北京

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (北京):
* → Japanese: 北京(ほっきょう) (Hokkyō)
* → Korean: 북경(北京) (Bukgyeong)
* → Vietnamese: Bắc Kinh (北京)

→ Amis: Piking

→ Arabic: بِكِين (bikīn)

→ Asturian: Beijing

→ Belarusian: Пекі́н (Pjekín)

→ Bengali: বেইজিং (beijiṅ)

→ Bouyei: Bagtjingl

desc

→ Burmese: ပေကျင်း (pe-kyang:), ပီကင်း (pikang:)

→ Catalan: Pequín

→ Czech: Peking

→ Danish: Beijing, Peking

→ Dutch: Peking

→ English: Beijing, Peking, Pei-ching

→ French: Pékin

→ Finnish: Peking, Beijing

→ Georgian: პეკინი (ṗeḳini)

→ German: Peking

→ Greek: Πεκίνο (Pekíno)

→ Hebrew: בייג׳ינג (beijing)

→ Hindi: बेजिंग (bejiṅg)

→ Hlai: Bhakgengs

→ Hungarian: Peking

→ Italian: Pechino

→ Japanese: 北(ペ)京(キン) (Pekin)

→ Kazakh: Бейжің (Beijıñ)

→ Khmer: ប៉េកាំង (peekang)

→ Korean: 베이징 (Beijing)

→ Lao: ປັກກິງ (pak king)

→ Latin: Pechinum

→ Latvian: Pekina

→ Lithuanian: Pekinas

→ Lü: ᦵᦗᦲᧉᦋᦲᧃᧈ (poe²tsiin¹)

→ Lü: ᦵᦗᦲᧉᦋᦲᧃᧈ (poe²tsiin¹)

→ Macedonian: Пекинг (Peking)

→ Manchu: ᠪᡝᡤᡳᠩ (beging)

→ Mongolian: Бээжин (Beežin) / ᠪᠡᠭᠡᠵᠢᠩ (begeǰing)

→ Nepali: बेइजिङ (beijiṅ)

→ Nuosu: ꀙꏢ (bip ji)

→ Persian: پکن (pekan)

→ Polish: Pekin

→ Portuguese: Pequim

→ Romanian: Beijing, Pekin

→ Russian: Пеки́н (Pekín)

→ Armenian: Պեկին (Pekin)

→ Serbo-Croatian: Пѐкинг / Pèking, Бејџинг / Bejdžing

→ Slovene: Peking

→ Spanish: Pekín, Pequín

→ Swedish: Peking, Beijing

→ Telugu: బీజింగ్ (bījiṅg)

→ Thai: ปักกิ่ง (bpàk-gìng)

→ Tibetan: པེ་ཅིན (pe cin), པེ་ཅིང (pe cing)

→ Urdu: بیجنگ (bējiṅg)

→ Uyghur: بېيجىڭ (bëyjing)

→ Zhuang: Baekging

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕiɤ̯̃ɻ⁵⁵/

/pɛ²¹ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/pei²⁴ t͡ɕiŋ²⁴/

/pɐk̚⁵ kɪŋ⁵⁵/

/pɛt̚⁵ t͡ɕin⁴²/

/pei⁵³ t͡ɕiŋ¹¹/

/pɛ²⁴ keiŋ⁵⁴/

/pøyʔ²⁴⁻²¹ kiŋ⁵⁵/

/paʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ kiŋ⁵³³/

/paʔ²⁻⁴ kiŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴/

/pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ kiã³³/

/pak̚³²⁻⁵ kiã⁴⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴/

/pak̚²⁻⁴ kĩã³³/

/poʔ³³ t͡ɕin⁴⁴/

/pɤ̞²⁴ t͡ɕin³³/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕiɤ̯̃ɻ⁵⁵/

/pɛ²¹ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/pei²⁴ t͡ɕiŋ²⁴/

/pɐk̚⁵ kɪŋ⁵⁵/

/pɛt̚⁵ t͡ɕin⁴²/

/pei⁵³ t͡ɕiŋ¹¹/

/pɛ²⁴ keiŋ⁵⁴/

/pøyʔ²⁴⁻²¹ kiŋ⁵⁵/

/paʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ kiŋ⁵³³/

/paʔ²⁻⁴ kiŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴/

/pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ kiã³³/

/pak̚³²⁻⁵ kiã⁴⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴/

/pak̚²⁻⁴ kĩã³³/

/poʔ³³ t͡ɕin⁴⁴/

/pɤ̞²⁴ t͡ɕin³³/

南京 — 洛陽

Other capitals in the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China

中國的首都是北京。

中国的首都是北京。

Beijing’s spring is very suitable for cycling around the hutongs.

Běijīng de chūntiān hěn shìhé qíchē guàng hútòng.

北京的春天很適合騎車逛衚衕。

北京的春天很适合骑车逛胡同。

Forgive me for not being able to go with you to Beijing.

原諒我不能陪你去北京。

原谅我不能陪你去北京。

This story took place during the Xuande era of the current dynasty. There was an elderly man named Liu De who resided in Hexiwu town. This town is located beside the canal, about 200 lis away from Peking, and serves as a crucial route for people traveling to and from the capital from various provinces.

Feng Menglong, Stories to Awaken the World, 1627 CE

Zhè huàběn yě chū zài běncháo Xuāndé nián jiān, yǒu yī lǎozhě, xìng Liú, míng Dé, jiā zuǒ Héxīwù zhèn shàng. Zhè zhèn zài yùnhé zhī páng, lí běijīng yǒu èrbǎi lǐ tiándì, nǎi gè shěng chūrù jīngdōu de yàolù.

這話本也出在本朝宣德年間，有一老者，姓劉，名德，家佐河西務鎮上。這鎮在運河之旁，離北京有二百里田地，乃各省出入京都的要路。

这话本也出在本朝宣德年间，有一老者，姓刘，名德，家佐河西务镇上。这镇在运河之旁，离北京有二百里田地，乃各省出入京都的要路。

(～市) Beijing (a direct-administered municipality, the capital city of China)

南京 — 東京

southern capital; eastern capital; western capital


香港

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (香港):
* → Korean: 향항(香港) (Hyanghang)
* → Vietnamese: Hương Cảng (香港)

→ English: Hong Kong, Xianggang

→ Japanese: 香港(ホンコン) (Honkon)

→ Korean: 홍콩 (Hongkong)

→ Russian: Гонко́нг (Gonkóng)

→ French: Hong Kong, Hongkong

→ Japanese: シャンガン (Shangan)

→ Lao: ຮົງກົງ (hong kong)

→ Mongolian: Хонконг (Xonkong) (Mongolia)

→ Mongolian: ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠩᠭᠠᠩ (siyangɣang) (China)

→ Russian: Сянга́н (Sjangán)

→ Thai: ฮ่องกง (hɔ̂ng-gong)

→ Tibetan: ཞང་ཀང (zhang kang)

→ Uyghur: شياڭگاڭ (shyanggang)

→ Vietnamese: Hồng Công, Hồng Kông

→ Zhuang: Yanghgangj

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hœːŋ⁵⁵ kɔːŋ³⁵/

/høŋ²¹³ kɔŋ³⁵/

/hiaŋ³³ kʰɔŋ⁵⁵/

/hi̯oŋ²⁴ koŋ³¹/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kuɔŋ³¹/

/xiɔŋ⁵⁴ kɔŋ²¹/

/hyoŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋøyŋ³³/

/hyɒŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ kaŋ⁴⁵³/

/hyøŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ kaŋ³³²/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴²/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁵³/

/hiɔŋ³³ kaŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kaŋ⁴¹/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kaŋ⁵³/

/hiaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁵³/

/hiaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴²/

/hiaŋ³³⁻²¹ kaŋ⁴⁴⁵/

/hiaŋ³³⁻²³ kaŋ⁵²/

/ɕiã⁵⁵ kɑ̃²¹/

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hœːŋ⁵⁵ kɔːŋ³⁵/

/høŋ²¹³ kɔŋ³⁵/

/hiaŋ³³ kʰɔŋ⁵⁵/

/hi̯oŋ²⁴ koŋ³¹/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kuɔŋ³¹/

/xiɔŋ⁵⁴ kɔŋ²¹/

/hyoŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋøyŋ³³/

/hyɒŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ kaŋ⁴⁵³/

/hyøŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ kaŋ³³²/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴²/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁵³/

/hiɔŋ³³ kaŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kaŋ⁴¹/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kaŋ⁵³/

/hiaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁵³/

/hiaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴²/

/hiaŋ³³⁻²¹ kaŋ⁴⁴⁵/

/hiaŋ³³⁻²³ kaŋ⁵²/

/ɕiã⁵⁵ kɑ̃²¹/

Ap Lei Chau
Gazetteer of Xin'an County
Treaty of Nanking
Wong Chuk Hang

The name 香港 first appeared on a map in 粵大記 [1595] as a label for an island that seems to be Ap Lei Chau. In the two Gazetteer of Xin'an County (新安縣志) published in 1688 and 1819, 香港 was the name of a village (as 香港村). The village was likely located in Wong Chuk Hang in the south of Hong Kong Island as indicated by 19th-century maps.
18th-century western maps appear to render the name of Hong Kong Island as Fan Chin Chow (or its variants), which appears to be a Hakka romanization of 飯甑洲 (Kwok and Cheung, 2007). In the Treaty of Nanking signed in 1842, the name 香港 referred to the entire Hong Kong Island.

～特別行政區 香港特別行政區#Chinese

(～特別行政區) Hong Kong (a city and special administrative region in southeastern China)


寧波

/niŋ³⁵ pu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/nɪŋ²¹ pɔː⁵⁵/

/ⁿden²² pᵘɔ³³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² pʰo⁴⁴/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² pʰo³³/

/liɪŋ¹³⁻²² pʰo⁴⁴/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ pʰo⁴⁴/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ pʰɤ⁴⁴/

/niŋ³⁵ pu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/nɪŋ²¹ pɔː⁵⁵/

/ⁿden²² pᵘɔ³³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² pʰo⁴⁴/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² pʰo³³/

/liɪŋ¹³⁻²² pʰo⁴⁴/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ pʰo⁴⁴/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ pʰɤ⁴⁴/

(～市) Ningbo (a port city, prefecture-level city, and subprovincial city in eastern Zhejiang, China)


帝都

Sino-Xenic (帝都):
* → Japanese: 帝(てい)都(と) (teito)
* → Korean: 제도(帝都) (jedo)

/tɐi̯³³ tou̯⁵⁵/

/tɐi̯³³ tou̯⁵⁵/

(literally or ironic, humorous) derogatory name for Beijing: the capital of China


上海

desc

→ English: Shang-hai, Shanghae, Shanghai

→ French: Shanghai, Shanghaï, Changhaï

→ Japanese: 上(シャン)海(ハイ) (Shanhai)

→ Korean: 상하이 (Sanghai)

→ Russian: Шанха́й (Šanxáj)

→ Zhuang: Sanghaij

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sœːŋ²² hɔːi̯³⁵/

/siaŋ³² hᵘɔi⁵⁵/

/ʃoŋ⁵³ hoi²⁴/

/sɔŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ hoɪ³¹/

/sɒ̃⁴⁵ xai⁵³/

/t͡siɔŋ⁵⁵ xuɛ²¹/

/suoŋ²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai³³/

/ɬyɒŋ¹¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai⁴⁵³/

/ɬyøŋ²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai³³²/

/siɔŋ²¹ hai⁴⁴⁵/

/siɔŋ³³⁻²¹ hai⁴¹/

/siɔŋ²²⁻²¹ hai⁴²/

/siɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ hai⁵³/

/siɔŋ²²⁻²¹ hai⁵³/

/siɔŋ²² hai⁵⁵⁴/

/siɔŋ³³⁻²² hai⁵⁵⁴/

/siaŋ²²⁻²¹ hai⁵³/

/siaŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ hai⁵²/

/zɑ̃²² he⁴⁴/

/zɑ̃²² he³³/

/ʂan²¹⁻¹¹ xai̯⁴¹/

/san²¹⁻¹¹ xai̯⁴¹/

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sœːŋ²² hɔːi̯³⁵/

/siaŋ³² hᵘɔi⁵⁵/

/ʃoŋ⁵³ hoi²⁴/

/sɔŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ hoɪ³¹/

/sɒ̃⁴⁵ xai⁵³/

/t͡siɔŋ⁵⁵ xuɛ²¹/

/suoŋ²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai³³/

/ɬyɒŋ¹¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai⁴⁵³/

/ɬyøŋ²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai³³²/

/siɔŋ²¹ hai⁴⁴⁵/

/siɔŋ³³⁻²¹ hai⁴¹/

/siɔŋ²²⁻²¹ hai⁴²/

/siɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ hai⁵³/

/siɔŋ²²⁻²¹ hai⁵³/

/siɔŋ²² hai⁵⁵⁴/

/siɔŋ³³⁻²² hai⁵⁵⁴/

/siaŋ²²⁻²¹ hai⁵³/

/siaŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ hai⁵²/

/zɑ̃²² he⁴⁴/

/zɑ̃²² he³³/

/ʂan²¹⁻¹¹ xai̯⁴¹/

/san²¹⁻¹¹ xai̯⁴¹/

Named after 上海浦, a historical river in Shanghai, which was filled in during the late Qing dynasty.

華亭／华亭, 松江

two historical major cities now under the juristiction of Shanghai

上海證券交易所

上海证券交易所

她最近跑到上海去了。

I still have a few things to arrange in Shanghai.

Zài Shànghǎi wǒ háiyǒu jǐ jiàn shìqíng yào ānpái.

在上海我還有幾件事情要安排。

在上海我还有几件事情要安排。

⁶non ⁵tau ⁶zaon-he₅ ⁶le-leq₈ ¹tu-sau₅ ⁶zen-kuaon₁-leq₈

儂到上海來了多少辰光了？

侬到上海来了多少辰光了？

(～市) Shanghai (a major port city and direct-administered municipality of China, the largest urban area in China)


青州

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ t͡siu³³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ t͡siu³³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

(～市) Qingzhou (a city in Shandong, China)


杭州

ja-r

杭(こう)州(しゅう) (Kōshū)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (杭州):
* → Japanese: 杭(こう)州(しゅう) (Kōshū)
* → Korean: 항주(杭州) (Hangju)
* → Vietnamese: Hàng Châu (杭州)

/xɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/hɔːŋ²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/hɔŋ²² t͡siu³³/

/hoŋ⁵⁵ t͡ʃiu⁵³/

/hɔŋ¹¹ t͡su⁴⁴/

/haŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/haŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu³³/

/haŋ¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/haŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/haŋ²³⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/haŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡siu³³/

/ɦɑ̃²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

/ɦɑŋ²² t͡sei³⁴/

/xɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/hɔːŋ²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/hɔŋ²² t͡siu³³/

/hoŋ⁵⁵ t͡ʃiu⁵³/

/hɔŋ¹¹ t͡su⁴⁴/

/haŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/haŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu³³/

/haŋ¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/haŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/haŋ²³⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/haŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡siu³³/

/ɦɑ̃²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

/ɦɑŋ²² t͡sei³⁴/

The province's name derived from 餘杭／余杭 (Yúháng), traditionally glossed as a mistake for 禹航 (“Yu's ferry”) but more likely a transcription into Old Chinese characters of a native Proto-Wu placename.

zh-l

餘杭／余杭 (Yúháng)

(～市) Hangzhou (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Zhejiang, China)


南陽

/nän³⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/naːm²¹ jœːŋ²¹/

/lam²⁴⁻²² iɔŋ²⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² iɔŋ²⁴/

/lam¹³⁻²² iɔŋ¹³/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ iɔŋ²⁴/

/lam²³⁻³³ iɔŋ²³/

/nän³⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/naːm²¹ jœːŋ²¹/

/lam²⁴⁻²² iɔŋ²⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² iɔŋ²⁴/

/lam¹³⁻²² iɔŋ¹³/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ iɔŋ²⁴/

/lam²³⁻³³ iɔŋ²³/

南陽漢畫像石

南阳汉画像石


長沙

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (長沙):
* → Japanese: 長(ちょう)沙(さ) (Chōsa)
* → Korean: 장사(長沙) (Jangsa)
* → Vietnamese: Trường Sa (長沙)

→ English: Changsha, Ch'ang-sha

→ Korean: 창사 (Changsa)

→ Russian: Чанша́ (Čanšá)

→ Zhuang: Cangzsah

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʂä⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ saː⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰoŋ¹¹ sa²⁴/

/t͡sʰɔŋ¹¹ sa⁴⁴/

/tuoŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾na⁵⁵/

/tyɒŋ¹³⁻¹¹ ɬa⁵³³/

/tyøŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ɬa⁵⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² sa⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² sa³³/

/tiaŋ¹³⁻²² sɛ⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ sua⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²³⁻³³ sua⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sa³³/

/ʈ͡ʂan¹³ sa̠³³/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʂä⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ saː⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰoŋ¹¹ sa²⁴/

/t͡sʰɔŋ¹¹ sa⁴⁴/

/tuoŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾na⁵⁵/

/tyɒŋ¹³⁻¹¹ ɬa⁵³³/

/tyøŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ɬa⁵⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² sa⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² sa³³/

/tiaŋ¹³⁻²² sɛ⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ sua⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²³⁻³³ sua⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sa³³/

/ʈ͡ʂan¹³ sa̠³³/

(～市) Changsha (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Hunan, in south-central China)


天津

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ t͡sɵn⁵⁵/

/tʰi̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sin²⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴ t͡ɕin⁴⁴/

/tʰɛŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ^((t͡s-))niŋ⁵³³/

/tʰɛŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ^((t͡s-))niŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sin⁴⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sin⁴⁴/

/tʰieŋ³³⁻²³ t͡siŋ³³/

/tʰiaŋ³³⁻²³ t͡siŋ³³/

/tʰi⁵⁵ t͡ɕin²¹/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ t͡sɵn⁵⁵/

/tʰi̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sin²⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴ t͡ɕin⁴⁴/

/tʰɛŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ^((t͡s-))niŋ⁵³³/

/tʰɛŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ^((t͡s-))niŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sin⁴⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sin⁴⁴/

/tʰieŋ³³⁻²³ t͡siŋ³³/

/tʰiaŋ³³⁻²³ t͡siŋ³³/

/tʰi⁵⁵ t͡ɕin²¹/

(～市) Tianjin (a direct-administered municipality and major city in northern China)


澳門

Sino-Xenic (澳門):
* → Korean: 오문(澳門) (Omun)
* → Vietnamese: Áo Môn (澳門)

→ Armenian: Աոմին (Aomin)

→ English: Aomen

→ Japanese: 澳門(アオメン) (Aomen)

→ Korean: 아오먼 (Aomeon)

desc

→ Lü: ᦀᦱᧁᧈᦵᦙᦲᧃᧉ (˙ʼaaw¹moen²)

→ Lü: ᦀᦱᧁᧈᦵᦙᦲᧃᧉ (˙ʼaaw¹moen²)

→ Russian: Аомы́нь (Aomýnʹ), Аомэ́нь (Aomɛ́nʹ)

→ Zhuang: Aumwnz

/ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹ mən³⁵/

/ou̯³³ muːn²¹⁻³⁵/

/au³³ ᵐbᵘɔn²²⁻²²⁵/

/au⁵³⁻⁵⁵ mun¹¹/

/o²¹³⁻⁵⁵ muoŋ⁵³/

/ɒ⁴²⁻⁵⁵ mui²⁴/

/ɒ⁴²⁻⁵⁵ muoŋ²⁴/

/ɤ²¹⁻⁴¹ mŋ̍²³/

/o¹¹⁻⁵³ mŋ̍²⁴/

/o⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ mŋ̍²⁴/

/o²¹⁻⁵³ mŋ̍²⁴/

/o²¹⁻³³ mui²³/

/o²¹⁻⁵³ muĩ¹³/

/o⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ bun²⁴/

/o²¹³⁻⁵⁵ muŋ⁵⁵/

/ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹ mən³⁵/

/ou̯³³ muːn²¹⁻³⁵/

/au³³ ᵐbᵘɔn²²⁻²²⁵/

/au⁵³⁻⁵⁵ mun¹¹/

/o²¹³⁻⁵⁵ muoŋ⁵³/

/ɒ⁴²⁻⁵⁵ mui²⁴/

/ɒ⁴²⁻⁵⁵ muoŋ²⁴/

/ɤ²¹⁻⁴¹ mŋ̍²³/

/o¹¹⁻⁵³ mŋ̍²⁴/

/o⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ mŋ̍²⁴/

/o²¹⁻⁵³ mŋ̍²⁴/

/o²¹⁻³³ mui²³/

/o²¹⁻⁵³ muĩ¹³/

/o⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ bun²⁴/

/o²¹³⁻⁵⁵ muŋ⁵⁵/

(Macau): First attested in 陳末議以保海隅萬世治安疏, a memorial to the emperor [1564] by government official Pang Shangpeng (龐尚鵬):
:
Earlier names include 濠鏡澳／濠镜澳 (Háojìng'ào) (蠔鏡澳／蚝镜澳), 濠鏡／濠镜 (Háojìng), 香山澳, etc.

lang

陳末議以保海隅萬世治安疏

陳末議以保海隅萬世治安疏

題為陳末議以保海隅萬世治安

題為陳末議以保海隅萬世治安

zh-l

濠鏡澳／濠镜澳 (Háojìng'ào)

濠鏡／濠镜 (Háojìng)

題為陳末議以保海隅萬世治安 in 皇明經世文編

Guǎngzhōu nán yǒu Xiāngshān xiàn, dì dāng bīn hǎi. Yóu yōngmài zhì Háojìng'ào, jì yīrì zhī chéng, yǒu shān Duìzhì rú tái, yuē nánběi tái. Jí Àomén yě...... Yì zhě yù yú Àomén xiá chù, yòng shí tiánsài, dù fānbó qiánxíng, yǐ gù Xiāngshān ménhù.

廣州南有香山縣，地當瀕海。由雍麥至蠔鏡澳，計一日之程，有山對峙如臺，曰南北臺。即澳門也……議者欲於澳門狹處，用石填塞，杜番舶潛行，以固香山門戶。

題為陳末議以保海隅萬世治安 in 皇明經世文編

广州南有香山县，地当濒海。由雍麦至蚝镜澳，计一日之程，有山对峙如台，曰南北台。即澳门也……议者欲于澳门狭处，用石填塞，杜番舶潜行，以固香山门户。

澳門歷史城區

澳门历史城区

～特別行政區 澳門特別行政區#Chinese

(～特別行政區) Macau, Aomen (a city, special administrative region, and peninsula in China, west of Hong Kong)


吐魯番

→ English: Tulufan, T'u-lu-fan

/tʰu²¹⁴⁻³⁵ lu²¹⁴⁻²¹ fän⁵⁵/

/tʰu²¹⁴⁻³⁵ lu²¹⁴⁻²¹ fän⁵⁵/

Borrowed from Chagatai طُرفان (ṭurfān), تورفان (tūrfān). Compare contemporary Uyghur تۇرپان (turpan).
The first found attestation of the place name is Khotanese [script needed] (tturpanä), in the Dunhuang manuscript 使河西記 [925] (Li, 2015).
The first attested Chinese transcription of the place name is 禿爾班／秃尔班, found in volume four of 通制條格 from the Yuan dynasty. Later Chinese transcriptions include 土爾番／土尔番, in 西域番國志 [1414], 土魯蕃／土鲁蕃, 土魯番／土鲁番, 吐魯番／吐鲁番 (Tǔlǔfān) and 吐爾番／吐尔番. In particular, 吐魯番／吐鲁番 (Tǔlǔfān) is attested since the Ming dynasty.
Unlikely to be related to 吐蕃 (Tǔbō, “Tibet”).

吐魯番／吐鲁番 (Tǔlǔfān)

吐魯番／吐鲁番 (Tǔlǔfān)

(～市) Turpan, Turfan (a city in the Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


福州

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (福州):
* → Japanese: 福(ふく)州(しゅう) (Fukushū)
* → Korean: 복주(福州) (Bokju)
* → Vietnamese: Phúc Châu (福州)

desc

→ English: Foochow, Fuchow, Fujhou, Fuzhou, Hokchew, Hockchew, Hokchiu

→ Korean: 푸저우 (Pujeou)

→ Russian: Фучжо́у (Fučžóu)

→ Zhuang: Fuzcouh

→ Spanish: Focheu, Fucheu

/fu³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/fʊk̚⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/huʔ²⁴⁻²¹ t͡sieu⁵⁵/

/hɒʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ t͡siu⁵³³/

/hɒʔ²⁻⁴ t͡siu⁵⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ t͡siu³³/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁵ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/foʔ³³ t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

/fu³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/fʊk̚⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/huʔ²⁴⁻²¹ t͡sieu⁵⁵/

/hɒʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ t͡siu⁵³³/

/hɒʔ²⁻⁴ t͡siu⁵⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ t͡siu³³/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁵ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/foʔ³³ t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

(～市) Fuzhou (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Fujian, China)


南京

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (南京):
* → Japanese: 南京(なんきん) (Nankin)
* → Korean: 남경(南京) (Namgyeong)
* → Vietnamese: Nam Kinh (南京)

desc

→ Georgian: ნანძინგი (nanʒingi), ნანკინი (nanḳini)

/nän³⁵ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/lã²⁴ t͡ɕĩ³¹/

/naːm²¹ kɪŋ⁵⁵/

/nˡaŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋiŋ⁵⁵/

/naŋ¹³⁻¹¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋiŋ⁵³³/

/naŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋiŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² kiã⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² kiã³³/

/lam¹³⁻²² kiã⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ kiã⁴⁴/

/lam²³⁻³³ kiã⁴⁴/

/lam⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kĩã³³/

/nø²² t͡ɕin⁴⁴/

/nän³⁵ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/lã²⁴ t͡ɕĩ³¹/

/naːm²¹ kɪŋ⁵⁵/

/nˡaŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋiŋ⁵⁵/

/naŋ¹³⁻¹¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋiŋ⁵³³/

/naŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋiŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² kiã⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² kiã³³/

/lam¹³⁻²² kiã⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ kiã⁴⁴/

/lam²³⁻³³ kiã⁴⁴/

/lam⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kĩã³³/

/nø²² t͡ɕin⁴⁴/

(～市) Nanjing (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Jiangsu, China)


哈爾濱

→ English: Ha'erbin, Haerbin, Ha-erh-pin, Ha-êrh-pin

→ Russian: Харби́н (Xarbín)

/xä⁵⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ pin⁵⁵/

/haː⁵⁵ jiː¹³ pɐn⁵⁵/

/haʔ⁴⁻²¹ t͡si⁴⁵³⁻¹³ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾iŋ⁵³³/

hah⁷ zi³ bing¹ [Phonetic:hah⁶ zi² wing¹]

/haʔ⁴⁻² t͡si³³²⁻²⁴ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βiŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/ha(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pin⁴⁴/

/ha(ʔ)⁵ nĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ pin³³/

/ha(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ d͡zĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pin⁴⁴/

/xä⁵⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ pin⁵⁵/

/haː⁵⁵ jiː¹³ pɐn⁵⁵/

/haʔ⁴⁻²¹ t͡si⁴⁵³⁻¹³ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾iŋ⁵³³/

/haʔ⁴⁻² t͡si³³²⁻²⁴ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βiŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/ha(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pin⁴⁴/

/ha(ʔ)⁵ nĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ pin³³/

/ha(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ d͡zĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pin⁴⁴/

Borrowed from a dialectal Manchu word cognate with Standard Manchu ᡥᠠᠯᡶᡳᠶᠠᠨ (halfiyan, “flat”) (Huang, 2010). Compare /kʰɑlpin/ ("flat") in the Manchu dialect spoken in Dawujiazi (大五家子) of Aihui County (now in Heihe) (Wang, 2005).

Harbin's ice sculptures are very famous.

哈爾濱的冰雕很有名。

哈尔滨的冰雕很有名。

During winter Harbin is a world of ice and snow.

Dōngtiān de shíhou Hā'ěrbīn shì bīngtiānxuědì.

冬天的時候哈爾濱是冰天雪地。

冬天的时候哈尔滨是冰天雪地。

(～市) Harbin (a subprovincial city, provincial capital, and largest city in Heilongjiang, China)


呼和浩特

→ English: Huhehaote, Hu-ho-hao-t'e

ㄏㄨ ㄏㄜˊ ㄏㄠˋ ㄊㄜˋ

ㄏㄨ ㄏㄜˊ ㄏㄠˋ ㄊㄜˋ

/xu⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵ xɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ tʰɤ⁵¹/

/fuː⁵⁵ wɔː²¹ hou̯²² tɐk̚²/

hou¹ hor² hor⁵ deh⁷ [Phonetic:hou⁵ hor⁵ hor⁵ deh⁷]

/hɔu⁵³³⁻¹¹ hɒ¹³⁻¹¹ hɒ¹¹ tɛʔ⁴/

/hɔu⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ hɒ²⁴⁻²¹ hɒ²¹ tɛʔ⁴/

/hɔ⁴⁴⁻²² ho²⁴⁻²² ho²²⁻²¹ tiɪk̚⁴/

/hɔ⁴⁴⁻²² ho¹³⁻²² ho²²⁻²¹ tiɪk̚¹²¹/

/hɔ³³ ho²⁴⁻²² ho⁴¹⁻²² tiak̚²⁴/

/xu⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵ xɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ tʰɤ⁵¹/

/fuː⁵⁵ wɔː²¹ hou̯²² tɐk̚²/

/hɔu⁵³³⁻¹¹ hɒ¹³⁻¹¹ hɒ¹¹ tɛʔ⁴/

/hɔu⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ hɒ²⁴⁻²¹ hɒ²¹ tɛʔ⁴/

/hɔ⁴⁴⁻²² ho²⁴⁻²² ho²²⁻²¹ tiɪk̚⁴/

/hɔ⁴⁴⁻²² ho¹³⁻²² ho²²⁻²¹ tiɪk̚¹²¹/

/hɔ³³ ho²⁴⁻²² ho⁴¹⁻²² tiak̚²⁴/

Borrowed from Mongolian ᠬᠥᠬᠡᠬᠣᠲᠠ (kökeqota, literally “blue city”).

bor

(～市) Hohhot (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of the Inner Mongolia autonomous region, China)


廣州

ja-r

広(こう)州(しゅう) (Kōshū)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (廣州):
* → Japanese: 広(こう)州(しゅう) (Kōshū)
* → Korean: 광주(廣州) (Gwangju)
* → Vietnamese: Quảng Châu (廣州)

desc

→ English: Guangzhou, Kwangchow, Kwang-chow

→ French: Guangzhou

→ German: Guangzhou

→ Hindi: ग्वांगझोउ (gvāṅgjhou)

→ Japanese: コワンチョウ (Kowanchō)

→ Korean: 광저우 (Gwangjeou)

→ Portuguese: Guangzhou

→ Russian: Гуанчжо́у (Guančžóu)

→ Swedish: Guangzhou

→ Thai: กว่างโจว

→ Thai: กว่างโจว

→ Uyghur: گۇاڭجۇ (guangju)

→ Zhuang: Gvangjcouh

/ku̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kʷɔːŋ³⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/kʷɔŋ³⁵ t͡sau²¹³/

/kɔŋ⁵⁵ t͡siu³³/

/koŋ²⁴⁻³³ t͡ʃiu⁵³/

/kuɔŋ³¹ t͡su⁴⁴/

/kŋ̍⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kŋ̍⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡siu³³/

/kŋ̍⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kŋ̍⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ t͡siu³³/

/kŋ̍⁴²⁻²⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kuĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kɯŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡siu³³/

/kuɑ̃³³ t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

/ku̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kʷɔːŋ³⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/kʷɔŋ³⁵ t͡sau²¹³/

/kɔŋ⁵⁵ t͡siu³³/

/koŋ²⁴⁻³³ t͡ʃiu⁵³/

/kuɔŋ³¹ t͡su⁴⁴/

/kŋ̍⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kŋ̍⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡siu³³/

/kŋ̍⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kŋ̍⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ t͡siu³³/

/kŋ̍⁴²⁻²⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kuĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kɯŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡siu³³/

/kuɑ̃³³ t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

Originally the name of a prefecture, first established in 226 CE and re-established in 264 CE, that covered parts of present-day Guangdong and whose seat was originally located in Panyu.

(～市, formerly ～府, ～路) Guangzhou (a prefecture-level city, subprovincial city, and port, the provincial capital of Guangdong, China)


濟南

→ English: Chinan, Chi-nan, Jinan, Ji'nan, Tsinan

/t͡ɕi²¹⁴⁻²¹ nän³⁵/

/t͡sɐi̯³⁵ naːm²¹/

/t͡sɐi̯³³ naːm²¹/

/t͡ɕi⁵³⁻⁵⁵ nam¹¹/

/t͡sɛ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/t͡se⁴⁵³⁻¹³ naŋ¹³/

/t͡se³³²⁻⁵⁵ naŋ²⁴/

/t͡se²¹⁻⁵³ lam²⁴/

/t͡se¹¹⁻⁵³ lam²⁴/

/t͡se²¹⁻⁵³ lam¹³/

/t͡se²¹⁻⁴¹ lam²³/

/t͡se⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lam²⁴/

/t͡ɕi²¹⁴⁻²¹ nän³⁵/

/t͡sɐi̯³⁵ naːm²¹/

/t͡sɐi̯³³ naːm²¹/

/t͡ɕi⁵³⁻⁵⁵ nam¹¹/

/t͡sɛ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/t͡se⁴⁵³⁻¹³ naŋ¹³/

/t͡se³³²⁻⁵⁵ naŋ²⁴/

/t͡se²¹⁻⁵³ lam²⁴/

/t͡se¹¹⁻⁵³ lam²⁴/

/t͡se²¹⁻⁵³ lam¹³/

/t͡se²¹⁻⁴¹ lam²³/

/t͡se⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lam²⁴/

(～市) Jinan (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Shandong, China)


南寧

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (南寧):
* → Japanese: 南寧(なんねい) (Nannei)
* → Korean: 남녕(南寧) (Namnyeong)
* → Vietnamese: Nam Ninh (南寧)

→ English: Nanning, Nan-ning

→ Korean: 난닝 (Nanning)

→ Russian: Наньни́н (Nanʹnín)

→ Zhuang: Namzningz

/nän³⁵ niŋ³⁵/

/naːm²¹ nɪŋ²¹/

/nˡaŋ⁵³⁻³³ nˡiŋ⁵³/

/naŋ¹³⁻¹¹ nɛŋ¹³/

/naŋ²⁴⁻²¹ nɛŋ²⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/lam¹³⁻²² liɪŋ¹³/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ liɪŋ²⁴/

/lam²³⁻³³ liɪŋ²³/

/nam²¹ nəŋ²¹/

/nän³⁵ niŋ³⁵/

/naːm²¹ nɪŋ²¹/

/nˡaŋ⁵³⁻³³ nˡiŋ⁵³/

/naŋ¹³⁻¹¹ nɛŋ¹³/

/naŋ²⁴⁻²¹ nɛŋ²⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/lam¹³⁻²² liɪŋ¹³/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ liɪŋ²⁴/

/lam²³⁻³³ liɪŋ²³/

/nam²¹ nəŋ²¹/

Coined in 1324 when the Yongzhou Circuit (邕州路) was renamed Nanning circuit (南寧路).

(～市) Nanning (a prefecture-level city, the capital of the Guangxi autonomous region, China)


開封

Sino-Xenic (開封):
* → Japanese: 開(かい)封(ふう) (kaifū)
* → Korean: 개봉(開封) (gaebong)

desc

→ Thai: ไคฟง

→ Thai: ไคฟง

Duke Zhuang of Zheng
Emperor Jing of Han

The city was named in the late 8ᵗʰ century BCE by the Duke Zhuang of Zheng originally as 啓封 /启封 (qǐfēng), literally opening up a new domain. Later in 156 BCE, for the new emperor's name happened to be 啓／启, the character was displaced by its closest synonym 開／开, hence the current name.

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ fɤŋ⁵⁵/

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ fɤ̃ɻ⁵⁵/

/hɔːi̯⁵⁵ fʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kʰui⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kʰui³³ hɔŋ³³/

/kʰui⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kʰui⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kʰui⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ fɤŋ⁵⁵/

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ fɤ̃ɻ⁵⁵/

/hɔːi̯⁵⁵ fʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kʰui⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kʰui³³ hɔŋ³³/

/kʰui⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kʰui⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kʰui⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ fɤŋ⁵⁵/

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ fɤŋ²/

/kʰoi̯²⁴⁻¹¹ fuŋ²⁴/

/kʰoɪ⁴⁴ fʊŋ⁴⁴/

/kʰai⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾uŋ⁵⁵/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kʰai³³ hɔŋ³³/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kʰai³³⁻²³ hoŋ³³/

/kʰe⁵⁵ foŋ²¹/

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ fɤŋ⁵⁵/

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ fɤŋ²/

/hɔːi̯⁵⁵ fʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kʰoi̯²⁴⁻¹¹ fuŋ²⁴/

/kʰoɪ⁴⁴ fʊŋ⁴⁴/

/kʰai⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾uŋ⁵⁵/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kʰai³³ hɔŋ³³/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kʰai³³⁻²³ hoŋ³³/

/kʰe⁵⁵ foŋ²¹/


婺州

/u⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/mou̯²² t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/u⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/mou̯²² t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

(historical) Wuzhou (an ancient name for the city of Jinhua, Zhejiang, China; modern Jinhua)


西安

→ English: Hsi-an, Sian, Singan, Xian, Xi'an

/ɕi⁵⁵ ˀän⁵⁵/

/ɕi²⁴ næ̃²⁴/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ ɔːn⁵⁵/

/si²⁴⁻¹¹ on²⁴/

/ɬe⁵³³⁻¹¹ aŋ⁵³³/

/ɬe⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ aŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² an⁴⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² an⁴⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ an⁴⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ an⁴⁴/

/sai³³⁻²³ aŋ³³/

/ɕi⁵⁵ ˀän⁵⁵/

/ɕi²⁴ næ̃²⁴/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ ɔːn⁵⁵/

/si²⁴⁻¹¹ on²⁴/

/ɬe⁵³³⁻¹¹ aŋ⁵³³/

/ɬe⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ aŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² an⁴⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² an⁴⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ an⁴⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ an⁴⁴/

/sai³³⁻²³ aŋ³³/

Usually glossed as meaning "Western Peace" but inclusive of the idea of "Western Pacification" or "Pacified Area", first adopted under the Ming Dynasty in 1369 as the city was conquered from the Yuan and protected with a new wall.

(～市) Xi'an (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Shaanxi, China)


蘭州

→ English: Lan-chou, Lanchow, Lanzhou

/län³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/læ̃²⁴ ʈ͡ʂou⁵¹/

/laːn²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/laŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡siu³³/

/le²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

/län³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/læ̃²⁴ ʈ͡ʂou⁵¹/

/laːn²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/laŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡siu³³/

/le²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

Coined in 581 with the establishment of 蘭州府 (“Lan prefecture”). Named after 皋蘭山／皋兰山.

(～市) Lanzhou (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Gansu, China)


拉薩

/la⁴⁴⁻³⁵ sat̚¹/

/l̃a⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɑʔ²⁴/

/la⁵³³⁻¹³ ɬaʔ²¹/

/la⁵⁴⁴⁻²⁴ ɬaʔ²/

/la⁴⁴⁻²² sat̚³²/

/la⁴⁴⁻³³ sat̚³²/

/la⁴⁴⁻³⁵ sat̚¹/

/l̃a⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɑʔ²⁴/

/la⁵³³⁻¹³ ɬaʔ²¹/

/la⁵⁴⁴⁻²⁴ ɬaʔ²/

/la⁴⁴⁻²² sat̚³²/

/la⁴⁴⁻³³ sat̚³²/

Borrowed from Manchu ᠯᠠᠰᠠ (lasa), from Classical Tibetan ལྷ་ས (lha sa).

(～市) Lhasa (the capital city of the Tibet Autonomous Region, China)


太原

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

/tʰaːi̯³³ jyːn²¹/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ ŋi̯en¹¹/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ ŋi̯an¹¹/

/tʰaɪ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ŋian¹¹/

/tʰai⁴² ŋœŋ¹³/

/tʰai⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ŋyøŋ²⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ ɡuan²⁴/

/tʰai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ɡuan²⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ ɡuan¹³/

/tʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ ɡuan²⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ ɡuan²³/

/tʰai²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ŋuaŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

/tʰaːi̯³³ jyːn²¹/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ ŋi̯en¹¹/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ ŋi̯an¹¹/

/tʰaɪ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ŋian¹¹/

/tʰai⁴² ŋœŋ¹³/

/tʰai⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ŋyøŋ²⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ ɡuan²⁴/

/tʰai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ɡuan²⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ ɡuan¹³/

/tʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ ɡuan²⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ ɡuan²³/

/tʰai²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ŋuaŋ⁵⁵/

(～市) Taiyuan (a prefecture-level city, provincial capital, and largest city in Shanxi, in northern China)


武漢

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (武漢):
* → Japanese: 武(ぶ)漢(かん) (Bukan)
* → Korean: 무한(武漢) (Muhan)
* → Vietnamese: Vũ Hán (武漢)

→ English: Wuhan, Wu-han, Wu Han

→ Georgian: უხანი (uxani)

→ Korean: 우한 (Uhan)

→ Russian: Уха́нь (Uxánʹ)

→ Zhuang: Vujhan

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ xän⁵¹/

/mou̯¹³ hɔːn³³/

/ʋu³¹ hɔn⁵³/

/u³³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ɑŋ²¹³/

/bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ han²¹/

/bu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ han⁴¹/

/bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ han²¹/

/bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ han¹¹/

/bu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ han²¹/

/bu⁵²⁻³⁵ haŋ²¹³/

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ xän⁵¹/

/mou̯¹³ hɔːn³³/

/ʋu³¹ hɔn⁵³/

/u³³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ɑŋ²¹³/

/bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ han²¹/

/bu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ han⁴¹/

/bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ han²¹/

/bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ han¹¹/

/bu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ han²¹/

/bu⁵²⁻³⁵ haŋ²¹³/

From 武昌 (Wǔchāng) + 漢口 /汉口 (Hànkǒu), two of the three towns that were merged to form Wuhan.

(～市) Wuhan (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Hubei, China)


重慶

ja-r

重慶(じゅうけい) (Jūkei)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (重慶):
* → Japanese: 重慶(じゅうけい) (Jūkei)
* → Korean: 중경(重慶) (Junggyeong)
* → Vietnamese: Trùng Khánh (重慶)

desc

→ English: Chongqing, Chungching, Ch'ung-ch'ing, Chungking, Tchang-king

→ Japanese: 重慶(チョンチン) (Chonchin)

→ Korean: 충칭 (Chungching)

/ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵¹/

/t͡sʰoŋ²¹ t͡ɕʰin²¹³/

/t͡sʰʊŋ²¹ hɪŋ³³/

/t͡sʰuŋ¹¹ kʰin⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kʰin⁵³/

/tʰyŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ^((kʰ-))ŋɛiŋ²¹³/

/tyŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ^((kʰ-))ŋɛiŋ²¹³/

/tœŋ¹³⁻⁵⁵ kʰiŋ⁴²/

/tyøŋ²⁴⁻⁵⁵ kʰiŋ⁴²/

/tiɔŋ¹³⁻²² kʰiɪŋ²¹/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kʰiɪŋ⁴¹/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kʰiɪŋ²¹/

/tiɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ kʰiɪŋ¹¹/

/tiɔŋ³³⁻²¹ kʰiɪŋ²¹/

/t͡sʰoŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kʰeŋ²¹³/

/zoŋ²² t͡ɕʰin⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵¹/

/t͡sʰoŋ²¹ t͡ɕʰin²¹³/

/t͡sʰʊŋ²¹ hɪŋ³³/

/t͡sʰuŋ¹¹ kʰin⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kʰin⁵³/

/tʰyŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ^((kʰ-))ŋɛiŋ²¹³/

/tyŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ^((kʰ-))ŋɛiŋ²¹³/

/tœŋ¹³⁻⁵⁵ kʰiŋ⁴²/

/tyøŋ²⁴⁻⁵⁵ kʰiŋ⁴²/

/tiɔŋ¹³⁻²² kʰiɪŋ²¹/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kʰiɪŋ⁴¹/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kʰiɪŋ²¹/

/tiɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ kʰiɪŋ¹¹/

/tiɔŋ³³⁻²¹ kʰiɪŋ²¹/

/t͡sʰoŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kʰeŋ²¹³/

/zoŋ²² t͡ɕʰin⁴⁴/

Literally "double celebration", named in 1189 after Emperor Guangzong of Song was crowned as both king and emperor.

I just received a letter from Chongqing.

Wǒ gānggāng shōudào yī fēng cóng Chóngqìng jì lái de xìn.

我剛剛收到一封從重慶寄來的信。

我刚刚收到一封从重庆寄来的信。

(～市) Chongqing (a direct-administered municipality and city in western China)


烏魯木齊

→ English: Wulumuchi, Wu-lu-mu-ch'i, Wulumuqi

ㄨ ㄌㄨˇ ㄇㄨˋ ㄑㄧˊ

ㄨ ㄌㄨˇ ㄇㄨˋ ㄑㄧˊ

/u⁵⁵ lu²¹⁴⁻²¹ mu⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/wuː⁵⁵ lou̯¹³ mʊk̚² t͡sʰɐi̯²¹/

ou¹ lou³ borh⁷ ze² [Phonetic:ou⁵ lou⁵ borh⁶ ze²]

/ɔu⁵³³⁻¹¹ lɔu⁴⁵³⁻¹¹ pɒʔ⁴⁻²¹ t͡se¹³/

/ɔu⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ lɔu³³²⁻²¹ pɒʔ⁴⁻² t͡se²⁴/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻²² lɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bɔk̚⁴⁻³² t͡se²⁴/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ lɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ bɔk̚⁴⁻³² t͡se²³/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻²² lɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡se¹³/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ lɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bɔk̚⁴⁻³² t͡se²⁴/

/ɔ³³ lɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ bɔk̚²⁴⁻² t͡se²⁴/

/u⁵⁵ lu²¹⁴⁻²¹ mu⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/wuː⁵⁵ lou̯¹³ mʊk̚² t͡sʰɐi̯²¹/

/ɔu⁵³³⁻¹¹ lɔu⁴⁵³⁻¹¹ pɒʔ⁴⁻²¹ t͡se¹³/

/ɔu⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ lɔu³³²⁻²¹ pɒʔ⁴⁻² t͡se²⁴/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻²² lɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bɔk̚⁴⁻³² t͡se²⁴/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ lɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ bɔk̚⁴⁻³² t͡se²³/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻²² lɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡se¹³/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ lɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bɔk̚⁴⁻³² t͡se²⁴/

/ɔ³³ lɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ bɔk̚²⁴⁻² t͡se²⁴/

Borrowed from Manchu ᡠᡵᡠᠮᠴᡳ (urumci), from Written Oirat ᡇᠷᡇᡏᡔᡅ (urumci), from Chagatai اورُمجی (ūrumǧī /ürümči/).

乌鲁木齐
烏嚕木齊
乌鲁木齐
烏漉木製
烏櫓莫濟
烏鹵沐齊
烏鹵沐債
烏魯沐債
烏漉沐漬

On September 11th, 1985, Rugosa rose was chosen as Wlumuqi's^([sic – meaning Wulumuqi's]) city flower at the 18th Session of the Standing Committee of the 9th MPC of Wulumuqi, and the elm tree as Wulumuqi's city tree.

1989, China City Flowers (中国城市市花) p.88 & 89 →ISBN

1985 nián 9 yuè 11 rì, Wūlǔmùqí Shì réndà chángwěihuì dì 9 jiè 18 cì huìyì shàng, jiāng méigui dìng wéi shì huā, tóngshí dìng dà yè yú wèi shì shù.

1985年9月11日，烏魯木齊市人大常委會第9屆18次會議上，將玫瑰定為市花，同時定大葉榆為市樹。

1985年9月11日，乌鲁木齐市人大常委会第9届18次会议上，将玫瑰定为市花，同时定大叶榆为市树。

(～市) Ürümqi (a prefecture-level city, the capital of the Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


海口

→ English: Haikou, Hai-k'ou, Hoihow

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ hɐu̯³⁵/

/hai⁴⁵³⁻¹¹ kʰieu⁴⁵³/

/hai³³²⁻²¹ kʰieu³³²/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰau⁵³/

/hai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kʰau⁵⁵⁴/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰau⁵³/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰau⁵³/

/hai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kʰau⁴¹/

/he³³ kʰɤ⁴⁴/

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ hɐu̯³⁵/

/hai⁴⁵³⁻¹¹ kʰieu⁴⁵³/

/hai³³²⁻²¹ kʰieu³³²/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰau⁵³/

/hai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kʰau⁵⁵⁴/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰau⁵³/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰau⁵³/

/hai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kʰau⁴¹/

/he³³ kʰɤ⁴⁴/

(～市) Haikou (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Hainan, China)


長春

→ English: Changchun, Ch'ang-ch'un

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ t͡sʰɵn⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰoŋ¹¹ t͡sʰun²⁴/

/t͡ʃʰoŋ⁵⁵ t͡ʃʰun⁵³/

/t͡sʰɔŋ¹¹ t͡sʰun⁴⁴/

/tyɒŋ¹³⁻¹¹ t͡sʰɔŋ⁵³³/

dyoeng² cuong¹ [Phonetic:dyoeng⁵ cuong¹]

/tyøŋ²⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰuoŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰun⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰun⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰun³³/

/tiɔŋ²³⁻³³ t͡sʰun⁴⁴/

/tiaŋ¹³⁻²² t͡sʰun⁴⁴/

/zã²² t͡sʰən⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ t͡sʰɵn⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰoŋ¹¹ t͡sʰun²⁴/

/t͡ʃʰoŋ⁵⁵ t͡ʃʰun⁵³/

/t͡sʰɔŋ¹¹ t͡sʰun⁴⁴/

/tyɒŋ¹³⁻¹¹ t͡sʰɔŋ⁵³³/

/tyøŋ²⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰuoŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰun⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰun⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰun³³/

/tiɔŋ²³⁻³³ t͡sʰun⁴⁴/

/tiaŋ¹³⁻²² t͡sʰun⁴⁴/

/zã²² t͡sʰən⁴⁴/

(～市) Changchun (a subprovincial city, provincial capital, and largest city in Jilin, China)


昆明

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (昆明):
* → Japanese: 昆(こん)明(めい) (Konmei)
* → Vietnamese: Côn Minh (昆明)

→ English: Kunming

→ Hungarian: Kunming

→ Portuguese: Kunming

→ Russian: Куньми́н (Kunʹmín)

→ Spanish: Kunming

/kʰu̯ən⁵⁵ miŋ³⁵/

/kʷʰɐn⁵⁵ mɪŋ²¹/

/kʰun⁴⁴⁻³⁵ min¹¹/

/kʰouŋ⁵⁵ miŋ⁵³/

/kʰɔŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ miŋ¹³/

/kʰuoŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ miŋ²⁴/

/kʰun⁴⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/

/kʰun³³ biɪŋ²⁴/

/kʰun⁴⁴⁻²² biɪŋ¹³/

/kʰun⁴⁴⁻³³ biɪŋ²⁴/

/kʰun⁴⁴⁻³³ biɪŋ²³/

/kʰuŋ³³⁻²³ meŋ⁵⁵/

/kʰu̯ən⁵⁵ miŋ³⁵/

/kʷʰɐn⁵⁵ mɪŋ²¹/

/kʰun⁴⁴⁻³⁵ min¹¹/

/kʰouŋ⁵⁵ miŋ⁵³/

/kʰɔŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ miŋ¹³/

/kʰuoŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ miŋ²⁴/

/kʰun⁴⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/

/kʰun³³ biɪŋ²⁴/

/kʰun⁴⁴⁻²² biɪŋ¹³/

/kʰun⁴⁴⁻³³ biɪŋ²⁴/

/kʰun⁴⁴⁻³³ biɪŋ²³/

/kʰuŋ³³⁻²³ meŋ⁵⁵/

Originally the endonym of an ethnic group living in what is now western Yunnan province and southwestern Sichuan province.

(～市) Kunming (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Yunnan, in southwestern China)


瀋陽

Sino-Xenic (瀋陽):
* → Japanese: 瀋陽(しんよう) (Shin'yō)
* → Korean: 심양(瀋陽) (Simyang)
* → Vietnamese: Thẩm Dương (瀋陽)

→ English: Shenyang, Shen-yang

→ Japanese: 瀋(シェン)陽(ヤン) (Shen'yan)

→ Korean: 선양 (Seonyang)

→ Zhuang: Sinjyangz

/ʂən²¹⁴⁻²¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/sɐm³⁵ jœːŋ²¹/

/sɨm³¹ i̯oŋ¹¹/

/ʃim²⁴⁻³³ ʒoŋ⁵⁵/

/səm³¹ iɔŋ¹¹/

/ɬiŋ⁴⁵³⁻¹³ yɒŋ¹³/

/ɬiŋ³³²⁻⁵⁵ yøŋ²⁴/

/sim⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ iɔŋ²³/

/sim⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ iɔŋ²⁴/

/sim⁵³⁻⁴⁴ iɔŋ²⁴/

/sim⁵³⁻⁴⁴ iaŋ¹³/

/ʂən²¹⁴⁻²¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/sɐm³⁵ jœːŋ²¹/

/sɨm³¹ i̯oŋ¹¹/

/ʃim²⁴⁻³³ ʒoŋ⁵⁵/

/səm³¹ iɔŋ¹¹/

/ɬiŋ⁴⁵³⁻¹³ yɒŋ¹³/

/ɬiŋ³³²⁻⁵⁵ yøŋ²⁴/

/sim⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ iɔŋ²³/

/sim⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ iɔŋ²⁴/

/sim⁵³⁻⁴⁴ iɔŋ²⁴/

/sim⁵³⁻⁴⁴ iaŋ¹³/

Named in reference to its location to the north (the sunny side) of the Shen River. Coined in 1296 when the Shen Prefecture (瀋州／沈州) was converted to Shenyang Circuit (瀋陽路).

(～市) Shenyang (a subprovincial city, provincial capital, and largest city in Liaoning, China)


石家莊

desc

→ English: Shijiazhuang, Shih-chia-chuang

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂu̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/sɛːk̚² kaː⁵⁵ t͡sɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/sak̚⁵ ka²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡soŋ²⁴/

/sak̚⁵ ka⁴⁴ t͡sɔŋ⁴⁴/

sih⁷ gor¹ zorng¹ [Phonetic:sih⁶ gor² zorng¹]

/ɬiʔ⁴⁻²¹ kɒ⁵³³⁻¹³ t͡sɒŋ⁵³³/

/ɬiʔ⁴⁻² kɒ⁵⁴⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sɒŋ⁵⁴⁴/

sih⁷ gor¹ zung¹ [Phonetic:sih⁶ gor² lung¹]

/ɬiʔ⁴⁻²¹ kɒ⁵³³⁻¹³ ^((t͡s-))luŋ⁵³³/

sih⁷ gor¹ zng¹ [Phonetic:sih⁶ gor² lng¹]

/ɬiʔ⁴⁻² kɒ⁵⁴⁴⁻²⁴ ^((t͡s-))lŋ̍⁵⁴⁴/

/t͡sio(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ ka⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sŋ̍⁴⁴/

/t͡siɤ(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sŋ̍⁴⁴/

/t͡sio(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sŋ̍⁴⁴/

/t͡sio(ʔ)²⁴⁻² ka³³ t͡sŋ̍³³/

/t͡sio(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ kɛ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sŋ̍⁴⁴/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂu̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/sɛːk̚² kaː⁵⁵ t͡sɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/sak̚⁵ ka²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡soŋ²⁴/

/sak̚⁵ ka⁴⁴ t͡sɔŋ⁴⁴/

/ɬiʔ⁴⁻²¹ kɒ⁵³³⁻¹³ t͡sɒŋ⁵³³/

/ɬiʔ⁴⁻² kɒ⁵⁴⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sɒŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/ɬiʔ⁴⁻²¹ kɒ⁵³³⁻¹³ ^((t͡s-))luŋ⁵³³/

/ɬiʔ⁴⁻² kɒ⁵⁴⁴⁻²⁴ ^((t͡s-))lŋ̍⁵⁴⁴/

/t͡sio(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ ka⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sŋ̍⁴⁴/

/t͡siɤ(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sŋ̍⁴⁴/

/t͡sio(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sŋ̍⁴⁴/

/t͡sio(ʔ)²⁴⁻² ka³³ t͡sŋ̍³³/

/t͡sio(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ kɛ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sŋ̍⁴⁴/

(～市) Shijiazhuang (a prefecture-level city, provincial capital, and largest city in Hebei, China)


成都

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (成都):
* → Japanese: 成(せい)都(と) (Seito)
* → Korean: 성도(成都) (Seongdo)
* → Vietnamese: Thành Đô (成都)

→ English: Chengdu, Chengtu, Ch'eng-tu

→ French: Chengdu, Tcheng-tou

ja-r

チョントゥー (Chontū)

→ Japanese: チョントゥー (Chontū), チェンドゥ (Chendu)

→ Korean: 청두 (Cheongdu)

→ Manchu: ᠴᡝᠩ
ᡩᡠ (ceng du)

→ Portuguese: Chengdu

→ Russian: Чэнду́ (Čɛndú)

→ Zhuang: Cwngzduh

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ tu⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰən²¹ tu⁵⁵/

/sɪŋ²¹ tou̯⁵⁵/

/siŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nu⁵⁵/

/ɬiŋ¹³⁻¹¹ tɔu⁵³³/

/ɬiŋ²⁴⁻²¹ tɔu⁵⁴⁴/

/siɪŋ²⁴⁻²² tɔ⁴⁴/

/siɪŋ²⁴⁻²² tɔ³³/

/siɪŋ¹³⁻²² tɔ⁴⁴/

/siɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ tɔ⁴⁴/

/siɪŋ²³⁻³³ tɔ⁴⁴/

/seŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tou³³/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ tu⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰən²¹ tu⁵⁵/

/sɪŋ²¹ tou̯⁵⁵/

/siŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nu⁵⁵/

/ɬiŋ¹³⁻¹¹ tɔu⁵³³/

/ɬiŋ²⁴⁻²¹ tɔu⁵⁴⁴/

/siɪŋ²⁴⁻²² tɔ⁴⁴/

/siɪŋ²⁴⁻²² tɔ³³/

/siɪŋ¹³⁻²² tɔ⁴⁴/

/siɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ tɔ⁴⁴/

/siɪŋ²³⁻³³ tɔ⁴⁴/

/seŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tou³³/

May be the transcription of a native non-Chinese word. Attested on excavated artefacts dating to the late Warring States Period, as well as in the Records of the Grand Historian.
Compare 邛都, 新都 (Xīndū), 廣都／广都, 筰都, 武都 (Wǔdū), all of which are toponyms in present-day southwest China with 都 (OC *taː) as the second syllable. In particular, according to the Records of the Grand Historian, 邛都 (OC *ɡoŋ taː) and 筰都 (OC *zaːɡ taː) were originally names of tribes that were "Southwestern Barbarians" (西南夷 (Xīnányí)).

zh-l

西南夷 (Xīnányí)

(～市) Chengdu (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Sichuan, China)


合肥

/xɤ³⁵ feɪ̯³⁵/

/haʔ⁴⁻²¹ hi¹³/

/haʔ⁴⁻² hi²⁴/

/haʔ⁴⁻²¹ pui¹³/

/hap̚¹²¹⁻²¹ pui¹³/

/ɦəʔ¹¹ vi²³/

/xɤ³⁵ feɪ̯³⁵/

/haʔ⁴⁻²¹ hi¹³/

/haʔ⁴⁻² hi²⁴/

/haʔ⁴⁻²¹ pui¹³/

/hap̚¹²¹⁻²¹ pui¹³/

/ɦəʔ¹¹ vi²³/

(～市) Hefei (a prefecture-level city, provincial capital, and largest city in Anhui, China)


鄭州

desc

English: Cheng-chou, Chengchow, Zhengzhou

/ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sɛːŋ²² t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰaŋ⁵⁵ t͡su²⁴/

/t͡ʃʰaŋ³³ t͡ʃiu⁵³/

/t͡sʰaŋ⁵³ t͡su⁴⁴/

/tĩ⁴¹⁻²² t͡siu³³/

/tĩ²²⁻²¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/tɛ̃²²⁻²¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/zən²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sɛːŋ²² t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰaŋ⁵⁵ t͡su²⁴/

/t͡ʃʰaŋ³³ t͡ʃiu⁵³/

/t͡sʰaŋ⁵³ t͡su⁴⁴/

/tĩ⁴¹⁻²² t͡siu³³/

/tĩ²²⁻²¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/tɛ̃²²⁻²¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/zən²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

(～市) Zhengzhou (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Henan, in central China)


孝義

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ i⁵¹/

/haːu̯³³ jiː²²/

/hau²¹⁻⁵³ ɡi²²/

/hau⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ɡi⁴¹/

/hau²¹⁻⁵³ ɡi²²/

/hau¹¹⁻⁵³ ɡi³³/

/hau²¹⁻⁴¹ ɡi³³/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ i⁵¹/

/haːu̯³³ jiː²²/

/hau²¹⁻⁵³ ɡi²²/

/hau⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ɡi⁴¹/

/hau²¹⁻⁵³ ɡi²²/

/hau¹¹⁻⁵³ ɡi³³/

/hau²¹⁻⁴¹ ɡi³³/


衡州

/xɤŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/xɤŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

People's Republic of China
People's Republic of China

Hengzhou, a former name for the city of Hengyang in Hunan province in the People's Republic of China


西寧

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (西寧):
* → Japanese: 西寧(せいねい) (Seinei)
* → Korean: 서녕(西寧) (Seonyeong)

→ English: Xining, Sining, Hsi-ning

/ɕi⁵⁵ niŋ³⁵/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ nɪŋ²¹/

/ɕi⁴⁴⁻³⁵ nɛn¹¹/

/ɬe⁵³³⁻¹¹ nɛŋ¹³/

/ɬe⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ nɛŋ²⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/se³³ liɪŋ²⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² liɪŋ¹³/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ liɪŋ²⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ liɪŋ²³/

/ɕi⁵⁵ niŋ³⁵/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ nɪŋ²¹/

/ɕi⁴⁴⁻³⁵ nɛn¹¹/

/ɬe⁵³³⁻¹¹ nɛŋ¹³/

/ɬe⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ nɛŋ²⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/se³³ liɪŋ²⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² liɪŋ¹³/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ liɪŋ²⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ liɪŋ²³/

; "Xining": Coined in 1104 with the establishment of 西寧州 (“Xining prefecture”), intended to convey the meaning "peaceful western frontier". Compare 西零 (MC sej len).

(～市) Xining (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Qinghai, China)


銀川

desc

→ English: Yin-ch'uan, Yinchuan, Yinchwan

/in³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/iŋ²⁴ ʈ͡ʂʰuæ̃²⁴/

/ŋɐn²¹ t͡sʰyːn⁵⁵/

/ŋyŋ¹³⁻¹¹ t͡sʰœŋ⁵³³/

ngyng² cyoeng¹ [Phonetic:ngyng⁵ cyoeng¹]

/ŋyŋ²⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰyøŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/ɡun²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰuan³³/

/ɡun²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/ɡun²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/ɡin²³⁻³³ t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/ɡin¹³⁻²² t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/in³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/iŋ²⁴ ʈ͡ʂʰuæ̃²⁴/

/ŋɐn²¹ t͡sʰyːn⁵⁵/

/ŋyŋ¹³⁻¹¹ t͡sʰœŋ⁵³³/

/ŋyŋ²⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰyøŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/ɡun²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰuan³³/

/ɡun²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/ɡun²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/ɡin²³⁻³³ t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/ɡin¹³⁻²² t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

(～市) Yinchuan (a prefecture-level city, the regional capital of the Ningxia autonomous region, China)


包頭

→ English: Baotou, Pao-t'ou, Paotow

Borrowed from Mongolian ᠪᠤᠭᠤᠲᠤ (buɣutu), from ᠪᠤᠭᠤ (buɣu, “deer”) / буга (buga) + -ᠲᠤ (-tu, “place where ... is”)

/pɑʊ̯⁵⁵ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/

/pɑʊ̯⁵⁵ tʰɤʊ̯ɻʷ³⁵/

/paːu̯⁵⁵ tʰɐu̯²¹/

/pau⁴⁴⁻²² tʰau²⁴/

/pau⁴⁴⁻²² tʰau¹³/

/pau⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰau²⁴/

/pau⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰau²³/

/pau³³⁻²³ tʰau⁵⁵/

/pɒu̯³³ təu̯¹³/

/pɤ⁴⁴ di̯ɤ¹³⁻³³/

/pɑʊ̯⁵⁵ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/

/pɑʊ̯⁵⁵ tʰɤʊ̯ɻʷ³⁵/

/paːu̯⁵⁵ tʰɐu̯²¹/

/pau⁴⁴⁻²² tʰau²⁴/

/pau⁴⁴⁻²² tʰau¹³/

/pau⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰau²⁴/

/pau⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰau²³/

/pau³³⁻²³ tʰau⁵⁵/

/pɒu̯³³ təu̯¹³/

/pɤ⁴⁴ di̯ɤ¹³⁻³³/

(～市) Baotou (a prefecture-level city, the largest city in the Inner Mongolia autonomous region, in northern China)


安陽

→ English: Anyang, An-yang

/ˀän⁵⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ jœːŋ²¹/

/on²⁴ i̯oŋ¹¹/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² iɔŋ²⁴/

/an³³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² iɔŋ¹³/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ iɔŋ²³/

/aŋ³³⁻²³ iaŋ⁵⁵/

/ˀän⁵⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ jœːŋ²¹/

/on²⁴ i̯oŋ¹¹/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² iɔŋ²⁴/

/an³³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² iɔŋ¹³/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ iɔŋ²³/

/aŋ³³⁻²³ iaŋ⁵⁵/


綿陽

/mi̯ɛn³⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/mi̯ɛn³⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

(～市) Mianyang (a city in Sichuan, China)


安達

/ˀän⁵⁵ tä³⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ taːt̚²/

/ˀän⁵⁵ tä³⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ taːt̚²/

(～市) Anda (a city in Heilongjiang, China)


南昌

/nän³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/naːm²¹ t͡sʰœːŋ⁵⁵/

/nam¹¹ t͡sʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/naŋ¹³⁻¹¹ t͡sʰyɒŋ⁵³³/

/naŋ²⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰyøŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰiɔŋ³³/

/lam²³⁻³³ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam¹³⁻²² t͡sʰiaŋ⁴⁴/

/nam⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sʰiaŋ³³/

/nø²² t͡sʰɑ̃⁴⁴/

/nän³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/naːm²¹ t͡sʰœːŋ⁵⁵/

/nam¹¹ t͡sʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/naŋ¹³⁻¹¹ t͡sʰyɒŋ⁵³³/

/naŋ²⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰyøŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰiɔŋ³³/

/lam²³⁻³³ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam¹³⁻²² t͡sʰiaŋ⁴⁴/

/nam⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sʰiaŋ³³/

/nø²² t͡sʰɑ̃⁴⁴/

Attested in the Book of Han as the name of a county and the seat of Yuzhang Commandery (豫章郡, a commandery in present-day Jiangxi) since no later than 2 CE.

(～市) Nanchang (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Jiangxi, China)


貴陽

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (貴陽):
* → Japanese: 貴(き)陽(よう) (Kiyō)
* → Vietnamese: Quý Dương (貴陽)

→ English: Guiyang, Kweiyang, Kuei-yang

/ku̯eɪ̯⁵¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/kʷɐi̯³³ jœːŋ²¹/

/ku̯i⁵⁵ i̯oŋ¹¹/

/kui¹¹ ʒoŋ⁵⁵/

/kuɪ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ iɔŋ¹¹/

/kui²¹³⁻⁵⁵ yoŋ⁵³/

/kui⁴² yɒŋ¹³/

/kui⁴²⁻⁵⁵ yøŋ²⁴/

/kui²¹⁻⁴¹ iɔŋ²³/

/kui¹¹⁻⁵³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/kui⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ iɔŋ²⁴/

/kui²¹⁻⁵³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/kui²¹⁻⁵³ iaŋ¹³/

/ku̯eɪ̯⁵¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/kʷɐi̯³³ jœːŋ²¹/

/ku̯i⁵⁵ i̯oŋ¹¹/

/kui¹¹ ʒoŋ⁵⁵/

/kuɪ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ iɔŋ¹¹/

/kui²¹³⁻⁵⁵ yoŋ⁵³/

/kui⁴² yɒŋ¹³/

/kui⁴²⁻⁵⁵ yøŋ²⁴/

/kui²¹⁻⁴¹ iɔŋ²³/

/kui¹¹⁻⁵³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/kui⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ iɔŋ²⁴/

/kui²¹⁻⁵³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/kui²¹⁻⁵³ iaŋ¹³/

(～市) Guiyang (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Guizhou, in southwestern China)


江門

→ English: Jiangmen, Kongmoon

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ mən³⁵/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ muːn²¹/

/kɔŋ³³ ᵐbᵘɔn²²/

/køyŋ⁵⁵ muoŋ⁵³/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² mŋ̍²⁴/

/kaŋ³³ mŋ̍²⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² mŋ̍¹³/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ mŋ̍²⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ mŋ̍²³/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ mən³⁵/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ muːn²¹/

/kɔŋ³³ ᵐbᵘɔn²²/

/køyŋ⁵⁵ muoŋ⁵³/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² mŋ̍²⁴/

/kaŋ³³ mŋ̍²⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² mŋ̍¹³/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ mŋ̍²⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ mŋ̍²³/

(～市) Jiangmen (a city in Guangdong, China)


咸陽

→ English: Hsien-yang, Xianyang

/ɕi̯ɛn³⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/haːm²¹ jœːŋ²¹/

/ɕi̯ɛn³⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/haːm²¹ jœːŋ²¹/

Xianyang is located at the south of the Jiuzong mountains and north or Wei River. This satisfied both meanings of the character 陽 /阳 (yáng, “south side of mountain or north side of river”) in toponymy.

(～市) Xianyang (a city in Shaanxi, China)


濰坊

/weɪ̯³⁵ fɑŋ⁵⁵/

/wɐi̯²¹ fɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/mi⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾uoŋ⁵⁵/

/i²⁴⁻²² hŋ̍⁴⁴/

/i²⁴⁻²² hŋ̍³³/

/i¹³⁻²² hŋ̍⁴⁴/

/i²⁴⁻¹¹ hŋ̍⁴⁴/

/i²³⁻³³ hŋ̍⁴⁴/

/weɪ̯³⁵ fɑŋ⁵⁵/

/wɐi̯²¹ fɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/mi⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾uoŋ⁵⁵/

/i²⁴⁻²² hŋ̍⁴⁴/

/i²⁴⁻²² hŋ̍³³/

/i¹³⁻²² hŋ̍⁴⁴/

/i²⁴⁻¹¹ hŋ̍⁴⁴/

/i²³⁻³³ hŋ̍⁴⁴/

(～市) Weifang (a city in Shandong, China)


菏澤

/xɤ³⁵ t͡sɤ³⁵/

/ho⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lɛiʔ⁵/

/ha²⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚⁴/

/ha²⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚²⁴/

/ha¹³⁻²² tiɪk̚¹²¹/

/ha²⁴⁻¹¹ tiɪk̚⁴/

/ha²³⁻³³ tiɪk̚⁴/

/o⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sek̚⁴/

/xɤ³⁵ t͡sɤ³⁵/

/ho⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lɛiʔ⁵/

/ha²⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚⁴/

/ha²⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚²⁴/

/ha¹³⁻²² tiɪk̚¹²¹/

/ha²⁴⁻¹¹ tiɪk̚⁴/

/ha²³⁻³³ tiɪk̚⁴/

/o⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sek̚⁴/


諸城

→ English: Chu-ch'eng, Zhucheng

/ʈ͡ʂu⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/t͡syː⁵⁵ sɪŋ²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂu⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/t͡syː⁵⁵ sɪŋ²¹/

(～市) Zhucheng (a city in Shandong, China)


邵陽

/ʂɑʊ̯⁵¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/siːu̯²² jœːŋ²¹/

/siou³⁵⁻¹¹ iaŋ⁵⁵/

/ʂɑʊ̯⁵¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/siːu̯²² jœːŋ²¹/

/siou³⁵⁻¹¹ iaŋ⁵⁵/


泰安

→ English: T'ai-an, Tai'an

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ ˀän⁵⁵/

/tʰaːi̯³³ ɔːn⁵⁵/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ an⁴⁴/

/tʰai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ an³³/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ an⁴⁴/

/tʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ an⁴⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ an⁴⁴/

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ ˀän⁵⁵/

/tʰaːi̯³³ ɔːn⁵⁵/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ an⁴⁴/

/tʰai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ an³³/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ an⁴⁴/

/tʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ an⁴⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ an⁴⁴/


桂林

Sino-Xenic (桂林):
* → Japanese: 桂林(けいりん) (Keirin)
* → Korean: 계림(桂林) (Gyerim)
* → Vietnamese: Quế Lâm (桂林)

→ English: Guilin, Kuei-lin, Kweilin

→ Georgian: კუეილინი (ḳueilini)

→ Korean: 구이린 (Gu'irin)

→ Zhuang: Gveilinz

/kʷɐi̯³³ lɐm²¹/

/kuɪ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ lim¹¹/

/kui⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ lim²⁴/

/kui²¹³⁻⁵⁵ lim⁵⁵/

/kʷɐi̯³³ lɐm²¹/

/kuɪ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ lim¹¹/

/kui⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ lim²⁴/

/kui²¹³⁻⁵⁵ lim⁵⁵/

(～市) Guilin (a city in the Guangxi autonomous region, China)


泰州

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/tʰaːi̯³³ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/tʰai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡siu³³/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/tʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/tʰa³³ t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/tʰaːi̯³³ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/tʰai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡siu³³/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/tʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/tʰa³³ t͡sɤ⁴⁴/


宜賓

→ English: I-pin, Yibin, Yipin

/jiː²¹ pɐn⁵⁵/

/jiː²¹ pɐn⁵⁵/


濱州

/pin⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/pɐn⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/pin⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/pɐn⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

(～市) Binzhou (a city in Shandong, China)


玉林

/jʊk̚² lɐm²¹/

/ŋyʔ⁵⁻³³ l̃iŋ⁵³/

/kœʔ⁴⁻²¹ liŋ¹³/

/kyøʔ⁴⁻² liŋ²⁴/

/ɡiɔk̚⁴⁻³² lim²⁴/

/ɡiɔk̚²⁴⁻² lim²⁴/

/ɡiɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ lim¹³/

/ɡiɔk̚⁴⁻³² lim²⁴/

/ɡiɔk̚⁴⁻³² lim²³/

/ɡek̚⁴⁻² lim⁵⁵/

/jʊk̚² lɐm²¹/

/ŋyʔ⁵⁻³³ l̃iŋ⁵³/

/kœʔ⁴⁻²¹ liŋ¹³/

/kyøʔ⁴⁻² liŋ²⁴/

/ɡiɔk̚⁴⁻³² lim²⁴/

/ɡiɔk̚²⁴⁻² lim²⁴/

/ɡiɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ lim¹³/

/ɡiɔk̚⁴⁻³² lim²⁴/

/ɡiɔk̚⁴⁻³² lim²³/

/ɡek̚⁴⁻² lim⁵⁵/

From its original name 鬱林, which is homophonous with 玉林 in Mandarin but not in the local Yue dialect.
In numerous texts from the Qing dynasty and the Republic of China era, 鬱林 was written as 玉林, presumably because the character 鬱 is relatively more complex. The official name change from 鬱林 to 玉林 took place in April 1956.
Note a similar name change did not take place for Yunan (鬱南) county in Guangdong.

(～市) Yulin (a city in the Guangxi autonomous region, China)


日照

→ English: Jih-chao, Rizhao

/ʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/jɐt̚² t͡siːu̯³³/

/ʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/jɐt̚² t͡siːu̯³³/


湘潭

desc

→ English: Hsiang-t'an, Siangtan, Xiangtan

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ tʰän³⁵/

/sœːŋ⁵⁵ tʰaːm²¹/

/siaŋ³³⁻²³ tʰam⁵⁵/

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ tʰän³⁵/

/sœːŋ⁵⁵ tʰaːm²¹/

/siaŋ³³⁻²³ tʰam⁵⁵/


絳州

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

(～市) Jiangzhou (a city in Shanxi, China)


額爾古納

ㄜˊ ㄦˇ ㄍㄨˇ ㄋㄚˋ

ㄜˊ ㄦˇ ㄍㄨˇ ㄋㄚˋ

/ˀɤ³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ nä⁵¹/

/ˀɤ³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ nä⁵¹/

(～市) Ergun (a city in the Inner Mongolia autonomous region, China)


石河子

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ xɤ³⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɛːk̚² hɔː²¹ t͡siː³⁵/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ xɤ³⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɛːk̚² hɔː²¹ t͡siː³⁵/

(～市) Shihezi (a city in the Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


阿拉爾

/ˀä⁵⁵ lä⁵⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/aː³³ laːi̯⁵⁵ jiː¹³/

/ˀä⁵⁵ lä⁵⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/aː³³ laːi̯⁵⁵ jiː¹³/

(～市) Aral (a city in the Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


奎屯

/kʰu̯eɪ̯³⁵ tʰu̯ən³⁵/

/kʷʰɐi̯⁵⁵ tʰyːn²¹/

/kʰu̯eɪ̯³⁵ tʰu̯ən³⁵/

/kʷʰɐi̯⁵⁵ tʰyːn²¹/

Borrowed from Manchu ᡴᡠᡳᡨᡠᠨ (kuitun), from Written Oirat ᡍᡉᡕᡅᡐᡇᠨ (küyitun, “cold”).

(～市) Kuytun (a city in the Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


阜康

/fu⁵¹ kʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/fɐu̯²² hɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/fu⁵¹ kʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/fɐu̯²² hɔːŋ⁵⁵/

(～市) Fukang (a city in the Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


庫爾勒

/kʰu⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ lɤ⁵¹/

/fuː³³ jiː¹³ lɐk̚²/

/kʰu⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ lɤ⁵¹/

/fuː³³ jiː¹³ lɐk̚²/

(～市) Korla (a city in the Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


五羊城

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ jɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/ŋ̍¹³ jœːŋ²¹ sɪŋ²¹/

/ŋou³⁵⁻¹¹ ienn⁵⁵⁻¹¹ siann⁵⁵/

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ jɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/ŋ̍¹³ jœːŋ²¹ sɪŋ²¹/

/ŋou³⁵⁻¹¹ ienn⁵⁵⁻¹¹ siann⁵⁵/

From the legend of the five sheep or goats ridden by the Taoist immortals who visited Guangzhou at its founding and introduced the cultivation of rice to its people. Their mounts were said to have turned into the five stones once preserved in the city's Temple of the Five Immortals.

(literary) City of the Five Rams, Guangzhou (a city in Guangdong, China)


穗城

/su̯eɪ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/sɵy̯²² sɪŋ²¹/

/su̯eɪ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/sɵy̯²² sɪŋ²¹/

(literary) "Rice City", a nickname of Guangzhou (廣州 /广州 (Guǎngzhōu))


花城

/xu̯ä⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/xu̯ä⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

(literary) "City of Flowers", a nickname of Guangzhou (廣州)


扎蘭屯

/ʈ͡ʂä⁵⁵ län³⁵ tʰu̯ən³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂä⁵⁵ län³⁵ tʰu̯ən³⁵/

(～市) Zhalantun (a city in the Inner Mongolia autonomous region, China)


根河

/kən⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/kən⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵/

(～市) Genhe (a city in the Inner Mongolia autonomous region, China)


豐鎮

/fɤŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂən⁵¹/

/fʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɐn³³/

/fɤŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂən⁵¹/

/fʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɐn³³/

(～市) Fengzhen (a city in the Inner Mongolia autonomous region, China)


藍鯨

/län³⁵ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/laːm²¹ kʰɪŋ²¹/

/län³⁵ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/laːm²¹ kʰɪŋ²¹/

(humorous) Nanjing (as spoken by someone speaking a Chinese dialect with n-l initial merger)


汴京

/pi̯ɛn⁵¹ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/piːn²² kɪŋ⁵⁵/

/pi̯ɛn⁵¹ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/piːn²² kɪŋ⁵⁵/

Northern Song dynasty
w:Northern Song dynasty

(historical) Bianjing (capital of the Northern Song dynasty in modern-day Kaifeng, Henan)


崇左

/ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ³⁵ t͡su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sʊŋ²¹ t͡sɔː³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ³⁵ t͡su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sʊŋ²¹ t͡sɔː³⁵/

From 崇善 + 左縣／左县, the names of the two counties which merged to form the county of Chongzuo in 1952.

(～市) Chongzuo (a city in the Guangxi autonomous region, China)


賀州

/xɤ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/hɔː²² t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/xɤ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/hɔː²² t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

(～市) Hezhou (a city in the Guangxi autonomous region, China)


岑溪

/t͡sʰən³⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/

/sɐm²¹ kʰɐi̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰən³⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/

/sɐm²¹ kʰɐi̯⁵⁵/

(～市) Cenxi (a city in the Guangxi autonomous region, China)


憑祥

/pʰiŋ³⁵ ɕi̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/pʰɐŋ²¹ t͡sʰœːŋ²¹/

/pʰiŋ³⁵ ɕi̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/pʰɐŋ²¹ t͡sʰœːŋ²¹/

(～市) Pingxiang (a city in the Guangxi autonomous region, China)


合山

/xɤ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/xɤ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

(～市) Heshan (a city in the Guangxi autonomous region, China)


納河

(～市) Nahe (a city in Heilongjiang, China)


鐵力

/tʰi̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ li⁵¹/

/tʰi̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ li⁵¹/

(～市) Tieli (a city in Heilongjiang, China)


同江

/tʰʊŋ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰʊŋ²¹ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰʊŋ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰʊŋ²¹ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

(～市) Tongjiang (a city in Heilongjiang, China)


富錦

/fu⁵¹ t͡ɕin²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fuː³³ kɐm³⁵/

/hu²¹⁻⁵³ kim⁵³/

/hu⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kim⁵⁵⁴/

/hu²¹⁻⁵³ kim⁵³/

/hu¹¹⁻⁵³ kim⁵³/

/hu²¹⁻⁴¹ kim⁴¹/

/fu⁵¹ t͡ɕin²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fuː³³ kɐm³⁵/

/hu²¹⁻⁵³ kim⁵³/

/hu⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kim⁵⁵⁴/

/hu²¹⁻⁵³ kim⁵³/

/hu¹¹⁻⁵³ kim⁵³/

/hu²¹⁻⁴¹ kim⁴¹/

(～市) Fujin (a city in Heilongjiang, China)


海林

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ lin³⁵/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ lɐm²¹/

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ lin³⁵/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ lɐm²¹/

(～市) Hailin (a city in Heilongjiang, China)


北安

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ˀän⁵⁵/

/pɐk̚⁵ ɔːn⁵⁵/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ˀän⁵⁵/

/pɐk̚⁵ ɔːn⁵⁵/

(～市) Bei'an (a city in Heilongjiang, China)


肇東

/ʈ͡ʂɑʊ̯⁵¹ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂɑʊ̯⁵¹ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

(～市) Zhaodong (a city in Heilongjiang, China)


寧安

/niŋ³⁵ ˀän⁵⁵/

/nɪŋ²¹ ɔːn⁵⁵/

/niŋ³⁵ ˀän⁵⁵/

/nɪŋ²¹ ɔːn⁵⁵/

(～市) Ning'an (a city in Heilongjiang, China); formerly also known as Ningguta or Ninguta


鬱林

/wɐt̚⁵ lɐm²¹/

/wɐt̚⁵ lɐm²¹/

Officially, with the establishment of 鬱林郡 (“Yulin commandery”) in 111 BCE.

(historical, now dated) (～縣) Yulin (a city in the Guangxi autonomous region, China)


楚雄

/ʈ͡ʂʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi̯ʊŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰɔː³⁵ hʊŋ²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi̯ʊŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰɔː³⁵ hʊŋ²¹/

(～市) Chuxiong (a city in Chuxiong Prefecture, Yunnan, China)


魔都

/mu̯ɔ³⁵ tu⁵⁵/

/mu̯ɔ³⁵ tu⁵⁵/

Originated from Shōfu Muramatsu's novel Mato (“魔都”, 1924). Its title was a reference to Shanghai, which was then prosperous but plagued by vices and crimes. This term was repopularized in China circa 2000.

(neologism, slang) derogatory name for Shanghai: a major port city and direct-administered municipality of China


北上廣

ㄅㄟˇ ㄕㄤˋ ㄍㄨㄤˇ

ㄅㄟˇ ㄕㄤˋ ㄍㄨㄤˇ

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂɑŋ⁵¹ ku̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pɐk̚⁵ sœːŋ²² kʷɔːŋ³⁵/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂɑŋ⁵¹ ku̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pɐk̚⁵ sœːŋ²² kʷɔːŋ³⁵/

Blend of 北京 (Běijīng) + 上海 (Shànghǎi) + 廣州／广州 (Guǎngzhōu).


塔里木

/tʰä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹ mu⁵¹/

/tʰaːp̚³ lei̯¹³ mʊk̚²/

/tʰa(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bɔk̚⁴/

/tʰa(ʔ)⁵ li⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ bɔk̚²⁴/

/tʰa(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bɔk̚¹²¹/

/tʰa(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bɔk̚⁴/

/tʰa(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ li⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ bɔk̚⁴/

/tʰä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹ mu⁵¹/

/tʰaːp̚³ lei̯¹³ mʊk̚²/

/tʰa(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bɔk̚⁴/

/tʰa(ʔ)⁵ li⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ bɔk̚²⁴/

/tʰa(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bɔk̚¹²¹/

/tʰa(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bɔk̚⁴/

/tʰa(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ li⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ bɔk̚⁴/

～盆地 塔里木盆地#Chinese

(～河) Tarim River (a river in the Xinjiang autonomous region, China)

(～鄉) Tarim, Talimu (a township in Yuli, Bayingolin prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)

(～鄉) Tarim, Talimu (a township in Kuqa, Aksu prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)

(～鄉) Tarim, Talimu (a township in Xayar, Aksu prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


歸綏

/ku̯eɪ̯⁵⁵ su̯eɪ̯³⁵/

/ku̯eɪ̯⁵⁵ su̯eɪ̯⁵⁵/

/kʷɐi̯⁵⁵ sɵy̯⁵⁵/

/ku̯eɪ̯⁵⁵ su̯eɪ̯³⁵/

/ku̯eɪ̯⁵⁵ su̯eɪ̯⁵⁵/

/kʷɐi̯⁵⁵ sɵy̯⁵⁵/

As the name of the city now called Hohhot, from 歸化／归化 (Guīhuà) + 綏遠／绥远 (Suíyuǎn), the names of the two towns that merged to form Guisui in 1913.

zh-l

歸化／归化 (Guīhuà)

綏遠／绥远 (Suíyuǎn)

(～縣, ～市) Guisui (a former county and city in Suiyuan province, China; now Hohhot, Inner Mongolia autonomous region, China)


三山

/sän⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/sän⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

(informal) Alternative name for 福州 (Fúzhōu), Fuzhou (a city in Fujian, China)


喀什噶爾

ㄎㄚ ㄕˊ ㄍㄚˊ ㄦˇ

ㄎㄚˋ ㄕˊ ㄍㄜˊ ㄦˇ

/kʰä⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵ kä³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʰä⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵ kɤ³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʰä⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵ kä³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʰä⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵ kɤ³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Borrowed from Manchu ᡴᠠᠰᡳᡤᠠᡵ (kasigar), from Written Oirat ᡍᠠᠱᡅᡎᠠᠷ (xašiɣar), from Classical Persian کاشغر (Kāšġar).
Compare also Uyghur قەشقەر (qeshqer), Chagatai قاشقار (Qāšqār /Qäšqär/); Classical Tibetan ཁ་ཤི་ཀར (kha shi kar); etc.

2018/08/02, 尼克・霍史達克（Nick Holdstock）, 文革對維吾爾的迫害，讓新疆自治區永遠無法「自治」, The News Lens

Dāng wǒ cānguān Tūhūlǔ Tièmù'ér Hàn — zuìhòu yī wèi Cháhétái Ménggǔ kěhàn, dàlì gǔwǔ Yīsīlánjiào zài gāi dìqū de chuánbò — de shènglíng shí, guǎnlǐ rén gàosù wǒ hóngwèibīng qiángpò cūnmín bǎ zhū zhī yǎng zài shènglíng lǐmiàn, Xīnjiāng dàbùfēn dìqū dōu chūxiàn zhèyàng de xiūrǔ xíngwéi, Kàshígé''ěr yǒu ge nánrén zài yī wèi péngyǒu de háizi chūshì shí lǎngsòng Gǔlánjīng, tā bèipò tú hēiliǎn, qí zài lǘzi shàng yóujiē shìzhòng, bìng názhùzhe yīge shàngmiàn xiězhe “wǒ bùgāi xìn jiù guī” de páizǐ.

當我參觀禿忽魯·帖木兒汗——最後一位察合台蒙古可汗，大力鼓舞伊斯蘭教在該地區的傳播——的聖陵時，管理人告訴我紅衛兵強迫村民把豬隻養在聖陵裡面，新疆大部分地區都出現這樣的羞辱行為，喀什噶爾有個男人在一位朋友的孩子出世時朗誦古蘭經，他被迫塗黑臉、騎在驢子上遊街示眾，並拿著着一個上面寫著「我不該信舊規」的牌子。

当我参观秃忽鲁·帖木儿汗——最后一位察合台蒙古可汗，大力鼓舞伊斯兰教在该地区的传播——的圣陵时，管理人告诉我红卫兵强迫村民把猪只养在圣陵里面，新疆大部分地区都出现这样的羞辱行为，喀什噶尔有个男人在一位朋友的孩子出世时朗诵古兰经，他被迫涂黑脸、骑在驴子上游街示众，并拿著着一个上面写着「我不该信旧规」的牌子。

(historical or poetic) Kashgar (a city in the Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


臭港

/ʈ͡ʂʰoʊ̯⁵¹ kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰɐu̯³³ kɔːŋ³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰoʊ̯⁵¹ kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰɐu̯³³ kɔːŋ³⁵/

By replacing 香 (xiāng, “fragrant”) in 香港 (Xiānggǎng) with antonym 臭 (chòu, “smelly; stinky”).

(derogatory or self-deprecatory) derogatory name for Hong Kong: a city and special administrative region in southeast China


京滬穗

ㄐㄧㄥ ㄏㄨˋ ㄙㄨㄟˋ

ㄐㄧㄥ ㄏㄨˋ ㄙㄨㄟˋ

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ xu⁵¹⁻⁵³ su̯eɪ̯⁵¹/

/kɪŋ⁵⁵ wuː²² sɵy̯²²/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ xu⁵¹⁻⁵³ su̯eɪ̯⁵¹/

/kɪŋ⁵⁵ wuː²² sɵy̯²²/


北上廣深

ㄅㄟˇ ㄕㄤˋ ㄍㄨㄤˇ ㄕㄣ

ㄅㄟˇ ㄕㄤˋ ㄍㄨㄤˇ ㄕㄣ

Бэйшангуаншэнь

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂɑŋ⁵¹ ku̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂən⁵⁵/

/pɐk̚⁵ sœːŋ²² kʷɔːŋ³⁵ sɐm⁵⁵/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂɑŋ⁵¹ ku̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂən⁵⁵/

/pɐk̚⁵ sœːŋ²² kʷɔːŋ³⁵ sɐm⁵⁵/

Blend of 北京 (Běijīng) + 上海 (Shànghǎi) + 廣州／广州 (Guǎngzhōu) + 深圳 (Shēnzhèn).

Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Shenzhen


廣深

/ku̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂən⁵⁵/

/ku̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂən⁵⁵/

Short for 廣州／广州 (Guǎngzhōu) + 深圳 (Shēnzhèn).


馬交

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/maː¹³ kaːu̯⁵⁵/

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/maː¹³ kaːu̯⁵⁵/

(colloquial) Macau (a city, special administrative region, and peninsula in China, west of Hong Kong)


德惠

/tɤ³⁵ xu̯eɪ̯⁵¹/

/tɐk̚⁵ wɐi̯²²/

/tɤ³⁵ xu̯eɪ̯⁵¹/

/tɐk̚⁵ wɐi̯²²/


樺甸

/xu̯ä⁵¹⁻⁵³ ti̯ɛn⁵¹/

/xu̯ä⁵¹⁻⁵³ ti̯ɛn⁵¹/


蛟河

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/kaːu̯⁵⁵ hɔː²¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/kaːu̯⁵⁵ hɔː²¹/


雙遼

/ʂu̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ li̯ɑʊ̯³⁵/

/sœːŋ⁵⁵ liːu̯²¹/

/ʂu̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ li̯ɑʊ̯³⁵/

/sœːŋ⁵⁵ liːu̯²¹/

(～市) Shuangliao (a city in Jilin, China)


梅河口

/meɪ̯³⁵ xɤ³⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/muːi̯²¹ hɔː²¹ hɐu̯³⁵/

/meɪ̯³⁵ xɤ³⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/muːi̯²¹ hɔː²¹ hɐu̯³⁵/


集安

/t͡ɕi³⁵ ˀän⁵⁵/

/t͡saːp̚² ɔːn⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi³⁵ ˀän⁵⁵/

/t͡saːp̚² ɔːn⁵⁵/

Name change from homophonous 輯安／辑安 (Jí'ān) in 1965.

zh-l

輯安／辑安 (Jí'ān)


臨江

/lin³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/lɐm²¹ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/lin³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/lɐm²¹ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/


洮南

/tʰɑʊ̯³⁵ nän³⁵/

/tʰɑʊ̯³⁵ nän³⁵/


莊河

/ʈ͡ʂu̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/t͡sɔːŋ⁵⁵ hɔː²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂu̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/t͡sɔːŋ⁵⁵ hɔː²¹/

(～市) Zhuanghe (a city in Liaoning, China)


鳳城

/fɤŋ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/fʊŋ²² sɪŋ²¹/

/fɤŋ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/fʊŋ²² sɪŋ²¹/

(～市) Fengcheng (a city in Liaoning, China)


凌海

/liŋ³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lɪŋ²¹ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/liŋ³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lɪŋ²¹ hɔːi̯³⁵/

(～市) Linghai (a city in Liaoning, China)


北鎮

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂən⁵¹/

/pɐk̚⁵ t͡sɐn³³/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂən⁵¹/

/pɐk̚⁵ t͡sɐn³³/

(～市) Beizhen (a city in Liaoning, China)


大石橋

/tä⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵/

/taːi̯²² sɛːk̚² kʰiːu̯²¹/

/tä⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵/

/taːi̯²² sɛːk̚² kʰiːu̯²¹/

(～市) Dashiqiao (a city in Liaoning, China)


蓋州

/kaɪ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kɔːi̯³³ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/kaɪ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kɔːi̯³³ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

(～市) Gaizhou (a city in Liaoning, China)


調兵山

/ti̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹ piŋ⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/tiːu̯²² pɪŋ⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/ti̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹ piŋ⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/tiːu̯²² pɪŋ⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

(～市) Diaobingshan (a city in Liaoning, China)


開原

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/hɔːi̯⁵⁵ jyːn²¹/

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/hɔːi̯⁵⁵ jyːn²¹/

(～市) Kaiyuan (a city in Liaoning, China)


凌源

/liŋ³⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/lɪŋ²¹ jyːn²¹/

/liŋ³⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/lɪŋ²¹ jyːn²¹/

(～市) Lingyuan (a city in Liaoning, China)


興城

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/hɪŋ⁵⁵ sɪŋ²¹/

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/hɪŋ⁵⁵ sɪŋ²¹/

(～市) Xingcheng (a city in Liaoning, China)


膠州

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kaːu̯⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kaːu̯⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

(～市) Jiaozhou (a city in Shandong, China)


平度

/pʰiŋ³⁵ tu⁵¹/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ tou̯²²/

/pʰiŋ³⁵ tu⁵¹/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ tou̯²²/


萊西

/laɪ̯³⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/

/lɔːi̯²¹ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/laɪ̯³⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/

/lɔːi̯²¹ sɐi̯⁵⁵/


滕州

/tʰɤŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/tʰɐŋ²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/tiɪŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/tiɪŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu³³/

/tiɪŋ¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/tiɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/tiɪŋ²³⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/tʰɤŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/tʰɐŋ²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/tiɪŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/tiɪŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu³³/

/tiɪŋ¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/tiɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/tiɪŋ²³⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

(～市) Tengzhou (a city in Shandong, China)


萊陽

/laɪ̯³⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/lɔːi̯²¹ jœːŋ²¹/

/laɪ̯³⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/lɔːi̯²¹ jœːŋ²¹/

(～市) Laiyang (a city in Shandong, China)


招遠

/ʈ͡ʂɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ɥɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʈ͡ʂɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ɥɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

(～市) Zhaoyuan (a city in Shandong, China)


臨清

/lin³⁵ t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵/

/lɐm²¹ t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵/

/lin³⁵ t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵/

/lɐm²¹ t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵/

(～市) Linqing (a city in Shandong, China)


禹城

/y²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/jyː¹³ sɪŋ²¹/

/y²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/jyː¹³ sɪŋ²¹/

(～市) Yucheng (a city in Shandong, China)


宜興

/jiː²¹ hɪŋ⁵⁵/

/jiː²¹ hɪŋ⁵⁵/


邳州

/pʰi⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/pʰei̯²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/pʰi⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/pʰei̯²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/


新沂

/sɐn⁵⁵ jiː²¹/

/sɐn⁵⁵ jiː²¹/


溧陽

/li⁵¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/lɵt̚² jœːŋ²¹/

/li⁵¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/lɵt̚² jœːŋ²¹/


太倉

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ t͡sʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰaːi̯³³ t͡sʰɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ t͡sʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰaːi̯³³ t͡sʰɔːŋ⁵⁵/


東臺

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ tʰaɪ̯³⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ tʰaɪ̯³⁵/


揚中

/jɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵/

/jœːŋ²¹ t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵/

/jɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵/

/jœːŋ²¹ t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵/

(～市) Yangzhong (a city in Jiangsu, China)


泰興

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰaːi̯³³ hɪŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰaːi̯³³ hɪŋ⁵⁵/


慈谿

/t͡sʰz̩³⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰiː²¹ kʰɐi̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰz̩³⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰiː²¹ kʰɐi̯⁵⁵/


平湖

/pʰiŋ³⁵ xu³⁵/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ wuː²¹/

/pʰiŋ³⁵ xu³⁵/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ wuː²¹/


桐鄉

/tʰʊŋ³⁵ ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰʊŋ²¹ hœːŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰʊŋ³⁵ ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰʊŋ²¹ hœːŋ⁵⁵/

(～市) Tongxiang (a city in Zhejiang, China)


蘭谿

/län³⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/

/laːn²¹ kʰɐi̯⁵⁵/

/län³⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/

/laːn²¹ kʰɐi̯⁵⁵/


東陽

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ jœːŋ²¹/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ jœːŋ²¹/

(～市) Dongyang (a city in Zhejiang, China)


永康

/jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ kʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/wɪŋ¹³ hɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kʰɔŋ³³/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/iɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ kʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/wɪŋ¹³ hɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kʰɔŋ³³/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/iɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

(～市) Yongkang (a city in Zhejiang, China)


溫嶺

/wən⁵⁵ liŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/wɐn⁵⁵ lɪŋ¹³/

/wən⁵⁵ liŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/wɐn⁵⁵ lɪŋ¹³/

(～市) Wenling (a city in Zhejiang, China)


芒市

/mɑŋ³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/mɑŋ³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

芒 (máng) is the same Tai word as 勐 (měng).


清鎮

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂən⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɐn³³/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂən⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɐn³³/

(～市) Qingzhen (a city in Guizhou, China)


赤水

/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩⁵¹ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰɛːk̚³ sɵy̯³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩⁵¹ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰɛːk̚³ sɵy̯³⁵/


仁懷

→ English: Renhuai

/ʐən³⁵ xu̯aɪ̯³⁵/

/jɐn²¹ waːi̯²¹/

/ʐən³⁵ xu̯aɪ̯³⁵/

/jɐn²¹ waːi̯²¹/


興義

/hɪŋ⁵⁵ jiː²²/

/hɪŋ⁵⁵ jiː²²/


福泉

/fu³⁵ t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵/

/fʊk̚⁵ t͡sʰyːn²¹/

/fu³⁵ t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵/

/fʊk̚⁵ t͡sʰyːn²¹/


邛崍

/t͡ɕʰi̯ʊŋ³⁵ laɪ̯³⁵/

/kʰʊŋ²¹ lɔːi̯²¹/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ʊŋ³⁵ laɪ̯³⁵/

/kʰʊŋ²¹ lɔːi̯²¹/

(～市) Qionglai (a city in Sichuan, China)


崇州

/ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/sʊŋ²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/sʊŋ²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

(～市) Chongzhou (a city in Sichuan, China)


廣漢

/ku̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ xän⁵¹/

/kʷɔːŋ³⁵ hɔːn³³/

/ku̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ xän⁵¹/

/kʷɔːŋ³⁵ hɔːn³³/

(～市) Guanghan (a city in Sichuan, China)


綿竹

/mi̯ɛn³⁵ ʈ͡ʂu³⁵/

/mi̯ɛn³⁵ ʈ͡ʂu³⁵/


江油

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ joʊ̯³⁵/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ jɐu̯²¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ joʊ̯³⁵/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ jɐu̯²¹/

(～市) Jiangyou (a city in Sichuan, China)


醴陵

/li²¹⁴⁻²¹ liŋ³⁵/

/lɐi̯¹³ lɪŋ²¹/

/li²¹⁴⁻²¹ liŋ³⁵/

/lɐi̯¹³ lɪŋ²¹/


臨湘

/lin³⁵ ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/lɐm²¹ sœːŋ⁵⁵/

/lin³⁵ ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/lɐm²¹ sœːŋ⁵⁵/


汨羅

/mi⁵¹ lu̯ɔ³⁵/

/mɪk̚² lɔː²¹/

/mi⁵¹ lu̯ɔ³⁵/

/mɪk̚² lɔː²¹/


洪江

/xʊŋ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/hʊŋ²¹ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/xʊŋ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/hʊŋ²¹ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/


冷水江

ㄌㄥˇ ㄕㄨㄟˇ ㄐㄧㄤ

ㄌㄥˇ ㄕㄨㄟˇ ㄐㄧㄤ

/lɤŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/laːŋ¹³ sɵy̯³⁵ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/lɤŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/laːŋ¹³ sɵy̯³⁵ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

(～市) Lengshuijiang (a city in Hunan, China)


漣源

/li̯ɛn³⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/li̯ɛn³⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/


吉首

/t͡ɕi³⁵ ʂoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɐt̚⁵ sɐu̯³⁵/

/t͡ɕi³⁵ ʂoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɐt̚⁵ sɐu̯³⁵/


樂平

/lɤ⁵¹ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/lɔːk̚² pʰɪŋ²¹/

/lɤ⁵¹ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/lɔːk̚² pʰɪŋ²¹/


瑞昌

/ʐu̯eɪ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/sɵy̯²² t͡sʰœːŋ⁵⁵/

/ʐu̯eɪ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/sɵy̯²² t͡sʰœːŋ⁵⁵/

(～市) Ruichang (a city in Jiangxi, China)


貴溪

/ku̯eɪ̯⁵¹ ɕi⁵⁵/

/kʷɐi̯³³ kʰɐi̯⁵⁵/

/ku̯eɪ̯⁵¹ ɕi⁵⁵/

/kʷɐi̯³³ kʰɐi̯⁵⁵/


豐城

/fɤŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/fʊŋ⁵⁵ sɪŋ²¹/

/fɤŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/fʊŋ⁵⁵ sɪŋ²¹/

(～市) Fengcheng (a city in Jiangxi, China)


高安

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ˀän⁵⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ ɔːn⁵⁵/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ˀän⁵⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ ɔːn⁵⁵/


沁陽

/t͡ɕʰin⁵¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/sɐm³³ jœːŋ²¹/

/t͡ɕʰin⁵¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/sɐm³³ jœːŋ²¹/


京津滬

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕin⁵⁵ xu⁵¹/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕin⁵⁵ xu⁵¹/


深滬

/ʂən⁵⁵ xu⁵¹/

/sɐm⁵⁵ wuː²²/

/ʂən⁵⁵ xu⁵¹/

/sɐm⁵⁵ wuː²²/

(～鎮) Shenhu (a town in Jinjiang, Quanzhou, Fujian, China)


妖都

/jɑʊ̯⁵⁵ tu⁵⁵/

/jɑʊ̯⁵⁵ tu⁵⁵/

(neologism, slang) derogatory name for Guangzhou: a major city, the capital and largest city of Guangdong, China


廣佛

/ku̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ fu̯ɔ³⁵/

/ku̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ fu̯ɔ³⁵/

Blend of 廣州／广州 (Guǎngzhōu) and 佛山 (Fóshān).


天府之國

ㄊㄧㄢ ㄈㄨˇ ㄓ ㄍㄨㄛˊ

ㄊㄧㄢ ㄈㄨˇ ㄓ ㄍㄨㄛˊ

тяньфу чжи го

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ fu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ fuː³⁵ t͡siː⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ fu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ fuː³⁵ t͡siː⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³/

Chengdu (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Sichuan, in southwestern China)


張垣

/ʈ͡ʂɑŋ⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/t͡sœːŋ⁵⁵ wuːn²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂɑŋ⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/t͡sœːŋ⁵⁵ wuːn²¹/

A variant of earlier 張家口 /张家口 (Zhāngjiākǒu), from 張家口堡 /张家口堡 (Zhāngjiākǒubǔ), named for the Ming official Zhang Wen (張文) who directed its fortification.

(historical) Zhangyuan (former name of 張家口 /张家口 (Zhāngjiākǒu) (= Zhangjiakou): a city in China)


四平街

/sz̩⁵¹ pʰiŋ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵⁵/

/sei̯³³ pʰɪŋ²¹ kaːi̯⁵⁵/

/sz̩⁵¹ pʰiŋ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵⁵/

/sei̯³³ pʰɪŋ²¹ kaːi̯⁵⁵/

Old name for 四平 (Sìpíng, “Siping (a city in Jilin, China)”).


三姓

/sän⁵⁵ ɕiŋ⁵¹/

/sän⁵⁵ ɕiŋ⁵¹/

Calque of Manchu ᡳᠯᠠᠨ
ᡥᠠᠯᠠ (ilan hala, literally “three surnames”).

cal

(historical) Yilan (a city in Northeast China)


春申

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən⁵⁵ ʂən⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən⁵⁵ ʂən⁵⁵/

“yǐmǎo cánlà, yóu Héngbīn dā fǎlún fù Chūnshēn, zài Tàipíngyáng”

《乙卯殘臘，由橫濱搭法輪赴春申，在太平洋》

《乙卯残腊，由横滨搭法轮赴春申，在太平洋》

In the eleventh month of the jihai year [1599], we were sailing on the Chunshen River [Huangpu River]

己亥子月，泛舟春申之浦

(poetic) Alternative name for 上海 (Shànghǎi, “Shanghai (a city in China)”).


申城

/ʂən⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ sɪŋ²¹/

/ʂən⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ sɪŋ²¹/


吳化

/u³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/u³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

Wuchuan (吳川／吴川) and Huazhou (化州), two cities in Guangdong, China


津門

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ mən³⁵/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ mən³⁵/

Literally "[Tian]jin, the gate", so named because Tianjin is considered a gate to Beijing.


滬邑

/xu⁵¹⁻⁵³ i⁵¹/

/xu⁵¹⁻⁵³ i⁵¹/


張家口堡

ㄓㄤ ㄐㄧㄚ ㄎㄡˇ ㄅㄨˇ

ㄓㄤ ㄐㄧㄚ ㄎㄡˇ ㄅㄨˇ

Чжанцзякоубу

/ʈ͡ʂɑŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ pu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

(historical) Zhangjiakoubu (former name of 張家口 /张家口 (Zhāngjiākǒu) (= Zhangjiakou): a city in China)


武城

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

Named for its importance in the wars between the Ming and the Northern Yuan.

(historical) Wucheng (former name of 張家口 /张家口 (Zhāngjiākǒu) (= Zhangjiakou): a city in China)


喀拉干

/kʰä⁵⁵ lä⁵⁵ kän⁵⁵/

/kʰä⁵⁵ lä⁵⁵ kän⁵⁵/

From Mongolian ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠯᠭᠠᠨ (qaɣalɣan, “gate”), from Mongolian ᠴᠢᠭᠣᠯᠠᠯᠲᠣ
ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠯᠭᠠ (čiɣolalto qaɣalg-a, “meeting or assembly gate”), from its important position on Mongolia's trade routes with northern China.

der

ᠴᠢᠭᠣᠯᠠᠯᠲᠣ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠯᠭᠠ

(rare) synonym of 張家口 /张家口 (Zhāngjiākǒu, “Zhangjiakou”): Kalgan (a city in Hebei, China)