozhě, xìng Liú, míng Dé, jiā zuǒ Héxīwù zhèn shàng. Zhè zhèn zài yùnhé zhī páng, lí běijīng yǒu èrbǎi lǐ tiándì, nǎi gè shěng chūrù jīngdōu de yàolù.

這話本也出在本朝宣德年間，有一老者，姓劉，名德，家佐河西務鎮上。這鎮在運河之旁，離北京有二百里田地，乃各省出入京都的要路。

这话本也出在本朝宣德年间，有一老者，姓刘，名德，家佐河西务镇上。这镇在运河之旁，离北京有二百里田地，乃各省出入京都的要路。

(～市) Beijing (a direct-administered municipality, the capital city of China)

南京 — 東京

southern capital; eastern capital; western capital


加的夫

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ ti³⁵ fu⁵⁵/

/kaː⁵⁵ tɪk̚⁵ fuː⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ ti³⁵ fu⁵⁵/

/kaː⁵⁵ tɪk̚⁵ fuː⁵⁵/

Cardiff (a city and county, the capital and largest city of Wales)


大和

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 大和(やまと) (Yamato).

/taːi̯²² wɔː²¹/

/tai²²⁻²¹ ho²⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² ho²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ ho¹³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ ho²⁴/

/tai³³⁻²¹ hɤ²³/

/taːi̯²² wɔː²¹/

/tai²²⁻²¹ ho²⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² ho²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ ho¹³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ ho²⁴/

/tai³³⁻²¹ hɤ²³/

(～市) Yamato (a city in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan)


平壤

→ English: P'ing-jang, Pingrang

/pʰiŋ³⁵ ʐɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ jœːŋ²²/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² liɔŋ⁵³/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² liɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/piɪŋ¹³⁻²² d͡ziaŋ⁵³/

/piɪŋ²³⁻³³ ziɔŋ⁴¹/

/bin²² n̠ʲiã⁴⁴/

/pʰiŋ³⁵ ʐɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ jœːŋ²²/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² liɔŋ⁵³/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² liɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/piɪŋ¹³⁻²² d͡ziaŋ⁵³/

/piɪŋ²³⁻³³ ziɔŋ⁴¹/

/bin²² n̠ʲiã⁴⁴/

(～市) Pyongyang (the capital city of North Korea)


中央

ja-r

中(ちゅう)央(おう) (chūō)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (中央):
* → Japanese: 中(ちゅう)央(おう) (chūō)
* → Korean: 중앙(中央) (jung'ang)
* → Vietnamese: trung ương (中央)

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ jɑŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ jœːŋ⁵⁵/

/tuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ oŋ²⁴/

/t͡suŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ i̯oŋ²⁴/

/tuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ oŋ²⁴/

/t͡suŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ (j)i̯oŋ²⁴/

/tɔŋ³³ ɔŋ⁵⁴/

/tiɔŋ³³⁻²¹ ŋ̍³³/

/tiɔŋ³³ ŋ̍³³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ŋ̍⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ŋ̍⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ³³ iɔŋ³³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² iɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² iaŋ⁴⁴/

/tiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ iɪŋ⁴⁴/

/toŋ³³⁻²³ iaŋ³³/

/tã³³⁻²³ ŋ³³/

/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ iã²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ jɑŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ jœːŋ⁵⁵/

/tuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ oŋ²⁴/

/t͡suŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ i̯oŋ²⁴/

/tuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ oŋ²⁴/

/t͡suŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ (j)i̯oŋ²⁴/

/tɔŋ³³ ɔŋ⁵⁴/

/tiɔŋ³³⁻²¹ ŋ̍³³/

/tiɔŋ³³ ŋ̍³³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ŋ̍⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ŋ̍⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ³³ iɔŋ³³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² iɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² iaŋ⁴⁴/

/tiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ iɪŋ⁴⁴/

/toŋ³³⁻²³ iaŋ³³/

/tã³³⁻²³ ŋ³³/

/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ iã²¹/

(～市) Chūō (a city in Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan)


長崎

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ kʰei̯²¹/

/tiɔŋ²³⁻³³ ki²³/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ki²⁴/

/tiɔŋ²³⁻³³ kia³³/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kia³³/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ kia³³/

/tŋ̍²³⁻³³ kia³³/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ kʰei̯²¹/

/tiɔŋ²³⁻³³ ki²³/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ki²⁴/

/tiɔŋ²³⁻³³ kia³³/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kia³³/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ kia³³/

/tŋ̍²³⁻³³ kia³³/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 長崎(ながさき) (Nagasaki).

(～市) Nagasaki (a city in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan)


成田

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/sɪŋ²¹ tʰiːn²¹/

/sĩã⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sõĩ⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/sɪŋ²¹ tʰiːn²¹/

/sĩã⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sõĩ⁵⁵/

成田國際機場

成田国际机场

(～市) Narita (a city in Chiba Prefecture, Japan)


名古屋

/miŋ³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ u⁵⁵/

/mɪŋ²¹ kuː³⁵ ʊk̚⁵/

/biɪŋ²³⁻³³ kɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɔk̚³²/

/biɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɔk̚³²/

/miŋ³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ u⁵⁵/

/mɪŋ²¹ kuː³⁵ ʊk̚⁵/

/biɪŋ²³⁻³³ kɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɔk̚³²/

/biɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɔk̚³²/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 名古屋(なごや) (Nagoya).

(～市) Nagoya (the capital city of Aichi Prefecture, in central Honshu, Japan)


菩薩

Phono-semantic matching of Khmer ពោធិ៍សាត់ (poosat).

psm

/pʰu³⁵ sä⁵¹/

/pu⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɑʔ²⁴/

/pʰɔ²⁴⁻²² sat̚³²/

/pʰɔ²⁴⁻²² sat̚⁵/

/pʰɔ¹³⁻²² sat̚³²/

/pʰɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ sat̚³²/

/pʰɔ²³⁻³³ sat̚³²/

/pʰu⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sak̚²/

/bu¹¹ sɑʔ⁵³/

/pʰu¹³ sa̠²⁴/

/pʰu³⁵ sä⁵¹/

/pu⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɑʔ²⁴/

/pʰɔ²⁴⁻²² sat̚³²/

/pʰɔ²⁴⁻²² sat̚⁵/

/pʰɔ¹³⁻²² sat̚³²/

/pʰɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ sat̚³²/

/pʰɔ²³⁻³³ sat̚³²/

/pʰu⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sak̚²/

/bu¹¹ sɑʔ⁵³/

/pʰu¹³ sa̠²⁴/

(～市) Pursat (a city in Pursat, Cambodia)


香港

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (香港):
* → Korean: 향항(香港) (Hyanghang)
* → Vietnamese: Hương Cảng (香港)

→ English: Hong Kong, Xianggang

→ Japanese: 香港(ホンコン) (Honkon)

→ Korean: 홍콩 (Hongkong)

→ Russian: Гонко́нг (Gonkóng)

→ French: Hong Kong, Hongkong

→ Japanese: シャンガン (Shangan)

→ Lao: ຮົງກົງ (hong kong)

→ Mongolian: Хонконг (Xonkong) (Mongolia)

→ Mongolian: ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠩᠭᠠᠩ (siyangɣang) (China)

→ Russian: Сянга́н (Sjangán)

→ Thai: ฮ่องกง (hɔ̂ng-gong)

→ Tibetan: ཞང་ཀང (zhang kang)

→ Uyghur: شياڭگاڭ (shyanggang)

→ Vietnamese: Hồng Công, Hồng Kông

→ Zhuang: Yanghgangj

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hœːŋ⁵⁵ kɔːŋ³⁵/

/høŋ²¹³ kɔŋ³⁵/

/hiaŋ³³ kʰɔŋ⁵⁵/

/hi̯oŋ²⁴ koŋ³¹/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kuɔŋ³¹/

/xiɔŋ⁵⁴ kɔŋ²¹/

/hyoŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋøyŋ³³/

/hyɒŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ kaŋ⁴⁵³/

/hyøŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ kaŋ³³²/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴²/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁵³/

/hiɔŋ³³ kaŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kaŋ⁴¹/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kaŋ⁵³/

/hiaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁵³/

/hiaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴²/

/hiaŋ³³⁻²¹ kaŋ⁴⁴⁵/

/hiaŋ³³⁻²³ kaŋ⁵²/

/ɕiã⁵⁵ kɑ̃²¹/

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hœːŋ⁵⁵ kɔːŋ³⁵/

/høŋ²¹³ kɔŋ³⁵/

/hiaŋ³³ kʰɔŋ⁵⁵/

/hi̯oŋ²⁴ koŋ³¹/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kuɔŋ³¹/

/xiɔŋ⁵⁴ kɔŋ²¹/

/hyoŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋøyŋ³³/

/hyɒŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ kaŋ⁴⁵³/

/hyøŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ kaŋ³³²/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴²/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁵³/

/hiɔŋ³³ kaŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kaŋ⁴¹/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kaŋ⁵³/

/hiaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁵³/

/hiaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴²/

/hiaŋ³³⁻²¹ kaŋ⁴⁴⁵/

/hiaŋ³³⁻²³ kaŋ⁵²/

/ɕiã⁵⁵ kɑ̃²¹/

Ap Lei Chau
Gazetteer of Xin'an County
Treaty of Nanking
Wong Chuk Hang

The name 香港 first appeared on a map in 粵大記 [1595] as a label for an island that seems to be Ap Lei Chau. In the two Gazetteer of Xin'an County (新安縣志) published in 1688 and 1819, 香港 was the name of a village (as 香港村). The village was likely located in Wong Chuk Hang in the south of Hong Kong Island as indicated by 19th-century maps.
18th-century western maps appear to render the name of Hong Kong Island as Fan Chin Chow (or its variants), which appears to be a Hakka romanization of 飯甑洲 (Kwok and Cheung, 2007). In the Treaty of Nanking signed in 1842, the name 香港 referred to the entire Hong Kong Island.

～特別行政區 香港特別行政區#Chinese

(～特別行政區) Hong Kong (a city and special administrative region of China)


高梁

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ li̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ lœːŋ²¹/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² liɔŋ²⁴/

/ko³³ liɔŋ²⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² liɔŋ¹³/

/ko⁴⁴⁻³³ liɔŋ²⁴/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ liɔŋ²³/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ li̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ lœːŋ²¹/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² liɔŋ²⁴/

/ko³³ liɔŋ²⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² liɔŋ¹³/

/ko⁴⁴⁻³³ liɔŋ²⁴/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ liɔŋ²³/

(～市) Takahashi (a city in Okayama Prefecture, Japan)


新加坡

/ɕin⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ pʰu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ kaː³³ pɔː⁵⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ kaː³³ pʰɔː⁵⁵/

/sin²⁴⁻¹¹ ka²⁴⁻¹¹ pʰo²⁴/

/sin²⁴⁻¹¹ ka²⁴⁻¹¹ po⁵⁵/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ pʰo⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ pʰɤ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² ka⁴⁴⁻²² pʰo⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² kɛ⁴⁴⁻²² pʰo⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² ka⁴⁴⁻²² po⁴⁴/

/sin³³⁻²¹ ka³³⁻²¹ po³³/

/siŋ³³⁻²³ kia³³⁻²³ po³³/

/ɕin⁵⁵ ka³³ pʰu²¹/

/ɕin⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ pʰu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ kaː³³ pɔː⁵⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ kaː³³ pʰɔː⁵⁵/

/sin²⁴⁻¹¹ ka²⁴⁻¹¹ pʰo²⁴/

/sin²⁴⁻¹¹ ka²⁴⁻¹¹ po⁵⁵/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ pʰo⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ pʰɤ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² ka⁴⁴⁻²² pʰo⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² kɛ⁴⁴⁻²² pʰo⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² ka⁴⁴⁻²² po⁴⁴/

/sin³³⁻²¹ ka³³⁻²¹ po³³/

/siŋ³³⁻²³ kia³³⁻²³ po³³/

/ɕin⁵⁵ ka³³ pʰu²¹/

Borrowed from English Singapore, from Malay Singapura, from Sanskrit सिंहपुर (siṃhá-pura), from सिंह (siṃha, “lion”) + पुर (pura, “city”).
Shanghainese sense from 莘嘉浦 via phono-semantic matching.

compound

Singapore abolished its jury system in 1969, so all criminal defendants are tried before judges.

Xīnjiāpō zài 1969 nián fèichú le péishěntuán zhìdù, yīncǐ suǒyǒu xíngshì ànjiàn de bèigàorén jūn yóu fǎguān shěnpàn.

新加坡在1969年廢除了陪審團制度，因此所有刑事案件的被告人均由法官審判。

新加坡在1969年废除了陪审团制度，因此所有刑事案件的被告人均由法官审判。

Chén chū sān kè dǐ Xīgòng, yóu Xīnjiāpō zhì cǐ èr qiān sì bǎi èrshíyī lǐ.

辰初三刻抵西貢，由新加坡至此二千四百二十一里。

辰初三刻抵西贡，由新加坡至此二千四百二十一里。

新加坡共和國 新加坡共和國#Chinese

新加坡共和国 新加坡共和国#Chinese

Singapore (an island and city-state in Southeast Asia, located off the southernmost tip of the Malay Peninsula; a former British crown colony; official name: 新加坡共和國／新加坡共和国)


漢堡

/xän⁵¹ pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔːn³³ pou̯³⁵/

/han²¹⁻⁵³ po⁵³/

/han⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ po⁵⁵⁴/

/han²¹⁻⁵³ po⁵³/

/han¹¹⁻⁵³ po⁵³/

/han²¹⁻⁴¹ pɤ⁴¹/

/xän⁵¹ pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔːn³³ pou̯³⁵/

/han²¹⁻⁵³ po⁵³/

/han⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ po⁵⁵⁴/

/han²¹⁻⁵³ po⁵³/

/han¹¹⁻⁵³ po⁵³/

/han²¹⁻⁴¹ pɤ⁴¹/

Hamburg (the second-largest city in Germany)


大阪

/tä⁵¹ pän²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² pan⁵⁵⁴/

/tä⁵¹ pän²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² pan⁵⁵⁴/

(～市) Osaka (the capital city of Osaka Prefecture, Japan)


吉林

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (吉林):
* → Japanese: 吉林(きつりん) (Kitsurin)
* → Korean: 길림(吉林) (Gillim)
* → Vietnamese: Cát Lâm (吉林)

→ English: Chi-lin, Jilin, Ji Lin

→ Georgian: ძილინი (ʒilini)

/kɐt̚⁵ lɐm²¹/

/kiʔ²⁴⁻²¹ l̃iŋ⁵³/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ lim²³/

/kiɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ lim²⁴/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ lim²⁴/

/t͡ɕiɪʔ³³ lin⁴⁴/

/kɐt̚⁵ lɐm²¹/

/kiʔ²⁴⁻²¹ l̃iŋ⁵³/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ lim²³/

/kiɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ lim²⁴/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ lim²⁴/

/t͡ɕiɪʔ³³ lin⁴⁴/

Shortened from 吉林烏拉／吉林乌拉, which was borrowed from Manchu ᡤᡳᡵᡳᠨ
ᡠᠯᠠ (girin ula).

(～市) Jilin (a prefecture-level city in Jilin province, China)


和平

Sino-Xenic (和平):
* → Japanese: 和(わ)平(へい) (wahei)
* → Korean: 화평(和平) (hwapyeong)
* → Vietnamese: hoà bình (和平)

/xɤ³⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/xə²⁴ pʰiŋ²⁴/

/wɔː²¹ pʰɪŋ²¹/

/huo⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βiŋ⁵³/

/ho²⁴⁻²² piɪŋ²⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ piɪŋ²⁴/

/ho¹³⁻²² piɪŋ¹³/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ piɪŋ²³/

/hɔ²⁴⁻²² piɪŋ²⁴/

/hua⁵⁵⁻¹¹ pʰeŋ⁵⁵/

/xɤ³⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/xə²⁴ pʰiŋ²⁴/

/wɔː²¹ pʰɪŋ²¹/

/huo⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βiŋ⁵³/

/ho²⁴⁻²² piɪŋ²⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ piɪŋ²⁴/

/ho¹³⁻²² piɪŋ¹³/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ piɪŋ²³/

/hɔ²⁴⁻²² piɪŋ²⁴/

/hua⁵⁵⁻¹¹ pʰeŋ⁵⁵/

(～市) Hoà Bình (the capital of Hòa Bình, Vietnam)


日向

/ʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹/

/jɐt̚² hœːŋ³³/

/ʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹/

/jɐt̚² hœːŋ³³/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 日向.

(～市) Hyūga (a city in Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan)


倫敦

Sino-Xenic (倫敦):
* → Vietnamese: Luân Đôn (倫敦)

/lu̯ən³⁵ tu̯ən⁵⁵/

/lɵn²¹ tɵn⁵⁵/

/l̃uŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nuŋ⁵⁵/

/luŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tuŋ³³/

/lən²² tən⁴⁴/

/lu̯ən³⁵ tu̯ən⁵⁵/

/lɵn²¹ tɵn⁵⁵/

/l̃uŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nuŋ⁵⁵/

/luŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tuŋ³³/

/lən²² tən⁴⁴/

英國倫敦大學地質學博士

英国伦敦大学地质学博士

1848, 徐繼畬 [Xu Jiyu], editor, 瀛寰志略, volume 7, page 38:

Hū Lúndūn dàhuǒ, fén gōngshì mínjū dàijìn, yǐ'ér wēnyì shèngxíng, sǐzhě xiàng zhěnjiè, guóshì dùn shuāi.

忽倫敦大火，焚宮室民居殆盡，已而瘟疫盛行，死者相枕藉，國勢頓衰。

忽伦敦大火，焚宫室民居殆尽，已而瘟疫盛行，死者相枕藉，国势顿衰。

London (the capital city of the United Kingdom; capital city of England)


西雅圖

/ɕi⁵⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰu³⁵/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ ŋaː¹³ tʰou̯²¹/

/ɕi⁵⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰu³⁵/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ ŋaː¹³ tʰou̯²¹/

Seattle (a city in Washington, United States)


西貢

Homophonic translation from Vietnamese Sài Gòn (柴棍), via Cantonese 西貢／西贡 (sai1 gung3).

/ɕi⁵⁵ kʊŋ⁵¹/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ kʊŋ³³/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔŋ¹¹/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔŋ²¹/

/sai³³⁻²³ koŋ²¹³/

/ɕi⁵⁵ kʊŋ⁵¹/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ kʊŋ³³/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔŋ¹¹/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔŋ²¹/

/sai³³⁻²³ koŋ²¹³/

Chén chū sān kè dǐ Xīgòng, yóu Xīnjiāpō zhì cǐ èr qiān sì bǎi èrshíyī lǐ, mǎtóu zài jiāng zhī xī'àn, shàngxià ruò fúqiáo. Kǎo Xīgòng wéi Yuènán guó jí nán hǎikǒu, shǔ Jiādìng shěng.

辰初三刻抵西貢，由新加坡至此二千四百二十一里，碼頭在江之西岸，上下若浮橋。考西貢為越南國極南海口，屬嘉定省。

辰初三刻抵西贡，由新加坡至此二千四百二十一里，码头在江之西岸，上下若浮桥。考西贡为越南国极南海口，属嘉定省。

(historcal) Saigon (a city in Vietnam) (old name of Ho Chi Minh City)


君士坦丁堡

ㄐㄩㄣ ㄕˋ ㄊㄢˇ ㄉㄧㄥ ㄅㄠˇ

Цзюньшитаньдинбао

/t͡ɕyn⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹ tʰän²¹⁴⁻²¹ tiŋ⁵⁵ pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʷɐn⁵⁵ siː²² tʰaːn³⁵ tɪŋ⁵⁵ pou̯³⁵/

/kʷɐn⁵⁵ siː²² tʰaːn³⁵ tɪŋ⁵⁵ pou̯³⁵/

Phono-semantic matching of English Constantinople.


里約熱內盧

ㄌㄧˇ ㄩㄝ ㄖㄜˋ ㄋㄟˋ ㄌㄨˊ

Лиюэ Жэнэйлу

/li²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɥɛ⁵⁵ ʐɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ neɪ̯⁵¹ lu³⁵/

/lei̯¹³ jœːk̚³ jiːt̚² nɔːi̯²² lou̯²¹/

/li⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ iɔk̚³²⁻⁴ ziɛt̚⁴⁻³² lai³³⁻²¹ lɔ²³/

/li²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɥɛ⁵⁵ ʐɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ neɪ̯⁵¹ lu³⁵/

/lei̯¹³ jœːk̚³ jiːt̚² nɔːi̯²² lou̯²¹/

Borrowed from Portuguese Rio de Janeiro.

Yǒu Lǐyuērènèilú jīngchéng, zuìhǎo wān chuán chù, duō yǒu wàiguórén dào cǐ mǎimài, chuánzhī rú yǐ jù.

有里約熱內盧京城，最好灣船處，多有外國人到此買賣，船隻如蟻聚。

有里约热内卢京城，最好湾船处，多有外国人到此买卖，船只如蚁聚。

Rio de Janeiro (a municipality, the state capital of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil)


采爾馬特

ㄘㄞˇ ㄦˇ ㄇㄚˇ ㄊㄜˋ

/t͡sʰaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰɤ⁵¹/


底特律

Ti³-tʻê⁴-lü⁴

/ti²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ly⁵¹/

/tɐi̯³⁵ tɐk̚² lɵt̚²/

/ti²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ly⁵¹/

/tɐi̯³⁵ tɐk̚² lɵt̚²/

Detroit (a city in Michigan, United States)


彼得羅巴甫洛夫斯克

ㄅㄧˇ ㄉㄜˊ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄅㄚ ㄈㄨˇ ㄌㄨㄛˋ ㄈㄨ ㄙ ㄎㄜˋ

Бидэлобафулофусыкэ

/pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ tɤ³⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ pä⁵⁵ fu²¹⁴⁻²¹ lu̯ɔ⁵¹ fu⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹/

From Russian Петропавловск (Petropavlovsk).

bor

Петропавловск


基輔

/t͡ɕi⁵⁵ fu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ki⁴⁴⁻²² hu⁵³/

/t͡ɕi⁵⁵ vu²¹/

/t͡ɕi⁵⁵ fu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ki⁴⁴⁻²² hu⁵³/

/t͡ɕi⁵⁵ vu²¹/

(～市) Kyiv (a city, the capital city of Ukraine)


索非亞

/su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ feɪ̯⁵⁵ jä⁵¹/

/su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ feɪ̯⁵⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɔːk̚³ fei̯⁵⁵ aː³³/

/sak̚⁵⁻²⁴ hui³³ a³³/

/siɪk̚³²⁻⁴ hui⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/siɪk̚³²⁻⁵ hui⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/so(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ hui⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ feɪ̯⁵⁵ jä⁵¹/

/su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ feɪ̯⁵⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɔːk̚³ fei̯⁵⁵ aː³³/

/sak̚⁵⁻²⁴ hui³³ a³³/

/siɪk̚³²⁻⁴ hui⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/siɪk̚³²⁻⁵ hui⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/so(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ hui⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

Sofia (a city, the capital city of Bulgaria)


斯里賈亞瓦德納普拉科特

ㄙ ㄌㄧˇ ㄐㄧㄚˇ ㄧㄚˋ ㄨㄚˇ ㄉㄜˊ ㄋㄚˋ ㄆㄨˇ ㄌㄚ ㄎㄜ ㄊㄜˋ

ㄙ ㄌㄧˇ ㄐㄧㄚˇ ㄧㄚˇ ㄨㄚˇ ㄉㄜˊ ㄋㄚˋ ㄆㄨˇ ㄌㄚ ㄎㄜ ㄊㄜˋ

si¹ lei⁵ gaa² aa³ ngaa⁵ dak¹ naap⁶ pou² laai¹ fo¹ dak⁶

Sīlǐ Jiǎyàwǎdénàpǔlā Kētè [Phonetic:sīlíjiǎyàwǎdénàpǔlākētè]

Сыли Цзяявадэнапула Кэтэ

/sz̩⁵⁵ li²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä²¹⁴⁻²¹ jä⁵¹ wä²¹⁴⁻²¹ tɤ³⁵ nä⁵¹ pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ lä⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵⁵ tʰɤ⁵¹/

Sīlǐ Jiǎyǎwǎdénàpǔlā Kētè [Phonetic:sīlíjiáyáwǎdénàpǔlākētè]

/sz̩⁵⁵ li²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ wä²¹⁴⁻²¹ tɤ³⁵ nä⁵¹ pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ lä⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵⁵ tʰɤ⁵¹/

sī léih gá a ngáh dāk naahp póu lāai fō dahk

si¹ lei⁵ gaa² aa³ ngaa⁵ dak⁷ naap⁹ pou² laai¹ fo¹ dak⁹

xi¹ léi⁵ ga² a³ nga⁵ deg¹ nab⁶ pou² lai¹ fo¹ deg⁶

/siː⁵⁵ lei̯¹³ kaː³⁵ aː³³ ŋaː¹³ tɐk̚⁵ naːp̚² pʰou̯³⁵ laːi̯⁵⁵ fɔː⁵⁵ tɐk̚²/

Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte
Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte#English

Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte (the administrative capital of Sri Lanka located in Colombo district, Western, Sri Lanka)


胡志明市

ㄏㄨˊ ㄓˋ ㄇㄧㄥˊ ㄕˋ

Ху Чжимин Ши

/xu³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹ miŋ³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/wuː²¹ t͡siː³³ mɪŋ²¹ siː¹³/

/fu¹¹ t͡sɨ⁵⁵ min¹¹ sɨ⁵⁵/

/hu⁵³ t͡si²¹³⁻⁵⁵ miŋ⁵³ t͡sʰɛi²⁴²/

/ɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡si¹¹⁻⁵³ biɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰi³³/

/ɔ²³⁻³³ t͡si²¹⁻⁴¹ biɪŋ²³⁻³³ t͡sʰi³³/

/ɔ¹³⁻²² t͡si²¹⁻⁵³ biɪŋ¹³⁻²² t͡sʰi²²/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² t͡si²¹⁻⁵³ biɪŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰi²²/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² t͡si⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ biɪŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰi²²/

/xu³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹ miŋ³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/wuː²¹ t͡siː³³ mɪŋ²¹ siː¹³/

/fu¹¹ t͡sɨ⁵⁵ min¹¹ sɨ⁵⁵/

/hu⁵³ t͡si²¹³⁻⁵⁵ miŋ⁵³ t͡sʰɛi²⁴²/

/ɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡si¹¹⁻⁵³ biɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰi³³/

/ɔ²³⁻³³ t͡si²¹⁻⁴¹ biɪŋ²³⁻³³ t͡sʰi³³/

/ɔ¹³⁻²² t͡si²¹⁻⁵³ biɪŋ¹³⁻²² t͡sʰi²²/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² t͡si²¹⁻⁵³ biɪŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰi²²/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² t͡si⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ biɪŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰi²²/

Calque of Vietnamese Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh

cal

Ho Chi Minh City
Ho Chi Minh City#English


胡志明

/xu³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹ miŋ³⁵/

/wuː²¹ t͡siː³³ mɪŋ²¹/

/hu⁵³ t͡si²¹³⁻⁵⁵ miŋ⁵³/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² t͡si²¹⁻⁵³ biɪŋ²⁴/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² t͡si⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ biɪŋ²⁴/

/ɔ¹³⁻²² t͡si²¹⁻⁵³ biɪŋ¹³/

/ɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡si¹¹⁻⁵³ biɪŋ²⁴/

/ɔ²³⁻³³ t͡si²¹⁻⁴¹ biɪŋ²³/

/xu³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹ miŋ³⁵/

/wuː²¹ t͡siː³³ mɪŋ²¹/

/hu⁵³ t͡si²¹³⁻⁵⁵ miŋ⁵³/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² t͡si²¹⁻⁵³ biɪŋ²⁴/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² t͡si⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ biɪŋ²⁴/

/ɔ¹³⁻²² t͡si²¹⁻⁵³ biɪŋ¹³/

/ɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡si¹¹⁻⁵³ biɪŋ²⁴/

/ɔ²³⁻³³ t͡si²¹⁻⁴¹ biɪŋ²³/


天理

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰi̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ li²⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁵³/

/tʰiɛn³³ li⁵⁵⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² li⁵³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁴¹/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² li⁵³/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁵³/

/tʰĩ³³⁴ li²¹/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁴¹/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰi̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ li²⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁵³/

/tʰiɛn³³ li⁵⁵⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² li⁵³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁴¹/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² li⁵³/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁵³/

/tʰĩ³³⁴ li²¹/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁴¹/

(～市) Tenri (a city in Nara Prefecture, Japan)


星加坡

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ pʰu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/sɪŋ⁵⁵ kaː³³ pɔː⁵⁵/

/siŋ⁵⁵⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋa⁵⁵ ^((pʰ-))βo⁵⁵/

/ɕin⁵⁵ ka³³ pʰu²¹/

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ pʰu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/sɪŋ⁵⁵ kaː³³ pɔː⁵⁵/

/siŋ⁵⁵⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋa⁵⁵ ^((pʰ-))βo⁵⁵/

/ɕin⁵⁵ ka³³ pʰu²¹/

1904, Liang Qichao, 新大陸遊記 [Travel Notes of the New Continent], 廣智書局, published 1907, page 1:

Hearing of the change in Hankow, he turned south and went south from Hong Kong to Singapore and Penang to India, circumnavigating Australia for a week.

Jù wén Hànkǒu zhī biàn, zhì bùsuì, suì zhé ér nán, yóu Xiānggǎng ér Xīngjiāpō ér Bīnlángyǔ ér Yìndù, rào Àodàlìyàzhōu yī zhōu.

遽聞漢口之變，志不遂，遂折而南，由香港而星加坡而檳榔嶼而印度，繞澳大利亞洲一週。

遽闻汉口之变，志不遂，遂折而南，由香港而星加坡而槟榔屿而印度，绕澳大利亚洲一周。

1989 November 1, Francis K. Loo, 香港工業: 政策、 企業特點及前景, Hong Kong University Press, →ISBN, page 1:

In terms of industrial development, Hong Kong is often ranked alongside South Korea, Taiwan and Singapore as the "Asian Tigers".

xiānggǎng zài gōngyè fāzhǎn shàng, hěnduō shí bèi rén yǔ nánhán, táiwān hé xīngjiāpō bìngliè, chēngwèi “yàzhōusìxiǎolóng”

香港在工業發展上，很多時被人與南韓、台灣和星加坡並列，稱爲「亞洲四小龍」

香港在工业发展上，很多时被人与南韩、台湾和星加坡并列，称为「亚洲四小龙」

(dated, still common in Cantonese) Singapore (an island and city-state in Southeast Asia, located off the southernmost tip of the Malay Peninsula; a former British crown colony)


日光

/ʐ̩⁵¹ ku̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/jɐt̚² kʷɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/ŋit̚² koŋ²⁴/

/lit̚²⁴⁻² kŋ̍³³/

/lit̚⁴⁻³² kŋ̍⁴⁴/

/d͡zit̚¹²¹⁻²¹ kuĩ⁴⁴/

/zit̚⁴⁻³² kŋ̍⁴⁴/

/lit̚⁴⁻³² kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lit̚²⁴⁻² kɔŋ³³/

/zit̚⁴⁻³² kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/n̠ʲiɪʔ¹¹ kuɑ̃²³/

/ʐ̩⁵¹ ku̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/jɐt̚² kʷɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/ŋit̚² koŋ²⁴/

/lit̚²⁴⁻² kŋ̍³³/

/lit̚⁴⁻³² kŋ̍⁴⁴/

/d͡zit̚¹²¹⁻²¹ kuĩ⁴⁴/

/zit̚⁴⁻³² kŋ̍⁴⁴/

/lit̚⁴⁻³² kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lit̚²⁴⁻² kɔŋ³³/

/zit̚⁴⁻³² kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/n̠ʲiɪʔ¹¹ kuɑ̃²³/

(～市) Nikkō (a city in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan)


悉尼

/siɪk̚³²⁻⁴ nĩ²⁴/

/ɕiɪʔ³³ n̠ʲi⁴⁴/

/siɪk̚³²⁻⁴ nĩ²⁴/

/ɕiɪʔ³³ n̠ʲi⁴⁴/

悉尼是澳大利亞最大的城市。

悉尼是澳大利亚最大的城市。

1844, Karl Gützlaff, 萬國地理全集; quoted in 魏源 [Wei Yuan], 海國圖志 [Illustrated Treatise on the Maritime Kingdoms], 1852:

Qí jīngdū nǎi Xīní, zài guǎng hǎimén, xì shǔ dàdì zhī gǎngkǒu.

其京都乃悉尼，在廣海門，係屬大地之港口。

其京都乃悉尼，在广海门，系属大地之港口。

(chiefly Mainland China, Hong Kong) Sydney (a city in New South Wales, Australia)


雪梨

/ɕy̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ li³⁵/

/ɕy̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ li³⁵/

Borrowed from English Sydney, via Cantonese.

Soat-lê sī Ò-chiu siōng tōa ê siâⁿ-chhī.

雪梨是澳洲上大的城市。

1891, 薛福成 [Xue Fucheng], 出使英法義比四國日記, volume 3, page 24:

Xuělí Yuè shāng èrshíjiǔ jiā, Huárén shāng gōng gòng sì qiān, qí zài nèidì kāi diàn jí Zhǒngzhí zhě yì liù qiān yú. Qí kēzhèng yóu wúlǐ zhě, huá shāng yóu Xuělí wǎng Měilìbīn, yòu xū zhòng shōu shēnshuì shí bàng.

雪梨粵商二十九家，華人商工共四千，其在內地開店及種植者亦六千餘。其苛政尤無理者，華商由雪梨往美利濱，又須重收身稅十磅。

雪梨粤商二十九家，华人商工共四千，其在内地开店及种植者亦六千余。其苛政尤无理者，华商由雪梨往美利滨，又须重收身税十磅。

(chiefly Taiwan, dated elsewhere) Sydney (a city in New South Wales, Australia)

(Cantonese) Sydney (a city in Nova Scotia, Canada)


寧波

/niŋ³⁵ pu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/nɪŋ²¹ pɔː⁵⁵/

/ⁿden²² pᵘɔ³³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² pʰo⁴⁴/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² pʰo³³/

/liɪŋ¹³⁻²² pʰo⁴⁴/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ pʰo⁴⁴/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ pʰɤ⁴⁴/

/niŋ³⁵ pu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/nɪŋ²¹ pɔː⁵⁵/

/ⁿden²² pᵘɔ³³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² pʰo⁴⁴/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² pʰo³³/

/liɪŋ¹³⁻²² pʰo⁴⁴/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ pʰo⁴⁴/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ pʰɤ⁴⁴/

(～市) Ningbo (a port city, prefecture-level city, and subprovincial city in eastern Zhejiang, China)


費城

/feɪ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/fɐi̯³³ sɪŋ²¹/

/hui²¹⁻⁵³ siã²⁴/

/hui⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ siã²⁴/

/hui²¹⁻⁵³ siã¹³/

/hui¹¹⁻⁵³ siã²⁴/

/hui²¹⁻⁴¹ siã²³/

/feɪ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/fɐi̯³³ sɪŋ²¹/

/hui²¹⁻⁵³ siã²⁴/

/hui⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ siã²⁴/

/hui²¹⁻⁵³ siã¹³/

/hui¹¹⁻⁵³ siã²⁴/

/hui²¹⁻⁴¹ siã²³/

費城大學

费城大学

Philadelphia (a large city in Pennsylvania, United States)


溫哥華

/wən⁵⁵ kɤ⁵⁵ xu̯ä³⁵/

/wɐn⁵⁵ kɔː⁵⁵ waː²¹/

/wɐn⁵⁵ kɔː⁵⁵ waː²¹⁻³⁵/

/vun³³ kᵘɔ⁵⁵ va²²/

/wən⁵⁵ kɤ⁵⁵ xu̯ä³⁵/

/wɐn⁵⁵ kɔː⁵⁵ waː²¹/

/wɐn⁵⁵ kɔː⁵⁵ waː²¹⁻³⁵/

/vun³³ kᵘɔ⁵⁵ va²²/

1904, Liang Qichao, 新大陸遊記 [Travel Notes of the New Continent], 廣智書局, published 1907, page 6:

Qí tiělù zhī chēzhàn, lúnchuán zhī mǎtóu, jiē yǐ Wēngēhuá wéi zhōngdiǎn, gù Wēngēhuá zhòu shèng. Gēlúnbǐyà shěng běn yǐ Yùduōlì wéi shǒufǔ, jīn zé shìlì quán qū yú Wēngēhuá yǐ.

其鐵路之車站，輪船之碼頭，皆以溫哥華為終點，故溫哥華驟盛。哥侖比亞省本以域多利為首府，今則勢力全趨於溫哥華矣。

其铁路之车站，轮船之码头，皆以温哥华为终点，故温哥华骤盛。哥仑比亚省本以域多利为首府，今则势力全趋于温哥华矣。

British Columbia
British Columbia#English

(～市) Vancouver (a seaport, the largest city in British Columbia, Canada)

(～市) Vancouver (a city, the county seat of Clark County, Washington, United States)


奈良

/naɪ̯⁵¹ li̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/nɔːi̯²² lœːŋ²¹/

/nãi³³⁻¹¹ liɔŋ²⁴/

/nãi³³⁻²¹ liɔŋ²³/

/naɪ̯⁵¹ li̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/nɔːi̯²² lœːŋ²¹/

/nãi³³⁻¹¹ liɔŋ²⁴/

/nãi³³⁻²¹ liɔŋ²³/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 奈良 (Nara).

obor

(～市) Nara (a city in Nara Prefecture, Japan)


北海

→ English: Beihai, Pakhoi

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pɐk̚⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ hai⁵⁵⁴/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pɐk̚⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ hai⁵⁵⁴/

(～市) Beihai (a prefecture-level city in Guangxi, China)


新港

/ɕin⁵⁵ kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɐn⁵⁵ kɔːŋ³⁵/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁵³/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁵³/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ kaŋ⁵³/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ kaŋ⁴¹/

/ɕin⁵⁵ kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɐn⁵⁵ kɔːŋ³⁵/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁵³/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁵³/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ kaŋ⁵³/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ kaŋ⁴¹/

Porto-Novo (the official capital of Benin)


南宮

→ English: Namgung, Nangong

desc

南宮, なんぐう, なんきゅう

→ Japanese: 南宮, なんぐう, なんきゅう

→ Japanese: 南宮, なんぐう, なんきゅう

→ English: Nangyu, Nangu, Nanguu, Nankyu, Nanku, Nankuu

→ Korean: 南宮, 남궁

→ English: Namgung, Namgoong, Namkung, Namkoong

→ Vietnamese: 南宮, Namcung, Nam Cung

→ English: Namcung

/nän³⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/naːm²¹ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/lam²⁴⁻²² kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² kiɔŋ³³/

/lam¹³⁻²² kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam²³⁻³³ kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/nän³⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/naːm²¹ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/lam²⁴⁻²² kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² kiɔŋ³³/

/lam¹³⁻²² kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam²³⁻³³ kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

(～市) Nangong (a county-level city in Xingtai, Hebei, China)


雲南

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 雲南(うんなん) (Unnan).

/huŋ⁵³⁻³³ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/in¹³⁻²² lam¹³/

/huŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lam⁵⁵/

/ɦyn²² nø⁴⁴/

/huŋ⁵³⁻³³ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/in¹³⁻²² lam¹³/

/huŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lam⁵⁵/

/ɦyn²² nø⁴⁴/

(～市) Unnan (a city in Shimane Prefecture, Japan)


廈門

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (廈門):
* → Korean: 하문(廈門) (Hamun)
* → Vietnamese: Hạ Môn (廈門)

→ Arabic: شْيَامِن (šyāmin)

→ Dutch: Xiamen, Emoi

desc

→ English: Amoy, Hsia-men, Hsiamen, Xiamen

→ French: Amoy, Xiamen

→ Georgian: სიამენი (siameni)

→ Japanese: 廈(シア)門(メン) (Shiamen)

→ Korean: 샤먼 (Syameon)

→ Portuguese: Amoy, Xiamen

→ Japanese: 廈(ア)門(モイ) (Amoi)

→ Spanish: Emuy

/ɕi̯ä⁵¹ mən³⁵/

/ha³² ᵐbᵘɔn²²/

/ˈha¹¹ mɨn³⁵/

/ha⁵³⁻⁵⁵ mun¹¹/

/xa⁵⁵ mɔŋ³³/

/a²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ muoŋ⁵³/

/e⁴¹⁻²² mŋ̍²⁴/

/e²²⁻²¹ mŋ̍²⁴/

/e³³⁻²¹ mŋ̍²³/

/e³³⁻¹¹ mŋ̍²⁴/

/ɛ²²⁻²¹ muĩ¹³/

/ɛ⁵³⁻¹¹ muĩ¹¹/

/e³⁵⁻¹¹ muŋ⁵⁵/

/ɦo²² mən⁴⁴/

/ɕi̯ä⁵¹ mən³⁵/

/ha³² ᵐbᵘɔn²²/

/ˈha¹¹ mɨn³⁵/

/ha⁵³⁻⁵⁵ mun¹¹/

/xa⁵⁵ mɔŋ³³/

/a²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ muoŋ⁵³/

/e⁴¹⁻²² mŋ̍²⁴/

/e²²⁻²¹ mŋ̍²⁴/

/e³³⁻²¹ mŋ̍²³/

/e³³⁻¹¹ mŋ̍²⁴/

/ɛ²²⁻²¹ muĩ¹³/

/ɛ⁵³⁻¹¹ muĩ¹¹/

/e³⁵⁻¹¹ muŋ⁵⁵/

/ɦo²² mən⁴⁴/

A homophone of the original name 下門／下门 (Xiàmén) that came into official use for its more elegant sense.

zh-l

下門／下门 (Xiàmén)

(～市) Xiamen (a subprovincial city in Fujian, China)


帝都

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (帝都):
* → Japanese: 帝(てい)都(と) (teito)
* → Korean: 제도(帝都) (jedo)

/tɐi̯³³ tou̯⁵⁵/

/tɐi̯³³ tou̯⁵⁵/

(literally or ironic, humorous) Beijing (lit. "capital of the Emperor; capital of the Celestial Ruler")


檸檬

/niŋ³⁵ mɤŋ³⁵/

/nɪŋ²¹ mʊŋ²¹⁻⁵⁵/

/ⁿden²² ᵐbɵŋ⁵⁵/

/niŋ¹¹ məŋ¹¹/

/nˡiŋ⁵³⁻³³ muŋ⁵³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² bɔŋ²⁴/

/liɪŋ¹³⁻²² bɔŋ¹³/

/leŋ²⁴⁻²¹ bɔŋ²⁴/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ bɔŋ²³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ bɔŋ²⁴/

/le²⁴⁻¹¹ bɔŋ⁵³/

/le²³⁻³³ bɔŋ⁴¹/

/leŋ²⁴⁻²¹ mɔŋ²⁴/

/li²³⁻²¹ mɔŋ⁴⁴⁵/

/leŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ moŋ⁵⁵/

/leŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ mou⁵⁵/

/lam⁵⁵⁻¹¹ moŋ⁵²/

/nam⁵⁵⁻¹¹ moŋ⁵²/

/n̠ʲin²² moŋ⁴⁴/

/niŋ³⁵ mɤŋ³⁵/

/nɪŋ²¹ mʊŋ²¹⁻⁵⁵/

/ⁿden²² ᵐbɵŋ⁵⁵/

/niŋ¹¹ məŋ¹¹/

/nˡiŋ⁵³⁻³³ muŋ⁵³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² bɔŋ²⁴/

/liɪŋ¹³⁻²² bɔŋ¹³/

/leŋ²⁴⁻²¹ bɔŋ²⁴/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ bɔŋ²³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ bɔŋ²⁴/

/le²⁴⁻¹¹ bɔŋ⁵³/

/le²³⁻³³ bɔŋ⁴¹/

/leŋ²⁴⁻²¹ mɔŋ²⁴/

/li²³⁻²¹ mɔŋ⁴⁴⁵/

/leŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ moŋ⁵⁵/

/leŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ mou⁵⁵/

/lam⁵⁵⁻¹¹ moŋ⁵²/

/nam⁵⁵⁻¹¹ moŋ⁵²/

/n̠ʲin²² moŋ⁴⁴/

Borrowed from English lemon (Huang, 2020); first attested in Volume I of Part II of A Dictionary of the Chinese Language in Three Parts [1819] by Robert Morrison (Huang, 2009).
For Taiwanese Min Nan lê-bóng and Hakka lê-móng, via Japanese 檸檬(レモン) (remon), from English lemon.

(～埠) (dated) Puerto Limón (a city, the capital city of Limón, Costa Rica)


麥加

/maɪ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵/

/mɐk̚² kaː⁵⁵/

/biɪk̚⁴⁻³² ka⁴⁴/

/biɪk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ kɛ⁴⁴/

/maɪ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵/

/mɐk̚² kaː⁵⁵/

/biɪk̚⁴⁻³² ka⁴⁴/

/biɪk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ kɛ⁴⁴/

Mecca (a large city in the Hejaz, Saudi Arabia; the holiest place in Islam)


白銀

/paɪ̯³⁵ in³⁵/

/paːk̚² ŋɐn²¹/

/paːk̚² ŋɐn²¹⁻³⁵/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ ɡun²⁴/

/pe(ʔ)²⁴⁻² ɡun²⁴/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ ɡun²⁴/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ ɡin²³/

/pɛ(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ ɡin¹³/

/paɪ̯³⁵ in³⁵/

/paːk̚² ŋɐn²¹/

/paːk̚² ŋɐn²¹⁻³⁵/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ ɡun²⁴/

/pe(ʔ)²⁴⁻² ɡun²⁴/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ ɡun²⁴/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ ɡin²³/

/pɛ(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ ɡin¹³/

(～市) Baiyin (a prefecture-level city in Gansu, China)


巴西

Borrowed from Tagalog Pasay via Hokkien.

/paː⁵⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/pa²⁴⁻¹¹ si²⁴/

/pa⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɛ⁵⁵/

/pa⁴⁴⁻²² se⁴⁴/

/pa⁴⁴⁻³³ se⁴⁴/

/pa³³⁻²³ sai³³/

/paː⁵⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/pa²⁴⁻¹¹ si²⁴/

/pa⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɛ⁵⁵/

/pa⁴⁴⁻²² se⁴⁴/

/pa⁴⁴⁻³³ se⁴⁴/

/pa³³⁻²³ sai³³/

(Philippines) (～市) Pasay (a city in Metro Manila, Philippines)


廣島

/ku̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʷɔːŋ³⁵ tou̯³⁵/

/kɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ to⁵³/

/kɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ to⁵⁵⁴/

/kɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ to⁵³/

/kɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ to⁵³/

/kɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tɤ⁴¹/

/ku̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʷɔːŋ³⁵ tou̯³⁵/

/kɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ to⁵³/

/kɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ to⁵⁵⁴/

/kɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ to⁵³/

/kɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ to⁵³/

/kɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tɤ⁴¹/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 広島(ひろしま) (Hiroshima).

(～市) Hiroshima (the capital city of Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan)


海南

Sino-Xenic (海南):
* → Japanese: 海南(かいなん) (Kainan)
* → Korean: 해남(海南) (Haenam)
* → Vietnamese: Hải Nam (海南)

→ English: Hainan, Hai-nan

→ Russian: Хайна́нь (Xajnánʹ)

→ Thai: ไหหลำ (hǎi-lǎm)

→ Zhuang: Haijnanz

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ nän³⁵/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ naːm²¹/

/hᵘɔi⁵⁵ ⁿdam²²/

/hai³³⁻²¹ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/hai⁴⁵³⁻¹³ naŋ¹³/

/hai³³²⁻⁵⁵ naŋ¹³/

/hai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lam²⁴/

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ nän³⁵/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ naːm²¹/

/hᵘɔi⁵⁵ ⁿdam²²/

/hai³³⁻²¹ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/hai⁴⁵³⁻¹³ naŋ¹³/

/hai³³²⁻⁵⁵ naŋ¹³/

/hai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lam²⁴/

Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture
Qinghai Lake
Qiongzhou Strait

Literally, south of a “sea”, which, in the case of Hainan Island or province, refers to the Qiongzhou Strait (瓊州海峽／琼州海峡 (Qióngzhōu Hǎixiá)), and in the case of Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, refers to the Qinghai Lake (青海湖 (Qīnghǎi Hú)). The district in Wuhai, Inner Mongolia is named after its position relative to the Haibowan (海勃灣／海勃湾) District.

潮州粿條福建麵，海南咖啡廣府炒／潮州粿条福建面，海南咖啡广府炒

Cháozhōu guǒtiáo Fújiàn miàn, Hǎinán kāfēi Guǎngfǔ chǎo

(～市) Kainan (a city in Wakayama Prefecture, Japan)


上海

desc

→ English: Shang-hai, Shanghae, Shanghai

→ French: Shanghai, Shanghaï, Changhaï

→ Japanese: 上(シャン)海(ハイ) (Shanhai)

→ Korean: 상하이 (Sanghai)

→ Russian: Шанха́й (Šanxáj)

→ Zhuang: Sanghaij

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sœːŋ²² hɔːi̯³⁵/

/siaŋ³² hᵘɔi⁵⁵/

/sɔŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ hoɪ³¹/

/sɒ̃⁴⁵ xai⁵³/

/t͡siɔŋ⁵⁵ xuɛ²¹/

/suoŋ²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai³³/

/ɬyɒŋ²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai⁴⁵³/

/ɬyøŋ²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai³³²/

/siɔŋ²¹ hai⁴⁴⁵/

/siɔŋ³³⁻²¹ hai⁴¹/

/siɔŋ²²⁻²¹ hai⁴²/

/siɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ hai⁵³/

/siɔŋ²²⁻²¹ hai⁵³/

/siɔŋ²² hai⁵⁵⁴/

/siɔŋ³³⁻²² hai⁵⁵⁴/

/siaŋ²²⁻²¹ hai⁵³/

/siaŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ hai⁵²/

/zɑ̃²² he⁴⁴/

/zɑ̃²² he³³/

/ʂan²¹⁻¹¹ xai̯⁴¹/

/san²¹⁻¹¹ xai̯⁴¹/

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sœːŋ²² hɔːi̯³⁵/

/siaŋ³² hᵘɔi⁵⁵/

/sɔŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ hoɪ³¹/

/sɒ̃⁴⁵ xai⁵³/

/t͡siɔŋ⁵⁵ xuɛ²¹/

/suoŋ²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai³³/

/ɬyɒŋ²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai⁴⁵³/

/ɬyøŋ²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai³³²/

/siɔŋ²¹ hai⁴⁴⁵/

/siɔŋ³³⁻²¹ hai⁴¹/

/siɔŋ²²⁻²¹ hai⁴²/

/siɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ hai⁵³/

/siɔŋ²²⁻²¹ hai⁵³/

/siɔŋ²² hai⁵⁵⁴/

/siɔŋ³³⁻²² hai⁵⁵⁴/

/siaŋ²²⁻²¹ hai⁵³/

/siaŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ hai⁵²/

/zɑ̃²² he⁴⁴/

/zɑ̃²² he³³/

/ʂan²¹⁻¹¹ xai̯⁴¹/

/san²¹⁻¹¹ xai̯⁴¹/

Named after 上海浦, a historical river in Shanghai, which was filled in during the late Qing dynasty.

華亭／华亭, 松江

two historical major cities now under the juristiction of Shanghai

上海證券交易所

上海证券交易所

她最近跑到上海去了。

I still have a few things to arrange in Shanghai.

Zài Shànghǎi wǒ háiyǒu jǐ jiàn shìqíng yào ānpái.

在上海我還有幾件事情要安排。

在上海我还有几件事情要安排。

⁶non ⁵tau ⁶zaon-he ⁶le ⁰leq ¹tu-sau ⁶zen-kuaon ⁰leq

儂到上海來了多少辰光了？

侬到上海来了多少辰光了？

(～市) Shanghai (a major port city and direct-administered municipality of China, the largest urban area in China)


揚州

ja-r

揚(よう)州(しゅう) (Yōshū)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (揚州):
* → Japanese: 揚(よう)州(しゅう) (Yōshū)
* → Vietnamese: Dương Châu (揚州)

desc

→ English: Yang-chou, Yangchow, Yangzhou

/jɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/jœːŋ²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/i̯oŋ¹¹ t͡su²⁴/

/iɔŋ¹¹ t͡su⁴⁴/

/iɒ̃¹¹ t͡səu¹¹/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu³³/

/iɔŋ¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/iɔŋ²³⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/iaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡siu³³/

/ɦiã²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

/jɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/jœːŋ²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/i̯oŋ¹¹ t͡su²⁴/

/iɔŋ¹¹ t͡su⁴⁴/

/iɒ̃¹¹ t͡səu¹¹/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu³³/

/iɔŋ¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/iɔŋ²³⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/iaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡siu³³/

/ɦiã²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

From the area of 揚州 recorded as one of the Nine Provinces 九州 (Jiǔzhōu) of Yu the Great 大禹 (Dà Yǔ) in the "Tribute of Yu" 禹贡 (Yǔ Gòng) section of the Book of Xia 夏書／夏书 (Xià Shū) in the Book of Documents 書經／书经 (shūjīng)

(～市) Yangzhou (a prefecture-level city in Jiangsu, in eastern China)


波士頓

/pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ tu̯ən⁵¹/

bo¹ xi⁶ dên⁶⁻²

/pɔː⁵⁵ siː²² tɵn²²⁻³⁵/

/pᵘɔ³³ si³² tun³²⁻³²⁵/

/pᵘɔ³³ si³² tun³²/

/pᵘɔ³³ si³²⁻²¹ tun³²⁻³²⁵/

/pᵘɔ³³ si³²⁻²¹ tun³²/

/pʰɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ su³³⁻²¹ tun²¹/

/pʰo⁴⁴⁻³³ su³³⁻¹¹ tun¹¹/

/pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ tu̯ən⁵¹/

/pɔː⁵⁵ siː²² tɵn²²⁻³⁵/

/pᵘɔ³³ si³² tun³²⁻³²⁵/

/pᵘɔ³³ si³² tun³²/

/pᵘɔ³³ si³²⁻²¹ tun³²⁻³²⁵/

/pᵘɔ³³ si³²⁻²¹ tun³²/

/pʰɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ su³³⁻²¹ tun²¹/

/pʰo⁴⁴⁻³³ su³³⁻¹¹ tun¹¹/

1888, T. L. Stedman, K. P. Lee, A Chinese and English Phrase Book in the Canton Dialect, New York: William R. Jenkins Co., page 45:

The rates to Boston are twenty-five cents for ten words.

gei³ heoi³ bo¹ si⁶ deon⁶, mui⁵ sap⁶ go³ zi⁶, jiu³ je⁵ ng⁵ go³ sin¹.

寄去波士頓，每十箇字，要廿五箇仙。

寄去波士顿，每十个字，要廿五个仙。

Boston (the capital and largest city of Massachusetts, United States)


桃園

For the place in Taiwan, shortened from Hokkien 桃仔園／桃仔园 (Thô-á-hn̂g), which was used alongside 桃園／桃园 by the time of the Guangxu Emperor. Found in official Qing documents by 1888.

/tʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/tʰo⁵⁵ ʒan⁵⁵/

/tʰo⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾uoŋ⁵³/

/tʰo²⁴⁻²² hŋ̍²⁴/

/tʰɤ²³⁻³³ hŋ̍²³/

/tʰo²⁴⁻¹¹ hŋ̍²⁴/

/tʰo¹³⁻²² huĩ¹³/

/tʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/tʰo⁵⁵ ʒan⁵⁵/

/tʰo⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾uoŋ⁵³/

/tʰo²⁴⁻²² hŋ̍²⁴/

/tʰɤ²³⁻³³ hŋ̍²³/

/tʰo²⁴⁻¹¹ hŋ̍²⁴/

/tʰo¹³⁻²² huĩ¹³/

(～市, formerly ～縣) Taoyuan (a city and former county of Taiwan)


洛陽

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (洛陽):
* → Japanese: 洛陽(らくよう) (Rakuyō)
* → Korean: 낙양(洛陽) (Nagyang)
* → Vietnamese: Lạc Dương (洛陽)

→ English: Luoyang

desc

→ Thai: ลั่วหยาง, ลกเอี๋ยง

→ Thai: ลั่วหยาง, ลกเอี๋ยง

/lu̯ɔ⁵¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/lɔːk̚³ jœːŋ²¹/

/lɔːk̚² jœːŋ²¹/

/lɔk̚⁵ iɔŋ¹¹/

/l̃ouʔ⁵⁻³³ yoŋ⁵³/

/lɔk̚²⁴⁻² iɔŋ²⁴/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² iɔŋ²⁴/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² iɔŋ²³/

/lɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ iaŋ¹³/

/lo(ʔ)²⁴⁻² iũ²⁴/

/lo(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ iũ²⁴/

/lok̚⁴⁻² iaŋ⁵⁵/

/loʔ¹¹ ɦiã²³/

/lu̯ɔ⁵¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/lɔːk̚³ jœːŋ²¹/

/lɔːk̚² jœːŋ²¹/

/lɔk̚⁵ iɔŋ¹¹/

/l̃ouʔ⁵⁻³³ yoŋ⁵³/

/lɔk̚²⁴⁻² iɔŋ²⁴/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² iɔŋ²⁴/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² iɔŋ²³/

/lɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ iaŋ¹³/

/lo(ʔ)²⁴⁻² iũ²⁴/

/lo(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ iũ²⁴/

/lok̚⁴⁻² iaŋ⁵⁵/

/loʔ¹¹ ɦiã²³/

Encyclopædia Britannica
Luo River (Henan)
Yin_and_yang#Toponymy

Yang (north) of the Luo River; based on Yin and yang toponymy in which north is associated with yang. Luoyang is situated to the north of the Luo River.

(～市) Luoyang (a prefecture-level city in Henan, China)


青州

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ t͡siu³³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ t͡siu³³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

(～市) Qingzhou (a city in Shandong, China)


冀州

/t͡ɕi⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kʰei̯³³ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kʰei̯³³ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

(～區, formerly ～市) Jizhou (a district and former county-level city in Hengshui, Hebei, China)


徐州

/ɕy³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɵy̯²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/sɯ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu³³/

/su²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/si¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/ɕy³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɵy̯²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/sɯ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu³³/

/su²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/si¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

(～市) Xuzhou (a prefecture-level city in northwestern Jiangsu, China)


荊州

→ English: Jingzhou, Kingchow, Kin-tcheou, Ching-chou

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kɪŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ t͡sɤ²¹/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kɪŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ t͡sɤ²¹/

(～市) Jingzhou (a prefecture-level city in Hubei, China)


中山

Named after Chinese president 孫中山 (Sun Yat-sen), who used the pseudonym 中(なか)山(やま)樵(きこり) (Nakayama Kikori). Ultimately from the Japanese surname 中(なか)山(やま) (Nakayama).
Zhongshan, Guangdong was renamed from 香山 (Xiāngshān); Sun Yat-sen's birthplace is in Zhongshan.

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/t͡sɵŋ³³ san³³/

/t͡suŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ san²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/t͡sɵŋ³³ san³³/

/t͡suŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ san²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

(～市, formerly ～縣) Zhongshan (a prefecture-level city and former county of Guangdong, China)


太平

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (太平):
* → Japanese: 太平(たいへい) (taihei)
* → Korean: 태평(太平) (taepyeong)
* → Vietnamese: thái bình (太平)

→ Manchu: ᡨᠠᡳᡶᡳᠨ (taifin)

desc

→ Classical Mongolian: ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠫᠢᠩ (tayiping)

Mongolian: тайван (tajvan)

→ Tuvan: тайбың (taybıñ)

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/tʰɛ⁴⁴ pʰiŋ²⁴/

/tʰaːi̯³³ pʰɪŋ²¹/

/tʰuɛ³³ peiŋ²¹/

/tʰai²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βaŋ⁵³/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ piɪŋ²⁴/

/tʰai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ piɪŋ²⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ piɪŋ¹³/

/tʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ piɪŋ²⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ piɪŋ²³/

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/tʰɛ⁴⁴ pʰiŋ²⁴/

/tʰaːi̯³³ pʰɪŋ²¹/

/tʰuɛ³³ peiŋ²¹/

/tʰai²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βaŋ⁵³/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ piɪŋ²⁴/

/tʰai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ piɪŋ²⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ piɪŋ¹³/

/tʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ piɪŋ²⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ piɪŋ²³/

寧為太平犬，不做亂世人／宁为太平犬，不做乱世人

nìng wéi tàipíng quǎn, bù zuò luànshì rén

various place names, including:
(～市) Thái Bình (a city in Vietnam)

various place names, including:
Thái Bình (a city in Vietnam)

Larut, Matang and Selama
Larut, Matang and Selama#English

(～市) Taiping (a city in Larut, Matang and Selama district, Perak, Malaysia)


杭州

ja-r

杭(こう)州(しゅう) (Kōshū)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (杭州):
* → Japanese: 杭(こう)州(しゅう) (Kōshū)
* → Korean: 항주(杭州) (Hangju)
* → Vietnamese: Hàng Châu (杭州)

/xɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/hɔːŋ²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/hɔŋ²² t͡siu³³/

/hɔŋ¹¹ t͡su⁴⁴/

/haŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/haŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu³³/

/haŋ¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/haŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/haŋ²³⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/haŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡siu³³/

/ɦɑ̃²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

/xɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/hɔːŋ²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/hɔŋ²² t͡siu³³/

/hɔŋ¹¹ t͡su⁴⁴/

/haŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/haŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu³³/

/haŋ¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/haŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/haŋ²³⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/haŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡siu³³/

/ɦɑ̃²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

The province's name derived from 餘杭／余杭 (Yúháng), traditionally glossed as a mistake for 禹航 (“Yu's ferry”) but more likely a transcription into Old Chinese characters of a native Proto-Wu placename.

zh-l

餘杭／余杭 (Yúháng)

(～市) Hangzhou (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Zhejiang, China)


南陽

/nän³⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/naːm²¹ jœːŋ²¹/

/lam²⁴⁻²² iɔŋ²⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² iɔŋ²⁴/

/lam¹³⁻²² iɔŋ¹³/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ iɔŋ²⁴/

/lam²³⁻³³ iɔŋ²³/

/nän³⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/naːm²¹ jœːŋ²¹/

/lam²⁴⁻²² iɔŋ²⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² iɔŋ²⁴/

/lam¹³⁻²² iɔŋ¹³/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ iɔŋ²⁴/

/lam²³⁻³³ iɔŋ²³/

南陽漢畫像石

南阳汉画像石

(～市) Nan'yō (a city in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan)


高岡

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ kɑŋ⁵⁵/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ kɑŋ⁵⁵/

(～市) Takaoka (a city in Toyama Prefecture, Japan)


許昌

desc

→ English: Hsu-ch'ang, Hsü-ch'ang, Xuchang

/ɕy²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/hɵy̯³⁵ t͡sʰœːŋ⁵⁵/

/hi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/hi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ³³/

/hi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/hi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/hi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/ɕy³³ t͡sʰɑ̃⁴⁴/

/ɕy²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/hɵy̯³⁵ t͡sʰœːŋ⁵⁵/

/hi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/hi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ³³/

/hi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/hi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/hi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/ɕy³³ t͡sʰɑ̃⁴⁴/

(～市) Xuchang (a prefecture-level city in Henan, China)


定州

/tiŋ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/tɪŋ²² t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/tiŋ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/tɪŋ²² t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

(～市) Dingzhou (a county-level city in Baoding, Hebei, China)


臺北

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (臺北):
* → Japanese: 台(たい)北(ほく) (Taihoku)
* → Korean: 대북(臺北) (Daebuk)
* → Vietnamese: Đài Bắc (臺北)

→ Amis: Taypak

→ Bunun: Taipak

→ English: Taipei, Taibei, Taipeh

→ Japanese: 台北 (Taipei)

→ Korean: 타이베이 (Taibei), 타이페이 (Taipei)

→ Thai: ไทเป (tai-bpee)

→ Kanakanabu: Taipe

→ Russian: Тайбэ́й (Tajbɛ́j)

→ Saaroa: taipakʉ

→ Saisiyat: taypae'

→ Sakizaya: Taypak

→ Tsou: taipahu

/tʰaɪ̯³⁵ peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰɔːi̯²¹ pɐk̚⁵/

/tʰoɪ¹¹ pɛt̚¹/

/tai⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βɔyʔ²⁴/

/tai¹³⁻⁴² paʔ¹/

/tai¹³⁻⁴² paʔ²/

/tai²⁴⁻²² pak̚³²/

/tai¹³⁻²² pak̚³²/

/tai²⁴⁻¹¹ pak̚³²/

/tai²³⁻³³ pak̚³²/

/tʰai⁵⁵⁻¹¹ pak̚²/

/tʰaɪ̯³⁵ peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰɔːi̯²¹ pɐk̚⁵/

/tʰoɪ¹¹ pɛt̚¹/

/tai⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βɔyʔ²⁴/

/tai¹³⁻⁴² paʔ¹/

/tai¹³⁻⁴² paʔ²/

/tai²⁴⁻²² pak̚³²/

/tai¹³⁻²² pak̚³²/

/tai²⁴⁻¹¹ pak̚³²/

/tai²³⁻³³ pak̚³²/

/tʰai⁵⁵⁻¹¹ pak̚²/

Officially, with the creation of Taipeh Prefecture (臺北府) in 1875.

(～縣) (historical) Taipei County (former county in Taiwan, now called New Taipei)


川崎

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/t͡sʰyːn⁵⁵ kʰei̯²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/t͡sʰyːn⁵⁵ kʰei̯²¹/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 川(かわ)崎(さき) (Kawasaki).

(～市) Kawasaki (a major city in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan)


長沙

Sino-Xenic (長沙):
* → Japanese: 長(ちょう)沙(さ) (Chōsa)
* → Korean: 장사(長沙) (Jangsa)
* → Vietnamese: Trường Sa (長沙)

→ English: Changsha, Ch'ang-sha

→ Korean: 창사 (Changsa)

→ Russian: Чанша́ (Čanšá)

→ Zhuang: Cangzsah

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʂä⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ saː⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰoŋ¹¹ sa²⁴/

/t͡sʰɔŋ¹¹ sa⁴⁴/

/tuoŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾na⁵⁵/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² sa⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² sa³³/

/tiaŋ¹³⁻²² sɛ⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ sua⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²³⁻³³ sua⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sa³³/

/ʈ͡ʂan¹³ sa̠³³/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʂä⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ saː⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰoŋ¹¹ sa²⁴/

/t͡sʰɔŋ¹¹ sa⁴⁴/

/tuoŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾na⁵⁵/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² sa⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² sa³³/

/tiaŋ¹³⁻²² sɛ⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ sua⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²³⁻³³ sua⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sa³³/

/ʈ͡ʂan¹³ sa̠³³/

(～市) Changsha (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Hunan, in south-central China)


河間

/xɤ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/hɔː²¹ kaːn⁵⁵/

/xɤ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/hɔː²¹ kaːn⁵⁵/

(～市) Hejian (a county-level city in Cangzhou, Hebei, China)


山口

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 山口(やまぐち) (Yamaguchi).

/ʂän⁵⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/saːn⁵⁵ hɐu̯³⁵/

/suã³³ kʰau⁵⁵⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² kʰau⁵³/

/ʂän⁵⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/saːn⁵⁵ hɐu̯³⁵/

/suã³³ kʰau⁵⁵⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² kʰau⁵³/

(～市) Yamaguchi (a city in Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan)


小林

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ lin³⁵/

/siːu̯³⁵ lɐm²¹/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ lin³⁵/

/siːu̯³⁵ lɐm²¹/

(～市) Kobayashi (a city in Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan)


松本

/sʊŋ⁵⁵ pən²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰʊŋ²¹ puːn³⁵/

/sʊŋ⁵⁵ pən²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰʊŋ²¹ puːn³⁵/

(～市) Matsumoto (a city in Nagano Prefecture, Japan)


小松

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ sʊŋ⁵⁵/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ sʊŋ⁵⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 小松 (Komatsu).

obor

(～市) Komatsu (a city in Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan)


中間

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂuŋ²⁴ t͡ɕiæ̃⁴⁴/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ kaːn⁵⁵/

/t͡suŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ki̯en²⁴/

/t͡suŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ki̯an²⁴/

/t͡suŋ¹¹ t͡ɕie¹¹/

/tyŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋaŋ⁵⁵/

/tœŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋaŋ⁵³³/

/tyøŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋaŋ⁵³³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kan⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kan⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kan⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kan⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ³³ kan³³/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂuŋ²⁴ t͡ɕiæ̃⁴⁴/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ kaːn⁵⁵/

/t͡suŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ki̯en²⁴/

/t͡suŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ki̯an²⁴/

/t͡suŋ¹¹ t͡ɕie¹¹/

/tyŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋaŋ⁵⁵/

/tœŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋaŋ⁵³³/

/tyøŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋaŋ⁵³³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kan⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kan⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kan⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kan⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ³³ kan³³/

(～市) Nakama (a city in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan)


潮州

ja-r

潮州(ちょうしゅう) (Chōshū)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (潮州):
* → Japanese: 潮州(ちょうしゅう) (Chōshū)
* → Korean: 조주(潮州) (Joju)
* → Vietnamese: Triều Châu (潮州)

→ English: Chaozhou, Teochew, etc. (see both entries for more)

→ Indonesian: Tiociu

→ Khmer: ទាជីវ (tiəciiw)

→ Malay: Teochew, Toechew

desc

→ Thai: แต้จิ๋ว (dtɛ̂ɛ-jǐu)

→ Thai: แต้จิ๋ว (dtɛ̂ɛ-jǐu)

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰiːu̯²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/tiɤ²³⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/zɔ²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰiːu̯²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/tiɤ²³⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/zɔ²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

The name of a new prefecture formed in 591 CE from parts of the Xun Prefecture (循州). According to 元和郡縣圖志 [813], it was named for the tides that flow in and out.
Chaozhou, Taiwan is named after Chaozhou, Guangdong.

(～市) Chaozhou (a prefecture-level city in Guangdong, China)


天津

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ t͡sɵn⁵⁵/

/tʰi̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sin²⁴/

/tʰɛŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ ^((t͡s-))niŋ⁵³³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sin⁴⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sin⁴⁴/

/tʰieŋ³³⁻²³ t͡siŋ³³/

/tʰiaŋ³³⁻²³ t͡siŋ³³/

/tʰi⁵⁵ t͡ɕin²¹/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ t͡sɵn⁵⁵/

/tʰi̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sin²⁴/

/tʰɛŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ ^((t͡s-))niŋ⁵³³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sin⁴⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sin⁴⁴/

/tʰieŋ³³⁻²³ t͡siŋ³³/

/tʰiaŋ³³⁻²³ t͡siŋ³³/

/tʰi⁵⁵ t͡ɕin²¹/

(～市) Tianjin (a direct-administered municipality and major city in northern China)


札幌

/ʈ͡ʂä³⁵ xu̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡saːt̚³ fɔːŋ³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂä³⁵ xu̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡saːt̚³ fɔːŋ³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 札(さっ)幌(ぽろ) (Sapporo), from Ainu.

(～市) Sapporo (the capital and largest city of Hokkaido prefecture, Japan)


福岡

/fu³⁵ kɑŋ⁵⁵/

/fʊk̚⁵ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/fu³⁵ kɑŋ⁵⁵/

/fʊk̚⁵ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 福岡(ふくおか) (Fukuoka).

(～市) Fukuoka (the capital city of Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan)


大數

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂu⁵¹/

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂu⁵¹/


村山

/t͡sʰu̯ən⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰu̯ən⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 村山 (Murayama).

obor

(～市) Murayama (a city in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan)


馬德里

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ tɤ³⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/maː¹³ tɐk̚⁵ lei̯¹³/

/mã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ li⁵⁵⁴/

/mã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ li⁴¹/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ li⁵³/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ li⁵³/

/ma²² təʔ⁵⁵ li²¹/

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ tɤ³⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/maː¹³ tɐk̚⁵ lei̯¹³/

/mã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ li⁵⁵⁴/

/mã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ li⁴¹/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ li⁵³/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ li⁵³/

/ma²² təʔ⁵⁵ li²¹/


新竹

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (新竹):
* → Japanese: 新竹(しんちく) (Shinchiku)
* → Vietnamese: Tân Trúc (新竹)

→ English: Hsinchu, Hsin-chu, Xinzhu

/ɕin⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂu³⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ t͡sʊk̚⁵/

/siŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nøyʔ²⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɪk̚³²/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² tiɔk̚³²/

/ɕin⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂu³⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ t͡sʊk̚⁵/

/siŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nøyʔ²⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɪk̚³²/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² tiɔk̚³²/

From 新 (xīn) + 竹塹／竹堑 (Zhúqiàn), from the 1878 reform of the administration of Qing-held Taiwan. Hsinchu included the former subprefecture of Tek-kham as well as its surrounding hinterland.

(～市) Hsinchu (a city in northern Taiwan)


澳門

Sino-Xenic (澳門):
* → Korean: 오문(澳門) (Omun)
* → Vietnamese: Áo Môn (澳門)

→ Armenian: Աոմին (Aomin)

→ English: Aomen

→ Japanese: 澳門(アオメン) (Aomen)

→ Korean: 아오먼 (Aomeon)

desc

→ Lü: ᦀᦱᧁᧈᦵᦙᦲᧃᧉ (˙ʼaaw¹moen²)

→ Lü: ᦀᦱᧁᧈᦵᦙᦲᧃᧉ (˙ʼaaw¹moen²)

→ Russian: Аомы́нь (Aomýnʹ), Аомэ́нь (Aomɛ́nʹ)

→ Zhuang: Aumwnz

/ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹ mən³⁵/

/ou̯³³ muːn²¹⁻³⁵/

/au³³ ᵐbᵘɔn²²⁻²²⁵/

/au⁵³⁻⁵⁵ mun¹¹/

/o²¹³⁻⁵⁵ muoŋ⁵³/

/ɒ⁴²⁻⁵⁵ mui¹³/

/ɒ⁴²⁻⁵⁵ muoŋ¹³/

/ɤ²¹⁻⁴¹ mŋ̍²³/

/o¹¹⁻⁵³ mŋ̍²⁴/

/o⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ mŋ̍²⁴/

/o²¹⁻⁵³ mŋ̍²⁴/

/o²¹⁻³³ mui²³/

/o²¹⁻⁵³ muĩ¹³/

/o⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ bun²⁴/

/o²¹³⁻⁵⁵ muŋ⁵⁵/

/ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹ mən³⁵/

/ou̯³³ muːn²¹⁻³⁵/

/au³³ ᵐbᵘɔn²²⁻²²⁵/

/au⁵³⁻⁵⁵ mun¹¹/

/o²¹³⁻⁵⁵ muoŋ⁵³/

/ɒ⁴²⁻⁵⁵ mui¹³/

/ɒ⁴²⁻⁵⁵ muoŋ¹³/

/ɤ²¹⁻⁴¹ mŋ̍²³/

/o¹¹⁻⁵³ mŋ̍²⁴/

/o⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ mŋ̍²⁴/

/o²¹⁻⁵³ mŋ̍²⁴/

/o²¹⁻³³ mui²³/

/o²¹⁻⁵³ muĩ¹³/

/o⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ bun²⁴/

/o²¹³⁻⁵⁵ muŋ⁵⁵/

(Macau): First attested in 陳末議以保海隅萬世治安疏, a memorial to the emperor [1564] by government official Pang Shangpeng (龐尚鵬):
:
Earlier names include 濠鏡澳／濠镜澳 (Háojìng'ào) (蠔鏡澳／蚝镜澳), 濠鏡／濠镜 (Háojìng), 香山澳, etc.

lang

陳末議以保海隅萬世治安疏

陳末議以保海隅萬世治安疏

題為陳末議以保海隅萬世治安

題為陳末議以保海隅萬世治安

zh-l

濠鏡澳／濠镜澳 (Háojìng'ào)

濠鏡／濠镜 (Háojìng)

題為陳末議以保海隅萬世治安 in 皇明經世文編

Guǎngzhōu nán yǒu Xiāngshān xiàn, dì dāng bīn hǎi. Yóu yōngmài zhì Háojìng'ào, jì yīrì zhī chéng, yǒu shān Duìzhì rú tái, yuē nánběi tái. Jí Àomén yě...... Yì zhě yù yú Àomén xiá chù, yòng shí tiánsài, dù fānbó qiánxíng, yǐ gù Xiāngshān ménhù.

廣州南有香山縣，地當瀕海。由雍麥至蠔鏡澳，計一日之程，有山對峙如臺，曰南北臺。即澳門也……議者欲於澳門狹處，用石填塞，杜番舶潛行，以固香山門戶。

題為陳末議以保海隅萬世治安 in 皇明經世文編

广州南有香山县，地当濒海。由雍麦至蚝镜澳，计一日之程，有山对峙如台，曰南北台。即澳门也……议者欲于澳门狭处，用石填塞，杜番舶潜行，以固香山门户。

澳門歷史城區

澳门历史城区

～特別行政區 澳門特別行政區#Chinese

(～特別行政區) Macau, Aomen (a city and special administrative region of China)


安寧

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (安寧):
* → Japanese: 安寧(あんねい) (annei)
* → Korean: 안녕(安寧) (annyeong)
* → Vietnamese: an ninh (安寧)

/ˀän⁵⁵ niŋ³⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ nɪŋ²¹/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/an³³ liɪŋ²⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² liɪŋ¹³/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ liɪŋ²⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ liɪŋ²³/

/aŋ³³⁻²³ leŋ⁵⁵/

/ø⁵⁵ n̠ʲin²¹/

/ˀän⁵⁵ niŋ³⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ nɪŋ²¹/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/an³³ liɪŋ²⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² liɪŋ¹³/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ liɪŋ²⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ liɪŋ²³/

/aŋ³³⁻²³ leŋ⁵⁵/

/ø⁵⁵ n̠ʲin²¹/

(～市) Anning (a county-level city in Kunming, Yunnan, China)


羅馬

/lu̯ɔ³⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lɔː²¹ maː¹³/

/l̃o⁵³⁻³³ ma³³/

/lo²⁴⁻²² mã⁵³/

/lo²⁴⁻²² mã⁵⁵⁴/

/lo¹³⁻²² mã⁵³/

/lo²⁴⁻¹¹ mã⁵³/

/lɤ²³⁻³³ mã⁴¹/

/lu̯ɔ³⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lɔː²¹ maː¹³/

/l̃o⁵³⁻³³ ma³³/

/lo²⁴⁻²² mã⁵³/

/lo²⁴⁻²² mã⁵⁵⁴/

/lo¹³⁻²² mã⁵³/

/lo²⁴⁻¹¹ mã⁵³/

/lɤ²³⁻³³ mã⁴¹/

Borrowed from Italian Roma (“Rome”) or Latin Roma (“Rome”). Possible doublet of 拂菻 (Fúlǐn) (see page for details).
Attested as 羅瑪／罗玛 in 16th and 17th century works, although Kunyu Wanguo Quantu [1602] has 羅馬／罗马.


羅馬

/lu̯ɔ³⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lɔː²¹ maː¹³/

/l̃o⁵³⁻³³ ma³³/

/lo²⁴⁻²² mã⁵³/

/lo²⁴⁻²² mã⁵⁵⁴/

/lo¹³⁻²² mã⁵³/

/lo²⁴⁻¹¹ mã⁵³/

/lɤ²³⁻³³ mã⁴¹/

/lu̯ɔ³⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lɔː²¹ maː¹³/

/l̃o⁵³⁻³³ ma³³/

/lo²⁴⁻²² mã⁵³/

/lo²⁴⁻²² mã⁵⁵⁴/

/lo¹³⁻²² mã⁵³/

/lo²⁴⁻¹¹ mã⁵³/

/lɤ²³⁻³³ mã⁴¹/

1829, 尚德 [Walter Henry Medhurst], 東西史記和合, page 21:

Ā'èsètǔ wéi Luómǎ shǐhuáng, zhōuwéi bǎi guó, jiē wéi zhī miè, gùcǐ chēng dìwáng, yú xītiān yǐ.

阿厄色土為羅馬始皇，周圍百國，皆為之滅，故此稱帝王，於西天矣。

阿厄色土为罗马始皇，周围百国，皆为之灭，故此称帝王，于西天矣。

(attributive) Roman (pertaining to Rome or the Roman empire)


劍橋

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi̯aʊ̯ɻʷ³⁵/

/kiːm³³ kʰiːu̯²¹/

/kiam²¹⁻⁴¹ kiɤ²³/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi̯aʊ̯ɻʷ³⁵/

/kiːm³³ kʰiːu̯²¹/

/kiam²¹⁻⁴¹ kiɤ²³/

Partial calque of English Cambridge. Doublet of 康橋／康桥 (Kāngqiáo).

(～市) Cambridge (a city in Cambridgeshire, England)

Middlesex County
Middlesex County#English

(～市) Cambridge (a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States)


約翰尼斯堡

ㄩㄝ ㄏㄢˋ ㄋㄧˊ ㄙ ㄅㄠˇ

Юэханьнисыбао

/ɥɛ⁵⁵ xän⁵¹ ni³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ɥɛ⁵⁵ xän⁵¹ ni³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/


馬布多

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ pu⁵¹ tu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ pu⁵¹ tu̯ɔ⁵⁵/


約翰內斯堡

ㄩㄝ ㄏㄢˋ ㄋㄟˋ ㄙ ㄅㄠˇ

Юэханьнэйсыбао

/ɥɛ⁵⁵ xän⁵¹⁻⁵³ neɪ̯⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵ pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jœːk̚³ hɔːn²² nɔːi̯²² siː⁵⁵ pou̯³⁵/

/jœːk̚³ hɔːn²² nɔːi̯²² siː⁵⁵ pou̯³⁵/


馬普托

/mä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/mä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰu̯ɔ⁵⁵/


川口

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰyːn⁵⁵ hɐu̯³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰyːn⁵⁵ hɐu̯³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 川口 (Kawaguchi).

obor

(～市) Kawaguchi (a city in Saitama Prefecture, Japan)


新星

/ɕin⁵⁵ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ sɪŋ⁵⁵/

/ɕin⁵⁵ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ sɪŋ⁵⁵/

(～市) Xinxing (a county-level city in Xinjiang, China)


春日

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən⁵⁵ ʐ̩⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɵn⁵⁵ jɐt̚²/

/t͡sʰun⁴⁴⁻²² d͡zit̚⁴/

/t͡sʰun⁴⁴⁻²² d͡zit̚¹²¹/

/t͡sʰun⁴⁴⁻³³ d͡zit̚⁴/

/t͡sʰun⁴⁴⁻³³ zit̚⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən⁵⁵ ʐ̩⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɵn⁵⁵ jɐt̚²/

/t͡sʰun⁴⁴⁻²² d͡zit̚⁴/

/t͡sʰun⁴⁴⁻²² d͡zit̚¹²¹/

/t͡sʰun⁴⁴⁻³³ d͡zit̚⁴/

/t͡sʰun⁴⁴⁻³³ zit̚⁴/

(～市) Kasuga (a city in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan)


合作

Phono-semantic matching of Tibetan གཙོས (gtsos). Replaced 黑錯／黑错, the previous transliteration of the same Tibetan name, in 1956.

psm

/xɤ³⁵ t͡su̯ɔ⁵¹/

/hɐp̚² t͡sɔːk̚³/

/hap̚⁴⁻³² t͡sɔk̚³²/

/hap̚²⁴⁻² t͡sɔk̚⁵/

/hap̚¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡sɔk̚³²/

/hap̚⁴⁻³² t͡sɔk̚³²/

/hap̚⁴⁻³² t͡sɔk̚³²/

/ɦəʔ¹¹ t͡soʔ²³/

/xɤ³⁵ t͡su̯ɔ⁵¹/

/hɐp̚² t͡sɔːk̚³/

/hap̚⁴⁻³² t͡sɔk̚³²/

/hap̚²⁴⁻² t͡sɔk̚⁵/

/hap̚¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡sɔk̚³²/

/hap̚⁴⁻³² t͡sɔk̚³²/

/hap̚⁴⁻³² t͡sɔk̚³²/

/ɦəʔ¹¹ t͡soʔ²³/

(～市) Hezuo (a county-level city in Gannan prefecture, Gansu, China)


小山

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

(～市) Oyama (a city in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan)


溫州

/wən⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/wɐn⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/vun²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡su²⁴/

/un⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/un⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/un⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/un⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/uŋ³³⁻²³ t͡siu³³/

/uən⁵⁵ t͡sɤ²¹/

/wən⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/wɐn⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/vun²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡su²⁴/

/un⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/un⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/un⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/un⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/uŋ³³⁻²³ t͡siu³³/

/uən⁵⁵ t͡sɤ²¹/

(～市) Wenzhou (a prefecture-level city in Zhejiang, in southeastern China)


彌勒

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (彌勒):
* → Japanese: 弥(み)勒(ろく) (Miroku)
* → Korean: 미륵(彌勒) (Mireuk)
* → Vietnamese: Di Lặc (彌勒)

→ Korean: 미러 (Mireo, “Mile”)

/mi⁵³⁻³³ l̃ɛiʔ⁵/

/bi²³⁻³³ liɪk̚⁴/

/bi²⁴⁻¹¹ liɪk̚⁴/

/bi²⁴⁻²² liɪk̚⁴/

/bi¹³⁻²² liɪk̚¹²¹/

/bi²⁴⁻²² liak̚²⁴/

/mĩ²⁴⁻¹¹ liɪk̚⁴/

/mĩ²³⁻³³ liɪk̚⁴/

/nĩ²⁴⁻¹¹ liɪk̚⁴/

/nĩ²³⁻³³ liɪk̚⁴/

/mi⁵³⁻³³ l̃ɛiʔ⁵/

/bi²³⁻³³ liɪk̚⁴/

/bi²⁴⁻¹¹ liɪk̚⁴/

/bi²⁴⁻²² liɪk̚⁴/

/bi¹³⁻²² liɪk̚¹²¹/

/bi²⁴⁻²² liak̚²⁴/

/mĩ²⁴⁻¹¹ liɪk̚⁴/

/mĩ²³⁻³³ liɪk̚⁴/

/nĩ²⁴⁻¹¹ liɪk̚⁴/

/nĩ²³⁻³³ liɪk̚⁴/

From early Middle Indo-Aryan in forms like *Metreka, due to alternation of -k- and -y- that can be found in Middle-Indic languages such as Gandhari and Ashokan Prakrit. Ji (1998v11) considers the most likely direct ancestor to be Tocharian A Metrak, which also gave rise to Tocharian B Maitrāk. Cf. Bactrian Μητραγα (Mētraga) (Karashima, 2010); connected to the Gandhari 𐨨𐨅𐨟𐨿𐨪𐨅𐨩 (metreya) and Sanskrit मैत्रेय (maitreya). However, the frequently-cited form Maitreya is not a direct ancestor. Ji (ibid.) further finds the root of both the word and the religious figure in Sanskrit मैत्री (maitrī, “goodwill; close union; friendship”) and related to मित्र (mitra, “Mitra”).

der

(～市) Mile (a county-level city in Honghe prefecture, Yunnan, China)


河內

From Vietnamese Hà Nội, from Chinese 河內／河内 (Hénèi). Literally inside the rivers, so named because it is located 'inside' the Red River.

/xɤ³⁵ neɪ̯⁵¹/

/hɔː²¹ nɔːi̯²²/

/ho²⁴⁻²² lai²²/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ lai³³/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ lai³³/

/ho²⁴⁻²² lai²²/

/ho¹³⁻²² lai²²/

/ho⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lai³⁵/

/xɤ³⁵ neɪ̯⁵¹/

/hɔː²¹ nɔːi̯²²/

/ho²⁴⁻²² lai²²/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ lai³³/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ lai³³/

/ho²⁴⁻²² lai²²/

/ho¹³⁻²² lai²²/

/ho⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lai³⁵/

Hanoi, the capital city of Socialist Republic of Vietnam.


德州

→ English: Dezhou, Te-chou

/tɤ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/tɐk̚⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/tɤ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/tɐk̚⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

(～市) Dezhou (a prefecture-level city in Shandong, China)


東方

ja-r

東方(とうほう) (tōhō)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (東方):
* → Japanese: 東方(とうほう) (tōhō)
* → Korean: 동방(東方) (dongbang)
* → Vietnamese: đông phương (東方)

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ fɑŋ⁵⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ fɑ̃ɻ⁵⁵/

/toŋ⁵⁵ faŋ⁵⁵/

/tuŋ²⁴ fɑŋ²⁴/

/tuŋ²⁴ fɑŋ⁵¹/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ fɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/tuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ foŋ²⁴/

/tʊŋ⁴⁴ fɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tɔŋ³³ hɔŋ³³/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hŋ̍⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hŋ̍⁴⁴/

/taŋ³³ hŋ̍³³/

/taŋ³³⁻²³ huaŋ³³/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ fɑŋ⁵⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ fɑ̃ɻ⁵⁵/

/toŋ⁵⁵ faŋ⁵⁵/

/tuŋ²⁴ fɑŋ²⁴/

/tuŋ²⁴ fɑŋ⁵¹/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ fɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/tuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ foŋ²⁴/

/tʊŋ⁴⁴ fɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tɔŋ³³ hɔŋ³³/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hŋ̍⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hŋ̍⁴⁴/

/taŋ³³ hŋ̍³³/

/taŋ³³⁻²³ huaŋ³³/

(～市) Dongfang (a sub-prefectural city in Hainan, China)


大南

/tä⁵¹ nän³⁵/

/tä⁵¹ nän³⁵/

(chiefly Hong Kong, dated) Da Nang (a city in Vietnam)


達爾文

/tä³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ wən³⁵/

/taːt̚² jiː¹³ mɐn²¹/

/tat̚⁴⁻³² nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bun²⁴/

/tat̚²⁴⁻² nĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ bun²⁴/

/tat̚¹²¹⁻²¹ nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bun¹³/

/tat̚⁴⁻³² nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bun²⁴/

/tat̚⁴⁻³² nĩ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ bun²³/

/tä³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ wən³⁵/

/taːt̚² jiː¹³ mɐn²¹/

/tat̚⁴⁻³² nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bun²⁴/

/tat̚²⁴⁻² nĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ bun²⁴/

/tat̚¹²¹⁻²¹ nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bun¹³/

/tat̚⁴⁻³² nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bun²⁴/

/tat̚⁴⁻³² nĩ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ bun²³/

Northern Territory
Northern Territory#English

(～市) Darwin (a city in the Northern Territory, Australia)


吐魯番

→ English: Tulufan, T'u-lu-fan

/tʰu²¹⁴⁻³⁵ lu²¹⁴⁻²¹ fän⁵⁵/

/tʰu²¹⁴⁻³⁵ lu²¹⁴⁻²¹ fän⁵⁵/

Borrowed from Chagatai طُرفان (ṭurfān), تورفان (tūrfān). Compare contemporary Uyghur تۇرپان (turpan).
The first found attestation of the place name is Khotanese [script needed] (tturpanä), in the Dunhuang manuscript 使河西記 [925] (Li, 2015).
The first attested Chinese transcription of the place name is 禿爾班／秃尔班, found in volume four of 通制條格 from the Yuan dynasty. Later Chinese transcriptions include 土爾番／土尔番, in 西域番國志 [1414], 土魯蕃／土鲁蕃, 土魯番／土鲁番, 吐魯番／吐鲁番 (Tǔlǔfān) and 吐爾番／吐尔番. In particular, 吐魯番／吐鲁番 (Tǔlǔfān) is attested since the Ming dynasty.
Unlikely to be related to 吐蕃 (Tǔbō, “Tibet”).

zh-l

吐魯番／吐鲁番 (Tǔlǔfān)

吐魯番／吐鲁番 (Tǔlǔfān)

(～市) Turpan, Turfan (a city in Xinjiang, China)


樹林

/syː²² lɐm²¹/

/t͡sʰiu³³⁻¹¹ nã²⁴/

/t͡sʰiu²²⁻²¹ nã¹³/

/t͡sʰiu⁴¹⁻²² nã²⁴/

/t͡sʰiu³³⁻²¹ nã²³/

/t͡sʰiu²²⁻²¹ nã²⁴/

/t͡sʰiu⁴¹⁻²² lim²⁴/

/t͡sʰiu²²⁻²¹ lim¹³/

/t͡sʰiu²²⁻²¹ lim²⁴/

/syː²² lɐm²¹/

/t͡sʰiu³³⁻¹¹ nã²⁴/

/t͡sʰiu²²⁻²¹ nã¹³/

/t͡sʰiu⁴¹⁻²² nã²⁴/

/t͡sʰiu³³⁻²¹ nã²³/

/t͡sʰiu²²⁻²¹ nã²⁴/

/t͡sʰiu⁴¹⁻²² lim²⁴/

/t͡sʰiu²²⁻²¹ lim¹³/

/t͡sʰiu²²⁻²¹ lim²⁴/


江南

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (江南):
* → Japanese: 江南(こうなん) (Kōnan)
* → Korean: 강남(江南) (Gangnam)
* → Vietnamese: Giang Nam (江南)

→ Manchu: ᡤᡳᠶᠠᠩᠨᠠᠨ (giyangnan)

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ nän³⁵/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ naːm²¹/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² lam²⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² lam¹³/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ lam²⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ lam²³/

/kɑ̃⁵⁵ nø²¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ nän³⁵/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ naːm²¹/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² lam²⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² lam¹³/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ lam²⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ lam²³/

/kɑ̃⁵⁵ nø²¹/

(～市) Kōnan (a city in Aichi Prefecture, Japan)


維捷布斯克

ㄨㄟˊ ㄐㄧㄝˊ ㄅㄨˋ ㄙ ㄎㄜˋ

Вэйцзебусыкэ

/weɪ̯³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵ pu⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹/

/weɪ̯³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵ pu⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹/


赫爾辛基

ㄏㄜˋ ㄦˇ ㄒㄧㄣ ㄐㄧ

/xɤ⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕin⁵⁵ t͡ɕi⁵⁵/

/haːk̚⁵ jiː¹³ sɐn⁵⁵ kei̯⁵⁵/

/hiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ nĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sin³³ ki³³/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sin⁴⁴⁻²² ki⁴⁴/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ d͡zĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sin⁴⁴⁻²² ki⁴⁴/

/həʔ³³ ɦəl⁵⁵ ɕin³³ t͡ɕi²¹/

/xɤ⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕin⁵⁵ t͡ɕi⁵⁵/

/haːk̚⁵ jiː¹³ sɐn⁵⁵ kei̯⁵⁵/

/hiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ nĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sin³³ ki³³/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sin⁴⁴⁻²² ki⁴⁴/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ d͡zĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sin⁴⁴⁻²² ki⁴⁴/

/həʔ³³ ɦəl⁵⁵ ɕin³³ t͡ɕi²¹/

Helsinki (a city, the capital city of Finland)


安國

/ˀän⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³/

/ˀän⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³/

(～市) Anguo (a county-level city in Baoding, Hebei, China)


福州

Sino-Xenic (福州):
* → Japanese: 福(ふく)州(しゅう) (Fukushū)
* → Korean: 복주(福州) (Bokju)
* → Vietnamese: Phúc Châu (福州)

desc

→ English: Foochow, Fuchow, Fujhou, Fuzhou, Hokchew, Hockchew, Hokchiu

→ Korean: 푸저우 (Pujeou)

→ Russian: Фучжо́у (Fučžóu)

→ Zhuang: Fuzcouh

→ Spanish: Focheu, Fucheu

/fu³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/fʊk̚⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/huʔ²⁴⁻²¹ t͡sieu⁵⁵/

/hɒʔ¹⁻⁴⁵ t͡siu⁵³³/

/hɒʔ²⁻²⁴ t͡siu⁵³³/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ t͡siu³³/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁵ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/foʔ³³ t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

/fu³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/fʊk̚⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/huʔ²⁴⁻²¹ t͡sieu⁵⁵/

/hɒʔ¹⁻⁴⁵ t͡siu⁵³³/

/hɒʔ²⁻²⁴ t͡siu⁵³³/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ t͡siu³³/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁵ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/foʔ³³ t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

(～市) Fuzhou (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Fujian, China)


南京

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (南京):
* → Japanese: 南京(なんきん) (Nankin)
* → Korean: 남경(南京) (Namgyeong)
* → Vietnamese: Nam Kinh (南京)

desc

→ Georgian: ნანძინგი (nanʒingi), ნანკინი (nanḳini)

/nän³⁵ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/lã²⁴ t͡ɕĩ³¹/

/naːm²¹ kɪŋ⁵⁵/

/nˡaŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋiŋ⁵⁵/

/lam²⁴⁻²² kiã⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² kiã³³/

/lam¹³⁻²² kiã⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ kiã⁴⁴/

/lam²³⁻³³ kiã⁴⁴/

/lam⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kĩã³³/

/nø²² t͡ɕin⁴⁴/

/nän³⁵ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/lã²⁴ t͡ɕĩ³¹/

/naːm²¹ kɪŋ⁵⁵/

/nˡaŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋiŋ⁵⁵/

/lam²⁴⁻²² kiã⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² kiã³³/

/lam¹³⁻²² kiã⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ kiã⁴⁴/

/lam²³⁻³³ kiã⁴⁴/

/lam⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kĩã³³/

/nø²² t͡ɕin⁴⁴/

(～市) Nanjing (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Jiangsu, China)


哈爾濱

→ English: Ha'erbin, Haerbin, Ha-erh-pin, Ha-êrh-pin

→ Russian: Харби́н (Xarbín)

/xä⁵⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ pin⁵⁵/

/haː⁵⁵ jiː¹³ pɐn⁵⁵/

/ha(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pin⁴⁴/

/ha(ʔ)⁵ nĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ pin³³/

/ha(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ d͡zĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pin⁴⁴/

/xä⁵⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ pin⁵⁵/

/haː⁵⁵ jiː¹³ pɐn⁵⁵/

/ha(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pin⁴⁴/

/ha(ʔ)⁵ nĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ pin³³/

/ha(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ d͡zĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pin⁴⁴/

Borrowed from a dialectal Manchu word cognate with Standard Manchu ᡥᠠᠯᡶᡳᠶᠠᠨ (halfiyan, “flat”) (Huang, 2010). Compare /kʰɑlpin/ ("flat") in the Manchu dialect spoken in Dawujiazi (大五家子) of Aihui County (now in Heihe) (Wang, 2005).

Harbin's ice sculptures are very famous.

哈爾濱的冰雕很有名。

哈尔滨的冰雕很有名。

During winter Harbin is a world of ice and snow.

Dōngtiān de shíhou Hā'ěrbīn shì bīngtiānxuědì.

冬天的時候哈爾濱是冰天雪地。

冬天的时候哈尔滨是冰天雪地。

(～市) Harbin (a subprovincial city, provincial capital, and largest city in Heilongjiang, China)


山梨

/ʂän⁵⁵ li³⁵/

/ʂän⁵⁵ li³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 山梨(やまなし) (yamanashi)

(～市) Yamanashi (a city in Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan)


榆樹

/jyː²¹ syː²²/

/ɦy²² zz̩⁴⁴/

/jyː²¹ syː²²/

/ɦy²² zz̩⁴⁴/

(～市) Yushu (a county-level city in Changchun, Jilin, China)


滎陽

→ English: Hsing-yang; Xingyang

/ɕiŋ³⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/jɪŋ²¹ jœːŋ²¹/

/ɕiŋ³⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/jɪŋ²¹ jœːŋ²¹/

(～市) Xingyang (a county-level city in Zhengzhou, Henan, China)


華陰

/xu̯ä⁵¹ in⁵⁵/

/waː²² jɐm⁵⁵/

/xu̯ä⁵¹ in⁵⁵/

/waː²² jɐm⁵⁵/

Yin (north) of Mount Hua; based on Yin and yang toponymy in which north is associated with yin. Huayin is situated to the north of Mount Hua.

(～市, formerly ～縣) Huayin (a county-level city in Weinan, Shaanxi, China)


阿姆斯特丹

ㄚ ㄇㄨˇ ㄙ ㄊㄜˋ ㄉㄢ

/ˀä⁵⁵ mu²¹⁴⁻²¹ sz̩⁵⁵ tʰɤ⁵¹ tän⁵⁵/

/aː³³ mou̯¹³ siː⁵⁵ tɐk̚² taːn⁵⁵/

/a³³ bu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sɯ³³ tiak̚²⁴⁻² tan³³/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ su⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚⁴⁻³² tan⁴⁴/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² bo⁵³⁻⁴⁴ su⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ tan⁴⁴/

/ˀä⁵⁵ mu²¹⁴⁻²¹ sz̩⁵⁵ tʰɤ⁵¹ tän⁵⁵/

/aː³³ mou̯¹³ siː⁵⁵ tɐk̚² taːn⁵⁵/

/a³³ bu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sɯ³³ tiak̚²⁴⁻² tan³³/

Amsterdam (a city, the capital city of the Netherlands)


高平

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ pʰɪŋ²¹/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ pʰɪŋ²¹/

(～市) Gaoping (a county-level city in Jincheng, Shanxi, China)


襄陽

→ English: Xiangyang, Siangyang, Siang-yang, Hsiang-yang

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² iɔŋ²⁴/

/siɔŋ³³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² iɔŋ¹³/

/siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ iɔŋ²³/

/ɕiã⁵⁵ ɦiã²¹/

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² iɔŋ²⁴/

/siɔŋ³³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² iɔŋ¹³/

/siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ iɔŋ²³/

/ɕiã⁵⁵ ɦiã²¹/

Book of Documents
Fancheng
Han River (Hubei and Shaanxi)
Mount Hua

Surprisingly unclear.
襄 (xiāng) is speculated to imply "tall and prone to floods", which is recorded in the Book of Documents. The city precincts received chronic floods up until the 1930's.
The term 陽／阳 (yáng, “sunny”) is typically used to refer to establishments on the north bank of a river or the south side of a mountain. Xiangyang is, however, situated north of Mount Hua and on the south bank of the Han River. The settlement north of the Han is Fancheng).
Several theories have been proposed, though very little geographical evidence has been found for any of them. Some include:
* The Han River may have flowed south of Xiangyang, hence the modern-day bend just east of the city
* There was a small river called the Xiang that used to flow south of the city
* There was a "Mount Xiang" in the past that was north of Xiangyang

(～市) Xiangyang (a prefecture-level city in Hubei, China)


佳木斯

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ mu⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵/

/kaːi̯⁵⁵ mʊk̚² siː⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ mu⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵/

/kaːi̯⁵⁵ mʊk̚² siː⁵⁵/

Borrowed from Manchu ᡤᡳᠶᠠᠮᡠᠰᡳ (giyamusi).

(～市) Jiamusi (a prefecture-level city in Heilongjiang, China)


福島

/fu³⁵ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fu³⁵ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 福(ふく)島(しま) (Fukushima).

(～市) Fukushima (a city in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan)


喀什

→ English: Kashi, K'a-shih, K'o-shih

/kʰä⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/kʰä⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/kʰä⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/kʰä⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

(～市) Kashgar, Kashi (a county-level city in Kashgar Prefecture, Xinjiang, China)


第戎

/ti⁵¹ ʐʊŋ³⁵/

/ti⁵¹ ʐʊŋ³⁵/


布加勒斯特

ㄅㄨˋ ㄐㄧㄚ ㄌㄜˋ ㄙ ㄊㄜˋ

/pu⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ lɤ⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵ tʰɤ⁵¹/

/pou̯³³ kaː⁵⁵ lɐk̚² siː⁵⁵ tɐk̚²/

/pɔ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ka³³ liak̚²⁴⁻² sɯ³³ tiak̚²⁴/

/pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ ka⁴⁴⁻²² liɪk̚⁴⁻³² su⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚⁴/

/pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ kɛ⁴⁴⁻²² liɪk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ su⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚¹²¹/

/pu³³ ka⁵⁵ ləʔ³³ sz̩³³ dəʔ²¹/

/pu⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ lɤ⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵ tʰɤ⁵¹/

/pou̯³³ kaː⁵⁵ lɐk̚² siː⁵⁵ tɐk̚²/

/pɔ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ka³³ liak̚²⁴⁻² sɯ³³ tiak̚²⁴/

/pu³³ ka⁵⁵ ləʔ³³ sz̩³³ dəʔ²¹/

Borrowed from English Bucharest, from Romanian București.

Bucharest (a city, the capital city of Romania)


哥倫比亞

ㄍㄜ ㄌㄨㄣˊ ㄅㄧˇ ㄧㄚˋ

ㄍㄜ ㄌㄨㄣˊ ㄅㄧˇ ㄧㄚˇ

/kɤ⁵⁵ lu̯ən³⁵ pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ jä⁵¹/

/kɤ⁵⁵ lu̯ən³⁵ pi²¹⁴⁻³⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɔː⁵⁵ lɵn²¹ pei̯³⁵ aː³³/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² lun²⁴⁻²² pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ a⁴⁴/

/ko³³ lun²⁴⁻²² pi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ a³³/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² lun¹³⁻²² pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ a⁴⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻³³ lun²⁴⁻¹¹ pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ a⁴⁴/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ lun²³⁻³³ pi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ a⁴⁴/

/kɤ⁵⁵ lu̯ən³⁵ pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ jä⁵¹/

/kɤ⁵⁵ lu̯ən³⁵ pi²¹⁴⁻³⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɔː⁵⁵ lɵn²¹ pei̯³⁵ aː³³/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² lun²⁴⁻²² pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ a⁴⁴/

/ko³³ lun²⁴⁻²² pi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ a³³/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² lun¹³⁻²² pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ a⁴⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻³³ lun²⁴⁻¹¹ pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ a⁴⁴/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ lun²³⁻³³ pi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ a⁴⁴/

Columbia (the capital city of South Carolina, United States)


深圳

→ English: Shenzhen, Shumchun

/ʂən⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂən⁵¹/

/sɐm⁵⁵ t͡sɐn³³/

/t͡sʰɨm²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sun⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰəm⁴⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sun⁵³/

/t͡sʰim⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sun²¹/

/t͡sʰim⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sun²¹/

/t͡sʰim⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sun¹¹/

/t͡sʰim⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sun²¹/

/t͡sʰim³³⁻²³ t͡suŋ²¹³/

/ʂən⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂən⁵¹/

/sɐm⁵⁵ t͡sɐn³³/

/t͡sʰɨm²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sun⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰəm⁴⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sun⁵³/

/t͡sʰim⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sun²¹/

/t͡sʰim⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sun²¹/

/t͡sʰim⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sun¹¹/

/t͡sʰim⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sun²¹/

/t͡sʰim³³⁻²³ t͡suŋ²¹³/

Army Map Service
Gazetteer of Xin'an County

Originally as 深圳墟 (Shēnzhèn xū, “Shenzhen Market”) and referred to a market town located in present-day Dongmen, Luohu District, Shenzhen. The name is first attested in Gazetteer of Xin'an County (新安縣志) [1688].
In 1979, Bao'an County (寶安縣／宝安县) of Guangdong was renamed and converted to Shenzhen City (深圳市 (Shēnzhèn shì)).

(～市) Shenzhen (a subprovincial city in Guangdong, China)


嫩江

/nən⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/nyːn²² kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/nən⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/nyːn²² kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

(～市) Nenjiang (a county-level city in Heihe, Heilongjiang, China)


延安

→ English: Yan'an, Yanan, Yenan, Yen-an

/jɛn³⁵ ˀän⁵⁵/

/jiːn²¹ ɔːn⁵⁵/

/jɛn³⁵ ˀän⁵⁵/

/jiːn²¹ ɔːn⁵⁵/

(～市) Yan'an, Yanan (a prefecture-level city in Shaanxi, China)


杜魯斯

/tu⁵¹ lu²¹⁴⁻²¹ sz̩⁵⁵/

/tu⁵¹ lu²¹⁴⁻²¹ sz̩⁵⁵/

Duluth (a city in Minnesota, United States)


耶路撒冷

ㄧㄝ ㄌㄨˋ ㄙㄚ ㄌㄥˇ

/jɛ⁵⁵ lu⁵¹ sä⁵⁵ lɤŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jɛː²¹ lou̯²² saːt̚³ laːŋ¹³/

/i̯a²⁴⁻¹¹ lu⁵⁵ sat̚² laŋ²⁴/

/ia¹¹ lu⁵³⁻⁵⁵ sat̚¹ laŋ⁴⁴/

/ia⁵³⁻²¹ l̃u²⁴²⁽⁻²¹⁾ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾laʔ²⁴⁻³⁵ l̃ɛiŋ³³/

/ia²⁴⁻²² lɔ²²⁻²¹ sat̚³²⁻⁴ liɪŋ⁵³/

/ia²⁴⁻²² lɔ⁴¹⁻²² sat̚⁵⁻²⁴ liɪŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/ia¹³⁻²² lɔ²²⁻²¹ sat̚³²⁻⁵ liɪŋ⁵³/

/ia²⁴⁻¹¹ lɔ³³⁻¹¹ sat̚³²⁻⁴ liɪŋ⁵³/

/ia²³⁻³³ lɔ³³⁻²¹ sat̚³²⁻⁴ liɪŋ⁴¹/

/ia⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lou¹¹ sak̚²⁻⁴ leŋ⁵²⁻²¹/

/jɛ⁵⁵ lu⁵¹ sä⁵⁵ lɤŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jɛː²¹ lou̯²² saːt̚³ laːŋ¹³/

/i̯a²⁴⁻¹¹ lu⁵⁵ sat̚² laŋ²⁴/

/ia¹¹ lu⁵³⁻⁵⁵ sat̚¹ laŋ⁴⁴/

/ia²⁴⁻²² lɔ²²⁻²¹ sat̚³²⁻⁴ liɪŋ⁵³/

/ia²⁴⁻²² lɔ⁴¹⁻²² sat̚⁵⁻²⁴ liɪŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/ia¹³⁻²² lɔ²²⁻²¹ sat̚³²⁻⁵ liɪŋ⁵³/

/ia²⁴⁻¹¹ lɔ³³⁻¹¹ sat̚³²⁻⁴ liɪŋ⁵³/

/ia²³⁻³³ lɔ³³⁻²¹ sat̚³²⁻⁴ liɪŋ⁴¹/

/ia⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lou¹¹ sak̚²⁻⁴ leŋ⁵²⁻²¹/

Jerusalem (the claimed (and de-facto) capital city of Israel; the claimed capital city of Palestine)


塔林

/tʰä²¹⁴⁻²¹ lin³⁵/

/tʰaːp̚³ lɐm²¹/

/tʰa(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ lim²⁴/

/tʰa(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ lim¹³/

/tʰä²¹⁴⁻²¹ lin³⁵/

/tʰaːp̚³ lɐm²¹/

/tʰa(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ lim²⁴/

/tʰa(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ lim¹³/

Tallinn (a city, the capital city of Estonia)


安那翰

/ˀän⁵⁵ nä⁵¹⁻⁵³ xän⁵¹/

/ˀän⁵⁵ nä⁵¹⁻⁵³ xän⁵¹/

From German Annaheim, later changed to English Anaheim.

Anaheim (a city in California, United States)


霍尼亞拉

ㄏㄨㄛˋ ㄋㄧˊ ㄧㄚˋ ㄌㄚ

/xu̯ɔ⁵¹ ni³⁵ jä⁵¹ lä⁵⁵/

/xu̯ɔ⁵¹ ni³⁵ jä⁵¹ lä⁵⁵/

Honiara (a city, the capital city of the Solomon Islands)


上山

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

/sœːŋ¹³ saːn⁵⁵/

/soŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ san²⁴/

/t͡siũ³³⁻²¹ suã⁴⁴/

/t͡siũ³³⁻¹¹ suã⁴⁴/

/t͡siũ²²⁻²¹ suã⁴⁴/

/t͡siɔ̃²²⁻²¹ suã⁴⁴/

/t͡siũ²² suã³³/

/t͡sĩẽ³⁵⁻¹¹ sũã³³/

/zɑ̃²² se⁴⁴/

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

/sœːŋ¹³ saːn⁵⁵/

/soŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ san²⁴/

/t͡siũ³³⁻²¹ suã⁴⁴/

/t͡siũ³³⁻¹¹ suã⁴⁴/

/t͡siũ²²⁻²¹ suã⁴⁴/

/t͡siɔ̃²²⁻²¹ suã⁴⁴/

/t͡siũ²² suã³³/

/t͡sĩẽ³⁵⁻¹¹ sũã³³/

/zɑ̃²² se⁴⁴/

(～市) Kaminoyama (a city in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan)


江山

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/koŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ san²⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/kɑ̃⁵⁵ se²¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/koŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ san²⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/kɑ̃⁵⁵ se²¹/

(～市) Jiangshan (a county-level city in Quzhou, Zhejiang, China)


鎌倉

/li̯ɛn³⁵ t͡sʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/li̯ɛn³⁵ t͡sʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 鎌倉 (Kamakura).

obor

(～市) Kamakura (a city in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan)


陽春

/jɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən⁵⁵/

/jœːŋ²¹ t͡sʰɵn⁵⁵/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰun⁴⁴/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰun³³/

/iɔŋ¹³⁻²² t͡sʰun⁴⁴/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰun⁴⁴/

/iɔŋ²³⁻³³ t͡sʰun⁴⁴/

/jɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən⁵⁵/

/jœːŋ²¹ t͡sʰɵn⁵⁵/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰun⁴⁴/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰun³³/

/iɔŋ¹³⁻²² t͡sʰun⁴⁴/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰun⁴⁴/

/iɔŋ²³⁻³³ t͡sʰun⁴⁴/

(～市) Yangchun (a county-level city in Yangjiang, Guangdong, China)


江陵

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ liŋ³⁵/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ lɪŋ²¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ liŋ³⁵/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ lɪŋ²¹/


阿布達比

ㄚ ㄅㄨˋ ㄉㄚˊ ㄅㄧˇ

/ˀä⁵⁵ pu⁵¹ tä³⁵ pi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ˀä⁵⁵ pu⁵¹ tä³⁵ pi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

United Arab Emirates
United Arab Emirates#English

Abu Dhabi (the capital city of the United Arab Emirates; capital city of Abu Dhabi Emirate, United Arab Emirates)


郡山

/t͡ɕyn⁵¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

/kʷɐn²² saːn⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕyn⁵¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

/kʷɐn²² saːn⁵⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 郡山 (Kōriyama).

(～市) Kōriyama (a city in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan)


唐山

→ English: Tangshan, T'ang-shan

Named after the Tang Mountain in the city; the Tang Mountain was named after the Tang Dynasty

/tʰɑŋ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/tʰɔːŋ²¹ saːn⁵⁵/

/hɔŋ²² san³³/

/tʰɔŋ¹¹ san⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²² suã³³/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²¹ suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²³⁻²¹ suã³³/

/tŋ̍¹³⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²³⁻³³ suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ suã⁴⁴/

/tʰaŋ¹¹ suã³³⁴/

/tɯŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sũã³³/

/tʰɑŋ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/tʰɔːŋ²¹ saːn⁵⁵/

/hɔŋ²² san³³/

/tʰɔŋ¹¹ san⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²² suã³³/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²¹ suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²³⁻²¹ suã³³/

/tŋ̍¹³⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²³⁻³³ suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ suã⁴⁴/

/tʰaŋ¹¹ suã³³⁴/

/tɯŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sũã³³/

Great Tangshan earthquake (1976 Tangshan earthquake)

唐山大地震

(～市) Tangshan (a prefecture-level city in northeastern Hebei, China)


下門

/ɕi̯ä⁵¹ mən³⁵/

/a²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ muoŋ⁵³/

/e⁴¹⁻²² mŋ̍²⁴/

/e²²⁻²¹ mŋ̍²⁴/

/e³³⁻²¹ mŋ̍²³/

/e³³⁻¹¹ mŋ̍²⁴/

/ɛ²²⁻²¹ muĩ¹³/

/ɛ⁵³⁻¹¹ muĩ¹¹/

/ɕi̯ä⁵¹ mən³⁵/

/a²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ muoŋ⁵³/

/e⁴¹⁻²² mŋ̍²⁴/

/e²²⁻²¹ mŋ̍²⁴/

/e³³⁻²¹ mŋ̍²³/

/e³³⁻¹¹ mŋ̍²⁴/

/ɛ²²⁻²¹ muĩ¹³/

/ɛ⁵³⁻¹¹ muĩ¹¹/

(historical) Old name for 廈門／厦门 (Xiàmén, “Xiamen”).


泉州

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (泉州):
* → Japanese: 泉州(せんしゅう) (Senshū)
* → Korean: 천주(泉州) (Cheonju)
* → Vietnamese: Tuyền Châu (泉州)

desc

→ English: Chinchew, Chin-chiu, Chinchu, Ch'uan-chou, Ch'üan-chou, Chuanchow, Cyuanjhou, Quanzhou, Tsuan-tsiu

→ French: Quanzhou

→ Georgian: ციუენჭოუ (ciuenč̣ou)

→ German: Quanzhou

→ Korean: 취안저우 (Chwianjeou)

→ Portuguese: Quanzhou

→ Russian: Цюаньчжо́у (Cjuanʹčžóu)

→ Spanish: Quanzhou

/t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰyːn²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sũĩ¹³⁻²¹ t͡siu⁵³³/

/t͡sỹ¹³⁻²¹ t͡siu⁵³³/

/t͡suã¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡sĩ¹¹ t͡siu³³⁴/

/t͡sũã⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡siu³³/

/ʑi²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰyːn²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sũĩ¹³⁻²¹ t͡siu⁵³³/

/t͡sỹ¹³⁻²¹ t͡siu⁵³³/

/t͡suã¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡sĩ¹¹ t͡siu³³⁴/

/t͡sũã⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡siu³³/

/ʑi²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

(～市) Quanzhou (a prefecture-level city in southeastern Fujian, China)


湖南

/hu⁵³⁻³³ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² lam²⁴/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² lam²⁴/

/ɔ¹³⁻²² lam¹³/

/ɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ lam²⁴/

/ɔ²³⁻³³ lam²³/

/ou⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lam⁵⁵/

/ou⁵⁵⁻¹¹ nam⁵⁵/

/ɸu¹³ l̃an¹³/

/hu⁵³⁻³³ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² lam²⁴/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² lam²⁴/

/ɔ¹³⁻²² lam¹³/

/ɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ lam²⁴/

/ɔ²³⁻³³ lam²³/

/ou⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lam⁵⁵/

/ou⁵⁵⁻¹¹ nam⁵⁵/

/ɸu¹³ l̃an¹³/

(～市) Konan (a city in Shiga Prefecture, Japan)


蓬萊

Uncertain.
It bears striking resemblance to a Southeast Asian word for “sea”. Compare Burmese ပင်လယ် (panglai, “sea; ocean”), Shan ပၢင်ႇလၢႆႇ (pàang làai, “sea; ocean”), Jingpho pang lai (“sea”), S'gaw Karen ပီၣ်လဲၣ် (paẁ leh̀, “sea”). These seem to be borrowings, possibly from a Mon-Khmer language; compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *d[n]liʔ (“sea”), whence Old Khmer danle, danley (“large river; lake; sea”) > Khmer ទន្លេ (tɔɔtŭənlei, “river”), Thai ทะเล (tá-lee, “sea”) (Schuessler, 2007).
Alternatively, it may be a transcription of an earlier Austroasiatic name; cf. 萊國／莱国 (Láiguó, “Lai”), an ancient Dongyi tribe, where 萊／莱 (lái) has been argued to transcribe a native word for "mountain" or "wilderness". The latter interpretation was mentioned in the Classical Chinese text Yue Jue Shu (越絕書 [Eastern Han]) and discussed by Zhengzhang (1999).

cog

/pʰɤŋ³⁵ laɪ̯³⁵/

/pʰʊŋ²¹ lɔːi̯²¹/

/fʊŋ²¹ lɔːi̯²¹/

/hɔŋ²⁴⁻²² lai²⁴/

/hɔŋ²⁴⁻²² lai²⁴/

/hɔŋ¹³⁻²² lai¹³/

/hɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ lai²⁴/

/hɔŋ²³⁻³³ lai²³/

/pʰɤŋ³⁵ laɪ̯³⁵/

/pʰʊŋ²¹ lɔːi̯²¹/

/fʊŋ²¹ lɔːi̯²¹/

/hɔŋ²⁴⁻²² lai²⁴/

/hɔŋ²⁴⁻²² lai²⁴/

/hɔŋ¹³⁻²² lai¹³/

/hɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ lai²⁴/

/hɔŋ²³⁻³³ lai²³/

(～區, formerly ～縣, ～市) Penglai (a district, former county, and former county-level city in Yantai, Shandong, China)


高砂

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ʂä⁵⁵/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² sa⁴⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² sa⁴⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻³³ sa⁴⁴/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ sa⁴⁴/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ʂä⁵⁵/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² sa⁴⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² sa⁴⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻³³ sa⁴⁴/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ sa⁴⁴/

(～市) Takasago (a city in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan)


淮南

/xu̯aɪ̯³⁵ nän³⁵/

/huai⁵³⁻³³ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/ɦua²² nø⁴⁴/

/xu̯aɪ̯³⁵ nän³⁵/

/huai⁵³⁻³³ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/ɦua²² nø⁴⁴/

(～市) Huainan (a prefecture-level city in Anhui, China)


九江

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/kɐu̯³⁵ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/kau³³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ouŋ⁵⁵/

/kau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/kau⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kaŋ³³/

/kau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/kau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/kau⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕiɤ³³ kɑ̃⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/kɐu̯³⁵ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/kau³³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ouŋ⁵⁵/

/kau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/kau⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kaŋ³³/

/kau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/kau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/kau⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕiɤ³³ kɑ̃⁴⁴/

(～市) Jiujiang (a prefecture-level city in northwest Jiangxi, China)


鹿角

/lu⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lʊk̚² kɔːk̚³/

/l̃øyʔ⁵⁻²¹ kɔyʔ²⁴/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² kak̚³²/

/lɔk̚²⁴⁻² kak̚⁵/

/lɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ kak̚³²/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² kak̚³²/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² kak̚³²/

/lu⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lʊk̚² kɔːk̚³/

/l̃øyʔ⁵⁻²¹ kɔyʔ²⁴/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² kak̚³²/

/lɔk̚²⁴⁻² kak̚⁵/

/lɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ kak̚³²/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² kak̚³²/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² kak̚³²/

(～市) Kazuno (a city in Akita Prefecture, Japan)


扶餘

/fuː²¹ jyː²¹/

/fuː²¹ jyː²¹/

(～市, formerly ～縣) Fuyu (a county-level city in Songyuan, Jilin, China)


呼和浩特

→ English: Huhehaote, Hu-ho-hao-t'e

ㄏㄨ ㄏㄜˊ ㄏㄠˋ ㄊㄜˋ

/xu⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵ xɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ tʰɤ⁵¹/

/fuː⁵⁵ wɔː²¹ hou̯²² tɐk̚²/

hou¹ hor² hor⁵ deh⁷ [Phonetic:hou⁵ hor⁵ hor⁵ deh⁷]

/hɔu⁵³³⁻²¹ hɒ¹³⁻²¹ hɒ²¹ tɛʔ⁴/

/hɔu⁵³³⁻²¹ hɒ¹³⁻²¹ hɒ²¹ tɛʔ²⁴/

/hɔ⁴⁴⁻²² ho²⁴⁻²² ho²²⁻²¹ tiɪk̚⁴/

/hɔ⁴⁴⁻²² ho¹³⁻²² ho²²⁻²¹ tiɪk̚¹²¹/

/hɔ³³ ho²⁴⁻²² ho⁴¹⁻²² tiak̚²⁴/

/xu⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵ xɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ tʰɤ⁵¹/

/fuː⁵⁵ wɔː²¹ hou̯²² tɐk̚²/

/hɔu⁵³³⁻²¹ hɒ¹³⁻²¹ hɒ²¹ tɛʔ⁴/

/hɔu⁵³³⁻²¹ hɒ¹³⁻²¹ hɒ²¹ tɛʔ²⁴/

/hɔ⁴⁴⁻²² ho²⁴⁻²² ho²²⁻²¹ tiɪk̚⁴/

/hɔ⁴⁴⁻²² ho¹³⁻²² ho²²⁻²¹ tiɪk̚¹²¹/

/hɔ³³ ho²⁴⁻²² ho⁴¹⁻²² tiak̚²⁴/

Borrowed from Mongolian ᠬᠥᠬᠡᠬᠣᠲᠠ (kökeqota, literally “blue city”).

bor

(～市) Hohhot (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Inner Mongolia, China)


濮陽

/pʰu³⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/pʊk̚² jœːŋ²¹/

/puʔ⁵⁻³³ yoŋ⁵³/

/pɔk̚⁴⁻³² iɔŋ²⁴/

/pɔk̚⁴⁻³² iɔŋ²³/

/pʰok̚²⁻⁴ iaŋ⁵⁵/

/pʰu³⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/pʊk̚² jœːŋ²¹/

/puʔ⁵⁻³³ yoŋ⁵³/

/pɔk̚⁴⁻³² iɔŋ²⁴/

/pɔk̚⁴⁻³² iɔŋ²³/

/pʰok̚²⁻⁴ iaŋ⁵⁵/

(～市) Puyang (a prefecture-level city in Henan, China)


東海

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hai⁵³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hai⁵³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hai⁵³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hai⁴¹/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hai⁵³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hai⁵³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hai⁵³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hai⁴¹/

(～市) Tōkai (a city in Aichi Prefecture, Japan)


曲阜

→ English: Chufou, Ch'ü-fu, Qufu

/t͡ɕʰy⁵⁵ fu⁵¹/

/kʰʊk̚⁵ fɐu̯²²/

/t͡ɕʰioʔ³³ vɤ⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕʰy⁵⁵ fu⁵¹/

/kʰʊk̚⁵ fɐu̯²²/

/t͡ɕʰioʔ³³ vɤ⁴⁴/

(～市) Qufu (a county-level city in Jining, Shandong, China)


奧克蘭

/ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ kʰɤ⁵¹ län³⁵/

/ou̯³³ hɐk̚⁵ laːn²¹/

/ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ kʰɤ⁵¹ län³⁵/

/ou̯³³ hɐk̚⁵ laːn²¹/


奧克蘭

/ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ kʰɤ⁵¹ län³⁵/

/ou̯³³ hɐk̚⁵ laːn²¹/

/ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ kʰɤ⁵¹ län³⁵/

/ou̯³³ hɐk̚⁵ laːn²¹/

Oakland (a city in California, United States)


廣州

ja-r

広(こう)州(しゅう) (Kōshū)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (廣州):
* → Japanese: 広(こう)州(しゅう) (Kōshū)
* → Korean: 광주(廣州) (Gwangju)
* → Vietnamese: Quảng Châu (廣州)

desc

→ English: Guangzhou, Kwangchow, Kwang-chow

→ French: Guangzhou

→ German: Guangzhou

→ Hindi: ग्वांगझोउ (gvāṅgjhou)

→ Japanese: コワンチョウ (Kowanchō)

→ Korean: 광저우 (Gwangjeou)

→ Portuguese: Guangzhou

→ Russian: Гуанчжо́у (Guančžóu)

→ Swedish: Guangzhou

→ Thai: กว่างโจว

→ Thai: กว่างโจว

→ Uyghur: گۇاڭجۇ (guangju)

→ Zhuang: Gvangjcouh

/ku̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kʷɔːŋ³⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/kʷɔŋ³⁵ t͡sau²¹³/

/kɔŋ⁵⁵ t͡siu³³/

/kuɔŋ³¹ t͡su⁴⁴/

/kŋ̍⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kŋ̍⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡siu³³/

/kŋ̍⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kŋ̍⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ t͡siu³³/

/kŋ̍⁴²⁻²⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kuĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kɯŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡siu³³/

/kuɑ̃³³ t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

/ku̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kʷɔːŋ³⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/kʷɔŋ³⁵ t͡sau²¹³/

/kɔŋ⁵⁵ t͡siu³³/

/kuɔŋ³¹ t͡su⁴⁴/

/kŋ̍⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kŋ̍⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡siu³³/

/kŋ̍⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kŋ̍⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ t͡siu³³/

/kŋ̍⁴²⁻²⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kuĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kɯŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡siu³³/

/kuɑ̃³³ t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

Originally the name of a prefecture, first established in 226 CE and re-established in 264 CE, that covered parts of present-day Guangdong and whose seat was originally located in Panyu.

(～市, formerly ～府, ～路) Guangzhou (a prefecture-level city, subprovincial city, and port, the provincial capital of Guangdong, China)

(～市) Gwangju (a city in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea)


東莞

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (東莞):
* → Japanese: 東莞(とうかん) (Tōkan)
* → Vietnamese: Đông Hoản (東莞)

desc

→ English: Dongguan, Tungkuan, Tung-kuan, Tungkun, Tungkoon, Tung Koon

→ Zhuang: Dunghgvanj

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ ku̯än²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ kuːn³⁵/

/tʊŋ²¹³ kun³⁵/

/ɵŋ³³ kᵘɔn⁵⁵/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kuan⁵³/

/taŋ³³⁻²³ kuaŋ⁵²/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ ku̯än²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ kuːn³⁵/

/tʊŋ²¹³ kun³⁵/

/ɵŋ³³ kᵘɔn⁵⁵/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kuan⁵³/

/taŋ³³⁻²³ kuaŋ⁵²/

(～市) Dongguan (a prefecture-level city in Guangdong, China)


濟南

→ English: Chinan, Chi-nan, Jinan, Ji'nan, Tsinan

/t͡ɕi²¹⁴⁻²¹ nän³⁵/

/t͡sɐi̯³⁵ naːm²¹/

/t͡sɐi̯³³ naːm²¹/

/t͡si⁵³⁻⁵⁵ nam¹¹/

/t͡sɛ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/t͡se²¹⁻⁵³ lam²⁴/

/t͡se¹¹⁻⁵³ lam²⁴/

/t͡se²¹⁻⁵³ lam¹³/

/t͡se²¹⁻⁴¹ lam²³/

/t͡se⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lam²⁴/

/t͡ɕi²¹⁴⁻²¹ nän³⁵/

/t͡sɐi̯³⁵ naːm²¹/

/t͡sɐi̯³³ naːm²¹/

/t͡si⁵³⁻⁵⁵ nam¹¹/

/t͡sɛ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/t͡se²¹⁻⁵³ lam²⁴/

/t͡se¹¹⁻⁵³ lam²⁴/

/t͡se²¹⁻⁵³ lam¹³/

/t͡se²¹⁻⁴¹ lam²³/

/t͡se⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lam²⁴/

(～市) Jinan (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Shandong, China)


峨眉山

/ˀɤ³⁵ meɪ̯³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/ŋɔː²¹ mei̯²¹ saːn⁵⁵/

/ˀɤ³⁵ meɪ̯³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/ŋɔː²¹ mei̯²¹ saːn⁵⁵/

峨眉 derives from the word 蛾眉 (éméi, “the feathery feelers of a moth”), so named because the peaks of Mount Emei do in fact resemble the feelers of a moth (see pictures). The “insect” radical (虫) on the left side of the first character 蛾 (é) was later replaced with the “mountain” radical (山 (shān)). Thus, 蛾 (é) eventually became 峨 (é), so as to denote the mountain. The “mountain” radical can be optionally added to the second character 眉 (méi). Both 峨嵋 (Éméi) and 峨眉 have been used through the centuries. 山 (shān) simply means “mountain”.

zh-l

(～市) Emeishan (a county-level city in Sichuan, China)


西宮

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 西宮 (Nishinomiya).

obor

/ɕi⁵⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/ɕi⁵⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

(～市) Nishinomiya (a city in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan)


芙蓉

/fu³⁵ ʐʊŋ³⁵/

/fuː²¹ jʊŋ²¹/

/pʰu¹¹ i̯uŋ¹¹/

/pʰu⁵⁵ ʒuŋ⁵⁵/

/hu⁵³⁻³³ yŋ⁵³/

/hu²⁴⁻²² iɔŋ²⁴/

/hu²³⁻³³ iɔŋ²³/

/hu²⁴⁻¹¹ iɔŋ²⁴/

/hu¹³⁻²² iɔŋ¹³/

/pʰu²⁴⁻¹¹ iɔŋ²⁴/

/pʰu²⁴⁻²² iɔŋ²⁴/

/pʰu²³⁻³³ iɔŋ²³/

/pʰu¹³⁻²² d͡ziɔŋ¹³/

/pʰu²⁴⁻³³ d͡ziɪŋ²⁴/

/vu²² ɦioŋ⁴⁴/

/fu³⁵ ʐʊŋ³⁵/

/fuː²¹ jʊŋ²¹/

/pʰu¹¹ i̯uŋ¹¹/

/pʰu⁵⁵ ʒuŋ⁵⁵/

/hu⁵³⁻³³ yŋ⁵³/

/hu²⁴⁻²² iɔŋ²⁴/

/hu²³⁻³³ iɔŋ²³/

/hu²⁴⁻¹¹ iɔŋ²⁴/

/hu¹³⁻²² iɔŋ¹³/

/pʰu²⁴⁻¹¹ iɔŋ²⁴/

/pʰu²⁴⁻²² iɔŋ²⁴/

/pʰu²³⁻³³ iɔŋ²³/

/pʰu¹³⁻²² d͡ziɔŋ¹³/

/pʰu²⁴⁻³³ d͡ziɪŋ²⁴/

/vu²² ɦioŋ⁴⁴/

Possibly derived from a word meaning “to blossom”; compare 敷榮／敷荣 (fūróng, “to blossom”) (Zhang and Shen, 2014).
; "Seremban"

(～市) Seremban, Fu Yong (a city, the state capital of Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia)


安慶

→ English: An-ch'ing, Anking, Anqing

/ˀän⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵¹/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ hɪŋ³³/

/aŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ^((kʰ-))ŋɛiŋ²¹³/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² kʰiɪŋ²¹/

/an³³ kʰiɪŋ⁴¹/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² kʰiɪŋ²¹/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰiɪŋ¹¹/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰiɪŋ²¹/

/ø⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰin²¹/

/ˀän⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵¹/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ hɪŋ³³/

/aŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ^((kʰ-))ŋɛiŋ²¹³/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² kʰiɪŋ²¹/

/an³³ kʰiɪŋ⁴¹/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² kʰiɪŋ²¹/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰiɪŋ¹¹/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰiɪŋ²¹/

/ø⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰin²¹/

(～市) Anqing (a prefecture-level city in Anhui, China)


聖迭戈

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹ ti̯ɛ³⁵ kɤ⁵⁵/

/sɪŋ³³ tiːt̚² kʷɔː⁵⁵/

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹ ti̯ɛ³⁵ kɤ⁵⁵/

/sɪŋ³³ tiːt̚² kʷɔː⁵⁵/


莫斯科

/mu̯ɔ⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵⁵/

/mɔːk̚² siː⁵⁵ fɔː⁵⁵/

/mok̚⁵ sɨ²⁴⁻¹¹ kʰo²⁴/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² su⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰɤ⁴⁴/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² su⁴⁴⁻²² kʰo⁴⁴/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² su⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰo⁴⁴/

/bɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ su⁴⁴⁻²² kʰo⁴⁴/

/bɔk̚²⁴⁻² sɯ³³ kʰə³³/

/moʔ¹¹ sz̩²² kʰu²³/

/mu̯ɔ⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵⁵/

/mɔːk̚² siː⁵⁵ fɔː⁵⁵/

/mok̚⁵ sɨ²⁴⁻¹¹ kʰo²⁴/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² su⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰɤ⁴⁴/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² su⁴⁴⁻²² kʰo⁴⁴/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² su⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰo⁴⁴/

/bɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ su⁴⁴⁻²² kʰo⁴⁴/

/bɔk̚²⁴⁻² sɯ³³ kʰə³³/

/moʔ¹¹ sz̩²² kʰu²³/

Borrowed from English Moscow, or shortened from Qing-era 莫斯科窪／莫斯科洼 (Mòsīkēwā), which is borrowed from Manchu ᠮᠣᠰᠺᠣᠸᠠ (mosk'owa).

zh-l

莫斯科窪／莫斯科洼 (Mòsīkēwā)

《莫斯科郊外的晚上》

Moscow (a federal city, the capital of Russia)


巴黎

/paː⁵⁵ lɐi̯²¹/

/pa⁵⁵ l̃ɛ⁵³/

/pa⁴⁴⁻²² le²⁴/

/pa⁴⁴⁻²² le¹³/

/pa⁴⁴⁻³³ le²⁴/

/pa⁴⁴⁻³³ le²³/

/pa³³⁻²³ li⁵⁵/

/paː⁵⁵ lɐi̯²¹/

/pa⁵⁵ l̃ɛ⁵³/

/pa⁴⁴⁻²² le²⁴/

/pa⁴⁴⁻²² le¹³/

/pa⁴⁴⁻³³ le²⁴/

/pa⁴⁴⁻³³ le²³/

/pa³³⁻²³ li⁵⁵/

From French Paris. Attested as early as 1838, in 古今萬國綱鑑 by German missionary Karl Gützlaff.

The Eiffel Tower is Paris's landmark structure.

Àifēi'ěr Tiětǎ shì Bālí de biāozhìxìng jiànzhù.

艾菲爾鐵塔是巴黎的標誌性建築。

艾菲尔铁塔是巴黎的标志性建筑。

1866, 斌椿, 乘槎筆記; republished volume 2, Tokyo: 袋屋龜次郎, 1872, page 26:

Èrshísānrì, qíng, zhù bālí hǎiguān, miǎn yàn xínglǐ, jiēshì fánhuá, qìjú kuòdà, yòu shèngyú Lǐ'áng.

二十三日，晴，駐巴黎海關，免驗行李，街市繁華，氣局闊大，又勝於里昂。

二十三日，晴，驻巴黎海关，免验行李，街市繁华，气局阔大，又胜于里昂。

Paris (the capital and largest city of France; department of Île-de-France)


紐約

/ni̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɥɛ⁵⁵/

/nɐu̯³⁵ jœːk̚³/

/nˡieu³³⁻⁵⁵ yɔʔ²⁴/

/niũ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ iɔk̚³²/

/niũ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ iɔk̚⁵/

/niũ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ iɔk̚³²/

/niũ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ iak̚³²/

/niu⁵²⁻³⁵ ieʔ²/

/n̠ʲiɤ²² iaʔ⁴⁴/

/ni̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɥɛ⁵⁵/

/nɐu̯³⁵ jœːk̚³/

/nˡieu³³⁻⁵⁵ yɔʔ²⁴/

/niũ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ iɔk̚³²/

/niũ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ iɔk̚⁵/

/niũ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ iɔk̚³²/

/niũ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ iak̚³²/

/niu⁵²⁻³⁵ ieʔ²/

/n̠ʲiɤ²² iaʔ⁴⁴/

Borrowed from English New York, via a southern variety of Chinese (probably Taishanese) which retains -k in 約／约.

1867, 志剛, 《初使泰西紀》, 林華齋書坊, published 1877:

On the second day, we travelled north to a port in New York in the east coast of the United States. The journey was over 6700 li.

Chū'èr rì běi xíng zhì Měiguó dōng jiè Niǔyuē hǎikǒu hǎichéng liù qiān qī bǎi yú lǐ

初二日北行至美國東界紐約海口海程六千七百餘里

初二日北行至美国东界纽约海口海程六千七百余里

(～市) New York City (a city in New York, United States)


中壢

→ English: Chungli, Jhongli, Zhongli

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ li⁵¹/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ lɪk̚²/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ lɛːk̚²/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ liɪk̚⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ li⁵¹/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ lɪk̚²/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ lɛːk̚²/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ liɪk̚⁴/

(～區, formerly ～市) Zhongli, Jhongli, Chungli (a district of Taoyuan, Taiwan, formerly a county-controlled city)


嘉義

→ English: Ka-gi, Chiai, Chiayi, Jiayi

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ i⁵¹/

/kaː⁵⁵ jiː²²/

/ka²⁴⁻¹¹ ŋi⁵⁵/

/ka⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ŋiɛ²⁴²/

/ka⁴⁴⁻²² ɡi²²/

/ka⁴⁴⁻²² ɡi²²/

/ka⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡi³³/

/ka⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡi³³/

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ i⁵¹/

/kaː⁵⁵ jiː²²/

/ka²⁴⁻¹¹ ŋi⁵⁵/

/ka⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ŋiɛ²⁴²/

/ka⁴⁴⁻²² ɡi²²/

/ka⁴⁴⁻²² ɡi²²/

/ka⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡi³³/

/ka⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡi³³/

Conferred in 1787 by the Qing Emperor to commend the locals' righteous act of defending the fort (嘉其死守城池之忠義) during the Lin Shuangwen rebellion. The former name 諸羅／诸罗 (Chu-lô/Ti-ló) is from Tsulosan (諸羅山／诸罗山 (Chu-lô-san/Ti-ló-sán)).

(～市) Chiayi (a city located in the plains of southwestern Taiwan)


高雄

desc

→ English: Kaohsiung, Kao Hsiung, Kao-hsiung, Gaosyong, Gaoxiong

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ɕi̯ʊŋ³⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ hʊŋ²¹/

/kau⁴⁴⁻³⁵ hiʊŋ¹¹/

/ko⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾yŋ⁵³/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² hiɔŋ²⁴/

/ko³³ hiɔŋ²⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² hiɔŋ¹³/

/ko⁴⁴⁻³³ hiɔŋ²⁴/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ hiɔŋ²³/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ɕi̯ʊŋ³⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ hʊŋ²¹/

/kau⁴⁴⁻³⁵ hiʊŋ¹¹/

/ko⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾yŋ⁵³/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² hiɔŋ²⁴/

/ko³³ hiɔŋ²⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² hiɔŋ¹³/

/ko⁴⁴⁻³³ hiɔŋ²⁴/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ hiɔŋ²³/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 高(たか)雄(お) (Takao) with the creation of Takao Prefecture in 1920, from Hokkien 打狗 (Tá-káu) (Takau), from Siraya takau (“bamboo forest”).

(～市) Kaohsiung (special municipality located in southwestern Taiwan)

(～市) (historical) Kaohsiung City (former provincial city, now part of the special municipality)


福爾摩沙

ㄈㄨˊ ㄦˇ ㄇㄛˊ ㄕㄚ

/fu³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ mu̯ɔ³⁵ ʂä⁵⁵/

/fʊk̚⁵ jiː¹³ mɔː⁵⁵ saː⁵⁵/

/huʔ²⁴⁻³⁵ i³³⁽⁻²¹⁾ mo⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾la⁵⁵/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ mɔ̃²⁴⁻²² sa⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ nĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ mɔ̃²⁴⁻²² sa³³/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁵ nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ mɔ̃¹³⁻²² sa⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ mɔ̃²⁴⁻¹¹ sa⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ nĩ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ mɔ̃²³⁻³³ sa⁴⁴/

/fu³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ mu̯ɔ³⁵ ʂä⁵⁵/

/fʊk̚⁵ jiː¹³ mɔː⁵⁵ saː⁵⁵/

/huʔ²⁴⁻³⁵ i³³⁽⁻²¹⁾ mo⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾la⁵⁵/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ mɔ̃²⁴⁻²² sa⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ nĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ mɔ̃²⁴⁻²² sa³³/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁵ nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ mɔ̃¹³⁻²² sa⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ mɔ̃²⁴⁻¹¹ sa⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ nĩ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ mɔ̃²³⁻³³ sa⁴⁴/

Borrowed from Portuguese Formosa (literally “beautiful”) [ca. 1542], as Portuguese sailors sighted the main island of Taiwan.

bor

(～市) Formosa (the provincial capital of Formosa, Argentina)


黃金海岸

ㄏㄨㄤˊ ㄐㄧㄣ ㄏㄞˇ ㄢˋ

Хуанцзинь Хайань

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ t͡ɕin⁵⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ˀän⁵¹/

/wɔːŋ²¹ kɐm⁵⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵ ŋɔːn²²/

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ t͡ɕin⁵⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ˀän⁵¹/

/wɔːŋ²¹ kɐm⁵⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵ ŋɔːn²²/


布里斯班

ㄅㄨˋ ㄌㄧˇ ㄙ ㄅㄢ

/pu⁵¹ li²¹⁴⁻²¹ sz̩⁵⁵ pän⁵⁵/

/pu⁵¹ li²¹⁴⁻²¹ sz̩⁵⁵ pän⁵⁵/

Brisbane (a city, the state capital of Queensland, Australia)


布達佩斯

ㄅㄨˋ ㄉㄚˊ ㄆㄟˋ ㄙ

/pu⁵¹ tä³⁵ pʰeɪ̯⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵/

/pou̯³³ taːt̚² pʰuːi̯³³ siː⁵⁵/

/pɔ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tat̚²⁴⁻² pue⁴¹⁻²² sɯ³³/

/pɔ¹¹⁻⁵³ tat̚⁴⁻³² pʰue¹¹⁻⁵³ su⁴⁴/

/pɔ²¹⁻⁴¹ tat̚⁴⁻³² pʰue²¹⁻⁴¹ su⁴⁴/

/pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ tat̚¹²¹⁻²¹ pue²²⁻²¹ su⁴⁴/

/pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ tat̚⁴⁻³² pue²²⁻²¹ su⁴⁴/

/pu³³ daʔ⁵⁵ be³³ sz̩²¹/

/pu⁵¹ tä³⁵ pʰeɪ̯⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵/

/pou̯³³ taːt̚² pʰuːi̯³³ siː⁵⁵/

/pɔ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tat̚²⁴⁻² pue⁴¹⁻²² sɯ³³/

/pɔ¹¹⁻⁵³ tat̚⁴⁻³² pʰue¹¹⁻⁵³ su⁴⁴/

/pɔ²¹⁻⁴¹ tat̚⁴⁻³² pʰue²¹⁻⁴¹ su⁴⁴/

/pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ tat̚¹²¹⁻²¹ pue²²⁻²¹ su⁴⁴/

/pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ tat̚⁴⁻³² pue²²⁻²¹ su⁴⁴/

/pu³³ daʔ⁵⁵ be³³ sz̩²¹/

Budapest (a city, the capital city of Hungary)


墨爾本

⁸meq-gher₆-pen₅; ⁶meq₈-gher₆-pen₅; ⁸meq-gher₆ ⁵pen

/mu̯ɔ⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ pən²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mɐk̚² jiː¹³ puːn³⁵/

/biɪk̚⁴⁻³² nĩ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ pun⁴¹/

/biɪk̚⁴⁻³² nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pun⁵³/

meh^入 r^去 pen^去; meh^入 r^去 pen^去; meh^入 r^去 pen^去

⁵meq-hher₃-pen₂; ³meq₅-hher₃-pen₂; ⁵meq-hher₃ ²pen

/məʔ¹¹ ɦəl²² pən²³/

/məʔ²² ɦəl⁵⁵ pən²¹/

/məʔ¹¹ ɦəl²³ pən³⁴/

/mu̯ɔ⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ pən²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mɐk̚² jiː¹³ puːn³⁵/

/biɪk̚⁴⁻³² nĩ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ pun⁴¹/

/biɪk̚⁴⁻³² nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pun⁵³/

/məʔ¹¹ ɦəl²² pən²³/

/məʔ²² ɦəl⁵⁵ pən²¹/

/məʔ¹¹ ɦəl²³ pən³⁴/

Melbourne has had pretty good weather over the past few days.

Zhè jǐ tiān Mò'ěrběn de tiānqì hái tǐng hǎo.

這幾天墨爾本的天氣還挺好。

这几天墨尔本的天气还挺好。

Melbourne (a city, the state capital of Victoria, Australia)


鶴壁

→ English: Hebi, Ho-pi

/xɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ pi⁵¹/

/hɔːk̚² pɪk̚⁵/

/houʔ⁵⁻²¹ piɑʔ²⁴/

/hɔk̚⁴⁻³² piaʔ³²/

/hɔk̚²⁴⁻² piaʔ⁵/

/hɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ piaʔ³²/

/hɔk̚⁴⁻³² piaʔ³²/

/hɔk̚⁴⁻³² piaʔ³²/

/ŋoʔ¹¹ piɪʔ²³/

/xɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ pi⁵¹/

/hɔːk̚² pɪk̚⁵/

/houʔ⁵⁻²¹ piɑʔ²⁴/

/hɔk̚⁴⁻³² piaʔ³²/

/hɔk̚²⁴⁻² piaʔ⁵/

/hɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ piaʔ³²/

/hɔk̚⁴⁻³² piaʔ³²/

/hɔk̚⁴⁻³² piaʔ³²/

/ŋoʔ¹¹ piɪʔ²³/

(～市) Hebi (a prefecture-level city in Henan, China)


三門峽

desc

→ English: San-men-hsia, Sanmenhsia, Sanmenxia

/sän⁵⁵ mən³⁵ ɕi̯ä³⁵/

/saŋ⁵⁵ muoŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋieʔ⁵/

/sam⁴⁴⁻²² bun²⁴⁻²² kiap̚³²/

/sam⁴⁴⁻²² bun¹³⁻²² kiap̚³²/

/sam⁴⁴⁻³³ bun²⁴⁻¹¹ kiap̚³²/

/sam⁴⁴⁻³³ bun²³⁻³³ kiap̚³²/

/sän⁵⁵ mən³⁵ ɕi̯ä³⁵/

/saŋ⁵⁵ muoŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋieʔ⁵/

/sam⁴⁴⁻²² bun²⁴⁻²² kiap̚³²/

/sam⁴⁴⁻²² bun¹³⁻²² kiap̚³²/

/sam⁴⁴⁻³³ bun²⁴⁻¹¹ kiap̚³²/

/sam⁴⁴⁻³³ bun²³⁻³³ kiap̚³²/

(～市) Sanmenxia (a prefecture-level city in Henan, China)


安哥拉

/ˀän⁵⁵ kɤ⁵⁵ lä⁵⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ kɔː⁵⁵ laːi̯⁵⁵/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² ko⁴⁴⁻²² la⁴⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ la⁴¹/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ ko⁴⁴⁻³³ la⁵³/

/ˀän⁵⁵ kɤ⁵⁵ lä⁵⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ kɔː⁵⁵ laːi̯⁵⁵/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² ko⁴⁴⁻²² la⁴⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ la⁴¹/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ ko⁴⁴⁻³³ la⁵³/

Angora (former name of Ankara, the capital of Turkey)


拿騷

/nä³⁵ sɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/nä³⁵ sɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

Nassau (the capital city of the Bahamas)


南寧

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (南寧):
* → Japanese: 南寧(なんねい) (Nannei)
* → Korean: 남녕(南寧) (Namnyeong)
* → Vietnamese: Nam Ninh (南寧)

→ English: Nanning, Nan-ning

→ Korean: 난닝 (Nanning)

→ Russian: Наньни́н (Nanʹnín)

→ Zhuang: Namzningz

/nän³⁵ niŋ³⁵/

/naːm²¹ nɪŋ²¹/

/nˡaŋ⁵³⁻³³ nˡiŋ⁵³/

/naŋ¹³⁻²¹ nɛŋ¹³/

/lam²⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/lam¹³⁻²² liɪŋ¹³/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ liɪŋ²⁴/

/lam²³⁻³³ liɪŋ²³/

/nam²¹ nəŋ²¹/

/nän³⁵ niŋ³⁵/

/naːm²¹ nɪŋ²¹/

/nˡaŋ⁵³⁻³³ nˡiŋ⁵³/

/naŋ¹³⁻²¹ nɛŋ¹³/

/lam²⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/lam¹³⁻²² liɪŋ¹³/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ liɪŋ²⁴/

/lam²³⁻³³ liɪŋ²³/

/nam²¹ nəŋ²¹/

Coined in 1324 when the Yongzhou Circuit (邕州路) was renamed Nanning circuit (南寧路).

(～市) Nanning (a prefecture-level city, the capital of Guangxi, China)


雅溫得

/jä²¹⁴⁻²¹ wən⁵⁵ tɤ³⁵/

/jä²¹⁴⁻²¹ wən⁵⁵ tɤ³⁵/

Yaoundé (a city, the capital city of Cameroon)


梵蒂岡

/fän⁵¹⁻⁵³ ti⁵¹ kɑŋ⁵⁵/

/fän³⁵ ti⁵¹ kɑŋ⁵⁵/

/faːn²² tɐi̯³³ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/faːn²¹ tɐi̯³³ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/huan⁴¹⁻²² te⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kaŋ³³/

/huan²²⁻²¹ te²¹⁻⁵³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/ve²² ti⁵⁵ kɑ̃²¹/

/fän⁵¹⁻⁵³ ti⁵¹ kɑŋ⁵⁵/

/fän³⁵ ti⁵¹ kɑŋ⁵⁵/

/faːn²² tɐi̯³³ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/faːn²¹ tɐi̯³³ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/huan⁴¹⁻²² te⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kaŋ³³/

/huan²²⁻²¹ te²¹⁻⁵³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/ve²² ti⁵⁵ kɑ̃²¹/

Vatican City (a city-state in Southern Europe, an enclave within the city of Rome, Italy)


馬拉維

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ lä⁵⁵ weɪ̯³⁵/

/maː¹³ laːi̯⁵⁵ wɐi̯²¹/

/mã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ la³³ ui²⁴/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ la⁴⁴⁻²² ui²⁴/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ la⁴⁴⁻²² ui¹³/

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ lä⁵⁵ weɪ̯³⁵/

/maː¹³ laːi̯⁵⁵ wɐi̯²¹/

/mã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ la³³ ui²⁴/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ la⁴⁴⁻²² ui²⁴/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ la⁴⁴⁻²² ui¹³/

Marawi (a city in Lanao del Sur, Philippines)


盧森堡

/lu³⁵ sən⁵⁵ pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lɔ²⁴⁻²² sim⁴⁴⁻²² po⁵³/

/lɔ²³⁻³³ sim⁴⁴⁻³³ pɤ⁴¹/

/lɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ sim⁴⁴⁻³³ po⁵³/

/lɔ²⁴⁻²² səm³³ po⁵⁵⁴/

/lɔ¹³⁻²² sɔm⁴⁴⁻²² po⁵³/

/lu²² sən⁵⁵ pɔ²¹/

/lu³⁵ sən⁵⁵ pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lɔ²⁴⁻²² sim⁴⁴⁻²² po⁵³/

/lɔ²³⁻³³ sim⁴⁴⁻³³ pɤ⁴¹/

/lɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ sim⁴⁴⁻³³ po⁵³/

/lɔ²⁴⁻²² səm³³ po⁵⁵⁴/

/lɔ¹³⁻²² sɔm⁴⁴⁻²² po⁵³/

/lu²² sən⁵⁵ pɔ²¹/

Phono-semantic matching of German Luxemburg, French Luxembourg, or English Luxembourg. Note that 堡 (bǎo, “castle”) matches in both sound and meaning.

psm

(～市) Luxembourg, Luxembourg City (the capital city of Luxembourg)


華盛頓

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (華盛頓):
* → Japanese: 華盛頓(ワシントン) (washinton)
* → Korean: 화성돈(華盛頓) (hwaseongdon)
* → Vietnamese: Hoa Thịnh Đốn (華盛頓)

ㄏㄨㄚˊ ㄕㄥˋ ㄉㄨㄣˋ

/xu̯ä³⁵ ʂɤŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ tu̯ən⁵¹/

/waː²¹ sɪŋ²² tɵn²²/

/fa⁴⁴⁻³⁵ sən⁵³⁻⁵⁵ tun⁵³/

/hua²⁴⁻²² siɪŋ²²⁻²¹ tun²¹/

/hua²⁴⁻²² siɪŋ⁴¹⁻²² tun⁴¹/

/hua¹³⁻²² siɪŋ²²⁻²¹ tun²¹/

/hua²⁴⁻¹¹ siɪŋ³³⁻¹¹ tun¹¹/

/hua²³⁻³³ siɪŋ³³⁻²¹ tun²¹/

/xu̯ä³⁵ ʂɤŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ tu̯ən⁵¹/

/waː²¹ sɪŋ²² tɵn²²/

/fa⁴⁴⁻³⁵ sən⁵³⁻⁵⁵ tun⁵³/

/hua²⁴⁻²² siɪŋ²²⁻²¹ tun²¹/

/hua²⁴⁻²² siɪŋ⁴¹⁻²² tun⁴¹/

/hua¹³⁻²² siɪŋ²²⁻²¹ tun²¹/

/hua²⁴⁻¹¹ siɪŋ³³⁻¹¹ tun¹¹/

/hua²³⁻³³ siɪŋ³³⁻²¹ tun²¹/

From English Washington, probably via Cantonese.

A transliteration of the English surname Washington

～哥倫比亞特區 華盛頓哥倫比亞特區#Chinese

～特區 華盛頓特區#Chinese

(～哥倫比亞特區, ～特區) Washington, D.C. (federal capital of the United States of America)

(～州) Washington (a state of the United States)


柏林

/pʰaːk̚³ lɐm²¹/

/pɛiʔ²⁴⁻²¹ l̃iŋ⁵³/

/piɪk̚³²⁻⁵ lim¹³/

/piɪk̚³²⁻⁴ lim²⁴/

/pʰaːk̚³ lɐm²¹/

/pɛiʔ²⁴⁻²¹ l̃iŋ⁵³/

/piɪk̚³²⁻⁵ lim¹³/

/piɪk̚³²⁻⁴ lim²⁴/

Berlin (the capital and largest city of Germany)


首爾

/ʂoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɐu̯³⁵ jiː¹³/

/sieu³³⁻³⁵ i³³/

/siu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ nĩ⁵⁵⁴/

/siu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nĩ⁵³/

/siu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ d͡zĩ⁵³/

/siu⁵²⁻³⁵ d͡zɯ⁵²⁻²¹/

/ʂoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɐu̯³⁵ jiː¹³/

/sieu³³⁻³⁵ i³³/

/siu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ nĩ⁵⁵⁴/

/siu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nĩ⁵³/

/siu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ d͡zĩ⁵³/

/siu⁵²⁻³⁵ d͡zɯ⁵²⁻²¹/

Borrowed from Korean 서울 (Seoul). The first character 首 (shǒu, “first”) is a phono-semantic matching from Korean. Compare 首都 (shǒudū, “capital”)

(～市) Seoul (the capital city of South Korea)


漢城

/xän⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/hɔːn³³ sɪŋ²¹/

/haŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾niaŋ⁵³/

/han²¹⁻⁵³ siã²⁴/

/han⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ siã²⁴/

/han²¹⁻⁵³ siã¹³/

/han¹¹⁻⁵³ siã²⁴/

/han²¹⁻⁴¹ siã²³/

/hø³³ zən⁴⁴/

/xän⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/hɔːn³³ sɪŋ²¹/

/haŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾niaŋ⁵³/

/han²¹⁻⁵³ siã²⁴/

/han⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ siã²⁴/

/han²¹⁻⁵³ siã¹³/

/han¹¹⁻⁵³ siã²⁴/

/han²¹⁻⁴¹ siã²³/

/hø³³ zən⁴⁴/

Named after the Han River (漢／汉) in Korea.

1894, Guangxu Emperor, 上諭; quoted in 清光緒朝中日交涉史料, volume 16, 故宮博物院, 1932:

Nǎi wōrén wúgù tiān bīng, tūrù Hànchéng, sì yòu zēng bīng wàn yú, pò lìng Cháoxiān gènggǎi guózhèng, zhǒngzhǒng yāoxié, nányǐ lǐyù.

乃倭人無故添兵，突入漢城，嗣又增兵萬餘，迫令朝鮮更改國政，種種要挾，難以理喻。

乃倭人无故添兵，突入汉城，嗣又增兵万余，迫令朝鲜更改国政，种种要挟，难以理喻。

(historical) Hanseong (Seoul during the Joseon dynasty)


新德里

/ɕin⁵⁵ tɤ³⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɐn⁵⁵ tɐk̚⁵ lei̯¹³/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ li⁵³/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ li⁵³/

/ɕin⁵⁵ tɤ³⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɐn⁵⁵ tɐk̚⁵ lei̯¹³/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ li⁵³/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ li⁵³/


卡拉季

/kʰä²¹⁴⁻²¹ lä⁵⁵ t͡ɕi⁵¹/

/kʰaː⁵⁵ laːi̯⁵⁵ kʷɐi̯³³/

/kʰä²¹⁴⁻²¹ lä⁵⁵ t͡ɕi⁵¹/

/kʰaː⁵⁵ laːi̯⁵⁵ kʷɐi̯³³/


堪培拉

/kʰän⁵⁵ pʰeɪ̯³⁵ lä⁵⁵/

/hɐm⁵⁵ pʰuːi̯²¹ laːi̯⁵⁵/

/kʰän⁵⁵ pʰeɪ̯³⁵ lä⁵⁵/

/hɐm⁵⁵ pʰuːi̯²¹ laːi̯⁵⁵/

Australian Capital Territory
Australian Capital Territory#English

Canberra (the capital city of Australia; located in the Australian Capital Territory)


德黑蘭

/tɤ³⁵ xeɪ̯⁵⁵ län³⁵/

/tɐk̚⁵ hɐk̚⁵ laːn²¹/

/tiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ lan²⁴/

/tiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ hiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ lan¹³/

/tiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ ɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ lan²⁴/

/tiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ ɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ lan²³/

/tɤ³⁵ xeɪ̯⁵⁵ län³⁵/

/tɐk̚⁵ hɐk̚⁵ laːn²¹/

/tiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ lan²⁴/

/tiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ hiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ lan¹³/

/tiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ ɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ lan²⁴/

/tiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ ɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ lan²³/


雅加達

/jä²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ tä³⁵/

/ŋaː¹³ kaː⁵⁵ taːt̚²/

/ŋã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ka³³ tat̚²⁴/

/ŋã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ tat̚⁴/

/ŋã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ tat̚⁴/

/ŋã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ka⁴⁴⁻²² tat̚⁴/

/ŋɛ̃⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kɛ⁴⁴⁻²² tat̚¹²¹/

/jä²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ tä³⁵/

/ŋaː¹³ kaː⁵⁵ taːt̚²/

/ŋã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ka³³ tat̚²⁴/

/ŋã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ tat̚⁴/

/ŋã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ tat̚⁴/

/ŋã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ka⁴⁴⁻²² tat̚⁴/

/ŋɛ̃⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kɛ⁴⁴⁻²² tat̚¹²¹/


吉隆坡

/t͡ɕi³⁵ lʊŋ³⁵ pʰu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/kɐt̚⁵ lʊŋ²¹ pɔː⁵⁵/

/kit̚⁵⁵ lɵŋ²² pᵘɔ³³/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² pʰo⁴⁴/

/kiɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² pʰo³³/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ liɔŋ²³⁻³³ pʰɤ⁴⁴/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ liɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ pʰo⁴⁴/

/kit̚³²⁻⁵ liɔŋ¹³⁻²² pʰo⁴⁴/

/kiɛt̚³⁻⁴ laŋ²³⁻²¹ pʰo³³/

/kat̚³⁻⁴ laŋ²³⁻²¹ pʰo³³/

/t͡ɕiɪʔ³³ loŋ⁵⁵ pʰu²¹/

/t͡ɕi³⁵ lʊŋ³⁵ pʰu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/kɐt̚⁵ lʊŋ²¹ pɔː⁵⁵/

/kit̚⁵⁵ lɵŋ²² pᵘɔ³³/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² pʰo⁴⁴/

/kiɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² pʰo³³/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ liɔŋ²³⁻³³ pʰɤ⁴⁴/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ liɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ pʰo⁴⁴/

/kit̚³²⁻⁵ liɔŋ¹³⁻²² pʰo⁴⁴/

/kiɛt̚³⁻⁴ laŋ²³⁻²¹ pʰo³³/

/kat̚³⁻⁴ laŋ²³⁻²¹ pʰo³³/

/t͡ɕiɪʔ³³ loŋ⁵⁵ pʰu²¹/

1894, G. T. Hare, editor, A Text Book of Documentary Chinese: Selected and Designed for the Special Use of Members of the Civil Service of the Straits Settlements, volume I, Singapore, page 111:

Rú yǒu xīnkè lǎo kè dào Jílóngpō bù rù gōngsuǒ bàomíng zhùcè lǐngqǔ zhízhào zhě, yījīng cháchū, jíxíng zhuōná jiūzhì.

如有新客老客到吉隆坡不入公所報名註冊領取執照者，一經查出，即行捉拏究治。

如有新客老客到吉隆坡不入公所报名注册领取执照者，一经查出，即行捉拿究治。

聯邦直轄區 聯邦直轄區#Chinese

(～聯邦直轄區, ～市) Kuala Lumpur (the capital city and largest city in Malaysia)


宜昌

→ English: Yichang, Ichang, I-ch'ang

/i³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/jiː²¹ t͡sʰœːŋ⁵⁵/

/ɡi²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/n̠ʲi²² t͡sʰɑ̃⁴⁴/

/i³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/jiː²¹ t͡sʰœːŋ⁵⁵/

/ɡi²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/n̠ʲi²² t͡sʰɑ̃⁴⁴/

(～市) Yichang (a prefecture-level city in Hubei, China)


尼亞美

/ni³⁵ jä⁵¹ meɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

néi⁴ a³ méi⁵

/nei̯²¹ aː³³ mei̯¹³/

/ni³⁵ jä⁵¹ meɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/nei̯²¹ aː³³ mei̯¹³/

Niamey (a city, the capital city of Niger)


努瓦克肖特

ㄋㄨˇ ㄨㄚˇ ㄎㄜˋ ㄒㄧㄠˋ ㄊㄜˋ

/nu²¹⁴⁻³⁵ wä²¹⁴⁻²¹ kʰɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ tʰɤ⁵¹/

Nouakchott (the capital city of Mauritania)


汕頭

Sino-Xenic (汕頭):
* → Japanese: 汕頭(せんとう) (Sentō)
* → Korean: 산두(汕頭) (Sandu)
* → Vietnamese: Sán Đầu (汕頭)

→ English: Shantou, Swatow

→ Japanese: 汕頭(スワトウ) (Suwatō)

→ Japanese: 汕頭(シャントウ) (Shantō)

→ Korean: 산터우 (Santeou)

→ Thai: ซัวเถา (suua-tǎo)

/ʂän⁵¹ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/

/saːn³³ tʰɐu̯²¹/

/suã²¹⁻⁵³ tʰau²⁴/

/suã⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tʰau²⁴/

/suã²¹⁻⁵³ tʰau¹³/

/suã¹¹⁻⁵³ tʰau²⁴/

/suã²¹⁻⁴¹ tʰau²³/

/sũã³³⁻²³ tʰau⁵⁵/

/ʂän⁵¹ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/

/saːn³³ tʰɐu̯²¹/

/suã²¹⁻⁵³ tʰau²⁴/

/suã⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tʰau²⁴/

/suã²¹⁻⁵³ tʰau¹³/

/suã¹¹⁻⁵³ tʰau²⁴/

/suã²¹⁻⁴¹ tʰau²³/

/sũã³³⁻²³ tʰau⁵⁵/

While the modern Teochew pronunciation contains the first syllable in the yinping (陰平／阴平) tone, as attested in Handbook of the Swatow Vernacular [1886] by Lim Hiong Seng, it appears that historically the first syllable of the toponym had the yinqu (陰去／阴去) tone. The pronunciation Suàⁿ-thâu is recorded in A Pronouncing and Defining Dictionary of the Swatow Dialect [1883] by Adele M. Fielde and English-Chinese Vocabulary of the Vernacular Or Spoken Language of Swatow [1883] by William Duffus.
The toponym is a shortening of 沙汕頭／沙汕头. In 1717, a fort, 沙汕頭砲臺, was constructed in the area, which was then under the administration of Chenghai (澄海) county. Both 沙汕頭／沙汕头 and 汕頭／汕头 are attested in 潮州海防圖說 [c. 18th century] by official Lan Dingyuan (藍鼎元). 沙汕 is cognate with Hokkien 沙線／沙线 (soa-sòaⁿ, “sandbank”).

(～市) Shantou (a prefecture-level city in Guangdong, China)


杜拜

/tu⁵¹⁻⁵³ paɪ̯⁵¹/

/tu⁵¹⁻⁵³ paɪ̯⁵¹/

(chiefly Taiwan, Hong Kong) Dubai (the capital city of Dubai emirate, United Arab Emirates)


阿布扎比

ㄚ ㄅㄨˋ ㄗㄚ ㄅㄧˇ

/ˀä⁵⁵ pu⁵¹ t͡sä⁵⁵ pi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/aː³³ pou̯³³ t͡saːt̚³ pei̯³⁵/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ t͡sat̚³²⁻⁴ pi⁵³/

/a³³ pɔ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡sat̚⁵⁻²⁴ pi⁵⁵⁴/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ t͡sat̚³²⁻⁵ pi⁵³/

/ˀä⁵⁵ pu⁵¹ t͡sä⁵⁵ pi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/aː³³ pou̯³³ t͡saːt̚³ pei̯³⁵/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ t͡sat̚³²⁻⁴ pi⁵³/

/a³³ pɔ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡sat̚⁵⁻²⁴ pi⁵⁵⁴/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ t͡sat̚³²⁻⁵ pi⁵³/

Borrowed from Arabic أَبُو ظَبِي (ʔabū ẓabī).

bor

Arabic أَبُو ظَبِي (ʔabū ẓabī)

Abu Dhabi (the capital city of the United Arab Emirates; capital city of Abu Dhabi Emirate, United Arab Emirates)


加沙

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ ʂä⁵⁵/

/kaː⁵⁵ saː⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ ʂä⁵⁵/

/kaː⁵⁵ saː⁵⁵/

(Mainland China, Hong Kong) Gaza, Gaza City (a city in Palestine)


斯科普里

ㄙ ㄎㄜ ㄆㄨˇ ㄌㄧˇ

/sz̩⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵⁵ pʰu²¹⁴⁻³⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/siː⁵⁵ fɔː⁵⁵ pʰou̯³⁵ lei̯¹³/

/sɯ³³ kʰə³³ pʰɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ nĩ⁵⁵⁴/

/su⁴⁴⁻²² kʰo⁴⁴⁻²² pʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ li⁵³/

/sz̩⁵⁵ kʰu³³ pʰu³³ li²¹/

/sz̩⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵⁵ pʰu²¹⁴⁻³⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/siː⁵⁵ fɔː⁵⁵ pʰou̯³⁵ lei̯¹³/

/sɯ³³ kʰə³³ pʰɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ nĩ⁵⁵⁴/

/su⁴⁴⁻²² kʰo⁴⁴⁻²² pʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ li⁵³/

/sz̩⁵⁵ kʰu³³ pʰu³³ li²¹/

(Mainland China) Skopje (a city, the capital city of North Macedonia)


開封

desc

→ Thai: ไคฟง

→ Thai: ไคฟง

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ fɤŋ⁵⁵/

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ fɤŋ²/

/hɔːi̯⁵⁵ fʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kʰoi̯²⁴⁻¹¹ fuŋ²⁴/

/kʰoɪ⁴⁴ fʊŋ⁴⁴/

/kʰai⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾uŋ⁵⁵/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kʰai³³ hɔŋ³³/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kʰai³³⁻²³ hoŋ³³/

/kʰe⁵⁵ foŋ²¹/

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ fɤŋ⁵⁵/

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ fɤŋ²/

/hɔːi̯⁵⁵ fʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kʰoi̯²⁴⁻¹¹ fuŋ²⁴/

/kʰoɪ⁴⁴ fʊŋ⁴⁴/

/kʰai⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾uŋ⁵⁵/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kʰai³³ hɔŋ³³/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kʰai³³⁻²³ hoŋ³³/

/kʰe⁵⁵ foŋ²¹/

As a district and city in Henan, named in the late 8th century BC by the Zhuang Duke of Zheng as he settled new territory.


菊池

/t͡ɕy³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩³⁵/

/t͡ɕy³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 菊(きく)池(ち) (kikuchi).

(～市) Kikuchi (a city in Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan)


河北

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (河北):
* → Japanese: 河(か)北(ほく) (Kahoku)
* → Korean: 하북(河北) (Habuk)
* → Vietnamese: Hà Bắc (河北)

→ English: Hebei, Hopeh

/xɤ³⁵ peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔː²¹ pɐk̚⁵/

/o⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βɔyʔ²⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻²² pak̚³²/

/ho²⁴⁻²² pak̚⁵/

/ho¹³⁻²² pak̚³²/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ pak̚³²/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ pak̚³²/

/ho⁵⁵⁻¹¹ pak̚²/

/ɦu²² poʔ⁴⁴/

/xɤ³⁵ peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔː²¹ pɐk̚⁵/

/o⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βɔyʔ²⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻²² pak̚³²/

/ho²⁴⁻²² pak̚⁵/

/ho¹³⁻²² pak̚³²/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ pak̚³²/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ pak̚³²/

/ho⁵⁵⁻¹¹ pak̚²/

/ɦu²² poʔ⁴⁴/

(～市) Kahoku (a city in Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan)


婺州

/u⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/mou̯²² t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/u⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/mou̯²² t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

(historical) Wuzhou (an ancient name for the city of Jinhua, Zhejiang, China)


加薩

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ sä⁵¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ sä⁵¹/

(Taiwan) Gaza, Gaza City (a city in Palestine)


威靈頓

ㄨㄟ ㄌㄧㄥˊ ㄉㄨㄣˋ

/weɪ̯⁵⁵ liŋ³⁵ tu̯ən⁵¹/

/wɐi̯⁵⁵ lɪŋ²¹ tɵn²²/

/weɪ̯⁵⁵ liŋ³⁵ tu̯ən⁵¹/

/wɐi̯⁵⁵ lɪŋ²¹ tɵn²²/

(～市, formerly ～埠) (Taiwan) Wellington (a city, the capital city of New Zealand)


安納海姆

ㄢ ㄋㄚˋ ㄏㄞˇ ㄇㄨˇ

/ˀän⁵⁵ nä⁵¹ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ mu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ˀän⁵⁵ nä⁵¹ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ mu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

From German Annaheim, later changed to English Anaheim.

Anaheim (a city in California, United States)


洛杉磯

/lu̯ɔ⁵¹ ʂän⁵⁵ t͡ɕi⁵⁵/

/lɔːk̚² t͡sʰaːm³³ kei̯⁵⁵/

/lɔːk̚³ t͡sʰaːm³³ kei̯⁵⁵/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² sam⁴⁴⁻³³ ki⁴⁴/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² san⁴⁴⁻³³ ki⁴⁴/

/lu̯ɔ⁵¹ ʂän⁵⁵ t͡ɕi⁵⁵/

/lɔːk̚² t͡sʰaːm³³ kei̯⁵⁵/

/lɔːk̚³ t͡sʰaːm³³ kei̯⁵⁵/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² sam⁴⁴⁻³³ ki⁴⁴/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² san⁴⁴⁻³³ ki⁴⁴/

Rú bào zǎi Měiguó jīqìrén, jià yī quán jīnshǔ fēijī, zì Luòshānjī chūfā, jīng shísān xiǎoshí niàn wǔ fēn jí dǐ Niǔyuē, sī jiào zhī gāi guó hángkōng gōngsī dìng hángkōng shíkè zhī shíbā xiǎoshí, yǐ jiǎnshěng sì xiǎoshí bàn yǐ.

如報載美國機器人，駕一全金屬飛機，自洛杉磯出發，經十三小時廿五分即抵紐約，斯較之該國航空公司訂航空時刻之十八小時，已減省四小時半矣。

如报载美国机器人，驾一全金属飞机，自洛杉矶出发，经十三小时廿五分即抵纽约，斯较之该国航空公司订航空时刻之十八小时，已减省四小时半矣。

(～市, formerly ～埠) Los Angeles (a large city in California, United States)


霍巴特

/xu̯ɔ⁵¹ pä⁵⁵ tʰɤ⁵¹/

/xu̯ɔ⁵¹ pä⁵⁵ tʰɤ⁵¹/

Hobart (a city, the capital city of Tasmania, Australia)


荷巴特

/xɤ³⁵ pä⁵⁵ tʰɤ⁵¹/

/xɤ³⁵ pä⁵⁵ tʰɤ⁵¹/

(Taiwan) Hobart (a city, the capital city of Tasmania, Australia)


亞琛

/jä⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰən⁵⁵/

/aː³³ sɐm⁵⁵/

/aː³³ t͡sʰɐm⁵⁵/

/jä⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰən⁵⁵/

/aː³³ sɐm⁵⁵/

/aː³³ t͡sʰɐm⁵⁵/

From a spelling pronunciation of English Aachen, from German Aachen.

North Rhine-Westphalia
North Rhine-Westphalia#English

Aachen (a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany)


克拉科夫

ㄎㄜˋ ㄌㄚ ㄎㄜ ㄈㄨ

/kʰɤ⁵¹ lä⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵⁵ fu⁵⁵/

/hɐk̚⁵ laːi̯⁵⁵ fɔː⁵⁵ fuː⁵⁵/

/kʰɤ⁵¹ lä⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵⁵ fu⁵⁵/

/hɐk̚⁵ laːi̯⁵⁵ fɔː⁵⁵ fuː⁵⁵/


阿亨

/ˀä⁵⁵ xɤŋ⁵⁵/

/aː³³ hɐŋ⁵⁵/

/ˀä⁵⁵ xɤŋ⁵⁵/

/aː³³ hɐŋ⁵⁵/