蒙古

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (蒙古):
* → Japanese: 蒙(もう)古(こ) (Mōko)
* → Okinawan: 蒙古(むーく) (Mūku)
* → Korean: 몽고(蒙古) (Monggo)
* → Vietnamese: Mông Cổ (蒙古)

→ Zhuang: Mungzguj

/mɤŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mɤŋ³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/məŋ²⁴ ku²⁴/

/mʊŋ²¹ kuː³⁵/

/ᵐbɵŋ²² ku⁵⁵/

/mʊŋ¹¹ ku³¹/

/muŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋu³³/

/bɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kɔ⁵³/

/bɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/bɔŋ¹³⁻²² kɔ⁵³/

/bɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kɔ⁵³/

/bɔŋ²³⁻³³ kɔ⁴¹/

/moŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kou⁵²/

/mɤŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mɤŋ³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/məŋ²⁴ ku²⁴/

/mʊŋ²¹ kuː³⁵/

/ᵐbɵŋ²² ku⁵⁵/

/mʊŋ¹¹ ku³¹/

/muŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋu³³/

/bɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kɔ⁵³/

/bɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/bɔŋ¹³⁻²² kɔ⁵³/

/bɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kɔ⁵³/

/bɔŋ²³⁻³³ kɔ⁴¹/

/moŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kou⁵²/

Borrowed from Jurchen [Term?] (/*moŋgu/, “Mongol”) with loss of foreign final -l, from Middle Mongol ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ (mwnkɣwɽ /moŋqol/, “Mongol”).


壽司

/ʂoʊ̯⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵/

/sɐu̯²² siː⁵⁵/

/su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siʔ³²/

/su⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ siʔ³²/

/ʂoʊ̯⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵/

/sɐu̯²² siː⁵⁵/

/su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siʔ³²/

/su⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ siʔ³²/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 寿司 (sushi).


臺灣海峽

desc

→ English: Taiwan Strait, Taiwan Straits

ㄊㄞˊ ㄨㄢ ㄏㄞˇ ㄒㄧㄚˊ

Тайвань Хайся

/tʰaɪ̯³⁵ wän⁵⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi̯ä³⁵/

/tʰɔːi̯²¹ waːn⁵⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵ haːp̚²/

/tai²⁴⁻²² uan²⁴⁻²² hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiap̚³²/

/tai²⁴⁻²² uan²⁴⁻²² hai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kiap̚⁵/

/tai¹³⁻²² uan¹³⁻²² hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiap̚³²/

/tai²⁴⁻¹¹ uan²⁴⁻¹¹ hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiap̚³²/

/tai²³⁻³³ uan²³⁻³³ hai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kiap̚³²/

/tʰaɪ̯³⁵ wän⁵⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi̯ä³⁵/

/tʰɔːi̯²¹ waːn⁵⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵ haːp̚²/

/tai²⁴⁻²² uan²⁴⁻²² hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiap̚³²/

/tai²⁴⁻²² uan²⁴⁻²² hai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kiap̚⁵/

/tai¹³⁻²² uan¹³⁻²² hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiap̚³²/

/tai²⁴⁻¹¹ uan²⁴⁻¹¹ hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiap̚³²/

/tai²³⁻³³ uan²³⁻³³ hai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kiap̚³²/

He [Chiang Kai-shek] praised Chen Huai as a disciple of revolution who practiced the true meaning of faith, and then brought up Biblical teaching explaining the importance of faith. He said that faith allowed Moses to have the courage to lead the people of Israel out of Egypt, cross the Red Sea and free themselves from the control of the powerful; faith allowed Joshua the courage to enter Canaan, wipe out the enemy and establish the nation. By extension, he said, "Faith can also allow us, like crossing the River Jordan in spirit, to cross the Taiwan Strait, reach the opposite shore, return to the mainland, have victory in battle over the demons, rescue the compatriots on the mainland and reestablish the Republic of China."

April 2011, Shao Ming-Huang (邵銘煌), 快刀與黑貓：蔣中正反攻大陸的想望, in 蔣中正日記與民國史研究 Vol. 2, p. 590, →ISBN →OCLC

Tā biǎozhāng Chén Huái shì yīge shíjiàn xìnxīn zhēnyì de gémìng xìntú, bìngjǔ “shèngjīng” jiàoyì chǎnmíng xìnxīn de zhòngyàoxìng. Tā shuō: xìnxīn shǐ Móxī yǒu yǒngqì dàilǐng Yǐsèliè rénmín chū Āijí, dù Hónghǎi, tuōlí qiángquán kòngzhì; xìnxīn shǐ Yuēshūyà yǒu yǒngqì jìnrù Jiānán, xiāomiè dírén, jiànshè guójiā. Jìn'ér shēnyán: “Xìnxīn yě néng shǐ wǒmen xiàng chuānyuè jīngshén shàng de Yuēdàn Hé yīyàng, chuānyuè Táiwān Hǎixiá, ér dàodá bǐ'àn, huí fǎn dàlù, zhànshèng èmó, jiějiù dàlù tóngbāo, chóngjiàn Zhōnghuá Mínguó.”

他表彰陳懷是一個實踐信心真義的革命信徒，並舉《聖經》教義闡明信心的重要性。他說：信心使摩西有勇氣帶領以色列人民出埃及，渡紅海，脫離強權控制；信心使約書亞有勇氣進入迦南，消滅敵人，建設國家。進而申言：「信心也能使我們像穿越精神上的約旦河一樣，穿越台灣海峽，而到達彼岸，回返大陸，戰勝惡魔，解救大陸同胞，重建中華民國。」

他表彰陈怀是一个实践信心真义的革命信徒，并举《圣经》教义阐明信心的重要性。他说：信心使摩西有勇气带领以色列人民出埃及，渡红海，脱离强权控制；信心使约书亚有勇气进入迦南，消灭敌人，建设国家。进而申言：「信心也能使我们像穿越精神上的约旦河一样，穿越台湾海峡，而到达彼岸，回返大陆，战胜恶魔，解救大陆同胞，重建中华民国。」


海峽

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (海峽):
* → Japanese: 海峡(かいきょう) (kaikyō)
* → Korean: 해협(海峽) (haehyeop)

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi̯ä³⁵/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ haːp̚²/

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi̯ä³⁵/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ haːp̚²/

海峽兩岸

海峡两岸

臺灣海峽 臺灣海峽#Chinese

台湾海峡 台湾海峡#Chinese

Short for 臺灣海峽／台湾海峡 (Táiwān Hǎixiá, “Taiwan Strait”).


聯邦

/li̯ɛn³⁵ pɑŋ⁵⁵/

/liæ̃²⁴ pɑŋ²⁴/

/lyːn²¹ pɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/l̃ieŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾maŋ⁵⁵/

/liɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ paŋ⁴⁴/

/liɛn²³⁻³³ paŋ⁴⁴/

/liɛn¹³⁻²² paŋ⁴⁴/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²² paŋ³³/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²² paŋ⁴⁴/

/biɛn¹³⁻²² paŋ⁴⁴/

/li²² pɑ̃⁴⁴/

/li̯ɛn³⁵ pɑŋ⁵⁵/

/liæ̃²⁴ pɑŋ²⁴/

/lyːn²¹ pɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/l̃ieŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾maŋ⁵⁵/

/liɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ paŋ⁴⁴/

/liɛn²³⁻³³ paŋ⁴⁴/

/liɛn¹³⁻²² paŋ⁴⁴/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²² paŋ³³/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²² paŋ⁴⁴/

/biɛn¹³⁻²² paŋ⁴⁴/

/li²² pɑ̃⁴⁴/

(Singapore) Malaysia (a country in Asia)


南寧

Sino-Xenic (南寧):
* → Japanese: 南寧(なんねい) (Nannei)
* → Korean: 남녕(南寧) (Namnyeong)
* → Vietnamese: Nam Ninh (南寧)

→ English: Nanning, Nan-ning

→ Korean: 난닝 (Nanning)

→ Russian: Наньни́н (Nanʹnín)

→ Zhuang: Namzningz

/nän³⁵ niŋ³⁵/

/naːm²¹ nɪŋ²¹/

/nˡaŋ⁵³⁻³³ nˡiŋ⁵³/

/naŋ¹³⁻²¹ nɛŋ¹³/

/lam²⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/lam¹³⁻²² liɪŋ¹³/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ liɪŋ²⁴/

/lam²³⁻³³ liɪŋ²³/

/nam²¹ nəŋ²¹/

/nän³⁵ niŋ³⁵/

/naːm²¹ nɪŋ²¹/

/nˡaŋ⁵³⁻³³ nˡiŋ⁵³/

/naŋ¹³⁻²¹ nɛŋ¹³/

/lam²⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/lam¹³⁻²² liɪŋ¹³/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ liɪŋ²⁴/

/lam²³⁻³³ liɪŋ²³/

/nam²¹ nəŋ²¹/

Coined in 1324 when the Yongzhou Circuit (邕州路) was renamed Nanning circuit (南寧路).

(～市) Nanning (a prefecture-level city, the capital of Guangxi, China)


雪蘭莪

/ɕy̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ län³⁵ ˀɤ³⁵/

/syːt̚³ laːn²¹ ŋɔː²¹/

/ɕy̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ län³⁵ ˀɤ³⁵/

/syːt̚³ laːn²¹ ŋɔː²¹/

(～州) Selangor (a state of Malaysia; capital: Shah Alam)


塔吉克斯坦

ㄊㄚˇ ㄐㄧˊ ㄎㄜˋ ㄙ ㄊㄢˇ

Тацзикэсытань

/tʰä²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi³⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵ tʰän²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰaːp̚³ kɐt̚⁵ hɐk̚⁵ siː⁵⁵ tʰaːn³⁵/

/tʰa(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ su⁴⁴⁻²² tʰan⁵³/

/tʰa(ʔ)⁵ kiɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ kʰiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ sɯ³³ tʰan⁵⁵⁴/

/tʰa(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ kit̚³²⁻⁵ kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ su⁴⁴⁻²² tʰan⁵³/

/tʰaːp̚³ kɐt̚⁵ hɐk̚⁵ siː⁵⁵ tʰaːn³⁵/

(Mainland China) Tajikistan (a country in Central Asia)


科威特

/kʰɤ⁵⁵ weɪ̯⁵⁵ tʰɤ⁵¹/

/fɔː⁵⁵ wɐi̯⁵⁵ tɐk̚²/

/kʰə³³ ui³³ tiak̚²⁴/

/kʰo⁴⁴⁻³³ ui⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɪk̚⁴/

/kʰo⁴⁴⁻²² ui⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚⁴/

/kʰɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ ui⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɪk̚⁴/

/kʰo⁴⁴⁻²² ui⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚¹²¹/

/kʰɤ⁵⁵ weɪ̯⁵⁵ tʰɤ⁵¹/

/fɔː⁵⁵ wɐi̯⁵⁵ tɐk̚²/

/kʰə³³ ui³³ tiak̚²⁴/

/kʰo⁴⁴⁻³³ ui⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɪk̚⁴/

/kʰo⁴⁴⁻²² ui⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚⁴/

/kʰɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ ui⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɪk̚⁴/

/kʰo⁴⁴⁻²² ui⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚¹²¹/

Kuwait (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


文萊

→ Zhuang: Vwnzlaiz

/wən³⁵ laɪ̯³⁵/

/mɐn²¹ lɔːi̯²¹/

/wən³⁵ laɪ̯³⁵/

/mɐn²¹ lɔːi̯²¹/

From Malay Brunei, borrowed through Hokkien (where 文 is pronounced with a b- initial).

(chiefly Mainland China) Brunei (a country in Southeast Asia)


約旦

/ɥɛ⁵⁵ tän⁵¹/

/jœːk̚³ taːn³³/

/jœːk̚³ taːn²²/

/yoʔ²⁴⁻⁵⁵ tɑŋ²¹³/

/iɔk̚³²⁻⁴ tan²¹/

/iɔk̚³²⁻⁴ tan¹¹/

/iɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ tan⁴¹/

/iɤ(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ tuã²¹/

/io(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ tuã¹¹/

/ɥɛ⁵⁵ tän⁵¹/

/jœːk̚³ taːn³³/

/jœːk̚³ taːn²²/

/yoʔ²⁴⁻⁵⁵ tɑŋ²¹³/

/iɔk̚³²⁻⁴ tan²¹/

/iɔk̚³²⁻⁴ tan¹¹/

/iɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ tan⁴¹/

/iɤ(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ tuã²¹/

/io(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ tuã¹¹/

Borrowed from Arabic أُرْدُنّ (ʔurdunn).

Jordan (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)

(～河) Jordan (a river in Western Asia, in the Middle East, that empties into the Dead Sea, flowing through Israel, the Golan Heights, the West Bank and Jordan)


哈薩克斯坦

ㄏㄚ ㄙㄚˋ ㄎㄜˋ ㄙ ㄊㄢˇ

ㄏㄚ ㄙㄚ ㄎㄜˋ ㄙ ㄊㄢˇ

Хасакэсытань

/xä⁵⁵ sä⁵¹⁻⁵³ kʰɤ⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵ tʰän²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/xä⁵⁵ sä⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵ tʰän²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/haː⁵⁵ saːt̚³ hɐk̚⁵ siː⁵⁵ tʰaːn³⁵/

/ha(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ sat̚³²⁻⁵ kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ su⁴⁴⁻²² tʰan⁵³/

/ha(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ sat̚³²⁻⁴ kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ su⁴⁴⁻²² tʰan⁵³/

/ha(ʔ)⁵ sat̚⁵⁻²⁴ kʰiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ sɯ³³ tʰan⁵⁵⁴/

/xä⁵⁵ sä⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵ tʰän²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/haː⁵⁵ saːt̚³ hɐk̚⁵ siː⁵⁵ tʰaːn³⁵/

(Mainland China, Hong Kong) Kazakhstan (a country in Central Asia and Eastern Europe)

(relational; Mainland China, Hong Kong) of Kazakhstan, Kazakhstani


埃及

Sino-Xenic (埃及):
* → Korean: 애급(埃及) (Aegeup)
* → Vietnamese: Ai Cập (埃及)

/ˀaɪ̯⁵⁵ t͡ɕi³⁵/

/ɔːi̯⁵⁵ kʰɐp̚²/

/aːi̯⁵⁵ kʰɐp̚²/

/ai̯²⁴⁻¹¹ kʰip̚⁵/

/ai⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾iʔ⁵/

/ai⁴⁴⁻²² kip̚⁴/

/ai⁴⁴⁻²² kip̚¹²¹/

/ai⁴⁴⁻³³ kip̚⁴/

/ai⁴⁴⁻³³ kip̚⁴/

/ai³³⁻²³ kip̚⁴/

/e⁵⁵ d͡ʑiɪʔ²¹/

/i⁵⁵ d͡ʑiɪʔ²¹/

/ˀaɪ̯⁵⁵ t͡ɕi³⁵/

/ɔːi̯⁵⁵ kʰɐp̚²/

/aːi̯⁵⁵ kʰɐp̚²/

/ai̯²⁴⁻¹¹ kʰip̚⁵/

/ai⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾iʔ⁵/

/ai⁴⁴⁻²² kip̚⁴/

/ai⁴⁴⁻²² kip̚¹²¹/

/ai⁴⁴⁻³³ kip̚⁴/

/ai⁴⁴⁻³³ kip̚⁴/

/ai³³⁻²³ kip̚⁴/

/e⁵⁵ d͡ʑiɪʔ²¹/

/i⁵⁵ d͡ʑiɪʔ²¹/

Likely borrowed from English Egypt. Attested as early as 1853.

I am the Lord thy God, which have brought thee out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of bondage. Thou shalt have no other gods before me.

1853, 援辨上蒼主宰稱謂說 [Remarks on the various terms used to designate the Deity], in 《遐邇貫珍》 [Chinese Serial], volume 1, issue 4, page 11

Wǒ Yēhéhuá ěr zhī Shàngdì dǎo ěr chū Āijí tuō rǔ yú jiànyì zhě yú érwài bùkě bié yǒu shàngdì

我耶和華爾之上帝導爾出埃及脫汝於賤役者余而外不可別有上帝

我耶和华尔之上帝导尔出埃及脱汝于贱役者余而外不可别有上帝

I must praise You while I am still living because You led me out of the land of Egypt

ngo⁵ waan⁴ wut⁶ si⁴ jiu³ cing¹ zung⁶ nei⁵, jan¹ nei⁵ ling⁵ ngo⁵ ceot¹ aai¹ kap⁶ dei⁶

我還活時要稱頌祢 因祢領我出埃及地

我还活时要称颂祢 因祢领我出埃及地

Egypt (a country in North Africa and Western Asia)


吉爾吉斯斯坦

ㄐㄧˊ ㄦˇ ㄐㄧˊ ㄙ ㄙ ㄊㄢˇ

Цзиэрцзисысытань

/t͡ɕi³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ tʰän²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɐt̚⁵ jiː¹³ kɐt̚⁵ siː⁵⁵ siː⁵⁵ tʰaːn³⁵/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ su⁴⁴⁻²² su⁴⁴⁻²² tʰan⁵³/

/kiɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ nĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kiɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ sɯ³³ sɯ³³ tʰan⁵⁵⁴/

/kit̚³²⁻⁵ d͡zĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kit̚³²⁻⁵ su⁴⁴⁻²² su⁴⁴⁻²² tʰan⁵³/

/kɐt̚⁵ jiː¹³ kɐt̚⁵ siː⁵⁵ siː⁵⁵ tʰaːn³⁵/

(Mainland China) Kyrgyzstan (a country in Central Asia, bordering on Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and China)


塞浦路斯

ㄙㄞˋ ㄆㄨˇ ㄌㄨˋ ㄙ

/saɪ̯⁵¹ pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ lu⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɔːi̯³³ pʰou̯³⁵ lou̯²² siː⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɔːi̯³³ pʰou̯²¹ lou̯²² siː⁵⁵/

/set̚² pʰu²⁴⁻¹¹ lu⁵⁵ sɨ²⁴/

/sai²¹⁻⁵³ pʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lɔ²²⁻²¹ su⁴⁴/

/sai²¹⁻⁴¹ pʰɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lɔ³³⁻²¹ su⁴⁴/

/sai¹¹⁻⁵³ pʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lɔ³³⁻¹¹ su⁴⁴/

/sai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ pʰɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lɔ⁴¹⁻²² sɯ³³/

/se³³ pʰu⁵⁵ lu³³ sz̩²¹/

/saɪ̯⁵¹ pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ lu⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɔːi̯³³ pʰou̯³⁵ lou̯²² siː⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɔːi̯³³ pʰou̯²¹ lou̯²² siː⁵⁵/

/set̚² pʰu²⁴⁻¹¹ lu⁵⁵ sɨ²⁴/

/sai²¹⁻⁵³ pʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lɔ²²⁻²¹ su⁴⁴/

/sai²¹⁻⁴¹ pʰɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lɔ³³⁻²¹ su⁴⁴/

/sai¹¹⁻⁵³ pʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lɔ³³⁻¹¹ su⁴⁴/

/sai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ pʰɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lɔ⁴¹⁻²² sɯ³³/

/se³³ pʰu⁵⁵ lu³³ sz̩²¹/

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English

(chiefly Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau) Cyprus (an island and country in the Mediterranean Sea, normally considered politically part of Southeast Europe but geographically part of Western Asia)


巴林

From English Bahrain, from Arabic اَلْبَحْرَيْنُ m (al-baḥraynu, “Bahrain”).

der

اَلْبَحْرَيْنُ

/paː⁵⁵ lɐm²¹/

/pa⁴⁴⁻²² lim²⁴/

/pa⁴⁴⁻²² lim¹³/

/pa⁴⁴⁻³³ lim²⁴/

/pa⁴⁴⁻³³ lim²³/

/paː⁵⁵ lɐm²¹/

/pa⁴⁴⁻²² lim²⁴/

/pa⁴⁴⁻²² lim¹³/

/pa⁴⁴⁻³³ lim²⁴/

/pa⁴⁴⁻³³ lim²³/

Bahrain (an archipelago, island, and country in Western Asia, in the Persian Gulf)


孟加拉國

ㄇㄥˋ ㄐㄧㄚ ㄌㄚ ㄍㄨㄛˊ

/mɤŋ⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ lä⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/maːŋ²² kaː⁵⁵ laːi̯⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³/

/mɛiŋ²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋa⁵⁵⁽⁻²¹⁾ l̃aʔ⁵⁻²¹ kuɔʔ²⁴/

/biɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ka³³ la³³ kɔk̚⁵/

/biɪŋ²²⁻²¹ ka⁴⁴⁻²² la⁴⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/biɪŋ²²⁻²¹ kɛ⁴⁴⁻²² la⁴⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/mã²² ka⁵⁵ la³³ koʔ²¹/

/mɤŋ⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ lä⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/maːŋ²² kaː⁵⁵ laːi̯⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³/

/biɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ka³³ la³³ kɔk̚⁵/

/biɪŋ²²⁻²¹ ka⁴⁴⁻²² la⁴⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/biɪŋ²²⁻²¹ kɛ⁴⁴⁻²² la⁴⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/mã²² ka⁵⁵ la³³ koʔ²¹/

(Mainland China, Hong Kong, Singapore) Bangladesh (a country in South Asia)


緬甸

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (緬甸):
* → Japanese: 緬甸(めんでん) (Menden)
* → Korean: 면전(緬甸) (Myeonjeon)
* → Vietnamese: Miến Điện (緬甸)

→ Manchu: ᠮᡳᠶᠠᠨ
ᡩᡳᠶᠠᠨ (miyan diyan)

→ Zhuang: Menjden

/mi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹ ti̯ɛn⁵¹/

/mieŋ³³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾niɛŋ²⁴²/

/biɛn⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiɛn³³/

/biɛn⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tiɛn³³/

/biɛn⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tiɛn⁴¹/

/biɛn⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiɛn²²/

/biɛn⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tiɛn⁴¹/

/biɛn⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiɛn⁵³/

/mieŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ tieŋ³⁵/

/mi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹ ti̯ɛn⁵¹/

/mieŋ³³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾niɛŋ²⁴²/

/biɛn⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiɛn³³/

/biɛn⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tiɛn³³/

/biɛn⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tiɛn⁴¹/

/biɛn⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiɛn²²/

/biɛn⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tiɛn⁴¹/

/biɛn⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiɛn⁵³/

/mieŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ tieŋ³⁵/

A traditional view on the meaning of 緬／缅 (miǎn) is "far, remote" in Chinese, but a more convincing suggestion is that the syllable 緬／缅 (miǎn) is contracted from Burmese မြန်မာ (mranma, “Myanmar”). The last syllable 甸 (diàn) is possibly from Burmese တိုင်း (tuing:, “country, province”).

bor

緬甸盛產翡翠。

缅甸盛产翡翠。


阿拉伯聯合酋長國

ㄚ ㄌㄚ ㄅㄛˊ ㄌㄧㄢˊ ㄏㄜˊ ㄑㄧㄡˊ ㄓㄤˇ ㄍㄨㄛˊ

aa³ laai¹ baak³ lyun⁴ hap⁶ jau⁴ zoeng² gwok³

Алабо Ляньхэ Цючжанго

/ˀä⁵⁵ lä⁵⁵ pu̯ɔ³⁵ li̯ɛn³⁵ xɤ³⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯³⁵ ʈ͡ʂɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

aa³ laai¹ baak⁸ lyn⁴ hap⁹ jau⁴ dzoeng² gwok⁸

/aː³³ laːi̯⁵⁵ paːk̚³ lyːn²¹ hɐp̚² jɐu̯²¹ t͡sœːŋ³⁵ kʷɔːk̚³/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² la⁴⁴⁻²² piɪk̚³²⁻⁴ liɛn²⁴⁻²² hap̚⁴⁻³² siu²⁴⁻²² tiũ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kɔk̚³²/

/a³³ la³³ piak̚⁵⁻²⁴ liɛn²⁴⁻²² hap̚²⁴⁻² siu²⁴⁻²² tiũ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kɔk̚⁵/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² liap̚¹²¹⁻²¹ piɪk̚³²⁻⁵ biɛn¹³⁻²² hap̚¹²¹⁻²¹ siu¹³⁻²² tiaŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kɔk̚³²/

United Arab Emirates
United Arab Emirates#English:_Q878

(Mainland China) United Arab Emirates (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


聖彼得堡

ㄕㄥˋ ㄅㄧˇ ㄉㄜˊ ㄅㄠˇ

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹ pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ tɤ³⁵ pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɪŋ³³ pei̯³⁵ tɐk̚⁵ pou̯³⁵/

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹ pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ tɤ³⁵ pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɪŋ³³ pei̯³⁵ tɐk̚⁵ pou̯³⁵/

Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg#English

Saint Petersburg (a federal city of Russia)


北京人

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ʐən³⁵/

/pɐk̚⁵ kɪŋ⁵⁵ jɐn²¹/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴⁻²² laŋ²⁴/

/pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ kiã³³ laŋ²⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁵ kiã⁴⁴⁻²² laŋ¹³/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴⁻³³ laŋ²⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴⁻³³ laŋ²³/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ʐən³⁵/

/pɐk̚⁵ kɪŋ⁵⁵ jɐn²¹/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴⁻²² laŋ²⁴/

/pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ kiã³³ laŋ²⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁵ kiã⁴⁴⁻²² laŋ¹³/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴⁻³³ laŋ²⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴⁻³³ laŋ²³/

Homo erectus pekinensis
Homo erectus pekinensis#Translingual

(paleontology, archaeology, anthropology) Peking Man (Homo erectus pekinensis)


首爾

/ʂoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɐu̯³⁵ jiː¹³/

/sieu³³⁻³⁵ i³³/

/siu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ nĩ⁵⁵⁴/

/siu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nĩ⁵³/

/siu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ d͡zĩ⁵³/

/siu⁵²⁻³⁵ d͡zɯ⁵²⁻²¹/

/ʂoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɐu̯³⁵ jiː¹³/

/sieu³³⁻³⁵ i³³/

/siu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ nĩ⁵⁵⁴/

/siu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nĩ⁵³/

/siu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ d͡zĩ⁵³/

/siu⁵²⁻³⁵ d͡zɯ⁵²⁻²¹/

Borrowed from Korean 서울 (Seoul). The first character 首 (shǒu, “first”) is a phono-semantic matching from Korean. Compare 首都 (shǒudū, “capital”)

(～市) Seoul (the capital city of South Korea)


裕廊西

/y⁵¹ lɑŋ³⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/

/y⁵¹ lɑŋ³⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/


汕頭

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (汕頭):
* → Japanese: 汕頭(せんとう) (Sentō)
* → Korean: 산두(汕頭) (Sandu)
* → Vietnamese: Sán Đầu (汕頭)

→ English: Shantou, Swatow

→ Japanese: 汕頭(スワトウ) (Suwatō)

→ Japanese: 汕頭(シャントウ) (Shantō)

→ Korean: 산터우 (Santeou)

→ Thai: ซัวเถา (suua-tǎo)

/ʂän⁵¹ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/

/saːn³³ tʰɐu̯²¹/

/suã²¹⁻⁵³ tʰau²⁴/

/suã⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tʰau²⁴/

/suã²¹⁻⁵³ tʰau¹³/

/suã¹¹⁻⁵³ tʰau²⁴/

/suã²¹⁻⁴¹ tʰau²³/

/sũã³³⁻²³ tʰau⁵⁵/

/ʂän⁵¹ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/

/saːn³³ tʰɐu̯²¹/

/suã²¹⁻⁵³ tʰau²⁴/

/suã⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tʰau²⁴/

/suã²¹⁻⁵³ tʰau¹³/

/suã¹¹⁻⁵³ tʰau²⁴/

/suã²¹⁻⁴¹ tʰau²³/

/sũã³³⁻²³ tʰau⁵⁵/

While the modern Teochew pronunciation contains the first syllable in the yinping (陰平／阴平) tone, as attested in Handbook of the Swatow Vernacular [1886] by Lim Hiong Seng, it appears that historically the first syllable of the toponym had the yinqu (陰去／阴去) tone. The pronunciation Suàⁿ-thâu is recorded in A Pronouncing and Defining Dictionary of the Swatow Dialect [1883] by Adele M. Fielde and English-Chinese Vocabulary of the Vernacular Or Spoken Language of Swatow [1883] by William Duffus.
The toponym is a shortening of 沙汕頭／沙汕头. In 1717, a fort, 沙汕頭砲臺, was constructed in the area, which was then under the administration of Chenghai (澄海) county. Both 沙汕頭／沙汕头 and 汕頭／汕头 are attested in 潮州海防圖說 [c. 18th century] by official Lan Dingyuan (藍鼎元). 沙汕 is cognate with Hokkien 沙線／沙线 (soa-sòaⁿ, “sandbank”).

(～市) Shantou (a prefecture-level city in Guangdong, China)


以色列

/i²¹⁴⁻²¹ sɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ li̯ɛ⁵¹/

/jiː¹³ sɪk̚⁵ liːt̚²/

/i⁴⁴⁻³⁵ sɛt̚¹ liɛt̚⁵/

/i³³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɛiʔ²⁴⁻²¹ l̃ieʔ⁵/

/i⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɪk̚³²⁻⁵ liɛt̚¹²¹/

/i⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ siɪk̚³²⁻⁴ liɛt̚⁴/

/i⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɪk̚³²⁻⁴ liɛt̚⁴/

/i⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ siak̚⁵⁻²⁴ liɛt̚²⁴/

/ĩ⁵²⁻³⁵ sek̚²⁻⁴ liek̚⁴/

/i³³ səʔ⁵⁵ liɪʔ²¹/

/i²¹⁴⁻²¹ sɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ li̯ɛ⁵¹/

/jiː¹³ sɪk̚⁵ liːt̚²/

/i⁴⁴⁻³⁵ sɛt̚¹ liɛt̚⁵/

/i³³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɛiʔ²⁴⁻²¹ l̃ieʔ⁵/

/i⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɪk̚³²⁻⁵ liɛt̚¹²¹/

/i⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ siɪk̚³²⁻⁴ liɛt̚⁴/

/i⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɪk̚³²⁻⁴ liɛt̚⁴/

/i⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ siak̚⁵⁻²⁴ liɛt̚²⁴/

/ĩ⁵²⁻³⁵ sek̚²⁻⁴ liek̚⁴/

/i³³ səʔ⁵⁵ liɪʔ²¹/

Ultimately from Hebrew יִשְׂרָאֵל (yisra'él, “Israel”).

Israel (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East, at the eastern shore of the Mediterranean)


中國通

ㄓㄨㄥ ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄊㄨㄥ

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵ tʰʊŋ⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵ tʰʊŋ⁵⁵/

expert on all things Chinese; China hand


內蒙古

Sino-Xenic (內蒙古):
* → Japanese: 内(ない)蒙(もう)古(こ) (Naimōko)
* → Korean: 내몽고(內蒙古) (Naemonggo)
* → Vietnamese: Nội Mông Cổ (內蒙古)

→ Zhuang: Neimungzguj

/neɪ̯⁵¹ mɤŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/neɪ̯⁵¹ mɤŋ³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/nɔːi̯²² mʊŋ²¹ kuː³⁵/

/ⁿdui³² ᵐbɵŋ²² ku⁵⁵/

/nˡɔy²⁴² muŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋu³³/

due⁵ morng² gou³ [Phonetic:due⁵ morng² ngou³]

/tuei²¹ mɒŋ¹³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɔu⁴⁵³/

lue⁵ morng² gou³ [Phonetic:lue⁵ morng² ngou³]

/luei²¹ mɒŋ¹³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɔu³³²/

/lai³³⁻¹¹ bɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kɔ⁵³/

/lai³³⁻²¹ bɔŋ²³⁻³³ kɔ⁴¹/

/lai²²⁻²¹ bɔŋ¹³⁻²² kɔ⁵³/

/lai²²⁻²¹ bɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kɔ⁵³/

/lai²² bɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/lue²² bɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/lai³⁵⁻¹¹ moŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kou⁵²/

/neɪ̯⁵¹ mɤŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/neɪ̯⁵¹ mɤŋ³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/nɔːi̯²² mʊŋ²¹ kuː³⁵/

/ⁿdui³² ᵐbɵŋ²² ku⁵⁵/

/nˡɔy²⁴² muŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋu³³/

/tuei²¹ mɒŋ¹³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɔu⁴⁵³/

/luei²¹ mɒŋ¹³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɔu³³²/

/lai³³⁻¹¹ bɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kɔ⁵³/

/lai³³⁻²¹ bɔŋ²³⁻³³ kɔ⁴¹/

/lai²²⁻²¹ bɔŋ¹³⁻²² kɔ⁵³/

/lai²²⁻²¹ bɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kɔ⁵³/

/lai²² bɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/lue²² bɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/lai³⁵⁻¹¹ moŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kou⁵²/

～自治區 內蒙古自治區#Chinese

(～自治區) Inner Mongolia (an autonomous region of China; capital: Hohhot)


河北

Sino-Xenic (河北):
* → Japanese: 河(か)北(ほく) (Kahoku)
* → Korean: 하북(河北) (Habuk)
* → Vietnamese: Hà Bắc (河北)

→ English: Hebei, Hopeh

/xɤ³⁵ peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔː²¹ pɐk̚⁵/

/o⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βɔyʔ²⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻²² pak̚³²/

/ho²⁴⁻²² pak̚⁵/

/ho¹³⁻²² pak̚³²/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ pak̚³²/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ pak̚³²/

/ho⁵⁵⁻¹¹ pak̚²/

/ɦu²² poʔ⁴⁴/

/xɤ³⁵ peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔː²¹ pɐk̚⁵/

/o⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βɔyʔ²⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻²² pak̚³²/

/ho²⁴⁻²² pak̚⁵/

/ho¹³⁻²² pak̚³²/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ pak̚³²/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ pak̚³²/

/ho⁵⁵⁻¹¹ pak̚²/

/ɦu²² poʔ⁴⁴/

(～省) Hebei (a province of China; capital: Shijiazhuang)


九龍

ja-r

九龍(きゅうりゅう) (Kyūryū)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (九龍):
* → Japanese: 九龍(きゅうりゅう) (Kyūryū)
* → Korean: 구룡(九龍) (Guryong)
* → Vietnamese: Cửu Long (九龍)

English: Kowloon

Japanese: 九龍(クーロン) (Kūron), 九龍(カウロン) (Kauron)

Korean: 주룽 (jurung)

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ lʊŋ³⁵/

/kɐu̯³⁵ lʊŋ²¹/

/kiu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɔŋ²⁴/

/kiu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ liɔŋ²⁴/

/kiu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɔŋ¹³/

/kiu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɔŋ²⁴/

/kiu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ liɔŋ²³/

/kiu⁵²⁻³⁵ leŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕiɤ³³ loŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ lʊŋ³⁵/

/kɐu̯³⁵ lʊŋ²¹/

/kiu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɔŋ²⁴/

/kiu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ liɔŋ²⁴/

/kiu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɔŋ¹³/

/kiu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɔŋ²⁴/

/kiu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ liɔŋ²³/

/kiu⁵²⁻³⁵ leŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕiɤ³³ loŋ⁴⁴/


新羅

Jinhan confederacy
Records of the Three Kingdoms
Samguk yusa

First attested in the Records of the Three Kingdoms (c. 290 CE) as 斯盧／斯卢 (OC *se b·raː, MC siᴇ luo) as in 斯盧國 (“Saro state”), one of the 12 statelets belonging to the Jinhan confederacy.
Other old variations include 新盧／新卢 (OC *siŋ b·raː, MC siɪn luo) and 斯羅／斯罗 (OC *se raːl, MC siᴇ lɑ).
In Old Korean documents, those country names were equated with the name of the capital, 徐羅伐 (Syerapel, “Seorabeol”, modern Gyeongju), a compound of 徐羅 (syera) + 伐 (pel, “village”). Other variants include 徐那伐 (syenapel), 徐耶伐 (syeyapel) and 徐伐 (syepel), whence 서울 (seoul, “capital city”).
徐 (sye), the first syllable of 徐羅 is considered to mean “gold” because of 금성 (金城, geumseong, “gold castle/city/fort”), the sinicized name of the capital city (cf. 쇠 (soe), “iron, metal”). The second syllable 羅 (ra) is according to one theory a connective particle, but another theory posits that it means “land”.

ko-l

/ɕin⁵⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ lɔː²¹/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² lo²⁴/

/ɕin⁵⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ lɔː²¹/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² lo²⁴/

Three Kingdoms of Korea
w:Three Kingdoms of Korea

Silla (one of the ancient Three Kingdoms of Korea)


政治局

/ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹ t͡ɕy³⁵/

/t͡sɪŋ³³ t͡siː²² kʊk̚²⁻³⁵/

/t͡sɪŋ³³ t͡siː²² kʊk̚²/

/t͡siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ ti²²⁻²¹ kiɔk̚⁴/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ti⁴¹⁻²² kiɔk̚²⁴/

/t͡siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ ti²²⁻²¹ kiɔk̚¹²¹/

/t͡siɪŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ ti³³⁻¹¹ kiɔk̚⁴/

/t͡siɪŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ ti³³⁻²¹ kiɔk̚⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹ t͡ɕy³⁵/

/t͡sɪŋ³³ t͡siː²² kʊk̚²⁻³⁵/

/t͡sɪŋ³³ t͡siː²² kʊk̚²/

/t͡siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ ti²²⁻²¹ kiɔk̚⁴/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ti⁴¹⁻²² kiɔk̚²⁴/

/t͡siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ ti²²⁻²¹ kiɔk̚¹²¹/

/t͡siɪŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ ti³³⁻¹¹ kiɔk̚⁴/

/t͡siɪŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ ti³³⁻²¹ kiɔk̚⁴/


飲茶

/in²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰä³⁵/

/jɐm³⁵ t͡sʰaː²¹/

/im⁵³⁻⁴⁴ te²⁴/

/im⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ te²⁴/

/im⁵³⁻⁴⁴ te¹³/

/im⁵³⁻⁴⁴ te²⁴/

/im⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ te²³/

/in²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰä³⁵/

/jɐm³⁵ t͡sʰaː²¹/

/im⁵³⁻⁴⁴ te²⁴/

/im⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ te²⁴/

/im⁵³⁻⁴⁴ te¹³/

/im⁵³⁻⁴⁴ te²⁴/

/im⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ te²³/

去飲茶

去饮茶

Let's have dim sum if you're free! (a polite phrase similar to "You must come to dinner!" in English)

得閒飲茶！

得闲饮茶！


飲茶

→ English: yum cha

→ Japanese: 飲茶(ヤムチャ) (yamucha)

→ Korean: 얌차 (yamcha)

→ Macanese: iam-chá

→ Russian: ямча́ (jamčá)

/in²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰä³⁵/

/jɐm³⁵ t͡sʰaː²¹/

/im⁵³⁻⁴⁴ te²⁴/

/im⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ te²⁴/

/im⁵³⁻⁴⁴ te¹³/

/im⁵³⁻⁴⁴ te²⁴/

/im⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ te²³/

/in²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰä³⁵/

/jɐm³⁵ t͡sʰaː²¹/

/im⁵³⁻⁴⁴ te²⁴/

/im⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ te²⁴/

/im⁵³⁻⁴⁴ te¹³/

/im⁵³⁻⁴⁴ te²⁴/

/im⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ te²³/

yum cha (Cantonese-style meal, with dim sum and tea)


巴基斯坦

→ Zhuang: Bahgihswhdanj

/pä⁵⁵ t͡ɕi⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ tʰän²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/paː⁵⁵ kei̯⁵⁵ siː⁵⁵ tʰaːn³⁵/

/pa²⁴⁻¹¹ ki²⁴⁻¹¹ sɨ²⁴ tʰan³¹/

/pa⁴⁴ ki⁴⁴ sz̩⁴⁴⁻³⁵ tʰan³¹/

/pa⁵⁵ ki⁵⁵⁽⁻²¹⁾ sy⁵⁵⁻⁵³ tʰaŋ³³/

/pa⁴⁴⁻²² ki⁴⁴⁻²² su⁴⁴⁻²² tʰan⁵³/

/pa³³ ki³³ sɯ³³ tʰan⁵⁵⁴/

/pa⁴⁴⁻³³ ki⁴⁴⁻³³ su⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰan¹¹/

/pa⁴⁴⁻³³ ki⁴⁴⁻³³ su⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰan²¹/

/pa³³⁻²³ ki³³⁻²³ sɯ³³⁻²³ tʰaŋ⁵²/

/pa⁵⁵ t͡ɕi³³ sz̩³³ tʰe²¹/

/pä⁵⁵ t͡ɕi⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ tʰän²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/paː⁵⁵ kei̯⁵⁵ siː⁵⁵ tʰaːn³⁵/

/pa²⁴⁻¹¹ ki²⁴⁻¹¹ sɨ²⁴ tʰan³¹/

/pa⁴⁴ ki⁴⁴ sz̩⁴⁴⁻³⁵ tʰan³¹/

/pa⁵⁵ ki⁵⁵⁽⁻²¹⁾ sy⁵⁵⁻⁵³ tʰaŋ³³/

/pa⁴⁴⁻²² ki⁴⁴⁻²² su⁴⁴⁻²² tʰan⁵³/

/pa³³ ki³³ sɯ³³ tʰan⁵⁵⁴/

/pa⁴⁴⁻³³ ki⁴⁴⁻³³ su⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰan¹¹/

/pa⁴⁴⁻³³ ki⁴⁴⁻³³ su⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰan²¹/

/pa³³⁻²³ ki³³⁻²³ sɯ³³⁻²³ tʰaŋ⁵²/

/pa⁵⁵ t͡ɕi³³ sz̩³³ tʰe²¹/


烏茲別克斯坦

ㄨ ㄗ ㄅㄧㄝˊ ㄎㄜˋ ㄙ ㄊㄢˇ

Уцзыбекэсытань

/u⁵⁵ t͡sz̩⁵⁵ pi̯ɛ³⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵ tʰän²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/wuː⁵⁵ t͡siː⁵⁵ piːt̚² hɐk̚⁵ siː⁵⁵ tʰaːn³⁵/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡su⁴⁴⁻²² piɛt̚¹²¹⁻²¹ kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ su⁴⁴⁻²² tʰan⁵³/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡su⁴⁴⁻²² piɛt̚⁴⁻³² kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ su⁴⁴⁻²² tʰan⁵³/

/ɔ³³ t͡sɯ³³ piɛt̚²⁴⁻² kʰiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ sɯ³³ tʰan⁵⁵⁴/

(Mainland China) Uzbekistan (a country in Central Asia)


烏茲別克

ㄨ ㄗ ㄅㄧㄝˊ ㄎㄜˋ

/u⁵⁵ t͡sz̩⁵⁵ pi̯ɛ³⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹/

/wuː⁵⁵ t͡siː⁵⁵ piːt̚² hɐk̚⁵/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡su⁴⁴⁻²² piɛt̚¹²¹⁻²¹ kʰiɪk̚³²/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡su⁴⁴⁻²² piɛt̚⁴⁻³² kʰiɪk̚³²/

/ɔ³³ t͡sɯ³³ piɛt̚²⁴⁻² kʰiak̚⁵/

/u⁵⁵ t͡sz̩⁵⁵ pi̯ɛ³⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹/

/wuː⁵⁵ t͡siː⁵⁵ piːt̚² hɐk̚⁵/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡su⁴⁴⁻²² piɛt̚¹²¹⁻²¹ kʰiɪk̚³²/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡su⁴⁴⁻²² piɛt̚⁴⁻³² kʰiɪk̚³²/

/ɔ³³ t͡sɯ³³ piɛt̚²⁴⁻² kʰiak̚⁵/

(Taiwan) Uzbekistan (a country in Central Asia)


老撾

→ Zhuang: Laujvoh

/lɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ wɔ⁵⁵/

/lɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂu̯ä⁵⁵/

/lou̯¹³ wɔː⁵⁵/

/lou̯¹³ kʷɔː⁵⁵/

/lau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ o⁴⁴/

/lau⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ o³³/

/lau²²⁻²¹ o⁴⁴/

/lau³⁵⁻¹¹ ko³³/

/lɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ wɔ⁵⁵/

/lɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂu̯ä⁵⁵/

/lou̯¹³ wɔː⁵⁵/

/lou̯¹³ kʷɔː⁵⁵/

/lau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ o⁴⁴/

/lau⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ o³³/

/lau²²⁻²¹ o⁴⁴/

/lau³⁵⁻¹¹ ko³³/

Attested since the Ming dynasty, with the second character pronounced like zhuā. Its usage was gradually surpassed by 寮國, until it was reintroduced as the official name for Laos in the 1950s by PRC marshal Chen Yi. The wō pronunciation for the second character is relatively recent (from the 1960s), most likely since 老撾 as a whole was re-interpreted as a transcription of Lao ລາວ (lāo, “Lao”).
The first character 老 (lǎo) is from Lao ລາວ (lāo), the autonym of the Lao people.
The origin of the second character is less clear:
* According to Dianlüe (滇略), written by the Ming dynasty writer Xie Zhaozhe (謝肇淛), 撾 is a corruption of 爪 (zhuǎ, “animal claws (which the Lao people used as ornaments)”).
* Alternatively, modern writer Cai Wencong (蔡文欉) postulates that 撾 comes from Lao ຊວາ (suā, “Sua, the ancient name of Luang Prabang”).

cog

(chiefly Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Malaysia, Singapore) Laos (a country in Southeast Asia)

Chen Yi (marshal)
Ming dynasty
Muang Sua


柬埔寨

→ Zhuang: Genjbujcai

ㄐㄧㄢˇ ㄆㄨˇ ㄓㄞˋ

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻³⁵ pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂaɪ̯⁵¹/

/kaːn³⁵ pʰou̯²¹ t͡saːi̯²²/

/ki̯an³¹ pʰu²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰai̯⁵⁵/

/kan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pɔ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡se²²/

/kan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡se³³/

/kan⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ pɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡se³³/

/kan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡se²²/

/kan⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ pʰɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡se⁴¹/

/kan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pʰɔ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sɛ²²/

/kaŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ pou³³⁻²³ t͡se¹¹/

/t͡ɕi³³ pʰu⁵⁵ za²¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻³⁵ pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂaɪ̯⁵¹/

/kaːn³⁵ pʰou̯²¹ t͡saːi̯²²/

/ki̯an³¹ pʰu²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰai̯⁵⁵/

/kan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pɔ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡se²²/

/kan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡se³³/

/kan⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ pɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡se³³/

/kan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡se²²/

/kan⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ pʰɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡se⁴¹/

/kan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pʰɔ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sɛ²²/

/kaŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ pou³³⁻²³ t͡se¹¹/

/t͡ɕi³³ pʰu⁵⁵ za²¹/

From Middle Khmer kambuja, kambujja, kaṃbūjja, kumvuja, kāmabūja, kaṃmbujja (“kingdom of the Kambuja”), ultimately from Sanskrit काम्बोज (kāmboja); compare Modern Khmer កម្ពុជ (kɑɑkɑmpuc), Khmer កម្ពុជា (kampuciə).


西安

desc

→ English: Hsi-an, Sian, Singan, Xian, Xi'an

/ɕi⁵⁵ ˀän⁵⁵/

/ɕi²⁴ næ̃²⁴/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ ɔːn⁵⁵/

/si²⁴⁻¹¹ on²⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² an⁴⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² an⁴⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ an⁴⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ an⁴⁴/

/sai³³⁻²³ aŋ³³/

/ɕi⁵⁵ ˀän⁵⁵/

/ɕi²⁴ næ̃²⁴/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ ɔːn⁵⁵/

/si²⁴⁻¹¹ on²⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² an⁴⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² an⁴⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ an⁴⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ an⁴⁴/

/sai³³⁻²³ aŋ³³/

Usually glossed as meaning "Western Peace" but inclusive of the idea of "Western Pacification" or "Pacified Area", first adopted under the Ming Dynasty in 1369 as the city was conquered from the Yuan and protected with a new wall.

(～市) Xi'an (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Shaanxi, China)


大連

→ English: Dalian, Talien, Ta-lien

/tä⁵¹ li̯ɛn³⁵/

/tai²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ l̃ieŋ⁵³/

/tai²²⁻²¹ liɛn²⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² liɛn²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ liɛn¹³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ liɛn²⁴/

/tai³³⁻²¹ liɛn²³/

/tai³⁵⁻¹¹ liaŋ⁵⁵/

/tai³⁵⁻¹¹ lieŋ⁵⁵/

/tä⁵¹ li̯ɛn³⁵/

/tai²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ l̃ieŋ⁵³/

/tai²²⁻²¹ liɛn²⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² liɛn²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ liɛn¹³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ liɛn²⁴/

/tai³³⁻²¹ liɛn²³/

/tai³⁵⁻¹¹ liaŋ⁵⁵/

/tai³⁵⁻¹¹ lieŋ⁵⁵/

Ultimately from the name of the original Russian settlement, Russian Да́льний (Dálʹnij, literally “distant”). Folk etymology suggests a derivation from 褡褳／褡裢 (dālian, “type of rectangle-shaped pocket with a pouch in the middle and two bags at the ends”).

zh-l

(～市) Dalian (a subprovincial city in Liaoning, China)


蘭州

→ English: Lan-chou, Lanchow, Lanzhou

/län³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/læ̃²⁴ ʈ͡ʂou⁵¹/

/laːn²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/laŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡siu³³/

/le²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

/län³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/læ̃²⁴ ʈ͡ʂou⁵¹/

/laːn²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/laŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡siu³³/

/le²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

Coined in 581 with the establishment of 蘭州府 (“Lan prefecture”). Named after 皋蘭山／皋兰山.

(～市) Lanzhou (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Gansu, China)


太原

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

/tʰaːi̯³³ jyːn²¹/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ ŋi̯en¹¹/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ ŋi̯an¹¹/

/tʰaɪ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ŋian¹¹/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ ɡuan²⁴/

/tʰai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ɡuan²⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ ɡuan¹³/

/tʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ ɡuan²⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ ɡuan²³/

/tʰai²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ŋuaŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

/tʰaːi̯³³ jyːn²¹/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ ŋi̯en¹¹/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ ŋi̯an¹¹/

/tʰaɪ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ŋian¹¹/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ ɡuan²⁴/

/tʰai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ɡuan²⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ ɡuan¹³/

/tʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ ɡuan²⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ ɡuan²³/

/tʰai²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ŋuaŋ⁵⁵/

(～市) Taiyuan (a prefecture-level city, provincial capital, and largest city in Shanxi, in northern China)


卡塔爾

/kʰä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ tʰä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʰaː⁵⁵ tʰaːp̚³ jiː¹³/

/kʰa⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰa(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ nĩ⁵³/

/kʰa⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰa(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ d͡zĩ⁵³/

/kʰä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ tʰä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʰaː⁵⁵ tʰaːp̚³ jiː¹³/

/kʰa⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰa(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ nĩ⁵³/

/kʰa⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰa(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ d͡zĩ⁵³/

(Mainland China) Qatar (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


赤腳醫生

ㄔˋ ㄐㄧㄠˇ ㄧ ㄕㄥ

/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ i⁵⁵ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɛːk̚³ kœːk̚³ jiː⁵⁵ sɐŋ⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ i⁵⁵ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɛːk̚³ kœːk̚³ jiː⁵⁵ sɐŋ⁵⁵/


阿曼

/ˀä⁵⁵ män⁵¹/

/aː³³ maːn²²/

/ɔː⁵⁵ maːn²²/

/a⁴⁴⁻³⁵ man⁵³/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² ban²²/

/ˀä⁵⁵ män⁵¹/

/aː³³ maːn²²/

/ɔː⁵⁵ maːn²²/

/a⁴⁴⁻³⁵ man⁵³/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² ban²²/

Oman (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


不丹

Bhutan (a country in South Asia, in the Himalayas)


尼泊爾

/ni³⁵ pu̯ɔ³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/nei̯²¹ pɔːk̚² jiː¹³/

/nei̯²¹ pʰɔːk̚³ jiː¹³/

/nĩ²⁴⁻²² piɪk̚³²⁻⁴ nĩ⁵³/

/nĩ²⁴⁻²² piak̚⁵⁻²⁴ nĩ⁵⁵⁴/

/nĩ¹³⁻²² piɪk̚³²⁻⁵ d͡zĩ⁵³/

/nĩ¹³⁻²² pɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ d͡zĩ⁵³/

/nĩ²³⁻³³ pɤ(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ nĩ⁴¹/

/nĩ²⁴⁻¹¹ po(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ nĩ⁵³/

/nĩ²³⁻³³ pʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ nĩ⁴¹/

/nĩ²⁴⁻¹¹ pʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ nĩ⁵³/

/ni³⁵ pu̯ɔ³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/nei̯²¹ pɔːk̚² jiː¹³/

/nei̯²¹ pʰɔːk̚³ jiː¹³/

/nĩ²⁴⁻²² piɪk̚³²⁻⁴ nĩ⁵³/

/nĩ²⁴⁻²² piak̚⁵⁻²⁴ nĩ⁵⁵⁴/

/nĩ¹³⁻²² piɪk̚³²⁻⁵ d͡zĩ⁵³/

/nĩ¹³⁻²² pɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ d͡zĩ⁵³/

/nĩ²³⁻³³ pɤ(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ nĩ⁴¹/

/nĩ²⁴⁻¹¹ po(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ nĩ⁵³/

/nĩ²³⁻³³ pʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ nĩ⁴¹/

/nĩ²⁴⁻¹¹ pʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ nĩ⁵³/

Nepal (a country in South Asia, located between China and India)


遠東

/ɥɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/jyːn¹³ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/uoŋ³³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nøyŋ⁵⁵/

/uan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tɔŋ⁴⁴/

/uan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ taŋ⁴⁴/

/uan⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tɔŋ³³/

/uan⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ taŋ³³/

/uan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tɔŋ⁴⁴/

/uan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ taŋ⁴⁴/

/uan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tɔŋ⁴⁴/

/uan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ taŋ⁴⁴/

/uan⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tɔŋ⁴⁴/

/uan⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ taŋ⁴⁴/

/ɥɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/jyːn¹³ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/uoŋ³³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nøyŋ⁵⁵/

/uan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tɔŋ⁴⁴/

/uan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ taŋ⁴⁴/

/uan⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tɔŋ³³/

/uan⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ taŋ³³/

/uan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tɔŋ⁴⁴/

/uan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ taŋ⁴⁴/

/uan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tɔŋ⁴⁴/

/uan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ taŋ⁴⁴/

/uan⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tɔŋ⁴⁴/

/uan⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ taŋ⁴⁴/

西伯利亞及遠東地區

遠東地區

远东地区

遠東居民

远东居民

Russian Far East
Russian Far East#English

(～地區) Russian Far East (a region of Russia)


印尼

/in⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ni¹¹/

/iŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ nˡɛ⁵³/

/in²¹⁻⁵³ nĩ²⁴/

/in⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ nĩ²⁴/

/in²¹⁻⁵³ nĩ¹³/

/in¹¹⁻⁵³ nĩ²⁴/

/in²¹⁻⁴¹ nĩ²³/

/iŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ni⁵⁵/

/eŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ni⁵⁵/

/in³³ n̠ʲi⁴⁴/

/in⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ni¹¹/

/iŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ nˡɛ⁵³/

/in²¹⁻⁵³ nĩ²⁴/

/in⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ nĩ²⁴/

/in²¹⁻⁵³ nĩ¹³/

/in¹¹⁻⁵³ nĩ²⁴/

/in²¹⁻⁴¹ nĩ²³/

/iŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ni⁵⁵/

/eŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ni⁵⁵/

/in³³ n̠ʲi⁴⁴/

印度尼西亞／印度尼西亚 (Yìndùníxīyà)

Indonesia (a country and archipelago in maritime Southeast Asia)


菲律賓

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (菲律賓):
* → Vietnamese: Phi Luật Tân (菲律賓)

→ Zhuang: Feihlizbinh

/fei̯⁵⁵ lɵt̚² pɐn⁵⁵/

/hui⁴⁴⁻²² lut̚⁴⁻³² pin⁴⁴/

/hui⁴⁴⁻²² lut̚¹²¹⁻²¹ pin⁴⁴/

/hui⁴⁴⁻³³ lut̚⁴⁻³² pin⁴⁴/

/hui⁴⁴⁻³³ lit̚⁴⁻³² pin⁴⁴/

/hui³³⁻²³ luk̚⁴⁻² piŋ³³/

/fei̯⁵⁵ lɵt̚² pɐn⁵⁵/

/hui⁴⁴⁻²² lut̚⁴⁻³² pin⁴⁴/

/hui⁴⁴⁻²² lut̚¹²¹⁻²¹ pin⁴⁴/

/hui⁴⁴⁻³³ lut̚⁴⁻³² pin⁴⁴/

/hui⁴⁴⁻³³ lit̚⁴⁻³² pin⁴⁴/

/hui³³⁻²³ luk̚⁴⁻² piŋ³³/

Philippines (a country in Southeast Asia)


印度尼西亞

ㄧㄣˋ ㄉㄨˋ ㄋㄧˊ ㄒㄧ ㄧㄚˋ

ㄧㄣˋ ㄉㄨˋ ㄋㄧˊ ㄒㄧ ㄧㄚˇ

/in⁵¹⁻⁵³ tu⁵¹ ni³⁵ ɕi⁵⁵ jä⁵¹/

/in⁵¹⁻⁵³ tu⁵¹ ni³⁵ ɕi⁵⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jɐn³³ tou̯²² nei̯²¹ sɐi̯⁵⁵ aː³³/

/in⁵⁵ tʰu⁵⁵ ni¹¹ si²⁴⁻¹¹ a²⁴/

/(j)in⁵⁵ tʰu⁵⁵ ni¹¹ si²⁴⁻¹¹ a²⁴/

/iŋ²¹³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nu²⁴² nˡɛ⁵³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɛ⁵⁵ a³³/

/in²¹⁻⁵³ tɔ²²⁻²¹ nĩ²⁴⁻²² se⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/in⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tɔ⁴¹⁻²² nĩ²⁴⁻²² se³³ a³³/

/in²¹⁻⁵³ tɔ²²⁻²¹ nĩ¹³⁻²² se⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/in¹¹⁻⁵³ tɔ³³⁻¹¹ nĩ²⁴⁻¹¹ se⁴⁴⁻³³ a⁴⁴/

/in²¹⁻⁴¹ tɔ³³⁻²¹ nĩ²³⁻³³ se⁴⁴⁻³³ a⁴⁴/

/in³³ du⁵⁵ n̠ʲi³³ ɕi³³ ia²¹/

/in⁵¹⁻⁵³ tu⁵¹ ni³⁵ ɕi⁵⁵ jä⁵¹/

/in⁵¹⁻⁵³ tu⁵¹ ni³⁵ ɕi⁵⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jɐn³³ tou̯²² nei̯²¹ sɐi̯⁵⁵ aː³³/

/in⁵⁵ tʰu⁵⁵ ni¹¹ si²⁴⁻¹¹ a²⁴/

/(j)in⁵⁵ tʰu⁵⁵ ni¹¹ si²⁴⁻¹¹ a²⁴/

/iŋ²¹³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nu²⁴² nˡɛ⁵³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɛ⁵⁵ a³³/

/in²¹⁻⁵³ tɔ²²⁻²¹ nĩ²⁴⁻²² se⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/in⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tɔ⁴¹⁻²² nĩ²⁴⁻²² se³³ a³³/

/in²¹⁻⁵³ tɔ²²⁻²¹ nĩ¹³⁻²² se⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/in¹¹⁻⁵³ tɔ³³⁻¹¹ nĩ²⁴⁻¹¹ se⁴⁴⁻³³ a⁴⁴/

/in²¹⁻⁴¹ tɔ³³⁻²¹ nĩ²³⁻³³ se⁴⁴⁻³³ a⁴⁴/

/in³³ du⁵⁵ n̠ʲi³³ ɕi³³ ia²¹/

Borrowed from English Indonesia, with the first two syllables taken from 印度 (Yìndù, “India”).


也門

/jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ mən³⁵/

/ia⁴⁴⁻³⁵ mun¹¹/

/ia⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bun¹³/

/ia⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bun²⁴/

/jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ mən³⁵/

/ia⁴⁴⁻³⁵ mun¹¹/

/ia⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bun¹³/

/ia⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bun²⁴/

(Mainland China, Hong Kong) Yemen (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


斯里蘭卡

ㄙ ㄌㄧˇ ㄌㄢˊ ㄎㄚˇ

/sz̩⁵⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹ län³⁵ kʰä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/siː⁵⁵ lei̯¹³ laːn²¹ kʰaː⁵⁵/

/sɨ²⁴⁻¹¹ li²⁴ lan¹¹ kʰa¹¹/

/sɯ³³ li⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lan²⁴⁻²² kʰaʔ⁵/

/su⁴⁴⁻²² li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lan¹³⁻²² kʰa⁵³/

/su⁴⁴⁻²² li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lan²⁴⁻²² kʰa⁵³/

/su⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lan²³⁻³³ kʰaʔ³²/

/su⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lan²⁴⁻¹¹ kʰaʔ³²/

/sɯ³³⁻²³ li⁵²⁻³⁵ laŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kʰa⁵²/

/sz̩⁵⁵ li³³ le³³ kʰa²¹/

/sz̩⁵⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹ län³⁵ kʰä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/siː⁵⁵ lei̯¹³ laːn²¹ kʰaː⁵⁵/

/sɨ²⁴⁻¹¹ li²⁴ lan¹¹ kʰa¹¹/

/sɯ³³ li⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lan²⁴⁻²² kʰaʔ⁵/

/su⁴⁴⁻²² li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lan¹³⁻²² kʰa⁵³/

/su⁴⁴⁻²² li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lan²⁴⁻²² kʰa⁵³/

/su⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lan²³⁻³³ kʰaʔ³²/

/su⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lan²⁴⁻¹¹ kʰaʔ³²/

/sɯ³³⁻²³ li⁵²⁻³⁵ laŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kʰa⁵²/

/sz̩⁵⁵ li³³ le³³ kʰa²¹/

Sri Lanka (an island and country in South Asia, off the coast of India)


土庫曼斯坦

ㄊㄨˇ ㄎㄨˋ ㄇㄢˋ ㄙ ㄊㄢˇ

Тукуманьсытань

/tʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ kʰu⁵¹⁻⁵³ män⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵ tʰän²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰou̯³⁵ fuː³³ maːn²² siː⁵⁵ tʰaːn³⁵/

/tʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰɔ²¹⁻⁵³ ban²²⁻²¹ su⁴⁴⁻²² tʰan⁵³/

/tʰɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kʰɔ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ban⁴¹⁻²² sɯ³³ tʰan⁵⁵⁴/

/tʰou̯³⁵ fuː³³ maːn²² siː⁵⁵ tʰaːn³⁵/

(Mainland China) Turkmenistan (a country in Central Asia)


黎巴嫩

/li³⁵ pä⁵⁵ nən⁵¹/

/lɐi̯²¹ paː⁵⁵ nyːn²²/

/li¹¹ pa²⁴⁻¹¹ nun⁵⁵/

/le²⁴⁻²² pa³³ lun⁴¹/

/le²⁴⁻²² pa⁴⁴⁻²² lun²²/

/le¹³⁻²² pa⁴⁴⁻²² lun²²/

/li³⁵ pä⁵⁵ nən⁵¹/

/lɐi̯²¹ paː⁵⁵ nyːn²²/

/li¹¹ pa²⁴⁻¹¹ nun⁵⁵/

/le²⁴⁻²² pa³³ lun⁴¹/

/le²⁴⁻²² pa⁴⁴⁻²² lun²²/

/le¹³⁻²² pa⁴⁴⁻²² lun²²/

Lebanon (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


阿塞拜疆

ㄚ ㄙㄞˋ ㄅㄞˋ ㄐㄧㄤ

/ˀä⁵⁵ saɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ paɪ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/aː³³ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³ paːi̯³³ kœːŋ⁵⁵/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² sai²¹⁻⁵³ pai²¹⁻⁵³ kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/a³³ sai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ pai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kiɔŋ³³/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² sai²¹⁻⁵³ pai²¹⁻⁵³ kiaŋ⁴⁴/

/a⁵⁵ səʔ³³ pa³³ t͡ɕiã²¹/

/ˀä⁵⁵ saɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ paɪ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/aː³³ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³ paːi̯³³ kœːŋ⁵⁵/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² sai²¹⁻⁵³ pai²¹⁻⁵³ kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/a³³ sai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ pai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kiɔŋ³³/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² sai²¹⁻⁵³ pai²¹⁻⁵³ kiaŋ⁴⁴/

/a⁵⁵ səʔ³³ pa³³ t͡ɕiã²¹/

(Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau) Azerbaijan (a country in the South Caucasus, Asia and Europe)


沙特阿拉伯

→ Zhuang: Sahdwz Ahlahbwz

ㄕㄚ ㄊㄜˋ ㄚ ㄌㄚ ㄅㄛˊ

/ʂä⁵⁵ tʰɤ⁵¹ ˀä⁵⁵ lä⁵⁵ pu̯ɔ³⁵/

/saː⁵⁵ tɐk̚² aː³³ laːi̯⁵⁵ paːk̚³/

/sa⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚⁴⁻³² a⁴⁴⁻²² la⁴⁴⁻²² piɪk̚³²/

/sɛ⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ a⁴⁴⁻²² liap̚¹²¹⁻²¹ piɪk̚³²/

/ʂä⁵⁵ tʰɤ⁵¹ ˀä⁵⁵ lä⁵⁵ pu̯ɔ³⁵/

/saː⁵⁵ tɐk̚² aː³³ laːi̯⁵⁵ paːk̚³/

(chiefly Mainland China, Hong Kong) Saudi Arabia (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


阿聯酋

→ Zhuang: Ahlenzciuz

/ˀä⁵⁵ li̯ɛn³⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯³⁵/

/aː³³ lyːn²¹ jɐu̯²¹/

/ˀä⁵⁵ li̯ɛn³⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯³⁵/

/aː³³ lyːn²¹ jɐu̯²¹/

Short for 阿拉伯聯合酋長國／阿拉伯联合酋长国 (Ālābó Liánhé Qiúzhǎngguó).

zh-etym-short

United Arab Emirates
United Arab Emirates#English

(chiefly Mainland China, Hong Kong) UAE, United Arab Emirates (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


皇軍

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ t͡ɕyn⁵⁵/

/wɔːŋ²¹ kʷɐn⁵⁵/

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ t͡ɕyn⁵⁵/

/wɔːŋ²¹ kʷɐn⁵⁵/

imperial army
(especially) the Imperial Japanese Army

imperial army
the Imperial Japanese Army


馬尼拉

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ni³⁵ lä⁵⁵/

/maː¹³ nei̯²¹ laːi̯⁵⁵/

/mã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ nĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ la³³/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nĩ²⁴⁻²² la⁴⁴/

/ma⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ni²⁴⁻²² la³³/

/bin²⁴⁻²² li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ la⁴⁴/

/bin²⁴⁻²² nĩ²⁴⁻²² la⁴⁴/

/bin²²⁻²¹ nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lap̚¹²¹/

/mã⁴⁴⁻³³ nĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ la⁴⁴/

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ni³⁵ lä⁵⁵/

/maː¹³ nei̯²¹ laːi̯⁵⁵/

/mã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ nĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ la³³/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nĩ²⁴⁻²² la⁴⁴/

/ma⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ni²⁴⁻²² la³³/

/bin²⁴⁻²² li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ la⁴⁴/

/bin²⁴⁻²² nĩ²⁴⁻²² la⁴⁴/

/bin²²⁻²¹ nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lap̚¹²¹/

/mã⁴⁴⁻³³ nĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ la⁴⁴/

Borrowed from Spanish Manila, from Classical Tagalog Maynila.

马尼拉
馬尼剌
岷埠
岷里拉:Bîn
岷尼拉:Bîn
岷里刺:Bîn
岷里納:Bīn
岷唎喇:Bîn
岷里臘:Bīn
民希臘:Bīn
蠻哩喇
呅哖膋
貓里呂
麻里嚕
麻里蘆
麻里呂
麻逸

Manila (the capital city of the Philippines)


青島

desc

→ English: Qingdao, Tsingtao, Ch'ing-tao

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ tou̯³⁵/

/t͡sʰiaŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ to³¹/

/t͡sʰiŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾no³³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɤ⁴¹/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² to⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ tɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔ⁵³/

/t͡sʰẽ³³⁻²³ tau⁵²/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ tou̯³⁵/

/t͡sʰiaŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ to³¹/

/t͡sʰiŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾no³³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɤ⁴¹/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² to⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ tɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔ⁵³/

/t͡sʰẽ³³⁻²³ tau⁵²/

(～市) Qingdao (a subprovincial city in Shandong, China)


武漢

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (武漢):
* → Japanese: 武(ぶ)漢(かん) (Bukan)
* → Korean: 무한(武漢) (Muhan)
* → Vietnamese: Vũ Hán (武漢)

→ English: Wuhan, Wu-han, Wu Han

→ Georgian: უხანი (uxani)

→ Korean: 우한 (Uhan)

→ Russian: Уха́нь (Uxánʹ)

→ Zhuang: Vujhan

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ xän⁵¹/

/mou̯¹³ hɔːn³³/

/ʋu³¹ hɔn⁵³/

/u³³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ɑŋ²¹³/

/bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ han²¹/

/bu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ han⁴¹/

/bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ han²¹/

/bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ han¹¹/

/bu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ han²¹/

/bu⁵²⁻³⁵ haŋ²¹³/

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ xän⁵¹/

/mou̯¹³ hɔːn³³/

/ʋu³¹ hɔn⁵³/

/u³³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ɑŋ²¹³/

/bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ han²¹/

/bu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ han⁴¹/

/bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ han²¹/

/bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ han¹¹/

/bu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ han²¹/

/bu⁵²⁻³⁵ haŋ²¹³/

From 武昌 (Wǔchāng) + 漢口／汉口 (Hànkǒu), two of the three towns that were merged to form Wuhan.

(～市) Wuhan (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Hubei, China)


重慶

ja-r

重慶(じゅうけい) (Jūkei)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (重慶):
* → Japanese: 重慶(じゅうけい) (Jūkei)
* → Korean: 중경(重慶) (Junggyeong)
* → Vietnamese: Trùng Khánh (重慶)

desc

→ English: Chongqing, Chungching, Ch'ung-ch'ing, Chungking, Tchang-king

→ Japanese: 重慶(チョンチン) (Chonchin)

/ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵¹/

/t͡sʰoŋ²¹ t͡ɕʰin²¹³/

/t͡sʰʊŋ²¹ hɪŋ³³/

/t͡sʰuŋ¹¹ kʰin⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kʰin⁵³/

/tʰyŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ^((kʰ-))ŋɛiŋ²¹³/

/tyŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ^((kʰ-))ŋɛiŋ²¹³/

/tœŋ¹³⁻⁵⁵ kʰiŋ⁴²/

/tyøŋ¹³⁻⁵⁵ kʰiŋ⁴²/

/tiɔŋ¹³⁻²² kʰiɪŋ²¹/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kʰiɪŋ⁴¹/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kʰiɪŋ²¹/

/tiɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ kʰiɪŋ¹¹/

/tiɔŋ³³⁻²¹ kʰiɪŋ²¹/

/t͡sʰoŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kʰeŋ²¹³/

/zoŋ²² t͡ɕʰin⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵¹/

/t͡sʰoŋ²¹ t͡ɕʰin²¹³/

/t͡sʰʊŋ²¹ hɪŋ³³/

/t͡sʰuŋ¹¹ kʰin⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kʰin⁵³/

/tʰyŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ^((kʰ-))ŋɛiŋ²¹³/

/tyŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ^((kʰ-))ŋɛiŋ²¹³/

/tœŋ¹³⁻⁵⁵ kʰiŋ⁴²/

/tyøŋ¹³⁻⁵⁵ kʰiŋ⁴²/

/tiɔŋ¹³⁻²² kʰiɪŋ²¹/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kʰiɪŋ⁴¹/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kʰiɪŋ²¹/

/tiɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ kʰiɪŋ¹¹/

/tiɔŋ³³⁻²¹ kʰiɪŋ²¹/

/t͡sʰoŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kʰeŋ²¹³/

/zoŋ²² t͡ɕʰin⁴⁴/

Literally "double celebration", named in 1189 after Emperor Guangzong of Song was crowned as both king and emperor.

I just received a letter from Chongqing.

Wǒ gānggāng shōudào yī fēng cóng Chóngqìng jì lái de xìn.

我剛剛收到一封從重慶寄來的信。

我刚刚收到一封从重庆寄来的信。

(～市) Chongqing (a direct-administered municipality and city in western China)


石家莊

→ English: Shijiazhuang, Shih-chia-chuang

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂu̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/sɛːk̚² kaː⁵⁵ t͡sɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/sak̚⁵ ka⁴⁴ t͡sɔŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡sio(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ ka⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sŋ̍⁴⁴/

/t͡siɤ(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sŋ̍⁴⁴/

/t͡sio(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sŋ̍⁴⁴/

/t͡sio(ʔ)²⁴⁻² ka³³ t͡sŋ̍³³/

/t͡sio(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ kɛ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sŋ̍⁴⁴/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂu̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/sɛːk̚² kaː⁵⁵ t͡sɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/sak̚⁵ ka⁴⁴ t͡sɔŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡sio(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ ka⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sŋ̍⁴⁴/

/t͡siɤ(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sŋ̍⁴⁴/

/t͡sio(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sŋ̍⁴⁴/

/t͡sio(ʔ)²⁴⁻² ka³³ t͡sŋ̍³³/

/t͡sio(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ kɛ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sŋ̍⁴⁴/

(～市) Shijiazhuang (a prefecture-level city, provincial capital, and largest city in Hebei, China)


合肥

/xɤ³⁵ feɪ̯³⁵/

/hap̚¹²¹⁻²¹ pui¹³/

/xɤ³⁵ feɪ̯³⁵/

/hap̚¹²¹⁻²¹ pui¹³/

(～市) Hefei (a prefecture-level city, provincial capital, and largest city in Anhui, China)


甘肅

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (甘肅):
* → Japanese: 甘(かん)粛(しゅく) (Kanshuku)
* → Korean: 감숙(甘肅) (Gamsuk)
* → Vietnamese: Cam Túc (甘肅)

→ English: Gansu, Kansu

/kɐm⁵⁵ sʊk̚⁵/

/kam⁴⁴⁻³⁵ siʊk̚¹/

/kaŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nøyʔ²⁴/

/kam⁴⁴⁻²² siɔk̚³²/

/kam⁴⁴⁻³³ siɔk̚³²/

/kø⁵⁵ soʔ²¹/

/kɐm⁵⁵ sʊk̚⁵/

/kam⁴⁴⁻³⁵ siʊk̚¹/

/kaŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nøyʔ²⁴/

/kam⁴⁴⁻²² siɔk̚³²/

/kam⁴⁴⁻³³ siɔk̚³²/

/kø⁵⁵ soʔ²¹/

Blend of 甘州 (Gānzhōu) + 肅州／肃州 (Sùzhōu); coined in 1286 with the establishment of 甘肅等處行中書省.

zh-l

肅州／肃州 (Sùzhōu)

(～省) Gansu (a province of China; capital: Lanzhou)


鄭州

desc

English: Cheng-chou, Chengchow, Zhengzhou

/ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sɛːŋ²² t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰi̯aŋ³¹ t͡su²⁴/

/t͡sʰaŋ⁵³ t͡su⁴⁴/

/tĩ⁴¹⁻²² t͡siu³³/

/tĩ²²⁻²¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/tɛ̃²²⁻²¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/zən²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sɛːŋ²² t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰi̯aŋ³¹ t͡su²⁴/

/t͡sʰaŋ⁵³ t͡su⁴⁴/

/tĩ⁴¹⁻²² t͡siu³³/

/tĩ²²⁻²¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/tɛ̃²²⁻²¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/zən²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

(～市) Zhengzhou (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Henan, in central China)


貴州

/ku̯eɪ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kʷɐi̯³³ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/kui⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡siu³³/

/kui²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡siu³³/

/ku̯eɪ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kʷɐi̯³³ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/kui⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡siu³³/

/kui²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡siu³³/

Corruption of earlier 矩州 (Jǔzhōu); used since Song dynasty.

貴州的別稱是黔。

贵州的别称是黔。


昆明

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (昆明):
* → Japanese: 昆(こん)明(めい) (Konmei)
* → Vietnamese: Côn Minh (昆明)

→ English: Kunming

→ Hungarian: Kunming

→ Portuguese: Kunming

→ Russian: Куньми́н (Kunʹmín)

→ Spanish: Kunming

/kʰu̯ən⁵⁵ miŋ³⁵/

/kʷʰɐn⁵⁵ mɪŋ²¹/

/kʰun⁴⁴⁻³⁵ min¹¹/

/kʰouŋ⁵⁵ miŋ⁵³/

/kʰun⁴⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/

/kʰun³³ biɪŋ²⁴/

/kʰun⁴⁴⁻²² biɪŋ¹³/

/kʰun⁴⁴⁻³³ biɪŋ²⁴/

/kʰun⁴⁴⁻³³ biɪŋ²³/

/kʰuŋ³³⁻²³ meŋ⁵⁵/

/kʰu̯ən⁵⁵ miŋ³⁵/

/kʷʰɐn⁵⁵ mɪŋ²¹/

/kʰun⁴⁴⁻³⁵ min¹¹/

/kʰouŋ⁵⁵ miŋ⁵³/

/kʰun⁴⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/

/kʰun³³ biɪŋ²⁴/

/kʰun⁴⁴⁻²² biɪŋ¹³/

/kʰun⁴⁴⁻³³ biɪŋ²⁴/

/kʰun⁴⁴⁻³³ biɪŋ²³/

/kʰuŋ³³⁻²³ meŋ⁵⁵/

Originally the endonym of an ethnic group living in what is now western Yunnan province and southwestern Sichuan province.

(～市) Kunming (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Yunnan, in southwestern China)


瀋陽

Sino-Xenic (瀋陽):
* → Japanese: 瀋陽(しんよう) (Shin'yō)
* → Korean: 심양(瀋陽) (Simyang)
* → Vietnamese: Thẩm Dương (瀋陽)

→ English: Shenyang, Shen-yang

→ Japanese: 瀋(シェン)陽(ヤン) (Shen'yan)

→ Korean: 선양 (Seonyang)

→ Zhuang: Sinjyangz

/ʂən²¹⁴⁻²¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/sɐm³⁵ jœːŋ²¹/

/sɨm³¹ i̯oŋ¹¹/

/səm³¹ iɔŋ¹¹/

/sim⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ iɔŋ²³/

/sim⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ iɔŋ²⁴/

/sim⁵³⁻⁴⁴ iɔŋ²⁴/

/sim⁵³⁻⁴⁴ iaŋ¹³/

/ʂən²¹⁴⁻²¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/sɐm³⁵ jœːŋ²¹/

/sɨm³¹ i̯oŋ¹¹/

/səm³¹ iɔŋ¹¹/

/sim⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ iɔŋ²³/

/sim⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ iɔŋ²⁴/

/sim⁵³⁻⁴⁴ iɔŋ²⁴/

/sim⁵³⁻⁴⁴ iaŋ¹³/

Named in reference to its location to the north (the sunny side) of the Shen River. Coined in 1296 when the Shen Prefecture (瀋州／沈州) was converted to Shenyang Circuit (瀋陽路).

(～市) Shenyang (a subprovincial city, provincial capital, and largest city in Liaoning, China)


西伯利亞

ㄒㄧ ㄅㄛˊ ㄌㄧˋ ㄧㄚˋ

ㄒㄧ ㄅㄛˊ ㄌㄧˋ ㄧㄚˇ

/ɕi⁵⁵ pu̯ɔ³⁵ li⁵¹⁻⁵³ jä⁵¹/

/ɕi⁵⁵ pu̯ɔ³⁵ li⁵¹ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ paːk̚³ lei̯²² aː³³/

/ɕi⁵⁵ pu̯ɔ³⁵ li⁵¹⁻⁵³ jä⁵¹/

/ɕi⁵⁵ pu̯ɔ³⁵ li⁵¹ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ paːk̚³ lei̯²² aː³³/

1903, 陳天華 [Chen Tianhua], “猛回頭”, in 汪靜之, editor, 愛國詩選, volume 3, 商務印書館, published 1938, page 288:

Yòu bǎ zhè guìzú fùhù yǐjí dúshū de rén, dōu yòng qiúlóng qiú le, sòng wǎng nà chángnián yǒu xuě de Xībólìyà, gòng shù sān wàn, měi yī duì yǒu bīng yī duì yāsòng.

又把這貴族富戶以及讀書的人，都用囚籠囚了，送往那常年有雪的西伯利亞，共數三萬，每一隊有兵一隊押送。

又把这贵族富户以及读书的人，都用囚笼囚了，送往那常年有雪的西伯利亚，共数三万，每一队有兵一队押送。


廣西

Sino-Xenic (廣西):
* → Japanese: 広西(こうせい) (Kōsei)
* → Korean: 광서(廣西) (Gwangseo)
* → Vietnamese: Quảng Tây (廣西)

→ English: Guangxi, Kwangsi, Kwongsai

→ French: Guangxi, Kouang-Si

→ Korean: 광시 (Gwangsi)

→ Manchu: ᡤᡠᠸᠠᠩᠰᡳ (guwangsi)

→ Mongolian: ᠭᠤᠸᠠᠩᠰᠢ (ɣuwangsi)

→ Portuguese: Guangxi

→ Russian: Гуанси́ (Guansí)

→ Uyghur: گۇاڭشى (guangshi)

→ Zhuang: Guengjsae, Gvangjsih

/ku̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi⁵⁵/

/kʷɔːŋ³⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/kɔŋ⁵⁵ ɬai³³/

/kuɔŋ³¹ si⁴⁴/

/kuoŋ³³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nɛ⁵⁵/

/kŋ̍³³²⁻²¹ ^((ɬ-))ne⁵³³/

/kŋ̍⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sai³³/

/kŋ̍⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sai⁴⁴/

/kŋ̍⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ sai⁴⁴/

/kuĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sai⁴⁴/

/kŋ̍⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ se⁴⁴/

/kŋ̍⁵³⁻⁴⁴ se⁴⁴/

/kɯŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ sai³³/

/kʷʊŋ³³ ɬəi⁵³/

/kuɑ̃³³ ɕi⁴⁴/

/ku̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi⁵⁵/

/kʷɔːŋ³⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/kɔŋ⁵⁵ ɬai³³/

/kuɔŋ³¹ si⁴⁴/

/kuoŋ³³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nɛ⁵⁵/

/kŋ̍³³²⁻²¹ ^((ɬ-))ne⁵³³/

/kŋ̍⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sai³³/

/kŋ̍⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sai⁴⁴/

/kŋ̍⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ sai⁴⁴/

/kuĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sai⁴⁴/

/kŋ̍⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ se⁴⁴/

/kŋ̍⁵³⁻⁴⁴ se⁴⁴/

/kɯŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ sai³³/

/kʷʊŋ³³ ɬəi⁵³/

/kuɑ̃³³ ɕi⁴⁴/

Named after Guangnan West Circuit 廣南西路／广南西路 (Guǎngnán Xī Lù) of the Song dynasty.

zh-l

廣南西路／广南西路 (Guǎngnán Xī Lù)

Zhou Qufei, Representative Answers from the Region beyond the Mountains, 12ᵗʰ century CE

Lìzhī, Guǎngxī zhū jùn suǒ chǎn, shuài pí hòu ròu bó, hé dà wèi suān, bùyí pù gān, fēi Mǐnzhōng bǐ, jiā zhě mòrú Xīnghuà.

荔枝，廣西諸郡所產，率皮厚肉薄，核大味酸，不宜曝乾，非閩中比，佳者莫如興化。

荔枝，广西诸郡所产，率皮厚肉薄，核大味酸，不宜曝干，非闽中比，佳者莫如兴化。

～壯族自治區 廣西壯族自治區#Chinese

～僮族自治區 廣西僮族自治區#Chinese

(～壯族自治區, formerly ～僮族自治區, ～省) Guangxi (a Zhuang autonomous region and former province of China; capital: Nanning)


烏魯木齊

desc

→ English: Wulumuchi, Wu-lu-mu-ch'i, Wulumuqi

ㄨ ㄌㄨˇ ㄇㄨˋ ㄑㄧˊ

/u⁵⁵ lu²¹⁴⁻²¹ mu⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/wuː⁵⁵ lou̯¹³ mʊk̚² t͡sʰɐi̯²¹/

ou¹ lou³ borh⁷ ze² [Phonetic:ou⁵ lou⁵ borh⁶ ze²]

/ɔu⁵³³⁻²¹ lɔu⁴⁵³⁻²¹ pɒʔ⁴⁻¹ t͡se¹³/

/ɔu⁵³³⁻²¹ lɔu³³²⁻²¹ pɒʔ²⁴⁻² t͡se¹³/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻²² lɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bɔk̚⁴⁻³² t͡se²⁴/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ lɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ bɔk̚⁴⁻³² t͡se²³/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻²² lɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡se¹³/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ lɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bɔk̚⁴⁻³² t͡se²⁴/

/ɔ³³ lɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ bɔk̚²⁴⁻² t͡se²⁴/

/u⁵⁵ lu²¹⁴⁻²¹ mu⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/wuː⁵⁵ lou̯¹³ mʊk̚² t͡sʰɐi̯²¹/

/ɔu⁵³³⁻²¹ lɔu⁴⁵³⁻²¹ pɒʔ⁴⁻¹ t͡se¹³/

/ɔu⁵³³⁻²¹ lɔu³³²⁻²¹ pɒʔ²⁴⁻² t͡se¹³/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻²² lɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bɔk̚⁴⁻³² t͡se²⁴/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ lɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ bɔk̚⁴⁻³² t͡se²³/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻²² lɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡se¹³/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ lɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bɔk̚⁴⁻³² t͡se²⁴/

/ɔ³³ lɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ bɔk̚²⁴⁻² t͡se²⁴/

Borrowed from Manchu ᡠᡵᡠᠮᠴᡳ (urumci), from Written Oirat ᡇᠷᡇᡏᡔᡅ (urumci), from Chagatai اورُمجی (ūrumǧī /ürümči/).

乌鲁木齐
烏嚕木齊
乌鲁木齐
烏漉木製
烏櫓莫濟
烏鹵沐齊
烏鹵沐債
烏魯沐債
烏漉沐漬

On September 11th, 1985, Rugosa rose was chosen as Wlumuqi's^([sic – meaning Wulumuqi's]) city flower at the 18th Session of the Standing Committee of the 9th MPC of Wulumuqi, and the elm tree as Wulumuqi's city tree.

1989, China City Flowers (中国城市市花) p.88 & 89 →ISBN

1985 nián 9 yuè 11 rì, Wūlǔmùqí Shì réndà chángwěihuì dì 9 jiè 18 cì huìyì shàng, jiāng méigui dìng wéi shì huā, tóngshí dìng dà yè yú wèi shì shù.

1985年9月11日，烏魯木齊市人大常委會第9屆18次會議上，將玫瑰定為市花，同時定大葉榆為市樹。

1985年9月11日，乌鲁木齐市人大常委会第9届18次会议上，将玫瑰定为市花，同时定大叶榆为市树。

(～市) Ürümqi (a prefecture-level city, the capital of Xinjiang, China)


長春

→ English: Changchun, Ch'ang-ch'un

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ t͡sʰɵn⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰoŋ¹¹ t͡sʰun²⁴/

/t͡sʰɔŋ¹¹ t͡sʰun⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰun⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰun⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰun³³/

/tiɔŋ²³⁻³³ t͡sʰun⁴⁴/

/tiaŋ¹³⁻²² t͡sʰun⁴⁴/

/zã²² t͡sʰən⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ t͡sʰɵn⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰoŋ¹¹ t͡sʰun²⁴/

/t͡sʰɔŋ¹¹ t͡sʰun⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰun⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰun⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰun³³/

/tiɔŋ²³⁻³³ t͡sʰun⁴⁴/

/tiaŋ¹³⁻²² t͡sʰun⁴⁴/

/zã²² t͡sʰən⁴⁴/

(～市) Changchun (a subprovincial city, provincial capital, and largest city in Jilin, China)


成都

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (成都):
* → Japanese: 成(せい)都(と) (Seito)
* → Korean: 성도(成都) (Seongdo)
* → Vietnamese: Thành Đô (成都)

→ English: Chengdu, Chengtu, Ch'eng-tu

→ French: Chengdu, Tcheng-tou

ja-r

チョントゥー (Chontū)

→ Japanese: チョントゥー (Chontū), チェンドゥ (Chendu)

→ Korean: 청두 (Cheongdu)

→ Manchu: ᠴᡝᠩ
ᡩᡠ (ceng du)

→ Portuguese: Chengdu

→ Russian: Чэнду́ (Čɛndú)

→ Zhuang: Cwngzduh

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ tu⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰən²¹ tu⁵⁵/

/sɪŋ²¹ tou̯⁵⁵/

/siŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nu⁵⁵/

/siɪŋ²⁴⁻²² tɔ⁴⁴/

/siɪŋ²⁴⁻²² tɔ³³/

/siɪŋ¹³⁻²² tɔ⁴⁴/

/siɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ tɔ⁴⁴/

/siɪŋ²³⁻³³ tɔ⁴⁴/

/seŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tou³³/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ tu⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰən²¹ tu⁵⁵/

/sɪŋ²¹ tou̯⁵⁵/

/siŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nu⁵⁵/

/siɪŋ²⁴⁻²² tɔ⁴⁴/

/siɪŋ²⁴⁻²² tɔ³³/

/siɪŋ¹³⁻²² tɔ⁴⁴/

/siɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ tɔ⁴⁴/

/siɪŋ²³⁻³³ tɔ⁴⁴/

/seŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tou³³/

May be the transcription of a native non-Chinese word. Attested on excavated artefacts dating to the late Warring States Period, as well as in the Records of the Grand Historian.
Compare 邛都, 新都 (Xīndū), 廣都／广都, 筰都, 武都 (Wǔdū), all of which are toponyms in present-day southwest China with 都 (OC *taː) as the second syllable. In particular, according to the Records of the Grand Historian, 邛都 (OC *ɡoŋ taː) and 筰都 (OC *zaːɡ taː) were originally names of tribes that were "Southwestern Barbarians" (西南夷 (Xīnányí)).

zh-l

西南夷 (Xīnányí)

(～市) Chengdu (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Sichuan, China)

(～市) (historical) Chengdu (the capital city of the kingdom of Shu)


江西

desc

→ Thai: กังไส (gang-sǎi, “Jingdezhen porcelain”) (via Min Nan)

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/kɔŋ³³ ɬai³³/

/koŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ si²⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴ si⁴⁴/

/kouŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nɛ⁵⁵/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sai⁴⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sai⁴⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ se⁴⁴/

/kaŋ³³⁻²³ sai³³/

/kɑ̃⁵⁵ ɕi²¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/kɔŋ³³ ɬai³³/

/koŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ si²⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴ si⁴⁴/

/kouŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nɛ⁵⁵/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sai⁴⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sai⁴⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ se⁴⁴/

/kaŋ³³⁻²³ sai³³/

/kɑ̃⁵⁵ ɕi²¹/

;Jiangxi
;region to the north of Yangtze River


浙江

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (浙江):
* → Japanese: 浙江(せっこう) (sekkō)
* → Korean: 절강(浙江) (jeolgang)
* → Vietnamese: Chiết Giang (浙江)

desc

→ English: Che-chiang, Che-keang, Chekiang, Zhejiang, Zhe Jiang, Chekiang, Che-chiang, Chê-chiang (Wade–Giles), Che-keang, Che-kyang, Chequiam (obsolete), Jhejiang, Zhe Jiang

→ Zhuang: Cezgyangh

/ʈ͡ʂɤ⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂɤ⁵¹ d͡ʑ̥i̯ɑŋ¹/

/ʈ͡ʂɤ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡siːt̚³ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡set̚⁵⁵ kɔŋ³³/

/t͡sɛt̚⁵ kɔŋ²/

/t͡sat̚¹ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡sieʔ²⁴⁻²¹ kouŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sɛʔ¹⁻⁴⁵ kaŋ⁵³³/

/t͡siɛʔ²⁻²⁴ kaŋ⁵³³/

/t͡siɛt̚³²⁻⁴ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡siɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ kaŋ³³/

/t͡siɛt̚³²⁻⁵ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡siɛt̚³²⁻⁴ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡siɛt̚³²⁻⁴ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡sik̚²⁻⁴ kaŋ³³/

/t͡səʔ³³ kɑ̃⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂɤ⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂɤ⁵¹ d͡ʑ̥i̯ɑŋ¹/

/ʈ͡ʂɤ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡siːt̚³ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡set̚⁵⁵ kɔŋ³³/

/t͡sɛt̚⁵ kɔŋ²/

/t͡sat̚¹ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡sieʔ²⁴⁻²¹ kouŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sɛʔ¹⁻⁴⁵ kaŋ⁵³³/

/t͡siɛʔ²⁻²⁴ kaŋ⁵³³/

/t͡siɛt̚³²⁻⁴ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡siɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ kaŋ³³/

/t͡siɛt̚³²⁻⁵ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡siɛt̚³²⁻⁴ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡siɛt̚³²⁻⁴ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡sik̚²⁻⁴ kaŋ³³/

/t͡səʔ³³ kɑ̃⁴⁴/

Classic of Mountains and Seas
Qiantang River

The ancient name of the Qiantang River. First attested in the Classic of Mountains and Seas.


埃里溫

/ˀaɪ̯⁵⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹ wən⁵⁵/

/ɔːi̯⁵⁵ lei̯¹³ wɐn⁵⁵/

/aːi̯⁵⁵ lei̯¹³ wɐn⁵⁵/

/ai⁴⁴⁻²² li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ un⁴⁴/

/ai³³ li⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ un³³/

/ai⁴⁴⁻²² li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ un⁴⁴/

/ai⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ un⁴⁴/

/ai⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ un⁴⁴/

/ˀaɪ̯⁵⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹ wən⁵⁵/

/ɔːi̯⁵⁵ lei̯¹³ wɐn⁵⁵/

/aːi̯⁵⁵ lei̯¹³ wɐn⁵⁵/

/ai⁴⁴⁻²² li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ un⁴⁴/

/ai³³ li⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ un³³/

/ai⁴⁴⁻²² li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ un⁴⁴/

/ai⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ un⁴⁴/

/ai⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ un⁴⁴/

(Mainland China) Yerevan (a city, the capital city of Armenia)


馬爾代夫

ㄇㄚˇ ㄦˇ ㄉㄞˋ ㄈㄨ

/mä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ taɪ̯⁵¹ fu⁵⁵/

/maː¹³ jiː¹³ tɔːi̯²² fuː⁵⁵/

/mã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ nĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tai⁴¹⁻²² hu³³/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tai²²⁻²¹ hu⁴⁴/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ d͡zĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tai²²⁻²¹ hu⁴⁴/

/mä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ taɪ̯⁵¹ fu⁵⁵/

/maː¹³ jiː¹³ tɔːi̯²² fuː⁵⁵/

/mã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ nĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tai⁴¹⁻²² hu³³/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tai²²⁻²¹ hu⁴⁴/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ d͡zĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tai²²⁻²¹ hu⁴⁴/

(Mainland China, Hong Kong) Maldives (an archipelago and country in South Asia, located in the Indian Ocean off the coast of India)


鳥巢

/ni̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵/

/ni̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰaʊ̯ɻʷ³⁵/

/niːu̯¹³ t͡sʰaːu̯²¹/

/ni̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵/

/ni̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰaʊ̯ɻʷ³⁵/

/niːu̯¹³ t͡sʰaːu̯²¹/


神州

/ʂən³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/sɐn²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/seŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡siu³³/

/zən²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

/ʂən³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/sɐn²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/seŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡siu³³/

/zən²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

Liu Yiqing (editor), A New Account of the Tales of the World, 5ᵗʰ century CE

Wéi Wáng chéngxiàng qiǎorán biànsè yuē: “Dāng gòng lùlì wángshì, kèfù Shénzhōu, hé zhì zuò Chǔqiú xiàngduì!”

唯王丞相愀然變色曰：「當共戮力王室，克復神州，何至作楚囚相對！」

唯王丞相愀然变色曰：「当共戮力王室，克复神州，何至作楚囚相对！」

Héchù wàng Shénzhōu? Mǎnyǎn fēngguāng Běigùlóu.

何處望神州？滿眼風光北固樓。

何处望神州？满眼风光北固楼。

Shénzhōu zhǐ zài lángān běi, dù dù lái shí pà shàng lóu.

神州只在闌干北，度度來時怕上樓。

神州只在阑干北，度度来时怕上楼。

(literary) the Divine Land (Central Plain or China)


兩京

/li̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/li̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

(archaic) the two capitals (i.e. the two Han Dynasty capitals of Luoyang and Chang'an)


五伯

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ pä⁵¹/

/ŋ̍¹³ paː³³/

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ pä⁵¹/

/ŋ̍¹³ paː³³/


五霸

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ pä⁵¹/

/ŋ̍¹³ paː³³/

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ pä⁵¹/

/ŋ̍¹³ paː³³/

(historical, collective) the Five Hegemons


盧布

/lɔ²⁴⁻²² pɔ²¹/

/lɔ²⁴⁻²² pɔ⁴¹/

/lɔ¹³⁻²² pɔ²¹/

/lɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ pɔ¹¹/

/lɔ²³⁻³³ pɔ²¹/

/lɔ²⁴⁻²² pɔ²¹/

/lɔ²⁴⁻²² pɔ⁴¹/

/lɔ¹³⁻²² pɔ²¹/

/lɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ pɔ¹¹/

/lɔ²³⁻³³ pɔ²¹/


小日本

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʐ̩⁵¹ pən²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

ㄒㄧㄠˇ ㄖˋ ㄅㄣˇㄦ

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʐ̩⁵¹ pəɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/siːu̯³⁵ jɐt̚² puːn³⁵/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʐ̩⁵¹ pən²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʐ̩⁵¹ pəɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/siːu̯³⁵ jɐt̚² puːn³⁵/

(derogatory, ethnic slur) the Japanese, a Jap


鮮卑

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (鮮卑):
* → Japanese: 鮮(せん)卑(ぴ) (senpi)
* → Korean: 선비(鮮卑) (seonbi)
* → Vietnamese: Tiên Ti (鮮卑)

→ English: Xianbei

→ French: Xianbei

→ German: Xianbei

→ Portuguese: xianbei

desc

→ Russian: сяньби́ (sjanʹbí), сяньбэ́й (sjanʹbɛ́j)

→ Spanish: xianbei

→ Ukrainian: сяньбі́ (sjanʹbí)

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ peɪ̯⁵⁵/

/si̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ pi²⁴/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻²² pi⁴⁴/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻²² pi⁴⁴/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ pi⁴⁴/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ pi⁴⁴/

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ peɪ̯⁵⁵/

/si̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ pi²⁴/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻²² pi⁴⁴/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻²² pi⁴⁴/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ pi⁴⁴/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ pi⁴⁴/

; "Xianbei"
: Paul Pelliot (1928:141, 142) suggested this was borrowed from Xianbei *serbi ~ *särbi.
; "belt hook"


和人

/xɤ³⁵ ʐən³⁵/

/xɤ³⁵ ʐən³⁵/


大田

/tä⁵¹ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/taːi̯²² tʰiːn²¹/

/tua²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰan²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ tiɛn²⁴/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² t͡sʰan²⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² tiɛn²⁴/

/tua²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰan¹³/

/tai²²⁻²¹ tiɛn¹³/

/tua³³⁻¹¹ t͡sʰan²⁴/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ tiɛn²⁴/

/tua³³⁻²¹ t͡sʰan²³/

/tai³³⁻²¹ tiɛn²³/

/tä⁵¹ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/taːi̯²² tʰiːn²¹/

/tua²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰan²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ tiɛn²⁴/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² t͡sʰan²⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² tiɛn²⁴/

/tua²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰan¹³/

/tai²²⁻²¹ tiɛn¹³/

/tua³³⁻¹¹ t͡sʰan²⁴/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ tiɛn²⁴/

/tua³³⁻²¹ t͡sʰan²³/

/tai³³⁻²¹ tiɛn²³/

(～廣域市, ～市) Daejeon (a city in South Korea)


上野

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 上野.


真奈

/ʈ͡ʂən⁵⁵ naɪ̯⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂən⁵⁵ naɪ̯⁵¹/

2004, Chitra Soundar, translated by 符祝炎, 印度文化之旅, Asiapac Books Pte Ltd, translation of Gateway to Indian Culture, →ISBN, page 142:

The second largest city for Indian cinema is Chennai (formerly known as Madras) in South India, where Tamil-language films are made under the "Kollywood" moniker, referring to the city's Kodambakkam neighborhood.

Yìndù dì'èr dà diànyǐng chéng wèiyú nán Yìndù Zhēnnài (Chennai, qián chēng mǎdélāsī) de Kèdànbākǎmǔ zhèn (Kodambakkam), chēngwèi "Kèláiwù" (Koliwood), zhǔ yào zhìzuò Dànmǐ'ěryǔ diànyǐng.

印度第二大電影城位於南印度真奈（Chennai，前稱馬德拉斯）的克淡巴卡姆鎮（Kodambakkam），稱為"克萊塢"（Koliwood），主要制作淡米爾語電影。

印度第二大电影城位于南印度真奈（Chennai，前称马德拉斯）的克淡巴卡姆镇（Kodambakkam），称为"克莱坞"（Koliwood），主要制作淡米尔语电影。

2016 September 23, “新加坡飞印度航班惊魂 三星手机冒黑烟”, in Nanyang Post:

The plane was flying from Singapore to Chennai, India.

Zhè jià fēijī dāngshí zhèngzài zhíxíng cóng Xīnjiāpō fēi wǎng Yìndù Zhēnnài.

这架飛機當時正在執行从新加坡飛往印度真奈。

这架飞机当时正在执行从新加坡飞往印度真奈。

(chiefly Malaysia, Singapore) Chennai (the capital and largest city of Tamil Nadu, India)


棒子

/pɑŋ⁵¹ d͡z̥z̩¹/

/pʰaːŋ¹³ t͡siː³⁵/

/pɑŋ⁵¹ d͡z̥z̩¹/

/pʰaːŋ¹³ t͡siː³⁵/

The origin of the sense “Korean person” is a matter of debate. A similar use was attested in the 17–18th century book Liaozuo Travelogue (《遼左見聞錄》), where it referred to the "Koreans born of illegitimate affairs between officials and prostitutes", who were discriminated against by the populace. Hence compare Korean 백정 (白丁, baekjeong, “former outcast group in Korea”). The 1751 book The Picture Album of Subordinate Peoples of the Qing Dynasty (《皇清職貢圖》) noted 高麗棒子／高丽棒子 (Gāolí bàngzi, “Goryeo bangzi”) as a colloquial name for Koreans. See the Wikipedia pages Gaoli bangzi and 高麗棒子 (Gāolí bàngzi) for more.


棒子

/pɑŋ⁵¹ d͡z̥z̩¹/

/pʰaːŋ¹³ t͡siː³⁵/

/pɑŋ⁵¹ d͡z̥z̩¹/

/pʰaːŋ¹³ t͡siː³⁵/


前門

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵ mən³⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵ məɻ³⁵/

/t͡sʰiːn²¹ muːn²¹⁻³⁵/

/tʰen²² ᵐbɔŋ²²⁻²²⁵/

/t͡siɪŋ²⁴⁻²² mŋ̍²⁴/

/t͡siɪŋ²⁴⁻²² mŋ̍²⁴/

/t͡siɪŋ¹³⁻²² mŋ̍¹³/

/t͡siɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ mŋ̍²⁴/

/t͡siɪŋ²³⁻³³ mŋ̍²³/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵ mən³⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵ məɻ³⁵/

/t͡sʰiːn²¹ muːn²¹⁻³⁵/

/tʰen²² ᵐbɔŋ²²⁻²²⁵/

/t͡siɪŋ²⁴⁻²² mŋ̍²⁴/

/t͡siɪŋ²⁴⁻²² mŋ̍²⁴/

/t͡siɪŋ¹³⁻²² mŋ̍¹³/

/t͡siɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ mŋ̍²⁴/

/t͡siɪŋ²³⁻³³ mŋ̍²³/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵ mən³⁵/

If you go out today remember to lock the front door.

Nǐ jīntiān chūqù dehuà, jìde suǒshàng qiánmén.

你今天出去的話，記得鎖上前門。

你今天出去的话，记得锁上前门。


後門

/xoʊ̯⁵¹ mən³⁵/

/xoʊ̯⁵¹ məɻ³⁵/

/hɐu̯²² muːn²¹⁻³⁵/

/heu³² ᵐbᵘɔn²²/

/heu³² ᵐbᵘɔn²²⁻²²⁵/

/xəu⁴⁵ məŋ¹¹/

/au²²⁻²¹ mŋ̍²⁴/

/au⁴¹⁻²² mŋ̍²⁴/

/au²²⁻²¹ mŋ̍¹³/

/au³³⁻¹¹ mŋ̍²⁴/

/au³³⁻²¹ mŋ̍²³/

/xoʊ̯⁵¹ mən³⁵/

/xoʊ̯⁵¹ məɻ³⁵/

/hɐu̯²² muːn²¹⁻³⁵/

/heu³² ᵐbᵘɔn²²/

/heu³² ᵐbᵘɔn²²⁻²²⁵/

/xəu⁴⁵ məŋ¹¹/

/au²²⁻²¹ mŋ̍²⁴/

/au⁴¹⁻²² mŋ̍²⁴/

/au²²⁻²¹ mŋ̍¹³/

/au³³⁻¹¹ mŋ̍²⁴/

/au³³⁻²¹ mŋ̍²³/

/xoʊ̯⁵¹ mən³⁵/


萬里長城

ㄨㄢˋ ㄌㄧˇ ㄔㄤˊ ㄔㄥˊ

Ваньли Чанчэн

/wän⁵¹ li²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/maːn²² lei̯¹³ t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ sɪŋ²¹/

/van⁵⁵ li²⁴ t͡sʰoŋ¹¹ saŋ¹¹/

/uaŋ²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ˡ⁻⁾nˡi³³ tuoŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾niaŋ⁵³/

/ban²¹ li⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ tŋ̍²³⁻²¹ siã²³/

/ban³³⁻²¹ li⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tŋ̍²³⁻³³ siã²³/

/ban³³⁻¹¹ li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ siã²⁴/

/ɡuan⁵³⁻¹¹ li²¹ t͡sʰaŋ¹¹ t͡sʰin¹¹/

/wän⁵¹ li²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/maːn²² lei̯¹³ t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ sɪŋ²¹/

/van⁵⁵ li²⁴ t͡sʰoŋ¹¹ saŋ¹¹/

/ban²¹ li⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ tŋ̍²³⁻²¹ siã²³/

/ban³³⁻²¹ li⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tŋ̍²³⁻³³ siã²³/

/ban³³⁻¹¹ li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ siã²⁴/

/ɡuan⁵³⁻¹¹ li²¹ t͡sʰaŋ¹¹ t͡sʰin¹¹/

From the idiomatic sense of 萬／万 (wàn) as any uncountable or unimaginably large number. As a whole the name, translated literally, means “10,000-li long wall”.


倭寇

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (倭寇):
* → Japanese: 倭(わ)寇(こう) (wakō)
* → Korean: 왜구(倭寇) (waegu)
* → Vietnamese: Nụy Khấu (倭寇)

→ English: wokou

/wɔ⁵⁵ kʰoʊ̯⁵¹/

/wɔː⁵⁵ kʰɐu̯³³/

/wɔ⁵⁵ kʰoʊ̯⁵¹/

/wɔː⁵⁵ kʰɐu̯³³/

(historical) wokou (pirates from a mixture of ethnicities who raided the coastlines of China and Korea from the 13th to 16th centuries)


三星

/sän⁵⁵ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/saːm⁵⁵ sɪŋ⁵⁵/

/sã⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰɛ̃⁴⁴/

/sã⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰẽ⁴⁴/

/sã⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴/

/sã⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴/

/sã³³ t͡sʰĩ³³/

/sän⁵⁵ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/saːm⁵⁵ sɪŋ⁵⁵/

/sã⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰɛ̃⁴⁴/

/sã⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰẽ⁴⁴/

/sã⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴/

/sã⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴/

/sã³³ t͡sʰĩ³³/


親日

/t͡ɕʰin⁵⁵ ʐ̩⁵¹/

/t͡ɕʰin⁵⁵ ʐ̩⁵¹/


中州

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

Alternative name for 中國／中国 (Zhōngguó, “China”).


中國菜

ㄓㄨㄥ ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄘㄞˋ

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡sʰai²¹/

/tiɔŋ³³ kɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ t͡sʰai⁴¹/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²⁻⁵ t͡sʰai²¹/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡sʰai¹¹/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡sʰai²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡sʰai²¹/

/tiɔŋ³³ kɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ t͡sʰai⁴¹/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²⁻⁵ t͡sʰai²¹/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡sʰai¹¹/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡sʰai²¹/

地道的中國菜

地道的中国菜

Whether you want Chinese or Japanese food, the buffet will have what you like.

Wúlùn nǐ xiǎng chī Zhōngguócài háishì Rìběn liàolǐ, zìzhùcān dōu huì yǒu nǐ xǐhuān de.

無論你想吃中國菜還是日本料理，自助餐都會有你喜歡的。

无论你想吃中国菜还是日本料理，自助餐都会有你喜欢的。


印度阿三

ㄧㄣˋ ㄉㄨˋ ㄚ ㄙㄢ

/in⁵¹⁻⁵³ tu⁵¹ ˀä⁵⁵ sän⁵⁵/

/in⁵¹⁻⁵³ tu⁵¹ ˀä⁵⁵ sän⁵⁵/

(historical, slang, derogatory, ethnic slur) Sikh policeman in the Shanghai International Settlement


阿三

/ˀä⁵⁵ sän⁵⁵/

/ˀä⁵⁵ sän⁵⁵/

Unknown. Possibilities include:
* From 阿Sir, a respectful term of address for policemen;
* From English I see, an affirmative answer often used by policemen when replying to commanding officers;
* From Assam, a state in northeastern India.

† - derogatory/disrespectful/ethnic slur

(historical, slang, derogatory) Sikh policeman in the Shanghai International Settlement


傳貰

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/t͡sʰyːn²¹ sɐi̯³³/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/t͡sʰyːn²¹ sɐi̯³³/

Orthographic borrowing from Korean 전세(傳貰) (jeonse).

obor

(real estate) jeonse (a form of lease in the South Korean real estate market in which the lessee does not pay rent, but instead provides the landlord with a large lump sum deposit which is returned in full once the lease has determined, with the landlord profiting through investment of the deposit)


月貰

/ɥɛ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/jyːt̚² sɐi̯³³/

/ɥɛ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/jyːt̚² sɐi̯³³/

Orthographic borrowing from Korean 월세(月貰) (wolse).

(real estate) wolse (a lease in the South Korean real estate market in which rent is paid monthly)


天壇

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ tʰän³⁵/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ tʰaːn²¹/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ tʰän³⁵/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ tʰaːn²¹/


西海

/ɕi⁵⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/ɕi⁵⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵/

a lake in the Shichahai area of Beijing, China


日本國

/ʐ̩⁵¹ pən²¹⁴⁻²¹ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/jɐt̚² puːn³⁵ kʷɔːk̚³/

/zit̚⁴⁻³² pun⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kɔk̚³²/

/lit̚⁴⁻³² pun⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kɔk̚³²/

/ʐ̩⁵¹ pən²¹⁴⁻²¹ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/jɐt̚² puːn³⁵ kʷɔːk̚³/

/zit̚⁴⁻³² pun⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kɔk̚³²/

/lit̚⁴⁻³² pun⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kɔk̚³²/


兩岸

/li̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ˀän⁵¹/

/lœːŋ¹³ ŋɔːn²²/

/liɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡan³³/

/liɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡan²²/

/liɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ɡan⁴¹/

/liɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɡan³³/

/nŋ̍²²⁻²¹ huã²²/

/liaŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ ŋai³⁵/

/li̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ˀän⁵¹/

/lœːŋ¹³ ŋɔːn²²/

/liɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡan³³/

/liɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡan²²/

/liɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ɡan⁴¹/

/liɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɡan³³/

/nŋ̍²²⁻²¹ huã²²/

/liaŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ ŋai³⁵/


暴走族

/pɑʊ̯⁵¹ t͡soʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡su³⁵/

/pɑʊ̯⁵¹ t͡soʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡su³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 暴走族(ぼうそうぞく) (bōsōzoku).

ja-r

暴走族(ぼうそうぞく) (bōsōzoku)


山頂

/ʂän⁵⁵ tiŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʂän⁵⁵ tiɤ̯̃ɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/saːn⁵⁵ tɛːŋ³⁵/

/san⁴⁴⁻³⁵ taŋ³¹/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪŋ⁵³/

/suã³³ tiɪŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪŋ⁵³/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɪŋ⁵³/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɪŋ⁴¹/

/ʂän⁵⁵ tiŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʂän⁵⁵ tiɤ̯̃ɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/saːn⁵⁵ tɛːŋ³⁵/

/san⁴⁴⁻³⁵ taŋ³¹/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪŋ⁵³/

/suã³³ tiɪŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪŋ⁵³/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɪŋ⁵³/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɪŋ⁴¹/

Hong Kong Island
Hong Kong Island#English

(Hong Kong, informal) Victoria Peak; The Peak (a hill on the western half of Hong Kong Island)


黑海

/xeɪ̯⁵⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɐk̚⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ hai⁵³/

/həʔ³³ he⁴⁴/

/xeɪ̯⁵⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɐk̚⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ hai⁵³/

/həʔ³³ he⁴⁴/


蔚山

/weɪ̯⁵¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

/wɐi̯³³ saːn⁵⁵/

/weɪ̯⁵¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

/wɐi̯³³ saːn⁵⁵/


大邱

/tä⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/

/taːi̯²² jɐu̯⁵⁵/

/tä⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/

/taːi̯²² jɐu̯⁵⁵/


淄博

/t͡sz̩⁵⁵ pu̯ɔ³⁵/

/t͡siː⁵⁵ pɔːk̚³/

/t͡sy⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βɑuʔ²⁴/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻²² pʰɔk̚³²/

/t͡su³³ pʰɔk̚⁵/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻²² pʰɔk̚³²/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻³³ pʰɔk̚³²/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻³³ pʰɔk̚³²/

/t͡sɯ³³⁻²³ pʰak̚²/

/t͡sz̩⁵⁵ poʔ²¹/

/t͡sz̩⁵⁵ pu̯ɔ³⁵/

/t͡siː⁵⁵ pɔːk̚³/

/t͡sy⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βɑuʔ²⁴/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻²² pʰɔk̚³²/

/t͡su³³ pʰɔk̚⁵/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻²² pʰɔk̚³²/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻³³ pʰɔk̚³²/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻³³ pʰɔk̚³²/

/t͡sɯ³³⁻²³ pʰak̚²/

/t͡sz̩⁵⁵ poʔ²¹/

(～市) Zibo (a prefecture-level city in central Shandong, China)


仁川

/ʐən³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/jɐn²¹ t͡sʰyːn⁵⁵/

/ʐən³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/jɐn²¹ t͡sʰyːn⁵⁵/

(～廣域市, ～市) Incheon (a city in South Korea)


和風

/xɤ³⁵ fɤŋ⁵⁵/

/wɔː²¹ fʊŋ⁵⁵/

/ho²⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻²² hɔŋ³³/

/ho¹³⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/xɤ³⁵ fɤŋ⁵⁵/

/wɔː²¹ fʊŋ⁵⁵/

/ho²⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻²² hɔŋ³³/

/ho¹³⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/


安南

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (安南):
* → Japanese: 安南(アンナン) (Annan)
* → Okinawan: 安南(あんなん) (Annan)
* → Korean: 안남(安南) (Annam)
* → Vietnamese: An Nam (安南)

/ˀän⁵⁵ nän³⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ naːm²¹/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ naːm²¹⁻³⁵/

/aŋ⁵⁵ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ lam²³/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ lam²⁴/

/aŋ³³⁻²³ nam⁵⁵/

/aŋ³³⁻²³ lam⁵⁵/

/ˀän⁵⁵ nän³⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ naːm²¹/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ naːm²¹⁻³⁵/

/aŋ⁵⁵ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ lam²³/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ lam²⁴/

/aŋ³³⁻²³ nam⁵⁵/

/aŋ³³⁻²³ lam⁵⁵/

1965, 龍影, directed by 關志堅, 恩義難忘 [Your Infinitive Kindness], 雷煥璇 [Lui Woon-Suen] (actor):

Tomorrow, suggest going to Vietnam with him for a few days.

nei⁵ ting¹ jat⁶ tai⁴ ji⁵ tung⁴ keoi⁵ heoi³ on¹ naam⁴⁻² waan⁴⁻² gei² jat⁶.

你聽日提議同佢去安南玩幾日。

你听日提议同佢去安南玩几日。

(dated) Vietnam (a country in Southeast Asia)


包頭

→ English: Baotou, Pao-t'ou, Paotow

Borrowed from Mongolian ᠪᠤᠭᠤᠲᠤ (buɣutu), from ᠪᠤᠭᠤ (buɣu, “deer”) / буга (buga) + -ᠲᠤ (-tu, “place where ... is”)

/pɑʊ̯⁵⁵ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/

/pɑʊ̯⁵⁵ tʰɤʊ̯ɻʷ³⁵/

/paːu̯⁵⁵ tʰɐu̯²¹/

/pau⁴⁴⁻²² tʰau²⁴/

/pau⁴⁴⁻²² tʰau¹³/

/pau⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰau²⁴/

/pau⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰau²³/

/pau³³⁻²³ tʰau⁵⁵/

/pɒu̯³³ təu̯¹³/

/pɑʊ̯⁵⁵ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/

/pɑʊ̯⁵⁵ tʰɤʊ̯ɻʷ³⁵/

/paːu̯⁵⁵ tʰɐu̯²¹/

/pau⁴⁴⁻²² tʰau²⁴/

/pau⁴⁴⁻²² tʰau¹³/

/pau⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰau²⁴/

/pau⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰau²³/

/pau³³⁻²³ tʰau⁵⁵/

/pɒu̯³³ təu̯¹³/

(～市) Baotou (a prefecture-level city, the largest city in Inner Mongolia, in northern China)


朝鮮民主主義人民共和國

ㄔㄠˊ ㄒㄧㄢˇ ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄓㄨˇ ㄓㄨˇ ㄧˋ ㄖㄣˊ ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄍㄨㄥˋ ㄏㄜˊ ㄍㄨㄛˊ

ㄔㄠˊ ㄒㄧㄢ ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄓㄨˇ ㄓㄨˇ ㄧˋ ㄖㄣˊ ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄍㄨㄥˋ ㄏㄜˊ ㄍㄨㄛˊ

ciu⁴ sin¹ man⁴ zyu² zyu² ji⁶ jan⁴ man⁴ gung⁶ wo⁴ gwok³

ziu¹ sin¹ man⁴ zyu² zyu² ji⁶ jan⁴ man⁴ gung⁶ wo⁴ gwok³

Tiâu-sián Bîn-chú-chú-gī Lîn-bîn Kiōng-hô͘-kok

Tiâu-sián Bîn-chú-chú-gī Jîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok

Cháoxiǎn Mínzhǔzhǔyì Rénmín Gònghéguó [Phonetic:cháoxiǎnmínzhúzhǔyìrénmíngònghéguó]

Chʻao²-hsien³ Min²-chu³-chu³-i⁴ Jên²-min² Kung⁴-ho²-kuo²

Cháu-syǎn Mín-jǔ-jǔ-yì Rén-mín Gùng-hé-gwó

Chaurshean Minjuujuuyih Renmin Gonqhergwo

Чаосянь Миньчжучжуи Жэньминь Гунхэго

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹ min³⁵ ʈ͡ʂu²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ʈ͡ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹ i⁵¹ ʐən³⁵ min³⁵ kʊŋ⁵¹ xɤ³⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

Cháoxiān Mínzhǔzhǔyì Rénmín Gònghéguó [Phonetic:cháoxiānmínzhúzhǔyìrénmíngònghéguó]

Chʻao²-hsien¹ Min²-chu³-chu³-i⁴ Jên²-min² Kung⁴-ho²-kuo²

Cháu-syān Mín-jǔ-jǔ-yì Rén-mín Gùng-hé-gwó

Chaurshian Minjuujuuyih Renmin Gonqhergwo

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ min³⁵ ʈ͡ʂu²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ʈ͡ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹ i⁵¹ ʐən³⁵ min³⁵ kʊŋ⁵¹ xɤ³⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

chìuh sīn màhn jyú jyú yih yàhn màhn guhng wòh gwok

jīu sīn màhn jyú jyú yih yàhn màhn guhng wòh gwok

tsiu⁴ sin¹ man⁴ dzy² dzy² ji⁶ jan⁴ man⁴ gung⁶ wo⁴ gwok⁸

dziu¹ sin¹ man⁴ dzy² dzy² ji⁶ jan⁴ man⁴ gung⁶ wo⁴ gwok⁸

qiu⁴ xin¹ men⁴ ju² ju² yi⁶ yen⁴ men⁴ gung⁶ wo⁴ guog³

jiu¹ xin¹ men⁴ ju² ju² yi⁶ yen⁴ men⁴ gung⁶ wo⁴ guog³

/t͡sʰiːu̯²¹ siːn⁵⁵ mɐn²¹ t͡syː³⁵ t͡syː³⁵ jiː²² jɐn²¹ mɐn²¹ kʊŋ²² wɔː²¹ kʷɔːk̚³/

/t͡siːu̯⁵⁵ siːn⁵⁵ mɐn²¹ t͡syː³⁵ t͡syː³⁵ jiː²² jɐn²¹ mɐn²¹ kʊŋ²² wɔː²¹ kʷɔːk̚³/

Tiâu-sián Bîn-tsú-tsú-gī Lîn-bîn Kiōng-hôo-kok

diausiern binzwzw'gi linbiin kioxngho'kog

/tiau²⁴⁻²² siɛn⁵⁵⁴ bin²⁴⁻²² t͡su⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡su⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ɡi⁴¹ lin²⁴⁻²² bin²⁴ kiɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² hɔ²⁴⁻²² kɔk̚⁵/

Tiâu-sián Bîn-tsú-tsú-gī Lîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok

diausiern binzwzw'gi linbiin kioxnghoi'kog

/tiau²⁴⁻²² siɛn⁵³ bin²⁴⁻²² t͡su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡi²² lin²⁴⁻²² bin²⁴ kiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ ho²⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/tiau²⁴⁻¹¹ siɛn⁵³ bin²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡi³³ lin²⁴⁻¹¹ bin²⁴ kiɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ ho²⁴⁻¹¹ kɔk̚³²/

Tiâu-sián Bîn-tsú-tsú-gī Jîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok

diausiern binzwzw'gi jinbiin kioxnghoi'kog

/tiau²³⁻³³ siɛn⁴¹ bin²³⁻³³ t͡su⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡su⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɡi³³ zin²³⁻³³ bin²³ kiɔŋ³³⁻²¹ hɤ²³⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

/tiau¹³⁻²² siɛn⁵³ bin¹³⁻²² t͡su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡi²² d͡zin¹³⁻²² bin¹³ kiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ ho¹³⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/ Tiâu-sián Bîn-chú-chú-gī Lîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok /

Orthographic borrowing from Korean 조선민주주의인민공화국(朝鮮民主主義人民共和國) (joseon-minjujuui-inmin-gonghwaguk).

Democratic People's Republic of Korea
Democratic People's Republic of Korea

the Democratic People's Republic of Korea

大韓民國

Republic of Korea (official name of South Korea)


內地

/neɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ti⁵¹/

/nɔːi̯²² tei̯²²/

/lai³³⁻²¹ te³³/

/lai²²⁻²¹ te²²/

/lue³³⁻²¹ te³³/

/neɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ti⁵¹/

/nɔːi̯²² tei̯²²/

/lai³³⁻²¹ te³³/

/lai²²⁻²¹ te²²/

/lue³³⁻²¹ te³³/


釜山

/fu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

/hu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ san⁴⁴/

/hu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ san³³/

/hu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ san⁴⁴/

/hu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ san⁴⁴/

/hu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ san⁴⁴/

/fu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

/hu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ san⁴⁴/

/hu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ san³³/

/hu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ san⁴⁴/

/hu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ san⁴⁴/

/hu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ san⁴⁴/


㟌

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声): semantic 山 + phonetic 尨 (OC *mroːŋ).

Han compound

^‡ Only used in 五㟌 (“a mountain in Sichuan”).


高句麗

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ koʊ̯⁵⁵ li³⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ ŋɐu̯⁵⁵ lei̯²¹/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ koʊ̯⁵⁵ li³⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ ŋɐu̯⁵⁵ lei̯²¹/

Goguryeo (one of the ancient Three Kingdoms of Korea)


中日

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ʐ̩⁵¹/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ jɐt̚²/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ʐ̩⁵¹/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ jɐt̚²/


公社

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (公社):
* → Japanese: 公社(こうしゃ) (kōsha)
* → Korean: 공사(公社) (gongsa)
* → Vietnamese: công xã (公社)

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ ʂɤ⁵¹/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ sɛː¹³/

/kɔŋ³³ sia²²/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sia²²/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sia³³/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ ʂɤ⁵¹/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ sɛː¹³/

/kɔŋ³³ sia²²/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sia²²/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sia³³/

(specifically) people's commune (administrative unit in China from 1958 to 1983)


宰相

Sino-Xenic (宰相):
* → Japanese: 宰相(さいしょう) (saishō)
* → Korean: 재상(宰相) (jaesang)
* → Vietnamese: tể tướng (宰相)

desc

→ Classical Mongolian: ᠵᠠᠶᠢᠰᠠᠩ (ǰayisang)

Mongolian: ᠵᠠᠶᠢᠰᠠᠩ (ǰayisang) / зайсан (zajsan)

→ Buryat: зайсан (zajsan)

→ Manchu: ᠵᠠᡳᠰᠠᠩ (jaisang)

→ Chinese: 齋桑／斋桑 (zhāisāng)

→ Written Oirat: ᠴᠠᠶᡅᠰᠠᡊ (zaᠶisang)

Kalmyk: зәәсң (zääsñ)

→ Khakas: чайзаң (çayzañ)

→ Manchu: ᡯᠠᡳᠰᠠᠩ (dzaisang)

→ Chinese: 宰桑 (zǎisāng)

→ Southern Altai: јайзаҥ (ǰayzaŋ)

→ Tuvan: чайзаң (çayzañ)

/t͡saɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹/

/t͡sɔːi̯³⁵ sœːŋ³³/

/ˈt͡sai²¹³⁻¹³ ɕiɔŋ³⁵/

/t͡sai³³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾luɔŋ²¹³/

/t͡sai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ siɔŋ⁴¹/

/t͡sai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɔŋ²¹/

/t͡sãi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɔŋ¹¹/

/t͡sãi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ siɔŋ²¹/

/t͡sai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siaŋ²¹/

/t͡sai⁵²⁻³⁵ siaŋ²¹³/

/t͡saɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹/

/t͡sɔːi̯³⁵ sœːŋ³³/

/ˈt͡sai²¹³⁻¹³ ɕiɔŋ³⁵/

/t͡sai³³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾luɔŋ²¹³/

/t͡sai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ siɔŋ⁴¹/

/t͡sai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɔŋ²¹/

/t͡sãi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɔŋ¹¹/

/t͡sãi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ siɔŋ²¹/

/t͡sai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siaŋ²¹/

/t͡sai⁵²⁻³⁵ siaŋ²¹³/

(historical, government) Chancellor of State


小籠包

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (小籠包):
* → Vietnamese: tiểu long bao (小籠包)

→ English: xiaolongbao

→ Japanese: 小(しょう)籠(ろん)包(ぽう) (shōronpō)

→ Korean: 샤오룽바오 (syaorungbao)

ㄒㄧㄠˇ ㄌㄨㄥˊ ㄅㄠ

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ lʊŋ³⁵ pɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/siːu̯³⁵ lʊŋ²¹ paːu̯⁵⁵/

/ɕiɔ³³ loŋ⁵⁵ pɔ²¹/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ lʊŋ³⁵ pɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/siːu̯³⁵ lʊŋ²¹ paːu̯⁵⁵/

/ɕiɔ³³ loŋ⁵⁵ pɔ²¹/

(Chinese cuisine) xiaolongbao (a kind of soup dumpling popular in the Shanghai area)


財閥

/t͡sʰaɪ̯³⁵ fä³⁵/

/t͡sʰɔːi̯²¹ fɐt̚²/

/t͡sai¹³⁻²² huat̚¹²¹/

/t͡sʰaɪ̯³⁵ fä³⁵/

/t͡sʰɔːi̯²¹ fɐt̚²/

/t͡sai¹³⁻²² huat̚¹²¹/

Wasei kango (和製漢語), orthographically borrowed from Japanese 財(ざい)閥(ばつ) (zaibatsu).

wasei kango

(business, historical) zaibatsu (a large business conglomerate founded under the Empire of Japan, generally controlled by a single family or individual)

(business) chaebol (a large, family-controlled, South Korean business conglomerate)


民盟

/min³⁵ mɤŋ³⁵/

/mɐn²¹ mɐŋ²¹/

/min³⁵ mɤŋ³⁵/

/mɐn²¹ mɐŋ²¹/

Short for 全國民主聯盟／全国民主联盟 (quánguó mínzhǔ liánméng).

zh-etym-short

2015 November 10, The Nikkei, 缅甸民盟大胜是对军政权的反感 (Landslide Victory by Burmese NLD Represents Distaste Towards Military Junta):

The Burmese military staged a coup in 1988, which overthrew the socialist government at that time and seized political power. It then suppressed democratization movements intiated by the NLD [and other political parties]. Many political prisoners were imprisoned.

1988 nián, miǎndiàn jūnfāng fādòng jūnshì zhèngbiàn, tuīfān le dāngshí de shèhuìzhǔyì zhèngfǔ duóqǔ le zhèngquán, suíhòu zhènyā le mínméng děng fāqǐ de mínzhǔhuà yùndòng, zhòngduō zhèngzhìfàn zāodào guānyā.

1988年，緬甸軍方發動軍事政變，推翻了當時的社會主義政府奪取了政權，隨後鎮壓了民盟等發起的民主化運動，眾多政治犯遭到關押。

1988年，缅甸军方发动军事政变，推翻了当时的社会主义政府夺取了政权，随后镇压了民盟等发起的民主化运动，众多政治犯遭到关押。

2022 July 26, Radio France Internationale, 沒有昂山素季的緬甸更沒有希望 (Myanmar Without Aung San Suu Kyi is more Hopeless):

The Burmese military junta order the execution of 4 prisoners by shooting, one of them was a former legislator of the NLD—Aung San Suu Kyi's political party, and another was a prominent anti-government activist.

Miǎndiàn jūn zhèngquán xiàlìng qiāngshā sì míng qiúfàn, qízhōng yīmíng shì Ángshānsùjì de zhèngdǎng - mínméng de qián yìyuán, lìng yīmíng shì yīge zhùmíng de fǎnduìpài rénshì.

緬甸軍政權下令槍殺四名囚犯，其中一名是昂山素季的政黨—民盟的前議員，另一名是一個著名的反對派人士。

缅甸军政权下令枪杀四名囚犯，其中一名是昂山素季的政党—民盟的前议员，另一名是一个著名的反对派人士。

2022 September 27, CCTV, 缅甸民盟宣布不会接受军方组织的大选 (Burmese NLD Announced that They would not Accept Military-Organized General Election):

At 27 September local time, the Burmese NLD announced that they would not accept a general election organized by the military.

Dāngdì shíjiān 9 yuè 27 rì, miǎndiàn mínméng fābù gōnggào, xuānbù bùhuì jiēshòu yóu jūnfāng zǔzhī de dàxuǎn.

當地時間9月27日，緬甸民盟發佈公告，宣佈不會接受由軍方組織的大選。

当地时间9月27日，缅甸民盟发布公告，宣布不会接受由军方组织的大选。

NLD; National League for Democracy (Burmese political party that opposes military rule)


天朝

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ t͡sʰiːu̯²¹/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ t͡sʰiːu̯²¹/

天命

Mandate of Heaven, authority from Heaven which legitimizes the emperors

(historical) the Celestial Empire; China

People's Republic of China
People's Republic of China

(Internet slang, sometimes sarcastic, self-deprecatory) China, especially mainland China or the People's Republic of China


西遊記

/ɕi⁵⁵ joʊ̯³⁵ t͡ɕi⁵¹/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ jɐu̯²¹ kei̯³³/

/sɛ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ieu⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ɛi²¹³/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ iu²³⁻³³ ki²¹/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² iu¹³⁻²² ki²¹/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ iu²⁴⁻¹¹ ki¹¹/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² iu²⁴⁻²² ki²¹/

/se³³ iu²⁴⁻²² ki⁴¹/

/si³³⁻²¹ iu²³⁻²¹ ki²¹/

/sai³³⁻²³ iu⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ki²¹³/

/ɕi⁵⁵ joʊ̯³⁵ t͡ɕi⁵¹/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ jɐu̯²¹ kei̯³³/

/sɛ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ieu⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ɛi²¹³/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ iu²³⁻³³ ki²¹/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² iu¹³⁻²² ki²¹/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ iu²⁴⁻¹¹ ki¹¹/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² iu²⁴⁻²² ki²¹/

/se³³ iu²⁴⁻²² ki⁴¹/

/si³³⁻²¹ iu²³⁻²¹ ki²¹/

/sai³³⁻²³ iu⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ki²¹³/

Journey to the West, one of China's Four Great Classical Novels


三國

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (三國):
* → Japanese: 三国(さんごく) (sangoku)
* → Korean: 삼국(三國) (samguk)
* → Vietnamese: Tam Quốc (三國)

→ English: Three Kingdoms

desc

→ Thai: สามก๊ก

→ Thai: สามก๊ก

→ Khmer: សាមកុក (saam-kok)

→ Japanese: サームコック (Sāmukokku)

→ Indonesian: Sam Kok, Samkok

Cao Wei
Chen dynasty
Eastern Han dynasty
Eastern Wei
Eastern Wu
Eastern Zhou dynasty
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
Han dynasty
Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
Jin dynasty (265–420)
Liang dynasty
Liao dynasty
Liu Song dynasty
Ming dynasty
Northern Qi
Northern Wei
Northern Zhou
Northern and Southern dynasties
Qin dynasty
Qing dynasty
Shang dynasty
Shu Han
Song dynasty
Southern Qi
Southern and Northern dynasties
Spring and Autumn period
Sui dynasty
Tang dynasty
Three Kingdoms
Warring States period
Western Han dynasty
Western Liao
Western Wei
Western Xia
Western Zhou dynasty
Xia dynasty
Xin dynasty
Yuan dynasty
Zhou dynasty

/sän⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/saːm⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³/

/saŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋuɔʔ²⁴/

/sam⁴⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/sam⁴⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/sam⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

/sam⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

/sän⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/saːm⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³/

/saŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋuɔʔ²⁴/

/sam⁴⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/sam⁴⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/sam⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

/sam⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

(Chinese history) the Three Kingdoms (220–280 CE)

(Korean history) the Three Kingdoms of Korea


科舉

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (科舉):
* → Japanese: 科(か)挙(きょ) (kakyo)
* → Korean: 과거(科擧) (gwageo)
* → Vietnamese: khoa cử (科舉)

/kʰɤ⁵⁵ t͡ɕy²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fɔː⁵⁵ kɵy̯³⁵/

/kʰuo⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾y³³/

/kʰo⁴⁴⁻³³ ku⁵³/

/kʰo⁴⁴⁻²² ku⁵³/

/kʰə³³ kɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/kʰɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ ki⁴¹/

/kʰo⁴⁴⁻²² ki⁵³/

/kʰe⁴⁴⁻³³ ki⁴¹/

/kʰue³³⁻²³ kɯ⁵²/

/kʰu⁵⁵ t͡ɕy²¹/

/kʰɤ⁵⁵ t͡ɕy²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fɔː⁵⁵ kɵy̯³⁵/

/kʰuo⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾y³³/

/kʰo⁴⁴⁻³³ ku⁵³/

/kʰo⁴⁴⁻²² ku⁵³/

/kʰə³³ kɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/kʰɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ ki⁴¹/

/kʰo⁴⁴⁻²² ki⁵³/

/kʰe⁴⁴⁻³³ ki⁴¹/

/kʰue³³⁻²³ kɯ⁵²/

/kʰu⁵⁵ t͡ɕy²¹/

imperial examination
imperial examination

(historical) Chinese imperial examination


登州

→ English: Dengzhou, Tengchow

/tɤŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/tɐŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/tɤŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/tɐŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

Short for 登嘉樓州／登嘉楼州 (Dēngjiālóu zhōu, “Terengganu (a state of Malaysia)”).


龍山

/lʊŋ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/lʊŋ²¹ saːn⁵⁵/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² san³³/

/liɔŋ¹³⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ san⁴⁴/

/liɔŋ²³⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/lʊŋ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/lʊŋ²¹ saːn⁵⁵/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² san³³/

/liɔŋ¹³⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ san⁴⁴/

/liɔŋ²³⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

(～區) Yongsan (a district of Seoul, South Korea)


兵馬俑

Sino-Xenic (兵馬俑):
* → Japanese: 兵(へい)馬(ば)俑(よう) (heibayō)

/piŋ⁵⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pɪŋ⁵⁵ maː¹³ jʊŋ³⁵/

/piŋ⁵⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pɪŋ⁵⁵ maː¹³ jʊŋ³⁵/

terracotta warriors and horses buried with the dead


始皇帝

/ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ ti⁵¹/

/t͡sʰiː³⁵ wɔːŋ²¹ tɐi̯³³/

/si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hɔŋ²⁴⁻²² te²¹/

/si⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ hɔŋ²⁴⁻²² te⁴¹/

/si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hɔŋ¹³⁻²² te²¹/

/si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ te¹¹/

/si⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ hɔŋ²³⁻³³ te²¹/

/ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ ti⁵¹/

/t͡sʰiː³⁵ wɔːŋ²¹ tɐi̯³³/

/si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hɔŋ²⁴⁻²² te²¹/

/si⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ hɔŋ²⁴⁻²² te⁴¹/

/si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hɔŋ¹³⁻²² te²¹/

/si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ te¹¹/

/si⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ hɔŋ²³⁻³³ te²¹/

The self-proclaimed regnal name of China's First Emperor.

(historical) Alternative name for 秦始皇 (Qín Shǐhuáng, “Qin Shi Huang”).


料理店

ㄌㄧㄠˋ ㄌㄧˇ ㄉㄧㄢˋ

/li̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹ li²¹⁴⁻²¹ ti̯ɛn⁵¹/

/liau²²⁻²¹ li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiam²¹/

/liau⁴¹⁻²² li⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tiam⁴¹/

/liau²²⁻²¹ li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiam²¹/

/liau³³⁻¹¹ li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiam¹¹/

/liau³³⁻²¹ li⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tiam²¹/

/li̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹ li²¹⁴⁻²¹ ti̯ɛn⁵¹/

/liau²²⁻²¹ li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiam²¹/

/liau⁴¹⁻²² li⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tiam⁴¹/

/liau²²⁻²¹ li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiam²¹/

/liau³³⁻¹¹ li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiam¹¹/

/liau³³⁻²¹ li⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tiam²¹/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 料理店(りょうりてん) (ryōriten).


蘇州

Sino-Xenic (蘇州):
* → Japanese: 蘇(そ)州(しゅう) (soshū)
* → Vietnamese: Tô Châu (蘇州)

desc

→ English: Suzhou, Su-chou, Soochow, Suchow, Suchou (obsolete)

→ Georgian: სუჭოუ (suč̣ou)

→ Lao: ຊູໂຈ (sū chō)

/su⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/sou̯⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/su²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡su²⁴/

/sɔ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/sɔ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/sɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/sɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/su⁵⁵ t͡sɤ²¹/

/su⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/sou̯⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/su²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡su²⁴/

/sɔ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/sɔ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/sɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/sɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/su⁵⁵ t͡sɤ²¹/

(～市) Suzhou (a prefecture-level city in Jiangsu, China)


京腔

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɑ̃ɻ⁵⁵/

/kɪŋ⁵⁵ hɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/kĩã³³⁻²³ kʰĩẽ³³/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɑ̃ɻ⁵⁵/

/kɪŋ⁵⁵ hɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/kĩã³³⁻²³ kʰĩẽ³³/

the Beijing dialect, especially a heavy Beijing local accent


行政院

ㄒㄧㄥˊ ㄓㄥˋ ㄩㄢˋ

Синчжэнъюань

/ɕiŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɥɛn⁵¹/

/hɐŋ²¹ t͡sɪŋ³³ jyːn²²⁻³⁵/

/hiɪŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ ĩ²²/

/hiɪŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ĩ⁴¹/

/hiɪŋ¹³⁻²² t͡siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ ĩ²²/

/hiɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siɪŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ ĩ³³/

/hiɪŋ²³⁻³³ t͡siɪŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ ĩ³³/

/ɕiŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɥɛn⁵¹/

/hɐŋ²¹ t͡sɪŋ³³ jyːn²²⁻³⁵/

/hiɪŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ ĩ²²/

/hiɪŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ĩ⁴¹/

/hiɪŋ¹³⁻²² t͡siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ ĩ²²/

/hiɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siɪŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ ĩ³³/

/hiɪŋ²³⁻³³ t͡siɪŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ ĩ³³/

Executive Yuan, the executive branch of government under the constitution of Republic of China, then of Taiwan


春晚

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən⁵⁵ wän²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰɵn⁵⁵ maːn¹³/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən⁵⁵ wän²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰɵn⁵⁵ maːn¹³/

Short for 春節聯歡晚會／春节联欢晚会 (chūnjié liánhuān wǎnhuì).


大和人

/tä⁵¹ xɤ³⁵ ʐən³⁵/

/tä⁵¹ xɤ³⁵ ʐən³⁵/


走出去

/t͡soʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰy⁵¹/

/t͡soʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰy⁵¹/

to go global; to implement the Go Out policy


臺海

/tʰaɪ̯³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰɔːi̯²¹ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/tʰaɪ̯³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰɔːi̯²¹ hɔːi̯³⁵/

臺灣海峽 臺灣海峽#Chinese

台湾海峡 台湾海峡#Chinese

Alternative name for 臺灣海峽／台湾海峡 (Táiwān Hǎixiá): Taiwan Strait


寮國

/li̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/liːu̯²¹ kʷɔːk̚³/

/liau²⁴⁻¹¹ kɔk̚³²/

/liau²³⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

/liau²³⁻²¹ kɔk̚³/

/li̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/liːu̯²¹ kʷɔːk̚³/

/liau²⁴⁻¹¹ kɔk̚³²/

/liau²³⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

/liau²³⁻²¹ kɔk̚³/

(Taiwan, dated in Mainland China, Malaysia, Singapore) Laos (a country in Southeast Asia)


東南亞

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ nän³⁵ jä⁵¹/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ nän³⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ naːm²¹ aː³³/

/tyŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ nˡaŋ⁵³⁻³³ ^((Ø-))ŋa³³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² lam²⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/taŋ³³ lam²⁴⁻²² a³³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² lam¹³⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ lam²⁴⁻¹¹ a⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ lam²³⁻³³ a⁴⁴/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ nän³⁵ jä⁵¹/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ nän³⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ naːm²¹ aː³³/

/tyŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ nˡaŋ⁵³⁻³³ ^((Ø-))ŋa³³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² lam²⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/taŋ³³ lam²⁴⁻²² a³³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² lam¹³⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ lam²⁴⁻¹¹ a⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ lam²³⁻³³ a⁴⁴/


亞歐

/jä⁵¹ ˀoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/jä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ˀoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/jä⁵¹ ˀoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/jä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ˀoʊ̯⁵⁵/


歐亞

/ˀoʊ̯⁵⁵ jä⁵¹/

/ˀoʊ̯⁵⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ɐu̯⁵⁵ aː³³/

/ˀoʊ̯⁵⁵ jä⁵¹/

/ˀoʊ̯⁵⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ɐu̯⁵⁵ aː³³/


馬祖列島

ㄇㄚˇ ㄗㄨˇ ㄌㄧㄝˋ ㄉㄠˇ

/mä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡su²¹⁴⁻²¹ li̯ɛ⁵¹ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ liɛt̚⁴⁻³² tɤ⁴¹/

/mã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ liɛt̚⁴⁻³² tɤ⁴¹/


建國

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/kiːn³³ kʷɔːk̚³/

/kyoŋ²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋuɔʔ²⁴/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ kɔk̚³²/

/kiɛn⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kɔk̚⁵/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ kɔk̚³²/

/kiɛn¹¹⁻⁵³ kɔk̚³²/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁴¹ kɔk̚³²/

/kieŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ kok̚²/

/t͡ɕi³³ koʔ⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/kiːn³³ kʷɔːk̚³/

/kyoŋ²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋuɔʔ²⁴/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ kɔk̚³²/

/kiɛn⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kɔk̚⁵/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ kɔk̚³²/

/kiɛn¹¹⁻⁵³ kɔk̚³²/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁴¹ kɔk̚³²/

/kieŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ kok̚²/

/t͡ɕi³³ koʔ⁴⁴/

(chiefly Mainland China) the foundation of the People's Republic of China in 1949


大馬

/tä⁵¹ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/taːi̯²² maː¹³/

/tai³⁵⁻¹¹ be⁵²/

/tä⁵¹ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/taːi̯²² maː¹³/

/tai³⁵⁻¹¹ be⁵²/

(colloquial) Malaysia (a country in Asia)


馬六甲

ㄇㄚˇ ㄌㄧㄡˋ ㄐㄧㄚˇ

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ li̯oʊ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/maː¹³ lʊk̚² kaːp̚³/

/ma⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ lak̚⁴⁻³ kaʔ³/

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ li̯oʊ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/maː¹³ lʊk̚² kaːp̚³/

/ma⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ lak̚⁴⁻³ kaʔ³/

Borrowed from Malay Melaka, via Hokkien.


蘇維埃聯盟

ㄙㄨ ㄨㄟˊ ㄞ ㄌㄧㄢˊ ㄇㄥˊ

Сувэйай Ляньмэн

/su⁵⁵ weɪ̯³⁵ ˀaɪ̯⁵⁵ li̯ɛn³⁵ mɤŋ³⁵/

/sou̯⁵⁵ wɐi̯²¹ aːi̯⁵⁵ lyːn²¹ mɐŋ²¹/

/sɔ⁴⁴⁻²² ui²⁴⁻²² ia⁴⁴⁻²² liɛn²⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/

/sɔ³³ ui²⁴⁻²² ia³³ liɛn²⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/

/sɔ⁴⁴⁻²² ui¹³⁻²² ia⁴⁴⁻²² liɛn¹³⁻²² biɪŋ¹³/

/sɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ ui²⁴⁻¹¹ ia⁴⁴⁻³³ liɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ biɪŋ²⁴/

/sɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ ui²³⁻³³ ia⁴⁴⁻³³ liɛn²³⁻³³ biɪŋ²³/

/su⁵⁵ weɪ̯³⁵ ˀaɪ̯⁵⁵ li̯ɛn³⁵ mɤŋ³⁵/

/sou̯⁵⁵ wɐi̯²¹ aːi̯⁵⁵ lyːn²¹ mɐŋ²¹/

/sɔ³³ ui²⁴⁻²² ia³³ liɛn²⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/


蘇維埃社會主義共和國聯盟

head

蘇維埃社會主義共和國聯盟

苏维埃社会主义共和国联盟

ㄙㄨ ㄨㄟˊ ㄞ ㄕㄜˋ ㄏㄨㄟˋ ㄓㄨˇ ㄧˋ ㄍㄨㄥˋ ㄏㄜˊ ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄌㄧㄢˊ ㄇㄥˊ

Совет Шәхуэйҗўйи Гунхәгуә Лянмән

sou¹ wai⁴ aai¹ se⁵ wui⁶⁻² zyu² ji⁶ gung⁶ wo⁴ gwok³ lyun⁴ mang⁴

Suwéi-ai Shèhuèijhǔyì Gònghéguó Liánméng

Su¹-wei²-ai¹ Shê⁴-hui⁴-chu³-i⁴ Kung⁴-ho²-kuo² Lien²-mêng²

Sū-wéi-āi Shè-hwèi-jǔ-yì Gùng-hé-gwó Lyán-méng

Suweiai Shehhueyjuuyih Gonqhergwo Lianmeng

Сувэйай Шэхуэйчжуи Гунхэго Ляньмэн

/su⁵⁵ weɪ̯³⁵ ˀaɪ̯⁵⁵ ʂɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ xu̯eɪ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹ i⁵¹⁻⁵³ kʊŋ⁵¹ xɤ³⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵ li̯ɛn³⁵ mɤŋ³⁵/

sōu wàih āai séh wúi jyú yih guhng wòh gwok lyùhn màhng

sou¹ wai⁴ aai¹ se⁵ wui⁶⁻² dzy² ji⁶ gung⁶ wo⁴ gwok⁸ lyn⁴ mang⁴

sou¹ wei⁴ ai¹ sé⁵ wui⁶⁻² ju² yi⁶ gung⁶ wo⁴ guog³ lün⁴ meng⁴

/sou̯⁵⁵ wɐi̯²¹ aːi̯⁵⁵ sɛː¹³ wuːi̯²²⁻³⁵ t͡syː³⁵ jiː²² kʊŋ²² wɔː²¹ kʷɔːk̚³ lyːn²¹ mɐŋ²¹/

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (the Soviet Union, 1922-1991)


大韓民國

ㄉㄚˋ ㄏㄢˊ ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄍㄨㄛˊ

Дахань Миньго

/tä⁵¹ xän³⁵ min³⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/taːi̯²² hɔːn²¹ mɐn²¹ kʷɔːk̚³/

/tai²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾aŋ⁵³ miŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋuɔʔ²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ han²⁴⁻²² bin²⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² han²⁴⁻²² bin²⁴⁻²² kɔk̚⁵/

/tai²²⁻²¹ han¹³⁻²² bin¹³⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ han²⁴⁻¹¹ bin²⁴⁻¹¹ kɔk̚³²/

/tai³³⁻²¹ han²³⁻³³ bin²³⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

/da²² ɦø³³ min²² koʔ⁴⁴/

/tä⁵¹ xän³⁵ min³⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/taːi̯²² hɔːn²¹ mɐn²¹ kʷɔːk̚³/

/tai²²⁻²¹ han²⁴⁻²² bin²⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² han²⁴⁻²² bin²⁴⁻²² kɔk̚⁵/

/tai²²⁻²¹ han¹³⁻²² bin¹³⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ han²⁴⁻¹¹ bin²⁴⁻¹¹ kɔk̚³²/

/tai³³⁻²¹ han²³⁻³³ bin²³⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

/da²² ɦø³³ min²² koʔ⁴⁴/

Orthographic borrowing from Korean 대한민국(大韓民國) (daehan-min'guk).

Republic of Korea (official name of South Korea)

朝鮮民主主義人民共和國

Democratic People's Republic of Korea (official name of North Korea)


北韓

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ xän³⁵/

/pɐk̚⁵ hɔːn²¹/

/poʔ³³ ɦø⁴⁴/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ xän³⁵/

/pɐk̚⁵ hɔːn²¹/

/poʔ³³ ɦø⁴⁴/

(especially Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore or South Korean context) North Korea (a country in East Asia)


南韓

/nän³⁵ xän³⁵/

/naːm²¹ hɔːn²¹/

/nän³⁵ xän³⁵/

/naːm²¹ hɔːn²¹/


南朝鮮

ㄋㄢˊ ㄔㄠˊ ㄒㄧㄢˇ

Нань Чаосянь

/nän³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/nän³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

Нань Чжаосянь

/nän³⁵ ʈ͡ʂɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/naːm²¹ t͡sʰiːu̯²¹ siːn⁵⁵/

/nän³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/nän³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/nän³⁵ ʈ͡ʂɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/naːm²¹ t͡sʰiːu̯²¹ siːn⁵⁵/

South Korean Constabulary of Police Reserve (predecessor of Republic of Korea Army)

南朝鮮國防警備隊

南朝鲜国防警备队

The reason why the South Korean situation is increasingly turbulent is because South Korean authorities stubbornly pushes reactionary policies against the people.

1980 May 17, 吴德烈 (Wu Delie), 《南朝鲜政局危机四伏》, in People's Daily, →ISSN, page 6

Nán Cháoxiǎn dāngjú wángù dì tuīxíng yǔ rénmín wéi dí de fǎndòng zhèngcè, shì mùqián Nán Cháoxiǎn júshì yuèláiyuè dòngluàn bù'ān de zhíjiē yuányīn.

南朝鮮當局頑固地推行與人民為敵的反動政策，是目前南朝鮮局勢越來越動亂不安的直接原因。

南朝鲜当局顽固地推行与人民为敌的反动政策，是目前南朝鲜局势越来越动乱不安的直接原因。

(Mainland China, now uncommon) South Korea


港澳

/kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/kɔːŋ³⁵ ou̯³³/

/kaŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ o²¹/

/kaŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ o⁴¹/

/kaŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ o²¹/

/kaŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ o¹¹/

/kaŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɤ²¹/

/kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/kɔːŋ³⁵ ou̯³³/

/kaŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ o²¹/

/kaŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ o⁴¹/

/kaŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ o²¹/

/kaŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ o¹¹/

/kaŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɤ²¹/

Short for 香港 (Xiānggǎng) + 澳門／澳门 (Àomén).


孟買

/mɤŋ⁵¹ maɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/maːŋ²² maːi̯¹³/

/mɛiŋ²⁴²⁻⁵³ mɛ³³/

/biɪŋ²²⁻²¹ mãi⁵³/

/mɤŋ⁵¹ maɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/maːŋ²² maːi̯¹³/

/mɛiŋ²⁴²⁻⁵³ mɛ³³/

/biɪŋ²²⁻²¹ mãi⁵³/

From some Indian language, cf. Marathi मुंबई (mumbaī). Compare 孟加拉 (Mèngjiālā, “Bengal”).

Mèngmǎi, zài Àngjīli běi shǎo xī, xiàngqù yuē shù shí lǐ, wéi Yīngjílì suǒ xiá dì, yǒu chéngguō.

孟買，在盎叽哩北少西，相去約數十里，為𠸄咭利所轄地，有城郭。

孟买，在盎叽哩北少西，相去约数十里，为𠸄咭利所辖地，有城郭。

Mumbai (a megacity, the capital of Maharashtra, India)


吉爾吉斯

ㄐㄧˊ ㄦˇ ㄐㄧˊ ㄙ

/t͡ɕi³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵/

/kɐt̚⁵ jiː¹³ kɐt̚⁵ siː⁵⁵/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ su⁴⁴/

/kiɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ nĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kiɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ sɯ³³/

/kit̚³²⁻⁵ d͡zĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kit̚³²⁻⁵ su⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕi³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵/

/kɐt̚⁵ jiː¹³ kɐt̚⁵ siː⁵⁵/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ su⁴⁴/

/kiɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ nĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kiɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ sɯ³³/

/kit̚³²⁻⁵ d͡zĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kit̚³²⁻⁵ su⁴⁴/

Borrowed from Manchu ᡴᡳᡵᡤᡳᠰ (kirgis, “Yenisei Kirghiz”). The term was originally referring to the Yenisei Kirghiz people during the Qing period, whereas 布魯特／布鲁特 (Bùlǔtè) was used to call the Tian Shan Kirghiz.


東瀛

ja-r

東瀛(とうえい) (tōei)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (東瀛):
* → Japanese: 東瀛(とうえい) (tōei)
* → Korean: 동영(東瀛) (dong'yeong)

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ iŋ³⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ jɪŋ²¹/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ iŋ³⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ jɪŋ²¹/

汕頭東瀛學校

汕头东瀛学校


中亞

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ jä⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ aː³³/

/t͡suŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ a²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ³³ a³³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ a⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ a⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ jä⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ aː³³/

/t͡suŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ a²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ³³ a³³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ a⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ a⁴⁴/


西亞

/ɕi⁵⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ aː³³/

/si²⁴⁻¹¹ a²⁴/

/sɛ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ a³³/

/sai⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/sai⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/sai⁴⁴⁻³³ a⁴⁴/

/sai⁴⁴⁻³³ a⁴⁴/

/ɕi⁵⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ aː³³/

/si²⁴⁻¹¹ a²⁴/

/sɛ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ a³³/

/sai⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/sai⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/sai⁴⁴⁻³³ a⁴⁴/

/sai⁴⁴⁻³³ a⁴⁴/


露西亞

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 露西亞(ロシア) (Roshia), from Russian Росси́я (Rossíja).

/lu⁵¹ ɕi⁵⁵ jä⁵¹/

/lu⁵¹ ɕi⁵⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lou̯²² sɐi̯⁵⁵ aː³³/

/lɔ²²⁻²¹ se⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/lɔ⁴¹⁻²² se³³ a³³/

/lɔ²²⁻²¹ se⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/lɔ³³⁻¹¹ se⁴⁴⁻³³ a⁴⁴/

/lɔ³³⁻²¹ se⁴⁴⁻³³ a⁴⁴/

/lu⁵¹ ɕi⁵⁵ jä⁵¹/

/lu⁵¹ ɕi⁵⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lou̯²² sɐi̯⁵⁵ aː³³/

/lɔ²²⁻²¹ se⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/lɔ⁴¹⁻²² se³³ a³³/

/lɔ²²⁻²¹ se⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/lɔ³³⁻¹¹ se⁴⁴⁻³³ a⁴⁴/

/lɔ³³⁻²¹ se⁴⁴⁻³³ a⁴⁴/

Isn't this clearly an officer of the Russian Red Army?

Zhè bùshì míngmíngbáibái de Lùxīyà Hóngjūn jūnguān ma?

這不是明明白白的露西亞紅軍軍官嗎？

这不是明明白白的露西亚红军军官吗？

(dated or Taiwanese Hokkien, Taiwanese Hakka, Northeastern and Jiaoliao Mandarin or ACG) Russia (A transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and North Asia)


基隆

Sino-Xenic (基隆):
* → Vietnamese: Cơ Long (基隆)

→ English: Keelung, Jilong

→ Japanese: 基隆 (キールン, Kīrun)

→ Korean: 지룽(基隆) (jirung)

/t͡ɕi⁵⁵ lʊŋ³⁵/

/kei̯⁵⁵ lʊŋ²¹/

/kie⁵⁵ l̃øyŋ⁵³/

/ke⁴⁴⁻³³ laŋ²³/

/kue⁴⁴⁻³³ laŋ²⁴/

/ki³³ liɔŋ²⁴/

/ki⁴⁴⁻³³ liɔŋ²³/

/ki⁴⁴⁻²² liɔŋ²⁴/

/ki⁴⁴⁻³³ liɔŋ²⁴/

/ki⁴⁴⁻²² liɔŋ¹³/

/t͡ɕi⁵⁵ loŋ²¹/

/t͡ɕi⁵⁵ lʊŋ³⁵/

/kei̯⁵⁵ lʊŋ²¹/

/kie⁵⁵ l̃øyŋ⁵³/

/ke⁴⁴⁻³³ laŋ²³/

/kue⁴⁴⁻³³ laŋ²⁴/

/ki³³ liɔŋ²⁴/

/ki⁴⁴⁻³³ liɔŋ²³/

/ki⁴⁴⁻²² liɔŋ²⁴/

/ki⁴⁴⁻³³ liɔŋ²⁴/

/ki⁴⁴⁻²² liɔŋ¹³/

/t͡ɕi⁵⁵ loŋ²¹/

Homophonous replacement for 雞籠／鸡笼 (Ke-lâng, Koe-lâng) from 1875; intended to convey the meaning 基地昌隆 ('prosperous place').


港姐

/kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɔːŋ³⁵ t͡sɛː³⁵/

/kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɔːŋ³⁵ t͡sɛː³⁵/


年號

/ni̯ɛn³⁵ xɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/nˡieŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋɔ²⁴²/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²² ho²²/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²² ho⁴¹/

/liɛn¹³⁻²² ho²²/

/liɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ ho³³/

/liɛn²³⁻³³ hɤ³³/

/ni⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ho¹¹/

/ni̯ɛn³⁵ xɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/nˡieŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋɔ²⁴²/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²² ho²²/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²² ho⁴¹/

/liɛn¹³⁻²² ho²²/

/liɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ ho³³/

/liɛn²³⁻³³ hɤ³³/

/ni⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ho¹¹/

/nĩ²³⁻³³ kɤ³³/

/nĩ¹³⁻²² ko²²/

/nĩ²⁴⁻²² ko²²/

/nĩ²⁴⁻¹¹ ko³³/

/nĩ²⁴⁻²² ko²²/

/nĩ²⁴⁻¹¹ ko⁴⁴/

/nĩ²³⁻³³ kɤ⁴⁴/

/nĩ²³⁻³³ kɤ³³/

/nĩ¹³⁻²² ko²²/

/nĩ²⁴⁻²² ko²²/

/nĩ²⁴⁻¹¹ ko³³/

/nĩ²⁴⁻²² ko²²/

/nĩ²⁴⁻¹¹ ko⁴⁴/

/nĩ²³⁻³³ kɤ⁴⁴/

era name (subdivision in the reign of an emperor); regnal period; regnal year


年號

/ni̯ɛn³⁵ xɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/nˡieŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋɔ²⁴²/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²² ho²²/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²² ho⁴¹/

/liɛn¹³⁻²² ho²²/

/liɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ ho³³/

/liɛn²³⁻³³ hɤ³³/

/ni⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ho¹¹/

/ni̯ɛn³⁵ xɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/nˡieŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋɔ²⁴²/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²² ho²²/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²² ho⁴¹/

/liɛn¹³⁻²² ho²²/

/liɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ ho³³/

/liɛn²³⁻³³ hɤ³³/

/ni⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ho¹¹/

/nĩ²³⁻³³ kɤ³³/

/nĩ¹³⁻²² ko²²/

/nĩ²⁴⁻²² ko²²/

/nĩ²⁴⁻¹¹ ko³³/

/nĩ²⁴⁻²² ko²²/

/nĩ²⁴⁻¹¹ ko⁴⁴/

/nĩ²³⁻³³ kɤ⁴⁴/

/nĩ²³⁻³³ kɤ³³/

/nĩ¹³⁻²² ko²²/

/nĩ²⁴⁻²² ko²²/

/nĩ²⁴⁻¹¹ ko³³/

/nĩ²⁴⁻²² ko²²/

/nĩ²⁴⁻¹¹ ko⁴⁴/

/nĩ²³⁻³³ kɤ⁴⁴/


南投

/nän³⁵ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/

/naːm²¹ tʰɐu̯²¹/

/nˡaŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nau⁵³/

/lam¹³⁻²² tɔ¹³/

/lam²⁴⁻²² tɔ²⁴/

/nän³⁵ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/

/naːm²¹ tʰɐu̯²¹/

/nˡaŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nau⁵³/

/lam¹³⁻²² tɔ¹³/

/lam²⁴⁻²² tɔ²⁴/

(～縣) Nantou (a county in central Taiwan)


港幣

→ Zhuang: Gangjbi

/kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ pi⁵¹/

/kɔːŋ³⁵ pɐi̯²²/

/kʰɔŋ⁵⁵ pai³²/

/kʰɔŋ⁵⁵ pai³²⁻³²⁵/

/kaŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pe¹¹/

/kaŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pe²¹/

/kaŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ pe²¹/

/kaŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ pe⁴¹/

/kaŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pi²²/

/kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ pi⁵¹/

/kɔːŋ³⁵ pɐi̯²²/

/kʰɔŋ⁵⁵ pai³²/

/kʰɔŋ⁵⁵ pai³²⁻³²⁵/

/kaŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pe¹¹/

/kaŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pe²¹/

/kaŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ pe²¹/

/kaŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ pe⁴¹/

/kaŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pi²²/

Hong Kong dollar (currency of Hong Kong)


紹興

→ English: Shao-hsing, Shaoxing

/ʂɑʊ̯⁵¹ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/siːu̯²² hɪŋ⁵⁵/

/sieu²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾iŋ⁵⁵/

/siau²²⁻²¹ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/siau⁴¹⁻²² hiɪŋ³³/

/siau²²⁻²¹ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/siau³³⁻¹¹ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/siau³³⁻²¹ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/zɔ²² ɕin⁴⁴/

/ʂɑʊ̯⁵¹ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/siːu̯²² hɪŋ⁵⁵/

/sieu²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾iŋ⁵⁵/

/siau²²⁻²¹ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/siau⁴¹⁻²² hiɪŋ³³/

/siau²²⁻²¹ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/siau³³⁻¹¹ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/siau³³⁻²¹ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/zɔ²² ɕin⁴⁴/

(～市) Shaoxing (a prefecture-level city in eastern Zhejiang, China)


澎湖群島

ㄆㄥˊ ㄏㄨˊ ㄑㄩㄣˊ ㄉㄠˇ

Пэнху Цюньдао

/pʰɤŋ³⁵ xu³⁵ t͡ɕʰyn³⁵ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pʰaːŋ²¹ wuː²¹ kʷʰɐn²¹ tou̯³⁵/

/pʰaŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋu⁵³ kuŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾no³³/

/pʰɤŋ³⁵ xu³⁵ t͡ɕʰyn³⁵ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pʰaːŋ²¹ wuː²¹ kʷʰɐn²¹ tou̯³⁵/

/pʰaŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋu⁵³ kuŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾no³³/


澎湖

Sino-Xenic (澎湖):
* → Japanese: 澎(ほう)湖(こ) (Hōko)
* → Korean: 팽호(澎湖) (Paengho)

→ English: Penghu, P'eng-hu

→ Korean: 펑후 (Peonghu)

/pʰɤŋ³⁵ xu³⁵/

/pʰaːŋ²¹ wuː²¹/

/pʰaŋ¹¹ fu¹¹/

/pʰaŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋu⁵³/

/pʰẽ²³⁻³³ ɔ²³/

/pʰɛ̃¹³⁻²² ɔ¹³/

/pʰĩ²⁴⁻²² ɔ²⁴/

/pʰĩ²⁴⁻¹¹ ɔ²⁴/

/pʰẽ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ou⁵⁵/

/pʰẽ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hu⁵⁵/

/pʰɤŋ³⁵ xu³⁵/

/pʰaːŋ²¹ wuː²¹/

/pʰaŋ¹¹ fu¹¹/

/pʰaŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋu⁵³/

/pʰẽ²³⁻³³ ɔ²³/

/pʰɛ̃¹³⁻²² ɔ¹³/

/pʰĩ²⁴⁻²² ɔ²⁴/

/pʰĩ²⁴⁻¹¹ ɔ²⁴/

/pʰẽ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ou⁵⁵/

/pʰẽ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hu⁵⁵/

(～水道) Pescadores Channel (between the Pescadores Islands and Taiwan)


韓服

/hɔːn²¹ fʊk̚²/

/hɔːn²¹ fʊk̚²/


南山

/nän³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/nän³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

Namsan (various hills and mountains of Korea)

(～洞) Namsan-dong (a neighbourhood of Jung district, Seoul, South Korea)

(～洞) Namsan-dong (a neighbourhood of Geumjeong district, Busan, South Korea)


日式

/ʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/jɐt̚² sɪk̚⁵/

/zit̚⁴⁻³² siɪk̚³²/

/lit̚⁴⁻³² siɪk̚³²/

/zəʔ¹¹ ɕiɪʔ²³/

/ʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/jɐt̚² sɪk̚⁵/

/zit̚⁴⁻³² siɪk̚³²/

/lit̚⁴⁻³² siɪk̚³²/

/zəʔ¹¹ ɕiɪʔ²³/

日式拉麵

日式拉面

日式動畫

日式动画

日式漫畫

日式漫画

日式茶道


強國

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɑŋ³⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/kʰœːŋ²¹ kʷɔːk̚³/

/*ɡaŋ kʷɯːɡ/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɑŋ³⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/kʰœːŋ²¹ kʷɔːk̚³/

/*ɡaŋ kʷɯːɡ/

(chiefly Hong Kong Cantonese, sarcastic) People's Republic of China; China


巴厘

(Mainland China) (～省) Bali (a province of Indonesia)


濟州

→ English: Chi-chou, Jizhou

/t͡ɕi⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sɐi̯³³ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/t͡se²¹⁻⁵³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡se⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡siu³³/

/t͡se²¹⁻⁵³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡se¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡se²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕi³³ t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕi⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sɐi̯³³ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/t͡se²¹⁻⁵³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡se⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡siu³³/

/t͡se²¹⁻⁵³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡se¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡se²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕi³³ t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

～特別自治道 濟州特別自治道#Chinese

(～道, ～特別自治道) Jeju (a province of South Korea; capital: Jeju)

(～市) Jeju (the capital city of Jeju Province, South Korea)


樺太

/xu̯ä⁵¹⁻⁵³ tʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/waː²¹ tʰaːi̯³³/

/waː²² tʰaːi̯³³/

/hua⁴⁴⁻²² tʰai²¹/

/xu̯ä⁵¹⁻⁵³ tʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/waː²¹ tʰaːi̯³³/

/waː²² tʰaːi̯³³/

/hua⁴⁴⁻²² tʰai²¹/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 樺太 (Karafuto).

obor

(～島) Alternative name for 庫頁／库页 (Kùyè, “Sakhalin”).


汶萊

/wən⁵¹ laɪ̯³⁵/

/wən³⁵ laɪ̯³⁵/

/mɐn²² lɔːi̯²¹/

/mɐn²¹ lɔːi̯²¹/

/wən⁵¹ laɪ̯³⁵/

/wən³⁵ laɪ̯³⁵/

/mɐn²² lɔːi̯²¹/

/mɐn²¹ lɔːi̯²¹/

From Malay Brunei, borrowed through Hokkien (where 汶 is pronounced with a b- initial).

(chiefly Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, Brunei) Brunei (a country in Southeast Asia)


馬來亞

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ laɪ̯³⁵ jä⁵¹/

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ laɪ̯³⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/maː¹³ lɔːi̯²¹ aː³³/

/mã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lai²³⁻³³ a⁴⁴/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lai²⁴⁻¹¹ a⁴⁴/

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ laɪ̯³⁵ jä⁵¹/

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ laɪ̯³⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/maː¹³ lɔːi̯²¹ aː³³/

/mã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lai²³⁻³³ a⁴⁴/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lai²⁴⁻¹¹ a⁴⁴/

Malaya (a former country in Asia; modern Malaysia)

(dialectal) Malaysia (a country in Asia)


霓虹

/ni³⁵ xʊŋ³⁵/

/ni³⁵ xʊŋ³⁵/

Phono-semantic matching from Japanese 日(に)本(ほん) (Nihon).


前蘇聯

ㄑㄧㄢˊ ㄙㄨ ㄌㄧㄢˊ

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵ su⁵⁵ li̯ɛn³⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵ su⁵⁵ li̯ɛn³⁵/


越南社會主義共和國

ㄩㄝˋ ㄋㄢˊ ㄕㄜˋ ㄏㄨㄟˋ ㄓㄨˇ ㄧˋ ㄍㄨㄥˋ ㄏㄜˊ ㄍㄨㄛˊ

jyut⁶ naam⁴ se⁵ wui⁶⁻² zyu² ji⁶ gung⁶ wo⁴ gwok³

Yüeh⁴-nan² Shê⁴-hui⁴ Chu³-i⁴ Kung⁴-ho²-kuo²

Юэнань Шэхуэй Чжуи Гунхэго

/ɥɛ⁵¹ nän³⁵ ʂɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ xu̯eɪ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹ i⁵¹⁻⁵³ kʊŋ⁵¹ xɤ³⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

yuht nàahm séh wúi jyú yih guhng wòh gwok

jyt⁹ naam⁴ se⁵ wui⁶⁻² dzy² ji⁶ gung⁶ wo⁴ gwok⁸

yud⁶ nam⁴ sé⁵ wui⁶⁻² ju² yi⁶ gung⁶ wo⁴ guog³

/jyːt̚² naːm²¹ sɛː¹³ wuːi̯²²⁻³⁵ t͡syː³⁵ jiː²² kʊŋ²² wɔː²¹ kʷɔːk̚³/

Socialist Republic of Vietnam
Socialist Republic of Vietnam

Socialist Republic of Vietnam (official name of Vietnam)


老撾人民民主共和國

ㄌㄠˇ ㄨㄛ ㄖㄣˊ ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄓㄨˇ ㄍㄨㄥˋ ㄏㄜˊ ㄍㄨㄛˊ

lou⁵ wo¹ jan⁴ man⁴ man⁴ zyu² gung⁶ wo⁴ gwok³

Lao³-wo¹ Jên²-min² Min²-chu³ Kung⁴-ho²-kuo²

Лаово Жэньминь Миньчжу Гунхэго

/lɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ wɔ⁵⁵ ʐən³⁵ min³⁵ min³⁵ ʈ͡ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹ kʊŋ⁵¹ xɤ³⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

lóuh wō yàhn màhn màhn jyú guhng wòh gwok

lou⁵ wo¹ jan⁴ man⁴ man⁴ dzy² gung⁶ wo⁴ gwok⁸

lou⁵ wo¹ yen⁴ men⁴ men⁴ ju² gung⁶ wo⁴ guog³

/lou̯¹³ wɔː⁵⁵ jɐn²¹ mɐn²¹ mɐn²¹ t͡syː³⁵ kʊŋ²² wɔː²¹ kʷɔːk̚³/

Lao People's Democratic Republic
Lao People's Democratic Republic

(chiefly Mainland China, Hong Kong) Lao People's Democratic Republic (country in Southeast Asia (official name))


喀秋莎

/kʰä⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵ ʂä⁵⁵/

/kʰä⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵ ʂä⁵⁵/

Borrowed from Russian Катю́ша (Katjúša, “Katyusha”), diminutive of Ка́тя (Kátja, “Katya”), in turn diminutive of Екатери́на (Jekaterína, “Yekaterina”). (Shi, 2021)


元治

/ɥɛn³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/ɡuan²³⁻³³ ti³³/

/ɡuan¹³⁻²² ti²²/

/ɡuan²⁴⁻¹¹ ti³³/

/ɡuan²⁴⁻²² ti²²/

/ɡuan²⁴⁻²² ti²²/

/ɥɛn³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/ɡuan²³⁻³³ ti³³/

/ɡuan¹³⁻²² ti²²/

/ɡuan²⁴⁻¹¹ ti³³/

/ɡuan²⁴⁻²² ti²²/

/ɡuan²⁴⁻²² ti²²/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 元治 (Genji).


越中

/ɥɛ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵/

/ɥɛ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵/

/jyːt̚² t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵/

/ɥɛ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵/

/ɥɛ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵/

/jyːt̚² t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵/

Etchū Province, an old province of Japan


京畿道

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi⁵⁵ tɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/kɪŋ⁵⁵ kei̯⁵⁵ tou̯²²/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi⁵⁵ tɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/kɪŋ⁵⁵ kei̯⁵⁵ tou̯²²/


江原道

Цзянъюань Дао

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵ tɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ jyːn²¹ tou̯²²/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵ tɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ jyːn²¹ tou̯²²/

Gangwon Province
w:Gangwon Province, South Korea

Gangwon Province (a province of South Korea)

Kangwon Province
w:Kangwon Province (North Korea)

Kangwon Province (a province of North Korea)


煙臺

→ English: Yantai, Yen-tai, Yen-t'ai

/jɛn⁵⁵ tʰaɪ̯³⁵/

/jiːn⁵⁵ tʰɔːi̯²¹/

/ian⁴⁴⁻³⁵ tʰoɪ¹¹/

/ieŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nai⁵³/

/iɛn⁴⁴⁻²² tai²⁴/

/iɛn⁴⁴⁻²² tai¹³/

/iɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ tai²⁴/

/iɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ tai²³/

/iŋ³³⁻²³ tʰai⁵⁵/

/jɛn⁵⁵ tʰaɪ̯³⁵/

/jiːn⁵⁵ tʰɔːi̯²¹/

/ian⁴⁴⁻³⁵ tʰoɪ¹¹/

/ieŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nai⁵³/

/iɛn⁴⁴⁻²² tai²⁴/

/iɛn⁴⁴⁻²² tai¹³/

/iɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ tai²⁴/

/iɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ tai²³/

/iŋ³³⁻²³ tʰai⁵⁵/

(～市) Yantai (a coastal prefecture-level city in northeastern Shandong, China)


牛車水

ㄋㄧㄡˊ ㄔㄜ ㄕㄨㄟˇ

/ni̯oʊ̯³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤ⁵⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ŋɐu̯²¹ t͡sʰɛː⁵⁵ sɵy̯³⁵/

/ŋi̯u¹¹ t͡sʰa²⁴ su̯i³¹/

/ɡu²⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰia⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sui⁴²/

/ɡu⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sʰia³³⁻²³ t͡sui⁵²/

/ni̯oʊ̯³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤ⁵⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ŋɐu̯²¹ t͡sʰɛː⁵⁵ sɵy̯³⁵/

/ŋi̯u¹¹ t͡sʰa²⁴ su̯i³¹/

/ɡu²⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰia⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sui⁴²/

/ɡu⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sʰia³³⁻²³ t͡sui⁵²/


叉燒包

/ʈ͡ʂʰä⁵⁵ ʂɑʊ̯⁵⁵ pɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰaː⁵⁵ siːu̯⁵⁵ paːu̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰa³³ siau³³ pau³³⁻³³⁵/

/t͡sʰɔ³³ sɔ⁵⁵ pɔ²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʰä⁵⁵ ʂɑʊ̯⁵⁵ pɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰaː⁵⁵ siːu̯⁵⁵ paːu̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰa³³ siau³³ pau³³⁻³³⁵/

/t͡sʰɔ³³ sɔ⁵⁵ pɔ²¹/

roast pork bun; char siu bao (Classifier: 個／个 m c; 隻／只 c; 籠／笼 c)


斯大林主義

ㄙ ㄉㄚˋ ㄌㄧㄣˊ ㄓㄨˇ ㄧˋ

Сыдалинь чжуи

/sz̩⁵⁵ tä⁵¹ lin³⁵ ʈ͡ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹ i⁵¹/

/sz̩⁵⁵ tä⁵¹ lin³⁵ ʈ͡ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹ i⁵¹/

Stalinism (Communist philosophies espoused by Josef Stalin)


尼波羅

/ni³⁵ pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵/

/nei̯²¹ pɔː⁵⁵ lɔː²¹/

/ni³⁵ pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵/

/nei̯²¹ pɔː⁵⁵ lɔː²¹/


港元

/kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

/kɔːŋ³⁵ jyːn²¹/

/kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

/kɔːŋ³⁵ jyːn²¹/

Hong Kong dollar (currency of Hong Kong)


屏東

desc

→ English: Pingtung, P'ing-tung, Ping Tung, Pingdong

/pʰiŋ³⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/piŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nøyŋ⁵⁵/

/pin²⁴⁻²² tɔŋ⁴⁴/

/pin²⁴⁻²² tɔŋ³³/

/pin¹³⁻²² tɔŋ⁴⁴/

/pin²⁴⁻¹¹ tɔŋ⁴⁴/

/pin²³⁻³³ tɔŋ⁴⁴/

/pʰiŋ³⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/piŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nøyŋ⁵⁵/

/pin²⁴⁻²² tɔŋ⁴⁴/

/pin²⁴⁻²² tɔŋ³³/

/pin¹³⁻²² tɔŋ⁴⁴/

/pin²⁴⁻¹¹ tɔŋ⁴⁴/

/pin²³⁻³³ tɔŋ⁴⁴/

From Japanese 屏東(へいとう) (Heitō) in 1920, referring to its relative position to 半屏山 (Poàⁿ-pêng-soaⁿ, “Mount Banping”).


宜蘭

→ English: Yilan, Ilan

/ŋie⁵³⁻³³ l̃aŋ⁵³/

/ɡi²⁴⁻²² lan²⁴/

/ɡi²⁴⁻²² lan²⁴/

/ɡi¹³⁻²² lan¹³/

/ɡi²⁴⁻¹¹ lan²⁴/

/ɡi²³⁻³³ lan²³/

/ŋie⁵³⁻³³ l̃aŋ⁵³/

/ɡi²⁴⁻²² lan²⁴/

/ɡi²⁴⁻²² lan²⁴/

/ɡi¹³⁻²² lan¹³/

/ɡi²⁴⁻¹¹ lan²⁴/

/ɡi²³⁻³³ lan²³/

With 1875 renaming from Komalan Subprefecture (噶瑪蘭廳), from Hokkien 噶瑪蘭 (Kat-má-lán), 蛤仔蘭 (Kap-á-lân) or 蛤仔難 (Kap-á-lān), names given to sites of the Kavalan tribe of Taiwanese aborigines.


鐵板燒

/tʰi̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ pän²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/tʰiːt̚³ paːn³⁵ siːu̯⁵⁵/

/tʰiɪʔ³³ pe⁵⁵ sɔ²¹/

/tʰi̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ pän²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/tʰiːt̚³ paːn³⁵ siːu̯⁵⁵/

/tʰiɪʔ³³ pe⁵⁵ sɔ²¹/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 鉄板焼き (teppan'yaki).

obor

teppanyaki (a Japanese style of cooking)


泰王國

ㄊㄞˋ ㄨㄤˊ ㄍㄨㄛˊ

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ wɑŋ³⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/tʰaːi̯³³ wɔːŋ²¹ kʷɔːk̚³/

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ wɑŋ³⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/tʰaːi̯³³ wɔːŋ²¹ kʷɔːk̚³/

Kingdom of Thailand (official name of Thailand)


鐵板

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (鐵板):
* → Korean: 철판(鐵板) (cheolpan)

/tʰi̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ pän²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰi(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ pan⁵³/

/tʰi(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ pan⁵³/

/tʰi(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ pan⁵³/

/tʰi(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ pan⁴¹/

/tʰi̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ pän²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰi(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ pan⁵³/

/tʰi(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ pan⁵³/

/tʰi(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ pan⁵³/

/tʰi(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ pan⁴¹/

GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)

iron panel; hot iron plate for fast grilling; (Japanese) teppan


東亞

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ jä⁵¹/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ aː³³/

/tuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ a²⁴/

/tøyŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ^((Ø-))ŋa³³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ a⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ a⁴⁴/

/toŋ⁵⁵ ɦia²¹/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ jä⁵¹/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ aː³³/

/tuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ a²⁴/

/tøyŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ^((Ø-))ŋa³³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ a⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ a⁴⁴/

/toŋ⁵⁵ ɦia²¹/


彰化

/ʈ͡ʂɑŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/t͡sœːŋ⁵⁵ faː³³/

/t͡soŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ fa⁵⁵/

/t͡suoŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋuɑ²¹³/

/t͡siaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua¹¹/

/t͡siaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²¹/

/t͡siaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua²¹/

/t͡siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²¹/

/t͡siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua¹¹/

/t͡siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂɑŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/t͡sœːŋ⁵⁵ faː³³/

/t͡soŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ fa⁵⁵/

/t͡suoŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋuɑ²¹³/

/t͡siaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua¹¹/

/t͡siaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²¹/

/t͡siaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua²¹/

/t͡siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²¹/

/t͡siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua¹¹/

/t͡siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua²¹/


橄欖山

Ганьлань Шань

/kän²¹⁴⁻³⁵ län²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

/kaːm³³ laːm¹³⁻³⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/kän²¹⁴⁻³⁵ län²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

/kaːm³³ laːm¹³⁻³⁵ saːn⁵⁵/


江原

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ jyːn²¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ jyːn²¹/

(～道) Gangwon Province (a province of South Korea)

(～道) Kangwon Province (a province of North Korea)


孟加拉

/mɤŋ⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ lä⁵⁵/

/maːŋ²² kaː⁵⁵ laːi̯⁵⁵/

/men⁵⁵ ka²⁴⁻¹¹ la²⁴/

/mɛiŋ²⁴²⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋa⁵⁵ l̃aʔ⁵/

/biɪŋ³³⁻¹¹ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ la⁵³/

/biɪŋ³³⁻²¹ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ la⁴¹/

/biɪŋ²²⁻²¹ ka⁴⁴⁻²² la⁴⁴/

/biɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ka³³ la³³/

/biɪŋ²²⁻²¹ kɛ⁴⁴⁻²² la⁴⁴/

/mã²² ka⁵⁵ la²¹/

/mɤŋ⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ lä⁵⁵/

/maːŋ²² kaː⁵⁵ laːi̯⁵⁵/

/men⁵⁵ ka²⁴⁻¹¹ la²⁴/

/mɛiŋ²⁴²⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋa⁵⁵ l̃aʔ⁵/

/biɪŋ³³⁻¹¹ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ la⁵³/

/biɪŋ³³⁻²¹ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ la⁴¹/

/biɪŋ²²⁻²¹ ka⁴⁴⁻²² la⁴⁴/

/biɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ka³³ la³³/

/biɪŋ²²⁻²¹ kɛ⁴⁴⁻²² la⁴⁴/

/mã²² ka⁵⁵ la²¹/

1824, 尚德 [Walter Henry Medhurst], 咬𠺕吧總論, page 38:

Qiě jìnlái yǒu duō yángchuán, cóng Mèngjiālā, Mèngmǎi jí Mǎdélāsǎ, wǎnglái Bā dì màoyì, qí zài lái báibù, màn bù, jí yàpiàn.

且近來有多洋船，從孟加拉、孟買及馬得拉撒，往來吧地貿易，其載來白布、幔布、及亞片。

且近来有多洋船，从孟加拉、孟买及马得拉撒，往来吧地贸易，其载来白布、幔布、及亚片。

(chiefly Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau, Singapore, Malaysia) Bangladesh (a country in South Asia)


望角

/wɑŋ⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mɔːŋ²² kɔːk̚³/

/wɑŋ⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mɔːŋ²² kɔːk̚³/

(obsolete) Mongkok; Mong Kok (area in Hong Kong)


醋飯箍

/t͡sʰɔ¹¹⁻⁵³ pŋ̍³³⁻¹¹ kʰɔ⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰɔ²¹⁻⁴¹ pŋ̍³³⁻²¹ kʰɔ⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰɔ¹¹⁻⁵³ pŋ̍³³⁻¹¹ kʰɔ⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰɔ²¹⁻⁴¹ pŋ̍³³⁻²¹ kʰɔ⁴⁴/


臭酸飯

/t͡sʰau¹¹⁻⁵³ sŋ̍⁴⁴⁻³³ pŋ̍³³/

/t͡sʰau²¹⁻⁴¹ sŋ̍⁴⁴⁻³³ pŋ̍³³/

/t͡sʰau¹¹⁻⁵³ sŋ̍⁴⁴⁻³³ pŋ̍³³/

/t͡sʰau²¹⁻⁴¹ sŋ̍⁴⁴⁻³³ pŋ̍³³/


常州

desc

→ English: Changzhou, Changchow, Ch'ang-chou

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/sœːŋ²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/siɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu³³/

/siɔŋ¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ²³⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/zã²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/sœːŋ²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/siɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu³³/

/siɔŋ¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ²³⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/zã²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

(～市) Changzhou (a prefecture-level city in southern Jiangsu, China)


惠州

→ English: Huizhou, Waichow

/xu̯eɪ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/wɐi̯²² t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/xu̯eɪ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/wɐi̯²² t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

(～市) Huizhou (a prefecture-level city in southeastern Guangdong, China)


貴陽

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (貴陽):
* → Japanese: 貴(き)陽(よう) (Kiyō)
* → Vietnamese: Quý Dương (貴陽)

→ English: Guiyang, Kweiyang, Kuei-yang

/ku̯eɪ̯⁵¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/kʷɐi̯³³ jœːŋ²¹/

/kuɪ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ iɔŋ¹¹/

/kui²¹³⁻⁵⁵ yoŋ⁵³/

/kui²¹⁻⁴¹ iɔŋ²³/

/kui¹¹⁻⁵³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/kui⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ iɔŋ²⁴/

/kui²¹⁻⁵³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/kui²¹⁻⁵³ iaŋ¹³/

/ku̯eɪ̯⁵¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/kʷɐi̯³³ jœːŋ²¹/

/kuɪ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ iɔŋ¹¹/

/kui²¹³⁻⁵⁵ yoŋ⁵³/

/kui²¹⁻⁴¹ iɔŋ²³/

/kui¹¹⁻⁵³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/kui⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ iɔŋ²⁴/

/kui²¹⁻⁵³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/kui²¹⁻⁵³ iaŋ¹³/

(～市) Guiyang (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Guizhou, in southwestern China)


南通

English: Nantong, Nan-t'ung, Nantung

/nän³⁵ tʰʊŋ⁵⁵/

/naːm²¹ tʰʊŋ⁵⁵/

/lam²⁴⁻²² tʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² tʰɔŋ³³/

/lam¹³⁻²² tʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam²³⁻³³ tʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/nam⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tʰoŋ³³/

/nø²² tʰoŋ⁴⁴/

/nän³⁵ tʰʊŋ⁵⁵/

/naːm²¹ tʰʊŋ⁵⁵/

/lam²⁴⁻²² tʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² tʰɔŋ³³/

/lam¹³⁻²² tʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam²³⁻³³ tʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/nam⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tʰoŋ³³/

/nø²² tʰoŋ⁴⁴/

(～市) Nantong (a prefecture-level city in Jiangsu, China)


南昌

/nän³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/naːm²¹ t͡sʰœːŋ⁵⁵/

/nam¹¹ t͡sʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/naŋ¹³⁻²¹ t͡sʰyɒŋ⁵³³/

/naŋ¹³⁻²¹ t͡sʰyøŋ⁵³³/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰiɔŋ³³/

/lam²³⁻³³ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam¹³⁻²² t͡sʰiaŋ⁴⁴/

/nam⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sʰiaŋ³³/

/nø²² t͡sʰɑ̃⁴⁴/

/nän³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/naːm²¹ t͡sʰœːŋ⁵⁵/

/nam¹¹ t͡sʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/naŋ¹³⁻²¹ t͡sʰyɒŋ⁵³³/

/naŋ¹³⁻²¹ t͡sʰyøŋ⁵³³/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰiɔŋ³³/

/lam²³⁻³³ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam¹³⁻²² t͡sʰiaŋ⁴⁴/

/nam⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sʰiaŋ³³/

/nø²² t͡sʰɑ̃⁴⁴/

Attested in the Book of Han as the name of a county and the seat of Yuzhang Commandery (豫章郡, a commandery in present-day Jiangxi) since no later than 2 CE.

(～市) Nanchang (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Jiangxi, China)


無錫

→ English: Wuhsi, Wu-hsi, Wusih, Wuxi

/mou̯²¹ sɛːk̚³/

/u⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɛiʔ²⁴/

/bu²⁴⁻²² siaʔ³²/

/bo⁵⁵⁻¹¹ siaʔ²/

/vu²² ɕiɪʔ⁴⁴/

/mou̯²¹ sɛːk̚³/

/u⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɛiʔ²⁴/

/bu²⁴⁻²² siaʔ³²/

/bo⁵⁵⁻¹¹ siaʔ²/

/vu²² ɕiɪʔ⁴⁴/

(～市) Wuxi (a prefecture-level city in Jiangsu, in eastern China)


俄式

/ˀɤ³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/ˀɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/ŋɔː¹³ sɪk̚⁵/

/ˀɤ³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/ˀɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/ŋɔː¹³ sɪk̚⁵/

俄式餃子

俄式饺子

俄式茶壺

俄式茶壶

俄式白酒


漢詩

/xän⁵¹ ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/

/hɔːn³³ siː⁵⁵/

/xän⁵¹ ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/

/hɔːn³³ siː⁵⁵/

Chinese poetry; Chinese poem (especially the one written by non-Chinese poet)


北國

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/pɐk̚⁵ kʷɔːk̚³/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kɔk̚³²/

/pɔk̚³²⁻⁴ kɔk̚³²/

/poʔ³³ koʔ⁴⁴/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/pɐk̚⁵ kʷɔːk̚³/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kɔk̚³²/

/pɔk̚³²⁻⁴ kɔk̚³²/

/poʔ³³ koʔ⁴⁴/

the northern part of the country; the North (of China); northland


中國學

ㄓㄨㄥ ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄒㄩㄝˊ

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵ ɕy̯ɛ³⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³ hɔːk̚²/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵ ɕy̯ɛ³⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³ hɔːk̚²/