東京

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (東京):
* → Japanese: 東京(とうけい) (Tōkei)

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ kɪŋ⁵⁵/

/ɵŋ³³ ken³³/

/tuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kin²⁴/

/tʊŋ⁴⁴ kin⁴⁴/

/tøyŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋiŋ⁵⁵/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kiã⁴⁴/

/taŋ³³ kiã³³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kiã⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kiã⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kiã⁴⁴/

/taŋ³³⁻²³ kĩã³³/

/toŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕin²¹/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ kɪŋ⁵⁵/

/ɵŋ³³ ken³³/

/tuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kin²⁴/

/tʊŋ⁴⁴ kin⁴⁴/

/tøyŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋiŋ⁵⁵/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kiã⁴⁴/

/taŋ³³ kiã³³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kiã⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kiã⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kiã⁴⁴/

/taŋ³³⁻²³ kĩã³³/

/toŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕin²¹/

(～都) Tokyo (a prefecture, the capital city of Japan)


中國

He zun
King Wu of Zhou
Names of China#Zhongguo
Western Zhou

Earliest attested on the Western Zhou bronze vessel He zun. See Names of China#Zhongguo.

When King Wu conquered the great city Shang, he then made reverent declarations to Heaven, saying: "Let me dwell in this, the central region, and from here govern the people."

He zun inscription, translated by Pankenier (2013)

Wéi Wǔwáng jì kè Dàyìshāng, zé tíng gào yú Tiān, yuē: yú qí zhái zī Zhōngguó, zì zhī yì mín.

隹珷王既克大邑商，𠟭廷吿于天，曰：余𠀠宅𢆶𠁩或，自之辥民。

隹珷王既克大邑商，𠟭廷告于天，曰：余𠀠宅𢆶𠁩或，自之辥民。

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ kuɛ²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂuŋ²⁴ kuei⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂuŋ²⁴ kuə⁵¹/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³/

/t͡sɵŋ³³ kɔk̚⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kuɛt̚¹/

/tyŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋuɔʔ²⁴/

/tœŋ⁵³³⁻¹³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɒʔ¹/

/tyøŋ⁵³³⁻¹³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɒʔ²/

/tiɔŋ³³ kɔk̚⁵/

/tiɔŋ³³⁻²¹ kɔk̚³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/toŋ³³⁻²³ kok̚²/

/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ koʔ²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ kuɛ²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂuŋ²⁴ kuei⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂuŋ²⁴ kuə⁵¹/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³/

/t͡sɵŋ³³ kɔk̚⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kuɛt̚¹/

/tyŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋuɔʔ²⁴/

/tœŋ⁵³³⁻¹³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɒʔ¹/

/tyøŋ⁵³³⁻¹³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɒʔ²/

/tiɔŋ³³ kɔk̚⁵/

/tiɔŋ³³⁻²¹ kɔk̚³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/toŋ³³⁻²³ kok̚²/

/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ koʔ²¹/

中國和平崛起

中国和平崛起

中國社會科學院

中国社会科学院

English translations of Chinese classics

中國典籍英譯

中国典籍英译

to interfere in China's internal affairs

干涉中國內政

干涉中国内政

中國的首都是北京。

中国的首都是北京。

他現在在中國旅行。

他现在在中国旅行。

你喜歡中國文學嗎？

你喜欢中国文学吗？

We humbly think that Buddhism is merely a religion of barbarians, which entered China during the Later Han and is not found in our ancestry.

Fú yǐ Fó zhě, yídí zhī yī fǎ ěr, zì Hòuhàn shí liúrù Zhōngguó, shànggǔ wèicháng yǒu yě.

伏以佛者，夷狄之一法耳，自後漢時流入中國，上古未嘗有也。

伏以佛者，夷狄之一法耳，自后汉时流入中国，上古未尝有也。

Someone asks, "The Four Barbarians and Ten Nations are not Chinese. Why do you describe the barbarian contributions but not ten nations'?" We reply, "Viewing from Chinese on barbarians, one shall barbarize them; Viewing from Five Dynasties on Ten Nations, one shall not."

11th century, Ouyang Xiu, Historical Records of the Five Dynasties

Wènzhě yuē: Sìyí, Shíguó, jiē fēi Zhōngguó zhī yǒu yě, Sìyí zhī fēngjué cháogòng zé shū, ér Shíguó zhī bù shū hé yě? Yuē: yǐ Zhōngguó ér shì yídí, yídí zhī kě yě. Yǐ Wǔdài zhī jūn ér shì Shíguó, yídí zhī zé wèikě yě.

問者曰：四夷、十國，皆非中國之有也，四夷之封爵朝貢則書，而十國之不書何也？曰：以中國而視夷狄，夷狄之可也。以五代之君而視十國，夷狄之則未可也。

问者曰：四夷、十国，皆非中国之有也，四夷之封爵朝贡则书，而十国之不书何也？曰：以中国而视夷狄，夷狄之可也。以五代之君而视十国，夷狄之则未可也。

c. 1300, 周達觀 (Zhou Daguan), 真臘風土記 (The Customs of Cambodia)

Tángrén dào bǐ, jiē bù yǔ zhī yánjí Zhōngguó fèn yōng zhī shì, kǒng wéi suǒ bǐ.

唐人到彼，皆不與之言及中國糞壅之事，恐為所鄙。

唐人到彼，皆不与之言及中国粪壅之事，恐为所鄙。

The national voice is different to that in China, with scripts mutually unintelligible. Thus, our humble people have some to say, but many could not express their feelings.

c. 1446, Sejong the Great, 訓民正音 (Hunminjeongeum)

國之語音，異乎中國，與文字不相流通，故愚民有所欲言，而終不得伸其情者多矣。

Zì wǒ cháo rùzhǔ zhōngtǔ, jūnlín tiānxià, bìng Ménggǔ jíbiān zhū bùluò, jù guī bǎntú, shì Zhōngguó zhī jiāngtǔ kāituò guǎngyuǎn, nǎi Zhōngguó chénmín zhī dàxìng, hédé shàngyǒu huáyí zhōngwài zhī fēn lùn zāi!

自我朝入主中土，君臨天下，并蒙古極邊諸部落，俱歸版圖，是中國之疆土開拓廣遠，乃中國臣民之大幸，何得尚有華夷中外之分論哉！

自我朝入主中土，君临天下，并蒙古极边诸部落，俱归版图，是中国之疆土开拓广远，乃中国臣民之大幸，何得尚有华夷中外之分论哉！

How much of it is forest? The population of China being very dense, the forests cannot be extensive.

1841, Elijah Coleman Bridgman, A Chinese Chrestomathy in the Canton Dialect, page 345

jau⁵ gei² do¹ syu⁶ muk⁶ ne¹? zung¹ gwok³ jan⁴ jin¹ cau⁴ zaap⁶, syu⁶ muk⁶ mou⁴ do¹.

有幾多樹木呢？中國人烟稠集，樹木無多。

有几多树木呢？中国人烟稠集，树木无多。

China (a country in Asia; capital: Beijing)


俄

俄語

俄语

Short for 俄羅斯／俄罗斯 (Éluósī).: Russia (A transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and North Asia)


甌

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qoː) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): phonetic 區 (OC *qoː, *kʰo, “vessel”) + semantic 瓦 (“pottery”).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ʔəw-ŋ (“pot; vat; jar”) (reconstructed provisionally). Related to 椀 (OC *qoːnʔ), 碗 (OC *qoːnʔ, “bowl”), and possibly 甕 (OC *qoːŋs, “urn”). Compare Burmese အိုး (ui:, “pot”) (Schuessler, 2007).

inh

Abbreviation of 溫州／温州 (Wēnzhōu): Wenzhou (a prefecture-level city in Zhejiang, in southeastern China)


蜀

Cao Wei
Chen dynasty
Eastern Han dynasty
Eastern Wei
Eastern Wu
Eastern Zhou dynasty
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
Han dynasty
Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
Jin dynasty (265–420)
Liang dynasty
Liao dynasty
Liu Song dynasty
Ming dynasty
Northern Qi
Northern Wei
Northern Zhou
Northern and Southern dynasties
Qin dynasty
Qing dynasty
Shang dynasty
Shu Han
Shuowen Jiezi
Song dynasty
Southern Qi
Southern and Northern dynasties
Spring and Autumn period
Sui dynasty
Tang dynasty
Three Kingdoms
Warring States period
Western Han dynasty
Western Liao
Western Wei
Western Xia
Western Zhou dynasty
Xia dynasty
Xin dynasty
Yuan dynasty
Zhou dynasty

Shuowen Jiezi interprets this as a pictograph of a silkworm: with 目 (mù, “eye”) depicting its head above its wriggling body; cf. 蠶叢／蚕丛 (“silkworm-thicket”), legendary inventor of silk and sericulture and ancestor of the first dynasty of the Shu kings.


褌

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kuːn): semantic 衤 (“clothes”) + phonetic 軍 (OC *kun).

Han compound

(dialectal Mandarin, dialectal Wu, Waxiang) trousers; pants

fundoshi (traditional Japanese loincloth)


日本

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (日本):
* → Japanese: 日本(にほん) (Nihon); 日本(にっぽん) (Nippon); 日本(じっぽん) (Jippon)
* → Korean: 일본(日本) (Ilbon)
* → Vietnamese: Nhật Bản (日本)

→ Lao: ຍີ່ປຸ່ນ (nyī pun)

→ Malay: Jepang, Jepun (see there for further descendants)

→ Manchu: ᡰᡳ
ᠪᡝᠨ (ži ben)

→ Thai: ญี่ปุ่น (yîi-bpùn)

→ Tibetan: ཇི་བེན (ji ben)

→ Wutunhua: reben

→ Zhuang: Yizbwnj

/ʐ̩⁵¹ pən²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʐ̩⁴⁴ pəŋ⁵¹/

/ᵑɡit̚³² pᵘɔn⁵⁵/

/ʐəʔ²⁻⁴⁵ pəŋ⁵³/

/nˡiʔ⁵⁻³³ puoŋ³³/

/d͡zit̚¹⁴⁻³³ pun⁵³/

/d͡zit̚⁴³⁻²¹ pun⁴²/

/d͡zit̚¹²¹⁻²¹ pun⁵³/

/lit̚²⁴⁻² pun⁵⁵⁴/

/d͡zik̚⁴⁻² puŋ⁵²/

/zəʔ¹¹ pən²³/

/zəʔ²² pən⁵¹/

/ʐ̩⁵¹ pən²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʐ̩⁴⁴ pəŋ⁵¹/

/ᵑɡit̚³² pᵘɔn⁵⁵/

/ʐəʔ²⁻⁴⁵ pəŋ⁵³/

/nˡiʔ⁵⁻³³ puoŋ³³/

/d͡zit̚¹⁴⁻³³ pun⁵³/

/d͡zit̚⁴³⁻²¹ pun⁴²/

/d͡zit̚¹²¹⁻²¹ pun⁵³/

/lit̚²⁴⁻² pun⁵⁵⁴/

/d͡zik̚⁴⁻² puŋ⁵²/

/zəʔ¹¹ pən²³/

/zəʔ²² pən⁵¹/

This appellation comes from imperial correspondence between the Chinese Sui Dynasty and Japan, and refers to the eastward position of Japan relative to China.

the sun's origin; where the sun originates

日本電視劇／日本电视剧 ― Rìběn diànshìjù ― Japanese TV drama

Japan (a country and archipelago in East Asia)


鄂

→ English: E, O

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋaːɡ): phonetic 咢 (OC *ŋaːɡ) + semantic 阝 (“area”).

Han compound

Short for 湖北 (Húběi).: Hubei (a province of China)


麗

Book of Documents
Book of Rites
Chu Ci
Rites of Zhou
Zuozhuan

Pictogram (象形) – a deer with antlers.
Schuessler (2007) minimally reconstructed this word's OC pronunciation as *rêh and considered it a possible allofam of 麗 (OC *rê(k)h) "number" < "what is calculated", exopassive derivative of 歷 (OC *rêk) "to calculate".
麗 underwent this historical semantic shift: from "a pair" (Zhouli), to "mate, companion" (儷) (Zuo), to "paired", to "well-proportioned" (Liji), and finally to "elegant, beautiful" (Chuci) as well as "refinement" (Shu).

丽
𠀙
𠀞
𠧥
𮭶
𮭷
𮭹
𪋘
丽
婯
𡡜
𠪕
䴡

Only used in 高麗／高丽 (Gāolí, “Goryeo”) and 高句麗／高句丽 (Gāogōulí, “Goguryeo”).

麗祖

麗末

麗史

麗制

(Korean Classical Chinese) Short for 高麗／高丽 (“Goryeo”).


北京

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (北京):
* → Japanese: 北京(ほっきょう) (Hokkyō)
* → Korean: 북경(北京) (Bukgyeong)
* → Vietnamese: Bắc Kinh (北京)

→ Amis: Piking

→ Arabic: بِكِين (bikīn)

→ Asturian: Beijing

→ Belarusian: Пекі́н (Pjekín)

→ Bengali: বেইজিং (beijiṅ)

→ Bouyei: Bagtjingl

desc

→ Burmese: ပေကျင်း (pe-kyang:), ပီကင်း (pikang:)

→ Catalan: Pequín

→ Czech: Peking

→ Danish: Beijing, Peking

→ Dutch: Peking

→ English: Beijing, Peking, Pei-ching

→ French: Pékin

→ Finnish: Peking, Beijing

→ Georgian: პეკინი (ṗeḳini)

→ German: Peking

→ Greek: Πεκίνο (Pekíno)

→ Hebrew: בייג׳ינג (beijing)

→ Hindi: बेजिंग (bejiṅg)

→ Hlai: Bhakgengs

→ Hungarian: Peking

→ Italian: Pechino

→ Japanese: 北(ペ)京(キン) (Pekin)

→ Kazakh: Бейжің (Beijıñ)

→ Khmer: ប៉េកាំង (peekang)

→ Korean: 베이징 (Beijing)

→ Lao: ປັກກິງ (pak king)

→ Latin: Pechinum

→ Latvian: Pekina

→ Lithuanian: Pekinas

→ Lü: ᦵᦗᦲᧉᦋᦲᧃᧈ (poe²tsiin¹)

→ Lü: ᦵᦗᦲᧉᦋᦲᧃᧈ (poe²tsiin¹)

→ Macedonian: Пекинг (Peking)

→ Manchu: ᠪᡝᡤᡳᠩ (beging)

→ Mongolian: Бээжин (Beežin) / ᠪᠡᠭᠡᠵᠢᠩ (begeǰing)

→ Nepali: बेइजिङ (beijiṅ)

→ Nuosu: ꀙꏢ (bip ji)

→ Persian: پکن (pekan)

→ Polish: Pekin

→ Portuguese: Pequim

→ Romanian: Beijing, Pekin

→ Russian: Пеки́н (Pekín)

→ Armenian: Պեկին (Pekin)

→ Serbo-Croatian: Пѐкинг / Pèking, Бејџинг / Bejdžing

→ Slovene: Peking

→ Spanish: Pekín, Pequín

→ Swedish: Peking, Beijing

→ Telugu: బీజింగ్ (bījiṅg)

→ Thai: ปักกิ่ง (bpàk-gìng)

→ Tibetan: པེ་ཅིན (pe cin), པེ་ཅིང (pe cing)

→ Urdu: بیجنگ (bējiṅg)

→ Uyghur: بېيجىڭ (bëyjing)

→ Zhuang: Baekging

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕiɤ̯̃ɻ⁵⁵/

/pɛ²¹ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/pei²⁴ t͡ɕiŋ²⁴/

/pɐk̚⁵ kɪŋ⁵⁵/

/pɛt̚⁵ t͡ɕin⁴²/

/pei⁵³ t͡ɕiŋ¹¹/

/pɛ²⁴ keiŋ⁵⁴/

/pøyʔ²⁴⁻²¹ kiŋ⁵⁵/

/paʔ¹⁻⁴⁵ kiŋ⁵³³/

/paʔ²⁻²⁴ kiŋ⁵³³/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴/

/pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ kiã³³/

/pak̚³²⁻⁵ kiã⁴⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴/

/pak̚²⁻⁴ kĩã³³/

/poʔ³³ t͡ɕin⁴⁴/

/pɤ̞²⁴ t͡ɕin³³/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕiɤ̯̃ɻ⁵⁵/

/pɛ²¹ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/pei²⁴ t͡ɕiŋ²⁴/

/pɐk̚⁵ kɪŋ⁵⁵/

/pɛt̚⁵ t͡ɕin⁴²/

/pei⁵³ t͡ɕiŋ¹¹/

/pɛ²⁴ keiŋ⁵⁴/

/pøyʔ²⁴⁻²¹ kiŋ⁵⁵/

/paʔ¹⁻⁴⁵ kiŋ⁵³³/

/paʔ²⁻²⁴ kiŋ⁵³³/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴/

/pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ kiã³³/

/pak̚³²⁻⁵ kiã⁴⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴/

/pak̚²⁻⁴ kĩã³³/

/poʔ³³ t͡ɕin⁴⁴/

/pɤ̞²⁴ t͡ɕin³³/

南京 — 洛陽

Other capitals in the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China

中國的首都是北京。

中国的首都是北京。

Beijing’s spring is very suitable for cycling around the hutongs.

Běijīng de chūntiān hěn shìhé qíchē guàng hútòng.

北京的春天很適合騎車逛衚衕。

北京的春天很适合骑车逛胡同。

Forgive me for not being able to go with you to Beijing.

原諒我不能陪你去北京。

原谅我不能陪你去北京。

This story took place during the Xuande era of the current dynasty. There was an elderly man named Liu De who resided in Hexiwu town. This town is located beside the canal, about 200 lis away from Peking, and serves as a crucial route for people traveling to and from the capital from various provinces.

Feng Menglong, Stories to Awaken the World, 1627 CE

Zhè huàběn yě chū zài běncháo Xuāndé nián jiān, yǒu yī lǎozhě, xìng Liú, míng Dé, jiā zuǒ Héxīwù zhèn shàng. Zhè zhèn zài yùnhé zhī páng, lí běijīng yǒu èrbǎi lǐ tiándì, nǎi gè shěng chūrù jīngdōu de yàolù.

這話本也出在本朝宣德年間，有一老者，姓劉，名德，家佐河西務鎮上。這鎮在運河之旁，離北京有二百里田地，乃各省出入京都的要路。

这话本也出在本朝宣德年间，有一老者，姓刘，名德，家佐河西务镇上。这镇在运河之旁，离北京有二百里田地，乃各省出入京都的要路。

(～市) Beijing (a direct-administered municipality, the capital city of China)

南京 — 東京

southern capital; eastern capital; western capital


忍者

/ʐən²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ʈ͡ʂɤ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jɐn³⁵ t͡sɛː³⁵/

/ʐən²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ʈ͡ʂɤ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jɐn³⁵ t͡sɛː³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 忍者 (ninja).

obor

(historical) ninja (covert agent or mercenary in feudal Japan)


日本人

/ʐ̩⁵¹ pən²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʐən³⁵/

/ʐ̩⁴⁴ pəŋ⁵¹ ʐəŋ²⁴/

/jɐt̚² puːn³⁵ jɐn²¹/

/nˡiʔ⁵⁻²¹ puoŋ³³⁻²¹ nˡøyŋ⁵³/

/lit̚⁴⁻³² pun⁵³⁻⁴⁴ laŋ²⁴/

/lit̚²⁴⁻² pun⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ laŋ²⁴/

/zit̚⁴⁻³² pun⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ laŋ²³/

/d͡zit̚¹²¹⁻²¹ pun⁵³⁻⁴⁴ laŋ¹³/

/d͡zik̚⁴⁻² puŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ naŋ⁵⁵/

/zəʔ¹¹ pən²² n̠ʲin²³/

/ʐ̩⁵¹ pən²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʐən³⁵/

/ʐ̩⁴⁴ pəŋ⁵¹ ʐəŋ²⁴/

/jɐt̚² puːn³⁵ jɐn²¹/

/nˡiʔ⁵⁻²¹ puoŋ³³⁻²¹ nˡøyŋ⁵³/

/lit̚⁴⁻³² pun⁵³⁻⁴⁴ laŋ²⁴/

/lit̚²⁴⁻² pun⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ laŋ²⁴/

/zit̚⁴⁻³² pun⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ laŋ²³/

/d͡zit̚¹²¹⁻²¹ pun⁵³⁻⁴⁴ laŋ¹³/

/d͡zik̚⁴⁻² puŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ naŋ⁵⁵/

/zəʔ¹¹ pən²² n̠ʲin²³/


越南

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (越南):
* → Japanese: 越(えつ)南(なん) (Etsunan)
* → Okinawan: 越(いつ)南(なん) (Itsunan)
* → Korean: 월남(越南) (Wollam)
* → Vietnamese: Việt Nam (越南)

→ Zhuang: Yeznanz

/ɥɛ⁵¹ nän³⁵/

/uoʔ⁵⁻³³ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/uat̚¹²¹⁻²¹ lam¹³/

/ɦyɪʔ¹¹ nø²³/

/ɥɛ⁵¹ nän³⁵/

/uoʔ⁵⁻³³ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/uat̚¹²¹⁻²¹ lam¹³/

/ɦyɪʔ¹¹ nø²³/

越 (“Yue”) + 南 (“south”). See 越 (yuè) and Vietnamese Việt Nam for more.


香港

Sino-Xenic (香港):
* → Korean: 향항(香港) (Hyanghang)
* → Vietnamese: Hương Cảng (香港)

→ English: Hong Kong, Xianggang

→ Japanese: 香港(ホンコン) (Honkon)

→ Korean: 홍콩 (Hongkong)

→ Russian: Гонко́нг (Gonkóng)

→ French: Hong Kong, Hongkong

→ Japanese: シャンガン (Shangan)

→ Lao: ຮົງກົງ (hong kong)

→ Mongolian: Хонконг (Xonkong) (Mongolia)

→ Mongolian: ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠩᠭᠠᠩ (siyangɣang) (China)

→ Russian: Сянга́н (Sjangán)

→ Thai: ฮ่องกง (hɔ̂ng-gong)

→ Tibetan: ཞང་ཀང (zhang kang)

→ Uyghur: شياڭگاڭ (shyanggang)

→ Vietnamese: Hồng Công, Hồng Kông

→ Zhuang: Yanghgangj

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hœːŋ⁵⁵ kɔːŋ³⁵/

/høŋ²¹³ kɔŋ³⁵/

/hiaŋ³³ kʰɔŋ⁵⁵/

/hi̯oŋ²⁴ koŋ³¹/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kuɔŋ³¹/

/xiɔŋ⁵⁴ kɔŋ²¹/

/hyoŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋøyŋ³³/

/hyɒŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ kaŋ⁴⁵³/

/hyøŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ kaŋ³³²/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴²/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁵³/

/hiɔŋ³³ kaŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kaŋ⁴¹/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kaŋ⁵³/

/hiaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁵³/

/hiaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴²/

/hiaŋ³³⁻²¹ kaŋ⁴⁴⁵/

/hiaŋ³³⁻²³ kaŋ⁵²/

/ɕiã⁵⁵ kɑ̃²¹/

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hœːŋ⁵⁵ kɔːŋ³⁵/

/høŋ²¹³ kɔŋ³⁵/

/hiaŋ³³ kʰɔŋ⁵⁵/

/hi̯oŋ²⁴ koŋ³¹/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kuɔŋ³¹/

/xiɔŋ⁵⁴ kɔŋ²¹/

/hyoŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋøyŋ³³/

/hyɒŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ kaŋ⁴⁵³/

/hyøŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ kaŋ³³²/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴²/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁵³/

/hiɔŋ³³ kaŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kaŋ⁴¹/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kaŋ⁵³/

/hiaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁵³/

/hiaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴²/

/hiaŋ³³⁻²¹ kaŋ⁴⁴⁵/

/hiaŋ³³⁻²³ kaŋ⁵²/

/ɕiã⁵⁵ kɑ̃²¹/

Ap Lei Chau
Gazetteer of Xin'an County
Treaty of Nanking
Wong Chuk Hang

The name 香港 first appeared on a map in 粵大記 [1595] as a label for an island that seems to be Ap Lei Chau. In the two Gazetteer of Xin'an County (新安縣志) published in 1688 and 1819, 香港 was the name of a village (as 香港村). The village was likely located in Wong Chuk Hang in the south of Hong Kong Island as indicated by 19th-century maps.
18th-century western maps appear to render the name of Hong Kong Island as Fan Chin Chow (or its variants), which appears to be a Hakka romanization of 飯甑洲 (Kwok and Cheung, 2007). In the Treaty of Nanking signed in 1842, the name 香港 referred to the entire Hong Kong Island.

～特別行政區 香港特別行政區#Chinese

(～特別行政區) Hong Kong (a city and special administrative region of China)


新加坡

/ɕin⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ pʰu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ kaː³³ pɔː⁵⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ kaː³³ pʰɔː⁵⁵/

/sin²⁴⁻¹¹ ka²⁴⁻¹¹ pʰo²⁴/

/sin²⁴⁻¹¹ ka²⁴⁻¹¹ po⁵⁵/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ pʰo⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ pʰɤ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² ka⁴⁴⁻²² pʰo⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² kɛ⁴⁴⁻²² pʰo⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² ka⁴⁴⁻²² po⁴⁴/

/sin³³⁻²¹ ka³³⁻²¹ po³³/

/siŋ³³⁻²³ kia³³⁻²³ po³³/

/ɕin⁵⁵ ka³³ pʰu²¹/

/ɕin⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ pʰu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ kaː³³ pɔː⁵⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ kaː³³ pʰɔː⁵⁵/

/sin²⁴⁻¹¹ ka²⁴⁻¹¹ pʰo²⁴/

/sin²⁴⁻¹¹ ka²⁴⁻¹¹ po⁵⁵/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ pʰo⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ pʰɤ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² ka⁴⁴⁻²² pʰo⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² kɛ⁴⁴⁻²² pʰo⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² ka⁴⁴⁻²² po⁴⁴/

/sin³³⁻²¹ ka³³⁻²¹ po³³/

/siŋ³³⁻²³ kia³³⁻²³ po³³/

/ɕin⁵⁵ ka³³ pʰu²¹/

Borrowed from English Singapore, from Malay Singapura, from Sanskrit सिंहपुर (siṃhá-pura), from सिंह (siṃha, “lion”) + पुर (pura, “city”).
Shanghainese sense from 莘嘉浦 via phono-semantic matching.

compound

Singapore abolished its jury system in 1969, so all criminal defendants are tried before judges.

Xīnjiāpō zài 1969 nián fèichú le péishěntuán zhìdù, yīncǐ suǒyǒu xíngshì ànjiàn de bèigàorén jūn yóu fǎguān shěnpàn.

新加坡在1969年廢除了陪審團制度，因此所有刑事案件的被告人均由法官審判。

新加坡在1969年废除了陪审团制度，因此所有刑事案件的被告人均由法官审判。

Chén chū sān kè dǐ Xīgòng, yóu Xīnjiāpō zhì cǐ èr qiān sì bǎi èrshíyī lǐ.

辰初三刻抵西貢，由新加坡至此二千四百二十一里。

辰初三刻抵西贡，由新加坡至此二千四百二十一里。

新加坡共和國 新加坡共和國#Chinese

新加坡共和国 新加坡共和国#Chinese

Singapore (an island and city-state in Southeast Asia, located off the southernmost tip of the Malay Peninsula; a former British crown colony; official name: 新加坡共和國／新加坡共和国)


一共

/i⁵⁵⁻³⁵ kʊŋ⁵¹/

/i²¹ koŋ²¹³/

/jɐt̚⁵ kʊŋ²²/

/it̚² kʰi̯uŋ⁵⁵/

/it̚¹ kʰiʊŋ⁵³/

/iəʔ² kuŋ⁴⁵/

/it̚⁵⁻²⁴ kiɔŋ⁴¹/

/it̚³²⁻⁵ kiɔŋ²²/

/it̚³²⁻⁴ kiɔŋ²²/

/iɪʔ³³ ɡoŋ⁴⁴/

/i⁵⁵⁻³⁵ kʊŋ⁵¹/

/i²¹ koŋ²¹³/

/jɐt̚⁵ kʊŋ²²/

/it̚² kʰi̯uŋ⁵⁵/

/it̚¹ kʰiʊŋ⁵³/

/iəʔ² kuŋ⁴⁵/

/it̚⁵⁻²⁴ kiɔŋ⁴¹/

/it̚³²⁻⁵ kiɔŋ²²/

/it̚³²⁻⁴ kiɔŋ²²/

/iɪʔ³³ ɡoŋ⁴⁴/

People's Republic of China
People's Republic of China

(figurative) Mao or pre-reform era of the People's Republic of China


大陸

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (大陸):
* → Japanese: 大陸(たいりく) (tairiku)
* → Korean: 대륙(大陸) (daeryuk)
* → Vietnamese: đại lục (大陸)

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ lu⁵¹/

/taːi̯²² lʊk̚²/

/ai³² lɵk̚³²/

/tai²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ l̃yʔ⁵/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ liɔk̚⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² liɔk̚²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ liɔk̚⁴³/

/tai³³⁻²¹ liɔk̚⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ liɔk̚¹²¹/

/tai²²⁻²¹ liɔk̚⁴/

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ lu⁵¹/

/taːi̯²² lʊk̚²/

/ai³² lɵk̚³²/

/tai²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ l̃yʔ⁵/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ liɔk̚⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² liɔk̚²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ liɔk̚⁴³/

/tai³³⁻²¹ liɔk̚⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ liɔk̚¹²¹/

/tai²²⁻²¹ liɔk̚⁴/

After the major earthquake, artists from the Mainland, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan all worked together to perform several concerts to collect funds for disaster relief.

"499. 共襄盛舉." 500 Common Chinese Idioms: An annotated Frequency Dictionary. Liwei Jiao, Cornelius C. Kubler, and Weiguo Zhang. 2011.

Fāshēng le dà dìzhèn, Dàlù jí Gǎng, Ào, Tái sān dì yìrén wèile jiùzāi gòngxiāngshèngjǔ, jǔbàn le duō chǎng yǎnchànghuì.

發生了大地震，大陸及港、澳、台三地藝人為了救災共襄盛舉，舉辦了多場演唱會。

发生了大地震，大陆及港、澳、台三地艺人为了救灾共襄盛举，举办了多场演唱会。

And now
Homesick is a shallow strait
I am here
And Mainland is there

ér xiànzài
Xiāngchóu shì yī wān qiǎn qiǎn de hǎixiá
Wǒ zài zhè tóu
Dàlù zài nà tóu

而現在
鄉愁是一灣淺淺的海峽
我在這頭
大陸在那頭

而现在
乡愁是一湾浅浅的海峡
我在这头
大陆在那头


吉林

Sino-Xenic (吉林):
* → Japanese: 吉林(きつりん) (Kitsurin)
* → Korean: 길림(吉林) (Gillim)
* → Vietnamese: Cát Lâm (吉林)

→ English: Chi-lin, Jilin, Ji Lin

→ Georgian: ძილინი (ʒilini)

/kɐt̚⁵ lɐm²¹/

/kiʔ²⁴⁻²¹ l̃iŋ⁵³/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ lim²³/

/kiɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ lim²⁴/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ lim²⁴/

/t͡ɕiɪʔ³³ lin⁴⁴/

/kɐt̚⁵ lɐm²¹/

/kiʔ²⁴⁻²¹ l̃iŋ⁵³/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ lim²³/

/kiɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ lim²⁴/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ lim²⁴/

/t͡ɕiɪʔ³³ lin⁴⁴/

Shortened from 吉林烏拉／吉林乌拉, which was borrowed from Manchu ᡤᡳᡵᡳᠨ
ᡠᠯᠠ (girin ula).

(～省) Jilin (a province in northeastern China; capital: Changchun)


大正

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹/

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹/

/tä⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/tä⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

(literary) Alternative name for 太白星 (Tàibáixīng, “Venus”).


亞美尼亞

ㄧㄚˋ ㄇㄟˇ ㄋㄧˊ ㄧㄚˋ

ㄧㄚˇ ㄇㄟˇ ㄋㄧˊ ㄧㄚˇ

/jä⁵¹ meɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ni³⁵ jä⁵¹/

/jä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ meɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ni³⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

a³ méi⁵ néi⁴ a³

/aː³³ mei̯¹³ nei̯²¹ aː³³/

/a³³ bi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ nĩ²⁴⁻²² a³³/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² bi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nĩ²⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² bi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nĩ¹³⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/ia⁵⁵ me³³ n̠ʲi³³ ia²¹/

/jä⁵¹ meɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ni³⁵ jä⁵¹/

/jä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ meɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ni³⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/aː³³ mei̯¹³ nei̯²¹ aː³³/

/a³³ bi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ nĩ²⁴⁻²² a³³/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² bi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nĩ²⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² bi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nĩ¹³⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/ia⁵⁵ me³³ n̠ʲi³³ ia²¹/

Armenia (A country in the South Caucasus region of Asia, sometimes considered to belong politically to Europe)


朝鮮

Sino-Xenic (朝鮮):
* → Japanese: 朝(ちょう)鮮(せん) (Chōsen)
* → Korean: 조선(朝鮮) (Joseon)
* → Vietnamese: Triều Tiên (朝鮮)

desc

→ Classical Mongolian: ᠴᠣᠤᠬᠢᠶᠠᠨ (Čoukiyan)

→ English: Ch'ao-hsien, Chaoxian

→ Manchu: ᠴᠣᠣᡥᡳᠶᠠᠨ (Coohiyan)

→ Zhuang: Cauzsenh

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɔ²⁴ ɕiæ̃⁵¹/

/t͡sʰiːu̯²¹ siːn⁵⁵/

/t͡seu̯²⁴⁻¹¹ si̯en²⁴/

/tieu⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lieŋ³³/

/tiau²⁴⁻²² siɛn⁵⁵⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɔ²⁴ ɕiæ̃⁵¹/

/t͡sʰiːu̯²¹ siːn⁵⁵/

/t͡seu̯²⁴⁻¹¹ si̯en²⁴/

/tieu⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lieŋ³³/

/tiau²⁴⁻²² siɛn⁵⁵⁴/

Classic of Mountains and Seas
Juha Janhunen
Records of the Grand Historian
Zhanguo Ce

Attested in Classic of Mountains and Seas, Zhanguo Ce, Records of the Grand Historian, etc. Juha Janhunen tentatively suggests a connection to the ethnonyms Jurchen and Sushen. A common literal interpretation of this term is “morning (朝) calm (鮮)”, and thus Korea is also known as the “Land of the Morning Calm”.

2006, 朴英姬, “朝鲜义烈团的成立及抗日斗争”, in 历史档案, number 4, →ISSN, pages 96–99:

The nation-wide anti-Japanese patriotic March 1st Movement that erupted in Korea on 1 March, 1919 marked the arrival of this climax. However, the March 1st movement faced brutal suppression by Japanese imperialism and ultimately failed. The main reasons for its failure are…Secondly, Korean nationalists had the illusion of "pleading" for Korean independence from the United States and the Paris Peace Conference, rather than relying on armed resistance by the Korean people to achieve Korean independence. After the failure of the March 1st movement, patriotic Korean activists were unable to engage in domestic anti-Japanese struggles and consequently sought exile abroad.

1919 nián 3 yuè 1 rì zài Cháoxiǎn bàofā de quán mínzú xìng de fǎnrì àiguó yùndòng biāozhì zhe zhè yī gāocháo de dàolái. Rán'ér “sānyī” yùndòng zāodào le Rìběn dìguózhǔyì de xuèxīng zhènyā zuìzhōng shībài. Qí shībài de yuányīn zhǔyào yǒu...... Qí èr, Cháoxiǎn mínzúzhǔyì zhě huànxiǎng cóng Měiguó hé Bālí héhuì nàlǐ “qǐqiú” Cháoxiǎn dúlì, ér bù yīkào Cháoxiǎn rénmín yòng wǔlì shíxiàn Cháoxiǎn dúlì. “sānyī” yùndòng shībài hòu, Cháoxiǎn àiguó zhìshì wúfǎ zài guónèi zhǎnkāi fǎnrì dǒuzhēng, biàn fēnfēn liúwáng guówài.

1919年3月1日在朝鲜爆发的全民族性的反日爱国运动标志着这一高潮的到来。然而“三一”运动遭到了日本帝国主义的血腥镇压最终失败。其失败的原因主要有……其二，朝鲜民族主义者幻想从美国和巴黎和会那里“乞求”朝鲜独立，而不依靠朝鲜人民用武力实现朝鲜独立。“三一”运动失败后，朝鲜爱国志士无法在国内展开反日斗争，便纷纷流亡国外。

1919年3月1日在朝鮮爆發的全民族性的反日愛國運動標誌著這一高潮的到來。然而“三一”運動遭到了日本帝國主義的血腥鎮壓最終失敗。其失敗的原因主要有……其二，朝鮮民族主義者幻想從美國和巴黎和會那裡“乞求”朝鮮獨立，而不依靠朝鮮人民用武力實現朝鮮獨立。“三一”運動失敗後，朝鮮愛國志士無法在國內展開反日鬥爭，便紛紛流亡國外。

Korea (two countries in East Asia, North Korea and South Korea)

～民主主義人民共和國 朝鮮民主主義人民共和國#Chinese

(Mainland China) (～民主主義人民共和國) North Korea (a country in East Asia)


點心

/ti̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕin⁵⁵/

/ti̯ɛn²¹⁴ ɕin⁴/

/tiɛn²¹³⁻²¹ ɕin¹/

/tiɛn²¹³⁻¹³ ɕin⁴²/

/tie⁵³ ɕiŋ¹¹/

/tieŋ³³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾niŋ⁵⁵/

/tɛŋ⁴⁵³⁻²¹ ^((ɬ-))niŋ⁵³³/

/tɛŋ³³²⁻²¹ ^((ɬ-))niŋ⁵³³/

/ti³³ ɕiŋ⁵¹/

/te³³ ɕiŋ⁵¹/

/ti̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕin⁵⁵/

/ti̯ɛn²¹⁴ ɕin⁴/

/tiɛn²¹³⁻²¹ ɕin¹/

/tiɛn²¹³⁻¹³ ɕin⁴²/

/tie⁵³ ɕiŋ¹¹/

/tieŋ³³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾niŋ⁵⁵/

/tɛŋ⁴⁵³⁻²¹ ^((ɬ-))niŋ⁵³³/

/tɛŋ³³²⁻²¹ ^((ɬ-))niŋ⁵³³/

/ti³³ ɕiŋ⁵¹/

/te³³ ɕiŋ⁵¹/

First appeared during the Tang dynasty, e.g. from the Book of Tang:
:
「唐鄭為江淮留侯，家人備夫人晨饌，夫人謂其弟曰：『治妝未畢，我未及餐，爾且可點心。』」
Tang Zheng was the official for the Jianghuai region. (One day), after the servants prepared the morning meal, Tang's wife said to his brother, 'I have not finished doing my makeup. You can have some snacks (lit. refresh your hearts) before I am ready to eat.

quote

點心師傅

点心师傅

ngo⁵ dei⁶ sik⁶ zo² sei³ ng⁵ lung⁴ dim² sam¹.

我哋食咗四五籠點心。

我哋食咗四五笼点心。


尼布楚條約

ㄋㄧˊ ㄅㄨˋ ㄔㄨˇ ㄊㄧㄠˊ ㄩㄝ

Нибучу Тяоюэ

/ni³⁵ pu⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ ɥɛ⁵⁵/

/nei̯²¹ pou̯³³ t͡sʰɔː³⁵ tʰiːu̯²¹ jœːk̚³/

/ni³⁵ pu⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ ɥɛ⁵⁵/

Treaty of Nerchinsk (a treaty signed between Russia and the Qing Government in 1689 which established trade relations between the two countries)


臺灣

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (臺灣):
* → Japanese: 台(たい)湾(わん) (Taiwan)
* → Korean: 대만(臺灣) (Daeman)
* → Vietnamese: Đài Loan (臺灣)

→ Arabic: تَايْوَان (tāywān)

→ Armenian: Թայվան (Tʻayvan)

→ Bulgarian: Тайван (Tajvan)

→ Burmese: ထိုင်ဝမ် (htuing-wam)

→ Catalan: Taiwan

→ Czech: Tchaj-wan, Taiwan

→ Dutch: Taiwan

→ English: Taiwan

→ Korean: 타이완 (Taiwan)

→ Portuguese: Taiwan

→ French: Taïwan

→ Manchu: ᡨᠠᡳᠸᠠᠨ (taiwan)

→ Persian: تایوان (tâyvân)

→ Polish: Tajwan

→ Russian: Тайвань (Tajvanʹ)

→ Spanish: Taiwán

→ Tibetan: ཐའེ་ཝན (tha'e wan)

→ Turkish: Tayvan

→ Zhuang: Daizvanh

/tʰaɪ̯³⁵ wän⁵⁵/

/tʰɛ²⁴ væ̃²⁴/

/tʰɔːi̯²¹ waːn⁵⁵/

/tʰoɪ¹¹ ʋan⁴⁴/

/tai⁵³⁻⁵⁵ uaŋ⁵⁵/

/tai⁵³⁻³³ uaŋ⁵³/

/tai¹³⁻²¹ uaŋ¹³/

/tai¹³⁻²¹ uoŋ¹³/

/tʰai⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ueŋ³³/

/tʰai⁵⁵⁻¹¹ uaŋ³³/

/tʰaɪ̯³⁵ wän⁵⁵/

/tʰɛ²⁴ væ̃²⁴/

/tʰɔːi̯²¹ waːn⁵⁵/

/tʰoɪ¹¹ ʋan⁴⁴/

/tai⁵³⁻⁵⁵ uaŋ⁵⁵/

/tai⁵³⁻³³ uaŋ⁵³/

/tai¹³⁻²¹ uaŋ¹³/

/tai¹³⁻²¹ uoŋ¹³/

/tʰai⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ueŋ³³/

/tʰai⁵⁵⁻¹¹ uaŋ³³/

Appears to be first attested in a memorial to the imperial government by official He Kai (何楷) in 1635:
:
Officially, no later than 1684 with the creation of Taiwan Prefecture (臺灣府). A phonetic transliteration of an ethnonym of a tribe in the southwest part of the island in the area of Anping, Tainan, southwest Taiwan, variously recorded in Dutch records as Tayouan or Tayowan or Taiouwang. A Dutch missionary referred to this group as Taiouwang no later than 1636. Other phonetic transliterations in Chinese characters included 大員 [1603], 大圓 [1617], 臺員, and 大灣 [circa 1624], as placenames initially referring to a sandbank peninsula that later silted up now wholly part of the island in the area of modern-day Anping District, Tainan that eventually became the name of the entire island.
Possibly derived from Siraya.
By surface analysis, 臺／台 (tái, “terraced”) + 灣／湾 (wān, “bay”).

surf

If we are to subdue the bandits, we must destroy their hideout. Where is their hideout, then? It's Taiwan. Taiwan is further from Penghu, with a distance of two days away from Zhangzhou and Quanzhou, and the land is large and fertile.

Jīn yù jìng kòufēn, fēi xū qí kū bùkě. Qí kū wéi hé? Táiwān shì yě. Táiwān zài Pénghú dǎo wài, jù Zhāng, Quán zhǐ liǎng rì yè chéng, dì guǎng ér yú.

今欲靖寇氛，非墟其窟不可。其窟維何？臺灣是也。臺灣在彭湖島外，距漳、泉止兩日夜程，地廣而腴。

今欲靖寇氛，非墟其窟不可。其窟维何？台湾是也。台湾在彭湖岛外，距漳、泉止两日夜程，地广而腴。

臺灣原住民族

台湾原住民族

臺灣文學專題

台湾文学专题

(～省) Taiwan Province (administrative division in both the Republic of China and People's Republic of China)

2021 May 19, 《台湾抗疫，民进党当局太分心了》, in Global Times, →ISSN, issue 5360, page 14

Jīnmén Xiàn xiànzhǎng xīngqīyī hūyù dāngjú yǔnxǔ gāi xiàn zhíjiē cóng Dàlù cǎigòu yìmiáo, yǒu zhè yī yuànwàng de Táiwān xiàn shì kǒngpà bùzhǐ Jīnmén yī jiā, dàn Mínjìndǎng dāngjú huìfǒu wèi bǎo cāngshēng zhī ān kāi zhège kǒuzi, fēicháng lìng rén huáiyí.

金門縣縣長星期一呼籲當局允許該縣直接從大陸採購疫苗，有這一願望的臺灣縣市恐怕不止金門一家，但民進黨當局會否為保蒼生之安開這個口子，非常令人懷疑。

金门县县长星期一呼吁当局允许该县直接从大陆采购疫苗，有这一愿望的台湾县市恐怕不止金门一家，但民进党当局会否为保苍生之安开这个口子，非常令人怀疑。

Republic of China
Republic of China#English

(～地區) Taiwan Area (Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu, and some minor islands, which are de facto governed by the Republic of China)


共產黨

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (共產黨):
* → Japanese: 共(きょう)産(さん)党(とう) (kyōsantō)
* → Korean: 공산당(共産黨) (gongsandang)
* → Vietnamese: cộng sản đảng (共產黨)

→ Lü: ᦷᦂᧂᧈᦌᦱᧃᦑᦱᧂ (k̇ong¹saantaang)

→ Zhuang: gungcanjdangj

ㄍㄨㄥˋ ㄔㄢˇ ㄉㄤˇ

ㄍㄨㄥˋ ㄔㄢˇ ㄉㄤˇ

/kʊŋ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰän²¹⁴⁻³⁵ tɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/koŋ²¹³ t͡sʰan⁵³ taŋ⁵³/

/kuŋ²⁴ t͡sʰæ̃⁵¹ tɑŋ⁵¹/

/kuŋ²⁴ t͡sʰæ̃²⁴ tɑŋ⁵¹/

/kʊŋ²² t͡sʰaːn³⁵ tɔːŋ³⁵/

/kɵŋ³² t͡sʰan⁵⁵ ɔŋ⁵⁵/

/kʰi̯uŋ⁵⁵ san³¹ toŋ³¹/

/kʰiuŋ³³ san²⁴⁻³³ toŋ²⁴/

/kyŋ²⁴²⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾naŋ³³⁻³⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nouŋ³³/

/kiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ san⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tɔŋ⁵³/

/kiɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² san⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/kiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ san⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tɔŋ⁵³/

/kiɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ san⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tɔŋ⁵³/

/kiɔŋ³³⁻²¹ san⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tɔŋ⁴¹/

/kaŋ¹¹ sũã⁵²⁻³⁵ taŋ⁵²⁻²¹/

/ɡoŋ²² t͡sʰe⁵⁵ tɑ̃²¹/

/kʊŋ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰän²¹⁴⁻³⁵ tɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/koŋ²¹³ t͡sʰan⁵³ taŋ⁵³/

/kuŋ²⁴ t͡sʰæ̃⁵¹ tɑŋ⁵¹/

/kuŋ²⁴ t͡sʰæ̃²⁴ tɑŋ⁵¹/

/kʊŋ²² t͡sʰaːn³⁵ tɔːŋ³⁵/

/kɵŋ³² t͡sʰan⁵⁵ ɔŋ⁵⁵/

/kʰi̯uŋ⁵⁵ san³¹ toŋ³¹/

/kʰiuŋ³³ san²⁴⁻³³ toŋ²⁴/

/kyŋ²⁴²⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾naŋ³³⁻³⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nouŋ³³/

/kiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ san⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tɔŋ⁵³/

/kiɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² san⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/kiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ san⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tɔŋ⁵³/

/kiɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ san⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tɔŋ⁵³/

/kiɔŋ³³⁻²¹ san⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tɔŋ⁴¹/

/kaŋ¹¹ sũã⁵²⁻³⁵ taŋ⁵²⁻²¹/

/ɡoŋ²² t͡sʰe⁵⁵ tɑ̃²¹/

The great Communist Party leads us in continuing the Long March!

1978 March 5, National anthem of the People's Republic of China (1978-1982)

Wěidà de Gòngchǎndǎng lǐngdǎo wǒmen xīn de chángzhēng.

偉大的共產黨領導我們新的長征。

伟大的共产党领导我们新的长征。

Communist Party of China
Communist Party of China


獅子舞

/ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ d͡z̥z̩² u²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/siː⁵⁵ t͡siː³⁵ mou̯¹³/

/ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ d͡z̥z̩² u²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/siː⁵⁵ t͡siː³⁵ mou̯¹³/

lion dance (traditional Chinese dance where performers mimic a lion's movements in a lion costume)


韓國

→ Zhuang: Hanzgoz

/xän³⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/hɔːn²¹ kʷɔːk̚³/

/haŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋuɔʔ²⁴/

/han²⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/han²⁴⁻²² kɔk̚⁵/

/han¹³⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/han²⁴⁻¹¹ kɔk̚³²/

/han²³⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

/haŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kok̚²/

/ɦø²² koʔ⁴⁴/

/ɦø²² koʔ³³/

/xän³⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/hɔːn²¹ kʷɔːk̚³/

/haŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋuɔʔ²⁴/

/han²⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/han²⁴⁻²² kɔk̚⁵/

/han¹³⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/han²⁴⁻¹¹ kɔk̚³²/

/han²³⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

/haŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kok̚²/

/ɦø²² koʔ⁴⁴/

/ɦø²² koʔ³³/

韓國燒酒

韩国烧酒

(chiefly Mainland China, increasingly in Hong Kong) South Korea (a country in East Asia)


星加坡

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ pʰu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/sɪŋ⁵⁵ kaː³³ pɔː⁵⁵/

/siŋ⁵⁵⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋa⁵⁵ ^((pʰ-))βo⁵⁵/

/ɕin⁵⁵ ka³³ pʰu²¹/

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ pʰu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/sɪŋ⁵⁵ kaː³³ pɔː⁵⁵/

/siŋ⁵⁵⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋa⁵⁵ ^((pʰ-))βo⁵⁵/

/ɕin⁵⁵ ka³³ pʰu²¹/

1904, Liang Qichao, 新大陸遊記 [Travel Notes of the New Continent], 廣智書局, published 1907, page 1:

Hearing of the change in Hankow, he turned south and went south from Hong Kong to Singapore and Penang to India, circumnavigating Australia for a week.

Jù wén Hànkǒu zhī biàn, zhì bùsuì, suì zhé ér nán, yóu Xiānggǎng ér Xīngjiāpō ér Bīnlángyǔ ér Yìndù, rào Àodàlìyàzhōu yī zhōu.

遽聞漢口之變，志不遂，遂折而南，由香港而星加坡而檳榔嶼而印度，繞澳大利亞洲一週。

遽闻汉口之变，志不遂，遂折而南，由香港而星加坡而槟榔屿而印度，绕澳大利亚洲一周。

1989 November 1, Francis K. Loo, 香港工業: 政策、 企業特點及前景, Hong Kong University Press, →ISBN, page 1:

In terms of industrial development, Hong Kong is often ranked alongside South Korea, Taiwan and Singapore as the "Asian Tigers".

xiānggǎng zài gōngyè fāzhǎn shàng, hěnduō shí bèi rén yǔ nánhán, táiwān hé xīngjiāpō bìngliè, chēngwèi “yàzhōusìxiǎolóng”

香港在工業發展上，很多時被人與南韓、台灣和星加坡並列，稱爲「亞洲四小龍」

香港在工业发展上，很多时被人与南韩、台湾和星加坡并列，称为「亚洲四小龙」

(dated, still common in Cantonese) Singapore (an island and city-state in Southeast Asia, located off the southernmost tip of the Malay Peninsula; a former British crown colony)


寧波

/niŋ³⁵ pu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/nɪŋ²¹ pɔː⁵⁵/

/ⁿden²² pᵘɔ³³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² pʰo⁴⁴/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² pʰo³³/

/liɪŋ¹³⁻²² pʰo⁴⁴/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ pʰo⁴⁴/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ pʰɤ⁴⁴/

/niŋ³⁵ pu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/nɪŋ²¹ pɔː⁵⁵/

/ⁿden²² pᵘɔ³³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² pʰo⁴⁴/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² pʰo³³/

/liɪŋ¹³⁻²² pʰo⁴⁴/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ pʰo⁴⁴/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ pʰɤ⁴⁴/

(～市) Ningbo (a port city, prefecture-level city, and subprovincial city in eastern Zhejiang, China)


天下

desc

ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ ᡶᡝᠵᡝᡵᡤᡳ

→ Manchu: ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ
ᡶᡝᠵᡝᡵᡤᡳ (abkai fejergi) (calque)

Поднебе́сная

→ Russian: Поднебе́сная (Podnebésnaja) (calque)

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ɕi̯ä⁵¹/

/tʰiæ̃²⁴ ɕia⁴⁴/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ haː²²/

/tʰi̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ ha⁵⁵/

/tʰieŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋɑ²⁴²/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² ha²²/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ ha³³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² hɛ²²/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ e³³/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² e²²/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² ɛ²²/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ ha³³/

/tʰĩ³³⁻²³ e³⁵/

/tʰi⁵⁵ ɦo²¹/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ɕi̯ä⁵¹/

/tʰiæ̃²⁴ ɕia⁴⁴/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ haː²²/

/tʰi̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ ha⁵⁵/

/tʰieŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋɑ²⁴²/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² ha²²/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ ha³³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² hɛ²²/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ e³³/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² e²²/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² ɛ²²/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ ha³³/

/tʰĩ³³⁻²³ e³⁵/

/tʰi⁵⁵ ɦo²¹/

Book of Documents
Classic of Poetry
Qin's wars of unification
Spring and Autumn period
Warring States period

Earliest attestations are in the Book of Documents and Classic of Poetry (as「天之下」then「天下」).
Pines (2002) thinks it "likely that "originally tianxia referred to the area under the direct rule of the Son of Heaven [a.k.a. the Zhou king], and its limits might have shrunk together with the contraction of royal power". See there for more on the term's gradual semantic evolution through the Spring and Autumn period, Warring States period, until after Qin's wars of unification.

寧教我負天下人，休教天下人負我／宁教我负天下人，休教天下人负我

nìngjiào wǒ fù tiānxià rén, xiū jiào tiānxià rén fù wǒ

有理走遍天下，無理寸步難行／有理走遍天下，无理寸步难行

yǒulǐ zǒu biàn tiānxià, wúlǐ cùnbùnánxíng

統一天下

统一天下

Investigate the nature of things, pursue knowledge, act in good faith, rectify one's mind, cultivate one's moral character, manage one's household, administer state affairs and bring peace to the nation.

Géwù, zhìzhī, chéngyì, zhèngxīn, xiūshēn, qíjiā, zhìguó, píngtiānxià.

格物、致知、誠意、正心、修身、齊家、治國、平天下。

格物、致知、诚意、正心、修身、齐家、治国、平天下。

The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE

Jí zhì Shǐhuáng, fèn liù shì zhī yúliè, zhèn chángcè ér yù yǔnèi, tūn èr zhōu ér wáng zhūhóu, lǚ zhìzūn ér zhì liùhé, zhí chuífǔ yǐ biānchī tiānxià, wēizhèn sìhǎi.

及至始皇，奮六世之餘烈，振長策而御宇內，吞二周而亡諸侯，履至尊而制六合，執棰拊以鞭笞天下，威振四海。

及至始皇，奋六世之余烈，振长策而御宇内，吞二周而亡诸侯，履至尊而制六合，执棰拊以鞭笞天下，威振四海。

Today, China is divided into three parts, and the Kingdom of Han is weak and fatigued. This is truly a critical moment determining our survival.

Jīn tiānxià sānfēn, Yìzhōu píbì, cǐ chéng wēijí cúnwáng zhī qiū yě.

今天下三分，益州疲弊，此誠危急存亡之秋也。

今天下三分，益州疲弊，此诚危急存亡之秋也。

(literary, lofty) China; the Chinese nation


九州

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kɐu̯³⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kɐu̯³⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

The Verses of Chu, 4ᵗʰ century BCE – 2ⁿᵈ century CE

Sī Jiǔzhōu zhī bódà xī, qǐ wéi shì qí yǒu nǚ?

思九州之博大兮，豈惟是其有女？

思九州之博大兮，岂惟是其有女？

Xī Hòuhàn huāng jūn, xìn huò xiéwěi, wàng jiǎ shuìmèng, shì hú yāoguǐ, yǐ luàn tiāncháng, zìgǔ Jiǔzhōu zhīzhōng wú cǐ yě.

昔後漢荒君，信惑邪偽，妄假睡夢，事胡妖鬼，以亂天常，自古九州之中無此也。

昔后汉荒君，信惑邪伪，妄假睡梦，事胡妖鬼，以乱天常，自古九州之中无此也。

(historical) the Nine Provinces of ancient China; China

Kyushu (the third largest island of Japan)


武士道

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ tɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ su²²⁻²¹ to²²/

/bu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ su⁴¹⁻²² to⁴¹/

/bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ su²²⁻²¹ to²²/

/bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ su³³⁻¹¹ to³³/

/bu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ su³³⁻²¹ tɤ³³/

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ tɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ su²²⁻²¹ to²²/

/bu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ su⁴¹⁻²² to⁴¹/

/bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ su²²⁻²¹ to²²/

/bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ su³³⁻¹¹ to³³/

/bu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ su³³⁻²¹ tɤ³³/


天皇

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (天皇):
* → Japanese: 天皇(てんのう) (tennō); 天皇(てんこう) (tenkō)
* → Korean: 천황(天皇) (cheonhwang)
* → Vietnamese: thiên hoàng (天皇)

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ wɔːŋ²¹/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ²⁴/

/tʰiɛn³³ hɔŋ²⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ¹³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ²⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ²³/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ wɔːŋ²¹/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ²⁴/

/tʰiɛn³³ hɔŋ²⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ¹³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ²⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ²³/


三菱

/sän⁵⁵ liŋ³⁵/

/saːm⁵⁵ lɪŋ²¹/

/sam⁴⁴⁻³³ liɪŋ²³/

/sam⁴⁴⁻²² liɪŋ¹³/

/sam⁴⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/sam⁴⁴⁻³³ liɪŋ²⁴/

/sän⁵⁵ liŋ³⁵/

/saːm⁵⁵ lɪŋ²¹/

/sam⁴⁴⁻³³ liɪŋ²³/

/sam⁴⁴⁻²² liɪŋ¹³/

/sam⁴⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/sam⁴⁴⁻³³ liɪŋ²⁴/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 三菱 (Mitsubishi).

obor

Mitsubishi (a Japanese industrial company)


武士

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/bu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ su³³/

/bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ su³³/

/bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ su²²/

/bu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sɯ²²/

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/bu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ su³³/

/bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ su³³/

/bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ su²²/

/bu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sɯ²²/

(historical) member of a powerful military caste (in medieval Europe or Japan); samurai


紅海

/xʊŋ³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hʊŋ²¹ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/øyŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai³³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² hai⁵³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² hai⁵⁵⁴/

/aŋ¹³⁻²² hai⁵³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ hai⁵³/

/aŋ²³⁻³³ hai⁴¹/

/xʊŋ³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hʊŋ²¹ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/øyŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai³³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² hai⁵³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² hai⁵⁵⁴/

/aŋ¹³⁻²² hai⁵³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ hai⁵³/

/aŋ²³⁻³³ hai⁴¹/


北海

→ English: Beihai, Pakhoi

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pɐk̚⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ hai⁵⁵⁴/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pɐk̚⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ hai⁵⁵⁴/

北海公園

北海公园


中華

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (中華):
* → Japanese: 中(ちゅう)華(か) (Chūka)
* → Korean: 중화(中華) (Junghwa)
* → Vietnamese: Trung Hoa (中華)

→ Indonesian: Tionghoa

→ Zhuang: Cunghvaz

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä³⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ waː²¹/

/t͡sʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ fa¹¹/

/tyŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua⁵³/

/tœŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ hua¹³/

/tœŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua¹³/

/tyøŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ hua¹³/

/tyøŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua¹³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua¹³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua⁴⁴/

/toŋ³³⁻²³ hua⁵⁵/

/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ ɦo²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä³⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ waː²¹/

/t͡sʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ fa¹¹/

/tyŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua⁵³/

/tœŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ hua¹³/

/tœŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua¹³/

/tyøŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ hua¹³/

/tyøŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua¹³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua¹³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua⁴⁴/

/toŋ³³⁻²³ hua⁵⁵/

/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ ɦo²¹/

So named because the first ancient Chinese settlements were around the Yellow River, which was considered to be the center, and because the culture was considered to be magnificent and flourishing.
First attested in Huan Wen's memorial recommending Qiao Xiu (dated [347 CE]), quoted in Sun Sheng's lost Annals of Jin (晉陽秋) [4th century] and later quoted in Pei Songzhi's Annotations [early 5th century] to Chen Shou's Records of the Three Kingdoms [late 3rd century] (translation by Farmer, 2017).
:
Pei himself uses 中華 when annotating Chen's "Biography of Zhuge Liang"

At this time, the imperial court has encountered a time of decline in the Way, the peasants have been trampled down by oppressive hardships, Zhonghua has the anguish of looking backward [toward the former capital at Luoyang], and the dark valley has no hope of moving upward.

Pei Songzhi, Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms, circa 5ᵗʰ century CE

Yú shí huángjí gòu dàoxiāo zhī huì, qúnlí dǎo diānpèi zhī jiān, zhōnghuá yǒu gùzhān zhī āi, yōugǔ wú qiānqiáo zhī wàng.

於時皇極遘道消之會，群黎蹈顛沛之艱，中華有顧瞻之哀，幽谷無遷喬之望。

于时皇极遘道消之会，群黎蹈颠沛之艰，中华有顾瞻之哀，幽谷无迁乔之望。

If [Zhuge Liang] [were] allowed to roam Zhonghua and give free rein to his dragon's brilliance, how could [its] literati's abilities drown and obscure him?

Ruò shǐ yóubù Zhōnghuá, chěng qí lóngguāng, qǐ fú duōshì suǒ néng chényì zāi!

若使游步中華，騁其龍光，豈夫多士所能沈翳哉！

若使游步中华，骋其龙光，岂夫多士所能沈翳哉！

振興中華／振兴中华

中華名小吃／中华名小吃

中華文化／中华文化

中華文明／中华文明

中華世紀壇／中华世纪坛

Ever since the powerful barbarians unleashed violence, China proper has fallen into chaos; [the people] have become desperate and dispossessed; and [the imperial court] has been temporarily relocated to the region of Yangyue. (translation based on Choo's 2014 version)

362 CE, 桓溫 (Huan Wen), 請還都洛陽疏 "Memorial [in Support of] Moving the Capital Back to Luoyang", in 648, Book of Jin

Zì qiáng hú língbào, Zhōnghuá dàngfù, lángbèi shījù, quán xìng Yángyuè.

自強胡陵暴，中華蕩覆，狼狽失據，權幸揚越。

自强胡陵暴，中华荡覆，狼狈失据，权幸扬越。

I wear the robes of zhonghua and recite the literature of zhonghua. I have indeed heard much from my three teachers about the reasons one should venerate zhonghua, so that even with hoary hair, I always sing of zhonghua. People of the world, lend me your ears; listen to my song for zhonghua.

《中華歌》("Song of zhonghua") by Yu Inseok, circa 1910

중화의관^((을)) 아착복^((하고)) 중화시서^((를)) 아송독^((하니라).) 아삼사존중화의체^((를)) 문역다^((하야)) 백수상아중화가^((하니)) 천하인^((아)) 경이청아중화가^((하라).)
Junghwa uigwan[-eul] a chakbok[-hago] Junghwa siseo[-reul] a songdok[-hanira]. A sam sa jon Junghwa uiche[-reul] mun yeok da[-haya] baeksu sang a Junghwa ga[-hani] cheonha in[-a] gyeong'i cheong a Junghwa ga[-hara].

中華衣冠我着服，中華詩書我誦讀。我三師尊中華義諦聞亦多，白首常我中華歌。天下人，傾耳聽我中華歌。

(formal, poetic, exalted) China (the civilization of China; nowadays, the nation of the Chinese people)

(～里) An urban village in Songshan district, Taipei, Taiwan

中華隊／中华队

中華臺北 中華臺北#Chinese

中华台北 中华台北#Chinese

Short for 中華臺北／中华台北 (Zhōnghuá Táiběi, “Chinese Taipei”).


漢音

/hɔːn³³ jɐm⁵⁵/

/hɔːn³³ jɐm⁵⁵/

the kan'on reading of Chinese characters (kanji) in Japanese, descended from the Middle Chinese pronunciation from the late Tang Dynasty through the early Song Dynasty in Chinese history


北朝鮮

ㄅㄟˇ ㄔㄠˊ ㄒㄧㄢˇ

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

Бэй Чжаосянь

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/pɐk̚⁵ t͡sʰiːu̯²¹ siːn⁵⁵/

/pɐk̚⁵ t͡siːu̯⁵⁵ siːn⁵⁵/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ tiau²⁴⁻²² siɛn⁵³/

/pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ tiau²⁴⁻²² siɛn⁵⁵⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁵ tiau¹³⁻²² siɛn⁵³/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ tiau²⁴⁻¹¹ siɛn⁵³/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ tiau²³⁻³³ siɛn⁴¹/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/pɐk̚⁵ t͡sʰiːu̯²¹ siːn⁵⁵/

/pɐk̚⁵ t͡siːu̯⁵⁵ siːn⁵⁵/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ tiau²⁴⁻²² siɛn⁵³/

/pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ tiau²⁴⁻²² siɛn⁵⁵⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁵ tiau¹³⁻²² siɛn⁵³/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ tiau²⁴⁻¹¹ siɛn⁵³/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ tiau²³⁻³³ siɛn⁴¹/


日本料理

ㄖˋ ㄅㄣˇ ㄌㄧㄠˋ ㄌㄧˇ

Жибэнь ляоли

/ʐ̩⁵¹ pən²¹⁴⁻²¹ li̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jɐt̚² puːn³⁵ liːu̯²² lei̯¹³/

/ʐ̩⁵¹ pən²¹⁴⁻²¹ li̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jɐt̚² puːn³⁵ liːu̯²² lei̯¹³/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 日本料理 (Nihon ryōri).

obor

Whether you want Chinese or Japanese food, the buffet will have what you like.

Wúlùn nǐ xiǎng chī Zhōngguócài háishì Rìběn liàolǐ, zìzhùcān dōu huì yǒu nǐ xǐhuān de.

無論你想吃中國菜還是日本料理，自助餐都會有你喜歡的。

无论你想吃中国菜还是日本料理，自助餐都会有你喜欢的。


胡弓

/xu³⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/xu³⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵/


平成

/pʰiŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/pʰiŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/


平成

/pʰiŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/piŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾niŋ⁵³/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² siɪŋ²⁴/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² siɪŋ²⁴/

/piɪŋ¹³⁻²² siɪŋ¹³/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ siɪŋ²⁴/

/piɪŋ²³⁻³³ siɪŋ²³/

/pʰiŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/piŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾niŋ⁵³/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² siɪŋ²⁴/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² siɪŋ²⁴/

/piɪŋ¹³⁻²² siɪŋ¹³/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ siɪŋ²⁴/

/piɪŋ²³⁻³³ siɪŋ²³/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 平成 (Heisei).


昭和

/ʈ͡ʂɑʊ̯⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/t͡sʰiːu̯⁵⁵ wɔː²¹/

/t͡siau⁴⁴⁻³³ hɤ²³/

/ʈ͡ʂɑʊ̯⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/t͡sʰiːu̯⁵⁵ wɔː²¹/

/t͡siau⁴⁴⁻³³ hɤ²³/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 昭和 (Shōwa).


昭和

/ʈ͡ʂɑʊ̯⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/t͡sʰiːu̯⁵⁵ wɔː²¹/

/t͡siau⁴⁴⁻³³ hɤ²³/

/ʈ͡ʂɑʊ̯⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/t͡sʰiːu̯⁵⁵ wɔː²¹/

/t͡siau⁴⁴⁻³³ hɤ²³/

Alternative form: 招核 (Zhāohé)

(neologism, Internet slang) of Showa-style; Japanese imperialistic; Japanese militaristic


印度

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (印度):
* → Japanese: 印度(インド) (Indo)
* → Korean: 인도(印度) (Indo)
* → Vietnamese: Ấn Độ (印度)

/in⁵¹⁻⁵³ tu⁵¹/

/in⁵³⁻⁵⁵ tʰu⁵³/

/iŋ²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nou²⁴²/

/in²¹⁻⁵³ tɔ²²/

/in⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tɔ⁴¹/

/in²¹⁻⁵³ tɔ²²/

/in¹¹⁻⁵³ tɔ³³/

/in²¹⁻⁴¹ tɔ³³/

/iŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ tou¹¹/

/in⁵¹⁻⁵³ tu⁵¹/

/in⁵³⁻⁵⁵ tʰu⁵³/

/iŋ²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nou²⁴²/

/in²¹⁻⁵³ tɔ²²/

/in⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tɔ⁴¹/

/in²¹⁻⁵³ tɔ²²/

/in¹¹⁻⁵³ tɔ³³/

/in²¹⁻⁴¹ tɔ³³/

/iŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ tou¹¹/

A transcription of an exonym for India during the Tang dynasty.
Introduced by Xuanzang (a Chinese Buddhist monk who had travelled to India) in his book The Great Tang Records on the Western Regions [646 CE], Xuanzang proposed that this “correct” name be used, in preference to the many other alternative names for India:
:
This Tang-dynasty transcription reflected a source form of *In-du or *In-dak, although the source language is unclear. It is unlikely to be an endonym used by the Indians, who ― as Xuanzang described ― used the names of the local states. Later in the same passage, Xuanzang explained the name Yin-du as one of the many names for “Moon” (in India), evidently referring to the Sanskrit word इन्दु (indu, “Moon”). Xuanzang also explained that:
:
Although now deemed etymologically unsound, this was likely suggesting that the transcription Yin-du was a phono-semantic matching, to be interpreted literally as “trace (印 (yìn)) + transmigration (度)”.
The source language for this borrowing is unclear. The glottal-stop initial of the first syllable in this term is unusual; it is also reflected in 印特伽 (MC 'jinH dok gja), the Kuchean name for “India” recorded in Song Gaoseng Zhuan [988 CE]. On the basis of this, Wang et al. (2011: 8–9) proposed that Yin-du was borrowed from Tocharian B; compare Tocharian B yentuke (“Indian”), with a similar phonological shape.

When looking closely at the names for India (in the records), one finds that there are many different versions: formerly it was called Juandu, or Xiandou; but now (we should) follow the correct pronunciation, and adopt the name Yindu.

Xuanzang, Great Tang Records on the Western Regions, 646 CE

Xiáng fú Tiānzhú zhī chēng, yìyì jiūfēn, jiù yún Juāndú, huò yuē Xiándòu, jīn cóng zhèngyīn, yí yún Yìndù.

詳夫天竺之稱，異議糾紛，舊云身毒，或曰賢豆，今從正音，宜云印度。

详夫天竺之称，异议纠纷，旧云身毒，或曰贤豆，今从正音，宜云印度。

The Moon was a symbolism for endless transmigrations of all beings, and […] the name for India was derived from “Moon”, since the land of India featured a succession of sages and prophets who provided guidance to the common people and things, like the moonlight.

Yán zhū qúnshēng lúnhuí bùxī...... Yīn'ér pì yuè. Liáng yǐ qí tǔ shèngxián jì guǐ, dǎo fán yù wù, rú yuè zhàolín.

言諸群生輪迴不息……因而譬月。良以其土聖賢繼軌，導凡御物，如月照臨。

言诸群生轮回不息……因而譬月。良以其土圣贤继轨，导凡御物，如月照临。

印度商人


馬來西亞

→ Zhuang: Majlaizsihya

ㄇㄚˇ ㄌㄞˊ ㄒㄧ ㄧㄚˋ

ㄇㄚˇ ㄌㄞˊ ㄒㄧ ㄧㄚˇ

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ laɪ̯³⁵ ɕi⁵⁵ jä⁵¹/

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ laɪ̯³⁵ ɕi⁵⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/maː¹³ lɔːi̯²¹ sɐi̯⁵⁵ aː³³/

/ᵐba²¹ lᵘɔi²² ɬai³³ a³³/

/ma²⁴ loi̯¹¹ si²⁴⁻¹¹ a²⁴/

/ma³³⁻²¹ l̃ai⁵³⁽⁻²¹⁾ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɛ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ a³³/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lai²⁴⁻²² se⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/mã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lai²⁴⁻²² se³³ a³³/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lai¹³⁻²² se⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lai²⁴⁻¹¹ se⁴⁴⁻³³ a⁴⁴/

/mã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lai²³⁻³³ se⁴⁴⁻³³ a⁴⁴/

/ma⁵²⁻³⁵ lai⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sai³³⁻²³ a³³/

/be⁵²⁻³⁵ lai⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sai³³⁻²³ a³³/

/ma²² le⁵⁵ ɕi³³ ia²¹/

/mo²² le⁵⁵ ɕi³³ ia²¹/

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ laɪ̯³⁵ ɕi⁵⁵ jä⁵¹/

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ laɪ̯³⁵ ɕi⁵⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/maː¹³ lɔːi̯²¹ sɐi̯⁵⁵ aː³³/

/ᵐba²¹ lᵘɔi²² ɬai³³ a³³/

/ma²⁴ loi̯¹¹ si²⁴⁻¹¹ a²⁴/

/ma³³⁻²¹ l̃ai⁵³⁽⁻²¹⁾ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɛ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ a³³/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lai²⁴⁻²² se⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/mã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lai²⁴⁻²² se³³ a³³/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lai¹³⁻²² se⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lai²⁴⁻¹¹ se⁴⁴⁻³³ a⁴⁴/

/mã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lai²³⁻³³ se⁴⁴⁻³³ a⁴⁴/

/ma⁵²⁻³⁵ lai⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sai³³⁻²³ a³³/

/be⁵²⁻³⁵ lai⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sai³³⁻²³ a³³/

/ma²² le⁵⁵ ɕi³³ ia²¹/

/mo²² le⁵⁵ ɕi³³ ia²¹/

馬來

usage generally frowned upon by Malaysians


中華人民共和國

ja-r

中%華 人%民 共%和%国

^ちゅう%か ^じん%みん ^きょう%わ%こく

desc

^중화인민공화국(中華人民共和國)

CJKV/code

^ちゅう%か ^じん%みん ^きょう%わ%こく

中%華 人%民 共%和%国

Sino-Xenic (中華人民共和國):
* → Japanese: 中(ちゅう)華(か)人(じん)民(みん)共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) (Chūka Jinmin Kyōwakoku)
* → Korean: 중화인민공화국(中華人民共和國) (Junghwainmin'gonghwaguk)

CJKV

中%華 人%民 共%和%国

^ちゅう%か ^じん%みん ^きょう%わ%こく

desc

→ Bouyei: Zungyhuaf Renfminf Gungqhofguef

→ Bouyei: Zungyhuaf Renfminf Gungqhofguef

→ Hlai: Dongxhwax Naengsmiens Gong'hwasgok

→ Zhuang: Cunghvaz Yinzminz Gunghozgoz

→ Vietnamese: Cộng hoà Nhân dân Trung Hoa (calque)

ㄓㄨㄥ ㄏㄨㄚˊ ㄖㄣˊ ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄍㄨㄥˋ ㄏㄜˊ ㄍㄨㄛˊ

Җунхуа Жынмин Гунхәгуә

Җунхуа Жынмин Гунхәгуй

doeng¹ hua² zing² ming² goeng⁵ hor² gorh⁶

dyeng¹ hua² zing² ming² gyeng⁵ hor² gorh⁶

ㄓㄨㄥ ㄏㄨㄚˊ ㄖㄣˊ ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄍㄨㄥˋ ㄏㄜˊ ㄍㄨㄛˊ

Чжунхуа Жэньминь Гунхэго

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä³⁵ ʐən³⁵ min³⁵ kʊŋ⁵¹ xɤ³⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ xua²¹ zən²¹ min²¹ koŋ²¹³ xo²¹ kuɛ²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂuŋ²⁴ xua²⁴ ʐəŋ²⁴ miŋ²⁴ kuŋ²⁴ xə²⁴ kuə²⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂuŋ²⁴ xua²⁴ ʐəŋ²⁴ miŋ²⁴ kuŋ²⁴ xə²⁴ kuei²⁴/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ waː²¹ jɐn²¹ mɐn²¹ kʊŋ²² wɔː²¹ kʷɔːk̚³/

/t͡suŋ⁴² fa³⁵ lɨn³⁵ min³⁵ kʰuŋ¹¹ fo³⁵ kuɛt̚⁵/

/t͡suŋ²⁴ fa¹¹ ŋin¹¹ min¹¹ kʰi̯uŋ⁵⁵ fo¹¹ ku̯et̚²/

/t͡suŋ¹¹ xua¹¹ t͡səŋ¹¹ miŋ¹¹ kuŋ⁴⁵ xuɤ¹¹ kuəʔ²/

/tɔŋ³³ ua²¹ neiŋ³³ meiŋ²¹ kɔŋ⁵⁵ ua²¹ ko²⁴/

/tyŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua⁵³ iŋ⁵³ miŋ⁵³ kyŋ²⁴² ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋuo⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾uɔʔ²⁴/

doeng¹ hua² zing² ming² goeng⁵ hor² gorh⁶ [Phonetic:doeng⁵ hua² zing⁵ ming² goeng⁵ hor² gorh⁶]

/tœŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ hua¹³ t͡siŋ¹³⁻²¹ miŋ¹³ kœŋ²¹ hɒ¹³ kɒʔ¹/

doeng¹ hua² zing² ming² goeng⁵ hor² gorh⁶ [Phonetic:doeng⁵ ngua² zing⁵ ming² goeng⁵ ngor² gorh⁶]

/tœŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua¹³ t͡siŋ¹³⁻²¹ miŋ¹³ kœŋ²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋɒ¹³ kɒʔ¹/

dyeng¹ hua² zing² ming² gyeng⁵ hor² gorh⁶ [Phonetic:dyeng⁵ hua² zing⁵ ming² gyeng⁵ hor² gorh⁶]

/tyøŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ hua¹³ t͡siŋ¹³⁻²¹ miŋ¹³ kyøŋ²¹ hɒ¹³ kɒʔ²/

dyeng¹ hua² zing² ming² gyeng⁵ hor² gorh⁶ [Phonetic:dyeng⁵ ngua² zing⁵ ming² gyeng⁵ ngor² gorh⁶]

/tyøŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua¹³ t͡siŋ¹³⁻²¹ miŋ¹³ kyøŋ²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋɒ¹³ kɒʔ²/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua¹³ d͡zin¹³⁻²² bin¹³ kiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ ho¹³⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²³ zin²³⁻³³ bin²³ kiɔŋ³³⁻²¹ hɤ²³⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²⁴ lin²⁴⁻¹¹ bin²⁴ kiɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ ho²⁴⁻¹¹ kɔk̚³²/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua²⁴ lin²⁴⁻²² bin²⁴ kiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ ho²⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/tiɔŋ³³ hua²⁴ lin²⁴⁻²² bin²⁴ kiɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² hɔ²⁴⁻²² kɔk̚⁵/

/toŋ³³⁻²³ hua⁵⁵⁻¹¹ d͡ziŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ miŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kaŋ¹¹ hua⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kok̚²/

tson^平 gho^去 zen^去 min^去 gon^去 wu^去 koh^入

/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ ɦo³³ zən²² min³³ ɡoŋ²² ɦu⁵⁵ koʔ²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ³³ ɸa̠¹³ ʐən¹³ min¹³ kʊŋ²¹⁻¹¹ xo¹³ ku̯ɤ̞²⁴/

/t͡sən³³ ɸa̠¹³ ʐən¹³ min¹³ kən²¹⁻¹¹ xo¹³ ku̯ɤ̞²⁴/

/tɔŋ³³ ua²¹ neiŋ³³ meiŋ²¹ kɔŋ⁵⁵ ua²¹ ko²⁴/

[Phonetic: doeng⁵ hua² zing⁵ ming² goeng⁵ hor² gorh⁶]

[Phonetic: doeng⁵ ngua² zing⁵ ming² goeng⁵ ngor² gorh⁶]

[Phonetic: dyeng⁵ hua² zing⁵ ming² gyeng⁵ hor² gorh⁶]

[Phonetic: dyeng⁵ ngua² zing⁵ ming² gyeng⁵ ngor² gorh⁶]

In 1949, Chairman Mao Zedong declared the founding of the People’s Republic of China.

1949 nián, Máo Zédōng zhǔxí xuāngào Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó chénglì.

1949年，毛澤東主席宣告中華人民共和國成立。

1949年，毛泽东主席宣告中华人民共和国成立。

People's Republic of China (the official name of China)


四川

→ Catalan: Sichuan

→ English: Sichuan, Szechuan, Szechwan

→ French: Sichuan, Sétchouan

→ Korean: 쓰촨 (Sseuchwan)

→ Manchu: ᠰᡟᠴᡠᠸᠠᠨ (sycuwan)

→ Portuguese: Sichuan, Setsuan, Szechwan, Sujuão

→ Russian: Сычуа́нь (Syčuánʹ), сычуа́нец (syčuánec)

→ Spanish: Sichuán

→ Zhuang: Swconh

/sz̩⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/ɬu³³ t͡sʰun³³/

/si⁵³ t͡sʰɔn⁴⁴/

/su²¹⁻⁵³ t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/su²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/su¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/sɯ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡sʰuan³³/

/si⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡sʰuan³³/

/si²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sʰueŋ³³/

/si²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sʰuaŋ³³/

/sz̩³³ t͡sʰø⁴⁴/

/sz̩⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/ɬu³³ t͡sʰun³³/

/si⁵³ t͡sʰɔn⁴⁴/

/su²¹⁻⁵³ t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/su²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/su¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/sɯ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡sʰuan³³/

/si⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡sʰuan³³/

/si²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sʰueŋ³³/

/si²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sʰuaŋ³³/

/sz̩³³ t͡sʰø⁴⁴/

During the Tang dynasty, the area of what is now Sichuan was administratively divided into three regions based on the main throughfares through the mountains 川道 (“mountain pass (often near a river)”) at the time. During the Song dynasty, these regions were further redivided into four separate regions, giving rise to its modern name.


雲南

Unclear. First attested in the Book of Han as a county under 益州郡, located in modern-day Xiangyun county, Yunnan.

/huŋ⁵³⁻³³ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/in¹³⁻²² lam¹³/

/huŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lam⁵⁵/

/ɦyn²² nø⁴⁴/

/huŋ⁵³⁻³³ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/in¹³⁻²² lam¹³/

/huŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lam⁵⁵/

/ɦyn²² nø⁴⁴/

(～省) Yunnan (a province in southwest China)


廈門

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (廈門):
* → Korean: 하문(廈門) (Hamun)
* → Vietnamese: Hạ Môn (廈門)

→ Arabic: شْيَامِن (šyāmin)

→ Dutch: Xiamen, Emoi

desc

→ English: Amoy, Hsia-men, Hsiamen, Xiamen

→ French: Amoy, Xiamen

→ Georgian: სიამენი (siameni)

→ Japanese: 廈(シア)門(メン) (Shiamen)

→ Korean: 샤먼 (Syameon)

→ Portuguese: Amoy, Xiamen

→ Japanese: 廈(ア)門(モイ) (Amoi)

→ Spanish: Emuy

/ɕi̯ä⁵¹ mən³⁵/

/ha³² ᵐbᵘɔn²²/

/ˈha¹¹ mɨn³⁵/

/ha⁵³⁻⁵⁵ mun¹¹/

/xa⁵⁵ mɔŋ³³/

/a²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ muoŋ⁵³/

/e⁴¹⁻²² mŋ̍²⁴/

/e²²⁻²¹ mŋ̍²⁴/

/e³³⁻²¹ mŋ̍²³/

/e³³⁻¹¹ mŋ̍²⁴/

/ɛ²²⁻²¹ muĩ¹³/

/ɛ⁵³⁻¹¹ muĩ¹¹/

/e³⁵⁻¹¹ muŋ⁵⁵/

/ɦo²² mən⁴⁴/

/ɕi̯ä⁵¹ mən³⁵/

/ha³² ᵐbᵘɔn²²/

/ˈha¹¹ mɨn³⁵/

/ha⁵³⁻⁵⁵ mun¹¹/

/xa⁵⁵ mɔŋ³³/

/a²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ muoŋ⁵³/

/e⁴¹⁻²² mŋ̍²⁴/

/e²²⁻²¹ mŋ̍²⁴/

/e³³⁻²¹ mŋ̍²³/

/e³³⁻¹¹ mŋ̍²⁴/

/ɛ²²⁻²¹ muĩ¹³/

/ɛ⁵³⁻¹¹ muĩ¹¹/

/e³⁵⁻¹¹ muŋ⁵⁵/

/ɦo²² mən⁴⁴/

A homophone of the original name 下門／下门 (Xiàmén) that came into official use for its more elegant sense.

zh-l

下門／下门 (Xiàmén)

(～市) Xiamen (a subprovincial city in Fujian, China)


寧夏

→ English: Ninghsia, Ningsia, Ningxia

/niŋ³⁵ ɕi̯ä⁵¹/

/niŋ²⁴ ɕia⁵¹/

/nɪŋ²¹ haː²²/

/nˡiŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋɑ²⁴²/

/nɛŋ¹³⁻⁴² ha²¹/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ ha³³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ha³³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ha⁴¹/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ha²²/

/liɪŋ¹³⁻²² hɛ²²/

/leŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ he¹¹/

/n̠ʲin²² ɦia⁴⁴/

/niŋ³⁵ ɕi̯ä⁵¹/

/niŋ²⁴ ɕia⁵¹/

/nɪŋ²¹ haː²²/

/nˡiŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋɑ²⁴²/

/nɛŋ¹³⁻⁴² ha²¹/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ ha³³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ha³³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ha⁴¹/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ha²²/

/liɪŋ¹³⁻²² hɛ²²/

/leŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ he¹¹/

/n̠ʲin²² ɦia⁴⁴/

～回族自治區 寧夏回族自治區#Chinese

(～回族自治區, formerly ～省) Ningxia (a Hui autonomous region and former province of China; capital: Yinchuan)


京劇

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (京劇):
* → Japanese: 京(きょう)劇(げき) (kyōgeki); 京(けい)劇(げき) (keigeki)
* → Korean: 경극(京劇) (gyeonggeuk)
* → Vietnamese: Kinh kịch (京劇)

→ Zhuang: ginghgi

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕy⁵¹/

/kɪŋ⁵⁵ kʰɛːk̚²/

/kiã³³ kiɔk̚²⁴/

/kiã⁴⁴⁻²² kiɔk̚⁴/

/kiã⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɔk̚⁴/

/kiã⁴⁴⁻²² kiak̚¹²¹/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕy⁵¹/

/kɪŋ⁵⁵ kʰɛːk̚²/

/kiã³³ kiɔk̚²⁴/

/kiã⁴⁴⁻²² kiɔk̚⁴/

/kiã⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɔk̚⁴/

/kiã⁴⁴⁻²² kiak̚¹²¹/


遼寧

/li̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ niŋ³⁵/

/liːu̯²¹ nɪŋ²¹/

/l̃ieu⁵³⁻³³ nˡiŋ⁵³/

/liau²⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/liau²⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/liau¹³⁻²² liɪŋ¹³/

/liau²⁴⁻¹¹ liɪŋ²⁴/

/liau²³⁻³³ liɪŋ²³/

/liou⁵⁵⁻¹¹ leŋ⁵⁵/

/li̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ niŋ³⁵/

/liːu̯²¹ nɪŋ²¹/

/l̃ieu⁵³⁻³³ nˡiŋ⁵³/

/liau²⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/liau²⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/liau¹³⁻²² liɪŋ¹³/

/liau²⁴⁻¹¹ liɪŋ²⁴/

/liau²³⁻³³ liɪŋ²³/

/liou⁵⁵⁻¹¹ leŋ⁵⁵/

(～省) Liaoning (a province of China; capital: Shenyang)


黑龍江

desc

→ English: Heilongjiang, Heilungchiang, Hei-lung-chiang, Heilungkiang

ხეილუნგძიანგი

→ Georgian: ხეილუნგძიანგი (xeilungʒiangi)

/xeɪ̯⁵⁵ lʊŋ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/hɐk̚⁵ lʊŋ²¹ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/haːk̚⁵ lʊŋ²¹ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/hak̚⁵⁵ lɵŋ²² kɔŋ³³/

/hɛt̚¹¹ liʊŋ¹¹ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/hɛiʔ²⁴⁻³⁵ l̃yŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋøyŋ⁵⁵/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ liɔŋ²³⁻³³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ liɔŋ¹³⁻²² kaŋ⁴⁴/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴⁴/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ liɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/hiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kaŋ³³/

/hek̚²⁻⁴ leŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kaŋ³³/

/həʔ³³ loŋ⁵⁵ kɑ̃²¹/

/xeɪ̯⁵⁵ lʊŋ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/hɐk̚⁵ lʊŋ²¹ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/haːk̚⁵ lʊŋ²¹ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/hak̚⁵⁵ lɵŋ²² kɔŋ³³/

/hɛt̚¹¹ liʊŋ¹¹ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/hɛiʔ²⁴⁻³⁵ l̃yŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋøyŋ⁵⁵/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ liɔŋ²³⁻³³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ liɔŋ¹³⁻²² kaŋ⁴⁴/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴⁴/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ liɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/hiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kaŋ³³/

/hek̚²⁻⁴ leŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kaŋ³³/

/həʔ³³ loŋ⁵⁵ kɑ̃²¹/

From earlier 黑水 (Hēishuǐ), attested since the Tang Dynasty. Semantically, compare Manchu ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ
ᡠᠯᠠ (sahaliyan ula, literally “black river”), Mongolian Хар мөрөн (Xar mörön, literally “black river”).

ncog

ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ ᡠᠯᠠ


山東

/ʂän⁵⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/saːn⁵⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/san²⁴⁻¹¹ tuŋ²⁴/

/san⁴⁴ tʊŋ⁴⁴/

/suiŋ⁵⁴ tɔŋ⁵⁴/

/saŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nøyŋ⁵⁵/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² taŋ⁴⁴/

/suã³³ taŋ³³/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² taŋ⁴⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ taŋ⁴⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ taŋ⁴⁴/

/sũã³³⁻²³ taŋ³³/

/ʂän⁵⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/saːn⁵⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/san²⁴⁻¹¹ tuŋ²⁴/

/san⁴⁴ tʊŋ⁴⁴/

/suiŋ⁵⁴ tɔŋ⁵⁴/

/saŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nøyŋ⁵⁵/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² taŋ⁴⁴/

/suã³³ taŋ³³/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² taŋ⁴⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ taŋ⁴⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ taŋ⁴⁴/

/sũã³³⁻²³ taŋ³³/


和歌

/wɔː²¹ kɔː⁵⁵/

/ho²⁴⁻²² kua⁴⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻²² kua³³/

/ho¹³⁻²² kua⁴⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ kua⁴⁴/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ kua⁴⁴/

/wɔː²¹ kɔː⁵⁵/

/ho²⁴⁻²² kua⁴⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻²² kua³³/

/ho¹³⁻²² kua⁴⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ kua⁴⁴/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ kua⁴⁴/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 和歌(わか) (waka).


東大

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ tä⁵¹/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ taːi̯²¹/

/tʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ tʰaɪ⁵³/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ tä⁵¹/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ taːi̯²¹/

/tʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ tʰaɪ⁵³/

東北大學 w:zh:東北大學

Short for 東北大學 (“Northeastern University (China)”).

東京大學 w:zh:東京大學


鳳爪

/fɤŋ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fɤŋ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂu̯ä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fʊŋ²² t͡saːu̯³⁵/

/fɵŋ³² t͡sau⁵⁵/

/hɔŋ²²⁻²¹ t͡sua⁵³/

/voŋ²² t͡sɔ⁴⁴/

/fɤŋ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fɤŋ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂu̯ä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fʊŋ²² t͡saːu̯³⁵/

/fɵŋ³² t͡sau⁵⁵/

/hɔŋ²²⁻²¹ t͡sua⁵³/

/voŋ²² t͡sɔ⁴⁴/

鳳爪排骨飯

凤爪排骨饭

chicken feet (as food) (Classifier: 隻／只 c)


上海

desc

→ English: Shang-hai, Shanghae, Shanghai

→ French: Shanghai, Shanghaï, Changhaï

→ Japanese: 上(シャン)海(ハイ) (Shanhai)

→ Korean: 상하이 (Sanghai)

→ Russian: Шанха́й (Šanxáj)

→ Zhuang: Sanghaij

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sœːŋ²² hɔːi̯³⁵/

/siaŋ³² hᵘɔi⁵⁵/

/sɔŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ hoɪ³¹/

/sɒ̃⁴⁵ xai⁵³/

/t͡siɔŋ⁵⁵ xuɛ²¹/

/suoŋ²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai³³/

/ɬyɒŋ²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai⁴⁵³/

/ɬyøŋ²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai³³²/

/siɔŋ²¹ hai⁴⁴⁵/

/siɔŋ³³⁻²¹ hai⁴¹/

/siɔŋ²²⁻²¹ hai⁴²/

/siɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ hai⁵³/

/siɔŋ²²⁻²¹ hai⁵³/

/siɔŋ²² hai⁵⁵⁴/

/siɔŋ³³⁻²² hai⁵⁵⁴/

/siaŋ²²⁻²¹ hai⁵³/

/siaŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ hai⁵²/

/zɑ̃²² he⁴⁴/

/zɑ̃²² he³³/

/ʂan²¹⁻¹¹ xai̯⁴¹/

/san²¹⁻¹¹ xai̯⁴¹/

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sœːŋ²² hɔːi̯³⁵/

/siaŋ³² hᵘɔi⁵⁵/

/sɔŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ hoɪ³¹/

/sɒ̃⁴⁵ xai⁵³/

/t͡siɔŋ⁵⁵ xuɛ²¹/

/suoŋ²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai³³/

/ɬyɒŋ²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai⁴⁵³/

/ɬyøŋ²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai³³²/

/siɔŋ²¹ hai⁴⁴⁵/

/siɔŋ³³⁻²¹ hai⁴¹/

/siɔŋ²²⁻²¹ hai⁴²/

/siɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ hai⁵³/

/siɔŋ²²⁻²¹ hai⁵³/

/siɔŋ²² hai⁵⁵⁴/

/siɔŋ³³⁻²² hai⁵⁵⁴/

/siaŋ²²⁻²¹ hai⁵³/

/siaŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ hai⁵²/

/zɑ̃²² he⁴⁴/

/zɑ̃²² he³³/

/ʂan²¹⁻¹¹ xai̯⁴¹/

/san²¹⁻¹¹ xai̯⁴¹/

Named after 上海浦, a historical river in Shanghai, which was filled in during the late Qing dynasty.

華亭／华亭, 松江

two historical major cities now under the juristiction of Shanghai

上海證券交易所

上海证券交易所

她最近跑到上海去了。

I still have a few things to arrange in Shanghai.

Zài Shànghǎi wǒ háiyǒu jǐ jiàn shìqíng yào ānpái.

在上海我還有幾件事情要安排。

在上海我还有几件事情要安排。

⁶non ⁵tau ⁶zaon-he ⁶le ⁰leq ¹tu-sau ⁶zen-kuaon ⁰leq

儂到上海來了多少辰光了？

侬到上海来了多少辰光了？

(～市) Shanghai (a major port city and direct-administered municipality of China, the largest urban area in China)


揚州

ja-r

揚(よう)州(しゅう) (Yōshū)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (揚州):
* → Japanese: 揚(よう)州(しゅう) (Yōshū)
* → Vietnamese: Dương Châu (揚州)

desc

→ English: Yang-chou, Yangchow, Yangzhou

/jɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/jœːŋ²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/i̯oŋ¹¹ t͡su²⁴/

/iɔŋ¹¹ t͡su⁴⁴/

/iɒ̃¹¹ t͡səu¹¹/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu³³/

/iɔŋ¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/iɔŋ²³⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/iaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡siu³³/

/ɦiã²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

/jɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/jœːŋ²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/i̯oŋ¹¹ t͡su²⁴/

/iɔŋ¹¹ t͡su⁴⁴/

/iɒ̃¹¹ t͡səu¹¹/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu³³/

/iɔŋ¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/iɔŋ²³⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/iaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡siu³³/

/ɦiã²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

From the area of 揚州 recorded as one of the Nine Provinces 九州 (Jiǔzhōu) of Yu the Great 大禹 (Dà Yǔ) in the "Tribute of Yu" 禹贡 (Yǔ Gòng) section of the Book of Xia 夏書／夏书 (Xià Shū) in the Book of Documents 書經／书经 (shūjīng)

(～市) Yangzhou (a prefecture-level city in Jiangsu, in eastern China)


泰國

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (泰國):
* → Japanese: 泰国(たいこく) (taikoku)
* → Korean: 태국(泰國) (taeguk)

→ Zhuang: Daigoz

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/tʰaːi̯³³ kʷɔːk̚³/

/tʰaɪ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ kuɛt̚¹/

/tʰai²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾uɔʔ²⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ kɔk̚³²/

/tʰai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kɔk̚⁵/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ kɔk̚³²/

/tʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ kɔk̚³²/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ kɔk̚³²/

/tʰai²¹³⁻⁵⁵ kok̚²/

/tʰa³³ koʔ⁴⁴/

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/tʰaːi̯³³ kʷɔːk̚³/

/tʰaɪ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ kuɛt̚¹/

/tʰai²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾uɔʔ²⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ kɔk̚³²/

/tʰai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kɔk̚⁵/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ kɔk̚³²/

/tʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ kɔk̚³²/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ kɔk̚³²/

/tʰai²¹³⁻⁵⁵ kok̚²/

/tʰa³³ koʔ⁴⁴/


桃園

For the place in Taiwan, shortened from Hokkien 桃仔園／桃仔园 (Thô-á-hn̂g), which was used alongside 桃園／桃园 by the time of the Guangxu Emperor. Found in official Qing documents by 1888.

/tʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/tʰo⁵⁵ ʒan⁵⁵/

/tʰo⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾uoŋ⁵³/

/tʰo²⁴⁻²² hŋ̍²⁴/

/tʰɤ²³⁻³³ hŋ̍²³/

/tʰo²⁴⁻¹¹ hŋ̍²⁴/

/tʰo¹³⁻²² huĩ¹³/

/tʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/tʰo⁵⁵ ʒan⁵⁵/

/tʰo⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾uoŋ⁵³/

/tʰo²⁴⁻²² hŋ̍²⁴/

/tʰɤ²³⁻³³ hŋ̍²³/

/tʰo²⁴⁻¹¹ hŋ̍²⁴/

/tʰo¹³⁻²² huĩ¹³/

(～市, formerly ～縣) Taoyuan (a city and former county of Taiwan)


洛陽

Sino-Xenic (洛陽):
* → Japanese: 洛陽(らくよう) (Rakuyō)
* → Korean: 낙양(洛陽) (Nagyang)
* → Vietnamese: Lạc Dương (洛陽)

→ English: Luoyang

desc

→ Thai: ลั่วหยาง, ลกเอี๋ยง

→ Thai: ลั่วหยาง, ลกเอี๋ยง

/lu̯ɔ⁵¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/lɔːk̚³ jœːŋ²¹/

/lɔːk̚² jœːŋ²¹/

/lɔk̚⁵ iɔŋ¹¹/

/l̃ouʔ⁵⁻³³ yoŋ⁵³/

/lɔk̚²⁴⁻² iɔŋ²⁴/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² iɔŋ²⁴/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² iɔŋ²³/

/lɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ iaŋ¹³/

/lo(ʔ)²⁴⁻² iũ²⁴/

/lo(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ iũ²⁴/

/lok̚⁴⁻² iaŋ⁵⁵/

/loʔ¹¹ ɦiã²³/

/lu̯ɔ⁵¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/lɔːk̚³ jœːŋ²¹/

/lɔːk̚² jœːŋ²¹/

/lɔk̚⁵ iɔŋ¹¹/

/l̃ouʔ⁵⁻³³ yoŋ⁵³/

/lɔk̚²⁴⁻² iɔŋ²⁴/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² iɔŋ²⁴/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² iɔŋ²³/

/lɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ iaŋ¹³/

/lo(ʔ)²⁴⁻² iũ²⁴/

/lo(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ iũ²⁴/

/lok̚⁴⁻² iaŋ⁵⁵/

/loʔ¹¹ ɦiã²³/

Encyclopædia Britannica
Luo River (Henan)
Yin_and_yang#Toponymy

Yang (north) of the Luo River; based on Yin and yang toponymy in which north is associated with yang. Luoyang is situated to the north of the Luo River.

(～市) Luoyang (a prefecture-level city in Henan, China)


徐州

/ɕy³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɵy̯²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/sɯ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu³³/

/su²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/si¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/ɕy³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɵy̯²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/sɯ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu³³/

/su²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/si¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

(～市) Xuzhou (a prefecture-level city in northwestern Jiangsu, China)


中山

Named after Chinese president 孫中山 (Sun Yat-sen), who used the pseudonym 中(なか)山(やま)樵(きこり) (Nakayama Kikori). Ultimately from the Japanese surname 中(なか)山(やま) (Nakayama).
Zhongshan, Guangdong was renamed from 香山 (Xiāngshān); Sun Yat-sen's birthplace is in Zhongshan.

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/t͡sɵŋ³³ san³³/

/t͡suŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ san²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/t͡sɵŋ³³ san³³/

/t͡suŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ san²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

(～市, formerly ～縣) Zhongshan (a prefecture-level city and former county of Guangdong, China)


杭州

ja-r

杭(こう)州(しゅう) (Kōshū)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (杭州):
* → Japanese: 杭(こう)州(しゅう) (Kōshū)
* → Korean: 항주(杭州) (Hangju)
* → Vietnamese: Hàng Châu (杭州)

/xɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/hɔːŋ²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/hɔŋ²² t͡siu³³/

/hɔŋ¹¹ t͡su⁴⁴/

/haŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/haŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu³³/

/haŋ¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/haŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/haŋ²³⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/haŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡siu³³/

/ɦɑ̃²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

/xɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/hɔːŋ²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/hɔŋ²² t͡siu³³/

/hɔŋ¹¹ t͡su⁴⁴/

/haŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/haŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu³³/

/haŋ¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/haŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/haŋ²³⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/haŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡siu³³/

/ɦɑ̃²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

The province's name derived from 餘杭／余杭 (Yúháng), traditionally glossed as a mistake for 禹航 (“Yu's ferry”) but more likely a transcription into Old Chinese characters of a native Proto-Wu placename.

zh-l

餘杭／余杭 (Yúháng)

(～市) Hangzhou (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Zhejiang, China)


紅旗

/xʊŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/hʊŋ²¹ kʰei̯²¹/

/aŋ¹³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋi¹³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² ki²⁴/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² ki²⁴/

/aŋ¹³⁻²² ki¹³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ki²⁴/

/aŋ²³⁻³³ ki²³/

/aŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ki⁵⁵/

/xʊŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/hʊŋ²¹ kʰei̯²¹/

/aŋ¹³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋi¹³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² ki²⁴/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² ki²⁴/

/aŋ¹³⁻²² ki¹³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ki²⁴/

/aŋ²³⁻³³ ki²³/

/aŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ki⁵⁵/

At that time, those places will have red flags nearby erected to act as a signal, everybody please do not enter into the zone, lest any danger happen.

gaai³ si⁴ goi¹ keoi¹ fu⁶ gan⁶ zoeng¹ wui⁵ jyun⁴ gwaa³ hung⁴ kei⁴ zi² si⁶, gok³ gaai³ jan⁴ si⁶ cit³ mat⁶ zeon³ jap⁶ keoi¹ noi⁶, ji⁵ min⁵ faat³ sang¹ ngai⁴ him².

屆時該區附近將會懸掛紅旗指示，各界人士切勿進入區內，以免發生危險。

届时该区附近将会悬挂红旗指示，各界人士切勿进入区内，以免发生危险。

red flag; red banner (Classifier: 面 m; 支 c)

(Hong Kong) a red banner used by the police: "Stop Charging or We Use Force / 停止衝擊，否則使用武力"


紅旗

/xʊŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/hʊŋ²¹ kʰei̯²¹/

/aŋ¹³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋi¹³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² ki²⁴/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² ki²⁴/

/aŋ¹³⁻²² ki¹³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ki²⁴/

/aŋ²³⁻³³ ki²³/

/aŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ki⁵⁵/

/xʊŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/hʊŋ²¹ kʰei̯²¹/

/aŋ¹³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋi¹³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² ki²⁴/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² ki²⁴/

/aŋ¹³⁻²² ki¹³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ki²⁴/

/aŋ²³⁻³³ ki²³/

/aŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ki⁵⁵/

(～村) Hongqi (a village in Yonglong, Jingshan, Jingmen, Hubei, China)

(～村) Hongqi (a village in Huilong, Fang, Shiyan, Hubei, China)

(～社區) Hongqi (a community of Zhucheng, Xinzhou district, Wuhan, Hubei, China)


河南

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (河南):
* → Japanese: 河(か)南(なん) (Kanan)
* → Korean: 하남(河南) (Hanam)
* → Vietnamese: Hà Nam (河南)

→ English: Henan

/xɤ³⁵ nän³⁵/

/hɔː²¹ naːm²¹/

/o⁵³⁻³³ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/ho²⁴⁻²² lam²⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻²² lam²⁴/

/ho¹³⁻²² lam¹³/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ lam²⁴/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ lam²³/

/ho⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lam⁵⁵/

/xɤ³⁵ nän³⁵/

/hɔː²¹ naːm²¹/

/o⁵³⁻³³ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/ho²⁴⁻²² lam²⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻²² lam²⁴/

/ho¹³⁻²² lam¹³/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ lam²⁴/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ lam²³/

/ho⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lam⁵⁵/

(～省) Henan (a province of China; capital: Zhengzhou)


富士山

/fu⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

/fuː³³ siː²² saːn⁵⁵/

/hu¹¹⁻⁵³ su³³⁻¹¹ suã⁴⁴/

/hu²¹⁻⁴¹ su³³⁻²¹ suã⁴⁴/

/fu⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

/fuː³³ siː²² saːn⁵⁵/

/hu¹¹⁻⁵³ su³³⁻¹¹ suã⁴⁴/

/hu²¹⁻⁴¹ su³³⁻²¹ suã⁴⁴/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 富士山 (Fujisan).

obor

Mount Fuji (the highest mountain in Japan)


長沙

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (長沙):
* → Japanese: 長(ちょう)沙(さ) (Chōsa)
* → Korean: 장사(長沙) (Jangsa)
* → Vietnamese: Trường Sa (長沙)

→ English: Changsha, Ch'ang-sha

→ Korean: 창사 (Changsa)

→ Russian: Чанша́ (Čanšá)

→ Zhuang: Cangzsah

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʂä⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ saː⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰoŋ¹¹ sa²⁴/

/t͡sʰɔŋ¹¹ sa⁴⁴/

/tuoŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾na⁵⁵/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² sa⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² sa³³/

/tiaŋ¹³⁻²² sɛ⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ sua⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²³⁻³³ sua⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sa³³/

/ʈ͡ʂan¹³ sa̠³³/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʂä⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ saː⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰoŋ¹¹ sa²⁴/

/t͡sʰɔŋ¹¹ sa⁴⁴/

/tuoŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾na⁵⁵/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² sa⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² sa³³/

/tiaŋ¹³⁻²² sɛ⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ sua⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²³⁻³³ sua⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sa³³/

/ʈ͡ʂan¹³ sa̠³³/

(～市) Changsha (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Hunan, in south-central China)


京闕

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰy̯ɛ⁵¹/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰy̯ɛ⁵¹/


中國大陸

ㄓㄨㄥ ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄉㄚˋ ㄌㄨˋ

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵ tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ lu⁵¹/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³ taːi̯²² lʊk̚²/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ tai³³⁻²¹ liɔk̚⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ tai³³⁻¹¹ liɔk̚⁴/

/toŋ³³⁻²³ kok̚²⁻⁴ tai³⁵⁻¹¹ lek̚⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵ tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ lu⁵¹/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³ taːi̯²² lʊk̚²/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ tai³³⁻²¹ liɔk̚⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ tai³³⁻¹¹ liɔk̚⁴/

/toŋ³³⁻²³ kok̚²⁻⁴ tai³⁵⁻¹¹ lek̚⁴/


陝西

desc

→ English: Shaanxi, Shanxi, Shensi, Xensi

/ʂän²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi⁵⁵/

/siːm³⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/ˈsɛn²¹³⁻¹³ ɕi⁴²/

/sieŋ³³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nɛ⁵⁵/

/ʂän²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi⁵⁵/

/siːm³⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/ˈsɛn²¹³⁻¹³ ɕi⁴²/

/sieŋ³³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nɛ⁵⁵/

From its position west of the Shan Pass in Shanzhou, Henan, through which the Yellow River flows into the North China Plain.

In Shaanxi there are so many different kinds and variations of food made from wheat.

Shǎnxī miànshí de zhǒnglèi hé huāyàng zhēn duō.

陝西麵食的種類和花樣真多。

陕西面食的种类和花样真多。


天津

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ t͡sɵn⁵⁵/

/tʰi̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sin²⁴/

/tʰɛŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ ^((t͡s-))niŋ⁵³³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sin⁴⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sin⁴⁴/

/tʰieŋ³³⁻²³ t͡siŋ³³/

/tʰiaŋ³³⁻²³ t͡siŋ³³/

/tʰi⁵⁵ t͡ɕin²¹/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ t͡sɵn⁵⁵/

/tʰi̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sin²⁴/

/tʰɛŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ ^((t͡s-))niŋ⁵³³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sin⁴⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sin⁴⁴/

/tʰieŋ³³⁻²³ t͡siŋ³³/

/tʰiaŋ³³⁻²³ t͡siŋ³³/

/tʰi⁵⁵ t͡ɕin²¹/

(～市) Tianjin (a direct-administered municipality and major city in northern China)


東邦

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ pɑŋ⁵⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ pɑŋ⁵⁵/


札幌

/ʈ͡ʂä³⁵ xu̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡saːt̚³ fɔːŋ³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂä³⁵ xu̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡saːt̚³ fɔːŋ³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 札(さっ)幌(ぽろ) (Sapporo), from Ainu.

(～市) Sapporo (the capital and largest city of Hokkaido prefecture, Japan)


新竹

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (新竹):
* → Japanese: 新竹(しんちく) (Shinchiku)
* → Vietnamese: Tân Trúc (新竹)

→ English: Hsinchu, Hsin-chu, Xinzhu

/ɕin⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂu³⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ t͡sʊk̚⁵/

/siŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nøyʔ²⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɪk̚³²/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² tiɔk̚³²/

/ɕin⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂu³⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ t͡sʊk̚⁵/

/siŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nøyʔ²⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɪk̚³²/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² tiɔk̚³²/

From 新 (xīn) + 竹塹／竹堑 (Zhúqiàn), from the 1878 reform of the administration of Qing-held Taiwan. Hsinchu included the former subprefecture of Tek-kham as well as its surrounding hinterland.

(～市) Hsinchu (a city in northern Taiwan)

(～縣) Hsinchu (a county in northern Taiwan)


高麗

Sino-Xenic (高麗):
* → Japanese: 高麗(こうらい) (kōrai)
* → Korean: 고려(高麗) (goryeo)
* → Vietnamese: Cao Li (高麗)

→ Dutch: Korea

→ English: Korea, Gaoli, Kao-li

→ Welsh: Corea

→ French: Corée

→ German: Korea

→ Italian: Corea

→ Lao: ເກົາຫຼີ (kao lī, “Korea”)

→ New Latin: Corea

→ Portuguese: Coreia

→ Russian: Коре́я (Koréja)

→ Spanish: Corea

→ Thai: เกาหลี (gao-lǐi, “Korea”)

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ li³⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ lɐi̯²²/

/ko⁵⁵ l̃ɛ⁵³/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² le²⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² le¹³/

/ko⁴⁴⁻³³ le²⁴/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ le²³/

/kau³³⁻²³ li⁵⁵/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ li³⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ lɐi̯²²/

/ko⁵⁵ l̃ɛ⁵³/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² le²⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² le¹³/

/ko⁴⁴⁻³³ le²⁴/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ le²³/

/kau³³⁻²³ li⁵⁵/

From a shortening of 高句麗／高句丽 (Gāogōulí).

zh-l

高句麗／高句丽 (Gāogōulí)

高麗參

高丽参


澳門

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (澳門):
* → Korean: 오문(澳門) (Omun)
* → Vietnamese: Áo Môn (澳門)

→ Armenian: Աոմին (Aomin)

→ English: Aomen

→ Japanese: 澳門(アオメン) (Aomen)

→ Korean: 아오먼 (Aomeon)

desc

→ Lü: ᦀᦱᧁᧈᦵᦙᦲᧃᧉ (˙ʼaaw¹moen²)

→ Lü: ᦀᦱᧁᧈᦵᦙᦲᧃᧉ (˙ʼaaw¹moen²)

→ Russian: Аомы́нь (Aomýnʹ), Аомэ́нь (Aomɛ́nʹ)

→ Zhuang: Aumwnz

/ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹ mən³⁵/

/ou̯³³ muːn²¹⁻³⁵/

/au³³ ᵐbᵘɔn²²⁻²²⁵/

/au⁵³⁻⁵⁵ mun¹¹/

/o²¹³⁻⁵⁵ muoŋ⁵³/

/ɒ⁴²⁻⁵⁵ mui¹³/

/ɒ⁴²⁻⁵⁵ muoŋ¹³/

/ɤ²¹⁻⁴¹ mŋ̍²³/

/o¹¹⁻⁵³ mŋ̍²⁴/

/o⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ mŋ̍²⁴/

/o²¹⁻⁵³ mŋ̍²⁴/

/o²¹⁻³³ mui²³/

/o²¹⁻⁵³ muĩ¹³/

/o⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ bun²⁴/

/o²¹³⁻⁵⁵ muŋ⁵⁵/

/ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹ mən³⁵/

/ou̯³³ muːn²¹⁻³⁵/

/au³³ ᵐbᵘɔn²²⁻²²⁵/

/au⁵³⁻⁵⁵ mun¹¹/

/o²¹³⁻⁵⁵ muoŋ⁵³/

/ɒ⁴²⁻⁵⁵ mui¹³/

/ɒ⁴²⁻⁵⁵ muoŋ¹³/

/ɤ²¹⁻⁴¹ mŋ̍²³/

/o¹¹⁻⁵³ mŋ̍²⁴/

/o⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ mŋ̍²⁴/

/o²¹⁻⁵³ mŋ̍²⁴/

/o²¹⁻³³ mui²³/

/o²¹⁻⁵³ muĩ¹³/

/o⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ bun²⁴/

/o²¹³⁻⁵⁵ muŋ⁵⁵/

(Macau): First attested in 陳末議以保海隅萬世治安疏, a memorial to the emperor [1564] by government official Pang Shangpeng (龐尚鵬):
:
Earlier names include 濠鏡澳／濠镜澳 (Háojìng'ào) (蠔鏡澳／蚝镜澳), 濠鏡／濠镜 (Háojìng), 香山澳, etc.

lang

陳末議以保海隅萬世治安疏

陳末議以保海隅萬世治安疏

題為陳末議以保海隅萬世治安

題為陳末議以保海隅萬世治安

zh-l

濠鏡澳／濠镜澳 (Háojìng'ào)

濠鏡／濠镜 (Háojìng)

題為陳末議以保海隅萬世治安 in 皇明經世文編

Guǎngzhōu nán yǒu Xiāngshān xiàn, dì dāng bīn hǎi. Yóu yōngmài zhì Háojìng'ào, jì yīrì zhī chéng, yǒu shān Duìzhì rú tái, yuē nánběi tái. Jí Àomén yě...... Yì zhě yù yú Àomén xiá chù, yòng shí tiánsài, dù fānbó qiánxíng, yǐ gù Xiāngshān ménhù.

廣州南有香山縣，地當瀕海。由雍麥至蠔鏡澳，計一日之程，有山對峙如臺，曰南北臺。即澳門也……議者欲於澳門狹處，用石填塞，杜番舶潛行，以固香山門戶。

題為陳末議以保海隅萬世治安 in 皇明經世文編

广州南有香山县，地当濒海。由雍麦至蚝镜澳，计一日之程，有山对峙如台，曰南北台。即澳门也……议者欲于澳门狭处，用石填塞，杜番舶潜行，以固香山门户。

澳門歷史城區

澳门历史城区

～特別行政區 澳門特別行政區#Chinese

(～特別行政區) Macau, Aomen (a city and special administrative region of China)


伊朗

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (伊朗):
* → Vietnamese: Y Lãng (伊朗)

→ Zhuang: Yihlangj

/i⁵⁵ lɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jiː⁵⁵ lɔːŋ¹³/

/i⁴⁴⁻³⁵ lɔŋ³¹/

/i⁵⁵⁻⁵³ l̃aŋ³³/

/i³³ lɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/i⁴⁴⁻²² lɔŋ⁵³/

/i⁴⁴⁻³³ laŋ⁴⁴/

/i³³⁻²³ laŋ³⁵/

/i⁵⁵ lɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jiː⁵⁵ lɔːŋ¹³/

/i⁴⁴⁻³⁵ lɔŋ³¹/

/i⁵⁵⁻⁵³ l̃aŋ³³/

/i³³ lɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/i⁴⁴⁻²² lɔŋ⁵³/

/i⁴⁴⁻³³ laŋ⁴⁴/

/i³³⁻²³ laŋ³⁵/

Iran (a country in West Asia, in the Middle East)


新疆

Sino-Xenic (新疆):
* → Japanese: 新(しん)疆(きょう) (Shinkyō)
* → Korean: 신강(新疆) (Sin'gang)
* → Vietnamese: Tân Cương (新疆)

desc

→ English: Xinjiang, Sinkiang, Hsin-chiang

→ Kazakh: Шынжаң (Şynjañ), شىنجاڭ (xinjyang)

→ Mongolian: ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠶᠠᠩ (sinǰiyang), Шиньжян (Šinʹžjan)

→ Russian: Синьцзя́н (Sinʹczján)

→ Nuosu: ꑟꏦ (xi jie)

→ Tatar: Шеңҗан (Şeñcan)

→ Turkish: Sincan

→ Uyghur: شىنجاڭ (shinjang), Шинҗаң (Shinjang)

→ Written Oirat: ᠱᡅᠨᡓᡅᡕᠠᡊ (šinǰiyang)

→ Zhuang: Sinhgyangh

→ Yakut: Синдьээҥ (Sinjeeñ)

/ɕin⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ kœːŋ⁵⁵/

/ˈɕin⁴² t͡ɕiɔŋ⁴²/

/sin²⁴⁻¹¹ ki̯oŋ²⁴/

/siŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋyoŋ⁵⁵/

/ɬiŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ kyɒŋ⁵³³/

/ɬiŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ kyøŋ⁵³³/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² kiaŋ⁴⁴/

/siŋ³³⁻²³ kiaŋ³³/

/ɕin⁵⁵ t͡ɕiã²¹/

/ɕin⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ kœːŋ⁵⁵/

/ˈɕin⁴² t͡ɕiɔŋ⁴²/

/sin²⁴⁻¹¹ ki̯oŋ²⁴/

/siŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋyoŋ⁵⁵/

/ɬiŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ kyɒŋ⁵³³/

/ɬiŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ kyøŋ⁵³³/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² kiaŋ⁴⁴/

/siŋ³³⁻²³ kiaŋ³³/

/ɕin⁵⁵ t͡ɕiã²¹/

Daoguang Emperor
Jiaqing
Jinchuan County
Qianlong
Southern Song

Originally a general term for newly acquired territories, used since the Southern Song dynasty. In the Qing dynasty, various non-Han-inhabited territories were referred to as 新疆, including southwestern and western Guizhou, Wumeng (烏蒙／乌蒙, modern-day Zhaotong, Yunnan), Jinchuan (金川), and the region now known as Xinjiang. 疆 (jiāng) denotes the region was inhabited by non-Han ethnicities.
The first instance of a Qing emperor referring to the region now known as Xinjiang as 新疆 is found in the foreword of 欽定新疆識略 written by the Daoguang Emperor in 1821. Prior to that, the region was referred to as 西域 (Xīyù, literally “Western Regions”), a term used since the Han dynasty (Li, 1981). In 大清一統志 published during the eras of Qianlong and Jiaqing, the region was referred to as 西域新疆. Furthermore, during the era of Qianlong, northern Xinjiang or Dzungaria was referred to as 準疆／准疆 and 準部／准部, among other names, while southern Xinjiang or Altishahr was referred to as 回疆 (Huíjiāng) and 回部 (Huíbù).

1877, Zuo Zongtang, 統籌新疆全局疏; quoted in 羅正鈞, editor, 左文襄公年譜, volume 8, 1897, page 24:

Thus, attaching importance to Xinjiang is the way to safeguard Mongolia, and safeguarding Mongolia is the way to defend the capital.

Shìgù zhòng Xīnjiāng zhě suǒyǐ bǎo Ménggǔ, bǎo Ménggǔ zhě suǒyǐ wèi Jīngshī.

是故重新疆者所以保蒙古，保蒙古者所以衛京師。

是故重新疆者所以保蒙古，保蒙古者所以卫京师。

～維吾爾自治區 新疆維吾爾自治區#Chinese

(～維吾爾自治區, formerly ～省) Xinjiang (a Uygur autonomous region and former province in far western China; capital: Ürümqi)


阿富汗

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (阿富汗):
* → Vietnamese: A Phú Hãn (阿富汗)

/ˀä⁵⁵ fu⁵¹⁻⁵³ xän⁵¹/

/aː³³ fuː³³ hɔːn²²/

/ɔː⁵⁵ fuː³³ hɔːn²²/

/a²⁴⁻¹¹ fu⁵⁵ hon⁵⁵/

/o⁵⁵⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾u²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ɑŋ²⁴²/

/a³³ hu⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ han⁴¹/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² hu²¹⁻⁵³ han²²/

/a⁵⁵ fu³³ ɦø²¹/

/ˀä⁵⁵ fu⁵¹⁻⁵³ xän⁵¹/

/aː³³ fuː³³ hɔːn²²/

/ɔː⁵⁵ fuː³³ hɔːn²²/

/a²⁴⁻¹¹ fu⁵⁵ hon⁵⁵/

/o⁵⁵⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾u²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ɑŋ²⁴²/

/a³³ hu⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ han⁴¹/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² hu²¹⁻⁵³ han²²/

/a⁵⁵ fu³³ ɦø²¹/

Afghanistan (Afuhan), is [also transcribed as] Aiwuhan. This country borders Bukhara to its north, Balochistan to its south, India to its east, and Persia to its west. It spans more than two thousand li from east to west.

1929, Zhao Erxun (lead editor), Draft History of Qing

Āfùhàn, jí Àiwūhǎn. Qí guó běi jiè Bùhā'ěr, nán jiè Bǐlùzhī, dōng jiè Yìndù, xī jiè Bōsī, dōngxī èrqiān yú lǐ.

阿富汗，即愛烏罕。其國北界布哈爾，南界俾路支，東界印度，西界波斯，東西二千餘里。

阿富汗，即爱乌罕。其国北界布哈尔，南界俾路支，东界印度，西界波斯，东西二千余里。

Afghanistan (A landlocked country between Central Asia and South Asia)


伽倻

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ jɛ⁵⁵/

/kaː⁵⁵ jɛː²¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ jɛ⁵⁵/

/kaː⁵⁵ jɛː²¹/

(historical) Gaya (ancient confederacy in Korea)


國務院

/ku̯ɔ³⁵ u⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɥɛn⁵¹/

/kʷɔːk̚³ mou̯²² jyːn²²⁻³⁵/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ bu²²⁻²¹ ĩ²²/

/kɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ bu⁴¹⁻²² ĩ⁴¹/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁵ bu²²⁻²¹ ĩ²²/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ bu³³⁻¹¹ ĩ³³/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ bu³³⁻²¹ ĩ³³/

/ku̯ɔ³⁵ u⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɥɛn⁵¹/

/kʷɔːk̚³ mou̯²² jyːn²²⁻³⁵/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ bu²²⁻²¹ ĩ²²/

/kɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ bu⁴¹⁻²² ĩ⁴¹/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁵ bu²²⁻²¹ ĩ²²/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ bu³³⁻¹¹ ĩ³³/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ bu³³⁻²¹ ĩ³³/

國務院部署

国务院部署

State Council of the People's Republic of China


TG

Possible sources:
* Initialism of 土共 (tǔgòng).
* From the emblem of the Communist Party of China. The Latin letters T and G resemble the hammer and the sickle, respectively.

(Internet slang) Communist Party of China


渤海

Sino-Xenic (渤海):
* → Japanese: 渤海(ぼっかい) (Bokkai)
* → Korean: 발해(渤海) (Balhae)
* → Vietnamese: Bột Hải (渤海)

/pu̯ɔ³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/puːt̚² hɔːi̯³⁵/

/pu̯ɔ³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/puːt̚² hɔːi̯³⁵/


溫州

/wən⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/wɐn⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/vun²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡su²⁴/

/un⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/un⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/un⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/un⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/uŋ³³⁻²³ t͡siu³³/

/uən⁵⁵ t͡sɤ²¹/

/wən⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/wɐn⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/vun²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡su²⁴/

/un⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/un⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/un⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/un⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/uŋ³³⁻²³ t͡siu³³/

/uən⁵⁵ t͡sɤ²¹/

(～市) Wenzhou (a prefecture-level city in Zhejiang, in southeastern China)


奉行

/fɤŋ⁵¹ ɕiŋ³⁵/

/fʊŋ²² hɐŋ²¹/

/fuŋ⁵⁵ haŋ¹¹/

/hɔŋ²² hiɪŋ²⁴/

/hɔŋ³³⁻²¹ hiɪŋ²³/

/hɔŋ²²⁻²¹ hiɪŋ¹³/

/hɔŋ²²⁻²¹ hiɪŋ²⁴/

/hɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ hiɪŋ²⁴/

/fɤŋ⁵¹ ɕiŋ³⁵/

/fʊŋ²² hɐŋ²¹/

/fuŋ⁵⁵ haŋ¹¹/

/hɔŋ²² hiɪŋ²⁴/

/hɔŋ³³⁻²¹ hiɪŋ²³/

/hɔŋ²²⁻²¹ hiɪŋ¹³/

/hɔŋ²²⁻²¹ hiɪŋ²⁴/

/hɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ hiɪŋ²⁴/

(historical) bugyō (title assigned to samurai officials of the Tokugawa government in feudal Japan)


黃旗

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/wɔːŋ²¹ kʰei̯²¹/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻²² ki²⁴/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻²² ki²⁴/

/ŋ̍¹³⁻²² ki¹³/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ ki²⁴/

/ŋ̍²³⁻³³ ki²³/

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/wɔːŋ²¹ kʰei̯²¹/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻²² ki²⁴/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻²² ki²⁴/

/ŋ̍¹³⁻²² ki¹³/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ ki²⁴/

/ŋ̍²³⁻³³ ki²³/

(archaic) a yellow banner (used by the military in ancient times)

(Hong Kong) a yellow banner used by the police: "Police Cordon, Do Not Cross / 警察封鎖線，不得越過"

(Hong Kong) a yellow banner used by the police: "Police Warning: You are in breach of the law. You may be prosecuted. / 警察警告：你現在違反法例 你可能被檢控"


黃旗

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/wɔːŋ²¹ kʰei̯²¹/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻²² ki²⁴/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻²² ki²⁴/

/ŋ̍¹³⁻²² ki¹³/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ ki²⁴/

/ŋ̍²³⁻³³ ki²³/

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/wɔːŋ²¹ kʰei̯²¹/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻²² ki²⁴/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻²² ki²⁴/

/ŋ̍¹³⁻²² ki¹³/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ ki²⁴/

/ŋ̍²³⁻³³ ki²³/


大南

/tä⁵¹ nän³⁵/

/tä⁵¹ nän³⁵/

(chiefly Hong Kong, dated) Da Nang (a city in Vietnam)


中東

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡suŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ tuŋ²⁴/

/tyŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nøyŋ⁵⁵/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² taŋ⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ³³ taŋ³³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² taŋ⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ taŋ⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ taŋ⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡suŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ tuŋ²⁴/

/tyŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nøyŋ⁵⁵/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² taŋ⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ³³ taŋ³³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² taŋ⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ taŋ⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ taŋ⁴⁴/

Middle East (region comprising Western Asia without the South Caucasus and additionally including all of Egypt and all of Turkey)


江東

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kɑ̃⁵⁵ toŋ²¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kɑ̃⁵⁵ toŋ²¹/

(～區) Gangdong (a district of Seoul, South Korea)


本州

/pən²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/puːn³⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/pun⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡siu³³/

/pən²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/puːn³⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/pun⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡siu³³/


格魯吉亞

ㄍㄜˊ ㄌㄨˇ ㄐㄧˊ ㄧㄚˋ

/kɤ³⁵ lu²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi³⁵ jä⁵¹/

/kaːk̚³ lou̯¹³ kɐt̚⁵ aː³³/

/kiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ lɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kiɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ a³³/

/kiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ lɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ a⁴⁴/

/kiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ lɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kit̚³²⁻⁵ a⁴⁴/

/kaʔ³³ lu⁵⁵ t͡ɕiɪʔ³³ ia²¹/

/kɤ³⁵ lu²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi³⁵ jä⁵¹/

/kaːk̚³ lou̯¹³ kɐt̚⁵ aː³³/

/kiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ lɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kiɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ a³³/

/kiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ lɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ a⁴⁴/

/kiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ lɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kit̚³²⁻⁵ a⁴⁴/

/kaʔ³³ lu⁵⁵ t͡ɕiɪʔ³³ ia²¹/

Borrowed from Russian Гру́зия (Grúzija).

(Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau) Georgia (A transcontinental country in the Caucasus region of Europe and Asia, on the coast of the Black Sea, often considered to belong politically to Europe)


福州

Sino-Xenic (福州):
* → Japanese: 福(ふく)州(しゅう) (Fukushū)
* → Korean: 복주(福州) (Bokju)
* → Vietnamese: Phúc Châu (福州)

desc

→ English: Foochow, Fuchow, Fujhou, Fuzhou, Hokchew, Hockchew, Hokchiu

→ Korean: 푸저우 (Pujeou)

→ Russian: Фучжо́у (Fučžóu)

→ Zhuang: Fuzcouh

→ Spanish: Focheu, Fucheu

/fu³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/fʊk̚⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/huʔ²⁴⁻²¹ t͡sieu⁵⁵/

/hɒʔ¹⁻⁴⁵ t͡siu⁵³³/

/hɒʔ²⁻²⁴ t͡siu⁵³³/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ t͡siu³³/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁵ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/foʔ³³ t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

/fu³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/fʊk̚⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/huʔ²⁴⁻²¹ t͡sieu⁵⁵/

/hɒʔ¹⁻⁴⁵ t͡siu⁵³³/

/hɒʔ²⁻²⁴ t͡siu⁵³³/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ t͡siu³³/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁵ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/foʔ³³ t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

(～市) Fuzhou (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Fujian, China)


南京

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (南京):
* → Japanese: 南京(なんきん) (Nankin)
* → Korean: 남경(南京) (Namgyeong)
* → Vietnamese: Nam Kinh (南京)

desc

→ Georgian: ნანძინგი (nanʒingi), ნანკინი (nanḳini)

/nän³⁵ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/lã²⁴ t͡ɕĩ³¹/

/naːm²¹ kɪŋ⁵⁵/

/nˡaŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋiŋ⁵⁵/

/lam²⁴⁻²² kiã⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² kiã³³/

/lam¹³⁻²² kiã⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ kiã⁴⁴/

/lam²³⁻³³ kiã⁴⁴/

/lam⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kĩã³³/

/nø²² t͡ɕin⁴⁴/

/nän³⁵ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/lã²⁴ t͡ɕĩ³¹/

/naːm²¹ kɪŋ⁵⁵/

/nˡaŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋiŋ⁵⁵/

/lam²⁴⁻²² kiã⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² kiã³³/

/lam¹³⁻²² kiã⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ kiã⁴⁴/

/lam²³⁻³³ kiã⁴⁴/

/lam⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kĩã³³/

/nø²² t͡ɕin⁴⁴/

(～市) Nanjing (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Jiangsu, China)


江蘇

English: Jiangsu, Kiangsu, Kiang-su, Kiang Su, Keangsoo, Keang-soo, Chiang-su, Kiang-Sou (obsolete or historical)

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ su⁵⁵/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ sou̯⁵⁵/

/kɔŋ³³ ɬu³³/

/koŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ su²⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴ su⁴⁴/

/kouŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nu⁵⁵/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sɔ⁴⁴/

/kaŋ³³ sɔ³³/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sɔ⁴⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sɔ⁴⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sɔ⁴⁴/

/kaŋ³³⁻²³ sou³³/

/kɑ̃⁵⁵ su²¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ su⁵⁵/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ sou̯⁵⁵/

/kɔŋ³³ ɬu³³/

/koŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ su²⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴ su⁴⁴/

/kouŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nu⁵⁵/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sɔ⁴⁴/

/kaŋ³³ sɔ³³/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sɔ⁴⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sɔ⁴⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sɔ⁴⁴/

/kaŋ³³⁻²³ sou³³/

/kɑ̃⁵⁵ su²¹/

Short for 江寧／江宁 (Jiāngníng) + 蘇州／苏州 (Sūzhōu).


哈爾濱

desc

→ English: Ha'erbin, Haerbin, Ha-erh-pin, Ha-êrh-pin

→ Russian: Харби́н (Xarbín)

/xä⁵⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ pin⁵⁵/

/haː⁵⁵ jiː¹³ pɐn⁵⁵/

/ha(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pin⁴⁴/

/ha(ʔ)⁵ nĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ pin³³/

/ha(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ d͡zĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pin⁴⁴/

/xä⁵⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ pin⁵⁵/

/haː⁵⁵ jiː¹³ pɐn⁵⁵/

/ha(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pin⁴⁴/

/ha(ʔ)⁵ nĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ pin³³/

/ha(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ d͡zĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pin⁴⁴/

Borrowed from a dialectal Manchu word cognate with Standard Manchu ᡥᠠᠯᡶᡳᠶᠠᠨ (halfiyan, “flat”) (Huang, 2010). Compare /kʰɑlpin/ ("flat") in the Manchu dialect spoken in Dawujiazi (大五家子) of Aihui County (now in Heihe) (Wang, 2005).

Harbin's ice sculptures are very famous.

哈爾濱的冰雕很有名。

哈尔滨的冰雕很有名。

During winter Harbin is a world of ice and snow.

Dōngtiān de shíhou Hā'ěrbīn shì bīngtiānxuědì.

冬天的時候哈爾濱是冰天雪地。

冬天的时候哈尔滨是冰天雪地。

(～市) Harbin (a subprovincial city, provincial capital, and largest city in Heilongjiang, China)


東都

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ tu⁵⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ tou̯⁵⁵/

/taŋ³³ tɔ³³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tɔ⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔ⁴⁴/

/taŋ³³⁻²³ tou³³/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ tu⁵⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ tou̯⁵⁵/

/taŋ³³ tɔ³³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tɔ⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔ⁴⁴/

/taŋ³³⁻²³ tou³³/


近東

/t͡ɕin⁵¹ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kɐn²² tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kun²² tɔŋ³³/

/kun²²⁻²¹ tɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kun³³⁻¹¹ tɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kin³³⁻²¹ tɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kin²²⁻²¹ tɔŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕin⁵¹ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kɐn²² tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kun²² tɔŋ³³/

/kun²²⁻²¹ tɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kun³³⁻¹¹ tɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kin³³⁻²¹ tɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kin²²⁻²¹ tɔŋ⁴⁴/


共青團

ㄍㄨㄥˋ ㄑㄧㄥ ㄊㄨㄢˊ

/kʊŋ⁵¹ t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ tʰu̯än³⁵/

/kʊŋ²² t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ tʰyːn²¹/

/kiɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ tʰuan²⁴/

/kiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tʰuan²⁴/

/kiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tʰuan¹³/

/kʊŋ⁵¹ t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ tʰu̯än³⁵/

/kʊŋ²² t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ tʰyːn²¹/

/kiɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ tʰuan²⁴/

/kiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tʰuan²⁴/

/kiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tʰuan¹³/

Short for 共產主義青年團／共产主义青年团 (Gòngchǎn Zhǔyì Qīngniántuán).

zh-etym-short

He is a member of the Communist Youth League of China.

他是一個共青團成員。

他是一个共青团成员。


漢學

/xän⁵¹ ɕy̯ɛ³⁵/

/hɔːn³³ hɔːk̚²/

/han⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ hak̚²⁴/

/han²¹⁻⁵³ hak̚¹²¹/

/xän⁵¹ ɕy̯ɛ³⁵/

/hɔːn³³ hɔːk̚²/

/han⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ hak̚²⁴/

/han²¹⁻⁵³ hak̚¹²¹/

Han school of classical Chinese (i.e. study of classical Chinese during the Han dynasty)


天皇誕生日

ㄊㄧㄢ ㄏㄨㄤˊ ㄉㄢˋ ㄕㄥ ㄖˋ

тяньхуан даньшэнжи

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ tän⁵¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵ ʐ̩⁵¹/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ wɔːŋ²¹ taːn³³ sɐŋ⁵⁵ jɐt̚²/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ tän⁵¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵ ʐ̩⁵¹/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ wɔːŋ²¹ taːn³³ sɐŋ⁵⁵ jɐt̚²/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 天皇誕生日.


福建

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (福建):
* → Japanese: 福(ふっ)建(けん) (Fukken)
* → Okinawan: 福(ふ)建(ちゃん) (Fuchan)
* → Korean: 복건(福建) (Bokgeon)
* → Vietnamese: Phúc Kiến (福建)

desc

→ English: Fujian, Fuhkien, Fukien, Fu-chien, Fookien, Fokien, Hokkien

→ Georgian: ფუძიენი (puʒieni)

→ Khmer: ហុកកៀន (hokkiən)

→ Korean: 푸젠 (Pujen)

→ Malay: Fujian, Hokkien, Hokkian

→ Russian: Фуцзя́нь (Fuczjánʹ), фуцзя́нец (fuczjánec)

→ Spanish: Fujian, Fokien, Fukién

→ Tagalog: Fukien, Hokkien

→ Thai: ฝูเจี้ยน, ฮกเกี้ยน

→ Thai: ฝูเจี้ยน, ฮกเกี้ยน

/fu³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/huʔ²⁴⁻⁵⁵ kyɔŋ²¹³/

/hɒʔ¹⁻⁴⁵ kœŋ⁴²/

/hɒʔ²⁻²⁴ kyøŋ⁴²/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ kiɛn¹¹/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ kiɛn²¹/

/hɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ kiɛn⁴¹/

/hɔk̚³⁻⁴ kiɛn²¹/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁵ kiɛn²¹/

/hok̚²⁻⁴ kieŋ²¹³/

/hok̚²⁻⁴ kiaŋ²¹³/

/foʔ³³ t͡ɕi⁴⁴/

/foʔ⁵⁵ t͡ɕie²¹/

/fu³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/huʔ²⁴⁻⁵⁵ kyɔŋ²¹³/

/hɒʔ¹⁻⁴⁵ kœŋ⁴²/

/hɒʔ²⁻²⁴ kyøŋ⁴²/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ kiɛn¹¹/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ kiɛn²¹/

/hɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ kiɛn⁴¹/

/hɔk̚³⁻⁴ kiɛn²¹/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁵ kiɛn²¹/

/hok̚²⁻⁴ kieŋ²¹³/

/hok̚²⁻⁴ kiaŋ²¹³/

/foʔ³³ t͡ɕi⁴⁴/

/foʔ⁵⁵ t͡ɕie²¹/

Short for 福州 (Fúzhōu) + 建州 (Jiànzhōu), two ancient prefectures in modern Fujian. Coined with the establishment of 福建路 (“Fujian Circuit”) in 985 CE by the Northern Song court.

(～省) Fujian, Fukien (a province of China; capital: Fuzhou)


湖北

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (湖北):
* → Japanese: 湖(こ)北(ほく) (Kohoku)
* → Korean: 호북(湖北) (Hobuk)
* → Vietnamese: Hồ Bắc (湖北)

→ English: Hubei, Hupeh

→ Korean: 후베이 (Hubei)

→ Manchu: ᡥᡡᠪᡝ (hūbe)

→ Mongolian: ᠬᠤᠪᠧᠢ (qubēi)

→ Russian: Хубэ́й (Xubɛ́j)

→ Uyghur: خۇبېي (xubëy)

→ Zhuang: Huzbwz

/xu³⁵ peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/wuː²¹ pɐk̚⁵/

/hu⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βɔyʔ²⁴/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² pak̚³²/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² pak̚⁵/

/ɔ¹³⁻²² pak̚³²/

/ɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ pak̚³²/

/ɔ²³⁻³³ pak̚³²/

/ou⁵⁵⁻¹¹ pak̚²/

/ɦu²² poʔ⁴⁴/

/xu³⁵ peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/wuː²¹ pɐk̚⁵/

/hu⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βɔyʔ²⁴/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² pak̚³²/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² pak̚⁵/

/ɔ¹³⁻²² pak̚³²/

/ɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ pak̚³²/

/ɔ²³⁻³³ pak̚³²/

/ou⁵⁵⁻¹¹ pak̚²/

/ɦu²² poʔ⁴⁴/

So named as it lies on the north of Lake Dongting.


三輔

/sän⁵⁵ fu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sän⁵⁵ fu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

三 (three) + 輔 (auxiliary; to assist: i.e. to assist in defending the capital)
: This term was originally coined to describe three official civil posts. Each of the three civil posts also defined a specific geographic area outside of the capital at Chang'an. The three posts were:
:# 京兆尹 jīngzhàoyǐn (on the eastern outskirts of Chang'an)
:# 左馮翊 zuǒ píngyì (on the northwestern outskirts of Chang'an)
:# 右扶風 yòu fúfēng (on the western outskirts of Chang'an)

(archaic) the three auxiliary defensive zones (which surrounded the ancient capital at Chang'an)


山西

/ʂän⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/

/saːn⁵⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/san²⁴⁻¹¹ si²⁴/

/saŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nɛ⁵⁵/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² sai⁴⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ se⁴⁴/

/sũã³³⁻²³ sai³³/

/ʂän⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/

/saːn⁵⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/san²⁴⁻¹¹ si²⁴/

/saŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nɛ⁵⁵/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² sai⁴⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ se⁴⁴/

/sũã³³⁻²³ sai³³/


傳國

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än³⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än³⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

(archaic) to pass down a national heirloom from ruler to ruler


堤岸

/ti⁵⁵ ˀän⁵¹/

/tʰi³⁵ ˀän⁵¹/

/tʰɐi̯²¹ ŋɔːn²²/

/tʰe²⁴⁻²² huã²²/

/tʰe²⁴⁻²² huã⁴¹/

/tʰe¹³⁻²² huã²²/

/tʰe²⁴⁻¹¹ huã³³/

/tʰe²³⁻³³ huã³³/

/ti⁵⁵ ˀän⁵¹/

/tʰi³⁵ ˀän⁵¹/

/tʰɐi̯²¹ ŋɔːn²²/

/tʰe²⁴⁻²² huã²²/

/tʰe²⁴⁻²² huã⁴¹/

/tʰe¹³⁻²² huã²²/

/tʰe²⁴⁻¹¹ huã³³/

/tʰe²³⁻³³ huã³³/

Cholon (the Chinatown of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam)


深圳

→ English: Shenzhen, Shumchun

/ʂən⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂən⁵¹/

/sɐm⁵⁵ t͡sɐn³³/

/t͡sʰɨm²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sun⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰəm⁴⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sun⁵³/

/t͡sʰim⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sun²¹/

/t͡sʰim⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sun²¹/

/t͡sʰim⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sun¹¹/

/t͡sʰim⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sun²¹/

/t͡sʰim³³⁻²³ t͡suŋ²¹³/

/ʂən⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂən⁵¹/

/sɐm⁵⁵ t͡sɐn³³/

/t͡sʰɨm²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sun⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰəm⁴⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sun⁵³/

/t͡sʰim⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sun²¹/

/t͡sʰim⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sun²¹/

/t͡sʰim⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sun¹¹/

/t͡sʰim⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sun²¹/

/t͡sʰim³³⁻²³ t͡suŋ²¹³/

Army Map Service
Gazetteer of Xin'an County

Originally as 深圳墟 (Shēnzhèn xū, “Shenzhen Market”) and referred to a market town located in present-day Dongmen, Luohu District, Shenzhen. The name is first attested in Gazetteer of Xin'an County (新安縣志) [1688].
In 1979, Bao'an County (寶安縣／宝安县) of Guangdong was renamed and converted to Shenzhen City (深圳市 (Shēnzhèn shì)).

(～市) Shenzhen (a subprovincial city in Guangdong, China)


青海

Sino-Xenic (青海):
* → Japanese: 青海(せいかい) (Seikai)
* → Korean: 청해(青海) (Cheonghae)
* → Vietnamese: Thanh Hải (青海)

desc

→ English: Tsinghai, Tsing-hai, Qinghai, Ch'ing-hai

→ Georgian: ცინგხაი (cingxai)

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/t͡sʰi̯aŋ²⁴ hoi̯³¹/

/t͡sʰiaŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ hoɪ³¹/

/t͡sʰiŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai³³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hai⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ hai⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hai⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hai⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hai⁴¹/

/t͡sʰẽ³³⁻²³ hai⁵²/

/t͡ɕʰin⁵⁵ he²¹/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/t͡sʰi̯aŋ²⁴ hoi̯³¹/

/t͡sʰiaŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ hoɪ³¹/

/t͡sʰiŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai³³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hai⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ hai⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hai⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hai⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hai⁴¹/

/t͡sʰẽ³³⁻²³ hai⁵²/

/t͡ɕʰin⁵⁵ he²¹/

Compare similar-meaning names for Qinghai Lake in other languages: Tibetan མཚོ་སྔོན (mtsho sngon), མཚོ་སྔོན་པོ (mtsho sngon po, “blue lake”), Mongolian ᠬᠥᠬᠡ
ᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ (köke naɣur, “blue lake”).

ncog

(～省) Qinghai (a province of China; capital: Xining)


極東

/t͡ɕi³⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kɪk̚² tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kiʔ⁵⁻⁵⁵ tøyŋ⁵⁵/

/kiɪk̚⁴⁻³² taŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕi³⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kɪk̚² tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kiʔ⁵⁻⁵⁵ tøyŋ⁵⁵/

/kiɪk̚⁴⁻³² taŋ⁴⁴/


亞齊

/jä⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/aː³³ t͡sʰɐi̯²¹/

/jä⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/aː³³ t͡sʰɐi̯²¹/


廣東

ja-r

広東(こうとう) (Kōtō)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (廣東):
* → Japanese: 広東(こうとう) (Kōtō)
* → Okinawan: 広東(くゎんとぅん) (Kwantun)
* → Korean: 광동(廣東) (Gwangdong)
* → Vietnamese: Quảng Đông (廣東)

→ English: Guangdong, Kwangtung

→ French: Guangdong, Kouang-tong

→ Korean: 광둥 (Gwangdung)

→ Manchu: ᡤᡠᠸᠠᠩᡩᡠᠩ (guwangdung)

→ Mongolian: ᠭᠤᠸᠠᠩᠳᠦᠩ (ɣuwangdüng)

→ Portuguese: Cantão

→ English: Canton

→ Japanese: 広東(カントン) (Kanton)

→ French: Canton

→ Italian: Canton

→ Russian: Канто́н (Kantón)

→? Spanish: Cantón

→ Russian: Гуанду́н (Guandún)

→ Thai: กวางตุ้ง (gwaang-dtûng)

→ Zhuang: Guengjdoeng, Gvangjdungh

/ku̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kʷɔːŋ³⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kɔŋ⁵⁵ ɵŋ³³/

/koŋ³¹ tuŋ²⁴/

/kuɔŋ³¹ tʊŋ⁴⁴/

/kuoŋ³³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nøyŋ⁵⁵/

/kuŋ⁴⁵³⁻¹³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nɒŋ⁵³³/

/kŋ̍³³²⁻²¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nɒŋ⁵³³/

/kŋ̍⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ taŋ³³/

/kŋ̍⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ taŋ⁴⁴/

/kŋ̍⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ taŋ³³/

/kŋ̍⁵³⁻⁴⁴ taŋ⁴⁴/

/kuĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ taŋ⁴⁴/

/kɯŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ taŋ³³/

/kuɑ̃³³ toŋ⁴⁴/

/ku̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kʷɔːŋ³⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kɔŋ⁵⁵ ɵŋ³³/

/koŋ³¹ tuŋ²⁴/

/kuɔŋ³¹ tʊŋ⁴⁴/

/kuoŋ³³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nøyŋ⁵⁵/

/kuŋ⁴⁵³⁻¹³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nɒŋ⁵³³/

/kŋ̍³³²⁻²¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nɒŋ⁵³³/

/kŋ̍⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ taŋ³³/

/kŋ̍⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ taŋ⁴⁴/

/kŋ̍⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ taŋ³³/

/kŋ̍⁵³⁻⁴⁴ taŋ⁴⁴/

/kuĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ taŋ⁴⁴/

/kɯŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ taŋ³³/

/kuɑ̃³³ toŋ⁴⁴/

Named after Guangnan East Circuit (廣南東路／广南东路 (Guǎngnán Dōng Lù)) of the Song dynasty, which was abbreviated as 廣東路 (Guǎngdōng Lù).

zh-l

廣南東路／广南东路 (Guǎngnán Dōng Lù)

Zhou Qufei, Representative Answers from the Region beyond the Mountains, 12ᵗʰ century CE

Zì Qín shì yǒu Wǔlǐng zhī shuō, jiē zhǐ shān míng zhī. Kǎo zhī, nǎi rù lǐng zhī tú wǔ ěr, fēi bì shān yě. Zì Fújiàn zhī Tīng, rù Guǎngdōng zhī Xún, Méi, yī yě.

自秦世有五嶺之說，皆指山名之。考之，乃入嶺之途五耳，非必山也。自福建之汀，入廣東之循、梅，一也。

自秦世有五岭之说，皆指山名之。考之，乃入岭之途五耳，非必山也。自福建之汀，入广东之循、梅，一也。

(～省) Guangdong (a province of China; capital: Guangzhou)


安徽

desc

English: Anhui, Anhuei, An-hwei, Anhwei, An-hui (Wade–Giles)

Georgian: ანხუეი (anxuei)

/ˀän⁵⁵ xu̯eɪ̯⁵⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ fɐi̯⁵⁵/

/ᵘɔn³³ fei³³/

/on²⁴⁻¹¹ fi²⁴/

/aŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋui⁵⁵/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² hui⁴⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² hui⁴⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ hui⁴⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ hui⁴⁴/

/aŋ³³⁻²³ hui³³/

/ˀän⁵⁵ xu̯eɪ̯⁵⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ fɐi̯⁵⁵/

/ᵘɔn³³ fei³³/

/on²⁴⁻¹¹ fi²⁴/

/aŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋui⁵⁵/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² hui⁴⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² hui⁴⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ hui⁴⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ hui⁴⁴/

/aŋ³³⁻²³ hui³³/

From the names of two cities in southern Anhui: 安慶／安庆 (Ānqìng, “Anqing”) and 徽州 (Huīzhōu, “Huizhou”, now Huangshan City).


唐山

Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan

Arising from the position of coastal Guangdong and Fujian (both primary origin points for overseas Chinese migrants, the latter also being an origin point for many "early" Han Chinese settlers in Taiwan before the Chinese Civil War and Nationalist flight) between the sea and inland mountains and the use of 唐 (táng, “Tang”) to refer to China in general due to its perception as a "golden age" in Chinese history.

lang

教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典

教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典

thcwd

“Entry #5806”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2024.

/tʰɑŋ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/tʰɔːŋ²¹ saːn⁵⁵/

/hɔŋ²² san³³/

/tʰɔŋ¹¹ san⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²² suã³³/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²¹ suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²³⁻²¹ suã³³/

/tŋ̍¹³⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²³⁻³³ suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ suã⁴⁴/

/tʰaŋ¹¹ suã³³⁴/

/tɯŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sũã³³/

/tʰɑŋ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/tʰɔːŋ²¹ saːn⁵⁵/

/hɔŋ²² san³³/

/tʰɔŋ¹¹ san⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²² suã³³/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²¹ suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²³⁻²¹ suã³³/

/tŋ̍¹³⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²³⁻³³ suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ suã⁴⁴/

/tʰaŋ¹¹ suã³³⁴/

/tɯŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sũã³³/

Chinese Elder Brother (The Big Boss, 1971 film featuring Bruce Lee)

《唐山大兄》

possibly based on the Zhongshan variety of Yue

Please do, for I have to go back to China soon.

do¹ faan⁴ nei⁵ laa³. jan¹ wai⁶ ngo⁵ soeng² zou² jat⁶ faan¹ tong⁴ saan¹.

多煩你嚹。因為我想早日翻唐山。

多烦你嚹。因为我想早日翻唐山。

As people went from mainland China over to Taiwan, their hearts became weighed down. (an idiom about the Chinese migration toward Taiwan in Qing Dynasty)

Tn̂g-soaⁿ kòe Tâi-oân, sim-koaⁿ kiat kui oân

唐山過台灣，心肝結規丸

唐山过台湾，心肝结规丸

[From] mainland China [they] went over to Taiwan, without any money, diligently cultivating the hill lands and tilling the fields.

涂敏恆 (Tu Min-Heng), 《客家本色》 ("Natural Color of Hakka")

Thòng-sân ko Thòi-vàn, mò pan tiám chhièn, sat-mâng tá-piang kâng-sân-kâng-thièn.

唐山過台灣，無半點錢，煞猛打拚耕山耕田。

唐山过台湾，无半点钱，煞猛打拚耕山耕田。

(Taiwan, Philippine Hokkien, dated) mainland China


唐山

→ English: Tangshan, T'ang-shan

Named after the Tang Mountain in the city; the Tang Mountain was named after the Tang Dynasty

/tʰɑŋ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/tʰɔːŋ²¹ saːn⁵⁵/

/hɔŋ²² san³³/

/tʰɔŋ¹¹ san⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²² suã³³/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²¹ suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²³⁻²¹ suã³³/

/tŋ̍¹³⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²³⁻³³ suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ suã⁴⁴/

/tʰaŋ¹¹ suã³³⁴/

/tɯŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sũã³³/

/tʰɑŋ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/tʰɔːŋ²¹ saːn⁵⁵/

/hɔŋ²² san³³/

/tʰɔŋ¹¹ san⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²² suã³³/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²¹ suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²³⁻²¹ suã³³/

/tŋ̍¹³⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²³⁻³³ suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ suã⁴⁴/

/tʰaŋ¹¹ suã³³⁴/

/tɯŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sũã³³/

Great Tangshan earthquake (1976 Tangshan earthquake)

唐山大地震

(～市) Tangshan (a prefecture-level city in northeastern Hebei, China)


霹靂

/pʰɪk̚⁵ lɪk̚⁵/

/pʰiʔ²⁴⁻²¹ l̃iʔ⁵/

/pʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ liɪk̚¹²¹/

/pʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ liɪk̚⁴/

/pe²²⁻²¹ laʔ⁴/

/pʰɪk̚⁵ lɪk̚⁵/

/pʰiʔ²⁴⁻²¹ l̃iʔ⁵/

/pʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ liɪk̚¹²¹/

/pʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ liɪk̚⁴/

/pe²²⁻²¹ laʔ⁴/

霹雳
*辟歷
*辟历
礔礰
礕礰
劈歷
霹雳
吡叻


湖南

/hu⁵³⁻³³ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² lam²⁴/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² lam²⁴/

/ɔ¹³⁻²² lam¹³/

/ɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ lam²⁴/

/ɔ²³⁻³³ lam²³/

/ou⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lam⁵⁵/

/ou⁵⁵⁻¹¹ nam⁵⁵/

/ɸu¹³ l̃an¹³/

/hu⁵³⁻³³ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² lam²⁴/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² lam²⁴/

/ɔ¹³⁻²² lam¹³/

/ɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ lam²⁴/

/ɔ²³⁻³³ lam²³/

/ou⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lam⁵⁵/

/ou⁵⁵⁻¹¹ nam⁵⁵/

/ɸu¹³ l̃an¹³/


土耳其

/tʰu²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/tʰou̯³⁵ jiː¹³ kʰei̯²¹/

/tʰu³¹ ŋi³¹ kʰi¹¹/

/tʰu³¹ ŋi³¹ kʰi¹¹/

/tʰu³³⁻²¹ i³³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾i⁵³/

/tʰɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ nĩ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ki²³/

/tʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ki²⁴/

/tʰɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ nĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ki²⁴/

/tʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ d͡zĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ki¹³/

/tʰɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ nĩ³³⁻²¹ ki²³/

/tʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nĩ³³⁻¹¹ ki²⁴/

/tʰou⁵²⁻³⁵ d͡zɯ⁵²⁻³⁵ kʰi⁵⁵/

/tʰu³³ ɦəl⁵⁵ d͡ʑi²¹/

/tʰu²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/tʰou̯³⁵ jiː¹³ kʰei̯²¹/

/tʰu³¹ ŋi³¹ kʰi¹¹/

/tʰu³¹ ŋi³¹ kʰi¹¹/

/tʰu³³⁻²¹ i³³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾i⁵³/

/tʰɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ nĩ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ki²³/

/tʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ki²⁴/

/tʰɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ nĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ki²⁴/

/tʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ d͡zĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ki¹³/

/tʰɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ nĩ³³⁻²¹ ki²³/

/tʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nĩ³³⁻¹¹ ki²⁴/

/tʰou⁵²⁻³⁵ d͡zɯ⁵²⁻³⁵ kʰi⁵⁵/

/tʰu³³ ɦəl⁵⁵ d͡ʑi²¹/

1848, 徐繼畬 [Xu Jiyu], editor, 瀛寰志略, volume 6, page 11:

Tàixī zhū guó kuà Yàxìyà Ōuluóbā liǎng tǔ zhě, wéi Éluósī yǔ Tǔ'ěrqí liǎng guó. Tǔ'ěrqí jiāngyù zhī dà, bùjí Éluósī, ér shàn gāoyú zhī rǎng, jù xíngbiàn zhī dì, bǎinián lái zhúlù fēnfēn, qì wú zhǐgē zhī rì.

泰西諸國跨亞細亞歐羅巴兩土者，惟峩羅斯與土耳其兩國。土耳其疆域之大，不及峩羅斯，而擅膏腴之壤，據形便之地，百年來逐鹿紛紛，迄無止戈之日。

泰西诸国跨亚细亚欧罗巴两土者，惟峩罗斯与土耳其两国。土耳其疆域之大，不及峩罗斯，而擅膏腴之壤，据形便之地，百年来逐鹿纷纷，迄无止戈之日。

Turkey (a country located in eastern Thrace in southeastern Europe and Anatolia in southwestern Asia)


東莞

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (東莞):
* → Japanese: 東莞(とうかん) (Tōkan)
* → Vietnamese: Đông Hoản (東莞)

desc

→ English: Dongguan, Tungkuan, Tung-kuan, Tungkun, Tungkoon, Tung Koon

→ Zhuang: Dunghgvanj

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ ku̯än²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ kuːn³⁵/

/tʊŋ²¹³ kun³⁵/

/ɵŋ³³ kᵘɔn⁵⁵/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kuan⁵³/

/taŋ³³⁻²³ kuaŋ⁵²/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ ku̯än²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ kuːn³⁵/

/tʊŋ²¹³ kun³⁵/

/ɵŋ³³ kᵘɔn⁵⁵/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kuan⁵³/

/taŋ³³⁻²³ kuaŋ⁵²/

(～市) Dongguan (a prefecture-level city in Guangdong, China)


廣州

ja-r

広(こう)州(しゅう) (Kōshū)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (廣州):
* → Japanese: 広(こう)州(しゅう) (Kōshū)
* → Korean: 광주(廣州) (Gwangju)
* → Vietnamese: Quảng Châu (廣州)

desc

→ English: Guangzhou, Kwangchow, Kwang-chow

→ French: Guangzhou

→ German: Guangzhou

→ Hindi: ग्वांगझोउ (gvāṅgjhou)

→ Japanese: コワンチョウ (Kowanchō)

→ Korean: 광저우 (Gwangjeou)

→ Portuguese: Guangzhou

→ Russian: Гуанчжо́у (Guančžóu)

→ Swedish: Guangzhou

→ Thai: กว่างโจว

→ Thai: กว่างโจว

→ Uyghur: گۇاڭجۇ (guangju)

→ Zhuang: Gvangjcouh

/ku̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kʷɔːŋ³⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/kʷɔŋ³⁵ t͡sau²¹³/

/kɔŋ⁵⁵ t͡siu³³/

/kuɔŋ³¹ t͡su⁴⁴/

/kŋ̍⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kŋ̍⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡siu³³/

/kŋ̍⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kŋ̍⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ t͡siu³³/

/kŋ̍⁴²⁻²⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kuĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kɯŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡siu³³/

/kuɑ̃³³ t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

/ku̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kʷɔːŋ³⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/kʷɔŋ³⁵ t͡sau²¹³/

/kɔŋ⁵⁵ t͡siu³³/

/kuɔŋ³¹ t͡su⁴⁴/

/kŋ̍⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kŋ̍⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡siu³³/

/kŋ̍⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kŋ̍⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ t͡siu³³/

/kŋ̍⁴²⁻²⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kuĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kɯŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡siu³³/

/kuɑ̃³³ t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

Originally the name of a prefecture, first established in 226 CE and re-established in 264 CE, that covered parts of present-day Guangdong and whose seat was originally located in Panyu.

(～市, formerly ～府, ～路) Guangzhou (a prefecture-level city, subprovincial city, and port, the provincial capital of Guangdong, China)

(～市) Gwangju (a city in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea)


濟南

→ English: Chinan, Chi-nan, Jinan, Ji'nan, Tsinan

/t͡ɕi²¹⁴⁻²¹ nän³⁵/

/t͡sɐi̯³⁵ naːm²¹/

/t͡sɐi̯³³ naːm²¹/

/t͡si⁵³⁻⁵⁵ nam¹¹/

/t͡sɛ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/t͡se²¹⁻⁵³ lam²⁴/

/t͡se¹¹⁻⁵³ lam²⁴/

/t͡se²¹⁻⁵³ lam¹³/

/t͡se²¹⁻⁴¹ lam²³/

/t͡se⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lam²⁴/

/t͡ɕi²¹⁴⁻²¹ nän³⁵/

/t͡sɐi̯³⁵ naːm²¹/

/t͡sɐi̯³³ naːm²¹/

/t͡si⁵³⁻⁵⁵ nam¹¹/

/t͡sɛ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/t͡se²¹⁻⁵³ lam²⁴/

/t͡se¹¹⁻⁵³ lam²⁴/

/t͡se²¹⁻⁵³ lam¹³/

/t͡se²¹⁻⁴¹ lam²³/

/t͡se⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lam²⁴/

(～市) Jinan (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Shandong, China)


金門

→ English: Kinmen, Quemoy, Chinmen, Chin-men, Jinmen

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ mən³⁵/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ mŋ̍²³/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² mŋ̍²⁴/

/kim³³ mŋ̍²⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ mŋ̍²⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² muĩ¹³/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ mən³⁵/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ mŋ̍²³/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² mŋ̍²⁴/

/kim³³ mŋ̍²⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ mŋ̍²⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² muĩ¹³/

(～縣) Kinmen (a county of Taiwan (Republic of China); de jure part of its Fujian Province)


南亞

/nän³⁵ jä⁵¹/

/nän³⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/naːm²¹ aː³³/

/nˡaŋ⁵³⁻³³ ^((Ø-))ŋa³³/

/lam²⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² a³³/

/lam¹³⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ a⁴⁴/

/lam²³⁻³³ a⁴⁴/

/nän³⁵ jä⁵¹/

/nän³⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/naːm²¹ aː³³/

/nˡaŋ⁵³⁻³³ ^((Ø-))ŋa³³/

/lam²⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² a³³/

/lam¹³⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ a⁴⁴/

/lam²³⁻³³ a⁴⁴/


漢化

/xän⁵¹⁻⁵³ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/hɔːn³³ faː³³/

/xän⁵¹⁻⁵³ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/hɔːn³³ faː³³/

(computing) to implement Chinese localization; to translate into Chinese or convert into a Chinese interface


中國化

ㄓㄨㄥ ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄏㄨㄚˋ

ㄓㄨㄥ ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄏㄨㄚˋ

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³ faː³³/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³ faː³³/

馬克思主義中國化

马克思主义中国化


日本化

/ʐ̩⁵¹ pən²¹⁴⁻²¹ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/ʐ̩⁵¹ pən²¹⁴⁻²¹ xu̯ä⁵¹/


蘇聯

/sɔ⁴⁴⁻²² liɛn²⁴/

/sɔ³³ liɛn²⁴/

/sɔ⁴⁴⁻²² liɛn¹³/

/sɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ liɛn²⁴/

/sɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ liɛn²³/

/sɔ⁴⁴⁻²² liɛn²⁴/

/sɔ³³ liɛn²⁴/

/sɔ⁴⁴⁻²² liɛn¹³/

/sɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ liɛn²⁴/

/sɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ liɛn²³/

Short for 蘇維埃聯盟／苏维埃联盟 (Sūwéi'āi Liánméng).


東帝汶

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ ti⁵¹⁻⁵³ wən⁵¹/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ tɐi̯³³ mɐn²²/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ tɐi̯³³ mɐn²¹/

/tɔŋ³³ te⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ bun⁴¹/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² te²¹⁻⁵³ bun²²/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ ti⁵¹⁻⁵³ wən⁵¹/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ tɐi̯³³ mɐn²²/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ tɐi̯³³ mɐn²¹/

/tɔŋ³³ te⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ bun⁴¹/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² te²¹⁻⁵³ bun²²/

East Timor (a country in Southeast Asia occupying half the island of Timor)


莫斯科

/mu̯ɔ⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵⁵/

/mɔːk̚² siː⁵⁵ fɔː⁵⁵/

/mok̚⁵ sɨ²⁴⁻¹¹ kʰo²⁴/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² su⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰɤ⁴⁴/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² su⁴⁴⁻²² kʰo⁴⁴/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² su⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰo⁴⁴/

/bɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ su⁴⁴⁻²² kʰo⁴⁴/

/bɔk̚²⁴⁻² sɯ³³ kʰə³³/

/moʔ¹¹ sz̩²² kʰu²³/

/mu̯ɔ⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵⁵/

/mɔːk̚² siː⁵⁵ fɔː⁵⁵/

/mok̚⁵ sɨ²⁴⁻¹¹ kʰo²⁴/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² su⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰɤ⁴⁴/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² su⁴⁴⁻²² kʰo⁴⁴/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² su⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰo⁴⁴/

/bɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ su⁴⁴⁻²² kʰo⁴⁴/

/bɔk̚²⁴⁻² sɯ³³ kʰə³³/

/moʔ¹¹ sz̩²² kʰu²³/

Borrowed from English Moscow, or shortened from Qing-era 莫斯科窪／莫斯科洼 (Mòsīkēwā), which is borrowed from Manchu ᠮᠣᠰᠺᠣᠸᠠ (mosk'owa).

zh-l

莫斯科窪／莫斯科洼 (Mòsīkēwā)

《莫斯科郊外的晚上》

Moscow (a federal city, the capital of Russia)


俄國

desc

→ Lü: ᦵᦁᦲᧉᦷᦅᧉ (ʼoe²ko²)

→ Lü: ᦵᦁᦲᧉᦷᦅᧉ (ʼoe²ko²)

/ˀɤ³⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/ˀɤ⁵¹ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/ŋɔː²¹ kʷɔːk̚³/

/ᵑɡᵘɔ²² kɔk̚⁵⁵/

/ˈŋo³⁵ kuɛt̚⁵/

/ŋo¹¹ kuɛt̚¹/

/ŋo⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾uɔʔ²⁴/

/ɡɤ²³⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

/ɡo²⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/ɡo²⁴⁻¹¹ kɔk̚³²/

/ɡo¹³⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/ŋɔ̃²⁴⁻²² kɔk̚⁵/

/ŋo⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kok̚²/

/ŋu²² koʔ⁴⁴/

/ˀɤ³⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/ˀɤ⁵¹ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/ŋɔː²¹ kʷɔːk̚³/

/ᵑɡᵘɔ²² kɔk̚⁵⁵/

/ˈŋo³⁵ kuɛt̚⁵/

/ŋo¹¹ kuɛt̚¹/

/ŋo⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾uɔʔ²⁴/

/ɡɤ²³⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

/ɡo²⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/ɡo²⁴⁻¹¹ kɔk̚³²/

/ɡo¹³⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/ŋɔ̃²⁴⁻²² kɔk̚⁵/

/ŋo⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kok̚²/

/ŋu²² koʔ⁴⁴/

From 俄 (É, abbreviation of 俄羅斯／俄罗斯 (Éluósī)) + 國／国 (guó, “country”); attested as early as 1838, in the Eastern Western Monthly Magazine.

zh-m

俄羅斯／俄罗斯 (Éluósī)

Russia (A transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and North Asia) (at any point of its history)


俄羅斯

→ Zhuang: Ngozlozswh

Ngò̤-lò̤-sṳ̆

/ˀɤ³⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵/

/ˀɤ⁵¹ lu̯ɔ³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵/

/ŋɔː²¹ lɔː²¹ siː⁵⁵/

/ᵑɡᵘɔ²² lᵘɔ²² ɬu³³/

/ŋo¹¹ lo¹¹ sɨ²⁴/

/ŋo¹¹ lo¹¹ sz̩⁴⁴/

Ngò̤-lò̤-sṳ̆

/ŋo⁵³⁻³³ l̃o⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾ly⁵⁵/

/ɡo¹³⁻²² lo¹³⁻²² su⁴⁴/

/ɡɤ²³⁻³³ lɤ²³⁻³³ su⁴⁴/

/ɡo²⁴⁻¹¹ lo²⁴⁻¹¹ su⁴⁴/

/ɡo²⁴⁻²² lo²⁴⁻²² su⁴⁴/

/ŋɔ̃²⁴⁻²² lo²⁴⁻²² sɯ³³/

/ŋo⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lo⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sɯ³³/

/ŋu²² lu⁵⁵ sz̩²¹/

/ˀɤ³⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵/

/ˀɤ⁵¹ lu̯ɔ³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵/

/ŋɔː²¹ lɔː²¹ siː⁵⁵/

/ᵑɡᵘɔ²² lᵘɔ²² ɬu³³/

/ŋo¹¹ lo¹¹ sɨ²⁴/

/ŋo¹¹ lo¹¹ sz̩⁴⁴/

/ŋo⁵³⁻³³ l̃o⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾ly⁵⁵/

/ɡo¹³⁻²² lo¹³⁻²² su⁴⁴/

/ɡɤ²³⁻³³ lɤ²³⁻³³ su⁴⁴/

/ɡo²⁴⁻¹¹ lo²⁴⁻¹¹ su⁴⁴/

/ɡo²⁴⁻²² lo²⁴⁻²² su⁴⁴/

/ŋɔ̃²⁴⁻²² lo²⁴⁻²² sɯ³³/

/ŋo⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lo⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sɯ³³/

/ŋu²² lu⁵⁵ sz̩²¹/

Qing-era transcription of Manchu ᠣᡵᠣᠰ (oros, “Russians; Russia”), from Classical Mongolian ᠣᠷᠤᠰ (orus, “Russians; Russia”), from Middle Mongol 斡羅思 (orus, “Rus”), from Kipchak [Term?] (“Rus”) (whence Armeno-Kipchak Որուս (Orus, “Ruthenia”), with vowel-harmonic prothesis o- before liquid r-), from Old East Slavic Русь f (Rusĭ, “Rus”), from Proto-Finnic *roocci (“Swede, Varangian”).

der

俄罗斯
鄂羅斯
斡羅思
峨羅斯

中國和俄羅斯的邊界

中国和俄罗斯的边界

Russia (A transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and North Asia)

Armeno-Kipchak language
Liquid consonant
Prothesis (linguistics)
Qing dynasty
Vowel harmony


伊拉克

→ Zhuang: Yihlahgwz

/i⁵⁵ lä⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹/

/i⁵⁵ lä⁵⁵ kʰɤɻ⁵¹/

/jiː⁵⁵ laːi̯⁵⁵ hɐk̚⁵/

/i⁴⁴ la⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kʰɛt̚¹/

/i⁴⁴⁻²² la⁴⁴⁻²² kʰiɪk̚³²/

/i⁴⁴⁻³³ la⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰiɪk̚³²/

/i⁴⁴⁻²² liap̚¹²¹⁻²¹ kʰiɪk̚³²/

/i⁵⁵ la³³ kʰəʔ²¹/

/i⁵⁵ lä⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹/

/i⁵⁵ lä⁵⁵ kʰɤɻ⁵¹/

/jiː⁵⁵ laːi̯⁵⁵ hɐk̚⁵/

/i⁴⁴ la⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kʰɛt̚¹/

/i⁴⁴⁻²² la⁴⁴⁻²² kʰiɪk̚³²/

/i⁴⁴⁻³³ la⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰiɪk̚³²/

/i⁴⁴⁻²² liap̚¹²¹⁻²¹ kʰiɪk̚³²/

/i⁵⁵ la³³ kʰəʔ²¹/

From Arabic الْعِرَاق (al-ʕirāq, “Iraq”).

Iraq (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


俄羅斯聯邦

ㄜˊ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄙ ㄌㄧㄢˊ ㄅㄤ

ㄜˋ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄙ ㄌㄧㄢˊ ㄅㄤ

элосы Ляньбан

/ˀɤ³⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ li̯ɛn³⁵ pɑŋ⁵⁵/

/ˀɤ⁵¹ lu̯ɔ³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ li̯ɛn³⁵ pɑŋ⁵⁵/

/ŋɔː²¹ lɔː²¹ siː⁵⁵ lyːn²¹ pɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/ˀɤ³⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ li̯ɛn³⁵ pɑŋ⁵⁵/

/ˀɤ⁵¹ lu̯ɔ³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ li̯ɛn³⁵ pɑŋ⁵⁵/

/ŋɔː²¹ lɔː²¹ siː⁵⁵ lyːn²¹ pɔːŋ⁵⁵/


敘利亞

/ɕy⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹⁻⁵³ jä⁵¹/

/ɕy⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

zêu⁶ léi⁶ a³

/t͡sɵy̯²² lei̯²² aː³³/

/si⁵³⁻⁵⁵ li⁵³⁻⁵⁵ a⁵³/

/sy²⁴²⁻²¹ l̃i²¹³⁻⁵³ a³³/

/sɯ²² li⁴¹⁻²² a³³/

/su³³⁻¹¹ li³³⁻¹¹ a⁴⁴/

/su³³⁻²¹ li³³⁻²¹ a⁴⁴/

/su²²⁻²¹ li²²⁻²¹ a⁴⁴/

/si²²⁻²¹ li²²⁻²¹ a⁴⁴/

/ɕy⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹⁻⁵³ jä⁵¹/

/ɕy⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sɵy̯²² lei̯²² aː³³/

/si⁵³⁻⁵⁵ li⁵³⁻⁵⁵ a⁵³/

/sy²⁴²⁻²¹ l̃i²¹³⁻⁵³ a³³/

/sɯ²² li⁴¹⁻²² a³³/

/su³³⁻¹¹ li³³⁻¹¹ a⁴⁴/

/su³³⁻²¹ li³³⁻²¹ a⁴⁴/

/su²²⁻²¹ li²²⁻²¹ a⁴⁴/

/si²²⁻²¹ li²²⁻²¹ a⁴⁴/


敘利亞

/ɕy⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹⁻⁵³ jä⁵¹/

/ɕy⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

zêu⁶ léi⁶ a³

/t͡sɵy̯²² lei̯²² aː³³/

/si⁵³⁻⁵⁵ li⁵³⁻⁵⁵ a⁵³/

/sy²⁴²⁻²¹ l̃i²¹³⁻⁵³ a³³/

/sɯ²² li⁴¹⁻²² a³³/

/su³³⁻¹¹ li³³⁻¹¹ a⁴⁴/

/su³³⁻²¹ li³³⁻²¹ a⁴⁴/

/su²²⁻²¹ li²²⁻²¹ a⁴⁴/

/si²²⁻²¹ li²²⁻²¹ a⁴⁴/

/ɕy⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹⁻⁵³ jä⁵¹/

/ɕy⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sɵy̯²² lei̯²² aː³³/

/si⁵³⁻⁵⁵ li⁵³⁻⁵⁵ a⁵³/

/sy²⁴²⁻²¹ l̃i²¹³⁻⁵³ a³³/

/sɯ²² li⁴¹⁻²² a³³/

/su³³⁻¹¹ li³³⁻¹¹ a⁴⁴/

/su³³⁻²¹ li³³⁻²¹ a⁴⁴/

/su²²⁻²¹ li²²⁻²¹ a⁴⁴/

/si²²⁻²¹ li²²⁻²¹ a⁴⁴/

敘利亞成色

叙利亚成色

(Internet slang, figurative) chaotic, messy, dirty, bad