安全

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (安全):
* → Japanese: 安全(あんぜん) (anzen)
* → Korean: 안전(安全) (anjeon)
* → Vietnamese: an toàn (安全)

→ Zhuang: ancienz

→ Hmong: nyab xeeb

/ˀän⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ t͡sʰyːn²¹/

/ᵘɔn³³ tʰun²²/

/ɔn⁴⁴⁻³⁵ t͡ɕʰiɛn¹¹/

/aŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ^((t͡s-))nœŋ¹³/

/ũã³³⁻²³ t͡sʰueŋ⁵⁵/

/ũã³³⁻²³ t͡sʰuaŋ⁵⁵/

/ˀän⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ t͡sʰyːn²¹/

/ᵘɔn³³ tʰun²²/

/ɔn⁴⁴⁻³⁵ t͡ɕʰiɛn¹¹/

/aŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ^((t͡s-))nœŋ¹³/

/ũã³³⁻²³ t͡sʰueŋ⁵⁵/

/ũã³³⁻²³ t͡sʰuaŋ⁵⁵/

(～村) Anquan (a village in Wulipu, Shayang, Jingmen, Hubei, China)


花園

/xu̯ä⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/xu̯ä⁵⁵ ɥɑɻ³⁵/

/xua²⁴ yæ̃²⁴/

/faː⁵⁵ jyːn²¹⁻³⁵/

/hua⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾uoŋ⁵³/

/hua⁵³³⁻¹¹ œŋ¹³/

/hua⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ yøŋ²⁴/

/hue⁴⁴⁻³³ hŋ̍²³/

/hue⁴⁴⁻²² hŋ̍²⁴/

/hue⁴⁴⁻³³ hŋ̍²⁴/

/hue³³ hŋ̍²⁴/

/hua⁴⁴⁻²² huĩ¹³/

/hue³³⁻²³ hŋ⁵⁵/

/ho⁵⁵ ɦyø²¹/

/xu̯ä⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/xu̯ä⁵⁵ ɥɑɻ³⁵/

/xua²⁴ yæ̃²⁴/

/faː⁵⁵ jyːn²¹⁻³⁵/

/hua⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾uoŋ⁵³/

/hua⁵³³⁻¹¹ œŋ¹³/

/hua⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ yøŋ²⁴/

/hue⁴⁴⁻³³ hŋ̍²³/

/hue⁴⁴⁻²² hŋ̍²⁴/

/hue⁴⁴⁻³³ hŋ̍²⁴/

/hue³³ hŋ̍²⁴/

/hua⁴⁴⁻²² huĩ¹³/

/hue³³⁻²³ hŋ⁵⁵/

/ho⁵⁵ ɦyø²¹/

The Malaysian sense is a semantic loan from Malay taman (“park; garden; residential neighborhood”).

sl

(～鎮) Huayuan (a town in Xiaochang, Xiaogan, Hubei, China)

(～村) Huayuan (a village in Wenquan, Yingshan, Huanggang, Hubei, China)


伊

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qlil): semantic 亻 (“person”) + phonetic 尹 (OC *ɢʷlinʔ).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(h)i ~ *(h)aj (“this; here”). Cognate with Burmese ဤ (i, “this”).

inh-lite

𠁼
𰁢
𠈽
𦯴
𠜧
𠜰
佢
渠
夷

while 渠 is more common in other varieties

Chinese varieties in general do not distinguish gender

distinctions are only sometimes made in writing.佢 is commonly used in Yue

(～水, ～河) Yi River (a tributary of the Luo River in Henan, China)


剡

a historical county of Kuaiji in Han dynasty, now 嵊州 (Shèngzhōu), Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China


卞

(～縣) (historical) Bian County (a county in modern-day Shandong, China)


厚

Sino-Xenic (厚):
* → Korean: 후(厚) (hu)

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 厂 (“cliff; cave on a cliff”) + 𣆪 (“jug”). According to Shuowen, 𣆪 is an inverted 亯.

Han compound

(～鎮) Hou (a town in Lantian, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China)


厝

𠪞
錯
𥕉
戍
茨
㢀
𡪣
次
聚
陬
宿
處
室


吉

→ English: Ji

Ideogram (指事) derived from a ritual axe 士 and an open mouth 口, perhaps with a reference to rituals to obtain the gratitude of the ancestors and deities.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-kjit (“happy; pleased”) (STEDT). Also compare Tibetan སྐྱིད་པ (skyid pa, “to be happy”) and Burmese ချစ် (hkyac, “to love, to be pleased”) (Schuessler, 2007, Hill, 2019).
Cantonese sense of “empty” arises from avoidance of 空 (hung¹), which is homophonous to 凶 (hung¹, “inauspicious”).
The Taiwanese Chinese sense of “to sue” arises from avoidance of 告 (gào, “to sue”), which is a typo form of it.

cog

(～縣) Ji County (a county of Linfen, Shanxi, China)


向

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 宀 (“house”) + 口 (“mouth”), echos in a place. The original form of 響. It was borrowed to represent 𠨍 (嚮) later. The mouth doesn't represent an opening (e.g., a door or a window) as in 高 and 谷. Similar to 冋.
; “ACG: for (directed at, intended to belong to)”


唐

Cao Wei
Chen dynasty
Eastern Han dynasty
Eastern Wei
Eastern Wu
Eastern Zhou dynasty
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
Han dynasty
Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
Jin dynasty (265–420)
Liang dynasty
Liao dynasty
Liu Song dynasty
Ming dynasty
Northern Qi
Northern Wei
Northern Zhou
Northern and Southern dynasties
Qin dynasty
Qing dynasty
Shang dynasty
Shu Han
Song dynasty
Southern Qi
Southern and Northern dynasties
Spring and Autumn period
Sui dynasty
Tang dynasty
Three Kingdoms
Warring States period
Western Han dynasty
Western Liao
Western Wei
Western Xia
Western Zhou dynasty
Xia dynasty
Xin dynasty
Yuan dynasty
Zhou dynasty

→ English: Tang, T'ang, Tong, Tng

desc

→ Proto-Southwestern Tai: *daːŋᴬ² (“road; way”)

Northern Thai: ᨴᩤ᩠ᨦ

Khün: ᨴᩤ᩠ᨦ

Lao: ທາງ (thāng)

Lü: ᦑᦱᧂ (taang)

Tai Dam: ꪕꪱꪉ

Shan: တၢင်း (táang)

Tai Nüa: ᥖᥣᥒᥰ (täang)

Ahom: 𑜄𑜂𑜫 (taṅ)

Thai: ทาง (taang, “road; way”)

→ Thai: ถัง (tǎng, “Tang (dynasty)”)

Either related to 途 (OC *l'aː) (Wang, 1982) or from Austroasiatic, compare Proto-Austroasiatic *glɔːŋ, whence Mon ဂၠံၚ်, Kensiu gəlɔŋ, Kuy [script needed] (khlù:aŋ) (Schuessler, 2007).

(～縣) Tang county (a county of Baoding, Hebei, China)


婺

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *moɡs): phonetic 敄 (OC *moʔ, *mos) + semantic 女 (“woman”).

Han compound

(～州) a former prefecture in modern Zhejiang


宛

(～縣) (historical) Yuan (a county of ancient China, established in the Qin dynasty)


富

→ English: Fu

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *pɯɡs): semantic 宀 + phonetic 畐 (OC *pʰrɯɡ, *bɯɡ).
Bodman (1980) compares it to Tibetan ཕྱུག (phyug, “rich; wealthy”), ཕྱུགས (phyugs, “all beasts that can be domesticated or subjugated by man; cattle”), but the vowels do not match with Chinese (Schuessler, 2007).
Sagart (1999) relates it to 寶 (OC *puːʔ), but see there for more. In later work, Sagart (2011b, 2017d) connects it to Proto-Tibeto-Burman *pʷak (“pig”), comparing the semantic development from “pig” to “rich” to Latin pecunia (“money”), which is derived from Latin pecu (“cattle; domestic animals”), and tentatively reconstructs Proto-Sino-Tibetan *C.pək (“pig”). However, the Tibeto-Burman word for “pig” is usually compared to 豝 (OC *praː, “sow”).
Cognate with 福 (OC *pɯɡ, “blessing”) (Wang, 1982; Schuessler, 2007).
;"Fu county"

Han compound

(～縣) Fu County, Fuxian (a county of Yan'an, Shaanxi, China)


岷

(～江) Min River (a river in Sichuan Province, China)

(～山) Min Mountains (a mountain range in Sichuan and Gansu Provinces, China)


巴

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (巴):
* → Japanese: 巴(は) (Ha)
* → Korean: 파(巴) (Pa)
* → Vietnamese: Ba (巴)

Pictogram (象形) — a huge snake. However, in 邑 and 色 (both Kangxi radicals) it represents a person kneeling.
; "huge snake"
; "bar"

(historical) Ba (an ancient state in modern-day Sichuan)


康

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 庚 (“threshing tools”) + 米 (“rice”) – chaff. The clearest version is 𢊪, in which the two components can be identified well; in the semi-conservative variant 𥹺, the rice at the bottom is still well visible. The derivative 糠 refers to the original word.
Unrelated to 隶, in which the bottom part is a reference to a tail (毛); also unrelated to 水.
; quiet, calm, peaceful
; Kham
; "to look, to see"

Han compound

Kham (a historic region of the Tibet autonomous region)


應

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (應):
* → Japanese: 応(おう) (ō)
* → Vietnamese: ứng (應)

→ English: Ying

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qɯŋ, *qɯŋs): phonetic 䧹 (OC *qɯŋ) + semantic 心 (“heart”).
Related to 膺 (OC *qɯŋ, “breastplate; to oppose”); see there for more (STEDT).

Han compound

应
譍
噟
応
𢈀
𢇭
𠩍
𤻮
𧭭
𡄖

叫天天不應，叫地地不靈 / 叫天天不应，叫地地不灵

jiào tiān tiān bù yìng, jiào dì dì bù líng

(～縣) Ying County (a county of Shuozhou, Shanxi, China)


戶

Sino-Xenic (戶):
* → Vietnamese: hộ (戶)

→ Vietnamese: họ (戶)

Pictogram (象形): one-half of 門 (“gate”). The character in its original form is similar to 𠁣.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/s-k(w)a-j (“mouth; opening; spread; door; face; jaw”). Cognate with Tibetan སྒོ (sgo, “door”).
;"Hu county"

inh

(～縣) (historical) Hu (a defunct county in Xi'an, Shaanxi, China) (converted into district and renamed to 鄠邑 in 2016)


房

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (房):
* → Japanese: 房(ぼう) (bō)
* → Korean: 방(房) (bang)
* → Vietnamese: phòng (房)

→ English: Fang

→ Manchu: ᠪᠣᠣ (boo)

→ Vietnamese: buồng (房)

Burmese language
Sino-Tibetan languages
Tibetan language

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *baːŋ, *baŋ): semantic 戶 (“door”) + phonetic 方 (OC *paŋ, *baŋ).
Also could be an ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 戶 (“door”) + 方 (homonym of 旁 (OC *baːŋ, “side”)), as it originally referred to one of the two rooms beside the central room (side room).
Etymology not certain. Probably Sino-Tibetan; compare Tibetan བང་བ (bang ba, “storeroom; storehouse”), Burmese ဝင်း (wang:, “enclosure”) (Bodman, 1980). Alternatively, compare Tibetan བྲང (brang, “house”) (as in ཕོ་བྲང (pho brang, “palace”) and བྲང་ཁང (brang khang, “dwelling house”)) (Schuessler, 2007).

cog-lite

(～縣) Fang County (a county of Shiyan, Hubei, China)


敦

Originally written 𦎫 in oracle bone script and bronze script, an ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 亯 (“ancestral shrine”) + 羊 (“sheep”). According to Ma Rusen (馬如森), the character represents a cooked goat used as a sacrifice. According to Ma Xulun (馬敍倫) and Yang Shuda (楊樹達), the character's original meanings was "to cook" and is the original form of 燉.
Later used to mean “to force; to compel” and came to be written with 攴, making the modern form an ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *tuːl, *doːn, *tuːn, *tuːns): phonetic 𦎫 + semantic 攴 (“hand”). The character 燉 was graphically shaped after the modern version.
; “thick; earnest; plentiful; large”
* 焞 (OC *tʰuːn, *djun, “ample, complete”)
* 醇 (OC *djun, “pure, unadulterated, generous”)
* 淳 (OC *djun, “ample”)
* 肫 (OC *tjun, “sincere, diligent”).
; “Tun”

och-l

㪟
𦎫
𦎧
𣀦
𢼪
𠧈
𠧉


曹

Originally 㯥 (cáo), an ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): two bundles 東 on top. The original meaning is "pair; peer, same kind". Later, 囗 was added as a distinguishing mark, which corrupted into 甘 in bronze inscriptions and 曰 in Seal Script, thus getting the intermediate and semi-archaic version 𣍘. The top two 東 have merged and now resemble 曲 with an extra stroke.
Unrelated to 曲 and 典.

(historical) Cao, a vassal state in China during the Zhou Dynasty (1046–221 BCE), covering roughly the area of modern-day Dingtao County in Heze, southwestern Shandong province


柏

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *praːɡ): semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 白 (OC *braːɡ).

Han compound

(～國) Bai, Bo (an ancient state in modern Henan)


榮

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɢʷreŋ): abbreviated phonetic 熒 (OC *ɡʷeːŋ) + semantic 木
Same word as 熒 (OC *ɡʷeːŋ) (Schuessler, 2007). See there for etymology.

Han compound

(～縣) Rong County (a county of Zigong, Sichuan, China)


歙

(～縣) She County (a county of Huangshan, Anhui, China)


沃

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qoːwɢ): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 夭 (OC *qoːwʔ, *qrow, *qrowʔ) – to irrigate with water.


沌

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *donʔ, *duːn, *duːnʔ): semantic 氵 + phonetic 屯 (OC *duːn, *tun).


沓

/t͡sʰauʔ¹²¹/

/t͡sʰauʔ¹²¹/

(historical) an ancient county in modern Liaoning


沭

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɦljud): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 朮 (OC *l'ud, *ɦljud).

Han compound

Shu River (a river in Shandong and Jiangsu, China)


河

Wutunhua: xhe

Hejin
Tong Pass
Xiongnu language
Yeniseian languages
Zhengzhou

Characters in the same phonetic series (可) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡaːl): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 可 (OC *kʰaːlʔ).
Originally particularly used for the Yellow River, with other rivers known as 水 (OC *qʰʷljilʔ). Later extended generally as a word for rivers in northern China but the influence of 江 (OC *kroːŋ, “Yangtze River; river in southern China”) has meant that modern usage tends to favor it for shorter rivers and creeks except in historical cases.
Further etymology uncertain. Various hypotheses have been proposed:
* Sino-Tibetan. Either:
** Cognate with Tibetan རྒལ (rgal, “to cross, to traverse”) (Coblin, 1986), or
** Derived from 湖 (OC *ɡaː, “lake”) (Matisoff, 1995), or
** that the Yellow River's name stems from the shape, which resembles an adze handle 柯 (OC *kaːl), of a stretch spanning 500 to 600 kilometers "from Héjīn, Tóngguān to east of Zhèngzhōu" (Takashima, 2012).
* A Mongolic loan. Compare Proto-Mongolic *gowl (“river”) > Mongolian ᠭᠣᠣᠯ (ɣool, “river”) (Norman and Mei, 1976). This was argued against in Zhang (1998).
** Miyake (2017) surmises that Proto-Mongolic *gowl (“river”) and 河 (OC *[C.g]ˤaj < *[C.g]ˤal)), even if related, might have come from a third source language, e.g. Xiongnu. If so, compare also Proto-Yeniseian *xur₁ (“water”) in light of speculated Xiongnu's linguistic affinity with the Yeniseian languages.

cog

Yellow River, Huang He (a major river in northern China, passing through Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan and Shandong provinces as well as Ningxia and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Regions)

(obsolete, Chinese mythology) Hebo; the god of the Yellow River

(obsolete, Chinese mythology) Yellow River's Map; the plan of the Yellow River (mystic diagram said to have been supernaturally revealed)

河南

Moles drink from the He [river]; yet cannot overfill their bellies

偃鼠飲河，不過滿腹。

偃鼠饮河，不过满腹。

What are the six rivers called? They are named He River, Red River, Liao River, Black River, Jiang River, and Huai River.

Hé wèi liùshuǐ? Yuē héshuǐ, chìshuǐ, liáoshuǐ, hēishuǐ, jiāngshuǐ, huáishuǐ.

何謂六水？曰河水、赤水、遼水、黑水、江水、淮水。

何谓六水？曰河水、赤水、辽水、黑水、江水、淮水。


泖

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *mruːʔ): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 卯 (OC *mruːʔ).


泗

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *hljids): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 四 (OC *hljids).


泥

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *niːl, *niːls): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 尼 (OC *nil).
Schuessler (2007) suggests it is of Sino-Tibetan origin and compares it to Lai [script needed] (nôoy-I, nǒoy-II, “be muddy”), which STEDT derives from Proto-Kuki-Chin *nooy ~ *naay (“muddy; dirty”). According to Schuessler (2007), 泥 (OC *niːl, “mud”) is also cognate with 濘 (OC *neːŋs) but not with 涅 (OC *niːɡ), and is distinct from 泥 (OC *niːls, “impeded”).
On the other hand, STEDT compares 泥 (OC *niːl, *niːls) to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-njak (“filth(y); excrement”), to which 敜 (OC *nɯːb) and 涅 (OC *niːɡ) are also compared.

cog

GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)


洈

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *krolʔ, *ŋrol): semantic 氵 (“river”) + phonetic 危 (OC *ŋrol).


洋

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (洋):
* → Japanese: 洋(よう) (yō)
* → Korean: 양(洋) (yang)
* → Vietnamese: dương (洋)

→ Zhuang: yangz

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ljaŋ, *laŋ): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 羊 (OC *laŋ).
; “multitudinous; vast; ocean”: Schuessler (2007) compares it with Tibetan ཡངས་པ (yangs pa, “wide; extensive; vast; spacious”). In contrast, Starostin sets up Proto-Sino-Tibetan *lɨ̆ŋ (“wave”), encompassing this and Tibetan ཀློང (klong, “space; expanse; wave”), Burmese လှိုင်း (hluing:, “wave; to abound; plentiful”).
: Compare 羕 (OC *laŋs, “(of rivers) long”), 漾 (OC *laŋs, “waves; (of rivers) long”).
; "vast expanse of flat land"

cog

(historical) a river in southern Shaanxi, China


洋

Yang Prefecture
w:Yang Prefecture (Shaanxi)

(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) (～州) Yang Prefecture (an ancient prefecture of Shaanxi, China)


洨

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡreːw): semantic 水 (“river; water”) + phonetic 交 (OC *kreːw).

Han compound

(～水, ～河) Xiao River (a river in Hebei, China)

(～水) (historical) Xiao River (a river in Anhui, China; modern Tuo River)

(～縣) (historical) Xiao (a county in modern Anhui, China)


浙

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ʔljed): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 折 (OC *l'eːl, *ʔljed, *ɦljed).

Han compound

(～江) (historical) Zhe River (the former name of the Qiantang River in Zhejiang, China)

short for 浙江 (Zhèjiāng): Zhejiang (a province in eastern China)


涪

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *bɯ): semantic 氵 + phonetic 咅 (OC *pʰɯʔ, *pʰl'oːs).

Han compound

(～江) Fu River (a river in Sichuan and Chongqing, China)


淦

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kɯːm, *kɯːms): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 金 (OC *krɯm).


渦

Guo River (a river in Henan and Anhui, China)


渫

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *zreːb, *sled): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 枼 (OC *leb).

Han compound

(～水) Xie River (a river in Shimen County, Hunan, China)


湋

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɢʷɯl): semantic 水 (“river”) + phonetic 韋 (OC *ɢʷɯl).


溚

(historical) An ancient river located in modern-day northwestern Shandong, China.


溳

(～水) a river in Hubei, part of the Han River


滃

(～江) a tributary of the Bei River, Guangdong, China


滇

(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) a river in Henan


滕

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *l'ɯːŋ): phonetic 朕 (OC *l'ɯmʔ) + semantic 水 (“water”).


漳

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kjaŋ): semantic 水 + phonetic 章 (OC *kjaŋ).

Han compound

(～河) Zhang River (river flowing from Shanxi to Hebei)


潁

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɢʷeŋʔ): semantic 水 (“river”) + phonetic 頃 (OC *kʰʷeŋ, *kʰʷeŋʔ).

Han compound

(～河, ～水) Ying River (a river in Henan and Anhui, China; the largest tributary of the Huai River)


澧

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *riːʔ): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 豊 (OC *riːʔ).

Han compound

(～水) Lishui River (a river in Hunan, China)

(～河, ～水) Lihe River (a river in Henan, China)


濂

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡ·reːm): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 廉 (OC *ɡ·rem)


濮

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *poːɡ): semantic 水 + phonetic 僕 (OC *boːɡ, *buːɡ).


瀟

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sɯːw): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 蕭 (OC *sɯːw).

Han compound

(～水) Xiao River (a river in Hunan, China)


瀧

Baxter's transcription for Middle Chinese

Resemblance to Vietnamese sông – which is from Proto-Vietic *k-roːŋ – is coincidental, for in the early 11th century CE 瀧 (MC sraewng) (Baxter) already possesed retroflex fricative initial 生 (as indicated by pronunciation 所江切 in Guangyun [1007 - 1008 CE]); meanwhile, as seen in Phật thuyết đại báo phụ mẫu ân trọng kinh (佛說大報父母恩重經) [12th century CE], Old Vietnamese clusters */Cr-/ had not yet become a retroflex fricative ancestral to Modern Vietnamese ‹s-›.

defdate

1007 - 1008 <small class='ce-date'>CE</small>

defdate

12th century <small class='ce-date'>CE</small>


瀼

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *njaŋ): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 襄 (OC *snaŋ).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-naːŋ (“heavy; thick (of liquids); viscous”); cognate with Mizo hnâng (“thick; viscous”) (Schuessler, 2007; STEDT). Coblin (1986) also compares this with Burmese နှင်း (hnang:, “dew; mist”).

inh

(～河) Rang River (a river in Henan, China)


灃

Feng (a river in Shaanxi Province, China)

(historical) alternative form of 豐 /丰 (fēng), Feng (a former capital of China)


灕

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *rel): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 離 (OC *reːls, *rel, *rels).

Han compound

(～江, ～水) Li River (a river in the Guangxi autonomous region, China)


牟

Ideogram (指事): An ox (牛) with a symbol (now 厶) to represent its lowing.
; “moo”
; “to seek; to obtain”
; “to love”
; “look; appearance”
; “spear”

(～國) (historical) Mou (an ancient state in modern-day Shandong, China)


珙

(～縣) Gong County (a county of Yibin, Sichuan, China)


甌

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qoː) and ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): phonetic 區 (OC *qoː, *kʰo, “vessel”) + semantic 瓦 (“pottery”).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ʔəw-ŋ (“pot; vat; jar”) (reconstructed provisionally). Related to 椀 (OC *qoːnʔ), 碗 (OC *qoːnʔ, “bowl”), and possibly 甕 (OC *qoːŋs, “urn”). Compare Burmese အိုး (ui:, “pot”) (Schuessler, 2007).

inh

abbreviation of 溫州 /温州 (Wēnzhōu, “Wenzhou”): a prefecture-level city of Zhejiang, in southeastern China


番

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *paːl, *paːls, *pʰaːn, *pʰan, *ban): phonetic 釆 (biàn) + semantic 田 – "animal's footprint in the field"; Xu Shen interprets both components as the pictogram of an animal footprint. Original form of 蹯 (fán).
According to Tadashi Takada (高田忠周), it's the pictogram of some seeds on the palm of an open hand, which conveys the concept of "spreading". Original form of 播.
Neither Xu Shen nor Tadashi Takada interprets the bottom component as the pictogram of a field.
; “to do in turns; turn; time”
; “anime series”

Han compound

(historical) (～縣) Po (former name of 鄱陽 /鄱阳 (Póyáng) (= Poyang): a county under the modern prefecture-level city of Shangrao, Jiangxi, China; used under the Qin dynasty)


疇

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *du): semantic 田 (“field”) + phonetic 壽 (OC *djuʔ, *djus).
; “who”

Han compound

畴
㿧
𣋬
𤴃
𠝽
𢏚
𤲮
𠷎
𤾦
𢑔
𢑜
𤾊
𠼡
𠾉
𰣚

(～國) Chou (an ancient state in modern Henan)


盂

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɢʷa): phonetic 于 (OC *ɢʷa) + semantic 皿 (“dish; vessel”)

Han compound

(～縣) Yu County, Yuxian (a county of Yangquan, Shanxi, China)


祁

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡril, *kljilʔ): phonetic 示 (OC *ɡle, *ɢljils) + semantic 邑 (“place”).

Han compound

(～縣) Qi County (a county of Jinzhong, Shanxi, China)


范

→ English: Fan

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *bomʔ): semantic 艸 (“grass”) + phonetic 氾 (OC *pʰoms, *bom).

Han compound

(～縣) Fan County, Fanxian (a county of Puyang, Henan, China)


茄

The viscount of Chu made Wei She wall Zhouqu, and bring back the people of Jia to it, and wall Qiuhuang, and remove the people of Zi to it.

Commentary of Zuo, c. 4ᵗʰ century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

Chǔ zǐ shǐ Wěi Shè chéng Zhōuqū, fù Jiā rén yān, chéng Qiūhuáng, qiān Zǐ rén yān.

楚子使薳射城州屈，復茄人焉，城丘皇，遷訾人焉。

楚子使薳射城州屈，复茄人焉，城丘皇，迁訾人焉。


茅

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *mruː): semantic 艹 (“plant”) + phonetic 矛 (OC *mu).

Han compound

(historical) an ancient state in modern Shandong


華

Pictogram (象形); this was the original form of 花 (OC *hʷraː, “flower”). In the bronze inscription form, the top part of the glyph resembles flowers of a plant, and the bottom part (于) resembles its stalk and leaves. Also phono-semantic (形聲 /形声), with 于 (OC *ɢʷa) functioning as the phonetic part. In the seal script, 艸 (“grass; plant”) was added as a semantic component.
華 (𦻏) and 𠌶 were initially the same character, but they were erroneously split in Shuowen into two entries.


著

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *taʔ, *tas, *da, *taɡ, *daɡ): semantic 艸 (“grass; plant”) + phonetic 者 (OC *tjaːʔ).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-ta-t (“to put; to place”). Cognate with Tibetan སྟད (stad, “to put on; to lay on”), སྟ་གོན (sta gon, “preparation; arrangement”), Burmese ထား (hta:, “to put; to place”). See also 署 (OC *djas, “to put, place”) (STEDT).

cog

着
着
𣋐
𣥧
囉
就
着
着

(historical) an ancient county in modern Shandong, China


蓨

(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) a county of Hebei


蔣

→ English: Chiang, Jiang

→ Tagalog: Chiong

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ²¹⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ²¹⁴/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ʔsaŋ, *ʔsaŋʔ): semantic 艸 (“grass”) + phonetic 將 (OC *ʔsaŋ, *ʔsaŋs).

Han compound

a Warring States-era state in modern-day Henan, China


蕭

→ English: Hsiao, Xiao, Siu

(～縣) Xiao County (a county of Anhui, China)


蘄

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡɯ, *kɯl, *ɡɯn): semantic 艸 (“grass”) + phonetic 𰕣.

Han compound

(～州) (historical) Qi (a prefecture located in modern-day Qichun, Hubei, China)


蘄

(～縣) (historical) Ji (a county located in modern-day Anhui, China)


虹

Originally pictographic (象形) in the oracle bone script. The ancient Chinese regarded the rainbow as a two-headed creature.
In the seal script, it has become a phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kroːŋs, *koːŋs, *ɡoːŋ): semantic 虫 (“insect; creature”) + phonetic 工 (OC *koːŋ).
Probably non-Sino-Tibetan; compare Proto-Mien *kluŋᴬ (“rainbow”), Thai รุ้ง (rúng, “rainbow”), Zhuang duzdoengz (“rainbow”), saidoengz (“rainbow”) (Schuessler, 2007).
Benedict (1986) and Carr (1990) relate this to 龍 (OC *b·roŋ, *mroːŋ, “dragon”) and 紅 (OC *ɡoːŋ, “red”). Ferlus (2013) relates this to 江 (OC *kroːŋ, “river”), 洚 (OC *kruːŋs, *ɡruːŋ, *ɡloːŋ, *ɡluːŋ, “flood”), and 龍 (OC *b·roŋ, *mroːŋ, “dragon”), and posits that these words are derived from a root *-roŋ, with meanings related to moving water.

och-l

(historical) a county in modern Anhui, China


蜀

Cao Wei
Chen dynasty
Eastern Han dynasty
Eastern Wei
Eastern Wu
Eastern Zhou dynasty
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
Han dynasty
Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
Jin dynasty (265–420)
Liang dynasty
Liao dynasty
Liu Song dynasty
Ming dynasty
Northern Qi
Northern Wei
Northern Zhou
Northern and Southern dynasties
Qin dynasty
Qing dynasty
Shang dynasty
Shu Han
Shuowen Jiezi
Song dynasty
Southern Qi
Southern and Northern dynasties
Spring and Autumn period
Sui dynasty
Tang dynasty
Three Kingdoms
Warring States period
Western Han dynasty
Western Liao
Western Wei
Western Xia
Western Zhou dynasty
Xia dynasty
Xin dynasty
Yuan dynasty
Zhou dynasty

Shuowen Jiezi interprets this as a pictograph of a silkworm: with 目 (mù, “eye”) depicting its head above its wriggling body; cf. 蠶叢／蚕丛 (“silkworm-thicket”), legendary inventor of silk and sericulture and ancestor of the first dynasty of the Shu kings.


蠡

(～縣) Li County (a county of Hebei, China)


豐

Ideogram (指事) – The top component is 𠁳, a pot full of plants 丰 (abundance, plenty). The bottom component is 豆, which is another pot.
Unrelated to 豊, in which two strings of jade pieces 玨 are present. The top component of 豐 is unrelated to 山.
Schuessler (2007) compares a Burmese pruiŋᴮ (“full, abundant”), which would be written in Burmese script as ပြိုင်း (pruing:); however, no such word with that spelling shows up in the MED (Myanmar English Dictionary). It appears more likely that the item Schuessler wishes to compare ပြည့် (prany., “to be full”).

(historical) Feng (a former capital of China)


贛

In the bronze script, it was attested as 𬔧, an ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 章 (“jade ornament”) + 丮 (“to hold”) – holding a jade ornament > “to bestow”. The 丮 component corrupts into 欠 or 次, and later to 夂 or a variant with 二 under 夂. An additional semantic component 貝 (“cowrie; money”) was often added. The 二 and 貝 components combine to form an emergent phonetic component 貢 (OC *koːŋs).
Shuowen reinterprets it as a phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kluːmʔ, *kluːms, *kromʔ, *kloːms): abbreviated phonetic 竷 (OC *kʰluːms) + semantic 貝 (“shell; money”), but this is not supported by earlier scripts.

Han compound

赣
贑/𫎬
𥫔
灨
⿱夂贡
赣
贑/𫎬

(～江, ～水) Gan River (a river in Jiangxi, China)


遼

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *reːw): semantic 辵 (“walk”) + phonetic 尞.

Han compound

(～河, ～水) Liao (a river in Northeast China)


邗

(historical) Han (a former city in Huai'an, Jiangsu, China)

(historical) synonym of 邗國 /邗国 (Hánguó), Han (a former state in Jiangsu, China)


邛

/t͡ɕʰi̯ʊŋ³⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ʊŋ³⁵/

Qiong Prefecture
w:Qiong Prefecture (Sichuan)

(～州) (historical) Qiong Prefecture (a former prefecture of Sichuan, China)

(～縣) (historical) Qiong County (a former county in Sichuan, China during the Ming dynasty)


邲

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *priɡs, *bliɡ, *briɡ): phonetic 必 (OC *pliɡ) + semantic 邑 (“city; town”)

Han compound

a battle site north of Xingyang, Zhengzhou, Henan, China


邿

an ancient state from the Spring and Autumn Period in modern Shandong


郪

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sʰiːl, *sʰil): phonetic 妻 (OC *sʰiːl, *sʰiːls) + semantic 邑 (“city”).

Han compound

(～江) Qi River (a river in Sichuan, China)

(～縣) (historical) Qi (a county in modern-day Sichuan, China)


郫

(～縣) Pi (a former county of Chengdu, Sichuan, China)


郴

(～州, formerly ～縣) Chenzhou (a place in Hunan, China)


鄂

→ English: E, O

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ŋaːɡ): phonetic 咢 (OC *ŋaːɡ) + semantic 阝 (“area”).

Han compound

E (an ancient state located in modern Shanxi, Henan and Hubei, China)

short for 湖北 (Húběi): Hubei (a province of China)


鄆

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɢuns): phonetic 軍 (OC *kun) + semantic 邑 (“place”).


鄖

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɢun): phonetic 員 (OC *ɢon, *ɢun) + semantic 阝 (“area”).

Han compound

(～縣) (historical) Yun (a county of Shiyan, Hubei, China)


鄜

Simplified from 𨞻 (麃 → 鹿), a phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *pʰlo, *roːɡ): phonetic 麃 (OC *braːw, *pʰrawʔ) + semantic 邑 (“city”).

Han compound

(～州, ～縣) Fu (an ancient prefecture, which later was reorganized into a county, roughly corresponding to modern-day Fuxian, Shaanxi, China)


鄠

(～縣) (historical) Hu (a defunct county in Xi'an, Shaanxi, China) (renamed to 戶縣 /户县 in 1964, then to 鄠邑 in 2016)


鄫

(historical) Zeng (an ancient vassal state in modern-day Shandong, China)

(historical) Zeng (an ancient vassal state in modern-day Henan, China)


鄭

desc

→ English: Cheng, Zheng, Tseng, Tay, Teh, Tee, Tey

→ Tagalog: Ty, Tee (via Hokkien)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *deŋs): phonetic 奠 (OC *diːŋs) + semantic 邑.

Han compound

If you would spare Zheng as a host of the eastern roads, we are willing to provide hospitability and aid to your eastbound diplomatic missions. There could be no harm to you in this.

Ruò shě Zhèng yǐwéi dōngdàozhǔ, xínglǐ zhī wǎnglái, gōng qí fákùn, jūn yì wú suǒ hài.

若舍鄭以為東道主，行李之往來，共其乏困，君亦無所害。

若舍郑以为东道主，行李之往来，共其乏困，君亦无所害。

(historical) Zheng (a former state in modern-day Henan, during the Zhou dynasty)


鄲

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *taːn): phonetic 單 (OC *taːn, *djan, *djanʔ, *djans) + semantic 阝 (“city”).

Han compound

an ancient state and ancient county in modern Guoyang, Anhui


鄵

an ancient state in China which lay under the jurisdiction of the State of Zheng during the Spring and Autumn Period; located between present-day Xinzheng and Lushan County


酆

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *pʰuŋ): phonetic 豐 (OC *pʰuŋ) + semantic 阝.

Han compound

Feng (an ancient state during the Zhou dynasty situated in modern-day Shaanxi province)


鎬

Xu Guang said: "Feng was in Hu Prefecture in Jingzhao, to its east there was the Numinous Terrace; Hao was in the royal park of Shanglin's Kunming; to its north there was Hao Pond, 25 li from Feng; all were tens of li from Chang'an."

裴駰 Pei Yin,《史記集解》 Collected Explanations on the Records of the Grand Historian

Xú Guǎng yuē: “Fēng zài Jīngzhào Hùxiàn, dōng yǒu Língtái. Hào zài Shànglín Kūnmíng, běi yǒu Hào chí, qù Fēng èrshíwǔ lǐ. Jiē zài Cháng'ān nán shù shí lǐ.”

徐廣曰：「豐在京兆鄠縣，東有靈臺。鎬在上林昆明，北有鎬池，去豐二十五里。皆在長安南數十里。」

徐广曰：「丰在京兆鄠县，东有灵台。镐在上林昆明，北有镐池，去丰二十五里。皆在长安南数十里。」

(historical) synonym of 鎬京 /镐京 (Hàojīng), Hao (a former capital of China under the Zhou Dynasty)


閩

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *mrɯn, *mɯn): phonetic 門 (OC *mɯːn) + semantic 虫 (“snake”). The 虫 radical was a common component of the names of barbarians (Schuessler, 2007), probably reflecting the Min people's worship of snakes (Li, 2017).
Matisoff (2003) relates it to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-b/m-ruːl (“snake”), but this comparison is no longer held in STEDT.
In most modern Min dialects and some other southern dialects (including Hakka and Xiang), it is read with a level tone (平聲), which is the expected reflex based on rime dictionaries. In Mandarin and the remaining southern dialects, it is read with a rising tone (上聲), probably due to analogy with the phonetic component of 閔 (MC minX) (Li, 2017).

Han compound

(～江) Min River (a river in Fujian, China)


陝

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *hljemʔ): semantic 阜 + phonetic 㚒 (shǎn).

Han compound

(～縣) Shan County (a historical county of Henan, China; now Shanzhou)


隞

Ao (the ancient capital of the Shang Dynasty, located in present-day Guancheng Hui district, Zhengzhou, Henan, China)


隨

→ English: Sui

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ljol): semantic 辵 (“walking”) + abbreviated phonetic 𡐦

Han compound

(～縣) Sui (a county of Suizhou, Hubei, China)


隰

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ljɯb): semantic 阜 + phonetic 㬎.

Han compound

(～縣) Xi County, Xixian (a county of Linfen, Shanxi, China)


隴

→ English: Long, Lung

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *roŋʔ): semantic 阝 + phonetic 龍 (OC *b·roŋ, *mroːŋ).

Han compound

(～縣) Long County (a county of Shaanxi, China)


韶

(～州) (historical) Shao (a former prefecture of Guangdong, China)


飂

(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) an ancient state in modern Tanghe, Henan


鰲

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ŋaːw): phonetic 敖 (OC *ŋaːw) + semantic 魚 (“fish”)
Possibly a back-formation from 黿 (OC *ŋoːn, *ŋon, “large turtle”) with final -n discarded due to folk etymology (Schuessler, 2007).


鳳

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (鳳):
* → Japanese: 鳳(ほう) (hō)
* → Korean: 봉(鳳) (bong)
* → Vietnamese: phụng (鳳), phượng (鳳)

→ English: Feng

→ Zhuang: fungh

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *bums): phonetic 凡 (OC *bom) + semantic 鳥 (“bird”).
In the oracle bone script, the script of 鳳 (OC *bums) was often phonetically borrowed to represent 風 (OC *plum, *plums, “wind”). Subsequent forms of the script of 風 were also derived from parts of the bronze inscription of 鳳.

Han compound

(～縣) Feng County, Fengxian (a county of Baoji, Shaanxi, China)


西藏

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (西藏):
* → Japanese: 西蔵(せいぞう) (Seizō)
* → Korean: 서장(西藏) (Seojang)
* → Vietnamese: Tây Tạng (西藏)

/ɕi⁵⁵ t͡sɑŋ⁵¹/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ t͡sɔːŋ²²/

/si²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰoŋ⁵⁵/

/si⁵³ t͡sʰoŋ³³/

/ɕi⁴⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sʰɔŋ⁵³/

/sɛ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ^((t͡s-))ʒɑuŋ²⁴²/

/ɬe⁵³³⁻¹³ ^((t͡s-))lɒŋ¹¹/

/ɬe⁵⁴⁴⁻²⁴ ^((t͡s-))lɒŋ²¹/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sɔŋ²²/

/se³³ t͡sɔŋ⁴¹/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sɔŋ²²/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sɔŋ³³/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sɔŋ³³/

/sai³³⁻²³ t͡saŋ³⁵/

/ɕi⁵⁵ zɑ̃²¹/

/ɕi⁵⁵ t͡sɑŋ⁵¹/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ t͡sɔːŋ²²/

/si²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰoŋ⁵⁵/

/si⁵³ t͡sʰoŋ³³/

/ɕi⁴⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sʰɔŋ⁵³/

/sɛ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ^((t͡s-))ʒɑuŋ²⁴²/

/ɬe⁵³³⁻¹³ ^((t͡s-))lɒŋ¹¹/

/ɬe⁵⁴⁴⁻²⁴ ^((t͡s-))lɒŋ²¹/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sɔŋ²²/

/se³³ t͡sɔŋ⁴¹/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sɔŋ²²/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sɔŋ³³/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sɔŋ³³/

/sai³³⁻²³ t͡saŋ³⁵/

/ɕi⁵⁵ zɑ̃²¹/

First attested in the late 16th century, in Ming dynasty official documents. 西 (xī, “west”) denotes the location of Tibet relative to the Qinghai Lake, while 藏 (Zàng) is a shortening of 烏思藏／乌思藏 (Wūsīzàng, “Ü-Tsang”), which was borrowed from Tibetan དབུས་གཙང (dbus gtsang) (Li, 2016).
Manchu ᠸᠠᡵᡤᡳ
ᡯᠠᠩ (wargi dzang, “Ü-Tsang; Tibet”, literally “west dzang”) appears to be a calque of 西藏 (Li, 2018).

ncog

～自治區 西藏自治區#Chinese

(～自治區, formerly ～地方) Tibet (an autonomous region of China)


長城

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰaŋ²¹ t͡sʰən²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ²⁴ ʈ͡ʂʰəŋ²⁴/

/t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ sɪŋ²¹/

/t͡sʰoŋ¹¹ saŋ¹¹/

/tuoŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾niaŋ⁵³/

/tyɒŋ¹³⁻¹¹ ɬia¹³/

dyoeng² siann² [Phonetic:dyoeng⁵ siann²]

/tyøŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ɬĩã²⁴/

/tŋ̍²³⁻³³ siã²³/

/tŋ̍¹³⁻²² siã¹³/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²² siã²⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ siã²⁴/

/t͡sʰiaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sĩã⁵⁵/

/zã²² zən⁴⁴/

/zã²² zən²²/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰaŋ²¹ t͡sʰən²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ²⁴ ʈ͡ʂʰəŋ²⁴/

/t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ sɪŋ²¹/

/t͡sʰoŋ¹¹ saŋ¹¹/

/tuoŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾niaŋ⁵³/

/tyɒŋ¹³⁻¹¹ ɬia¹³/

/tyøŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ɬĩã²⁴/

/tŋ̍²³⁻³³ siã²³/

/tŋ̍¹³⁻²² siã¹³/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²² siã²⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ siã²⁴/

/t͡sʰiaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sĩã⁵⁵/

/zã²² zən⁴⁴/

/zã²² zən²²/

(～區) (historical) Changcheng (a former district of Jiayuguan, Gansu, China)


北京

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (北京):
* → Japanese: 北京(ほっきょう) (Hokkyō)
* → Korean: 북경(北京) (Bukgyeong)
* → Vietnamese: Bắc Kinh (北京)

→ Amis: Piking

→ Arabic: بِكِين (bikīn)

→ Asturian: Beijing

→ Belarusian: Пекі́н (Pjekín)

→ Bengali: বেইজিং (beijiṅ)

→ Bouyei: Bagtjingl

desc

→ Burmese: ပေကျင်း (pe-kyang:), ပီကင်း (pikang:)

→ Catalan: Pequín

→ Czech: Peking

→ Danish: Beijing, Peking

→ Dutch: Peking

→ English: Beijing, Peking, Pei-ching

→ French: Pékin

→ Finnish: Peking, Beijing

→ Georgian: პეკინი (ṗeḳini)

→ German: Peking

→ Greek: Πεκίνο (Pekíno)

→ Hebrew: בייג׳ינג (beijing)

→ Hindi: बेजिंग (bejiṅg)

→ Hlai: Bhakgengs

→ Hungarian: Peking

→ Italian: Pechino

→ Japanese: 北(ペ)京(キン) (Pekin)

→ Kazakh: Бейжің (Beijıñ)

→ Khmer: ប៉េកាំង (peekang)

→ Korean: 베이징 (Beijing)

→ Lao: ປັກກິງ (pak king)

→ Latin: Pechinum

→ Latvian: Pekina

→ Lithuanian: Pekinas

→ Lü: ᦵᦗᦲᧉᦋᦲᧃᧈ (poe²tsiin¹)

→ Lü: ᦵᦗᦲᧉᦋᦲᧃᧈ (poe²tsiin¹)

→ Macedonian: Пекинг (Peking)

→ Manchu: ᠪᡝᡤᡳᠩ (beging)

→ Mongolian: Бээжин (Beežin) / ᠪᠡᠭᠡᠵᠢᠩ (begeǰing)

→ Nepali: बेइजिङ (beijiṅ)

→ Nuosu: ꀙꏢ (bip ji)

→ Persian: پکن (pekan)

→ Polish: Pekin

→ Portuguese: Pequim

→ Romanian: Beijing, Pekin

→ Russian: Пеки́н (Pekín)

→ Armenian: Պեկին (Pekin)

→ Serbo-Croatian: Пѐкинг / Pèking, Бејџинг / Bejdžing

→ Slovene: Peking

→ Spanish: Pekín, Pequín

→ Swedish: Peking, Beijing

→ Telugu: బీజింగ్ (bījiṅg)

→ Thai: ปักกิ่ง (bpàk-gìng)

→ Tibetan: པེ་ཅིན (pe cin), པེ་ཅིང (pe cing)

→ Urdu: بیجنگ (bējiṅg)

→ Uyghur: بېيجىڭ (bëyjing)

→ Zhuang: Baekging

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕiɤ̯̃ɻ⁵⁵/

/pɛ²¹ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/pei²⁴ t͡ɕiŋ²⁴/

/pɐk̚⁵ kɪŋ⁵⁵/

/pɛt̚⁵ t͡ɕin⁴²/

/pei⁵³ t͡ɕiŋ¹¹/

/pɛ²⁴ keiŋ⁵⁴/

/pøyʔ²⁴⁻²¹ kiŋ⁵⁵/

/paʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ kiŋ⁵³³/

/paʔ²⁻⁴ kiŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴/

/pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ kiã³³/

/pak̚³²⁻⁵ kiã⁴⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴/

/pak̚²⁻⁴ kĩã³³/

/poʔ³³ t͡ɕin⁴⁴/

/pɤ̞²⁴ t͡ɕin³³/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕiɤ̯̃ɻ⁵⁵/

/pɛ²¹ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/pei²⁴ t͡ɕiŋ²⁴/

/pɐk̚⁵ kɪŋ⁵⁵/

/pɛt̚⁵ t͡ɕin⁴²/

/pei⁵³ t͡ɕiŋ¹¹/

/pɛ²⁴ keiŋ⁵⁴/

/pøyʔ²⁴⁻²¹ kiŋ⁵⁵/

/paʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ kiŋ⁵³³/

/paʔ²⁻⁴ kiŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴/

/pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ kiã³³/

/pak̚³²⁻⁵ kiã⁴⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴/

/pak̚²⁻⁴ kĩã³³/

/poʔ³³ t͡ɕin⁴⁴/

/pɤ̞²⁴ t͡ɕin³³/

南京 — 洛陽

Other capitals in the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China

中國的首都是北京。

中国的首都是北京。

Beijing’s spring is very suitable for cycling around the hutongs.

Běijīng de chūntiān hěn shìhé qíchē guàng hútòng.

北京的春天很適合騎車逛衚衕。

北京的春天很适合骑车逛胡同。

Forgive me for not being able to go with you to Beijing.

原諒我不能陪你去北京。

原谅我不能陪你去北京。

This story took place during the Xuande era of the current dynasty. There was an elderly man named Liu De who resided in Hexiwu town. This town is located beside the canal, about 200 lis away from Peking, and serves as a crucial route for people traveling to and from the capital from various provinces.

Feng Menglong, Stories to Awaken the World, 1627 CE

Zhè huàběn yě chū zài běncháo Xuāndé nián jiān, yǒu yī lǎozhě, xìng Liú, míng Dé, jiā zuǒ Héxīwù zhèn shàng. Zhè zhèn zài yùnhé zhī páng, lí běijīng yǒu èrbǎi lǐ tiándì, nǎi gè shěng chūrù jīngdōu de yàolù.

這話本也出在本朝宣德年間，有一老者，姓劉，名德，家佐河西務鎮上。這鎮在運河之旁，離北京有二百里田地，乃各省出入京都的要路。

这话本也出在本朝宣德年间，有一老者，姓刘，名德，家佐河西务镇上。这镇在运河之旁，离北京有二百里田地，乃各省出入京都的要路。

(～市) Beijing (a direct-administered municipality, the capital city of China)

南京 — 東京

southern capital; eastern capital; western capital


麒麟

/t͡ɕʰi³⁵ lin³⁵/

/kʰei̯²¹ lɵn²¹/

/kʰei̯²¹ lɵn²¹⁻³⁵/

/kʰi²⁴⁻¹¹ lin²⁴/

/ki⁵³⁻³³ l̃iŋ⁵³/

/ki²⁴⁻²² lin²⁴/

/ki²⁴⁻¹¹ lin²⁴/

/ki¹³⁻²² lin¹³/

/ki²³⁻³³ lin²³/

/t͡ɕʰi³⁵ lin³⁵/

/kʰei̯²¹ lɵn²¹/

/kʰei̯²¹ lɵn²¹⁻³⁵/

/kʰi²⁴⁻¹¹ lin²⁴/

/ki⁵³⁻³³ l̃iŋ⁵³/

/ki²⁴⁻²² lin²⁴/

/ki²⁴⁻¹¹ lin²⁴/

/ki¹³⁻²² lin¹³/

/ki²³⁻³³ lin²³/

Old Chinese pronunciation for this word was *g(ɯ)-rin (Zhengzhang), and in pre-Qin times the beast was also referred to as
* 麟 (OC *rin),
* 麐 (OC *m·rin, *m·rins),
* 𪊓, or
* 蔽 (OC *peds),
the last two having been attested in the oracle bone script already.
There is much debate as to what animal the qilin beast was; some maintain that the qilin was a beast only found in mythology, even though it may have been based on some animal in pre-historic times, and some argue that the qilin was in reality the river deer, the ox or cow, or the Indian rhinoceros (Wang, 2009).
Janhunen (2011) tentatively compares 麒麟 (OC *ɡɯ rin) to a Northeast Asian etymon *kalimV, which denotes either "whale" or "mammoth"; however, he cautiously remarks that "[t]he formal and semantic similarity between *kilin < *gilin ~ *gïlin 'unicorn' and *kalimV 'whale' (but also Samoyedic *kalay- 'mammoth') is sufficient to support, though perhaps not confirm, the hypothesis of an etymological connection". He also notes a possible connection between Old Chinese and Mongolian (*)kers ~ (*)keris ~ (*)kiris "rhinoceros" (> Khalkha Mongolian хирс (xirs)).

(～鎮) Qilin (a town in Zongyang, Tongling, Anhui, China)


大和

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (大和):
* → Japanese: 大(だい)和(わ) (Daiwa)

/taːi̯²² wɔː²¹/

/tai²²⁻²¹ ho²⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² ho²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ ho¹³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ ho²⁴/

/tai³³⁻²¹ hɤ²³/

/taːi̯²² wɔː²¹/

/tai²²⁻²¹ ho²⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² ho²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ ho¹³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ ho²⁴/

/tai³³⁻²¹ hɤ²³/

(～鄉) Dahe (a township in Bazhou district, Bazhong, Sichuan, China)


二十

/ˀɤɻ⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/ɚ²¹³ sz̩²¹/

/ər⁴⁴⁻⁴² ʂʐ̩⁵/

/ɛɻ⁴⁴ ʂʐ̩²⁴/

/jiː²² sɐp̚²/

/zi³² sɔk̚²²/

/ᵑɡei³² sip̚³²/

/ŋi⁵⁵ sɨp̚⁵/

/ŋi⁵³ səp̚⁵/

/əɻ⁴⁵ səʔ⁵⁴/

/nˡi²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɛiʔ⁵/

/li⁴¹⁻²² t͡sap̚²⁴/

/li²²⁻¹² t͡sap̚⁵⁴/

/li²²⁻²¹ t͡sap̚⁴/

/li³³⁻¹¹ t͡sap̚⁴/

/li³¹⁻²² t͡sap̚³⁵/

/d͡zi³³⁻²¹ t͡sap̚⁵/

/zi³³⁻²¹ t͡sap̚⁴/

/d͡zi³³⁻¹¹ t͡sap̚⁴/

/d͡zi²²⁻²¹ t͡sap̚¹²¹/

/d͡zi³⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sap̚⁴/

/ɲi²² səp̚²²/

/ɦəl²² səʔ⁴⁴/

/ɦəl²⁴ səʔ³¹/

/ɦəl²³ səʔ¹¹/

/n̠ʲi²⁴ səʔ³¹/

/n̠ʲi²³ səʔ¹¹/

/əl⁵⁵ zəʔ²¹/

/ɤ̞²¹⁻¹¹ ʂʐ̩²⁴/

/ɤ̞²¹⁻¹¹ sz̩²⁴/

/ˀɤɻ⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/ɚ²¹³ sz̩²¹/

/ər⁴⁴⁻⁴² ʂʐ̩⁵/

/ɛɻ⁴⁴ ʂʐ̩²⁴/

/jiː²² sɐp̚²/

/zi³² sɔk̚²²/

/ᵑɡei³² sip̚³²/

/ŋi⁵⁵ sɨp̚⁵/

/ŋi⁵³ səp̚⁵/

/əɻ⁴⁵ səʔ⁵⁴/

/nˡi²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɛiʔ⁵/

/li⁴¹⁻²² t͡sap̚²⁴/

/li²²⁻¹² t͡sap̚⁵⁴/

/li²²⁻²¹ t͡sap̚⁴/

/li³³⁻¹¹ t͡sap̚⁴/

/li³¹⁻²² t͡sap̚³⁵/

/d͡zi³³⁻²¹ t͡sap̚⁵/

/zi³³⁻²¹ t͡sap̚⁴/

/d͡zi³³⁻¹¹ t͡sap̚⁴/

/d͡zi²²⁻²¹ t͡sap̚¹²¹/

/d͡zi³⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sap̚⁴/

/ɲi²² səp̚²²/

/ɦəl²² səʔ⁴⁴/

/ɦəl²⁴ səʔ³¹/

/ɦəl²³ səʔ¹¹/

/n̠ʲi²⁴ səʔ³¹/

/n̠ʲi²³ səʔ¹¹/

/əl⁵⁵ zəʔ²¹/

/ɤ̞²¹⁻¹¹ ʂʐ̩²⁴/

/ɤ̞²¹⁻¹¹ sz̩²⁴/

(～村) Ershi (a village in Huilong, Fang, Shiyan, Hubei, China)


香港

Sino-Xenic (香港):
* → Korean: 향항(香港) (Hyanghang)
* → Vietnamese: Hương Cảng (香港)

→ English: Hong Kong, Xianggang

→ Japanese: 香港(ホンコン) (Honkon)

→ Korean: 홍콩 (Hongkong)

→ Russian: Гонко́нг (Gonkóng)

→ French: Hong Kong, Hongkong

→ Japanese: シャンガン (Shangan)

→ Lao: ຮົງກົງ (hong kong)

→ Mongolian: Хонконг (Xonkong) (Mongolia)

→ Mongolian: ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠩᠭᠠᠩ (siyangɣang) (China)

→ Russian: Сянга́н (Sjangán)

→ Thai: ฮ่องกง (hɔ̂ng-gong)

→ Tibetan: ཞང་ཀང (zhang kang)

→ Uyghur: شياڭگاڭ (shyanggang)

→ Vietnamese: Hồng Công, Hồng Kông

→ Zhuang: Yanghgangj

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hœːŋ⁵⁵ kɔːŋ³⁵/

/høŋ²¹³ kɔŋ³⁵/

/hiaŋ³³ kʰɔŋ⁵⁵/

/hi̯oŋ²⁴ koŋ³¹/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kuɔŋ³¹/

/xiɔŋ⁵⁴ kɔŋ²¹/

/hyoŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋøyŋ³³/

/hyɒŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ kaŋ⁴⁵³/

/hyøŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ kaŋ³³²/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴²/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁵³/

/hiɔŋ³³ kaŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kaŋ⁴¹/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kaŋ⁵³/

/hiaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁵³/

/hiaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴²/

/hiaŋ³³⁻²¹ kaŋ⁴⁴⁵/

/hiaŋ³³⁻²³ kaŋ⁵²/

/ɕiã⁵⁵ kɑ̃²¹/

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hœːŋ⁵⁵ kɔːŋ³⁵/

/høŋ²¹³ kɔŋ³⁵/

/hiaŋ³³ kʰɔŋ⁵⁵/

/hi̯oŋ²⁴ koŋ³¹/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kuɔŋ³¹/

/xiɔŋ⁵⁴ kɔŋ²¹/

/hyoŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋøyŋ³³/

/hyɒŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ kaŋ⁴⁵³/

/hyøŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ kaŋ³³²/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴²/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁵³/

/hiɔŋ³³ kaŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kaŋ⁴¹/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kaŋ⁵³/

/hiaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁵³/

/hiaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴²/

/hiaŋ³³⁻²¹ kaŋ⁴⁴⁵/

/hiaŋ³³⁻²³ kaŋ⁵²/

/ɕiã⁵⁵ kɑ̃²¹/

Ap Lei Chau
Gazetteer of Xin'an County
Treaty of Nanking
Wong Chuk Hang

The name 香港 first appeared on a map in 粵大記 [1595] as a label for an island that seems to be Ap Lei Chau. In the two Gazetteer of Xin'an County (新安縣志) published in 1688 and 1819, 香港 was the name of a village (as 香港村). The village was likely located in Wong Chuk Hang in the south of Hong Kong Island as indicated by 19th-century maps.
18th-century western maps appear to render the name of Hong Kong Island as Fan Chin Chow (or its variants), which appears to be a Hakka romanization of 飯甑洲 (Kwok and Cheung, 2007). In the Treaty of Nanking signed in 1842, the name 香港 referred to the entire Hong Kong Island.

～特別行政區 香港特別行政區#Chinese

(～特別行政區) Hong Kong (a city and special administrative region in southeastern China)


桂花

/ku̯eɪ̯⁵¹ xu̯ä⁵⁵/

/kʷɐi̯³³ faː⁵⁵/

/kie²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ua⁵⁵/

/ke⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ua⁵³³/

/ke⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ua⁵⁴⁴/

/kui⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ hue³³/

/kui²¹³⁻⁵⁵ hue³³/

/ku̯eɪ̯⁵¹ xu̯ä⁵⁵/

/kʷɐi̯³³ faː⁵⁵/

/kie²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ua⁵⁵/

/ke⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ua⁵³³/

/ke⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ua⁵⁴⁴/

/kui⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ hue³³/

/kui²¹³⁻⁵⁵ hue³³/

Adaptation of 桂 (guì) to distinguish the osmanthus from the 肉桂 (ròuguì, “cassia; Chinese cinnamon”).

(～村) Guihua (a village in Zhonglu, Lichuan, Enshi prefecture, Hubei, China)


三角

/sän⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sän⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯aʊ̯ɻʷ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/saːm⁵⁵ kɔːk̚³/

/sã⁴⁴⁻²² kak̚³²/

/sã⁴⁴⁻²² kak̚³²/

/sã⁴⁴⁻³³ kak̚³²/

/sã⁴⁴⁻³³ kak̚³²/

/sã³³⁻²³ kak̚²/

/sän⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sän⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯aʊ̯ɻʷ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/saːm⁵⁵ kɔːk̚³/

/sã⁴⁴⁻²² kak̚³²/

/sã⁴⁴⁻²² kak̚³²/

/sã⁴⁴⁻³³ kak̚³²/

/sã⁴⁴⁻³³ kak̚³²/

/sã³³⁻²³ kak̚²/

(～鎮) Sanjiao (a town in Zhongshan, Guangdong, China)


永和

/jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ xɤ³⁵/

/wɪŋ¹³ wɔː²¹/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ho²⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ho²⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ho¹³/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ho²⁴/

/iɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ hɤ²³/

/jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ xɤ³⁵/

/wɪŋ¹³ wɔː²¹/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ho²⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ho²⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ho¹³/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ho²⁴/

/iɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ hɤ²³/

(～縣) Yonghe (a county of Linfen, Shanxi, China)


山陰

/ʂän⁵⁵ in⁵⁵/

/ʂän⁵⁵ in⁵⁵/

(～縣) Shanyin (a county of Shuozhou, Shanxi, China)


清流

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ li̯oʊ̯³⁵/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ lɐu̯²¹/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² liu²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ liu²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² liu¹³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ liu²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ liu²³/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ li̯oʊ̯³⁵/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ lɐu̯²¹/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² liu²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ liu²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² liu¹³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ liu²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ liu²³/

(～縣) Qingliu (a county of Sanming, Fujian, China)


和平

Sino-Xenic (和平):
* → Japanese: 和(わ)平(へい) (wahei)
* → Korean: 화평(和平) (hwapyeong)
* → Vietnamese: hoà bình (和平)

/xɤ³⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/xə²⁴ pʰiŋ²⁴/

/wɔː²¹ pʰɪŋ²¹/

/vᵘɔ²² pʰen²²/

/huo⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βiŋ⁵³/

/ho²⁴⁻²² piɪŋ²⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ piɪŋ²⁴/

/ho¹³⁻²² piɪŋ¹³/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ piɪŋ²³/

/hɔ²⁴⁻²² piɪŋ²⁴/

/hua⁵⁵⁻¹¹ pʰeŋ⁵⁵/

/xɤ³⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/xə²⁴ pʰiŋ²⁴/

/wɔː²¹ pʰɪŋ²¹/

/vᵘɔ²² pʰen²²/

/huo⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βiŋ⁵³/

/ho²⁴⁻²² piɪŋ²⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ piɪŋ²⁴/

/ho¹³⁻²² piɪŋ¹³/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ piɪŋ²³/

/hɔ²⁴⁻²² piɪŋ²⁴/

/hua⁵⁵⁻¹¹ pʰeŋ⁵⁵/

(～區) Heping (a district of Tianjin, China)

Heping District
w:Heping District, Shenyang

(～區) Heping District (a district of Shenyang, Liaoning, China)

(～街道) Heping (a subdistrict of Hongshan district, Wuhan, Hubei, China)

(～縣) Heping County (a county of Guangdong, China)

(～鎮) Heping Town (several towns in China)

(～鎮) Heping (a town in Chaoyang district, Shantou, Guangdong, China), originally named 蚝坪 (o5 pian5)


吉林

Sino-Xenic (吉林):
* → Japanese: 吉林(きつりん) (Kitsurin)
* → Korean: 길림(吉林) (Gillim)
* → Vietnamese: Cát Lâm (吉林)

→ English: Chi-lin, Jilin, Ji Lin

→ Georgian: ძილინი (ʒilini)

/kɐt̚⁵ lɐm²¹/

/kiʔ²⁴⁻²¹ l̃iŋ⁵³/

/kiʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ liŋ¹³/

/kiʔ²⁻⁴ liŋ²⁴/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ lim²³/

/kiɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ lim²⁴/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ lim²⁴/

/t͡ɕiɪʔ³³ lin⁴⁴/

/kɐt̚⁵ lɐm²¹/

/kiʔ²⁴⁻²¹ l̃iŋ⁵³/

/kiʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ liŋ¹³/

/kiʔ²⁻⁴ liŋ²⁴/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ lim²³/

/kiɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ lim²⁴/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ lim²⁴/

/t͡ɕiɪʔ³³ lin⁴⁴/

Shortened from 吉林烏拉／吉林乌拉, which was borrowed from Manchu ᡤᡳᡵᡳᠨ
ᡠᠯᠠ (girin ula).

(～市) Jilin, Jilin City (a prefecture-level city of Jilin, China)


平和

/pʰiŋ³⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ wɔː²¹/

/pʰi̯aŋ¹¹ fo¹¹/

/piŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋuo⁵³/

/piɪŋ²³⁻³³ hɤ²³/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ho²⁴/

/piɪŋ¹³⁻²² ho¹³/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ho²⁴/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² hɔ²⁴/

/pʰeŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hua⁵⁵/

/pʰiŋ³⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ wɔː²¹/

/pʰi̯aŋ¹¹ fo¹¹/

/piŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋuo⁵³/

/piɪŋ²³⁻³³ hɤ²³/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ho²⁴/

/piɪŋ¹³⁻²² ho¹³/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ho²⁴/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² hɔ²⁴/

/pʰeŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hua⁵⁵/

(～县) Pinghe (a county of Zhangzhou, Fujian, China)


平安

/pʰiŋ³⁵ ˀän⁵⁵/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ ɔːn⁵⁵/

/pʰin¹¹ ɔn⁴⁴/

/piŋ¹³⁻¹¹ ^((Ø-))ŋaŋ⁵³³/

/piŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ^((Ø-))ŋaŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² an⁴⁴/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² an³³/

/piɪŋ¹³⁻²² an⁴⁴/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ an⁴⁴/

/piɪŋ²³⁻³³ an⁴⁴/

/pʰeŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ aŋ³³/

/pʰiŋ³⁵ ˀän⁵⁵/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ ɔːn⁵⁵/

/pʰin¹¹ ɔn⁴⁴/

/piŋ¹³⁻¹¹ ^((Ø-))ŋaŋ⁵³³/

/piŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ^((Ø-))ŋaŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² an⁴⁴/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² an³³/

/piɪŋ¹³⁻²² an⁴⁴/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ an⁴⁴/

/piɪŋ²³⁻³³ an⁴⁴/

/pʰeŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ aŋ³³/

(～區) Ping'an District (a district of Qinghai, China)

(～鄉) Ping'an (a township in Fengjie, Chongqing, China)

(～社區) Ping'an (a residential community in Dongsheng, Shishou, Jingzhou, Hubei, China)


成功

Sino-Xenic (成功):
* → Japanese: 成功(せいこう) (seikō)
* → Korean: 성공(成功) (seonggong)
* → Vietnamese: thành công (成功)

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰəŋ²⁴ kuŋ²⁴/

/sɪŋ²¹ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/sɨn¹¹ kuŋ²⁴/

/ʃin⁵⁵ kuŋ⁵³/

/siŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋuŋ⁵⁵/

/ɬiŋ¹³⁻¹¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɒŋ⁵³³/

/ɬiŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɒŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/siɪŋ²⁴⁻²² kɔŋ³³/

/siɪŋ¹³⁻²² kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/siɪŋ²⁴⁻²² kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/siɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/siɪŋ²³⁻³³ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/seŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ koŋ³³/

/zən²² koŋ⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰəŋ²⁴ kuŋ²⁴/

/sɪŋ²¹ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/sɨn¹¹ kuŋ²⁴/

/ʃin⁵⁵ kuŋ⁵³/

/siŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋuŋ⁵⁵/

/ɬiŋ¹³⁻¹¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɒŋ⁵³³/

/ɬiŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɒŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/siɪŋ²⁴⁻²² kɔŋ³³/

/siɪŋ¹³⁻²² kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/siɪŋ²⁴⁻²² kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/siɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/siɪŋ²³⁻³³ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/seŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ koŋ³³/

/zən²² koŋ⁴⁴/

(～村) Chenggong (a village in Caidian, Caidian district, Wuhan, Hubei, China)


大名

/tä⁵¹ miŋ³⁵/

/tä⁵¹ miɤ̯̃ɻ³⁵/

/taːi̯²² mɪŋ²¹/

/taːi̯²² mɛːŋ²¹⁻³⁵/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ mi̯aŋ¹¹/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² miã²⁴/

/tua²²⁻²¹ miã¹³/

/tua³³⁻¹¹ miã²⁴/

/tua³³⁻²¹ miã²³/

/tua²²⁻²¹ miã²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ biɪŋ¹³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ biɪŋ²⁴/

/tai³³⁻²¹ biɪŋ²³/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ biɪŋ²⁴/

/tä⁵¹ miŋ³⁵/

/tä⁵¹ miɤ̯̃ɻ³⁵/

/taːi̯²² mɪŋ²¹/

/taːi̯²² mɛːŋ²¹⁻³⁵/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ mi̯aŋ¹¹/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² miã²⁴/

/tua²²⁻²¹ miã¹³/

/tua³³⁻¹¹ miã²⁴/

/tua³³⁻²¹ miã²³/

/tua²²⁻²¹ miã²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ biɪŋ¹³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ biɪŋ²⁴/

/tai³³⁻²¹ biɪŋ²³/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ biɪŋ²⁴/

(～縣) Daming (a county of Handan, Hebei, China)


尺八

/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ pä⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ pä⁵⁵/

(～鎮) Chiba (a town in Jianli, Jingzhou, Hubei, China)


大麻

/taːi̯²² maː²¹/

/tua²²⁻²¹ muã²⁴/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² muã²⁴/

/tua²²⁻²¹ muã¹³/

/tua³³⁻¹¹ muã²⁴/

/tua³³⁻²¹ muã²³/

/taːi̯²² maː²¹/

/tua²²⁻²¹ muã²⁴/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² muã²⁴/

/tua²²⁻²¹ muã¹³/

/tua³³⁻¹¹ muã²⁴/

/tua³³⁻²¹ muã²³/

/taːi̯²² maː²¹/

(～鎮) Dama (a town in Dabu, Meizhou, Guangdong)

(～鎮) Dama (a town in Tongxiang, Jiaxing, Zhejiang)


寧波

/niŋ³⁵ pu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/nɪŋ²¹ pɔː⁵⁵/

/ⁿden²² pᵘɔ³³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² pʰo⁴⁴/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² pʰo³³/

/liɪŋ¹³⁻²² pʰo⁴⁴/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ pʰo⁴⁴/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ pʰɤ⁴⁴/

/niŋ³⁵ pu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/nɪŋ²¹ pɔː⁵⁵/

/ⁿden²² pᵘɔ³³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² pʰo⁴⁴/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² pʰo³³/

/liɪŋ¹³⁻²² pʰo⁴⁴/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ pʰo⁴⁴/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ pʰɤ⁴⁴/

(～市) Ningbo (a port city, prefecture-level city, and subprovincial city in eastern Zhejiang, China)


盧溝橋

/lu³⁵ koʊ̯⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵/

/lou̯²¹ kʰɐu̯⁵⁵ kʰiːu̯²¹/

/lu³⁵ koʊ̯⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵/

/lou̯²¹ kʰɐu̯⁵⁵ kʰiːu̯²¹/

1989, Cui Jian, “讓我睡個好覺 [Let Me Sleep Tight]”, in 新長征路上的搖滾 [Rock 'n' Roll on the New Long March], performed by Cui Jian:

Don't say whether I look bad or good / Don't say whether I'm old or young / Don't care why I'm named Lugou Bridge / Don't blame me for telling you I know nothing

Bié shuō wǒ de yàngzi shì huài háishì hǎo / Bié shuō wǒ de niánlíng shì dà háishì xiǎo / Bié guǎn wǒ wèishénme míngjiào Lúgōu Qiáo / Bié guài wǒ duì nǐ shuō wǒ shénme dōu bù zhīdào

別說我的樣子是壞還是好/別說我的年齡是大還是小/別管我為什麼名叫盧溝橋/別怪我對你說我什麼都不知道

别说我的样子是坏还是好/别说我的年龄是大还是小/别管我为什么名叫卢沟桥/别怪我对你说我什么都不知道

Marco Polo Bridge, Lugou Bridge (a bridge in Fengtai district, Beijing, China)


勝利

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹/

/ʂəŋ²⁴ li⁵¹/

/sɪŋ³³ lei̯²²/

/sən⁵³⁻⁵⁵ li⁵³/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ li²²/

/siɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ li⁴¹/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ li²²/

/siɪŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ li³³/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ li³³/

/seŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ li³⁵/

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹/

/ʂəŋ²⁴ li⁵¹/

/sɪŋ³³ lei̯²²/

/sən⁵³⁻⁵⁵ li⁵³/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ li²²/

/siɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ li⁴¹/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ li²²/

/siɪŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ li³³/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ li³³/

/seŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ li³⁵/

(～鄉) Shengli (a township in Wuxi, Chongqing, China)

(～社區) Shengli (a residential community in Lucheng, Yidu, Yichang, Hubei, China)

(～社區) Shengli (a residential community in Ruoqiang, Ruoqiang, Bayingolin prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


車站

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂän⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɛ⁵⁵ t͡san²¹³/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤ²¹ t͡sã⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɛː⁵⁵ t͡saːm²²/

/t͡ʃʰɛ³³ t͡ʃam⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰa²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sam⁵⁵/

/t͡ʃʰa⁵³ t͡ʃam¹¹/

/t͡sʰa⁴⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sam⁵³/

/t͡sʰɤ¹¹ t͡sæ̃⁴⁵/

/t͡sʰia⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ^((t͡s-))ʒɑŋ²⁴²/

/t͡sʰia⁵³³⁻¹³ t͡saŋ¹¹/

/t͡sʰia⁵⁴⁴⁻²⁴ t͡saŋ²¹/

/t͡sʰia⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sam³³/

/t͡sʰia⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sam²²/

/t͡sʰia³³⁻²¹ t͡sam²¹/

/t͡sʰia³³⁻²³ t͡sam³⁵/

/t͡sʰɤ̞³³ t͡san²¹⁻¹¹/

/t͡sʰɤ̞³³ t͡san⁴⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂän⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɛ⁵⁵ t͡san²¹³/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤ²¹ t͡sã⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɛː⁵⁵ t͡saːm²²/

/t͡ʃʰɛ³³ t͡ʃam⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰa²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sam⁵⁵/

/t͡ʃʰa⁵³ t͡ʃam¹¹/

/t͡sʰa⁴⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sam⁵³/

/t͡sʰɤ¹¹ t͡sæ̃⁴⁵/

/t͡sʰia⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ^((t͡s-))ʒɑŋ²⁴²/

/t͡sʰia⁵³³⁻¹³ t͡saŋ¹¹/

/t͡sʰia⁵⁴⁴⁻²⁴ t͡saŋ²¹/

/t͡sʰia⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sam³³/

/t͡sʰia⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sam²²/

/t͡sʰia³³⁻²¹ t͡sam²¹/

/t͡sʰia³³⁻²³ t͡sam³⁵/

/t͡sʰɤ̞³³ t͡san²¹⁻¹¹/

/t͡sʰɤ̞³³ t͡san⁴⁵/

(～街道) Chezhan (a subdistrict of Jiang'an district, Wuhan, Hubei, China)

(～街道) Chezhan (a subdistrict of Xiaonan district, Xiaogan, Hubei, China)


水源

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

/sɵy̯³⁵ jyːn²¹/

/ʃui²⁴⁻³³ ŋien⁵⁵/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan¹³/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan²³/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan²⁴/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ɡuan²⁴/

/sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan²³/

/sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan²⁴/

/t͡sui⁵²⁻³⁵ ŋuaŋ⁵⁵/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

/sɵy̯³⁵ jyːn²¹/

/ʃui²⁴⁻³³ ŋien⁵⁵/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan¹³/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan²³/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan²⁴/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ɡuan²⁴/

/sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan²³/

/sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan²⁴/

/t͡sui⁵²⁻³⁵ ŋuaŋ⁵⁵/

(～鎮) Shuiyuan (a town in Yongchang, Jinchang, Gansu, China)

(～鄉) (historical) Shuiyuan (a former township in Yongchang, Jinchang, Gansu, China)


高潮

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ t͡sʰiːu̯²¹/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ tiau⁴⁴/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ tiau²³/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² tio¹³/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ t͡sʰiːu̯²¹/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ tiau⁴⁴/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ tiau²³/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² tio¹³/

(～村) Gaochao (a village in Xinshi, Jingshan, Jingmen, Hubei, China)


學院

/ɕy̯ɛ³⁵ ɥɛn⁵¹/

/ɕyə²⁴ yæ̃⁴⁴/

/hɔːk̚² jyːn²²⁻³⁵/

/haʔ⁴⁻⁴² iŋ¹¹/

/hak̚⁴⁻³² ĩ²²/

/hak̚²⁴⁻² ĩ⁴¹/

/hak̚¹²¹⁻²¹ ĩ²²/

/hak̚⁴⁻³² ĩ³³/

/hak̚⁴⁻³² ĩ³³/

/hak̚⁴⁻² ĩ¹¹/

/ɕy̯ɛ³⁵ ɥɛn⁵¹/

/ɕyə²⁴ yæ̃⁴⁴/

/hɔːk̚² jyːn²²⁻³⁵/

/haʔ⁴⁻⁴² iŋ¹¹/

/hak̚⁴⁻³² ĩ²²/

/hak̚²⁴⁻² ĩ⁴¹/

/hak̚¹²¹⁻²¹ ĩ²²/

/hak̚⁴⁻³² ĩ³³/

/hak̚⁴⁻³² ĩ³³/

/hak̚⁴⁻² ĩ¹¹/

(～街道) Xueyuan (a subdistrict of Xiling district, Yichang, Hubei, China)


蓮花

/li̯ɛn³⁵ xu̯ä⁵⁵/

/li̯ɛn³⁵ xu̯ɑɻ⁵⁵/

/nø¹³⁻¹¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ua⁵³³/

/ny²⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ua⁵⁴⁴/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²¹ hue⁴⁴/

/liɛn²³⁻³³ hue⁴⁴/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²² hue⁴⁴/

/liɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ hue⁴⁴/

/nuĩ²⁴⁻²² hue³³/

/liɛn¹³⁻²² hua⁴⁴/

/nõĩ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hue³³/

/li̯ɛn³⁵ xu̯ä⁵⁵/

/li̯ɛn³⁵ xu̯ɑɻ⁵⁵/

/nø¹³⁻¹¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ua⁵³³/

/ny²⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ua⁵⁴⁴/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²¹ hue⁴⁴/

/liɛn²³⁻³³ hue⁴⁴/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²² hue⁴⁴/

/liɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ hue⁴⁴/

/nuĩ²⁴⁻²² hue³³/

/liɛn¹³⁻²² hua⁴⁴/

/nõĩ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hue³³/

(～縣) Lianhua (a county of Pingxiang, Jiangxi, China)

(～村) Lianhua (a village in Wenquan, Yingshan, Huanggang, Hubei, China)


太子

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰaːi̯³³ t͡siː³⁵/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ t͡sɨ³¹/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡su⁴¹/

/tʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡su⁵³/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ t͡su⁵³/

/tʰai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡sɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/tʰai²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sɯ⁵²⁻²¹/

/tʰa³³ t͡sz̩⁴⁴/

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰaːi̯³³ t͡siː³⁵/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ t͡sɨ³¹/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡su⁴¹/

/tʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡su⁵³/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ t͡su⁵³/

/tʰai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡sɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/tʰai²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sɯ⁵²⁻²¹/

/tʰa³³ t͡sz̩⁴⁴/

(～鎮) Taizi (a town in Yangxin, Huangshi, Hubei, China)


東北

→ Korean: 둥베이 (dungbei)

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ pɐk̚⁵/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² pak̚³²/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² pak̚³²/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ pak̚³²/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ pak̚³²/

/taŋ³³⁻²³ pak̚²/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ pɐk̚⁵/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² pak̚³²/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² pak̚³²/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ pak̚³²/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ pak̚³²/

/taŋ³³⁻²³ pak̚²/

(～地區) Northeast China (a region of China; consisting of Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang, and sometimes the northeast part of Inner Mongolia)

大行政區 大行政區#Chinese

(～大行政區, ～區) (historical) Northeast China (a former greater administrative region of China from 1949 to 1954, consisting of Liaodong, Liaoxi, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Songjiang, Rehe and Suiyuan, Shenyang, Lüda, Fushun, Anshan and Benxi)


北海

→ English: Beihai, Pakhoi

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pɐk̚⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ hai⁵⁵⁴/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pɐk̚⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ hai⁵⁵⁴/

(～市) Beihai (a prefecture-level city of the Guangxi autonomous region, China)


文化

/wən³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/vəŋ²⁴ xua⁵¹/

/mɐn²¹ faː³³/

/uŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋuɑ²¹³/

/mɔŋ¹³⁻⁵⁵ hua⁴²/

/muoŋ²⁴⁻⁵⁵ hua⁴²/

/buŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hue²¹³/

/wən³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/vəŋ²⁴ xua⁵¹/

/mɐn²¹ faː³³/

/uŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋuɑ²¹³/

/mɔŋ¹³⁻⁵⁵ hua⁴²/

/muoŋ²⁴⁻⁵⁵ hua⁴²/

/buŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hue²¹³/

The modern Chinese term is an Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 文化(ぶんか) (bunka, “culture”), which is a direct translation of the German word Kultur.
In its classical form, the term can be interpreted as 文教 (wénjiào, “humanistic education”) + 化育 (huàyù, “transformational development”). Often cited are the following examples:
先秦, 《周易·賁卦彖傳》:
觀於天文、以察時變、觀乎人文、以化成天下
We observe the patterns of the skies in order to inspect seasonal changes. We observe the patterns of human behavior in order to transform and actualize all under Heaven.
南朝劉宋, 范曄, 《後漢書·荀淑傳》:
宣文教以章其化、立武備以秉其威。
Spread humanistic education in order to manifest its transformative potential. Establish military capabilities in order to have a grasp on (its) power.
Humanistic education, based on the tradition of rites and propriety 禮教 /礼教 (lǐjiào) have the transformative potential to actualize all under Heaven 人文化成. This is often juxtaposed or contrasted with the use of punishment 刑 (xíng) or military might 武 (wǔ) to establish power and control over a populace, as can be seen in the quote below:
南北朝, 齊王融, 〈從武帝琅邪城講武應詔詩〉, quoted in 《藝文類聚》卷五十九 ，武部，戰伐:
早逢文化洽，復屬武功宣
Having reached an ideal state of (governance by the means of) transformative education at an early stage, we can now focus on the establishment of military power (in the region).
文化 over here is synonymous with 文治 (wénzhì, “governance by means of culture, education, rites and music”). This is not the same as culture in the modern sense of the term.
It is within this classical context that the Japanese first coined the term 文化(ぶんか) (bunka) to name an era during the Edo period.
When used to translate Kultur during the Meiji restoration, 文化(ぶんか) (bunka) is possibly a contraction of 文明開化(ぶんめいかいか) (bunmeikaika, “to open up and transform through civilization”), which takes the meaning of a civilizing agent i.e. Culture.

quote-book

《周易·賁卦彖傳》

觀於天文、以察時變、觀乎人文、以化成天下

《後漢書·荀淑傳》

宣文教以章其化、立武備以秉其威。

〈從武帝琅邪城講武應詔詩〉

早逢文化洽，復屬武功宣

《藝文類聚》卷五十九 ，武部，戰伐

ja-r

(～社區) Wenhua (a residential community in Ruoqiang, Ruoqiang, Bayingolin prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


新港

/ɕin⁵⁵ kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɐn⁵⁵ kɔːŋ³⁵/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁵³/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁵³/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ kaŋ⁵³/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ kaŋ⁴¹/

/ɕin⁵⁵ kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɐn⁵⁵ kɔːŋ³⁵/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁵³/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁵³/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ kaŋ⁵³/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ kaŋ⁴¹/

(～街道) Xingang (a subdistrict of Haizhu district, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China)

(～村) Xingang (a village in Zhucheng, Xinzhou district, Wuhan, Hubei, China)


安定

/ˀän⁵⁵ tiŋ⁵¹/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ tɪŋ²²/

/on²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰin⁵⁵/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪŋ²²/

/an³³ tiɪŋ⁴¹/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪŋ²²/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɪŋ³³/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɪŋ³³/

/ũã³³⁻²³ tĩã¹¹/

/ˀän⁵⁵ tiŋ⁵¹/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ tɪŋ²²/

/on²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰin⁵⁵/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪŋ²²/

/an³³ tiɪŋ⁴¹/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪŋ²²/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɪŋ³³/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɪŋ³³/

/ũã³³⁻²³ tĩã¹¹/

(～區) Anding (a district of Dingxi, Gansu, China)


青年

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (青年):
* → Japanese: 青年(せいねん) (seinen)
* → Korean: 청년(靑年) (cheongnyeon)
* → Vietnamese: thanh niên (青年)

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ni̯ɛn³⁵/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ niːn²¹/

/t͡sʰi̯aŋ²⁴ ŋi̯en¹¹/

/t͡sʰi̯aŋ²⁴ ŋi̯an¹¹/

/t͡sʰiŋ⁵⁵ nˡieŋ⁵³/

/t͡sʰiŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ nɛŋ¹³/

/t͡sʰiŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ nɛŋ²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ liɛn²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ liɛn²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² liɛn¹³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ liɛn²³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² liɛn²⁴/

/t͡sʰẽ³³⁻²³ ni⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰin⁵⁵ n̠ʲi²¹/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ni̯ɛn³⁵/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ niːn²¹/

/t͡sʰi̯aŋ²⁴ ŋi̯en¹¹/

/t͡sʰi̯aŋ²⁴ ŋi̯an¹¹/

/t͡sʰiŋ⁵⁵ nˡieŋ⁵³/

/t͡sʰiŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ nɛŋ¹³/

/t͡sʰiŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ nɛŋ²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ liɛn²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ liɛn²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² liɛn¹³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ liɛn²³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² liɛn²⁴/

/t͡sʰẽ³³⁻²³ ni⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰin⁵⁵ n̠ʲi²¹/

(～村) Qingnian (a village in Yonglong, Jingshan, Jingmen, Hubei, China)


大洋

/tä⁵¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/taːi̯²² jœːŋ²¹/

/taːi̯²² jœːŋ²¹⁻³⁵/

/tai²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ yoŋ⁵³/

/tua²¹ ĩũ²⁴/

/tua³³⁻¹¹ iũ²⁴/

/tua²²⁻²¹ iũ²⁴/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² iũ²⁴/

/tua³³⁻²¹ iũ²³/

/tua²²⁻²¹ iɔ̃¹³/

/tai³³⁻²¹ iũ²³/

/tai²²⁻²¹ iũ²⁴/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ iũ²⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² iɔŋ²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ iaŋ¹³/

/tä⁵¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/taːi̯²² jœːŋ²¹/

/taːi̯²² jœːŋ²¹⁻³⁵/

/tai²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ yoŋ⁵³/

/tua²¹ ĩũ²⁴/

/tua³³⁻¹¹ iũ²⁴/

/tua²²⁻²¹ iũ²⁴/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² iũ²⁴/

/tua³³⁻²¹ iũ²³/

/tua²²⁻²¹ iɔ̃¹³/

/tai³³⁻²¹ iũ²³/

/tai²²⁻²¹ iũ²⁴/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ iũ²⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² iɔŋ²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ iaŋ¹³/

(～鎮) Dayang (a town in Jiande, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China)

(～鎮) Dayang (a town in Jinyun, Lishui, Zhejiang, China)

(～鎮) Dayang (a town in Yongtai, Fuzhou, Fujian, China)

(～鎮) Dayang (a town in Guiping, Guigang, Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region, China)

(～鄉) Dayang (a township in Tang, Baoding, Hebei, China)

(～鄉) Dayang (a township in Hanjiang district, Putian, Fujian, China)


蛇口

/ʂɤ³⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɛː²¹ hɐu̯³⁵/

/t͡sua⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kʰau⁵²/

/ʂɤ³⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɛː²¹ hɐu̯³⁵/

/t͡sua⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kʰau⁵²/

(～街道) Shekou (a subdistrict of Nanshan district, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China)


建設

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂɤ⁵¹/

/kyoŋ²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾niɛʔ²⁴/

/kœŋ⁴² ɬɛʔ²¹/

/kyøŋ⁴² ɬɛʔ²/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ siɛt̚³²/

/kiɛn⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ siɛt̚⁵/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ siɛt̚³²/

/kiɛn¹¹⁻⁵³ siɛt̚³²/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁴¹ siɛt̚³²/

/t͡ɕi³³ səʔ⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕɪ⁵² səʔ³³/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂɤ⁵¹/

/kyoŋ²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾niɛʔ²⁴/

/kœŋ⁴² ɬɛʔ²¹/

/kyøŋ⁴² ɬɛʔ²/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ siɛt̚³²/

/kiɛn⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ siɛt̚⁵/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ siɛt̚³²/

/kiɛn¹¹⁻⁵³ siɛt̚³²/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁴¹ siɛt̚³²/

/t͡ɕi³³ səʔ⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕɪ⁵² səʔ³³/

Jianshe
w:Jianshe Subdistrict, Guangzhou

(～街道) Jianshe (a subdistrict of Yuexiu district, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China)

(～鎮) Jianshe (a town in Baiyü, Garzê prefecture, Sichuan, China)

(～村) Jianshe (a village in Liuji, Dawu, Xiaogan, Hubei, China)


南宮

→ English: Namgung, Nangong

desc

南宮, なんぐう, なんきゅう

→ Japanese: 南宮, なんぐう, なんきゅう

→ Japanese: 南宮, なんぐう, なんきゅう

→ English: Nangyu, Nangu, Nanguu, Nankyu, Nanku, Nankuu

→ Korean: 南宮, 남궁

→ English: Namgung, Namgoong, Namkung, Namkoong

→ Vietnamese: 南宮, Namcung, Nam Cung

→ English: Namcung

/nän³⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/naːm²¹ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/lam²⁴⁻²² kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² kiɔŋ³³/

/lam¹³⁻²² kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam²³⁻³³ kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/nän³⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/naːm²¹ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/lam²⁴⁻²² kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² kiɔŋ³³/

/lam¹³⁻²² kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam²³⁻³³ kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

(～市) Nangong (a county-level city of Xingtai, Hebei, China)


天井

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ t͡ɕiŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ t͡sɛːŋ³⁵/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ t͡sɪŋ³⁵/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³⁵ t͡ɕiaŋ³¹/

/tʰĩ³³ t͡sĩ⁵⁵⁴/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sĩ⁵³/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sĩ⁵³/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sẽ⁴¹/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sɛ̃⁵³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sĩ⁵³/

/tʰieŋ³³⁻²³ t͡sẽ⁵²/

/tʰi⁵⁵ t͡ɕin²¹/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ t͡ɕiŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ t͡sɛːŋ³⁵/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ t͡sɪŋ³⁵/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³⁵ t͡ɕiaŋ³¹/

/tʰĩ³³ t͡sĩ⁵⁵⁴/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sĩ⁵³/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sĩ⁵³/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sẽ⁴¹/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sɛ̃⁵³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sĩ⁵³/

/tʰieŋ³³⁻²³ t͡sẽ⁵²/

/tʰi⁵⁵ t͡ɕin²¹/

(～村) Tianjing (a village in Sanhe, Yingcheng, Xiaogan, Hubei, China)


民族

/mɐn²¹ t͡sʊk̚²/

/bin²⁴⁻²² t͡sɔk̚⁴/

/bin²⁴⁻²² t͡sɔk̚²⁴/

/bin¹³⁻²² t͡sɔk̚¹²¹/

/bin²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sɔk̚⁴/

/bin²³⁻³³ t͡sɔk̚⁴/

/miŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sok̚⁴/

/mɐn²¹ t͡sʊk̚²/

/bin²⁴⁻²² t͡sɔk̚⁴/

/bin²⁴⁻²² t͡sɔk̚²⁴/

/bin¹³⁻²² t͡sɔk̚¹²¹/

/bin²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sɔk̚⁴/

/bin²³⁻³³ t͡sɔk̚⁴/

/miŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sok̚⁴/

Book of Qi
Nancy S. Steinhardt
Victor H. Mair

First attested in a 5th-century essay by Gu Huan (顧歡), which is reproduced in the 6th-century Book of Southern Qi (translation from Mather, 2005):
According to Ru (2001), 民族's early meaning was closer to 民眾 (“the general populace”).

Today all the Chinese gentlemen and ladies, as well as the common people, have not changed [their natures], but they insist on squatting with exposed heads, wantonly using the manners of the Yi Barbarians. They talk to the shorn-headed crowd, all of them Hu Barbarians. The state has its own long-standing mores; its laws are not to be altered.

The Book of Southern Qi, by Xiao Zixian, 6ᵗʰ century CE

Jīn zhūhuá shìnǚ, mínzú fú gé, ér lù shǒu piān jù, lànyòng Yí lǐ, yún yú jiǎnluò zhī tú, quán shì Húrén, guó yǒu jiù fēng, fǎ bùkě biàn.

今諸華士女，民族弗革，而露首偏踞，濫用夷禮，云於翦落之徒，全是胡人，國有舊風，法不可變。

今诸华士女，民族弗革，而露首偏踞，滥用夷礼，云于翦落之徒，全是胡人，国有旧风，法不可变。

(～街道) Minzu (a subdistrict of Jianghan district, Wuhan, Hubei, China)


四川

→ Catalan: Sichuan

→ English: Sichuan, Szechuan, Szechwan

→ French: Sichuan, Sétchouan

→ Korean: 쓰촨 (Sseuchwan)

→ Manchu: ᠰᡟᠴᡠᠸᠠᠨ (sycuwan)

→ Portuguese: Sichuan, Setsuan, Szechwan, Sujuão

→ Russian: Сычуа́нь (Syčuánʹ), сычуа́нец (syčuánec)

→ Spanish: Sichuán

→ Zhuang: Swconh

/sz̩⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/ɬu³³ t͡sʰun³³/

/si¹¹ t͡ʃʰon⁵³/

/ɕi⁵³ t͡sʰɔn⁴⁴/

/ɬo⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ^((t͡sʰ-))lœŋ⁵³³/

/ɬo⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ^((t͡sʰ-))lyøŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/su²¹⁻⁵³ t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/su²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/su¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/sɯ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡sʰuan³³/

/si⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡sʰuan³³/

/si²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sʰueŋ³³/

/si²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sʰuaŋ³³/

/sz̩³³ t͡sʰø⁴⁴/

/sz̩⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/ɬu³³ t͡sʰun³³/

/si¹¹ t͡ʃʰon⁵³/

/ɕi⁵³ t͡sʰɔn⁴⁴/

/ɬo⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ^((t͡sʰ-))lœŋ⁵³³/

/ɬo⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ^((t͡sʰ-))lyøŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/su²¹⁻⁵³ t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/su²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/su¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/sɯ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡sʰuan³³/

/si⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡sʰuan³³/

/si²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sʰueŋ³³/

/si²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sʰuaŋ³³/

/sz̩³³ t͡sʰø⁴⁴/

During the Tang dynasty, the area of what is now Sichuan was administratively divided into three regions based on the main throughfares through the mountains 川道 (“mountain pass (often near a river)”) at the time. During the Song dynasty, these regions were further redivided into four separate regions, giving rise to its modern name.

zh-l

(～省) Sichuan (a province in central China)


上午

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ u²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/saŋ²¹³ vu⁵³/

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ vou²⁴/

/sœːŋ²² ŋ̍¹³/

/sɒ̃⁴⁵ vu⁵³/

/siɔŋ²²⁻²¹ ŋɔ̃⁵³/

/siɔŋ³³⁻²¹ ŋɔ̃⁴¹/

/siɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ ŋɔ̃⁵³/

/siaŋ²²⁻²¹ ŋɔ̃⁵³/

/siɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² ɡɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/ʂan²¹⁻¹¹ u⁴¹/

/san²¹⁻¹¹ u⁴¹/

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ u²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/saŋ²¹³ vu⁵³/

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ vou²⁴/

/sœːŋ²² ŋ̍¹³/

/sɒ̃⁴⁵ vu⁵³/

/siɔŋ²²⁻²¹ ŋɔ̃⁵³/

/siɔŋ³³⁻²¹ ŋɔ̃⁴¹/

/siɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ ŋɔ̃⁵³/

/siaŋ²²⁻²¹ ŋɔ̃⁵³/

/siɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² ɡɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/ʂan²¹⁻¹¹ u⁴¹/

/san²¹⁻¹¹ u⁴¹/

(～村) Shangwu (a village in Gangwei, Longhai, Zhangzhou, Fujian, China)


雲南

→ English: Yunnan

→ Manchu: ᠶᡡᠨ
ᠨᠠᠨ (yūn nan)

Unclear. First attested in the Book of Han as a county under 益州郡, located in modern-day Xiangyun county, Yunnan.

/huŋ⁵³⁻³³ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/ɔŋ¹³⁻¹¹ naŋ¹³/

/uoŋ²⁴⁻²¹ naŋ²⁴/

/in¹³⁻²² lam¹³/

/huŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lam⁵⁵/

/ɦyn²² nø⁴⁴/

/huŋ⁵³⁻³³ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/ɔŋ¹³⁻¹¹ naŋ¹³/

/uoŋ²⁴⁻²¹ naŋ²⁴/

/in¹³⁻²² lam¹³/

/huŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lam⁵⁵/

/ɦyn²² nø⁴⁴/

(～省) Yunnan (a province in southwestern China, bordering Myanmar (Burma), Laos and Vietnam)

The Book of the Later Han, circa 5ᵗʰ century CE

Yúnnán xiàn yǒu shén lù, liǎng tóu, néng shí dúcǎo.

雲南縣有神鹿，兩頭，能食毒草。

云南县有神鹿，两头，能食毒草。

(～縣) (historical) Yunnan (a former county of Yunnan province, China; now Xiangyun county, Yunnan)


廈門

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (廈門):
* → Korean: 하문(廈門) (Hamun)
* → Vietnamese: Hạ Môn (廈門)

→ Arabic: شْيَامِن (šyāmin)

→ Dutch: Xiamen, Emoi

desc

→ English: Amoy, Hsia-men, Hsiamen, Xiamen

→ French: Amoy, Xiamen

→ Georgian: სიამენი (siameni)

→ Japanese: 廈(シア)門(メン) (Shiamen)

→ Korean: 샤먼 (Syameon)

→ Portuguese: Amoy, Xiamen

→ Japanese: 廈(ア)門(モイ) (Amoi)

→ Spanish: Emuy

/ɕi̯ä⁵¹ mən³⁵/

/ha³² ᵐbᵘɔn²²/

/ˈha¹¹ mɨn³⁵/

/ha⁵³⁻⁵⁵ mun¹¹/

/xa⁵⁵ mɔŋ³³/

/a²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ muoŋ⁵³/

/e⁴¹⁻²² mŋ̍²⁴/

/e²²⁻²¹ mŋ̍²⁴/

/e³³⁻²¹ mŋ̍²³/

/e³³⁻¹¹ mŋ̍²⁴/

/ɛ²²⁻²¹ muĩ¹³/

/ɛ⁵³⁻¹¹ muĩ¹¹/

/e³⁵⁻¹¹ muŋ⁵⁵/

/ɦo²² mən⁴⁴/

/ɕi̯ä⁵¹ mən³⁵/

/ha³² ᵐbᵘɔn²²/

/ˈha¹¹ mɨn³⁵/

/ha⁵³⁻⁵⁵ mun¹¹/

/xa⁵⁵ mɔŋ³³/

/a²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ muoŋ⁵³/

/e⁴¹⁻²² mŋ̍²⁴/

/e²²⁻²¹ mŋ̍²⁴/

/e³³⁻²¹ mŋ̍²³/

/e³³⁻¹¹ mŋ̍²⁴/

/ɛ²²⁻²¹ muĩ¹³/

/ɛ⁵³⁻¹¹ muĩ¹¹/

/e³⁵⁻¹¹ muŋ⁵⁵/

/ɦo²² mən⁴⁴/

A homophone of the original name 下門／下门 (Xiàmén) that came into official use for its more elegant sense.

zh-l

下門／下门 (Xiàmén)

(historical) Xiamen (a fortification which formerly protected Xiamen Bay, Fujian, China)

(～市) Xiamen (a subprovincial city of Fujian, China)

(～島) Xiamen Island, Amoy Island (an island of Xiamen Bay, Fujian, China)


帝都

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (帝都):
* → Japanese: 帝(てい)都(と) (teito)
* → Korean: 제도(帝都) (jedo)

/tɐi̯³³ tou̯⁵⁵/

/tɐi̯³³ tou̯⁵⁵/

(literally or ironic, humorous) derogatory name for Beijing: the capital of China


銅山

/tʰʊŋ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/tʰʊŋ²¹ saːn⁵⁵/

/tʰʊŋ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/tʰʊŋ²¹ saːn⁵⁵/

(～村) Tongshan (a village in Shihua, Gucheng, Xiangyang, Hubei, China)


寧夏

→ English: Ninghsia, Ningsia, Ningxia

/niŋ³⁵ ɕi̯ä⁵¹/

/niŋ²⁴ ɕia⁵¹/

/nɪŋ²¹ haː²²/

/nˡiŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋɑ²⁴²/

/nɛŋ¹³⁻⁴² ha¹¹/

/nɛŋ²⁴⁻⁴² ha²¹/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ ha³³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ha³³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ha⁴¹/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ha²²/

/liɪŋ¹³⁻²² hɛ²²/

/leŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ he¹¹/

/n̠ʲin²² ɦia⁴⁴/

/niŋ³⁵ ɕi̯ä⁵¹/

/niŋ²⁴ ɕia⁵¹/

/nɪŋ²¹ haː²²/

/nˡiŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋɑ²⁴²/

/nɛŋ¹³⁻⁴² ha¹¹/

/nɛŋ²⁴⁻⁴² ha²¹/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ ha³³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ha³³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ha⁴¹/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ha²²/

/liɪŋ¹³⁻²² hɛ²²/

/leŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ he¹¹/

/n̠ʲin²² ɦia⁴⁴/

～回族自治區 寧夏回族自治區#Chinese

Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region
w:Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region

(～回族自治區, formerly ～省) Ningxia, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (a Hui autonomous region of China)


白銀

/paɪ̯³⁵ in³⁵/

/paːk̚² ŋɐn²¹/

/paːk̚² ŋɐn²¹⁻³⁵/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ ɡun²⁴/

/pe(ʔ)²⁴⁻² ɡun²⁴/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ ɡun²⁴/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ ɡin²³/

/pɛ(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ ɡin¹³/

/paɪ̯³⁵ in³⁵/

/paːk̚² ŋɐn²¹/

/paːk̚² ŋɐn²¹⁻³⁵/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ ɡun²⁴/

/pe(ʔ)²⁴⁻² ɡun²⁴/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ ɡun²⁴/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ ɡin²³/

/pɛ(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ ɡin¹³/

(～市) Baiyin (a prefecture-level city of Gansu, China)

(～區) Baiyin (a district of Baiyin City in Gansu, China)


黑龍江

desc

→ English: Heilongjiang, Heilungchiang, Hei-lung-chiang, Heilungkiang

ხეილუნგძიანგი

→ Georgian: ხეილუნგძიანგი (xeilungʒiangi)

/xeɪ̯⁵⁵ lʊŋ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/hɐk̚⁵ lʊŋ²¹ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/haːk̚⁵ lʊŋ²¹ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/hak̚⁵⁵ lɵŋ²² kɔŋ³³/

/hɛt̚¹¹ liʊŋ¹¹ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/hɛiʔ²⁴⁻³⁵ l̃yŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋøyŋ⁵⁵/

heh⁶ loeng² gang¹ [Phonetic:heh⁷ loeng² gang¹]

/hɛʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ lœŋ¹³ kaŋ⁵³³/

heh⁶ lyoeng² gang¹ [Phonetic:heh⁷ lyoeng² gang¹]

/hɛʔ²⁻⁴ lyøŋ²⁴ kaŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ liɔŋ²³⁻³³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ liɔŋ¹³⁻²² kaŋ⁴⁴/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴⁴/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ liɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/hiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kaŋ³³/

/hek̚²⁻⁴ leŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kaŋ³³/

/həʔ³³ loŋ⁵⁵ kɑ̃²¹/

/xeɪ̯⁵⁵ lʊŋ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/hɐk̚⁵ lʊŋ²¹ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/haːk̚⁵ lʊŋ²¹ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/hak̚⁵⁵ lɵŋ²² kɔŋ³³/

/hɛt̚¹¹ liʊŋ¹¹ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/hɛiʔ²⁴⁻³⁵ l̃yŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋøyŋ⁵⁵/

/hɛʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ lœŋ¹³ kaŋ⁵³³/

/hɛʔ²⁻⁴ lyøŋ²⁴ kaŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ liɔŋ²³⁻³³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ liɔŋ¹³⁻²² kaŋ⁴⁴/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴⁴/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ liɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/hiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kaŋ³³/

/hek̚²⁻⁴ leŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kaŋ³³/

/həʔ³³ loŋ⁵⁵ kɑ̃²¹/

From earlier 黑水 (Hēishuǐ), attested since the Tang Dynasty. Semantically, compare Manchu ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ
ᡠᠯᠠ (sahaliyan ula, literally “black river”), Mongolian Хар мөрөн (Xar mörön, literally “black river”).

ncog

ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ ᡠᠯᠠ

Amur River, Heilong Jiang (a major river in the Far East of Russia and Northeastern China)

(～省) Heilongjiang (a province in northeastern China)


遼寧

/li̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ niŋ³⁵/

/liːu̯²¹ nɪŋ²¹/

/l̃ieu⁵³⁻³³ nˡiŋ⁵³/

/lieu¹³⁻¹¹ nɛŋ¹³/

/lieu²⁴⁻²¹ nɛŋ²⁴/

/liau²⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/liau²⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/liau¹³⁻²² liɪŋ¹³/

/liau²⁴⁻¹¹ liɪŋ²⁴/

/liau²³⁻³³ liɪŋ²³/

/liou⁵⁵⁻¹¹ leŋ⁵⁵/

/li̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ niŋ³⁵/

/liːu̯²¹ nɪŋ²¹/

/l̃ieu⁵³⁻³³ nˡiŋ⁵³/

/lieu¹³⁻¹¹ nɛŋ¹³/

/lieu²⁴⁻²¹ nɛŋ²⁴/

/liau²⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/liau²⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/liau¹³⁻²² liɪŋ¹³/

/liau²⁴⁻¹¹ liɪŋ²⁴/

/liau²³⁻³³ liɪŋ²³/

/liou⁵⁵⁻¹¹ leŋ⁵⁵/

(～省) Liaoning (a province in northeastern China)


山東

→ English: Shandong

→ Manchu: ᡧᠠᠨᡩᡠᠩ (šandung)

/ʂän⁵⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/saːn⁵⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/san²⁴⁻¹¹ tuŋ²⁴/

/san⁴⁴ tʊŋ⁴⁴/

/suiŋ⁵⁴ tɔŋ⁵⁴/

/saŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nøyŋ⁵⁵/

/ɬaŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nɒŋ⁵³³/

/ɬaŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nɒŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² taŋ⁴⁴/

/suã³³ taŋ³³/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² taŋ⁴⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ taŋ⁴⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ taŋ⁴⁴/

/sũã³³⁻²³ taŋ³³/

/ʂän⁵⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/saːn⁵⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/san²⁴⁻¹¹ tuŋ²⁴/

/san⁴⁴ tʊŋ⁴⁴/

/suiŋ⁵⁴ tɔŋ⁵⁴/

/saŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nøyŋ⁵⁵/

/ɬaŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nɒŋ⁵³³/

/ɬaŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nɒŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² taŋ⁴⁴/

/suã³³ taŋ³³/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² taŋ⁴⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ taŋ⁴⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ taŋ⁴⁴/

/sũã³³⁻²³ taŋ³³/

(～省) Shandong (a coastal province in eastern China)

(historical, specifically) a geographical area to the east of Hangu Pass

(historical, specifically) a geographical area to the east of the Taihang Mountains

(historical, specifically) a geographical area to the east of Mount Hua


團結

/tʰu̯än³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵/

/hᵘɔn²² ket̚⁵⁵/

/tuaŋ¹³⁻⁴² kɛʔ²¹/

/tuoŋ²⁴⁻⁴² kɛʔ²/

/tʰuan²⁴⁻²¹ kiɛt̚³²/

/tʰuan²⁴⁻²² kiɛt̚⁵/

/tʰuan¹³⁻²² kiɛt̚³²/

/tʰuan²⁴⁻¹¹ kiɛt̚³²/

/tʰuan²⁴⁻²² kiɛt̚³²/

/tʰuan²³⁻³³ kiɛt̚³²/

/tʰueŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kak̚²/

/tʰuaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kak̚²/

/dø²² t͡ɕiɪʔ⁴⁴/

/dø²⁴ t͡ɕiɪʔ²¹/

/dø²² ciɪʔ²²/

/dø²⁴ t͡ɕiəʔ⁵/

/dø²² t͡ɕiɪʔ³³/

/dɵ¹¹ t͡ɕiɪʔ³³/

/dɤə³¹ t͡ɕiɪʔ⁵⁵/

/dɤ¹¹ t͡ɕiəʔ⁵⁵/

/də¹³ t͡ɕiəʔ³³/

/dø²² t͡ɕiɪʔ⁵¹/

/dɛ²² t͡ɕiəʔ⁵⁵/

/de¹¹ t͡ɕiəʔ⁵⁵/

/duõ²² t͡ɕiəʔ³⁴/

/dø̃¹¹ t͡ɕieʔ⁵⁵/

/tʰu̯än³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵/

/hᵘɔn²² ket̚⁵⁵/

/tuaŋ¹³⁻⁴² kɛʔ²¹/

/tuoŋ²⁴⁻⁴² kɛʔ²/

/tʰuan²⁴⁻²¹ kiɛt̚³²/

/tʰuan²⁴⁻²² kiɛt̚⁵/

/tʰuan¹³⁻²² kiɛt̚³²/

/tʰuan²⁴⁻¹¹ kiɛt̚³²/

/tʰuan²⁴⁻²² kiɛt̚³²/

/tʰuan²³⁻³³ kiɛt̚³²/

/tʰueŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kak̚²/

/tʰuaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kak̚²/

/dø²² t͡ɕiɪʔ⁴⁴/

/dø²⁴ t͡ɕiɪʔ²¹/

/dø²² ciɪʔ²²/

/dø²⁴ t͡ɕiəʔ⁵/

/dø²² t͡ɕiɪʔ³³/

/dɵ¹¹ t͡ɕiɪʔ³³/

/dɤə³¹ t͡ɕiɪʔ⁵⁵/

/dɤ¹¹ t͡ɕiəʔ⁵⁵/

/də¹³ t͡ɕiəʔ³³/

/dø²² t͡ɕiɪʔ⁵¹/

/dɛ²² t͡ɕiəʔ⁵⁵/

/de¹¹ t͡ɕiəʔ⁵⁵/

/duõ²² t͡ɕiəʔ³⁴/

/dø̃¹¹ t͡ɕieʔ⁵⁵/

As a lake, paired with nearby Xiezuo Lake from the expression 團結協作 (tuánjié xiézuò, “to work in unity”).

zh-l

(～鎮, formerly ～鄉) Tuanjie (a town in Yuli, Bayingolin prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China, formerly a township)

(～社區) Tuanjie (a residential community in Ruoqiang, Ruoqiang, Bayingolin prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


巴西

/paː⁵⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/pa²⁴⁻¹¹ si²⁴/

/pa⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɛ⁵⁵/

/pa⁴⁴⁻²² se⁴⁴/

/pa⁴⁴⁻³³ se⁴⁴/

/pa³³⁻²³ sai³³/

/paː⁵⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/pa²⁴⁻¹¹ si²⁴/

/pa⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɛ⁵⁵/

/pa⁴⁴⁻²² se⁴⁴/

/pa⁴⁴⁻³³ se⁴⁴/

/pa³³⁻²³ sai³³/

(～鎮) Baxi (a town in Zoigê, Ngawa, Sichuan, China)


鸕鶿

/lu³⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/lou̯²¹ t͡sʰiː²¹/

/lu¹¹ t͡sʰɨ¹¹/

/lu¹¹ t͡sʰz̩¹¹/

/l̃u⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾li⁵³/

/lɔ²⁴⁻³³ t͡si²⁴/

/lɔ²⁴⁻²² t͡si²⁴/

/lou⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sɯ³³/

/ləu̯¹³ sz̩³/

/lu³⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/lou̯²¹ t͡sʰiː²¹/

/lu¹¹ t͡sʰɨ¹¹/

/lu¹¹ t͡sʰz̩¹¹/

/l̃u⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾li⁵³/

/lɔ²⁴⁻³³ t͡si²⁴/

/lɔ²⁴⁻²² t͡si²⁴/

/lou⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sɯ³³/

/ləu̯¹³ sz̩³/

(～島) Luci Island (an island of Xiuyu district, Putian, Fujian, China)


中心

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ɕin⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ sɐm⁵⁵/

/t͡suŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ sim²⁴/

/t͡ʃuŋ⁵³ sim⁵³/

/tœŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ^((ɬ-))niŋ⁵³³/

/tyøŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ^((ɬ-))niŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sim⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sim⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sim⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sim⁴⁴/

/toŋ³³⁻²³ sim³³/

/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ ɕin²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ɕin⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ sɐm⁵⁵/

/t͡suŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ sim²⁴/

/t͡ʃuŋ⁵³ sim⁵³/

/tœŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ^((ɬ-))niŋ⁵³³/

/tyøŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ^((ɬ-))niŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sim⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sim⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sim⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sim⁴⁴/

/toŋ³³⁻²³ sim³³/

/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ ɕin²¹/

(～村) Zhongxin (a village in Wudian, Guangshui, Suizhou, Hubei, China)


木蘭

/ᵐbɵk̚³² lan²²/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² lan²⁴/

/bɔk̚²⁴⁻² lan²⁴/

/bɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ lan¹³/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² lan²⁴/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² lan²³/

/ᵐbɵk̚³² lan²²/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² lan²⁴/

/bɔk̚²⁴⁻² lan²⁴/

/bɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ lan¹³/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² lan²⁴/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² lan²³/

(～縣) Mulan (a county of Harbin, Heilongjiang, China)


支那

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ nä⁵¹/

/t͡siː⁵⁵ naː²¹/

/t͡sɨ²⁴⁻¹¹ na⁵⁵/

/t͡si⁴⁴⁻²² nã⁵³/

/t͡si³³ nã⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡si⁴⁴⁻²² nã⁵³/

/t͡si⁴⁴⁻³³ nã⁵³/

/t͡si⁴⁴⁻³³ nã⁴¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ nä⁵¹/

/t͡siː⁵⁵ naː²¹/

/t͡sɨ²⁴⁻¹¹ na⁵⁵/

/t͡si⁴⁴⁻²² nã⁵³/

/t͡si³³ nã⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡si⁴⁴⁻²² nã⁵³/

/t͡si⁴⁴⁻³³ nã⁵³/

/t͡si⁴⁴⁻³³ nã⁴¹/

(～鄉) Zhina (a township in Yingjiang, Dehong prefecture, Yunnan, China)


海南

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (海南):
* → Japanese: 海南(かいなん) (Kainan)
* → Korean: 해남(海南) (Haenam)
* → Vietnamese: Hải Nam (海南)

→ English: Hainan, Hai-nan

→ Russian: Хайна́нь (Xajnánʹ)

→ Thai: ไหหลำ (hǎi-lǎm)

→ Zhuang: Haijnanz

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ nän³⁵/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ naːm²¹/

/hᵘɔi⁵⁵ ⁿdam²²/

/hai³³⁻²¹ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/hai⁴⁵³⁻¹³ naŋ¹³/

/hai³³²⁻⁵⁵ naŋ²⁴/

/hai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lam²⁴/

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ nän³⁵/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ naːm²¹/

/hᵘɔi⁵⁵ ⁿdam²²/

/hai³³⁻²¹ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/hai⁴⁵³⁻¹³ naŋ¹³/

/hai³³²⁻⁵⁵ naŋ²⁴/

/hai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lam²⁴/

Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture
Qinghai Lake
Qiongzhou Strait

Literally, south of a “sea”, which, in the case of Hainan Island or province, refers to the Qiongzhou Strait (瓊州海峽 /琼州海峡 (Qióngzhōu Hǎixiá)), and in the case of Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, refers to the Qinghai Lake (青海湖 (Qīnghǎi Hú)). The district in Wuhai, Inner Mongolia is named after its position relative to the Haibowan (海勃灣／海勃湾) District.
“Kainan” is an orthographic borrowing from Japanese 海(かい)南(なん) (Kainan).

潮州粿條福建麵，海南咖啡廣府炒 / 潮州粿条福建面，海南咖啡广府炒

Cháozhōu guǒtiáo Fújiàn miàn, Hǎinán kāfēi Guǎngfǔ chǎo

Zhou Qufei, Representative Answers from the Region beyond the Mountains, 12ᵗʰ century CE

Hǎinán Lí rén, qīn sǐ, bù shí zhōu fàn, wéi yǐnjiǔ shí shēng niúròu, yǐwéi zhìxiào zài shì.

海南黎人，親死，不食粥飯，唯飲酒食生牛肉，以為至孝在是。

海南黎人，亲死，不食粥饭，唯饮酒食生牛肉，以为至孝在是。

(～島) Hainan, Hainan Island (an island off the coast of southern China)

(～省) Hainan (a province off the coast of southern China, primarily made up of Hainan Island)

～藏族自治州 海南藏族自治州#Chinese

Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture
w:Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture

autonomous prefecture
autonomous prefecture

(～藏族自治州, ～州) Hainan, Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture (a Tibetan autonomous prefecture of Qinghai, China)

(～區) Hainan (a district of Wuhai, Inner Mongolia autonomous region, China)


上海

desc

→ English: Shang-hai, Shanghae, Shanghai

→ French: Shanghai, Shanghaï, Changhaï

→ Japanese: 上(シャン)海(ハイ) (Shanhai)

→ Korean: 상하이 (Sanghai)

→ Russian: Шанха́й (Šanxáj)

→ Zhuang: Sanghaij

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sœːŋ²² hɔːi̯³⁵/

/siaŋ³² hᵘɔi⁵⁵/

/ʃoŋ⁵³ hoi²⁴/

/sɔŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ hoɪ³¹/

/sɒ̃⁴⁵ xai⁵³/

/t͡siɔŋ⁵⁵ xuɛ²¹/

/suoŋ²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai³³/

/ɬyɒŋ¹¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai⁴⁵³/

/ɬyøŋ²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai³³²/

/siɔŋ²¹ hai⁴⁴⁵/

/siɔŋ³³⁻²¹ hai⁴¹/

/siɔŋ²²⁻²¹ hai⁴²/

/siɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ hai⁵³/

/siɔŋ²²⁻²¹ hai⁵³/

/siɔŋ²² hai⁵⁵⁴/

/siɔŋ³³⁻²² hai⁵⁵⁴/

/siaŋ²²⁻²¹ hai⁵³/

/siaŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ hai⁵²/

/zɑ̃²² he⁴⁴/

/zɑ̃²² he³³/

/ʂan²¹⁻¹¹ xai̯⁴¹/

/san²¹⁻¹¹ xai̯⁴¹/

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sœːŋ²² hɔːi̯³⁵/

/siaŋ³² hᵘɔi⁵⁵/

/ʃoŋ⁵³ hoi²⁴/

/sɔŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ hoɪ³¹/

/sɒ̃⁴⁵ xai⁵³/

/t͡siɔŋ⁵⁵ xuɛ²¹/

/suoŋ²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai³³/

/ɬyɒŋ¹¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai⁴⁵³/

/ɬyøŋ²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai³³²/

/siɔŋ²¹ hai⁴⁴⁵/

/siɔŋ³³⁻²¹ hai⁴¹/

/siɔŋ²²⁻²¹ hai⁴²/

/siɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ hai⁵³/

/siɔŋ²²⁻²¹ hai⁵³/

/siɔŋ²² hai⁵⁵⁴/

/siɔŋ³³⁻²² hai⁵⁵⁴/

/siaŋ²²⁻²¹ hai⁵³/

/siaŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ hai⁵²/

/zɑ̃²² he⁴⁴/

/zɑ̃²² he³³/

/ʂan²¹⁻¹¹ xai̯⁴¹/

/san²¹⁻¹¹ xai̯⁴¹/

Named after 上海浦, a historical river in Shanghai, which was filled in during the late Qing dynasty.

華亭／华亭, 松江

two historical major cities now under the juristiction of Shanghai

上海證券交易所

上海证券交易所

她最近跑到上海去了。

I still have a few things to arrange in Shanghai.

Zài Shànghǎi wǒ háiyǒu jǐ jiàn shìqíng yào ānpái.

在上海我還有幾件事情要安排。

在上海我还有几件事情要安排。

⁶non ⁵tau ⁶zaon-he₅ ⁶le-leq₈ ¹tu-sau₅ ⁶zen-kuaon₁-leq₈

儂到上海來了多少辰光了？

侬到上海来了多少辰光了？

(～市) Shanghai (a major port city and direct-administered municipality of China, the largest urban area in China)

(～縣) (historical) Shanghai (a former county of Shanghai, China)


揚州

ja-r

揚(よう)州(しゅう) (Yōshū)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (揚州):
* → Japanese: 揚(よう)州(しゅう) (Yōshū)
* → Vietnamese: Dương Châu (揚州)

desc

→ English: Yang-chou, Yangchow, Yangzhou

/jɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/jœːŋ²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/i̯oŋ¹¹ t͡su²⁴/

/iɔŋ¹¹ t͡su⁴⁴/

/iɒ̃¹¹ t͡səu¹¹/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu³³/

/iɔŋ¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/iɔŋ²³⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/iaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡siu³³/

/ɦiã²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

/jɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/jœːŋ²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/i̯oŋ¹¹ t͡su²⁴/

/iɔŋ¹¹ t͡su⁴⁴/

/iɒ̃¹¹ t͡səu¹¹/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu³³/

/iɔŋ¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/iɔŋ²³⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/iaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡siu³³/

/ɦiã²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

From the area of 揚州 recorded as one of the Nine Provinces 九州 (Jiǔzhōu) of Yu the Great 大禹 (Dà Yǔ) in the "Tribute of Yu" 禹贡 (Yǔ Gòng) section of the Book of Xia 夏書 /夏书 (Xià Shū) in the Book of Documents 書經 /书经 (shūjīng)

(～市) Yangzhou (a prefecture-level city of Jiangsu, in eastern China)

(historical) Yangzhou (an ancient province, one of the Nine Provinces of ancient China)


長江

→ Manchu: ᡤᠣᠯᠮᡳᠨ
ᡠᠯᠠ (golmin ula) (calque)

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰiaŋ²² kɔŋ³³/

/t͡sʰoŋ¹¹ koŋ²⁴/

/tuoŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋøyŋ⁵⁵/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²³⁻³³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²³⁻³³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kaŋ³³/

/zã²² kɑ̃⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰiaŋ²² kɔŋ³³/

/t͡sʰoŋ¹¹ koŋ²⁴/

/tuoŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋøyŋ⁵⁵/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²³⁻³³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²³⁻³³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kaŋ³³/

/zã²² kɑ̃⁴⁴/

揚子江

originally only in reference to the lower reaches

(～社區) Changjiang (a community in Guanshan, Hongshan district, Wuhan, Hubei, China)


青山

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰi̯aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ san²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ san³³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰi̯aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ san²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ san³³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

Qingshan (a district of Wuhan, Hubei, China)

Qingshan (a district of Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China)

(～鎮) Qingshan (a town in Yunyang district, Shiyan, Hubei, China)


中興

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ³³ hiɪŋ³³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ³³ hiɪŋ³³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

(～社區) Zhongxing (a residential community in Chenjiagang, Xiangshui, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China)


崇信

/ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ³⁵ ɕin⁵¹/

/sʊŋ²¹ sɵn³³/

/ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ³⁵ ɕin⁵¹/

/sʊŋ²¹ sɵn³³/

(～縣) Chongxin (a county of Pingliang, Gansu, China)


建寧

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ niŋ³⁵/

/kiːn³³ nɪŋ²¹/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ liɪŋ²⁴/

/kiɛn⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ liɪŋ²⁴/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ liɪŋ¹³/

/kiɛn¹¹⁻⁵³ liɪŋ²⁴/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁴¹ liɪŋ²³/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ niŋ³⁵/

/kiːn³³ nɪŋ²¹/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ liɪŋ²⁴/

/kiɛn⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ liɪŋ²⁴/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ liɪŋ¹³/

/kiɛn¹¹⁻⁵³ liɪŋ²⁴/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁴¹ liɪŋ²³/

(～郡) (historical) Jianning (a former commandery of China, from the Three Kingdoms period to the Northern and Southern dynasties)

(～府) (historical) Jianning, Kienning (a former prefecture of Fujian, China, under the Southern Song, Ming and Qing dynasties; modern Jian'ou)

(～路) (historical) Jianning (a former lu in Fujian, China, under the Yuan dynasty; modern Jian'ou)

(～縣) Jianning (a county of Sanming, Fujian, China)


洛陽

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (洛陽):
* → Japanese: 洛陽(らくよう) (Rakuyō)
* → Korean: 낙양(洛陽) (Nagyang)
* → Vietnamese: Lạc Dương (洛陽)

→ English: Luoyang

desc

→ Thai: ลั่วหยาง, ลกเอี๋ยง

→ Thai: ลั่วหยาง, ลกเอี๋ยง

/lu̯ɔ⁵¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/lɔːk̚³ jœːŋ²¹/

/lɔːk̚² jœːŋ²¹/

/lɔk̚⁵ iɔŋ¹¹/

/l̃ouʔ⁵⁻³³ yoŋ⁵³/

/lɔk̚²⁴⁻² iɔŋ²⁴/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² iɔŋ²⁴/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² iɔŋ²³/

/lɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ iaŋ¹³/

/lok̚⁴⁻² iaŋ⁵⁵/

/loʔ¹¹ ɦiã²³/

/lu̯ɔ⁵¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/lɔːk̚³ jœːŋ²¹/

/lɔːk̚² jœːŋ²¹/

/lɔk̚⁵ iɔŋ¹¹/

/l̃ouʔ⁵⁻³³ yoŋ⁵³/

/lɔk̚²⁴⁻² iɔŋ²⁴/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² iɔŋ²⁴/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² iɔŋ²³/

/lɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ iaŋ¹³/

/lok̚⁴⁻² iaŋ⁵⁵/

/loʔ¹¹ ɦiã²³/

Encyclopædia Britannica
Luo River (Henan)
Yin_and_yang#Toponymy

Yang (north) of the Luo River; based on Yin and yang toponymy in which north is associated with yang. Luoyang is situated to the north of the Luo River.

洛阳
雒陽
洛阳
樂洋
落洋

(～市) Luoyang (a prefecture-level city of Henan, China)

(～鎮) Luoyang (a town in the district of Zengdu, in the prefecture-level city of Suizhou, Hubei, China)


洛陽

/lu̯ɔ⁵¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/lo(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ iũ²⁴/

/lo(ʔ)²⁴⁻² iũ²⁴/

/lo(ʔ)²³⁻² iũ²⁴/

/lu̯ɔ⁵¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/lo(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ iũ²⁴/

/lo(ʔ)²⁴⁻² iũ²⁴/

/lo(ʔ)²³⁻² iũ²⁴/

Popularly considered to be a beautified form (雅化) of 落洋.

zh-wp

zh:洛陽鎮 (惠安縣)

洛阳
雒陽
洛阳
樂洋
落洋

(～鎮) Luoyang (a town in Hui'an County, in the prefecture-level city of Quanzhou, Fujian, China)

(～江) Luoyang (a river in the prefecture-level city of Quanzhou, Fujian, China)


鉅鹿

/t͡ɕy⁵¹⁻⁵³ lu⁵¹/

/kɵy̯²² lʊk̚²⁻³⁵/

/t͡ɕy⁵¹⁻⁵³ lu⁵¹/

/kɵy̯²² lʊk̚²⁻³⁵/

(～縣) Julu (a county of Xingtai, Hebei, China; formerly Nanyi prior to the Sui dynasty)

At that time, there lived three brothers in Julu County: Zhang Jiao, Zhang Bao and Zhang Liang.

c. 1330 - 1400, Luo Guanzhong, Romance of the Three Kingdoms/Chapter 1

Shí Jùlù Jùn yǒu xiōngdì sān rén: yī míng Zhāng Jiǎo, yī míng Zhāng Bǎo, yī míng Zhāng Liáng.

時鉅鹿郡有兄弟三人：一名張角，一名張寶，一名張梁。

时钜鹿郡有兄弟三人：一名张角，一名张宝，一名张梁。

(～縣) (historical) Julu (a former county in present-day Pingxiang, Xingtai, Hebei, China)


太平

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (太平):
* → Japanese: 太平(たいへい) (taihei)
* → Korean: 태평(太平) (taepyeong)
* → Vietnamese: thái bình (太平)

→ Manchu: ᡨᠠᡳᡶᡳᠨ (taifin)

desc

→ Classical Mongolian: ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠫᠢᠩ (tayiping)

→ Classical Mongolian: ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠫᠢᠩ (tayiping)

Mongolian: тайван (tajvan)

→ Tuvan: тайбың (taybıñ)

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/tʰɛ⁴⁴ pʰiŋ²⁴/

/tʰaːi̯³³ pʰɪŋ²¹/

/tʰuɛ³³ peiŋ²¹/

/tʰai²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βaŋ⁵³/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ piɪŋ²⁴/

/tʰai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ piɪŋ²⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ piɪŋ¹³/

/tʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ piɪŋ²⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ piɪŋ²³/

/tʰai²¹³⁻⁵⁵ pʰeŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/tʰɛ⁴⁴ pʰiŋ²⁴/

/tʰaːi̯³³ pʰɪŋ²¹/

/tʰuɛ³³ peiŋ²¹/

/tʰai²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βaŋ⁵³/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ piɪŋ²⁴/

/tʰai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ piɪŋ²⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ piɪŋ¹³/

/tʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ piɪŋ²⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ piɪŋ²³/

/tʰai²¹³⁻⁵⁵ pʰeŋ⁵⁵/

寧為太平犬，不做亂世人 / 宁为太平犬，不做乱世人

nìng wéi tàipíng quǎn, bù zuò luànshì rén

(～府) (historical) Taiping (a prefecture of Anhui, during the Ming and Qing dynasties)

(～區) Taiping (a district of Fuxin, Liaoning, China)

Taiping (a district of Fuxin, Liaoning, China)

(～區) Taiping (a former district of Heilongjiang, Heilongjiang, China)

various place names, including:
various towns:
(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Tianjin, China)

various place names, including:
various towns:
Taiping (a town in Tianjin, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Tongliang, Chongqing, China)

Taiping (a town in Tongliang, Chongqing, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Dianjiang, Chongqing, China)

Taiping (a town in Dianjiang, Chongqing, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Jixian, Shuangyashan, Heilongjiang, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Shuangyang district, Changchun, Jilin, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Panshan, Panjin, Liaoning, China)

Taiping (a town in Panshan, Panjin, Liaoning, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Shuangliu, Chengdu, Sichuan, China)

Taiping (a town in Shuangliu, Chengdu, Sichuan, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Wanyuan, Dazhou, Sichuan, China)

Taiping (a town in Wanyuan, Dazhou, Sichuan, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Lushan, Ya'an, Sichuan, China)

Taiping (a town in Lushan, Ya'an, Sichuan, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Gulin, Luzhou, Sichuan, China)

Taiping (a town in Gulin, Luzhou, Sichuan, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Xingwen, Yibin, Sichuan, China)

Taiping (a town in Xingwen, Yibin, Sichuan, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Xichong, Nanchong, Sichuan, China)

Taiping (a town in Xichong, Nanchong, Sichuan, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Jiangyou, Mianyang, Sichuan, China)

Taiping (a town in Jiangyou, Mianyang, Sichuan, China)

(～鎮, formerly ～鄉) Taiping (a former town in Youxian district, Mianyang, Sichuan, China, formerly a township)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Zizhong, Neijiang, Sichuan, China)

Taiping (a town in Zizhong, Neijiang, Sichuan, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Huili, Liangshan prefecture, Sichuan, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Shawan district, Leshan, Yunnan, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Yao'an, Chuxiong prefecture, Yunnan, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Yingjiang, Dehong prefecture, Yunnan, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a former town in Anning, Kunming, Yunnan, China)

Taiping (a former town in Anning, Kunming, Yunnan, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Sidian, Baoshan, Yunnan, China)

Taiping (a town in Sidian, Baoshan, Yunnan, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Sihong, Suqian, Jiangsu, China)

Taiping (a town in Sihong, Suqian, Jiangsu, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Zhao'an, Zhangzhou, Fujian, China)

Taiping (a town in Zhao'an, Zhangzhou, Fujian, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Yanping district, Nanping, Fujian, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Yuanyang, Xinxiang, Henan, China)

Taiping (a town in Yuanyang, Xinxiang, Henan, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Xixia, Nanyang, Henan, China)

Taiping (a town in Xixia, Nanyang, Henan, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Zaoyang, Xiangyang, Hubei, China)

Taiping (a town in Zaoyang, Xiangyang, Hubei, China)

(～鎮, formerly ～鄉) Taiping (a town in Guangshui, Suizhou, Hubei, China, formerly a township)

(～鎮, formerly ～鄉) Taiping (a town in Hefeng, Enshi prefecture, Hubei, China, formerly a township)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Ningyuan, Yongzhou, Hunan, China)

Taiping (a town in Ningyuan, Yongzhou, Hunan, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Shimen, Changde, Hunan, China)

Taiping (a town in Shimen, Changde, Hunan, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Conghua district, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Cixing, Shaoguan, Guangdong, China)

Taiping (a town in Cixing, Shaoguan, Guangdong, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Majiang, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China)

Taiping (a town in Majiang, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Yangshan, Qingyuan, Guangdong, China)

Taiping (a town in Yangshan, Qingyuan, Guangdong, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Qingxin district, Qingyuan, Guangdong, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Luoding, Yunfou, Guangdong, China)

Taiping (a town in Luoding, Yunfou, Guangdong, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Xinxing, Yunfou, Guangdong, China)

Taiping (a town in Xinxing, Yunfou, Guangdong, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Teng, Wuzhou, Guangxi autonomous region, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Wuming district, Nanning, Guangxi autonomous region, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Jiangzhou district, Chongzuo, Guangxi autonomous region, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Liucheng, Liuzhou, Guangxi autonomous region, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Lingshan, Qinzhou, Guangxi autonomous region, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Pingguo, Baise, Guangxi autonomous region, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Juye, Heze, Shandong, China)

Taiping (a town in Juye, Heze, Shandong, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Zoucheng, Jining, Shandong, China)

Taiping (a town in Zoucheng, Jining, Shandong, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Jiyang, Jinan, Shandong, China)

Taiping (a town in Jiyang, Jinan, Shandong, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Wanli district, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Jingyang, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China)

Taiping (a town in Jingyang, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Zhenyuan, Qingyang, Gansu, China)

Taiping (a town in Zhenyuan, Qingyang, Gansu, China)

(～鄉) Taiping (a town in Tuquan, Xing'an, Inner Mongolia autonomous region, China)

(～村) Taiping (a village in Zhonglu, Lichuan, Enshi prefecture, Hubei, China)

(～街道, formerly ～鎮) Taiping (a subdistrict of Daoli district, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China, formerly a town)


宣化

/ɕy̯ɛn⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/ɕy̯ɛn⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

(～區) Xuanhua (a district of Zhangjiakou, Hebei, China)


甲子

/t͡ɕi̯ä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kap⁵⁻² t͡sɨ²⁴/

/t͡ɕiaʔ²⁻⁴⁵ t͡sz̩⁵³/

/kaʔ²⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sy³³/

/ka(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ t͡si⁴¹/

/ka(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ t͡si⁵³/

/ka(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ t͡su⁵³/

/t͡ɕiaʔ³³ t͡sz̩⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯ä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kap⁵⁻² t͡sɨ²⁴/

/t͡ɕiaʔ²⁻⁴⁵ t͡sz̩⁵³/

/kaʔ²⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sy³³/

/ka(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ t͡si⁴¹/

/ka(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ t͡si⁵³/

/ka(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ t͡su⁵³/

/t͡ɕiaʔ³³ t͡sz̩⁴⁴/

(～鎮) Jiazi (a town in Lufeng, Shanwei, Guangdong, China)

(～鎮) Jiazi (a town in Qiongshan district, Haikou, Hainan, China)


青州

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ t͡siu³³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ t͡siu³³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

(～市) Qingzhou (a city in Shandong, China)


幽州

/joʊ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/joʊ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

(historical) Youzhou (an ancient prefecture in modern China)


徐州

/ɕy³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɵy̯²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/sɯ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu³³/

/su²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/si¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/ɕy³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɵy̯²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/sɯ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu³³/

/su²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/si¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

(～市) Xuzhou (a prefecture-level city in northwestern Jiangsu, China)

(historical) Xuzhou (an ancient province, one of the Nine Provinces of ancient China)


冀州

/t͡ɕi⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kʰei̯³³ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kʰei̯³³ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

(～區, formerly ～市) Jizhou (a district and former county-level city of Hengshui, Hebei, China)


荊州

→ English: Jingzhou, Kingchow, Kin-tcheou, Ching-chou

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kɪŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ t͡sɤ²¹/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kɪŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ t͡sɤ²¹/

(～市) Jingzhou (a prefecture-level city of Hubei, China)

(～區) Jingzhou (a district of Jingzhou, Hubei, China)

經濟技術開發區 經濟技術開發區#Chinese

(～經濟技術開發區) Jingzhou (an economic and technological development zone in Jingzhou, Hubei, China)

(～鄉) Jingzhou (a township in Jixi, Xuancheng, Anhui, China)


兗州

/jɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/jiːn¹³ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/jɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/jiːn¹³ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

(～區, formerly ～市) Yanzhou (a district of Jining, Shandong, China, formerly a county-level city)


江夏

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ɕi̯ä⁵¹/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ haː²²/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ɕi̯ä⁵¹/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ haː²²/

(～區) Jiangxia (a district of Wuhan, Hubei, China)


中山

Literally “Central Mountains”, named after a mountain in its capital.

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/t͡sɵŋ³³ san³³/

/t͡suŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ san²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/t͡sɵŋ³³ san³³/

/t͡suŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ san²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

(～國) (historical) Zhongshan (ancient feudal state in modern Dingzhou, Hebei, China)


中山

Named after Chinese president 孫中山 (Sun Yat-sen), who used the pseudonym 中(なか)山(やま)樵(きこり) (Nakayama Kikori). Ultimately from the Japanese surname 中(なか)山(やま) (Nakayama).
Zhongshan, Guangdong was renamed from 香山 (Xiāngshān); Sun Yat-sen's birthplace is in Zhongshan.

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/t͡sɵŋ³³ san³³/

/t͡suŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ san²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/t͡sɵŋ³³ san³³/

/t͡suŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ san²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

(～市, formerly ～縣) Zhongshan (a prefecture-level city and former county of Guangdong, China)

(～區) Zhongshan (a district of Dalian, Liaoning, China)


東南

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ nän³⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ naːm²¹/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² lam²⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² lam¹³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ lam²⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ lam²³/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ nän³⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ naːm²¹/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² lam²⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² lam¹³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ lam²⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ lam²³/

(～地區) Southeast China (a region of China, centred on Guangdong and Fujian; overlapping with the regions of South Central China and East China)


河東

/xɤ³⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/hɔː²¹ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/ho²⁴⁻²² taŋ⁴⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻²² taŋ³³/

/ho¹³⁻²² taŋ⁴⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ taŋ⁴⁴/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ taŋ⁴⁴/

/xɤ³⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/hɔː²¹ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/ho²⁴⁻²² taŋ⁴⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻²² taŋ³³/

/ho¹³⁻²² taŋ⁴⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ taŋ⁴⁴/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ taŋ⁴⁴/

(historical) Hedong Commandery (a region of Shanxi, China)

(～區) Hedong (a district of Tianjin, China)


同心

→ English: Tongxin

/tʰʊŋ³⁵ ɕin⁵⁵/

/tʰʊŋ²¹ sɐm⁵⁵/

/taŋ²⁴⁻²² sim⁴⁴/

/taŋ²⁴⁻²² sim³³/

/taŋ¹³⁻²² sim⁴⁴/

/taŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ sim⁴⁴/

/taŋ²³⁻³³ sim⁴⁴/

/tʰʊŋ³⁵ ɕin⁵⁵/

/tʰʊŋ²¹ sɐm⁵⁵/

/taŋ²⁴⁻²² sim⁴⁴/

/taŋ²⁴⁻²² sim³³/

/taŋ¹³⁻²² sim⁴⁴/

/taŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ sim⁴⁴/

/taŋ²³⁻³³ sim⁴⁴/

(～縣) Tongxin (a county of Wuzhong, Ningxia autonomous region, China)

(～村) Tongxin (a village in Caidian, Caidian district, Wuhan, Hubei, China)

(～村) Tongxin (a village in Wudian, Zaoyang, Xiangyang, Hubei, China)


金銀

/t͡ɕiŋ²⁴ iŋ²⁴/

/kɐm⁵⁵ ŋɐn²¹/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² ɡin²⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² ɡun²⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² ɡin¹³/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² ɡun¹³/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡin²⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡun²⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡin²³/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡun²³/

/t͡ɕiŋ²⁴ iŋ²⁴/

/kɐm⁵⁵ ŋɐn²¹/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² ɡin²⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² ɡun²⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² ɡin¹³/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² ɡun¹³/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡin²⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡun²⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡin²³/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡun²³/

(～村) Jinyin (a village in Zhonglu, Lichuan, Enshi prefecture, Hubei, China)


杭州

ja-r

杭(こう)州(しゅう) (Kōshū)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (杭州):
* → Japanese: 杭(こう)州(しゅう) (Kōshū)
* → Korean: 항주(杭州) (Hangju)
* → Vietnamese: Hàng Châu (杭州)

/xɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/hɔːŋ²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/hɔŋ²² t͡siu³³/

/hoŋ⁵⁵ t͡ʃiu⁵³/

/hɔŋ¹¹ t͡su⁴⁴/

/haŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/haŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu³³/

/haŋ¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/haŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/haŋ²³⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/haŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡siu³³/

/ɦɑ̃²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

/ɦɑŋ²² t͡sei³⁴/

/xɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/hɔːŋ²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/hɔŋ²² t͡siu³³/

/hoŋ⁵⁵ t͡ʃiu⁵³/

/hɔŋ¹¹ t͡su⁴⁴/

/haŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/haŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu³³/

/haŋ¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/haŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/haŋ²³⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/haŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡siu³³/

/ɦɑ̃²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

/ɦɑŋ²² t͡sei³⁴/

The province's name derived from 餘杭／余杭 (Yúháng), traditionally glossed as a mistake for 禹航 (“Yu's ferry”) but more likely a transcription into Old Chinese characters of a native Proto-Wu placename.

zh-l

餘杭／余杭 (Yúháng)

(～市) Hangzhou (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Zhejiang, China)

(historical) Hang Prefecture or Province (former division of imperial China)


前進

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵ t͡ɕin⁵¹/

/t͡sʰiːn²¹ t͡sɵn³³/

/t͡siɛn¹³⁻²² t͡sin²¹/

/t͡siɛn²⁴⁻²² t͡sin²¹/

/t͡siɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sin¹¹/

/t͡siɛn²⁴⁻²² t͡sin⁴¹/

/t͡siɛn²³⁻³³ t͡sin²¹/

/t͡siɪŋ²³⁻³³ t͡sin²¹/

/t͡siɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sin¹¹/

/t͡sõĩ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡siŋ²¹³/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵ t͡ɕin⁵¹/

/t͡sʰiːn²¹ t͡sɵn³³/

/t͡siɛn¹³⁻²² t͡sin²¹/

/t͡siɛn²⁴⁻²² t͡sin²¹/

/t͡siɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sin¹¹/

/t͡siɛn²⁴⁻²² t͡sin⁴¹/

/t͡siɛn²³⁻³³ t͡sin²¹/

/t͡siɪŋ²³⁻³³ t͡sin²¹/

/t͡siɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sin¹¹/

/t͡sõĩ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡siŋ²¹³/

(～街道) Qianjin (a subdistrict of Jianghan district, Wuhan, Hubei, China)

(～村) Qianjin (a village in Gaocheng, Sui, Suizhou, Hubei, China)

(～村) (historical) Qianjin (a village in Liushuquan, Fengnan district, Tangshan, Hebei, China)


翻身

/fän⁵⁵ ʂən⁵⁵/

/fan²⁴⁻¹¹ sɨn²⁴/

/fän⁵⁵ ʂən⁵⁵/

/fan²⁴⁻¹¹ sɨn²⁴/

(～村) Fanshen (a village in Zhonglu, Lichuan, Enshi prefecture, Hubei, China)


廣宗

/ku̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kʷɔːŋ³⁵ t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵/

/ku̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kʷɔːŋ³⁵ t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵/

(～縣) Guangzong (a county of Xingtai, Hebei, China)


潁川

/iŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/iŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

(～郡) (historical) Yingchuan (a commandery in ancient China that existed between the Qin and Tang dynasties, whose capital was located in modern day Yuzhou, Henan, China)


紅旗

/xʊŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/hʊŋ²¹ kʰei̯²¹/

/aŋ¹³⁻¹¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋi¹³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋi²⁴/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² ki²⁴/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² ki²⁴/

/aŋ¹³⁻²² ki¹³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ki²⁴/

/aŋ²³⁻³³ ki²³/

/aŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ki⁵⁵/

/xʊŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/hʊŋ²¹ kʰei̯²¹/

/aŋ¹³⁻¹¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋi¹³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋi²⁴/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² ki²⁴/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² ki²⁴/

/aŋ¹³⁻²² ki¹³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ki²⁴/

/aŋ²³⁻³³ ki²³/

/aŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ki⁵⁵/

(～村) Hongqi (a village in Yonglong, Jingshan, Jingmen, Hubei, China)

(～村) Hongqi (a village in Huilong, Fang, Shiyan, Hubei, China)

(～社區) Hongqi (a community in Zhucheng, Xinzhou district, Wuhan, Hubei, China)


吉利

/t͡ɕi³⁵ li⁵¹/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ li²²/

/kiɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ li⁴¹/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ li³³/

/kit̚³²⁻⁵ li²²/

/t͡ɕiɪʔ³³ li⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕi³⁵ li⁵¹/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ li²²/

/kiɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ li⁴¹/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ li³³/

/kit̚³²⁻⁵ li²²/

/t͡ɕiɪʔ³³ li⁴⁴/

(～區) Jili District (a district of Luoyang, Henan, China)


南陽

/nän³⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/naːm²¹ jœːŋ²¹/

/lam²⁴⁻²² iɔŋ²⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² iɔŋ²⁴/

/lam¹³⁻²² iɔŋ¹³/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ iɔŋ²⁴/

/lam²³⁻³³ iɔŋ²³/

/nän³⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/naːm²¹ jœːŋ²¹/

/lam²⁴⁻²² iɔŋ²⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² iɔŋ²⁴/

/lam¹³⁻²² iɔŋ¹³/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ iɔŋ²⁴/

/lam²³⁻³³ iɔŋ²³/

南陽漢畫像石

南阳汉画像石

(～鎮) Nanyang (a town in Xingshan, Yichang, Hubei, China)


汝南

/ʐu²¹⁴⁻²¹ nän³⁵/

/ʐu²¹⁴⁻²¹ nän³⁵/

(～縣) Runan (a county of Zhumadian, Henan, China)


隴西

/lʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi⁵⁵/

/lʊŋ¹³ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/lʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi⁵⁵/

/lʊŋ¹³ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

(～縣) Longxi (a county of Dingxi, Gansu, China)

(～郡) (historical) Longxi (an ancient commandery of Guanzhong, China during the Qin dynasty, in the southern part of modern Gansu)


臨洮

/lin³⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³⁵/

/lɐm²¹ tʰou̯²¹/

/lin³⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³⁵/

/lɐm²¹ tʰou̯²¹/

(～縣) Lintao (a county of Dingxi, Gansu, China)


曲陽

/t͡ɕʰy⁵⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/kʰʊk̚⁵ jœːŋ²¹/

/t͡ɕʰy⁵⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/kʰʊk̚⁵ jœːŋ²¹/

(～縣) Quyang (a county of Baoding, Hebei, China)


山頭

/ʂän⁵⁵ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/

/saːn⁵⁵ tʰɐu̯²¹/

/ɬũã⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ^((tʰ-))nau²⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² tʰau²⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² tʰau¹³/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰau²⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰau²³/

/ʂän⁵⁵ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/

/saːn⁵⁵ tʰɐu̯²¹/

/ɬũã⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ^((tʰ-))nau²⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² tʰau²⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² tʰau¹³/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰau²⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰau²³/

(～社區, formerly ～村) Shantou (a residential community in Dadeng, Xiang'an district, Xiamen, Fujian, China, formerly a village)


擂鼓

/leɪ̯³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lɵy̯²¹ kuː³⁵/

/leɪ̯³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lɵy̯²¹ kuː³⁵/

/lui²⁴⁻¹¹ kɔ⁵³/

/lui²³⁻³³ kɔ⁴¹/

/lui²⁴⁻¹¹ kɔ⁵³/

/lui²³⁻³³ kɔ⁴¹/

(～鎮) Leigu (a town in Zhushan, Shiyan, Hubei, China)


得勝

/tɤ³⁵ ʂɤŋ⁵¹/

/tɐk̚⁵ sɪŋ³³/

/tit̚³²⁻⁴ siɪŋ²¹/

/tit̚⁵⁻²⁴ siɪŋ⁴¹/

/tit̚³²⁻⁵ siɪŋ²¹/

/tit̚³²⁻⁴ siɪŋ¹¹/

/tit̚³²⁻⁴ siɪŋ²¹/

/tɤ³⁵ ʂɤŋ⁵¹/

/tɐk̚⁵ sɪŋ³³/

/tit̚³²⁻⁴ siɪŋ²¹/

/tit̚⁵⁻²⁴ siɪŋ⁴¹/

/tit̚³²⁻⁵ siɪŋ²¹/

/tit̚³²⁻⁴ siɪŋ¹¹/

/tit̚³²⁻⁴ siɪŋ²¹/

(～鎮) Desheng (a town in Zhushan, Shiyan, Hubei, China)


西南

/ɕi⁵⁵ nän³⁵/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ naːm²¹/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ lam²³/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ lam²⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² lam²⁴/

/ɕi⁵⁵ nän³⁵/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ naːm²¹/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ lam²³/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ lam²⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² lam²⁴/

Tibet Autonomous Region
Tibet Autonomous Region

(～地區) Southwest China (a region of China; consisting of Chongqing, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan and the Tibet Autonomous Region)

大行政區 大行政區#Chinese

(～大行政區, ～區) (historical) Southwest China (a former greater administrative region of China from 1949 to 1954, consisting of Chongqing, Sichuan, Xikang, Guizhou and Yunnan)


城中

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵/

/sɪŋ²¹ t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵/

/saŋ¹¹ t͡suŋ²⁴/

/siã²⁴⁻²² tiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/siã²⁴⁻²² tiɔŋ³³/

/siã¹³⁻²² tiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/siã²⁴⁻¹¹ tiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/siã²³⁻³³ tiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵/

/sɪŋ²¹ t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵/

/saŋ¹¹ t͡suŋ²⁴/

/siã²⁴⁻²² tiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/siã²⁴⁻²² tiɔŋ³³/

/siã¹³⁻²² tiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/siã²⁴⁻¹¹ tiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/siã²³⁻³³ tiɔŋ⁴⁴/

(～區) Chengzhong (a district of Liuzhou, Guangxi autonomous region, China)

(～區) Chengzhong (a district of Xining, Qinghai, China)

(～街道) Chengzhong (a subdistrict of Yingcheng, Xiaogan, Hubei, China)

(～街道) Chengzhong (a subdistrict of Yarkant, Kashgar prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)

(～村) Chengzhong (a village in Tancheng, Pingtan, Fuzhou, Fujian, China)