中國

He zun
King Wu of Zhou
Names of China#Zhongguo
Western Zhou

Earliest attested on the Western Zhou bronze vessel He zun. See Names of China#Zhongguo.

When King Wu conquered the great city Shang, he then made reverent declarations to Heaven, saying: "Let me dwell in this, the central region, and from here govern the people."

He zun inscription, translated by Pankenier (2013)

Wéi Wǔwáng jì kè Dàyìshāng, zé tíng gào yú Tiān, yuē: yú qí zhái zī Zhōngguó, zì zhī yì mín.

隹珷王既克大邑商，𠟭廷吿于天，曰：余𠀠宅𢆶𠁩或，自之辥民。

隹珷王既克大邑商，𠟭廷告于天，曰：余𠀠宅𢆶𠁩或，自之辥民。

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ kuɛ²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂuŋ²⁴ kuei⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂuŋ²⁴ kuə⁵¹/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³/

/t͡sɵŋ³³ kɔk̚⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kuɛt̚¹/

/tyŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋuɔʔ²⁴/

/tœŋ⁵³³⁻¹³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɒʔ¹/

/tyøŋ⁵³³⁻¹³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɒʔ²/

/tiɔŋ³³ kɔk̚⁵/

/tiɔŋ³³⁻²¹ kɔk̚³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/toŋ³³⁻²³ kok̚²/

/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ koʔ²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ kuɛ²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂuŋ²⁴ kuei⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂuŋ²⁴ kuə⁵¹/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³/

/t͡sɵŋ³³ kɔk̚⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kuɛt̚¹/

/tyŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋuɔʔ²⁴/

/tœŋ⁵³³⁻¹³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɒʔ¹/

/tyøŋ⁵³³⁻¹³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɒʔ²/

/tiɔŋ³³ kɔk̚⁵/

/tiɔŋ³³⁻²¹ kɔk̚³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/toŋ³³⁻²³ kok̚²/

/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ koʔ²¹/

中國和平崛起

中国和平崛起

中國社會科學院

中国社会科学院

English translations of Chinese classics

中國典籍英譯

中国典籍英译

to interfere in China's internal affairs

干涉中國內政

干涉中国内政

中國的首都是北京。

中国的首都是北京。

他現在在中國旅行。

他现在在中国旅行。

你喜歡中國文學嗎？

你喜欢中国文学吗？

We humbly think that Buddhism is merely a religion of barbarians, which entered China during the Later Han and is not found in our ancestry.

Fú yǐ Fó zhě, yídí zhī yī fǎ ěr, zì Hòuhàn shí liúrù Zhōngguó, shànggǔ wèicháng yǒu yě.

伏以佛者，夷狄之一法耳，自後漢時流入中國，上古未嘗有也。

伏以佛者，夷狄之一法耳，自后汉时流入中国，上古未尝有也。

Someone asks, "The Four Barbarians and Ten Nations are not Chinese. Why do you describe the barbarian contributions but not ten nations'?" We reply, "Viewing from Chinese on barbarians, one shall barbarize them; Viewing from Five Dynasties on Ten Nations, one shall not."

11th century, Ouyang Xiu, Historical Records of the Five Dynasties

Wènzhě yuē: Sìyí, Shíguó, jiē fēi Zhōngguó zhī yǒu yě, Sìyí zhī fēngjué cháogòng zé shū, ér Shíguó zhī bù shū hé yě? Yuē: yǐ Zhōngguó ér shì yídí, yídí zhī kě yě. Yǐ Wǔdài zhī jūn ér shì Shíguó, yídí zhī zé wèikě yě.

問者曰：四夷、十國，皆非中國之有也，四夷之封爵朝貢則書，而十國之不書何也？曰：以中國而視夷狄，夷狄之可也。以五代之君而視十國，夷狄之則未可也。

问者曰：四夷、十国，皆非中国之有也，四夷之封爵朝贡则书，而十国之不书何也？曰：以中国而视夷狄，夷狄之可也。以五代之君而视十国，夷狄之则未可也。

c. 1300, 周達觀 (Zhou Daguan), 真臘風土記 (The Customs of Cambodia)

Tángrén dào bǐ, jiē bù yǔ zhī yánjí Zhōngguó fèn yōng zhī shì, kǒng wéi suǒ bǐ.

唐人到彼，皆不與之言及中國糞壅之事，恐為所鄙。

唐人到彼，皆不与之言及中国粪壅之事，恐为所鄙。

The national voice is different to that in China, with scripts mutually unintelligible. Thus, our humble people have some to say, but many could not express their feelings.

c. 1446, Sejong the Great, 訓民正音 (Hunminjeongeum)

國之語音，異乎中國，與文字不相流通，故愚民有所欲言，而終不得伸其情者多矣。

Zì wǒ cháo rùzhǔ zhōngtǔ, jūnlín tiānxià, bìng Ménggǔ jíbiān zhū bùluò, jù guī bǎntú, shì Zhōngguó zhī jiāngtǔ kāituò guǎngyuǎn, nǎi Zhōngguó chénmín zhī dàxìng, hédé shàngyǒu huáyí zhōngwài zhī fēn lùn zāi!

自我朝入主中土，君臨天下，并蒙古極邊諸部落，俱歸版圖，是中國之疆土開拓廣遠，乃中國臣民之大幸，何得尚有華夷中外之分論哉！

自我朝入主中土，君临天下，并蒙古极边诸部落，俱归版图，是中国之疆土开拓广远，乃中国臣民之大幸，何得尚有华夷中外之分论哉！

How much of it is forest? The population of China being very dense, the forests cannot be extensive.

1841, Elijah Coleman Bridgman, A Chinese Chrestomathy in the Canton Dialect, page 345

jau⁵ gei² do¹ syu⁶ muk⁶ ne¹? zung¹ gwok³ jan⁴ jin¹ cau⁴ zaap⁶, syu⁶ muk⁶ mou⁴ do¹.

有幾多樹木呢？中國人烟稠集，樹木無多。

有几多树木呢？中国人烟稠集，树木无多。

China (a country in Asia; capital: Beijing)


甌

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qoː) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): phonetic 區 (OC *qoː, *kʰo, “vessel”) + semantic 瓦 (“pottery”).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ʔəw-ŋ (“pot; vat; jar”) (reconstructed provisionally). Related to 椀 (OC *qoːnʔ), 碗 (OC *qoːnʔ, “bowl”), and possibly 甕 (OC *qoːŋs, “urn”). Compare Burmese အိုး (ui:, “pot”) (Schuessler, 2007).

inh

Abbreviation of 溫州／温州 (Wēnzhōu): Wenzhou (a prefecture-level city in Zhejiang, in southeastern China)


蜀

Cao Wei
Chen dynasty
Eastern Han dynasty
Eastern Wei
Eastern Wu
Eastern Zhou dynasty
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
Han dynasty
Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
Jin dynasty (265–420)
Liang dynasty
Liao dynasty
Liu Song dynasty
Ming dynasty
Northern Qi
Northern Wei
Northern Zhou
Northern and Southern dynasties
Qin dynasty
Qing dynasty
Shang dynasty
Shu Han
Shuowen Jiezi
Song dynasty
Southern Qi
Southern and Northern dynasties
Spring and Autumn period
Sui dynasty
Tang dynasty
Three Kingdoms
Warring States period
Western Han dynasty
Western Liao
Western Wei
Western Xia
Western Zhou dynasty
Xia dynasty
Xin dynasty
Yuan dynasty
Zhou dynasty

Shuowen Jiezi interprets this as a pictograph of a silkworm: with 目 (mù, “eye”) depicting its head above its wriggling body; cf. 蠶叢／蚕丛 (“silkworm-thicket”), legendary inventor of silk and sericulture and ancestor of the first dynasty of the Shu kings.


鄂

→ English: E, O

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋaːɡ): phonetic 咢 (OC *ŋaːɡ) + semantic 阝 (“area”).

Han compound

Short for 湖北 (Húběi).: Hubei (a province of China)


北京

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (北京):
* → Japanese: 北京(ほっきょう) (Hokkyō)
* → Korean: 북경(北京) (Bukgyeong)
* → Vietnamese: Bắc Kinh (北京)

→ Amis: Piking

→ Arabic: بِكِين (bikīn)

→ Asturian: Beijing

→ Belarusian: Пекі́н (Pjekín)

→ Bengali: বেইজিং (beijiṅ)

→ Bouyei: Bagtjingl

desc

→ Burmese: ပေကျင်း (pe-kyang:), ပီကင်း (pikang:)

→ Catalan: Pequín

→ Czech: Peking

→ Danish: Beijing, Peking

→ Dutch: Peking

→ English: Beijing, Peking, Pei-ching

→ French: Pékin

→ Finnish: Peking, Beijing

→ Georgian: პეკინი (ṗeḳini)

→ German: Peking

→ Greek: Πεκίνο (Pekíno)

→ Hebrew: בייג׳ינג (beijing)

→ Hindi: बेजिंग (bejiṅg)

→ Hlai: Bhakgengs

→ Hungarian: Peking

→ Italian: Pechino

→ Japanese: 北(ペ)京(キン) (Pekin)

→ Kazakh: Бейжің (Beijıñ)

→ Khmer: ប៉េកាំង (peekang)

→ Korean: 베이징 (Beijing)

→ Lao: ປັກກິງ (pak king)

→ Latin: Pechinum

→ Latvian: Pekina

→ Lithuanian: Pekinas

→ Lü: ᦵᦗᦲᧉᦋᦲᧃᧈ (poe²tsiin¹)

→ Lü: ᦵᦗᦲᧉᦋᦲᧃᧈ (poe²tsiin¹)

→ Macedonian: Пекинг (Peking)

→ Manchu: ᠪᡝᡤᡳᠩ (beging)

→ Mongolian: Бээжин (Beežin) / ᠪᠡᠭᠡᠵᠢᠩ (begeǰing)

→ Nepali: बेइजिङ (beijiṅ)

→ Nuosu: ꀙꏢ (bip ji)

→ Persian: پکن (pekan)

→ Polish: Pekin

→ Portuguese: Pequim

→ Romanian: Beijing, Pekin

→ Russian: Пеки́н (Pekín)

→ Armenian: Պեկին (Pekin)

→ Serbo-Croatian: Пѐкинг / Pèking, Бејџинг / Bejdžing

→ Slovene: Peking

→ Spanish: Pekín, Pequín

→ Swedish: Peking, Beijing

→ Telugu: బీజింగ్ (bījiṅg)

→ Thai: ปักกิ่ง (bpàk-gìng)

→ Tibetan: པེ་ཅིན (pe cin), པེ་ཅིང (pe cing)

→ Urdu: بیجنگ (bējiṅg)

→ Uyghur: بېيجىڭ (bëyjing)

→ Zhuang: Baekging

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕiɤ̯̃ɻ⁵⁵/

/pɛ²¹ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/pei²⁴ t͡ɕiŋ²⁴/

/pɐk̚⁵ kɪŋ⁵⁵/

/pɛt̚⁵ t͡ɕin⁴²/

/pei⁵³ t͡ɕiŋ¹¹/

/pɛ²⁴ keiŋ⁵⁴/

/pøyʔ²⁴⁻²¹ kiŋ⁵⁵/

/paʔ¹⁻⁴⁵ kiŋ⁵³³/

/paʔ²⁻²⁴ kiŋ⁵³³/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴/

/pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ kiã³³/

/pak̚³²⁻⁵ kiã⁴⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴/

/pak̚²⁻⁴ kĩã³³/

/poʔ³³ t͡ɕin⁴⁴/

/pɤ̞²⁴ t͡ɕin³³/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕiɤ̯̃ɻ⁵⁵/

/pɛ²¹ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/pei²⁴ t͡ɕiŋ²⁴/

/pɐk̚⁵ kɪŋ⁵⁵/

/pɛt̚⁵ t͡ɕin⁴²/

/pei⁵³ t͡ɕiŋ¹¹/

/pɛ²⁴ keiŋ⁵⁴/

/pøyʔ²⁴⁻²¹ kiŋ⁵⁵/

/paʔ¹⁻⁴⁵ kiŋ⁵³³/

/paʔ²⁻²⁴ kiŋ⁵³³/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴/

/pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ kiã³³/

/pak̚³²⁻⁵ kiã⁴⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴/

/pak̚²⁻⁴ kĩã³³/

/poʔ³³ t͡ɕin⁴⁴/

/pɤ̞²⁴ t͡ɕin³³/

南京 — 洛陽

Other capitals in the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China

中國的首都是北京。

中国的首都是北京。

Beijing’s spring is very suitable for cycling around the hutongs.

Běijīng de chūntiān hěn shìhé qíchē guàng hútòng.

北京的春天很適合騎車逛衚衕。

北京的春天很适合骑车逛胡同。

Forgive me for not being able to go with you to Beijing.

原諒我不能陪你去北京。

原谅我不能陪你去北京。

This story took place during the Xuande era of the current dynasty. There was an elderly man named Liu De who resided in Hexiwu town. This town is located beside the canal, about 200 lis away from Peking, and serves as a crucial route for people traveling to and from the capital from various provinces.

Feng Menglong, Stories to Awaken the World, 1627 CE

Zhè huàběn yě chū zài běncháo Xuāndé nián jiān, yǒu yī lǎozhě, xìng Liú, míng Dé, jiā zuǒ Héxīwù zhèn shàng. Zhè zhèn zài yùnhé zhī páng, lí běijīng yǒu èrbǎi lǐ tiándì, nǎi gè shěng chūrù jīngdōu de yàolù.

這話本也出在本朝宣德年間，有一老者，姓劉，名德，家佐河西務鎮上。這鎮在運河之旁，離北京有二百里田地，乃各省出入京都的要路。

这话本也出在本朝宣德年间，有一老者，姓刘，名德，家佐河西务镇上。这镇在运河之旁，离北京有二百里田地，乃各省出入京都的要路。

(～市) Beijing (a direct-administered municipality, the capital city of China)

南京 — 東京

southern capital; eastern capital; western capital


香港

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (香港):
* → Korean: 향항(香港) (Hyanghang)
* → Vietnamese: Hương Cảng (香港)

→ English: Hong Kong, Xianggang

→ Japanese: 香港(ホンコン) (Honkon)

→ Korean: 홍콩 (Hongkong)

→ Russian: Гонко́нг (Gonkóng)

→ French: Hong Kong, Hongkong

→ Japanese: シャンガン (Shangan)

→ Lao: ຮົງກົງ (hong kong)

→ Mongolian: Хонконг (Xonkong) (Mongolia)

→ Mongolian: ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠩᠭᠠᠩ (siyangɣang) (China)

→ Russian: Сянга́н (Sjangán)

→ Thai: ฮ่องกง (hɔ̂ng-gong)

→ Tibetan: ཞང་ཀང (zhang kang)

→ Uyghur: شياڭگاڭ (shyanggang)

→ Vietnamese: Hồng Công, Hồng Kông

→ Zhuang: Yanghgangj

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hœːŋ⁵⁵ kɔːŋ³⁵/

/høŋ²¹³ kɔŋ³⁵/

/hiaŋ³³ kʰɔŋ⁵⁵/

/hi̯oŋ²⁴ koŋ³¹/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kuɔŋ³¹/

/xiɔŋ⁵⁴ kɔŋ²¹/

/hyoŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋøyŋ³³/

/hyɒŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ kaŋ⁴⁵³/

/hyøŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ kaŋ³³²/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴²/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁵³/

/hiɔŋ³³ kaŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kaŋ⁴¹/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kaŋ⁵³/

/hiaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁵³/

/hiaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴²/

/hiaŋ³³⁻²¹ kaŋ⁴⁴⁵/

/hiaŋ³³⁻²³ kaŋ⁵²/

/ɕiã⁵⁵ kɑ̃²¹/

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hœːŋ⁵⁵ kɔːŋ³⁵/

/høŋ²¹³ kɔŋ³⁵/

/hiaŋ³³ kʰɔŋ⁵⁵/

/hi̯oŋ²⁴ koŋ³¹/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kuɔŋ³¹/

/xiɔŋ⁵⁴ kɔŋ²¹/

/hyoŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋøyŋ³³/

/hyɒŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ kaŋ⁴⁵³/

/hyøŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ kaŋ³³²/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴²/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁵³/

/hiɔŋ³³ kaŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kaŋ⁴¹/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kaŋ⁵³/

/hiaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁵³/

/hiaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴²/

/hiaŋ³³⁻²¹ kaŋ⁴⁴⁵/

/hiaŋ³³⁻²³ kaŋ⁵²/

/ɕiã⁵⁵ kɑ̃²¹/

Ap Lei Chau
Gazetteer of Xin'an County
Treaty of Nanking
Wong Chuk Hang

The name 香港 first appeared on a map in 粵大記 [1595] as a label for an island that seems to be Ap Lei Chau. In the two Gazetteer of Xin'an County (新安縣志) published in 1688 and 1819, 香港 was the name of a village (as 香港村). The village was likely located in Wong Chuk Hang in the south of Hong Kong Island as indicated by 19th-century maps.
18th-century western maps appear to render the name of Hong Kong Island as Fan Chin Chow (or its variants), which appears to be a Hakka romanization of 飯甑洲 (Kwok and Cheung, 2007). In the Treaty of Nanking signed in 1842, the name 香港 referred to the entire Hong Kong Island.

～特別行政區 香港特別行政區#Chinese

(～特別行政區) Hong Kong (a city and special administrative region of China)


一共

/i⁵⁵⁻³⁵ kʊŋ⁵¹/

/i²¹ koŋ²¹³/

/jɐt̚⁵ kʊŋ²²/

/it̚² kʰi̯uŋ⁵⁵/

/it̚¹ kʰiʊŋ⁵³/

/iəʔ² kuŋ⁴⁵/

/it̚⁵⁻²⁴ kiɔŋ⁴¹/

/it̚³²⁻⁵ kiɔŋ²²/

/it̚³²⁻⁴ kiɔŋ²²/

/iɪʔ³³ ɡoŋ⁴⁴/

/i⁵⁵⁻³⁵ kʊŋ⁵¹/

/i²¹ koŋ²¹³/

/jɐt̚⁵ kʊŋ²²/

/it̚² kʰi̯uŋ⁵⁵/

/it̚¹ kʰiʊŋ⁵³/

/iəʔ² kuŋ⁴⁵/

/it̚⁵⁻²⁴ kiɔŋ⁴¹/

/it̚³²⁻⁵ kiɔŋ²²/

/it̚³²⁻⁴ kiɔŋ²²/

/iɪʔ³³ ɡoŋ⁴⁴/

People's Republic of China
People's Republic of China

(figurative) Mao or pre-reform era of the People's Republic of China


大陸

Sino-Xenic (大陸):
* → Japanese: 大陸(たいりく) (tairiku)
* → Korean: 대륙(大陸) (daeryuk)
* → Vietnamese: đại lục (大陸)

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ lu⁵¹/

/taːi̯²² lʊk̚²/

/ai³² lɵk̚³²/

/tai²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ l̃yʔ⁵/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ liɔk̚⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² liɔk̚²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ liɔk̚⁴³/

/tai³³⁻²¹ liɔk̚⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ liɔk̚¹²¹/

/tai²²⁻²¹ liɔk̚⁴/

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ lu⁵¹/

/taːi̯²² lʊk̚²/

/ai³² lɵk̚³²/

/tai²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ l̃yʔ⁵/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ liɔk̚⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² liɔk̚²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ liɔk̚⁴³/

/tai³³⁻²¹ liɔk̚⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ liɔk̚¹²¹/

/tai²²⁻²¹ liɔk̚⁴/

After the major earthquake, artists from the Mainland, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan all worked together to perform several concerts to collect funds for disaster relief.

"499. 共襄盛舉." 500 Common Chinese Idioms: An annotated Frequency Dictionary. Liwei Jiao, Cornelius C. Kubler, and Weiguo Zhang. 2011.

Fāshēng le dà dìzhèn, Dàlù jí Gǎng, Ào, Tái sān dì yìrén wèile jiùzāi gòngxiāngshèngjǔ, jǔbàn le duō chǎng yǎnchànghuì.

發生了大地震，大陸及港、澳、台三地藝人為了救災共襄盛舉，舉辦了多場演唱會。

发生了大地震，大陆及港、澳、台三地艺人为了救灾共襄盛举，举办了多场演唱会。

And now
Homesick is a shallow strait
I am here
And Mainland is there

ér xiànzài
Xiāngchóu shì yī wān qiǎn qiǎn de hǎixiá
Wǒ zài zhè tóu
Dàlù zài nà tóu

而現在
鄉愁是一灣淺淺的海峽
我在這頭
大陸在那頭

而现在
乡愁是一湾浅浅的海峡
我在这头
大陆在那头


吉林

Sino-Xenic (吉林):
* → Japanese: 吉林(きつりん) (Kitsurin)
* → Korean: 길림(吉林) (Gillim)
* → Vietnamese: Cát Lâm (吉林)

→ English: Chi-lin, Jilin, Ji Lin

→ Georgian: ძილინი (ʒilini)

/kɐt̚⁵ lɐm²¹/

/kiʔ²⁴⁻²¹ l̃iŋ⁵³/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ lim²³/

/kiɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ lim²⁴/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ lim²⁴/

/t͡ɕiɪʔ³³ lin⁴⁴/

/kɐt̚⁵ lɐm²¹/

/kiʔ²⁴⁻²¹ l̃iŋ⁵³/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ lim²³/

/kiɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ lim²⁴/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ lim²⁴/

/t͡ɕiɪʔ³³ lin⁴⁴/

Shortened from 吉林烏拉／吉林乌拉, which was borrowed from Manchu ᡤᡳᡵᡳᠨ
ᡠᠯᠠ (girin ula).

(～省) Jilin (a province in northeastern China; capital: Changchun)


點心

/ti̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕin⁵⁵/

/ti̯ɛn²¹⁴ ɕin⁴/

/tiɛn²¹³⁻²¹ ɕin¹/

/tiɛn²¹³⁻¹³ ɕin⁴²/

/tie⁵³ ɕiŋ¹¹/

/tieŋ³³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾niŋ⁵⁵/

/tɛŋ⁴⁵³⁻²¹ ^((ɬ-))niŋ⁵³³/

/tɛŋ³³²⁻²¹ ^((ɬ-))niŋ⁵³³/

/ti³³ ɕiŋ⁵¹/

/te³³ ɕiŋ⁵¹/

/ti̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕin⁵⁵/

/ti̯ɛn²¹⁴ ɕin⁴/

/tiɛn²¹³⁻²¹ ɕin¹/

/tiɛn²¹³⁻¹³ ɕin⁴²/

/tie⁵³ ɕiŋ¹¹/

/tieŋ³³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾niŋ⁵⁵/

/tɛŋ⁴⁵³⁻²¹ ^((ɬ-))niŋ⁵³³/

/tɛŋ³³²⁻²¹ ^((ɬ-))niŋ⁵³³/

/ti³³ ɕiŋ⁵¹/

/te³³ ɕiŋ⁵¹/

First appeared during the Tang dynasty, e.g. from the Book of Tang:
:
「唐鄭為江淮留侯，家人備夫人晨饌，夫人謂其弟曰：『治妝未畢，我未及餐，爾且可點心。』」
Tang Zheng was the official for the Jianghuai region. (One day), after the servants prepared the morning meal, Tang's wife said to his brother, 'I have not finished doing my makeup. You can have some snacks (lit. refresh your hearts) before I am ready to eat.

quote

點心師傅

点心师傅

ngo⁵ dei⁶ sik⁶ zo² sei³ ng⁵ lung⁴ dim² sam¹.

我哋食咗四五籠點心。

我哋食咗四五笼点心。


共產黨

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (共產黨):
* → Japanese: 共(きょう)産(さん)党(とう) (kyōsantō)
* → Korean: 공산당(共産黨) (gongsandang)
* → Vietnamese: cộng sản đảng (共產黨)

→ Lü: ᦷᦂᧂᧈᦌᦱᧃᦑᦱᧂ (k̇ong¹saantaang)

→ Zhuang: gungcanjdangj

ㄍㄨㄥˋ ㄔㄢˇ ㄉㄤˇ

ㄍㄨㄥˋ ㄔㄢˇ ㄉㄤˇ

/kʊŋ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰän²¹⁴⁻³⁵ tɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/koŋ²¹³ t͡sʰan⁵³ taŋ⁵³/

/kuŋ²⁴ t͡sʰæ̃⁵¹ tɑŋ⁵¹/

/kuŋ²⁴ t͡sʰæ̃²⁴ tɑŋ⁵¹/

/kʊŋ²² t͡sʰaːn³⁵ tɔːŋ³⁵/

/kɵŋ³² t͡sʰan⁵⁵ ɔŋ⁵⁵/

/kʰi̯uŋ⁵⁵ san³¹ toŋ³¹/

/kʰiuŋ³³ san²⁴⁻³³ toŋ²⁴/

/kyŋ²⁴²⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾naŋ³³⁻³⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nouŋ³³/

/kiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ san⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tɔŋ⁵³/

/kiɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² san⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/kiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ san⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tɔŋ⁵³/

/kiɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ san⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tɔŋ⁵³/

/kiɔŋ³³⁻²¹ san⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tɔŋ⁴¹/

/kaŋ¹¹ sũã⁵²⁻³⁵ taŋ⁵²⁻²¹/

/ɡoŋ²² t͡sʰe⁵⁵ tɑ̃²¹/

/kʊŋ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰän²¹⁴⁻³⁵ tɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/koŋ²¹³ t͡sʰan⁵³ taŋ⁵³/

/kuŋ²⁴ t͡sʰæ̃⁵¹ tɑŋ⁵¹/

/kuŋ²⁴ t͡sʰæ̃²⁴ tɑŋ⁵¹/

/kʊŋ²² t͡sʰaːn³⁵ tɔːŋ³⁵/

/kɵŋ³² t͡sʰan⁵⁵ ɔŋ⁵⁵/

/kʰi̯uŋ⁵⁵ san³¹ toŋ³¹/

/kʰiuŋ³³ san²⁴⁻³³ toŋ²⁴/

/kyŋ²⁴²⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾naŋ³³⁻³⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nouŋ³³/

/kiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ san⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tɔŋ⁵³/

/kiɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² san⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/kiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ san⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tɔŋ⁵³/

/kiɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ san⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tɔŋ⁵³/

/kiɔŋ³³⁻²¹ san⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tɔŋ⁴¹/

/kaŋ¹¹ sũã⁵²⁻³⁵ taŋ⁵²⁻²¹/

/ɡoŋ²² t͡sʰe⁵⁵ tɑ̃²¹/

The great Communist Party leads us in continuing the Long March!

1978 March 5, National anthem of the People's Republic of China (1978-1982)

Wěidà de Gòngchǎndǎng lǐngdǎo wǒmen xīn de chángzhēng.

偉大的共產黨領導我們新的長征。

伟大的共产党领导我们新的长征。

Communist Party of China
Communist Party of China


獅子舞

/ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ d͡z̥z̩² u²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/siː⁵⁵ t͡siː³⁵ mou̯¹³/

/ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ d͡z̥z̩² u²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/siː⁵⁵ t͡siː³⁵ mou̯¹³/

lion dance (traditional Chinese dance where performers mimic a lion's movements in a lion costume)


寧波

/niŋ³⁵ pu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/nɪŋ²¹ pɔː⁵⁵/

/ⁿden²² pᵘɔ³³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² pʰo⁴⁴/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² pʰo³³/

/liɪŋ¹³⁻²² pʰo⁴⁴/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ pʰo⁴⁴/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ pʰɤ⁴⁴/

/niŋ³⁵ pu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/nɪŋ²¹ pɔː⁵⁵/

/ⁿden²² pᵘɔ³³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² pʰo⁴⁴/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² pʰo³³/

/liɪŋ¹³⁻²² pʰo⁴⁴/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ pʰo⁴⁴/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ pʰɤ⁴⁴/

(～市) Ningbo (a port city, prefecture-level city, and subprovincial city in eastern Zhejiang, China)


天下

desc

ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ ᡶᡝᠵᡝᡵᡤᡳ

→ Manchu: ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ
ᡶᡝᠵᡝᡵᡤᡳ (abkai fejergi) (calque)

Поднебе́сная

→ Russian: Поднебе́сная (Podnebésnaja) (calque)

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ɕi̯ä⁵¹/

/tʰiæ̃²⁴ ɕia⁴⁴/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ haː²²/

/tʰi̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ ha⁵⁵/

/tʰieŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋɑ²⁴²/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² ha²²/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ ha³³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² hɛ²²/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ e³³/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² e²²/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² ɛ²²/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ ha³³/

/tʰĩ³³⁻²³ e³⁵/

/tʰi⁵⁵ ɦo²¹/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ɕi̯ä⁵¹/

/tʰiæ̃²⁴ ɕia⁴⁴/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ haː²²/

/tʰi̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ ha⁵⁵/

/tʰieŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋɑ²⁴²/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² ha²²/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ ha³³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² hɛ²²/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ e³³/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² e²²/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² ɛ²²/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ ha³³/

/tʰĩ³³⁻²³ e³⁵/

/tʰi⁵⁵ ɦo²¹/

Book of Documents
Classic of Poetry
Qin's wars of unification
Spring and Autumn period
Warring States period

Earliest attestations are in the Book of Documents and Classic of Poetry (as「天之下」then「天下」).
Pines (2002) thinks it "likely that "originally tianxia referred to the area under the direct rule of the Son of Heaven [a.k.a. the Zhou king], and its limits might have shrunk together with the contraction of royal power". See there for more on the term's gradual semantic evolution through the Spring and Autumn period, Warring States period, until after Qin's wars of unification.

寧教我負天下人，休教天下人負我／宁教我负天下人，休教天下人负我

nìngjiào wǒ fù tiānxià rén, xiū jiào tiānxià rén fù wǒ

有理走遍天下，無理寸步難行／有理走遍天下，无理寸步难行

yǒulǐ zǒu biàn tiānxià, wúlǐ cùnbùnánxíng

統一天下

统一天下

Investigate the nature of things, pursue knowledge, act in good faith, rectify one's mind, cultivate one's moral character, manage one's household, administer state affairs and bring peace to the nation.

Géwù, zhìzhī, chéngyì, zhèngxīn, xiūshēn, qíjiā, zhìguó, píngtiānxià.

格物、致知、誠意、正心、修身、齊家、治國、平天下。

格物、致知、诚意、正心、修身、齐家、治国、平天下。

The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE

Jí zhì Shǐhuáng, fèn liù shì zhī yúliè, zhèn chángcè ér yù yǔnèi, tūn èr zhōu ér wáng zhūhóu, lǚ zhìzūn ér zhì liùhé, zhí chuífǔ yǐ biānchī tiānxià, wēizhèn sìhǎi.

及至始皇，奮六世之餘烈，振長策而御宇內，吞二周而亡諸侯，履至尊而制六合，執棰拊以鞭笞天下，威振四海。

及至始皇，奋六世之余烈，振长策而御宇内，吞二周而亡诸侯，履至尊而制六合，执棰拊以鞭笞天下，威振四海。

Today, China is divided into three parts, and the Kingdom of Han is weak and fatigued. This is truly a critical moment determining our survival.

Jīn tiānxià sānfēn, Yìzhōu píbì, cǐ chéng wēijí cúnwáng zhī qiū yě.

今天下三分，益州疲弊，此誠危急存亡之秋也。

今天下三分，益州疲弊，此诚危急存亡之秋也。

(literary, lofty) China; the Chinese nation


九州

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kɐu̯³⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kɐu̯³⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

The Verses of Chu, 4ᵗʰ century BCE – 2ⁿᵈ century CE

Sī Jiǔzhōu zhī bódà xī, qǐ wéi shì qí yǒu nǚ?

思九州之博大兮，豈惟是其有女？

思九州之博大兮，岂惟是其有女？

Xī Hòuhàn huāng jūn, xìn huò xiéwěi, wàng jiǎ shuìmèng, shì hú yāoguǐ, yǐ luàn tiāncháng, zìgǔ Jiǔzhōu zhīzhōng wú cǐ yě.

昔後漢荒君，信惑邪偽，妄假睡夢，事胡妖鬼，以亂天常，自古九州之中無此也。

昔后汉荒君，信惑邪伪，妄假睡梦，事胡妖鬼，以乱天常，自古九州之中无此也。

(historical) the Nine Provinces of ancient China; China


北海

→ English: Beihai, Pakhoi

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pɐk̚⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ hai⁵⁵⁴/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pɐk̚⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ hai⁵⁵⁴/

北海公園

北海公园


中華

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (中華):
* → Japanese: 中(ちゅう)華(か) (Chūka)
* → Korean: 중화(中華) (Junghwa)
* → Vietnamese: Trung Hoa (中華)

→ Indonesian: Tionghoa

→ Zhuang: Cunghvaz

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä³⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ waː²¹/

/t͡sʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ fa¹¹/

/tyŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua⁵³/

/tœŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ hua¹³/

/tœŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua¹³/

/tyøŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ hua¹³/

/tyøŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua¹³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua¹³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua⁴⁴/

/toŋ³³⁻²³ hua⁵⁵/

/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ ɦo²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä³⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ waː²¹/

/t͡sʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ fa¹¹/

/tyŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua⁵³/

/tœŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ hua¹³/

/tœŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua¹³/

/tyøŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ hua¹³/

/tyøŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua¹³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua¹³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua⁴⁴/

/toŋ³³⁻²³ hua⁵⁵/

/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ ɦo²¹/

So named because the first ancient Chinese settlements were around the Yellow River, which was considered to be the center, and because the culture was considered to be magnificent and flourishing.
First attested in Huan Wen's memorial recommending Qiao Xiu (dated [347 CE]), quoted in Sun Sheng's lost Annals of Jin (晉陽秋) [4th century] and later quoted in Pei Songzhi's Annotations [early 5th century] to Chen Shou's Records of the Three Kingdoms [late 3rd century] (translation by Farmer, 2017).
:
Pei himself uses 中華 when annotating Chen's "Biography of Zhuge Liang"

At this time, the imperial court has encountered a time of decline in the Way, the peasants have been trampled down by oppressive hardships, Zhonghua has the anguish of looking backward [toward the former capital at Luoyang], and the dark valley has no hope of moving upward.

Pei Songzhi, Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms, circa 5ᵗʰ century CE

Yú shí huángjí gòu dàoxiāo zhī huì, qúnlí dǎo diānpèi zhī jiān, zhōnghuá yǒu gùzhān zhī āi, yōugǔ wú qiānqiáo zhī wàng.

於時皇極遘道消之會，群黎蹈顛沛之艱，中華有顧瞻之哀，幽谷無遷喬之望。

于时皇极遘道消之会，群黎蹈颠沛之艰，中华有顾瞻之哀，幽谷无迁乔之望。

If [Zhuge Liang] [were] allowed to roam Zhonghua and give free rein to his dragon's brilliance, how could [its] literati's abilities drown and obscure him?

Ruò shǐ yóubù Zhōnghuá, chěng qí lóngguāng, qǐ fú duōshì suǒ néng chényì zāi!

若使游步中華，騁其龍光，豈夫多士所能沈翳哉！

若使游步中华，骋其龙光，岂夫多士所能沈翳哉！

振興中華／振兴中华

中華名小吃／中华名小吃

中華文化／中华文化

中華文明／中华文明

中華世紀壇／中华世纪坛

Ever since the powerful barbarians unleashed violence, China proper has fallen into chaos; [the people] have become desperate and dispossessed; and [the imperial court] has been temporarily relocated to the region of Yangyue. (translation based on Choo's 2014 version)

362 CE, 桓溫 (Huan Wen), 請還都洛陽疏 "Memorial [in Support of] Moving the Capital Back to Luoyang", in 648, Book of Jin

Zì qiáng hú língbào, Zhōnghuá dàngfù, lángbèi shījù, quán xìng Yángyuè.

自強胡陵暴，中華蕩覆，狼狽失據，權幸揚越。

自强胡陵暴，中华荡覆，狼狈失据，权幸扬越。

I wear the robes of zhonghua and recite the literature of zhonghua. I have indeed heard much from my three teachers about the reasons one should venerate zhonghua, so that even with hoary hair, I always sing of zhonghua. People of the world, lend me your ears; listen to my song for zhonghua.

《中華歌》("Song of zhonghua") by Yu Inseok, circa 1910

중화의관^((을)) 아착복^((하고)) 중화시서^((를)) 아송독^((하니라).) 아삼사존중화의체^((를)) 문역다^((하야)) 백수상아중화가^((하니)) 천하인^((아)) 경이청아중화가^((하라).)
Junghwa uigwan[-eul] a chakbok[-hago] Junghwa siseo[-reul] a songdok[-hanira]. A sam sa jon Junghwa uiche[-reul] mun yeok da[-haya] baeksu sang a Junghwa ga[-hani] cheonha in[-a] gyeong'i cheong a Junghwa ga[-hara].

中華衣冠我着服，中華詩書我誦讀。我三師尊中華義諦聞亦多，白首常我中華歌。天下人，傾耳聽我中華歌。

(formal, poetic, exalted) China (the civilization of China; nowadays, the nation of the Chinese people)


四川

→ Catalan: Sichuan

→ English: Sichuan, Szechuan, Szechwan

→ French: Sichuan, Sétchouan

→ Korean: 쓰촨 (Sseuchwan)

→ Manchu: ᠰᡟᠴᡠᠸᠠᠨ (sycuwan)

desc

→ Portuguese: Sichuan, Setsuan, Szechwan, Sujuão

→ Russian: Сычуа́нь (Syčuánʹ), сычуа́нец (syčuánec)

→ Spanish: Sichuán

→ Zhuang: Swconh

/sz̩⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/ɬu³³ t͡sʰun³³/

/si⁵³ t͡sʰɔn⁴⁴/

/su²¹⁻⁵³ t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/su²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/su¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/sɯ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡sʰuan³³/

/si⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡sʰuan³³/

/si²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sʰueŋ³³/

/si²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sʰuaŋ³³/

/sz̩³³ t͡sʰø⁴⁴/

/sz̩⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/ɬu³³ t͡sʰun³³/

/si⁵³ t͡sʰɔn⁴⁴/

/su²¹⁻⁵³ t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/su²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/su¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/sɯ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡sʰuan³³/

/si⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡sʰuan³³/

/si²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sʰueŋ³³/

/si²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sʰuaŋ³³/

/sz̩³³ t͡sʰø⁴⁴/

During the Tang dynasty, the area of what is now Sichuan was administratively divided into three regions based on the main throughfares through the mountains 川道 (“mountain pass (often near a river)”) at the time. During the Song dynasty, these regions were further redivided into four separate regions, giving rise to its modern name.


雲南

Unclear. First attested in the Book of Han as a county under 益州郡, located in modern-day Xiangyun county, Yunnan.

/huŋ⁵³⁻³³ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/in¹³⁻²² lam¹³/

/huŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lam⁵⁵/

/ɦyn²² nø⁴⁴/

/huŋ⁵³⁻³³ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/in¹³⁻²² lam¹³/

/huŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lam⁵⁵/

/ɦyn²² nø⁴⁴/

(～省) Yunnan (a province in southwest China)


廈門

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (廈門):
* → Korean: 하문(廈門) (Hamun)
* → Vietnamese: Hạ Môn (廈門)

→ Arabic: شْيَامِن (šyāmin)

→ Dutch: Xiamen, Emoi

desc

→ English: Amoy, Hsia-men, Hsiamen, Xiamen

→ French: Amoy, Xiamen

→ Georgian: სიამენი (siameni)

→ Japanese: 廈(シア)門(メン) (Shiamen)

→ Korean: 샤먼 (Syameon)

→ Portuguese: Amoy, Xiamen

→ Japanese: 廈(ア)門(モイ) (Amoi)

→ Spanish: Emuy

/ɕi̯ä⁵¹ mən³⁵/

/ha³² ᵐbᵘɔn²²/

/ˈha¹¹ mɨn³⁵/

/ha⁵³⁻⁵⁵ mun¹¹/

/xa⁵⁵ mɔŋ³³/

/a²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ muoŋ⁵³/

/e⁴¹⁻²² mŋ̍²⁴/

/e²²⁻²¹ mŋ̍²⁴/

/e³³⁻²¹ mŋ̍²³/

/e³³⁻¹¹ mŋ̍²⁴/

/ɛ²²⁻²¹ muĩ¹³/

/ɛ⁵³⁻¹¹ muĩ¹¹/

/e³⁵⁻¹¹ muŋ⁵⁵/

/ɦo²² mən⁴⁴/

/ɕi̯ä⁵¹ mən³⁵/

/ha³² ᵐbᵘɔn²²/

/ˈha¹¹ mɨn³⁵/

/ha⁵³⁻⁵⁵ mun¹¹/

/xa⁵⁵ mɔŋ³³/

/a²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ muoŋ⁵³/

/e⁴¹⁻²² mŋ̍²⁴/

/e²²⁻²¹ mŋ̍²⁴/

/e³³⁻²¹ mŋ̍²³/

/e³³⁻¹¹ mŋ̍²⁴/

/ɛ²²⁻²¹ muĩ¹³/

/ɛ⁵³⁻¹¹ muĩ¹¹/

/e³⁵⁻¹¹ muŋ⁵⁵/

/ɦo²² mən⁴⁴/

A homophone of the original name 下門／下门 (Xiàmén) that came into official use for its more elegant sense.

zh-l

下門／下门 (Xiàmén)

(～市) Xiamen (a subprovincial city in Fujian, China)


寧夏

→ English: Ninghsia, Ningsia, Ningxia

/niŋ³⁵ ɕi̯ä⁵¹/

/niŋ²⁴ ɕia⁵¹/

/nɪŋ²¹ haː²²/

/nˡiŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋɑ²⁴²/

/nɛŋ¹³⁻⁴² ha²¹/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ ha³³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ha³³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ha⁴¹/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ha²²/

/liɪŋ¹³⁻²² hɛ²²/

/leŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ he¹¹/

/n̠ʲin²² ɦia⁴⁴/

/niŋ³⁵ ɕi̯ä⁵¹/

/niŋ²⁴ ɕia⁵¹/

/nɪŋ²¹ haː²²/

/nˡiŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋɑ²⁴²/

/nɛŋ¹³⁻⁴² ha²¹/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ ha³³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ha³³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ha⁴¹/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ha²²/

/liɪŋ¹³⁻²² hɛ²²/

/leŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ he¹¹/

/n̠ʲin²² ɦia⁴⁴/

～回族自治區 寧夏回族自治區#Chinese

(～回族自治區, formerly ～省) Ningxia (a Hui autonomous region and former province of China; capital: Yinchuan)


京劇

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (京劇):
* → Japanese: 京(きょう)劇(げき) (kyōgeki); 京(けい)劇(げき) (keigeki)
* → Korean: 경극(京劇) (gyeonggeuk)
* → Vietnamese: Kinh kịch (京劇)

→ Zhuang: ginghgi

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕy⁵¹/

/kɪŋ⁵⁵ kʰɛːk̚²/

/kiã³³ kiɔk̚²⁴/

/kiã⁴⁴⁻²² kiɔk̚⁴/

/kiã⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɔk̚⁴/

/kiã⁴⁴⁻²² kiak̚¹²¹/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕy⁵¹/

/kɪŋ⁵⁵ kʰɛːk̚²/

/kiã³³ kiɔk̚²⁴/

/kiã⁴⁴⁻²² kiɔk̚⁴/

/kiã⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɔk̚⁴/

/kiã⁴⁴⁻²² kiak̚¹²¹/


遼寧

/li̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ niŋ³⁵/

/liːu̯²¹ nɪŋ²¹/

/l̃ieu⁵³⁻³³ nˡiŋ⁵³/

/liau²⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/liau²⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/liau¹³⁻²² liɪŋ¹³/

/liau²⁴⁻¹¹ liɪŋ²⁴/

/liau²³⁻³³ liɪŋ²³/

/liou⁵⁵⁻¹¹ leŋ⁵⁵/

/li̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ niŋ³⁵/

/liːu̯²¹ nɪŋ²¹/

/l̃ieu⁵³⁻³³ nˡiŋ⁵³/

/liau²⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/liau²⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/liau¹³⁻²² liɪŋ¹³/

/liau²⁴⁻¹¹ liɪŋ²⁴/

/liau²³⁻³³ liɪŋ²³/

/liou⁵⁵⁻¹¹ leŋ⁵⁵/

(～省) Liaoning (a province of China; capital: Shenyang)


黑龍江

desc

→ English: Heilongjiang, Heilungchiang, Hei-lung-chiang, Heilungkiang

ხეილუნგძიანგი

→ Georgian: ხეილუნგძიანგი (xeilungʒiangi)

/xeɪ̯⁵⁵ lʊŋ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/hɐk̚⁵ lʊŋ²¹ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/haːk̚⁵ lʊŋ²¹ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/hak̚⁵⁵ lɵŋ²² kɔŋ³³/

/hɛt̚¹¹ liʊŋ¹¹ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/hɛiʔ²⁴⁻³⁵ l̃yŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋøyŋ⁵⁵/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ liɔŋ²³⁻³³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ liɔŋ¹³⁻²² kaŋ⁴⁴/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴⁴/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ liɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/hiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kaŋ³³/

/hek̚²⁻⁴ leŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kaŋ³³/

/həʔ³³ loŋ⁵⁵ kɑ̃²¹/

/xeɪ̯⁵⁵ lʊŋ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/hɐk̚⁵ lʊŋ²¹ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/haːk̚⁵ lʊŋ²¹ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/hak̚⁵⁵ lɵŋ²² kɔŋ³³/

/hɛt̚¹¹ liʊŋ¹¹ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/hɛiʔ²⁴⁻³⁵ l̃yŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋøyŋ⁵⁵/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ liɔŋ²³⁻³³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ liɔŋ¹³⁻²² kaŋ⁴⁴/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴⁴/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ liɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/hiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kaŋ³³/

/hek̚²⁻⁴ leŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kaŋ³³/

/həʔ³³ loŋ⁵⁵ kɑ̃²¹/

From earlier 黑水 (Hēishuǐ), attested since the Tang Dynasty. Semantically, compare Manchu ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ
ᡠᠯᠠ (sahaliyan ula, literally “black river”), Mongolian Хар мөрөн (Xar mörön, literally “black river”).

ncog

ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ ᡠᠯᠠ


山東

/ʂän⁵⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/saːn⁵⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/san²⁴⁻¹¹ tuŋ²⁴/

/san⁴⁴ tʊŋ⁴⁴/

/suiŋ⁵⁴ tɔŋ⁵⁴/

/saŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nøyŋ⁵⁵/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² taŋ⁴⁴/

/suã³³ taŋ³³/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² taŋ⁴⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ taŋ⁴⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ taŋ⁴⁴/

/sũã³³⁻²³ taŋ³³/

/ʂän⁵⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/saːn⁵⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/san²⁴⁻¹¹ tuŋ²⁴/

/san⁴⁴ tʊŋ⁴⁴/

/suiŋ⁵⁴ tɔŋ⁵⁴/

/saŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nøyŋ⁵⁵/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² taŋ⁴⁴/

/suã³³ taŋ³³/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² taŋ⁴⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ taŋ⁴⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ taŋ⁴⁴/

/sũã³³⁻²³ taŋ³³/


東大

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ tä⁵¹/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ taːi̯²¹/

/tʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ tʰaɪ⁵³/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ tä⁵¹/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ taːi̯²¹/

/tʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ tʰaɪ⁵³/

東北大學 w:zh:東北大學

Short for 東北大學 (“Northeastern University (China)”).


鳳爪

/fɤŋ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fɤŋ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂu̯ä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fʊŋ²² t͡saːu̯³⁵/

/fɵŋ³² t͡sau⁵⁵/

/hɔŋ²²⁻²¹ t͡sua⁵³/

/voŋ²² t͡sɔ⁴⁴/

/fɤŋ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fɤŋ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂu̯ä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fʊŋ²² t͡saːu̯³⁵/

/fɵŋ³² t͡sau⁵⁵/

/hɔŋ²²⁻²¹ t͡sua⁵³/

/voŋ²² t͡sɔ⁴⁴/

鳳爪排骨飯

凤爪排骨饭

chicken feet (as food) (Classifier: 隻／只 c)


上海

desc

→ English: Shang-hai, Shanghae, Shanghai

→ French: Shanghai, Shanghaï, Changhaï

→ Japanese: 上(シャン)海(ハイ) (Shanhai)

→ Korean: 상하이 (Sanghai)

→ Russian: Шанха́й (Šanxáj)

→ Zhuang: Sanghaij

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sœːŋ²² hɔːi̯³⁵/

/siaŋ³² hᵘɔi⁵⁵/

/sɔŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ hoɪ³¹/

/sɒ̃⁴⁵ xai⁵³/

/t͡siɔŋ⁵⁵ xuɛ²¹/

/suoŋ²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai³³/

/ɬyɒŋ²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai⁴⁵³/

/ɬyøŋ²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai³³²/

/siɔŋ²¹ hai⁴⁴⁵/

/siɔŋ³³⁻²¹ hai⁴¹/

/siɔŋ²²⁻²¹ hai⁴²/

/siɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ hai⁵³/

/siɔŋ²²⁻²¹ hai⁵³/

/siɔŋ²² hai⁵⁵⁴/

/siɔŋ³³⁻²² hai⁵⁵⁴/

/siaŋ²²⁻²¹ hai⁵³/

/siaŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ hai⁵²/

/zɑ̃²² he⁴⁴/

/zɑ̃²² he³³/

/ʂan²¹⁻¹¹ xai̯⁴¹/

/san²¹⁻¹¹ xai̯⁴¹/

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sœːŋ²² hɔːi̯³⁵/

/siaŋ³² hᵘɔi⁵⁵/

/sɔŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ hoɪ³¹/

/sɒ̃⁴⁵ xai⁵³/

/t͡siɔŋ⁵⁵ xuɛ²¹/

/suoŋ²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai³³/

/ɬyɒŋ²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai⁴⁵³/

/ɬyøŋ²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai³³²/

/siɔŋ²¹ hai⁴⁴⁵/

/siɔŋ³³⁻²¹ hai⁴¹/

/siɔŋ²²⁻²¹ hai⁴²/

/siɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ hai⁵³/

/siɔŋ²²⁻²¹ hai⁵³/

/siɔŋ²² hai⁵⁵⁴/

/siɔŋ³³⁻²² hai⁵⁵⁴/

/siaŋ²²⁻²¹ hai⁵³/

/siaŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ hai⁵²/

/zɑ̃²² he⁴⁴/

/zɑ̃²² he³³/

/ʂan²¹⁻¹¹ xai̯⁴¹/

/san²¹⁻¹¹ xai̯⁴¹/

Named after 上海浦, a historical river in Shanghai, which was filled in during the late Qing dynasty.

華亭／华亭, 松江

two historical major cities now under the juristiction of Shanghai

上海證券交易所

上海证券交易所

她最近跑到上海去了。

I still have a few things to arrange in Shanghai.

Zài Shànghǎi wǒ háiyǒu jǐ jiàn shìqíng yào ānpái.

在上海我還有幾件事情要安排。

在上海我还有几件事情要安排。

⁶non ⁵tau ⁶zaon-he ⁶le ⁰leq ¹tu-sau ⁶zen-kuaon ⁰leq

儂到上海來了多少辰光了？

侬到上海来了多少辰光了？

(～市) Shanghai (a major port city and direct-administered municipality of China, the largest urban area in China)


揚州

ja-r

揚(よう)州(しゅう) (Yōshū)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (揚州):
* → Japanese: 揚(よう)州(しゅう) (Yōshū)
* → Vietnamese: Dương Châu (揚州)

desc

→ English: Yang-chou, Yangchow, Yangzhou

/jɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/jœːŋ²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/i̯oŋ¹¹ t͡su²⁴/

/iɔŋ¹¹ t͡su⁴⁴/

/iɒ̃¹¹ t͡səu¹¹/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu³³/

/iɔŋ¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/iɔŋ²³⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/iaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡siu³³/

/ɦiã²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

/jɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/jœːŋ²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/i̯oŋ¹¹ t͡su²⁴/

/iɔŋ¹¹ t͡su⁴⁴/

/iɒ̃¹¹ t͡səu¹¹/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu³³/

/iɔŋ¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/iɔŋ²³⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/iaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡siu³³/

/ɦiã²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

From the area of 揚州 recorded as one of the Nine Provinces 九州 (Jiǔzhōu) of Yu the Great 大禹 (Dà Yǔ) in the "Tribute of Yu" 禹贡 (Yǔ Gòng) section of the Book of Xia 夏書／夏书 (Xià Shū) in the Book of Documents 書經／书经 (shūjīng)

(～市) Yangzhou (a prefecture-level city in Jiangsu, in eastern China)


洛陽

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (洛陽):
* → Japanese: 洛陽(らくよう) (Rakuyō)
* → Korean: 낙양(洛陽) (Nagyang)
* → Vietnamese: Lạc Dương (洛陽)

→ English: Luoyang

desc

→ Thai: ลั่วหยาง, ลกเอี๋ยง

→ Thai: ลั่วหยาง, ลกเอี๋ยง

/lu̯ɔ⁵¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/lɔːk̚³ jœːŋ²¹/

/lɔːk̚² jœːŋ²¹/

/lɔk̚⁵ iɔŋ¹¹/

/l̃ouʔ⁵⁻³³ yoŋ⁵³/

/lɔk̚²⁴⁻² iɔŋ²⁴/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² iɔŋ²⁴/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² iɔŋ²³/

/lɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ iaŋ¹³/

/lo(ʔ)²⁴⁻² iũ²⁴/

/lo(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ iũ²⁴/

/lok̚⁴⁻² iaŋ⁵⁵/

/loʔ¹¹ ɦiã²³/

/lu̯ɔ⁵¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/lɔːk̚³ jœːŋ²¹/

/lɔːk̚² jœːŋ²¹/

/lɔk̚⁵ iɔŋ¹¹/

/l̃ouʔ⁵⁻³³ yoŋ⁵³/

/lɔk̚²⁴⁻² iɔŋ²⁴/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² iɔŋ²⁴/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² iɔŋ²³/

/lɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ iaŋ¹³/

/lo(ʔ)²⁴⁻² iũ²⁴/

/lo(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ iũ²⁴/

/lok̚⁴⁻² iaŋ⁵⁵/

/loʔ¹¹ ɦiã²³/

Encyclopædia Britannica
Luo River (Henan)
Yin_and_yang#Toponymy

Yang (north) of the Luo River; based on Yin and yang toponymy in which north is associated with yang. Luoyang is situated to the north of the Luo River.

(～市) Luoyang (a prefecture-level city in Henan, China)


徐州

/ɕy³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɵy̯²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/sɯ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu³³/

/su²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/si¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/ɕy³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɵy̯²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/sɯ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu³³/

/su²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/si¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

(～市) Xuzhou (a prefecture-level city in northwestern Jiangsu, China)


中山

Named after Chinese president 孫中山 (Sun Yat-sen), who used the pseudonym 中(なか)山(やま)樵(きこり) (Nakayama Kikori). Ultimately from the Japanese surname 中(なか)山(やま) (Nakayama).
Zhongshan, Guangdong was renamed from 香山 (Xiāngshān); Sun Yat-sen's birthplace is in Zhongshan.

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/t͡sɵŋ³³ san³³/

/t͡suŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ san²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/t͡sɵŋ³³ san³³/

/t͡suŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ san²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

(～市, formerly ～縣) Zhongshan (a prefecture-level city and former county of Guangdong, China)


杭州

ja-r

杭(こう)州(しゅう) (Kōshū)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (杭州):
* → Japanese: 杭(こう)州(しゅう) (Kōshū)
* → Korean: 항주(杭州) (Hangju)
* → Vietnamese: Hàng Châu (杭州)

/xɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/hɔːŋ²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/hɔŋ²² t͡siu³³/

/hɔŋ¹¹ t͡su⁴⁴/

/haŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/haŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu³³/

/haŋ¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/haŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/haŋ²³⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/haŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡siu³³/

/ɦɑ̃²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

/xɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/hɔːŋ²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/hɔŋ²² t͡siu³³/

/hɔŋ¹¹ t͡su⁴⁴/

/haŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/haŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu³³/

/haŋ¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/haŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/haŋ²³⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/haŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡siu³³/

/ɦɑ̃²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

The province's name derived from 餘杭／余杭 (Yúháng), traditionally glossed as a mistake for 禹航 (“Yu's ferry”) but more likely a transcription into Old Chinese characters of a native Proto-Wu placename.

zh-l

餘杭／余杭 (Yúháng)

(～市) Hangzhou (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Zhejiang, China)


紅旗

/xʊŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/hʊŋ²¹ kʰei̯²¹/

/aŋ¹³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋi¹³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² ki²⁴/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² ki²⁴/

/aŋ¹³⁻²² ki¹³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ki²⁴/

/aŋ²³⁻³³ ki²³/

/aŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ki⁵⁵/

/xʊŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/hʊŋ²¹ kʰei̯²¹/

/aŋ¹³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋi¹³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² ki²⁴/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² ki²⁴/

/aŋ¹³⁻²² ki¹³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ki²⁴/

/aŋ²³⁻³³ ki²³/

/aŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ki⁵⁵/

At that time, those places will have red flags nearby erected to act as a signal, everybody please do not enter into the zone, lest any danger happen.

gaai³ si⁴ goi¹ keoi¹ fu⁶ gan⁶ zoeng¹ wui⁵ jyun⁴ gwaa³ hung⁴ kei⁴ zi² si⁶, gok³ gaai³ jan⁴ si⁶ cit³ mat⁶ zeon³ jap⁶ keoi¹ noi⁶, ji⁵ min⁵ faat³ sang¹ ngai⁴ him².

屆時該區附近將會懸掛紅旗指示，各界人士切勿進入區內，以免發生危險。

届时该区附近将会悬挂红旗指示，各界人士切勿进入区内，以免发生危险。

red flag; red banner (Classifier: 面 m; 支 c)

(Hong Kong) a red banner used by the police: "Stop Charging or We Use Force / 停止衝擊，否則使用武力"


紅旗

/xʊŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/hʊŋ²¹ kʰei̯²¹/

/aŋ¹³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋi¹³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² ki²⁴/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² ki²⁴/

/aŋ¹³⁻²² ki¹³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ki²⁴/

/aŋ²³⁻³³ ki²³/

/aŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ki⁵⁵/

/xʊŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/hʊŋ²¹ kʰei̯²¹/

/aŋ¹³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋi¹³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² ki²⁴/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² ki²⁴/

/aŋ¹³⁻²² ki¹³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ki²⁴/

/aŋ²³⁻³³ ki²³/

/aŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ki⁵⁵/

(～村) Hongqi (a village in Yonglong, Jingshan, Jingmen, Hubei, China)

(～村) Hongqi (a village in Huilong, Fang, Shiyan, Hubei, China)

(～社區) Hongqi (a community of Zhucheng, Xinzhou district, Wuhan, Hubei, China)


河南

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (河南):
* → Japanese: 河(か)南(なん) (Kanan)
* → Korean: 하남(河南) (Hanam)
* → Vietnamese: Hà Nam (河南)

→ English: Henan

/xɤ³⁵ nän³⁵/

/hɔː²¹ naːm²¹/

/o⁵³⁻³³ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/ho²⁴⁻²² lam²⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻²² lam²⁴/

/ho¹³⁻²² lam¹³/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ lam²⁴/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ lam²³/

/ho⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lam⁵⁵/

/xɤ³⁵ nän³⁵/

/hɔː²¹ naːm²¹/

/o⁵³⁻³³ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/ho²⁴⁻²² lam²⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻²² lam²⁴/

/ho¹³⁻²² lam¹³/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ lam²⁴/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ lam²³/

/ho⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lam⁵⁵/

(～省) Henan (a province of China; capital: Zhengzhou)


長沙

Sino-Xenic (長沙):
* → Japanese: 長(ちょう)沙(さ) (Chōsa)
* → Korean: 장사(長沙) (Jangsa)
* → Vietnamese: Trường Sa (長沙)

→ English: Changsha, Ch'ang-sha

→ Korean: 창사 (Changsa)

→ Russian: Чанша́ (Čanšá)

→ Zhuang: Cangzsah

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʂä⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ saː⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰoŋ¹¹ sa²⁴/

/t͡sʰɔŋ¹¹ sa⁴⁴/

/tuoŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾na⁵⁵/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² sa⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² sa³³/

/tiaŋ¹³⁻²² sɛ⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ sua⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²³⁻³³ sua⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sa³³/

/ʈ͡ʂan¹³ sa̠³³/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʂä⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ saː⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰoŋ¹¹ sa²⁴/

/t͡sʰɔŋ¹¹ sa⁴⁴/

/tuoŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾na⁵⁵/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² sa⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² sa³³/

/tiaŋ¹³⁻²² sɛ⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ sua⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²³⁻³³ sua⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sa³³/

/ʈ͡ʂan¹³ sa̠³³/

(～市) Changsha (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Hunan, in south-central China)


京闕

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰy̯ɛ⁵¹/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰy̯ɛ⁵¹/


中國大陸

ㄓㄨㄥ ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄉㄚˋ ㄌㄨˋ

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵ tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ lu⁵¹/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³ taːi̯²² lʊk̚²/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ tai³³⁻²¹ liɔk̚⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ tai³³⁻¹¹ liɔk̚⁴/

/toŋ³³⁻²³ kok̚²⁻⁴ tai³⁵⁻¹¹ lek̚⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵ tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ lu⁵¹/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³ taːi̯²² lʊk̚²/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ tai³³⁻²¹ liɔk̚⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ tai³³⁻¹¹ liɔk̚⁴/

/toŋ³³⁻²³ kok̚²⁻⁴ tai³⁵⁻¹¹ lek̚⁴/


陝西

desc

→ English: Shaanxi, Shanxi, Shensi, Xensi

/ʂän²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi⁵⁵/

/siːm³⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/ˈsɛn²¹³⁻¹³ ɕi⁴²/

/sieŋ³³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nɛ⁵⁵/

/ʂän²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi⁵⁵/

/siːm³⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/ˈsɛn²¹³⁻¹³ ɕi⁴²/

/sieŋ³³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nɛ⁵⁵/

From its position west of the Shan Pass in Shanzhou, Henan, through which the Yellow River flows into the North China Plain.

In Shaanxi there are so many different kinds and variations of food made from wheat.

Shǎnxī miànshí de zhǒnglèi hé huāyàng zhēn duō.

陝西麵食的種類和花樣真多。

陕西面食的种类和花样真多。


天津

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ t͡sɵn⁵⁵/

/tʰi̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sin²⁴/

/tʰɛŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ ^((t͡s-))niŋ⁵³³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sin⁴⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sin⁴⁴/

/tʰieŋ³³⁻²³ t͡siŋ³³/

/tʰiaŋ³³⁻²³ t͡siŋ³³/

/tʰi⁵⁵ t͡ɕin²¹/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ t͡sɵn⁵⁵/

/tʰi̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sin²⁴/

/tʰɛŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ ^((t͡s-))niŋ⁵³³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sin⁴⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sin⁴⁴/

/tʰieŋ³³⁻²³ t͡siŋ³³/

/tʰiaŋ³³⁻²³ t͡siŋ³³/

/tʰi⁵⁵ t͡ɕin²¹/

(～市) Tianjin (a direct-administered municipality and major city in northern China)


澳門

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (澳門):
* → Korean: 오문(澳門) (Omun)
* → Vietnamese: Áo Môn (澳門)

→ Armenian: Աոմին (Aomin)

→ English: Aomen

→ Japanese: 澳門(アオメン) (Aomen)

→ Korean: 아오먼 (Aomeon)

desc

→ Lü: ᦀᦱᧁᧈᦵᦙᦲᧃᧉ (˙ʼaaw¹moen²)

→ Lü: ᦀᦱᧁᧈᦵᦙᦲᧃᧉ (˙ʼaaw¹moen²)

→ Russian: Аомы́нь (Aomýnʹ), Аомэ́нь (Aomɛ́nʹ)

→ Zhuang: Aumwnz

/ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹ mən³⁵/

/ou̯³³ muːn²¹⁻³⁵/

/au³³ ᵐbᵘɔn²²⁻²²⁵/

/au⁵³⁻⁵⁵ mun¹¹/

/o²¹³⁻⁵⁵ muoŋ⁵³/

/ɒ⁴²⁻⁵⁵ mui¹³/

/ɒ⁴²⁻⁵⁵ muoŋ¹³/

/ɤ²¹⁻⁴¹ mŋ̍²³/

/o¹¹⁻⁵³ mŋ̍²⁴/

/o⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ mŋ̍²⁴/

/o²¹⁻⁵³ mŋ̍²⁴/

/o²¹⁻³³ mui²³/

/o²¹⁻⁵³ muĩ¹³/

/o⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ bun²⁴/

/o²¹³⁻⁵⁵ muŋ⁵⁵/

/ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹ mən³⁵/

/ou̯³³ muːn²¹⁻³⁵/

/au³³ ᵐbᵘɔn²²⁻²²⁵/

/au⁵³⁻⁵⁵ mun¹¹/

/o²¹³⁻⁵⁵ muoŋ⁵³/

/ɒ⁴²⁻⁵⁵ mui¹³/

/ɒ⁴²⁻⁵⁵ muoŋ¹³/

/ɤ²¹⁻⁴¹ mŋ̍²³/

/o¹¹⁻⁵³ mŋ̍²⁴/

/o⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ mŋ̍²⁴/

/o²¹⁻⁵³ mŋ̍²⁴/

/o²¹⁻³³ mui²³/

/o²¹⁻⁵³ muĩ¹³/

/o⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ bun²⁴/

/o²¹³⁻⁵⁵ muŋ⁵⁵/

(Macau): First attested in 陳末議以保海隅萬世治安疏, a memorial to the emperor [1564] by government official Pang Shangpeng (龐尚鵬):
:
Earlier names include 濠鏡澳／濠镜澳 (Háojìng'ào) (蠔鏡澳／蚝镜澳), 濠鏡／濠镜 (Háojìng), 香山澳, etc.

lang

陳末議以保海隅萬世治安疏

陳末議以保海隅萬世治安疏

題為陳末議以保海隅萬世治安

題為陳末議以保海隅萬世治安

zh-l

濠鏡澳／濠镜澳 (Háojìng'ào)

濠鏡／濠镜 (Háojìng)

題為陳末議以保海隅萬世治安 in 皇明經世文編

Guǎngzhōu nán yǒu Xiāngshān xiàn, dì dāng bīn hǎi. Yóu yōngmài zhì Háojìng'ào, jì yīrì zhī chéng, yǒu shān Duìzhì rú tái, yuē nánběi tái. Jí Àomén yě...... Yì zhě yù yú Àomén xiá chù, yòng shí tiánsài, dù fānbó qiánxíng, yǐ gù Xiāngshān ménhù.

廣州南有香山縣，地當瀕海。由雍麥至蠔鏡澳，計一日之程，有山對峙如臺，曰南北臺。即澳門也……議者欲於澳門狹處，用石填塞，杜番舶潛行，以固香山門戶。

題為陳末議以保海隅萬世治安 in 皇明經世文編

广州南有香山县，地当濒海。由雍麦至蚝镜澳，计一日之程，有山对峙如台，曰南北台。即澳门也……议者欲于澳门狭处，用石填塞，杜番舶潜行，以固香山门户。

澳門歷史城區

澳门历史城区

～特別行政區 澳門特別行政區#Chinese

(～特別行政區) Macau, Aomen (a city and special administrative region of China)


新疆

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (新疆):
* → Japanese: 新(しん)疆(きょう) (Shinkyō)
* → Korean: 신강(新疆) (Sin'gang)
* → Vietnamese: Tân Cương (新疆)

desc

→ English: Xinjiang, Sinkiang, Hsin-chiang

→ Kazakh: Шынжаң (Şynjañ), شىنجاڭ (xinjyang)

→ Mongolian: ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠶᠠᠩ (sinǰiyang), Шиньжян (Šinʹžjan)

→ Russian: Синьцзя́н (Sinʹczján)

→ Nuosu: ꑟꏦ (xi jie)

→ Tatar: Шеңҗан (Şeñcan)

→ Turkish: Sincan

→ Uyghur: شىنجاڭ (shinjang), Шинҗаң (Shinjang)

→ Written Oirat: ᠱᡅᠨᡓᡅᡕᠠᡊ (šinǰiyang)

→ Zhuang: Sinhgyangh

→ Yakut: Синдьээҥ (Sinjeeñ)

/ɕin⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ kœːŋ⁵⁵/

/ˈɕin⁴² t͡ɕiɔŋ⁴²/

/sin²⁴⁻¹¹ ki̯oŋ²⁴/

/siŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋyoŋ⁵⁵/

/ɬiŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ kyɒŋ⁵³³/

/ɬiŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ kyøŋ⁵³³/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² kiaŋ⁴⁴/

/siŋ³³⁻²³ kiaŋ³³/

/ɕin⁵⁵ t͡ɕiã²¹/

/ɕin⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ kœːŋ⁵⁵/

/ˈɕin⁴² t͡ɕiɔŋ⁴²/

/sin²⁴⁻¹¹ ki̯oŋ²⁴/

/siŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋyoŋ⁵⁵/

/ɬiŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ kyɒŋ⁵³³/

/ɬiŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ kyøŋ⁵³³/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² kiaŋ⁴⁴/

/siŋ³³⁻²³ kiaŋ³³/

/ɕin⁵⁵ t͡ɕiã²¹/

Daoguang Emperor
Jiaqing
Jinchuan County
Qianlong
Southern Song

Originally a general term for newly acquired territories, used since the Southern Song dynasty. In the Qing dynasty, various non-Han-inhabited territories were referred to as 新疆, including southwestern and western Guizhou, Wumeng (烏蒙／乌蒙, modern-day Zhaotong, Yunnan), Jinchuan (金川), and the region now known as Xinjiang. 疆 (jiāng) denotes the region was inhabited by non-Han ethnicities.
The first instance of a Qing emperor referring to the region now known as Xinjiang as 新疆 is found in the foreword of 欽定新疆識略 written by the Daoguang Emperor in 1821. Prior to that, the region was referred to as 西域 (Xīyù, literally “Western Regions”), a term used since the Han dynasty (Li, 1981). In 大清一統志 published during the eras of Qianlong and Jiaqing, the region was referred to as 西域新疆. Furthermore, during the era of Qianlong, northern Xinjiang or Dzungaria was referred to as 準疆／准疆 and 準部／准部, among other names, while southern Xinjiang or Altishahr was referred to as 回疆 (Huíjiāng) and 回部 (Huíbù).

1877, Zuo Zongtang, 統籌新疆全局疏; quoted in 羅正鈞, editor, 左文襄公年譜, volume 8, 1897, page 24:

Thus, attaching importance to Xinjiang is the way to safeguard Mongolia, and safeguarding Mongolia is the way to defend the capital.

Shìgù zhòng Xīnjiāng zhě suǒyǐ bǎo Ménggǔ, bǎo Ménggǔ zhě suǒyǐ wèi Jīngshī.

是故重新疆者所以保蒙古，保蒙古者所以衛京師。

是故重新疆者所以保蒙古，保蒙古者所以卫京师。

～維吾爾自治區 新疆維吾爾自治區#Chinese

(～維吾爾自治區, formerly ～省) Xinjiang (a Uygur autonomous region and former province in far western China; capital: Ürümqi)


國務院

/ku̯ɔ³⁵ u⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɥɛn⁵¹/

/kʷɔːk̚³ mou̯²² jyːn²²⁻³⁵/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ bu²²⁻²¹ ĩ²²/

/kɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ bu⁴¹⁻²² ĩ⁴¹/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁵ bu²²⁻²¹ ĩ²²/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ bu³³⁻¹¹ ĩ³³/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ bu³³⁻²¹ ĩ³³/

/ku̯ɔ³⁵ u⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɥɛn⁵¹/

/kʷɔːk̚³ mou̯²² jyːn²²⁻³⁵/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ bu²²⁻²¹ ĩ²²/

/kɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ bu⁴¹⁻²² ĩ⁴¹/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁵ bu²²⁻²¹ ĩ²²/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ bu³³⁻¹¹ ĩ³³/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ bu³³⁻²¹ ĩ³³/

國務院部署

国务院部署

State Council of the People's Republic of China


TG

Possible sources:
* Initialism of 土共 (tǔgòng).
* From the emblem of the Communist Party of China. The Latin letters T and G resemble the hammer and the sickle, respectively.

(Internet slang) Communist Party of China


渤海

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (渤海):
* → Japanese: 渤海(ぼっかい) (Bokkai)
* → Korean: 발해(渤海) (Balhae)
* → Vietnamese: Bột Hải (渤海)

/pu̯ɔ³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/puːt̚² hɔːi̯³⁵/

/pu̯ɔ³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/puːt̚² hɔːi̯³⁵/


溫州

/wən⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/wɐn⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/vun²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡su²⁴/

/un⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/un⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/un⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/un⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/uŋ³³⁻²³ t͡siu³³/

/uən⁵⁵ t͡sɤ²¹/

/wən⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/wɐn⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/vun²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡su²⁴/

/un⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/un⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/un⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/un⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/uŋ³³⁻²³ t͡siu³³/

/uən⁵⁵ t͡sɤ²¹/

(～市) Wenzhou (a prefecture-level city in Zhejiang, in southeastern China)


黃旗

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/wɔːŋ²¹ kʰei̯²¹/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻²² ki²⁴/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻²² ki²⁴/

/ŋ̍¹³⁻²² ki¹³/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ ki²⁴/

/ŋ̍²³⁻³³ ki²³/

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/wɔːŋ²¹ kʰei̯²¹/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻²² ki²⁴/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻²² ki²⁴/

/ŋ̍¹³⁻²² ki¹³/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ ki²⁴/

/ŋ̍²³⁻³³ ki²³/

(archaic) a yellow banner (used by the military in ancient times)

(Hong Kong) a yellow banner used by the police: "Police Cordon, Do Not Cross / 警察封鎖線，不得越過"

(Hong Kong) a yellow banner used by the police: "Police Warning: You are in breach of the law. You may be prosecuted. / 警察警告：你現在違反法例 你可能被檢控"


黃旗

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/wɔːŋ²¹ kʰei̯²¹/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻²² ki²⁴/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻²² ki²⁴/

/ŋ̍¹³⁻²² ki¹³/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ ki²⁴/

/ŋ̍²³⁻³³ ki²³/

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/wɔːŋ²¹ kʰei̯²¹/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻²² ki²⁴/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻²² ki²⁴/

/ŋ̍¹³⁻²² ki¹³/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ ki²⁴/

/ŋ̍²³⁻³³ ki²³/


福州

Sino-Xenic (福州):
* → Japanese: 福(ふく)州(しゅう) (Fukushū)
* → Korean: 복주(福州) (Bokju)
* → Vietnamese: Phúc Châu (福州)

desc

→ English: Foochow, Fuchow, Fujhou, Fuzhou, Hokchew, Hockchew, Hokchiu

→ Korean: 푸저우 (Pujeou)

→ Russian: Фучжо́у (Fučžóu)

→ Zhuang: Fuzcouh

→ Spanish: Focheu, Fucheu

/fu³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/fʊk̚⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/huʔ²⁴⁻²¹ t͡sieu⁵⁵/

/hɒʔ¹⁻⁴⁵ t͡siu⁵³³/

/hɒʔ²⁻²⁴ t͡siu⁵³³/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ t͡siu³³/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁵ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/foʔ³³ t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

/fu³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/fʊk̚⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/huʔ²⁴⁻²¹ t͡sieu⁵⁵/

/hɒʔ¹⁻⁴⁵ t͡siu⁵³³/

/hɒʔ²⁻²⁴ t͡siu⁵³³/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ t͡siu³³/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁵ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/foʔ³³ t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

(～市) Fuzhou (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Fujian, China)


南京

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (南京):
* → Japanese: 南京(なんきん) (Nankin)
* → Korean: 남경(南京) (Namgyeong)
* → Vietnamese: Nam Kinh (南京)

desc

→ Georgian: ნანძინგი (nanʒingi), ნანკინი (nanḳini)

/nän³⁵ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/lã²⁴ t͡ɕĩ³¹/

/naːm²¹ kɪŋ⁵⁵/

/nˡaŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋiŋ⁵⁵/

/lam²⁴⁻²² kiã⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² kiã³³/

/lam¹³⁻²² kiã⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ kiã⁴⁴/

/lam²³⁻³³ kiã⁴⁴/

/lam⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kĩã³³/

/nø²² t͡ɕin⁴⁴/

/nän³⁵ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/lã²⁴ t͡ɕĩ³¹/

/naːm²¹ kɪŋ⁵⁵/

/nˡaŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋiŋ⁵⁵/

/lam²⁴⁻²² kiã⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² kiã³³/

/lam¹³⁻²² kiã⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ kiã⁴⁴/

/lam²³⁻³³ kiã⁴⁴/

/lam⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kĩã³³/

/nø²² t͡ɕin⁴⁴/

(～市) Nanjing (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Jiangsu, China)


江蘇

English: Jiangsu, Kiangsu, Kiang-su, Kiang Su, Keangsoo, Keang-soo, Chiang-su, Kiang-Sou (obsolete or historical)

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ su⁵⁵/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ sou̯⁵⁵/

/kɔŋ³³ ɬu³³/

/koŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ su²⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴ su⁴⁴/

/kouŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nu⁵⁵/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sɔ⁴⁴/

/kaŋ³³ sɔ³³/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sɔ⁴⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sɔ⁴⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sɔ⁴⁴/

/kaŋ³³⁻²³ sou³³/

/kɑ̃⁵⁵ su²¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ su⁵⁵/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ sou̯⁵⁵/

/kɔŋ³³ ɬu³³/

/koŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ su²⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴ su⁴⁴/

/kouŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nu⁵⁵/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sɔ⁴⁴/

/kaŋ³³ sɔ³³/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sɔ⁴⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sɔ⁴⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sɔ⁴⁴/

/kaŋ³³⁻²³ sou³³/

/kɑ̃⁵⁵ su²¹/

Short for 江寧／江宁 (Jiāngníng) + 蘇州／苏州 (Sūzhōu).


哈爾濱

desc

→ English: Ha'erbin, Haerbin, Ha-erh-pin, Ha-êrh-pin

→ Russian: Харби́н (Xarbín)

/xä⁵⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ pin⁵⁵/

/haː⁵⁵ jiː¹³ pɐn⁵⁵/

/ha(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pin⁴⁴/

/ha(ʔ)⁵ nĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ pin³³/

/ha(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ d͡zĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pin⁴⁴/

/xä⁵⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ pin⁵⁵/

/haː⁵⁵ jiː¹³ pɐn⁵⁵/

/ha(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pin⁴⁴/

/ha(ʔ)⁵ nĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ pin³³/

/ha(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ d͡zĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pin⁴⁴/

Borrowed from a dialectal Manchu word cognate with Standard Manchu ᡥᠠᠯᡶᡳᠶᠠᠨ (halfiyan, “flat”) (Huang, 2010). Compare /kʰɑlpin/ ("flat") in the Manchu dialect spoken in Dawujiazi (大五家子) of Aihui County (now in Heihe) (Wang, 2005).

Harbin's ice sculptures are very famous.

哈爾濱的冰雕很有名。

哈尔滨的冰雕很有名。

During winter Harbin is a world of ice and snow.

Dōngtiān de shíhou Hā'ěrbīn shì bīngtiānxuědì.

冬天的時候哈爾濱是冰天雪地。

冬天的时候哈尔滨是冰天雪地。

(～市) Harbin (a subprovincial city, provincial capital, and largest city in Heilongjiang, China)


共青團

ㄍㄨㄥˋ ㄑㄧㄥ ㄊㄨㄢˊ

/kʊŋ⁵¹ t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ tʰu̯än³⁵/

/kʊŋ²² t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ tʰyːn²¹/

/kiɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ tʰuan²⁴/

/kiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tʰuan²⁴/

/kiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tʰuan¹³/

/kʊŋ⁵¹ t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ tʰu̯än³⁵/

/kʊŋ²² t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ tʰyːn²¹/

/kiɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ tʰuan²⁴/

/kiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tʰuan²⁴/

/kiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tʰuan¹³/

Short for 共產主義青年團／共产主义青年团 (Gòngchǎn Zhǔyì Qīngniántuán).

zh-etym-short

He is a member of the Communist Youth League of China.

他是一個共青團成員。

他是一个共青团成员。


漢學

/xän⁵¹ ɕy̯ɛ³⁵/

/hɔːn³³ hɔːk̚²/

/han⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ hak̚²⁴/

/han²¹⁻⁵³ hak̚¹²¹/

/xän⁵¹ ɕy̯ɛ³⁵/

/hɔːn³³ hɔːk̚²/

/han⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ hak̚²⁴/

/han²¹⁻⁵³ hak̚¹²¹/

Han school of classical Chinese (i.e. study of classical Chinese during the Han dynasty)


福建

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (福建):
* → Japanese: 福(ふっ)建(けん) (Fukken)
* → Okinawan: 福(ふ)建(ちゃん) (Fuchan)
* → Korean: 복건(福建) (Bokgeon)
* → Vietnamese: Phúc Kiến (福建)

desc

→ English: Fujian, Fuhkien, Fukien, Fu-chien, Fookien, Fokien, Hokkien

→ Georgian: ფუძიენი (puʒieni)

→ Khmer: ហុកកៀន (hokkiən)

→ Korean: 푸젠 (Pujen)

→ Malay: Fujian, Hokkien, Hokkian

→ Russian: Фуцзя́нь (Fuczjánʹ), фуцзя́нец (fuczjánec)

→ Spanish: Fujian, Fokien, Fukién

→ Tagalog: Fukien, Hokkien

→ Thai: ฝูเจี้ยน, ฮกเกี้ยน

→ Thai: ฝูเจี้ยน, ฮกเกี้ยน

/fu³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/huʔ²⁴⁻⁵⁵ kyɔŋ²¹³/

/hɒʔ¹⁻⁴⁵ kœŋ⁴²/

/hɒʔ²⁻²⁴ kyøŋ⁴²/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ kiɛn¹¹/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ kiɛn²¹/

/hɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ kiɛn⁴¹/

/hɔk̚³⁻⁴ kiɛn²¹/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁵ kiɛn²¹/

/hok̚²⁻⁴ kieŋ²¹³/

/hok̚²⁻⁴ kiaŋ²¹³/

/foʔ³³ t͡ɕi⁴⁴/

/foʔ⁵⁵ t͡ɕie²¹/

/fu³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/huʔ²⁴⁻⁵⁵ kyɔŋ²¹³/

/hɒʔ¹⁻⁴⁵ kœŋ⁴²/

/hɒʔ²⁻²⁴ kyøŋ⁴²/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ kiɛn¹¹/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ kiɛn²¹/

/hɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ kiɛn⁴¹/

/hɔk̚³⁻⁴ kiɛn²¹/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁵ kiɛn²¹/

/hok̚²⁻⁴ kieŋ²¹³/

/hok̚²⁻⁴ kiaŋ²¹³/

/foʔ³³ t͡ɕi⁴⁴/

/foʔ⁵⁵ t͡ɕie²¹/

Short for 福州 (Fúzhōu) + 建州 (Jiànzhōu), two ancient prefectures in modern Fujian. Coined with the establishment of 福建路 (“Fujian Circuit”) in 985 CE by the Northern Song court.

(～省) Fujian, Fukien (a province of China; capital: Fuzhou)


湖北

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (湖北):
* → Japanese: 湖(こ)北(ほく) (Kohoku)
* → Korean: 호북(湖北) (Hobuk)
* → Vietnamese: Hồ Bắc (湖北)

→ English: Hubei, Hupeh

→ Korean: 후베이 (Hubei)

→ Manchu: ᡥᡡᠪᡝ (hūbe)

→ Mongolian: ᠬᠤᠪᠧᠢ (qubēi)

→ Russian: Хубэ́й (Xubɛ́j)

→ Uyghur: خۇبېي (xubëy)

→ Zhuang: Huzbwz

/xu³⁵ peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/wuː²¹ pɐk̚⁵/

/hu⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βɔyʔ²⁴/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² pak̚³²/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² pak̚⁵/

/ɔ¹³⁻²² pak̚³²/

/ɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ pak̚³²/

/ɔ²³⁻³³ pak̚³²/

/ou⁵⁵⁻¹¹ pak̚²/

/ɦu²² poʔ⁴⁴/

/xu³⁵ peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/wuː²¹ pɐk̚⁵/

/hu⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βɔyʔ²⁴/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² pak̚³²/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² pak̚⁵/

/ɔ¹³⁻²² pak̚³²/

/ɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ pak̚³²/

/ɔ²³⁻³³ pak̚³²/

/ou⁵⁵⁻¹¹ pak̚²/

/ɦu²² poʔ⁴⁴/

So named as it lies on the north of Lake Dongting.


三輔

/sän⁵⁵ fu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sän⁵⁵ fu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

三 (three) + 輔 (auxiliary; to assist: i.e. to assist in defending the capital)
: This term was originally coined to describe three official civil posts. Each of the three civil posts also defined a specific geographic area outside of the capital at Chang'an. The three posts were:
:# 京兆尹 jīngzhàoyǐn (on the eastern outskirts of Chang'an)
:# 左馮翊 zuǒ píngyì (on the northwestern outskirts of Chang'an)
:# 右扶風 yòu fúfēng (on the western outskirts of Chang'an)

(archaic) the three auxiliary defensive zones (which surrounded the ancient capital at Chang'an)


山西

/ʂän⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/

/saːn⁵⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/san²⁴⁻¹¹ si²⁴/

/saŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nɛ⁵⁵/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² sai⁴⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ se⁴⁴/

/sũã³³⁻²³ sai³³/

/ʂän⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/

/saːn⁵⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/san²⁴⁻¹¹ si²⁴/

/saŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nɛ⁵⁵/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² sai⁴⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ se⁴⁴/

/sũã³³⁻²³ sai³³/


傳國

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än³⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än³⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

(archaic) to pass down a national heirloom from ruler to ruler


深圳

→ English: Shenzhen, Shumchun

/ʂən⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂən⁵¹/

/sɐm⁵⁵ t͡sɐn³³/

/t͡sʰɨm²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sun⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰəm⁴⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sun⁵³/

/t͡sʰim⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sun²¹/

/t͡sʰim⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sun²¹/

/t͡sʰim⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sun¹¹/

/t͡sʰim⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sun²¹/

/t͡sʰim³³⁻²³ t͡suŋ²¹³/

/ʂən⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂən⁵¹/

/sɐm⁵⁵ t͡sɐn³³/

/t͡sʰɨm²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sun⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰəm⁴⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sun⁵³/

/t͡sʰim⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sun²¹/

/t͡sʰim⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sun²¹/

/t͡sʰim⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sun¹¹/

/t͡sʰim⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sun²¹/

/t͡sʰim³³⁻²³ t͡suŋ²¹³/

Army Map Service
Gazetteer of Xin'an County

Originally as 深圳墟 (Shēnzhèn xū, “Shenzhen Market”) and referred to a market town located in present-day Dongmen, Luohu District, Shenzhen. The name is first attested in Gazetteer of Xin'an County (新安縣志) [1688].
In 1979, Bao'an County (寶安縣／宝安县) of Guangdong was renamed and converted to Shenzhen City (深圳市 (Shēnzhèn shì)).

(～市) Shenzhen (a subprovincial city in Guangdong, China)


青海

Sino-Xenic (青海):
* → Japanese: 青海(せいかい) (Seikai)
* → Korean: 청해(青海) (Cheonghae)
* → Vietnamese: Thanh Hải (青海)

desc

→ English: Tsinghai, Tsing-hai, Qinghai, Ch'ing-hai

→ Georgian: ცინგხაი (cingxai)

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/t͡sʰi̯aŋ²⁴ hoi̯³¹/

/t͡sʰiaŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ hoɪ³¹/

/t͡sʰiŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai³³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hai⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ hai⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hai⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hai⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hai⁴¹/

/t͡sʰẽ³³⁻²³ hai⁵²/

/t͡ɕʰin⁵⁵ he²¹/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/t͡sʰi̯aŋ²⁴ hoi̯³¹/

/t͡sʰiaŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ hoɪ³¹/

/t͡sʰiŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai³³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hai⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ hai⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hai⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hai⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hai⁴¹/

/t͡sʰẽ³³⁻²³ hai⁵²/

/t͡ɕʰin⁵⁵ he²¹/

Compare similar-meaning names for Qinghai Lake in other languages: Tibetan མཚོ་སྔོན (mtsho sngon), མཚོ་སྔོན་པོ (mtsho sngon po, “blue lake”), Mongolian ᠬᠥᠬᠡ
ᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ (köke naɣur, “blue lake”).

ncog

(～省) Qinghai (a province of China; capital: Xining)


廣東

ja-r

広東(こうとう) (Kōtō)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (廣東):
* → Japanese: 広東(こうとう) (Kōtō)
* → Okinawan: 広東(くゎんとぅん) (Kwantun)
* → Korean: 광동(廣東) (Gwangdong)
* → Vietnamese: Quảng Đông (廣東)

→ English: Guangdong, Kwangtung

→ French: Guangdong, Kouang-tong

→ Korean: 광둥 (Gwangdung)

→ Manchu: ᡤᡠᠸᠠᠩᡩᡠᠩ (guwangdung)

→ Mongolian: ᠭᠤᠸᠠᠩᠳᠦᠩ (ɣuwangdüng)

→ Portuguese: Cantão

→ English: Canton

→ Japanese: 広東(カントン) (Kanton)

→ French: Canton

→ Italian: Canton

→ Russian: Канто́н (Kantón)

→? Spanish: Cantón

→ Russian: Гуанду́н (Guandún)

→ Thai: กวางตุ้ง (gwaang-dtûng)

→ Zhuang: Guengjdoeng, Gvangjdungh

/ku̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kʷɔːŋ³⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kɔŋ⁵⁵ ɵŋ³³/

/koŋ³¹ tuŋ²⁴/

/kuɔŋ³¹ tʊŋ⁴⁴/

/kuoŋ³³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nøyŋ⁵⁵/

/kuŋ⁴⁵³⁻¹³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nɒŋ⁵³³/

/kŋ̍³³²⁻²¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nɒŋ⁵³³/

/kŋ̍⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ taŋ³³/

/kŋ̍⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ taŋ⁴⁴/

/kŋ̍⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ taŋ³³/

/kŋ̍⁵³⁻⁴⁴ taŋ⁴⁴/

/kuĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ taŋ⁴⁴/

/kɯŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ taŋ³³/

/kuɑ̃³³ toŋ⁴⁴/

/ku̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kʷɔːŋ³⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kɔŋ⁵⁵ ɵŋ³³/

/koŋ³¹ tuŋ²⁴/

/kuɔŋ³¹ tʊŋ⁴⁴/

/kuoŋ³³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nøyŋ⁵⁵/

/kuŋ⁴⁵³⁻¹³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nɒŋ⁵³³/

/kŋ̍³³²⁻²¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nɒŋ⁵³³/

/kŋ̍⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ taŋ³³/

/kŋ̍⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ taŋ⁴⁴/

/kŋ̍⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ taŋ³³/

/kŋ̍⁵³⁻⁴⁴ taŋ⁴⁴/

/kuĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ taŋ⁴⁴/

/kɯŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ taŋ³³/

/kuɑ̃³³ toŋ⁴⁴/

Named after Guangnan East Circuit (廣南東路／广南东路 (Guǎngnán Dōng Lù)) of the Song dynasty, which was abbreviated as 廣東路 (Guǎngdōng Lù).

zh-l

廣南東路／广南东路 (Guǎngnán Dōng Lù)

Zhou Qufei, Representative Answers from the Region beyond the Mountains, 12ᵗʰ century CE

Zì Qín shì yǒu Wǔlǐng zhī shuō, jiē zhǐ shān míng zhī. Kǎo zhī, nǎi rù lǐng zhī tú wǔ ěr, fēi bì shān yě. Zì Fújiàn zhī Tīng, rù Guǎngdōng zhī Xún, Méi, yī yě.

自秦世有五嶺之說，皆指山名之。考之，乃入嶺之途五耳，非必山也。自福建之汀，入廣東之循、梅，一也。

自秦世有五岭之说，皆指山名之。考之，乃入岭之途五耳，非必山也。自福建之汀，入广东之循、梅，一也。

(～省) Guangdong (a province of China; capital: Guangzhou)


安徽

desc

English: Anhui, Anhuei, An-hwei, Anhwei, An-hui (Wade–Giles)

Georgian: ანხუეი (anxuei)

/ˀän⁵⁵ xu̯eɪ̯⁵⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ fɐi̯⁵⁵/

/ᵘɔn³³ fei³³/

/on²⁴⁻¹¹ fi²⁴/

/aŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋui⁵⁵/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² hui⁴⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² hui⁴⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ hui⁴⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ hui⁴⁴/

/aŋ³³⁻²³ hui³³/

/ˀän⁵⁵ xu̯eɪ̯⁵⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ fɐi̯⁵⁵/

/ᵘɔn³³ fei³³/

/on²⁴⁻¹¹ fi²⁴/

/aŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋui⁵⁵/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² hui⁴⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² hui⁴⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ hui⁴⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ hui⁴⁴/

/aŋ³³⁻²³ hui³³/

From the names of two cities in southern Anhui: 安慶／安庆 (Ānqìng, “Anqing”) and 徽州 (Huīzhōu, “Huizhou”, now Huangshan City).


唐山

Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan

Arising from the position of coastal Guangdong and Fujian (both primary origin points for overseas Chinese migrants, the latter also being an origin point for many "early" Han Chinese settlers in Taiwan before the Chinese Civil War and Nationalist flight) between the sea and inland mountains and the use of 唐 (táng, “Tang”) to refer to China in general due to its perception as a "golden age" in Chinese history.

lang

教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典

教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典

thcwd

“Entry #5806”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2024.

/tʰɑŋ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/tʰɔːŋ²¹ saːn⁵⁵/

/hɔŋ²² san³³/

/tʰɔŋ¹¹ san⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²² suã³³/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²¹ suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²³⁻²¹ suã³³/

/tŋ̍¹³⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²³⁻³³ suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ suã⁴⁴/

/tʰaŋ¹¹ suã³³⁴/

/tɯŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sũã³³/

/tʰɑŋ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/tʰɔːŋ²¹ saːn⁵⁵/

/hɔŋ²² san³³/

/tʰɔŋ¹¹ san⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²² suã³³/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²¹ suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²³⁻²¹ suã³³/

/tŋ̍¹³⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²³⁻³³ suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ suã⁴⁴/

/tʰaŋ¹¹ suã³³⁴/

/tɯŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sũã³³/

Chinese Elder Brother (The Big Boss, 1971 film featuring Bruce Lee)

《唐山大兄》

possibly based on the Zhongshan variety of Yue

Please do, for I have to go back to China soon.

do¹ faan⁴ nei⁵ laa³. jan¹ wai⁶ ngo⁵ soeng² zou² jat⁶ faan¹ tong⁴ saan¹.

多煩你嚹。因為我想早日翻唐山。

多烦你嚹。因为我想早日翻唐山。

As people went from mainland China over to Taiwan, their hearts became weighed down. (an idiom about the Chinese migration toward Taiwan in Qing Dynasty)

Tn̂g-soaⁿ kòe Tâi-oân, sim-koaⁿ kiat kui oân

唐山過台灣，心肝結規丸

唐山过台湾，心肝结规丸

[From] mainland China [they] went over to Taiwan, without any money, diligently cultivating the hill lands and tilling the fields.

涂敏恆 (Tu Min-Heng), 《客家本色》 ("Natural Color of Hakka")

Thòng-sân ko Thòi-vàn, mò pan tiám chhièn, sat-mâng tá-piang kâng-sân-kâng-thièn.

唐山過台灣，無半點錢，煞猛打拚耕山耕田。

唐山过台湾，无半点钱，煞猛打拚耕山耕田。

(Taiwan, Philippine Hokkien, dated) mainland China


唐山

→ English: Tangshan, T'ang-shan

Named after the Tang Mountain in the city; the Tang Mountain was named after the Tang Dynasty

/tʰɑŋ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/tʰɔːŋ²¹ saːn⁵⁵/

/hɔŋ²² san³³/

/tʰɔŋ¹¹ san⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²² suã³³/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²¹ suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²³⁻²¹ suã³³/

/tŋ̍¹³⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²³⁻³³ suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ suã⁴⁴/

/tʰaŋ¹¹ suã³³⁴/

/tɯŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sũã³³/

/tʰɑŋ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/tʰɔːŋ²¹ saːn⁵⁵/

/hɔŋ²² san³³/

/tʰɔŋ¹¹ san⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²² suã³³/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²¹ suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²³⁻²¹ suã³³/

/tŋ̍¹³⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²³⁻³³ suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ suã⁴⁴/

/tʰaŋ¹¹ suã³³⁴/

/tɯŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sũã³³/

Great Tangshan earthquake (1976 Tangshan earthquake)

唐山大地震

(～市) Tangshan (a prefecture-level city in northeastern Hebei, China)


湖南

/hu⁵³⁻³³ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² lam²⁴/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² lam²⁴/

/ɔ¹³⁻²² lam¹³/

/ɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ lam²⁴/

/ɔ²³⁻³³ lam²³/

/ou⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lam⁵⁵/

/ou⁵⁵⁻¹¹ nam⁵⁵/

/ɸu¹³ l̃an¹³/

/hu⁵³⁻³³ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² lam²⁴/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² lam²⁴/

/ɔ¹³⁻²² lam¹³/

/ɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ lam²⁴/

/ɔ²³⁻³³ lam²³/

/ou⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lam⁵⁵/

/ou⁵⁵⁻¹¹ nam⁵⁵/

/ɸu¹³ l̃an¹³/


東莞

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (東莞):
* → Japanese: 東莞(とうかん) (Tōkan)
* → Vietnamese: Đông Hoản (東莞)

desc

→ English: Dongguan, Tungkuan, Tung-kuan, Tungkun, Tungkoon, Tung Koon

→ Zhuang: Dunghgvanj

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ ku̯än²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ kuːn³⁵/

/tʊŋ²¹³ kun³⁵/

/ɵŋ³³ kᵘɔn⁵⁵/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kuan⁵³/

/taŋ³³⁻²³ kuaŋ⁵²/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ ku̯än²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ kuːn³⁵/

/tʊŋ²¹³ kun³⁵/

/ɵŋ³³ kᵘɔn⁵⁵/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kuan⁵³/

/taŋ³³⁻²³ kuaŋ⁵²/

(～市) Dongguan (a prefecture-level city in Guangdong, China)


廣州

ja-r

広(こう)州(しゅう) (Kōshū)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (廣州):
* → Japanese: 広(こう)州(しゅう) (Kōshū)
* → Korean: 광주(廣州) (Gwangju)
* → Vietnamese: Quảng Châu (廣州)

desc

→ English: Guangzhou, Kwangchow, Kwang-chow

→ French: Guangzhou

→ German: Guangzhou

→ Hindi: ग्वांगझोउ (gvāṅgjhou)

→ Japanese: コワンチョウ (Kowanchō)

→ Korean: 광저우 (Gwangjeou)

→ Portuguese: Guangzhou

→ Russian: Гуанчжо́у (Guančžóu)

→ Swedish: Guangzhou

→ Thai: กว่างโจว

→ Thai: กว่างโจว

→ Uyghur: گۇاڭجۇ (guangju)

→ Zhuang: Gvangjcouh

/ku̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kʷɔːŋ³⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/kʷɔŋ³⁵ t͡sau²¹³/

/kɔŋ⁵⁵ t͡siu³³/

/kuɔŋ³¹ t͡su⁴⁴/

/kŋ̍⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kŋ̍⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡siu³³/

/kŋ̍⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kŋ̍⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ t͡siu³³/

/kŋ̍⁴²⁻²⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kuĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kɯŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡siu³³/

/kuɑ̃³³ t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

/ku̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kʷɔːŋ³⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/kʷɔŋ³⁵ t͡sau²¹³/

/kɔŋ⁵⁵ t͡siu³³/

/kuɔŋ³¹ t͡su⁴⁴/

/kŋ̍⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kŋ̍⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡siu³³/

/kŋ̍⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kŋ̍⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ t͡siu³³/

/kŋ̍⁴²⁻²⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kuĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kɯŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡siu³³/

/kuɑ̃³³ t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

Originally the name of a prefecture, first established in 226 CE and re-established in 264 CE, that covered parts of present-day Guangdong and whose seat was originally located in Panyu.

(～市, formerly ～府, ～路) Guangzhou (a prefecture-level city, subprovincial city, and port, the provincial capital of Guangdong, China)


濟南

→ English: Chinan, Chi-nan, Jinan, Ji'nan, Tsinan

/t͡ɕi²¹⁴⁻²¹ nän³⁵/

/t͡sɐi̯³⁵ naːm²¹/

/t͡sɐi̯³³ naːm²¹/

/t͡si⁵³⁻⁵⁵ nam¹¹/

/t͡sɛ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/t͡se²¹⁻⁵³ lam²⁴/

/t͡se¹¹⁻⁵³ lam²⁴/

/t͡se²¹⁻⁵³ lam¹³/

/t͡se²¹⁻⁴¹ lam²³/

/t͡se⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lam²⁴/

/t͡ɕi²¹⁴⁻²¹ nän³⁵/

/t͡sɐi̯³⁵ naːm²¹/

/t͡sɐi̯³³ naːm²¹/

/t͡si⁵³⁻⁵⁵ nam¹¹/

/t͡sɛ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/t͡se²¹⁻⁵³ lam²⁴/

/t͡se¹¹⁻⁵³ lam²⁴/

/t͡se²¹⁻⁵³ lam¹³/

/t͡se²¹⁻⁴¹ lam²³/

/t͡se⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lam²⁴/

(～市) Jinan (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Shandong, China)


漢化

/xän⁵¹⁻⁵³ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/hɔːn³³ faː³³/

/xän⁵¹⁻⁵³ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/hɔːn³³ faː³³/

(computing) to implement Chinese localization; to translate into Chinese or convert into a Chinese interface


中國化

ㄓㄨㄥ ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄏㄨㄚˋ

ㄓㄨㄥ ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄏㄨㄚˋ

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³ faː³³/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³ faː³³/

馬克思主義中國化

马克思主义中国化


臺灣海峽

→ English: Taiwan Strait, Taiwan Straits

ㄊㄞˊ ㄨㄢ ㄏㄞˇ ㄒㄧㄚˊ

Тайвань Хайся

/tʰaɪ̯³⁵ wän⁵⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi̯ä³⁵/

/tʰɔːi̯²¹ waːn⁵⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵ haːp̚²/

/tai²⁴⁻²² uan²⁴⁻²² hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiap̚³²/

/tai²⁴⁻²² uan²⁴⁻²² hai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kiap̚⁵/

/tai¹³⁻²² uan¹³⁻²² hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiap̚³²/

/tai²⁴⁻¹¹ uan²⁴⁻¹¹ hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiap̚³²/

/tai²³⁻³³ uan²³⁻³³ hai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kiap̚³²/

/tʰaɪ̯³⁵ wän⁵⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi̯ä³⁵/

/tʰɔːi̯²¹ waːn⁵⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵ haːp̚²/

/tai²⁴⁻²² uan²⁴⁻²² hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiap̚³²/

/tai²⁴⁻²² uan²⁴⁻²² hai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kiap̚⁵/

/tai¹³⁻²² uan¹³⁻²² hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiap̚³²/

/tai²⁴⁻¹¹ uan²⁴⁻¹¹ hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiap̚³²/

/tai²³⁻³³ uan²³⁻³³ hai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kiap̚³²/

He [Chiang Kai-shek] praised Chen Huai as a disciple of revolution who practiced the true meaning of faith, and then brought up Biblical teaching explaining the importance of faith. He said that faith allowed Moses to have the courage to lead the people of Israel out of Egypt, cross the Red Sea and free themselves from the control of the powerful; faith allowed Joshua the courage to enter Canaan, wipe out the enemy and establish the nation. By extension, he said, "Faith can also allow us, like crossing the River Jordan in spirit, to cross the Taiwan Strait, reach the opposite shore, return to the mainland, have victory in battle over the demons, rescue the compatriots on the mainland and reestablish the Republic of China."

April 2011, Shao Ming-Huang (邵銘煌), 快刀與黑貓：蔣中正反攻大陸的想望, in 蔣中正日記與民國史研究 Vol. 2, p. 590, →ISBN →OCLC

Tā biǎozhāng Chén Huái shì yīge shíjiàn xìnxīn zhēnyì de gémìng xìntú, bìngjǔ “shèngjīng” jiàoyì chǎnmíng xìnxīn de zhòngyàoxìng. Tā shuō: xìnxīn shǐ Móxī yǒu yǒngqì dàilǐng Yǐsèliè rénmín chū Āijí, dù Hónghǎi, tuōlí qiángquán kòngzhì; xìnxīn shǐ Yuēshūyà yǒu yǒngqì jìnrù Jiānán, xiāomiè dírén, jiànshè guójiā. Jìn'ér shēnyán: “Xìnxīn yě néng shǐ wǒmen xiàng chuānyuè jīngshén shàng de Yuēdàn Hé yīyàng, chuānyuè Táiwān Hǎixiá, ér dàodá bǐ'àn, huí fǎn dàlù, zhànshèng èmó, jiějiù dàlù tóngbāo, chóngjiàn Zhōnghuá Mínguó.”

他表彰陳懷是一個實踐信心真義的革命信徒，並舉《聖經》教義闡明信心的重要性。他說：信心使摩西有勇氣帶領以色列人民出埃及，渡紅海，脫離強權控制；信心使約書亞有勇氣進入迦南，消滅敵人，建設國家。進而申言：「信心也能使我們像穿越精神上的約旦河一樣，穿越台灣海峽，而到達彼岸，回返大陸，戰勝惡魔，解救大陸同胞，重建中華民國。」

他表彰陈怀是一个实践信心真义的革命信徒，并举《圣经》教义阐明信心的重要性。他说：信心使摩西有勇气带领以色列人民出埃及，渡红海，脱离强权控制；信心使约书亚有勇气进入迦南，消灭敌人，建设国家。进而申言：「信心也能使我们像穿越精神上的约旦河一样，穿越台湾海峡，而到达彼岸，回返大陆，战胜恶魔，解救大陆同胞，重建中华民国。」


海峽

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (海峽):
* → Japanese: 海峡(かいきょう) (kaikyō)
* → Korean: 해협(海峽) (haehyeop)

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi̯ä³⁵/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ haːp̚²/

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi̯ä³⁵/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ haːp̚²/

海峽兩岸

海峡两岸

臺灣海峽 臺灣海峽#Chinese

台湾海峡 台湾海峡#Chinese

Short for 臺灣海峽／台湾海峡 (Táiwān Hǎixiá, “Taiwan Strait”).


南寧

Sino-Xenic (南寧):
* → Japanese: 南寧(なんねい) (Nannei)
* → Korean: 남녕(南寧) (Namnyeong)
* → Vietnamese: Nam Ninh (南寧)

→ English: Nanning, Nan-ning

→ Korean: 난닝 (Nanning)

→ Russian: Наньни́н (Nanʹnín)

→ Zhuang: Namzningz

/nän³⁵ niŋ³⁵/

/naːm²¹ nɪŋ²¹/

/nˡaŋ⁵³⁻³³ nˡiŋ⁵³/

/naŋ¹³⁻²¹ nɛŋ¹³/

/lam²⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/lam¹³⁻²² liɪŋ¹³/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ liɪŋ²⁴/

/lam²³⁻³³ liɪŋ²³/

/nam²¹ nəŋ²¹/

/nän³⁵ niŋ³⁵/

/naːm²¹ nɪŋ²¹/

/nˡaŋ⁵³⁻³³ nˡiŋ⁵³/

/naŋ¹³⁻²¹ nɛŋ¹³/

/lam²⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/lam¹³⁻²² liɪŋ¹³/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ liɪŋ²⁴/

/lam²³⁻³³ liɪŋ²³/

/nam²¹ nəŋ²¹/

Coined in 1324 when the Yongzhou Circuit (邕州路) was renamed Nanning circuit (南寧路).

(～市) Nanning (a prefecture-level city, the capital of Guangxi, China)


北京人

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ʐən³⁵/

/pɐk̚⁵ kɪŋ⁵⁵ jɐn²¹/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴⁻²² laŋ²⁴/

/pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ kiã³³ laŋ²⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁵ kiã⁴⁴⁻²² laŋ¹³/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴⁻³³ laŋ²⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴⁻³³ laŋ²³/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ʐən³⁵/

/pɐk̚⁵ kɪŋ⁵⁵ jɐn²¹/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴⁻²² laŋ²⁴/

/pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ kiã³³ laŋ²⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁵ kiã⁴⁴⁻²² laŋ¹³/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴⁻³³ laŋ²⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴⁻³³ laŋ²³/

Homo erectus pekinensis
Homo erectus pekinensis#Translingual

(paleontology, archaeology, anthropology) Peking Man (Homo erectus pekinensis)


汕頭

Sino-Xenic (汕頭):
* → Japanese: 汕頭(せんとう) (Sentō)
* → Korean: 산두(汕頭) (Sandu)
* → Vietnamese: Sán Đầu (汕頭)

→ English: Shantou, Swatow

→ Japanese: 汕頭(スワトウ) (Suwatō)

→ Japanese: 汕頭(シャントウ) (Shantō)

→ Korean: 산터우 (Santeou)

→ Thai: ซัวเถา (suua-tǎo)

/ʂän⁵¹ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/

/saːn³³ tʰɐu̯²¹/

/suã²¹⁻⁵³ tʰau²⁴/

/suã⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tʰau²⁴/

/suã²¹⁻⁵³ tʰau¹³/

/suã¹¹⁻⁵³ tʰau²⁴/

/suã²¹⁻⁴¹ tʰau²³/

/sũã³³⁻²³ tʰau⁵⁵/

/ʂän⁵¹ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/

/saːn³³ tʰɐu̯²¹/

/suã²¹⁻⁵³ tʰau²⁴/

/suã⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tʰau²⁴/

/suã²¹⁻⁵³ tʰau¹³/

/suã¹¹⁻⁵³ tʰau²⁴/

/suã²¹⁻⁴¹ tʰau²³/

/sũã³³⁻²³ tʰau⁵⁵/

While the modern Teochew pronunciation contains the first syllable in the yinping (陰平／阴平) tone, as attested in Handbook of the Swatow Vernacular [1886] by Lim Hiong Seng, it appears that historically the first syllable of the toponym had the yinqu (陰去／阴去) tone. The pronunciation Suàⁿ-thâu is recorded in A Pronouncing and Defining Dictionary of the Swatow Dialect [1883] by Adele M. Fielde and English-Chinese Vocabulary of the Vernacular Or Spoken Language of Swatow [1883] by William Duffus.
The toponym is a shortening of 沙汕頭／沙汕头. In 1717, a fort, 沙汕頭砲臺, was constructed in the area, which was then under the administration of Chenghai (澄海) county. Both 沙汕頭／沙汕头 and 汕頭／汕头 are attested in 潮州海防圖說 [c. 18th century] by official Lan Dingyuan (藍鼎元). 沙汕 is cognate with Hokkien 沙線／沙线 (soa-sòaⁿ, “sandbank”).

(～市) Shantou (a prefecture-level city in Guangdong, China)


中國通

ㄓㄨㄥ ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄊㄨㄥ

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵ tʰʊŋ⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵ tʰʊŋ⁵⁵/

expert on all things Chinese; China hand


內蒙古

Sino-Xenic (內蒙古):
* → Japanese: 内(ない)蒙(もう)古(こ) (Naimōko)
* → Korean: 내몽고(內蒙古) (Naemonggo)
* → Vietnamese: Nội Mông Cổ (內蒙古)

→ Zhuang: Neimungzguj

/neɪ̯⁵¹ mɤŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/neɪ̯⁵¹ mɤŋ³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/nɔːi̯²² mʊŋ²¹ kuː³⁵/

/ⁿdui³² ᵐbɵŋ²² ku⁵⁵/

/nˡɔy²⁴² muŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋu³³/

due⁵ morng² gou³ [Phonetic:due⁵ morng² ngou³]

/tuei²¹ mɒŋ¹³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɔu⁴⁵³/

lue⁵ morng² gou³ [Phonetic:lue⁵ morng² ngou³]

/luei²¹ mɒŋ¹³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɔu³³²/

/lai³³⁻¹¹ bɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kɔ⁵³/

/lai³³⁻²¹ bɔŋ²³⁻³³ kɔ⁴¹/

/lai²²⁻²¹ bɔŋ¹³⁻²² kɔ⁵³/

/lai²²⁻²¹ bɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kɔ⁵³/

/lai²² bɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/lue²² bɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/lai³⁵⁻¹¹ moŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kou⁵²/

/neɪ̯⁵¹ mɤŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/neɪ̯⁵¹ mɤŋ³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/nɔːi̯²² mʊŋ²¹ kuː³⁵/

/ⁿdui³² ᵐbɵŋ²² ku⁵⁵/

/nˡɔy²⁴² muŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋu³³/

/tuei²¹ mɒŋ¹³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɔu⁴⁵³/

/luei²¹ mɒŋ¹³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɔu³³²/

/lai³³⁻¹¹ bɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kɔ⁵³/

/lai³³⁻²¹ bɔŋ²³⁻³³ kɔ⁴¹/

/lai²²⁻²¹ bɔŋ¹³⁻²² kɔ⁵³/

/lai²²⁻²¹ bɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kɔ⁵³/

/lai²² bɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/lue²² bɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/lai³⁵⁻¹¹ moŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kou⁵²/

～自治區 內蒙古自治區#Chinese

(～自治區) Inner Mongolia (an autonomous region of China; capital: Hohhot)


河北

Sino-Xenic (河北):
* → Japanese: 河(か)北(ほく) (Kahoku)
* → Korean: 하북(河北) (Habuk)
* → Vietnamese: Hà Bắc (河北)

→ English: Hebei, Hopeh

/xɤ³⁵ peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔː²¹ pɐk̚⁵/

/o⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βɔyʔ²⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻²² pak̚³²/

/ho²⁴⁻²² pak̚⁵/

/ho¹³⁻²² pak̚³²/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ pak̚³²/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ pak̚³²/

/ho⁵⁵⁻¹¹ pak̚²/

/ɦu²² poʔ⁴⁴/

/xɤ³⁵ peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔː²¹ pɐk̚⁵/

/o⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βɔyʔ²⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻²² pak̚³²/

/ho²⁴⁻²² pak̚⁵/

/ho¹³⁻²² pak̚³²/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ pak̚³²/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ pak̚³²/

/ho⁵⁵⁻¹¹ pak̚²/

/ɦu²² poʔ⁴⁴/

(～省) Hebei (a province of China; capital: Shijiazhuang)


九龍

ja-r

九龍(きゅうりゅう) (Kyūryū)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (九龍):
* → Japanese: 九龍(きゅうりゅう) (Kyūryū)
* → Korean: 구룡(九龍) (Guryong)
* → Vietnamese: Cửu Long (九龍)

English: Kowloon

Japanese: 九龍(クーロン) (Kūron), 九龍(カウロン) (Kauron)

Korean: 주룽 (jurung)

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ lʊŋ³⁵/

/kɐu̯³⁵ lʊŋ²¹/

/kiu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɔŋ²⁴/

/kiu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ liɔŋ²⁴/

/kiu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɔŋ¹³/

/kiu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɔŋ²⁴/

/kiu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ liɔŋ²³/

/kiu⁵²⁻³⁵ leŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕiɤ³³ loŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ lʊŋ³⁵/

/kɐu̯³⁵ lʊŋ²¹/

/kiu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɔŋ²⁴/

/kiu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ liɔŋ²⁴/

/kiu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɔŋ¹³/

/kiu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɔŋ²⁴/

/kiu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ liɔŋ²³/

/kiu⁵²⁻³⁵ leŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕiɤ³³ loŋ⁴⁴/


飲茶

/in²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰä³⁵/

/jɐm³⁵ t͡sʰaː²¹/

/im⁵³⁻⁴⁴ te²⁴/

/im⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ te²⁴/

/im⁵³⁻⁴⁴ te¹³/

/im⁵³⁻⁴⁴ te²⁴/

/im⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ te²³/

/in²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰä³⁵/

/jɐm³⁵ t͡sʰaː²¹/

/im⁵³⁻⁴⁴ te²⁴/

/im⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ te²⁴/

/im⁵³⁻⁴⁴ te¹³/

/im⁵³⁻⁴⁴ te²⁴/

/im⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ te²³/

去飲茶

去饮茶

Let's have dim sum if you're free! (a polite phrase similar to "You must come to dinner!" in English)

得閒飲茶！

得闲饮茶！


飲茶

→ English: yum cha

→ Japanese: 飲茶(ヤムチャ) (yamucha)

→ Korean: 얌차 (yamcha)

→ Macanese: iam-chá

→ Russian: ямча́ (jamčá)

/in²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰä³⁵/

/jɐm³⁵ t͡sʰaː²¹/

/im⁵³⁻⁴⁴ te²⁴/

/im⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ te²⁴/

/im⁵³⁻⁴⁴ te¹³/

/im⁵³⁻⁴⁴ te²⁴/

/im⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ te²³/

/in²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰä³⁵/

/jɐm³⁵ t͡sʰaː²¹/

/im⁵³⁻⁴⁴ te²⁴/

/im⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ te²⁴/

/im⁵³⁻⁴⁴ te¹³/

/im⁵³⁻⁴⁴ te²⁴/

/im⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ te²³/

yum cha (Cantonese-style meal, with dim sum and tea)


西安

desc

→ English: Hsi-an, Sian, Singan, Xian, Xi'an

/ɕi⁵⁵ ˀän⁵⁵/

/ɕi²⁴ næ̃²⁴/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ ɔːn⁵⁵/

/si²⁴⁻¹¹ on²⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² an⁴⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² an⁴⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ an⁴⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ an⁴⁴/

/sai³³⁻²³ aŋ³³/

/ɕi⁵⁵ ˀän⁵⁵/

/ɕi²⁴ næ̃²⁴/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ ɔːn⁵⁵/

/si²⁴⁻¹¹ on²⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² an⁴⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² an⁴⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ an⁴⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ an⁴⁴/

/sai³³⁻²³ aŋ³³/

Usually glossed as meaning "Western Peace" but inclusive of the idea of "Western Pacification" or "Pacified Area", first adopted under the Ming Dynasty in 1369 as the city was conquered from the Yuan and protected with a new wall.

(～市) Xi'an (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Shaanxi, China)


大連

→ English: Dalian, Talien, Ta-lien

/tä⁵¹ li̯ɛn³⁵/

/tai²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ l̃ieŋ⁵³/

/tai²²⁻²¹ liɛn²⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² liɛn²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ liɛn¹³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ liɛn²⁴/

/tai³³⁻²¹ liɛn²³/

/tai³⁵⁻¹¹ liaŋ⁵⁵/

/tai³⁵⁻¹¹ lieŋ⁵⁵/

/tä⁵¹ li̯ɛn³⁵/

/tai²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ l̃ieŋ⁵³/

/tai²²⁻²¹ liɛn²⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² liɛn²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ liɛn¹³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ liɛn²⁴/

/tai³³⁻²¹ liɛn²³/

/tai³⁵⁻¹¹ liaŋ⁵⁵/

/tai³⁵⁻¹¹ lieŋ⁵⁵/

Ultimately from the name of the original Russian settlement, Russian Да́льний (Dálʹnij, literally “distant”). Folk etymology suggests a derivation from 褡褳／褡裢 (dālian, “type of rectangle-shaped pocket with a pouch in the middle and two bags at the ends”).

zh-l

(～市) Dalian (a subprovincial city in Liaoning, China)


蘭州

→ English: Lan-chou, Lanchow, Lanzhou

/län³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/læ̃²⁴ ʈ͡ʂou⁵¹/

/laːn²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/laŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡siu³³/

/le²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

/län³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/læ̃²⁴ ʈ͡ʂou⁵¹/

/laːn²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/laŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡siu³³/

/le²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

Coined in 581 with the establishment of 蘭州府 (“Lan prefecture”). Named after 皋蘭山／皋兰山.

(～市) Lanzhou (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Gansu, China)


太原

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

/tʰaːi̯³³ jyːn²¹/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ ŋi̯en¹¹/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ ŋi̯an¹¹/

/tʰaɪ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ŋian¹¹/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ ɡuan²⁴/

/tʰai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ɡuan²⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ ɡuan¹³/

/tʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ ɡuan²⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ ɡuan²³/

/tʰai²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ŋuaŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

/tʰaːi̯³³ jyːn²¹/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ ŋi̯en¹¹/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ ŋi̯an¹¹/

/tʰaɪ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ŋian¹¹/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ ɡuan²⁴/

/tʰai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ɡuan²⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ ɡuan¹³/

/tʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ ɡuan²⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ ɡuan²³/

/tʰai²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ŋuaŋ⁵⁵/

(～市) Taiyuan (a prefecture-level city, provincial capital, and largest city in Shanxi, in northern China)


赤腳醫生

ㄔˋ ㄐㄧㄠˇ ㄧ ㄕㄥ

/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ i⁵⁵ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɛːk̚³ kœːk̚³ jiː⁵⁵ sɐŋ⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ i⁵⁵ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɛːk̚³ kœːk̚³ jiː⁵⁵ sɐŋ⁵⁵/


青島

desc

→ English: Qingdao, Tsingtao, Ch'ing-tao

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ tou̯³⁵/

/t͡sʰiaŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ to³¹/

/t͡sʰiŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾no³³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɤ⁴¹/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² to⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ tɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔ⁵³/

/t͡sʰẽ³³⁻²³ tau⁵²/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ tou̯³⁵/

/t͡sʰiaŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ to³¹/

/t͡sʰiŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾no³³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɤ⁴¹/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² to⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ tɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔ⁵³/

/t͡sʰẽ³³⁻²³ tau⁵²/

(～市) Qingdao (a subprovincial city in Shandong, China)


武漢

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (武漢):
* → Japanese: 武(ぶ)漢(かん) (Bukan)
* → Korean: 무한(武漢) (Muhan)
* → Vietnamese: Vũ Hán (武漢)

→ English: Wuhan, Wu-han, Wu Han

→ Georgian: უხანი (uxani)

→ Korean: 우한 (Uhan)

→ Russian: Уха́нь (Uxánʹ)

→ Zhuang: Vujhan

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ xän⁵¹/

/mou̯¹³ hɔːn³³/

/ʋu³¹ hɔn⁵³/

/u³³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ɑŋ²¹³/

/bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ han²¹/

/bu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ han⁴¹/

/bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ han²¹/

/bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ han¹¹/

/bu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ han²¹/

/bu⁵²⁻³⁵ haŋ²¹³/

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ xän⁵¹/

/mou̯¹³ hɔːn³³/

/ʋu³¹ hɔn⁵³/

/u³³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ɑŋ²¹³/

/bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ han²¹/

/bu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ han⁴¹/

/bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ han²¹/

/bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ han¹¹/

/bu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ han²¹/

/bu⁵²⁻³⁵ haŋ²¹³/

From 武昌 (Wǔchāng) + 漢口／汉口 (Hànkǒu), two of the three towns that were merged to form Wuhan.

(～市) Wuhan (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Hubei, China)


重慶

ja-r

重慶(じゅうけい) (Jūkei)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (重慶):
* → Japanese: 重慶(じゅうけい) (Jūkei)
* → Korean: 중경(重慶) (Junggyeong)
* → Vietnamese: Trùng Khánh (重慶)

desc

→ English: Chongqing, Chungching, Ch'ung-ch'ing, Chungking, Tchang-king

→ Japanese: 重慶(チョンチン) (Chonchin)

/ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵¹/

/t͡sʰoŋ²¹ t͡ɕʰin²¹³/

/t͡sʰʊŋ²¹ hɪŋ³³/

/t͡sʰuŋ¹¹ kʰin⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kʰin⁵³/

/tʰyŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ^((kʰ-))ŋɛiŋ²¹³/

/tyŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ^((kʰ-))ŋɛiŋ²¹³/

/tœŋ¹³⁻⁵⁵ kʰiŋ⁴²/

/tyøŋ¹³⁻⁵⁵ kʰiŋ⁴²/

/tiɔŋ¹³⁻²² kʰiɪŋ²¹/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kʰiɪŋ⁴¹/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kʰiɪŋ²¹/

/tiɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ kʰiɪŋ¹¹/

/tiɔŋ³³⁻²¹ kʰiɪŋ²¹/

/t͡sʰoŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kʰeŋ²¹³/

/zoŋ²² t͡ɕʰin⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵¹/

/t͡sʰoŋ²¹ t͡ɕʰin²¹³/

/t͡sʰʊŋ²¹ hɪŋ³³/

/t͡sʰuŋ¹¹ kʰin⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kʰin⁵³/

/tʰyŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ^((kʰ-))ŋɛiŋ²¹³/

/tyŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ^((kʰ-))ŋɛiŋ²¹³/

/tœŋ¹³⁻⁵⁵ kʰiŋ⁴²/

/tyøŋ¹³⁻⁵⁵ kʰiŋ⁴²/

/tiɔŋ¹³⁻²² kʰiɪŋ²¹/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kʰiɪŋ⁴¹/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kʰiɪŋ²¹/

/tiɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ kʰiɪŋ¹¹/

/tiɔŋ³³⁻²¹ kʰiɪŋ²¹/

/t͡sʰoŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kʰeŋ²¹³/

/zoŋ²² t͡ɕʰin⁴⁴/

Literally "double celebration", named in 1189 after Emperor Guangzong of Song was crowned as both king and emperor.

I just received a letter from Chongqing.

Wǒ gānggāng shōudào yī fēng cóng Chóngqìng jì lái de xìn.

我剛剛收到一封從重慶寄來的信。

我刚刚收到一封从重庆寄来的信。

(～市) Chongqing (a direct-administered municipality and city in western China)


石家莊

→ English: Shijiazhuang, Shih-chia-chuang

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂu̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/sɛːk̚² kaː⁵⁵ t͡sɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/sak̚⁵ ka⁴⁴ t͡sɔŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡sio(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ ka⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sŋ̍⁴⁴/

/t͡siɤ(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sŋ̍⁴⁴/

/t͡sio(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sŋ̍⁴⁴/

/t͡sio(ʔ)²⁴⁻² ka³³ t͡sŋ̍³³/

/t͡sio(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ kɛ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sŋ̍⁴⁴/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂu̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/sɛːk̚² kaː⁵⁵ t͡sɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/sak̚⁵ ka⁴⁴ t͡sɔŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡sio(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ ka⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sŋ̍⁴⁴/

/t͡siɤ(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sŋ̍⁴⁴/

/t͡sio(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sŋ̍⁴⁴/

/t͡sio(ʔ)²⁴⁻² ka³³ t͡sŋ̍³³/

/t͡sio(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ kɛ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sŋ̍⁴⁴/

(～市) Shijiazhuang (a prefecture-level city, provincial capital, and largest city in Hebei, China)


合肥

/xɤ³⁵ feɪ̯³⁵/

/hap̚¹²¹⁻²¹ pui¹³/

/xɤ³⁵ feɪ̯³⁵/

/hap̚¹²¹⁻²¹ pui¹³/

(～市) Hefei (a prefecture-level city, provincial capital, and largest city in Anhui, China)


甘肅

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (甘肅):
* → Japanese: 甘(かん)粛(しゅく) (Kanshuku)
* → Korean: 감숙(甘肅) (Gamsuk)
* → Vietnamese: Cam Túc (甘肅)

→ English: Gansu, Kansu

/kɐm⁵⁵ sʊk̚⁵/

/kam⁴⁴⁻³⁵ siʊk̚¹/

/kaŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nøyʔ²⁴/

/kam⁴⁴⁻²² siɔk̚³²/

/kam⁴⁴⁻³³ siɔk̚³²/

/kø⁵⁵ soʔ²¹/

/kɐm⁵⁵ sʊk̚⁵/

/kam⁴⁴⁻³⁵ siʊk̚¹/

/kaŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nøyʔ²⁴/

/kam⁴⁴⁻²² siɔk̚³²/

/kam⁴⁴⁻³³ siɔk̚³²/

/kø⁵⁵ soʔ²¹/

Blend of 甘州 (Gānzhōu) + 肅州／肃州 (Sùzhōu); coined in 1286 with the establishment of 甘肅等處行中書省.

zh-l

肅州／肃州 (Sùzhōu)

(～省) Gansu (a province of China; capital: Lanzhou)


鄭州

desc

English: Cheng-chou, Chengchow, Zhengzhou

/ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sɛːŋ²² t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰi̯aŋ³¹ t͡su²⁴/

/t͡sʰaŋ⁵³ t͡su⁴⁴/

/tĩ⁴¹⁻²² t͡siu³³/

/tĩ²²⁻²¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/tɛ̃²²⁻²¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/zən²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sɛːŋ²² t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰi̯aŋ³¹ t͡su²⁴/

/t͡sʰaŋ⁵³ t͡su⁴⁴/

/tĩ⁴¹⁻²² t͡siu³³/

/tĩ²²⁻²¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/tɛ̃²²⁻²¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/zən²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

(～市) Zhengzhou (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Henan, in central China)


貴州

/ku̯eɪ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kʷɐi̯³³ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/kui⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡siu³³/

/kui²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡siu³³/

/ku̯eɪ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kʷɐi̯³³ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/kui⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡siu³³/

/kui²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡siu³³/

Corruption of earlier 矩州 (Jǔzhōu); used since Song dynasty.

貴州的別稱是黔。

贵州的别称是黔。


昆明

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (昆明):
* → Japanese: 昆(こん)明(めい) (Konmei)
* → Vietnamese: Côn Minh (昆明)

→ English: Kunming

→ Hungarian: Kunming

→ Portuguese: Kunming

→ Russian: Куньми́н (Kunʹmín)

→ Spanish: Kunming

/kʰu̯ən⁵⁵ miŋ³⁵/

/kʷʰɐn⁵⁵ mɪŋ²¹/

/kʰun⁴⁴⁻³⁵ min¹¹/

/kʰouŋ⁵⁵ miŋ⁵³/

/kʰun⁴⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/

/kʰun³³ biɪŋ²⁴/

/kʰun⁴⁴⁻²² biɪŋ¹³/

/kʰun⁴⁴⁻³³ biɪŋ²⁴/

/kʰun⁴⁴⁻³³ biɪŋ²³/

/kʰuŋ³³⁻²³ meŋ⁵⁵/

/kʰu̯ən⁵⁵ miŋ³⁵/

/kʷʰɐn⁵⁵ mɪŋ²¹/

/kʰun⁴⁴⁻³⁵ min¹¹/

/kʰouŋ⁵⁵ miŋ⁵³/

/kʰun⁴⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/

/kʰun³³ biɪŋ²⁴/

/kʰun⁴⁴⁻²² biɪŋ¹³/

/kʰun⁴⁴⁻³³ biɪŋ²⁴/

/kʰun⁴⁴⁻³³ biɪŋ²³/

/kʰuŋ³³⁻²³ meŋ⁵⁵/

Originally the endonym of an ethnic group living in what is now western Yunnan province and southwestern Sichuan province.

(～市) Kunming (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Yunnan, in southwestern China)


瀋陽

Sino-Xenic (瀋陽):
* → Japanese: 瀋陽(しんよう) (Shin'yō)
* → Korean: 심양(瀋陽) (Simyang)
* → Vietnamese: Thẩm Dương (瀋陽)

→ English: Shenyang, Shen-yang

→ Japanese: 瀋(シェン)陽(ヤン) (Shen'yan)

→ Korean: 선양 (Seonyang)

→ Zhuang: Sinjyangz

/ʂən²¹⁴⁻²¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/sɐm³⁵ jœːŋ²¹/

/sɨm³¹ i̯oŋ¹¹/

/səm³¹ iɔŋ¹¹/

/sim⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ iɔŋ²³/

/sim⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ iɔŋ²⁴/

/sim⁵³⁻⁴⁴ iɔŋ²⁴/

/sim⁵³⁻⁴⁴ iaŋ¹³/

/ʂən²¹⁴⁻²¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/sɐm³⁵ jœːŋ²¹/

/sɨm³¹ i̯oŋ¹¹/

/səm³¹ iɔŋ¹¹/

/sim⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ iɔŋ²³/

/sim⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ iɔŋ²⁴/

/sim⁵³⁻⁴⁴ iɔŋ²⁴/

/sim⁵³⁻⁴⁴ iaŋ¹³/

Named in reference to its location to the north (the sunny side) of the Shen River. Coined in 1296 when the Shen Prefecture (瀋州／沈州) was converted to Shenyang Circuit (瀋陽路).

(～市) Shenyang (a subprovincial city, provincial capital, and largest city in Liaoning, China)


廣西

Sino-Xenic (廣西):
* → Japanese: 広西(こうせい) (Kōsei)
* → Korean: 광서(廣西) (Gwangseo)
* → Vietnamese: Quảng Tây (廣西)

→ English: Guangxi, Kwangsi, Kwongsai

→ French: Guangxi, Kouang-Si

→ Korean: 광시 (Gwangsi)

→ Manchu: ᡤᡠᠸᠠᠩᠰᡳ (guwangsi)

→ Mongolian: ᠭᠤᠸᠠᠩᠰᠢ (ɣuwangsi)

→ Portuguese: Guangxi

→ Russian: Гуанси́ (Guansí)

→ Uyghur: گۇاڭشى (guangshi)

→ Zhuang: Guengjsae, Gvangjsih

/ku̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi⁵⁵/

/kʷɔːŋ³⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/kɔŋ⁵⁵ ɬai³³/

/kuɔŋ³¹ si⁴⁴/

/kuoŋ³³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nɛ⁵⁵/

/kŋ̍³³²⁻²¹ ^((ɬ-))ne⁵³³/

/kŋ̍⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sai³³/

/kŋ̍⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sai⁴⁴/

/kŋ̍⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ sai⁴⁴/

/kuĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sai⁴⁴/

/kŋ̍⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ se⁴⁴/

/kŋ̍⁵³⁻⁴⁴ se⁴⁴/

/kɯŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ sai³³/

/kʷʊŋ³³ ɬəi⁵³/

/kuɑ̃³³ ɕi⁴⁴/

/ku̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi⁵⁵/

/kʷɔːŋ³⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/kɔŋ⁵⁵ ɬai³³/

/kuɔŋ³¹ si⁴⁴/

/kuoŋ³³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nɛ⁵⁵/

/kŋ̍³³²⁻²¹ ^((ɬ-))ne⁵³³/

/kŋ̍⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sai³³/

/kŋ̍⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sai⁴⁴/

/kŋ̍⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ sai⁴⁴/

/kuĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sai⁴⁴/

/kŋ̍⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ se⁴⁴/

/kŋ̍⁵³⁻⁴⁴ se⁴⁴/

/kɯŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ sai³³/

/kʷʊŋ³³ ɬəi⁵³/

/kuɑ̃³³ ɕi⁴⁴/

Named after Guangnan West Circuit 廣南西路／广南西路 (Guǎngnán Xī Lù) of the Song dynasty.

zh-l

廣南西路／广南西路 (Guǎngnán Xī Lù)

Lìzhī, Guǎngxī zhū jùn suǒ chǎn, shuài pí hòu ròu bó, hé dà wèi suān, bùyí pù gān, fēi Mǐnzhōng bǐ, jiā zhě mòrú Xīnghuà.

荔枝，廣西諸郡所產，率皮厚肉薄，核大味酸，不宜曝乾，非閩中比，佳者莫如興化。

荔枝，广西诸郡所产，率皮厚肉薄，核大味酸，不宜曝干，非闽中比，佳者莫如兴化。

～壯族自治區 廣西壯族自治區#Chinese

～僮族自治區 廣西僮族自治區#Chinese

(～壯族自治區, formerly ～僮族自治區, ～省) Guangxi (a Zhuang autonomous region and former province of China; capital: Nanning)


烏魯木齊

desc

→ English: Wulumuchi, Wu-lu-mu-ch'i, Wulumuqi

ㄨ ㄌㄨˇ ㄇㄨˋ ㄑㄧˊ

/u⁵⁵ lu²¹⁴⁻²¹ mu⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/wuː⁵⁵ lou̯¹³ mʊk̚² t͡sʰɐi̯²¹/

ou¹ lou³ borh⁷ ze² [Phonetic:ou⁵ lou⁵ borh⁶ ze²]

/ɔu⁵³³⁻²¹ lɔu⁴⁵³⁻²¹ pɒʔ⁴⁻¹ t͡se¹³/

/ɔu⁵³³⁻²¹ lɔu³³²⁻²¹ pɒʔ²⁴⁻² t͡se¹³/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻²² lɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bɔk̚⁴⁻³² t͡se²⁴/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ lɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ bɔk̚⁴⁻³² t͡se²³/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻²² lɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡se¹³/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ lɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bɔk̚⁴⁻³² t͡se²⁴/

/ɔ³³ lɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ bɔk̚²⁴⁻² t͡se²⁴/

/u⁵⁵ lu²¹⁴⁻²¹ mu⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/wuː⁵⁵ lou̯¹³ mʊk̚² t͡sʰɐi̯²¹/

/ɔu⁵³³⁻²¹ lɔu⁴⁵³⁻²¹ pɒʔ⁴⁻¹ t͡se¹³/

/ɔu⁵³³⁻²¹ lɔu³³²⁻²¹ pɒʔ²⁴⁻² t͡se¹³/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻²² lɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bɔk̚⁴⁻³² t͡se²⁴/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ lɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ bɔk̚⁴⁻³² t͡se²³/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻²² lɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡se¹³/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ lɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bɔk̚⁴⁻³² t͡se²⁴/

/ɔ³³ lɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ bɔk̚²⁴⁻² t͡se²⁴/

Borrowed from Manchu ᡠᡵᡠᠮᠴᡳ (urumci), from Written Oirat ᡇᠷᡇᡏᡔᡅ (urumci), from Chagatai اورُمجی (ūrumǧī /ürümči/).

乌鲁木齐
烏嚕木齊
乌鲁木齐
烏漉木製
烏櫓莫濟
烏鹵沐齊
烏鹵沐債
烏魯沐債
烏漉沐漬

On September 11th, 1985, Rugosa rose was chosen as Wlumuqi's^([sic – meaning Wulumuqi's]) city flower at the 18th Session of the Standing Committee of the 9th MPC of Wulumuqi, and the elm tree as Wulumuqi's city tree.

1989, China City Flowers (中国城市市花) p.88 & 89 →ISBN

1985 nián 9 yuè 11 rì, Wūlǔmùqí Shì réndà chángwěihuì dì 9 jiè 18 cì huìyì shàng, jiāng méigui dìng wéi shì huā, tóngshí dìng dà yè yú wèi shì shù.

1985年9月11日，烏魯木齊市人大常委會第9屆18次會議上，將玫瑰定為市花，同時定大葉榆為市樹。

1985年9月11日，乌鲁木齐市人大常委会第9届18次会议上，将玫瑰定为市花，同时定大叶榆为市树。

(～市) Ürümqi (a prefecture-level city, the capital of Xinjiang, China)


長春

→ English: Changchun, Ch'ang-ch'un

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ t͡sʰɵn⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰoŋ¹¹ t͡sʰun²⁴/

/t͡sʰɔŋ¹¹ t͡sʰun⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰun⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰun⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰun³³/

/tiɔŋ²³⁻³³ t͡sʰun⁴⁴/

/tiaŋ¹³⁻²² t͡sʰun⁴⁴/

/zã²² t͡sʰən⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ t͡sʰɵn⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰoŋ¹¹ t͡sʰun²⁴/

/t͡sʰɔŋ¹¹ t͡sʰun⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰun⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰun⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰun³³/

/tiɔŋ²³⁻³³ t͡sʰun⁴⁴/

/tiaŋ¹³⁻²² t͡sʰun⁴⁴/

/zã²² t͡sʰən⁴⁴/

(～市) Changchun (a subprovincial city, provincial capital, and largest city in Jilin, China)


成都

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (成都):
* → Japanese: 成(せい)都(と) (Seito)
* → Korean: 성도(成都) (Seongdo)
* → Vietnamese: Thành Đô (成都)

→ English: Chengdu, Chengtu, Ch'eng-tu

→ French: Chengdu, Tcheng-tou

ja-r

チョントゥー (Chontū)

→ Japanese: チョントゥー (Chontū), チェンドゥ (Chendu)

→ Korean: 청두 (Cheongdu)

→ Manchu: ᠴᡝᠩ
ᡩᡠ (ceng du)

→ Portuguese: Chengdu

→ Russian: Чэнду́ (Čɛndú)

→ Zhuang: Cwngzduh

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ tu⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰən²¹ tu⁵⁵/

/sɪŋ²¹ tou̯⁵⁵/

/siŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nu⁵⁵/

/siɪŋ²⁴⁻²² tɔ⁴⁴/

/siɪŋ²⁴⁻²² tɔ³³/

/siɪŋ¹³⁻²² tɔ⁴⁴/

/siɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ tɔ⁴⁴/

/siɪŋ²³⁻³³ tɔ⁴⁴/

/seŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tou³³/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ tu⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰən²¹ tu⁵⁵/

/sɪŋ²¹ tou̯⁵⁵/

/siŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nu⁵⁵/

/siɪŋ²⁴⁻²² tɔ⁴⁴/

/siɪŋ²⁴⁻²² tɔ³³/

/siɪŋ¹³⁻²² tɔ⁴⁴/

/siɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ tɔ⁴⁴/

/siɪŋ²³⁻³³ tɔ⁴⁴/

/seŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tou³³/

May be the transcription of a native non-Chinese word. Attested on excavated artefacts dating to the late Warring States Period, as well as in the Records of the Grand Historian.
Compare 邛都, 新都 (Xīndū), 廣都／广都, 筰都, 武都 (Wǔdū), all of which are toponyms in present-day southwest China with 都 (OC *taː) as the second syllable. In particular, according to the Records of the Grand Historian, 邛都 (OC *ɡoŋ taː) and 筰都 (OC *zaːɡ taː) were originally names of tribes that were "Southwestern Barbarians" (西南夷 (Xīnányí)).

zh-l

西南夷 (Xīnányí)

(～市) Chengdu (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Sichuan, China)

(～市) (historical) Chengdu (the capital city of the kingdom of Shu)


江西

desc

→ Thai: กังไส (gang-sǎi, “Jingdezhen porcelain”) (via Min Nan)

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/kɔŋ³³ ɬai³³/

/koŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ si²⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴ si⁴⁴/

/kouŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nɛ⁵⁵/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sai⁴⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sai⁴⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ se⁴⁴/

/kaŋ³³⁻²³ sai³³/

/kɑ̃⁵⁵ ɕi²¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/kɔŋ³³ ɬai³³/

/koŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ si²⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴ si⁴⁴/

/kouŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nɛ⁵⁵/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sai⁴⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sai⁴⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ se⁴⁴/

/kaŋ³³⁻²³ sai³³/

/kɑ̃⁵⁵ ɕi²¹/

;Jiangxi
;region to the north of Yangtze River


浙江

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (浙江):
* → Japanese: 浙江(せっこう) (sekkō)
* → Korean: 절강(浙江) (jeolgang)
* → Vietnamese: Chiết Giang (浙江)

desc

→ English: Che-chiang, Che-keang, Chekiang, Zhejiang, Zhe Jiang, Chekiang, Che-chiang, Chê-chiang (Wade–Giles), Che-keang, Che-kyang, Chequiam (obsolete), Jhejiang, Zhe Jiang

→ Zhuang: Cezgyangh

/ʈ͡ʂɤ⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂɤ⁵¹ d͡ʑ̥i̯ɑŋ¹/

/ʈ͡ʂɤ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡siːt̚³ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡set̚⁵⁵ kɔŋ³³/

/t͡sɛt̚⁵ kɔŋ²/

/t͡sat̚¹ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡sieʔ²⁴⁻²¹ kouŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sɛʔ¹⁻⁴⁵ kaŋ⁵³³/

/t͡siɛʔ²⁻²⁴ kaŋ⁵³³/

/t͡siɛt̚³²⁻⁴ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡siɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ kaŋ³³/

/t͡siɛt̚³²⁻⁵ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡siɛt̚³²⁻⁴ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡siɛt̚³²⁻⁴ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡sik̚²⁻⁴ kaŋ³³/

/t͡səʔ³³ kɑ̃⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂɤ⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂɤ⁵¹ d͡ʑ̥i̯ɑŋ¹/

/ʈ͡ʂɤ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡siːt̚³ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡set̚⁵⁵ kɔŋ³³/

/t͡sɛt̚⁵ kɔŋ²/

/t͡sat̚¹ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡sieʔ²⁴⁻²¹ kouŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sɛʔ¹⁻⁴⁵ kaŋ⁵³³/

/t͡siɛʔ²⁻²⁴ kaŋ⁵³³/

/t͡siɛt̚³²⁻⁴ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡siɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ kaŋ³³/

/t͡siɛt̚³²⁻⁵ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡siɛt̚³²⁻⁴ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡siɛt̚³²⁻⁴ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡sik̚²⁻⁴ kaŋ³³/

/t͡səʔ³³ kɑ̃⁴⁴/

Classic of Mountains and Seas
Qiantang River

The ancient name of the Qiantang River. First attested in the Classic of Mountains and Seas.


鳥巢

/ni̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵/

/ni̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰaʊ̯ɻʷ³⁵/

/niːu̯¹³ t͡sʰaːu̯²¹/

/ni̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵/

/ni̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰaʊ̯ɻʷ³⁵/

/niːu̯¹³ t͡sʰaːu̯²¹/


神州

/ʂən³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/sɐn²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/seŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡siu³³/

/zən²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

/ʂən³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/sɐn²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/seŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡siu³³/

/zən²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

Liu Yiqing (editor), A New Account of the Tales of the World, 5ᵗʰ century CE

Wéi Wáng chéngxiàng qiǎorán biànsè yuē: “Dāng gòng lùlì wángshì, kèfù Shénzhōu, hé zhì zuò Chǔqiú xiàngduì!”

唯王丞相愀然變色曰：「當共戮力王室，克復神州，何至作楚囚相對！」

唯王丞相愀然变色曰：「当共戮力王室，克复神州，何至作楚囚相对！」

Héchù wàng Shénzhōu? Mǎnyǎn fēngguāng Běigùlóu.

何處望神州？滿眼風光北固樓。

何处望神州？满眼风光北固楼。

Shénzhōu zhǐ zài lángān běi, dù dù lái shí pà shàng lóu.

神州只在闌干北，度度來時怕上樓。

神州只在阑干北，度度来时怕上楼。

(literary) the Divine Land (Central Plain or China)


兩京

/li̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/li̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

(archaic) the two capitals (i.e. the two Han Dynasty capitals of Luoyang and Chang'an)


五伯

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ pä⁵¹/

/ŋ̍¹³ paː³³/

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ pä⁵¹/

/ŋ̍¹³ paː³³/


五霸

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ pä⁵¹/

/ŋ̍¹³ paː³³/

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ pä⁵¹/

/ŋ̍¹³ paː³³/

(historical, collective) the Five Hegemons


鮮卑

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (鮮卑):
* → Japanese: 鮮(せん)卑(ぴ) (senpi)
* → Korean: 선비(鮮卑) (seonbi)
* → Vietnamese: Tiên Ti (鮮卑)

→ English: Xianbei

→ French: Xianbei

→ German: Xianbei

→ Portuguese: xianbei

desc

→ Russian: сяньби́ (sjanʹbí), сяньбэ́й (sjanʹbɛ́j)

→ Spanish: xianbei

→ Ukrainian: сяньбі́ (sjanʹbí)

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ peɪ̯⁵⁵/

/si̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ pi²⁴/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻²² pi⁴⁴/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻²² pi⁴⁴/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ pi⁴⁴/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ pi⁴⁴/

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ peɪ̯⁵⁵/

/si̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ pi²⁴/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻²² pi⁴⁴/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻²² pi⁴⁴/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ pi⁴⁴/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ pi⁴⁴/

; "Xianbei"
: Paul Pelliot (1928:141, 142) suggested this was borrowed from Xianbei *serbi ~ *särbi.
; "belt hook"


前門

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵ mən³⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵ məɻ³⁵/

/t͡sʰiːn²¹ muːn²¹⁻³⁵/

/tʰen²² ᵐbɔŋ²²⁻²²⁵/

/t͡siɪŋ²⁴⁻²² mŋ̍²⁴/

/t͡siɪŋ²⁴⁻²² mŋ̍²⁴/

/t͡siɪŋ¹³⁻²² mŋ̍¹³/

/t͡siɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ mŋ̍²⁴/

/t͡siɪŋ²³⁻³³ mŋ̍²³/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵ mən³⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵ məɻ³⁵/

/t͡sʰiːn²¹ muːn²¹⁻³⁵/

/tʰen²² ᵐbɔŋ²²⁻²²⁵/

/t͡siɪŋ²⁴⁻²² mŋ̍²⁴/

/t͡siɪŋ²⁴⁻²² mŋ̍²⁴/

/t͡siɪŋ¹³⁻²² mŋ̍¹³/

/t͡siɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ mŋ̍²⁴/

/t͡siɪŋ²³⁻³³ mŋ̍²³/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵ mən³⁵/

If you go out today remember to lock the front door.

Nǐ jīntiān chūqù dehuà, jìde suǒshàng qiánmén.

你今天出去的話，記得鎖上前門。

你今天出去的话，记得锁上前门。


後門

/xoʊ̯⁵¹ mən³⁵/

/xoʊ̯⁵¹ məɻ³⁵/

/hɐu̯²² muːn²¹⁻³⁵/

/heu³² ᵐbᵘɔn²²/

/heu³² ᵐbᵘɔn²²⁻²²⁵/

/xəu⁴⁵ məŋ¹¹/

/au²²⁻²¹ mŋ̍²⁴/

/au⁴¹⁻²² mŋ̍²⁴/

/au²²⁻²¹ mŋ̍¹³/

/au³³⁻¹¹ mŋ̍²⁴/

/au³³⁻²¹ mŋ̍²³/

/xoʊ̯⁵¹ mən³⁵/

/xoʊ̯⁵¹ məɻ³⁵/

/hɐu̯²² muːn²¹⁻³⁵/

/heu³² ᵐbᵘɔn²²/

/heu³² ᵐbᵘɔn²²⁻²²⁵/

/xəu⁴⁵ məŋ¹¹/

/au²²⁻²¹ mŋ̍²⁴/

/au⁴¹⁻²² mŋ̍²⁴/

/au²²⁻²¹ mŋ̍¹³/

/au³³⁻¹¹ mŋ̍²⁴/

/au³³⁻²¹ mŋ̍²³/

/xoʊ̯⁵¹ mən³⁵/


萬里長城

ㄨㄢˋ ㄌㄧˇ ㄔㄤˊ ㄔㄥˊ

Ваньли Чанчэн

/wän⁵¹ li²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/maːn²² lei̯¹³ t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ sɪŋ²¹/

/van⁵⁵ li²⁴ t͡sʰoŋ¹¹ saŋ¹¹/

/uaŋ²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ˡ⁻⁾nˡi³³ tuoŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾niaŋ⁵³/

/ban²¹ li⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ tŋ̍²³⁻²¹ siã²³/

/ban³³⁻²¹ li⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tŋ̍²³⁻³³ siã²³/

/ban³³⁻¹¹ li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ siã²⁴/

/ɡuan⁵³⁻¹¹ li²¹ t͡sʰaŋ¹¹ t͡sʰin¹¹/

/wän⁵¹ li²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/maːn²² lei̯¹³ t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ sɪŋ²¹/

/van⁵⁵ li²⁴ t͡sʰoŋ¹¹ saŋ¹¹/

/ban²¹ li⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ tŋ̍²³⁻²¹ siã²³/

/ban³³⁻²¹ li⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tŋ̍²³⁻³³ siã²³/

/ban³³⁻¹¹ li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ siã²⁴/

/ɡuan⁵³⁻¹¹ li²¹ t͡sʰaŋ¹¹ t͡sʰin¹¹/

From the idiomatic sense of 萬／万 (wàn) as any uncountable or unimaginably large number. As a whole the name, translated literally, means “10,000-li long wall”.


倭寇

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (倭寇):
* → Japanese: 倭(わ)寇(こう) (wakō)
* → Korean: 왜구(倭寇) (waegu)
* → Vietnamese: Nụy Khấu (倭寇)

→ English: wokou

/wɔ⁵⁵ kʰoʊ̯⁵¹/

/wɔː⁵⁵ kʰɐu̯³³/

/wɔ⁵⁵ kʰoʊ̯⁵¹/

/wɔː⁵⁵ kʰɐu̯³³/

(historical) wokou (pirates from a mixture of ethnicities who raided the coastlines of China and Korea from the 13th to 16th centuries)


中州

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

Alternative name for 中國／中国 (Zhōngguó, “China”).


中國菜

ㄓㄨㄥ ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄘㄞˋ

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡sʰai²¹/

/tiɔŋ³³ kɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ t͡sʰai⁴¹/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²⁻⁵ t͡sʰai²¹/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡sʰai¹¹/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡sʰai²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡sʰai²¹/

/tiɔŋ³³ kɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ t͡sʰai⁴¹/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²⁻⁵ t͡sʰai²¹/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡sʰai¹¹/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡sʰai²¹/

地道的中國菜

地道的中国菜

Whether you want Chinese or Japanese food, the buffet will have what you like.

Wúlùn nǐ xiǎng chī Zhōngguócài háishì Rìběn liàolǐ, zìzhùcān dōu huì yǒu nǐ xǐhuān de.

無論你想吃中國菜還是日本料理，自助餐都會有你喜歡的。

无论你想吃中国菜还是日本料理，自助餐都会有你喜欢的。


天壇

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ tʰän³⁵/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ tʰaːn²¹/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ tʰän³⁵/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ tʰaːn²¹/


西海

/ɕi⁵⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/ɕi⁵⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵/

a lake in the Shichahai area of Beijing, China


兩岸

/li̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ˀän⁵¹/

/lœːŋ¹³ ŋɔːn²²/

/liɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡan³³/

/liɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡan²²/

/liɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ɡan⁴¹/

/liɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɡan³³/

/nŋ̍²²⁻²¹ huã²²/

/liaŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ ŋai³⁵/

/li̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ˀän⁵¹/

/lœːŋ¹³ ŋɔːn²²/

/liɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡan³³/

/liɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡan²²/

/liɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ɡan⁴¹/

/liɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɡan³³/

/nŋ̍²²⁻²¹ huã²²/

/liaŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ ŋai³⁵/


山頂

/ʂän⁵⁵ tiŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʂän⁵⁵ tiɤ̯̃ɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/saːn⁵⁵ tɛːŋ³⁵/

/san⁴⁴⁻³⁵ taŋ³¹/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪŋ⁵³/

/suã³³ tiɪŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪŋ⁵³/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɪŋ⁵³/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɪŋ⁴¹/

/ʂän⁵⁵ tiŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʂän⁵⁵ tiɤ̯̃ɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/saːn⁵⁵ tɛːŋ³⁵/

/san⁴⁴⁻³⁵ taŋ³¹/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪŋ⁵³/

/suã³³ tiɪŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪŋ⁵³/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɪŋ⁵³/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɪŋ⁴¹/

Hong Kong Island
Hong Kong Island#English

(Hong Kong, informal) Victoria Peak; The Peak (a hill on the western half of Hong Kong Island)


淄博

/t͡sz̩⁵⁵ pu̯ɔ³⁵/

/t͡siː⁵⁵ pɔːk̚³/

/t͡sy⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βɑuʔ²⁴/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻²² pʰɔk̚³²/

/t͡su³³ pʰɔk̚⁵/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻²² pʰɔk̚³²/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻³³ pʰɔk̚³²/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻³³ pʰɔk̚³²/

/t͡sɯ³³⁻²³ pʰak̚²/

/t͡sz̩⁵⁵ poʔ²¹/

/t͡sz̩⁵⁵ pu̯ɔ³⁵/

/t͡siː⁵⁵ pɔːk̚³/

/t͡sy⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βɑuʔ²⁴/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻²² pʰɔk̚³²/

/t͡su³³ pʰɔk̚⁵/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻²² pʰɔk̚³²/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻³³ pʰɔk̚³²/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻³³ pʰɔk̚³²/

/t͡sɯ³³⁻²³ pʰak̚²/

/t͡sz̩⁵⁵ poʔ²¹/

(～市) Zibo (a prefecture-level city in central Shandong, China)


包頭

→ English: Baotou, Pao-t'ou, Paotow

Borrowed from Mongolian ᠪᠤᠭᠤᠲᠤ (buɣutu), from ᠪᠤᠭᠤ (buɣu, “deer”) / буга (buga) + -ᠲᠤ (-tu, “place where ... is”)

/pɑʊ̯⁵⁵ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/

/pɑʊ̯⁵⁵ tʰɤʊ̯ɻʷ³⁵/

/paːu̯⁵⁵ tʰɐu̯²¹/

/pau⁴⁴⁻²² tʰau²⁴/

/pau⁴⁴⁻²² tʰau¹³/

/pau⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰau²⁴/

/pau⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰau²³/

/pau³³⁻²³ tʰau⁵⁵/

/pɒu̯³³ təu̯¹³/

/pɑʊ̯⁵⁵ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/

/pɑʊ̯⁵⁵ tʰɤʊ̯ɻʷ³⁵/

/paːu̯⁵⁵ tʰɐu̯²¹/

/pau⁴⁴⁻²² tʰau²⁴/

/pau⁴⁴⁻²² tʰau¹³/

/pau⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰau²⁴/

/pau⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰau²³/

/pau³³⁻²³ tʰau⁵⁵/

/pɒu̯³³ təu̯¹³/

(～市) Baotou (a prefecture-level city, the largest city in Inner Mongolia, in northern China)


內地

/neɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ti⁵¹/

/nɔːi̯²² tei̯²²/

/lai³³⁻²¹ te³³/

/lai²²⁻²¹ te²²/

/lue³³⁻²¹ te³³/

/neɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ti⁵¹/

/nɔːi̯²² tei̯²²/

/lai³³⁻²¹ te³³/

/lai²²⁻²¹ te²²/

/lue³³⁻²¹ te³³/


㟌

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声): semantic 山 + phonetic 尨 (OC *mroːŋ).

Han compound

^‡ Only used in 五㟌 (“a mountain in Sichuan”).


中日

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ʐ̩⁵¹/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ jɐt̚²/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ʐ̩⁵¹/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ jɐt̚²/


公社

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (公社):
* → Japanese: 公社(こうしゃ) (kōsha)
* → Korean: 공사(公社) (gongsa)
* → Vietnamese: công xã (公社)

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ ʂɤ⁵¹/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ sɛː¹³/

/kɔŋ³³ sia²²/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sia²²/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sia³³/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ ʂɤ⁵¹/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ sɛː¹³/

/kɔŋ³³ sia²²/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sia²²/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sia³³/

(specifically) people's commune (administrative unit in China from 1958 to 1983)


宰相

Sino-Xenic (宰相):
* → Japanese: 宰相(さいしょう) (saishō)
* → Korean: 재상(宰相) (jaesang)
* → Vietnamese: tể tướng (宰相)

desc

→ Classical Mongolian: ᠵᠠᠶᠢᠰᠠᠩ (ǰayisang)

Mongolian: ᠵᠠᠶᠢᠰᠠᠩ (ǰayisang) / зайсан (zajsan)

→ Buryat: зайсан (zajsan)

→ Manchu: ᠵᠠᡳᠰᠠᠩ (jaisang)

→ Chinese: 齋桑／斋桑 (zhāisāng)

→ Written Oirat: ᠴᠠᠶᡅᠰᠠᡊ (zaᠶisang)

Kalmyk: зәәсң (zääsñ)

→ Khakas: чайзаң (çayzañ)

→ Manchu: ᡯᠠᡳᠰᠠᠩ (dzaisang)

→ Chinese: 宰桑 (zǎisāng)

→ Southern Altai: јайзаҥ (ǰayzaŋ)

→ Tuvan: чайзаң (çayzañ)

/t͡saɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹/

/t͡sɔːi̯³⁵ sœːŋ³³/

/ˈt͡sai²¹³⁻¹³ ɕiɔŋ³⁵/

/t͡sai³³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾luɔŋ²¹³/

/t͡sai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ siɔŋ⁴¹/

/t͡sai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɔŋ²¹/

/t͡sãi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɔŋ¹¹/

/t͡sãi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ siɔŋ²¹/

/t͡sai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siaŋ²¹/

/t͡sai⁵²⁻³⁵ siaŋ²¹³/

/t͡saɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹/

/t͡sɔːi̯³⁵ sœːŋ³³/

/ˈt͡sai²¹³⁻¹³ ɕiɔŋ³⁵/

/t͡sai³³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾luɔŋ²¹³/

/t͡sai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ siɔŋ⁴¹/

/t͡sai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɔŋ²¹/

/t͡sãi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɔŋ¹¹/

/t͡sãi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ siɔŋ²¹/

/t͡sai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siaŋ²¹/

/t͡sai⁵²⁻³⁵ siaŋ²¹³/

(historical, government) Chancellor of State


小籠包

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (小籠包):
* → Vietnamese: tiểu long bao (小籠包)

→ English: xiaolongbao

→ Japanese: 小(しょう)籠(ろん)包(ぽう) (shōronpō)

→ Korean: 샤오룽바오 (syaorungbao)

ㄒㄧㄠˇ ㄌㄨㄥˊ ㄅㄠ

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ lʊŋ³⁵ pɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/siːu̯³⁵ lʊŋ²¹ paːu̯⁵⁵/

/ɕiɔ³³ loŋ⁵⁵ pɔ²¹/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ lʊŋ³⁵ pɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/siːu̯³⁵ lʊŋ²¹ paːu̯⁵⁵/

/ɕiɔ³³ loŋ⁵⁵ pɔ²¹/

(Chinese cuisine) xiaolongbao (a kind of soup dumpling popular in the Shanghai area)


天朝

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ t͡sʰiːu̯²¹/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ t͡sʰiːu̯²¹/

天命

Mandate of Heaven, authority from Heaven which legitimizes the emperors

(historical) the Celestial Empire; China

(Internet slang, sometimes sarcastic, self-deprecatory) China, especially mainland China or the People's Republic of China


西遊記

/ɕi⁵⁵ joʊ̯³⁵ t͡ɕi⁵¹/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ jɐu̯²¹ kei̯³³/

/sɛ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ieu⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ɛi²¹³/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ iu²³⁻³³ ki²¹/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² iu¹³⁻²² ki²¹/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ iu²⁴⁻¹¹ ki¹¹/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² iu²⁴⁻²² ki²¹/

/se³³ iu²⁴⁻²² ki⁴¹/

/si³³⁻²¹ iu²³⁻²¹ ki²¹/

/sai³³⁻²³ iu⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ki²¹³/

/ɕi⁵⁵ joʊ̯³⁵ t͡ɕi⁵¹/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ jɐu̯²¹ kei̯³³/

/sɛ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ieu⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ɛi²¹³/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ iu²³⁻³³ ki²¹/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² iu¹³⁻²² ki²¹/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ iu²⁴⁻¹¹ ki¹¹/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² iu²⁴⁻²² ki²¹/

/se³³ iu²⁴⁻²² ki⁴¹/

/si³³⁻²¹ iu²³⁻²¹ ki²¹/

/sai³³⁻²³ iu⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ki²¹³/

Journey to the West, one of China's Four Great Classical Novels


三國

Sino-Xenic (三國):
* → Japanese: 三国(さんごく) (sangoku)
* → Korean: 삼국(三國) (samguk)
* → Vietnamese: Tam Quốc (三國)

→ English: Three Kingdoms

desc

→ Thai: สามก๊ก

→ Thai: สามก๊ก

→ Khmer: សាមកុក (saam-kok)

→ Japanese: サームコック (Sāmukokku)

→ Indonesian: Sam Kok, Samkok

Cao Wei
Chen dynasty
Eastern Han dynasty
Eastern Wei
Eastern Wu
Eastern Zhou dynasty
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
Han dynasty
Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
Jin dynasty (265–420)
Liang dynasty
Liao dynasty
Liu Song dynasty
Ming dynasty
Northern Qi
Northern Wei
Northern Zhou
Northern and Southern dynasties
Qin dynasty
Qing dynasty
Shang dynasty
Shu Han
Song dynasty
Southern Qi
Southern and Northern dynasties
Spring and Autumn period
Sui dynasty
Tang dynasty
Three Kingdoms
Warring States period
Western Han dynasty
Western Liao
Western Wei
Western Xia
Western Zhou dynasty
Xia dynasty
Xin dynasty
Yuan dynasty
Zhou dynasty

/sän⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/saːm⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³/

/saŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋuɔʔ²⁴/

/sam⁴⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/sam⁴⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/sam⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

/sam⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

/sän⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/saːm⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³/

/saŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋuɔʔ²⁴/

/sam⁴⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/sam⁴⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/sam⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

/sam⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

(Chinese history) the Three Kingdoms (220–280 CE)


科舉

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (科舉):
* → Japanese: 科(か)挙(きょ) (kakyo)
* → Korean: 과거(科擧) (gwageo)
* → Vietnamese: khoa cử (科舉)

/kʰɤ⁵⁵ t͡ɕy²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fɔː⁵⁵ kɵy̯³⁵/

/kʰuo⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾y³³/

/kʰo⁴⁴⁻³³ ku⁵³/

/kʰo⁴⁴⁻²² ku⁵³/

/kʰə³³ kɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/kʰɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ ki⁴¹/

/kʰo⁴⁴⁻²² ki⁵³/

/kʰe⁴⁴⁻³³ ki⁴¹/

/kʰue³³⁻²³ kɯ⁵²/

/kʰu⁵⁵ t͡ɕy²¹/

/kʰɤ⁵⁵ t͡ɕy²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fɔː⁵⁵ kɵy̯³⁵/

/kʰuo⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾y³³/

/kʰo⁴⁴⁻³³ ku⁵³/

/kʰo⁴⁴⁻²² ku⁵³/

/kʰə³³ kɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/kʰɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ ki⁴¹/

/kʰo⁴⁴⁻²² ki⁵³/

/kʰe⁴⁴⁻³³ ki⁴¹/

/kʰue³³⁻²³ kɯ⁵²/

/kʰu⁵⁵ t͡ɕy²¹/

imperial examination
imperial examination

(historical) Chinese imperial examination


兵馬俑

Sino-Xenic (兵馬俑):
* → Japanese: 兵(へい)馬(ば)俑(よう) (heibayō)

/piŋ⁵⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pɪŋ⁵⁵ maː¹³ jʊŋ³⁵/

/piŋ⁵⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pɪŋ⁵⁵ maː¹³ jʊŋ³⁵/

terracotta warriors and horses buried with the dead


始皇帝

/ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ ti⁵¹/

/t͡sʰiː³⁵ wɔːŋ²¹ tɐi̯³³/

/si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hɔŋ²⁴⁻²² te²¹/

/si⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ hɔŋ²⁴⁻²² te⁴¹/

/si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hɔŋ¹³⁻²² te²¹/

/si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ te¹¹/

/si⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ hɔŋ²³⁻³³ te²¹/

/ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ ti⁵¹/

/t͡sʰiː³⁵ wɔːŋ²¹ tɐi̯³³/

/si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hɔŋ²⁴⁻²² te²¹/

/si⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ hɔŋ²⁴⁻²² te⁴¹/

/si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hɔŋ¹³⁻²² te²¹/

/si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ te¹¹/

/si⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ hɔŋ²³⁻³³ te²¹/

The self-proclaimed regnal name of China's First Emperor.

(historical) Alternative name for 秦始皇 (Qín Shǐhuáng, “Qin Shi Huang”).


蘇州

Sino-Xenic (蘇州):
* → Japanese: 蘇(そ)州(しゅう) (soshū)
* → Vietnamese: Tô Châu (蘇州)

desc

→ English: Suzhou, Su-chou, Soochow, Suchow, Suchou (obsolete)

→ Georgian: სუჭოუ (suč̣ou)

→ Lao: ຊູໂຈ (sū chō)

/su⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/sou̯⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/su²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡su²⁴/

/sɔ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/sɔ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/sɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/sɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/su⁵⁵ t͡sɤ²¹/

/su⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/sou̯⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/su²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡su²⁴/

/sɔ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/sɔ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/sɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/sɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/su⁵⁵ t͡sɤ²¹/

(～市) Suzhou (a prefecture-level city in Jiangsu, China)


京腔

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɑ̃ɻ⁵⁵/

/kɪŋ⁵⁵ hɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/kĩã³³⁻²³ kʰĩẽ³³/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɑ̃ɻ⁵⁵/

/kɪŋ⁵⁵ hɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/kĩã³³⁻²³ kʰĩẽ³³/

the Beijing dialect, especially a heavy Beijing local accent


春晚

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən⁵⁵ wän²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰɵn⁵⁵ maːn¹³/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən⁵⁵ wän²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰɵn⁵⁵ maːn¹³/

Short for 春節聯歡晚會／春节联欢晚会 (chūnjié liánhuān wǎnhuì).


走出去

/t͡soʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰy⁵¹/

/t͡soʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰy⁵¹/

to go global; to implement the Go Out policy


臺海

/tʰaɪ̯³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰɔːi̯²¹ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/tʰaɪ̯³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰɔːi̯²¹ hɔːi̯³⁵/

臺灣海峽 臺灣海峽#Chinese

台湾海峡 台湾海峡#Chinese

Alternative name for 臺灣海峽／台湾海峡 (Táiwān Hǎixiá): Taiwan Strait


建國

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/kiːn³³ kʷɔːk̚³/

/kyoŋ²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋuɔʔ²⁴/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ kɔk̚³²/

/kiɛn⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kɔk̚⁵/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ kɔk̚³²/

/kiɛn¹¹⁻⁵³ kɔk̚³²/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁴¹ kɔk̚³²/

/kieŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ kok̚²/

/t͡ɕi³³ koʔ⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/kiːn³³ kʷɔːk̚³/

/kyoŋ²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋuɔʔ²⁴/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ kɔk̚³²/

/kiɛn⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kɔk̚⁵/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ kɔk̚³²/

/kiɛn¹¹⁻⁵³ kɔk̚³²/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁴¹ kɔk̚³²/

/kieŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ kok̚²/

/t͡ɕi³³ koʔ⁴⁴/

(chiefly Mainland China) the foundation of the People's Republic of China in 1949


港澳

/kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/kɔːŋ³⁵ ou̯³³/

/kaŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ o²¹/

/kaŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ o⁴¹/

/kaŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ o²¹/

/kaŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ o¹¹/

/kaŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɤ²¹/

/kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/kɔːŋ³⁵ ou̯³³/

/kaŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ o²¹/

/kaŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ o⁴¹/

/kaŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ o²¹/

/kaŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ o¹¹/

/kaŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɤ²¹/

Short for 香港 (Xiānggǎng) + 澳門／澳门 (Àomén).


港姐

/kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɔːŋ³⁵ t͡sɛː³⁵/

/kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɔːŋ³⁵ t͡sɛː³⁵/


年號

/ni̯ɛn³⁵ xɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/nˡieŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋɔ²⁴²/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²² ho²²/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²² ho⁴¹/

/liɛn¹³⁻²² ho²²/

/liɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ ho³³/

/liɛn²³⁻³³ hɤ³³/

/ni⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ho¹¹/

/ni̯ɛn³⁵ xɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/nˡieŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋɔ²⁴²/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²² ho²²/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²² ho⁴¹/

/liɛn¹³⁻²² ho²²/

/liɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ ho³³/

/liɛn²³⁻³³ hɤ³³/

/ni⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ho¹¹/

/nĩ²³⁻³³ kɤ³³/

/nĩ¹³⁻²² ko²²/

/nĩ²⁴⁻²² ko²²/

/nĩ²⁴⁻¹¹ ko³³/

/nĩ²⁴⁻²² ko²²/

/nĩ²⁴⁻¹¹ ko⁴⁴/

/nĩ²³⁻³³ kɤ⁴⁴/

/nĩ²³⁻³³ kɤ³³/

/nĩ¹³⁻²² ko²²/

/nĩ²⁴⁻²² ko²²/

/nĩ²⁴⁻¹¹ ko³³/

/nĩ²⁴⁻²² ko²²/

/nĩ²⁴⁻¹¹ ko⁴⁴/

/nĩ²³⁻³³ kɤ⁴⁴/

era name (subdivision in the reign of an emperor); regnal period; regnal year


港幣

→ Zhuang: Gangjbi

/kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ pi⁵¹/

/kɔːŋ³⁵ pɐi̯²²/

/kʰɔŋ⁵⁵ pai³²/

/kʰɔŋ⁵⁵ pai³²⁻³²⁵/

/kaŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pe¹¹/

/kaŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pe²¹/

/kaŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ pe²¹/

/kaŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ pe⁴¹/

/kaŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pi²²/

/kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ pi⁵¹/

/kɔːŋ³⁵ pɐi̯²²/

/kʰɔŋ⁵⁵ pai³²/

/kʰɔŋ⁵⁵ pai³²⁻³²⁵/

/kaŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pe¹¹/

/kaŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pe²¹/

/kaŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ pe²¹/

/kaŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ pe⁴¹/

/kaŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pi²²/

Hong Kong dollar (currency of Hong Kong)


紹興

→ English: Shao-hsing, Shaoxing

/ʂɑʊ̯⁵¹ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/siːu̯²² hɪŋ⁵⁵/

/sieu²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾iŋ⁵⁵/

/siau²²⁻²¹ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/siau⁴¹⁻²² hiɪŋ³³/

/siau²²⁻²¹ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/siau³³⁻¹¹ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/siau³³⁻²¹ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/zɔ²² ɕin⁴⁴/

/ʂɑʊ̯⁵¹ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/siːu̯²² hɪŋ⁵⁵/

/sieu²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾iŋ⁵⁵/

/siau²²⁻²¹ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/siau⁴¹⁻²² hiɪŋ³³/

/siau²²⁻²¹ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/siau³³⁻¹¹ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/siau³³⁻²¹ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/zɔ²² ɕin⁴⁴/

(～市) Shaoxing (a prefecture-level city in eastern Zhejiang, China)


強國

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɑŋ³⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/kʰœːŋ²¹ kʷɔːk̚³/

/*ɡaŋ kʷɯːɡ/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɑŋ³⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/kʰœːŋ²¹ kʷɔːk̚³/

/*ɡaŋ kʷɯːɡ/

(chiefly Hong Kong Cantonese, sarcastic) People's Republic of China; China


越中

/ɥɛ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵/

/ɥɛ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵/

/jyːt̚² t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵/

/ɥɛ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵/

/ɥɛ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵/

/jyːt̚² t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵/


煙臺

→ English: Yantai, Yen-tai, Yen-t'ai

/jɛn⁵⁵ tʰaɪ̯³⁵/

/jiːn⁵⁵ tʰɔːi̯²¹/

/ian⁴⁴⁻³⁵ tʰoɪ¹¹/

/ieŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nai⁵³/

/iɛn⁴⁴⁻²² tai²⁴/

/iɛn⁴⁴⁻²² tai¹³/

/iɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ tai²⁴/

/iɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ tai²³/

/iŋ³³⁻²³ tʰai⁵⁵/

/jɛn⁵⁵ tʰaɪ̯³⁵/

/jiːn⁵⁵ tʰɔːi̯²¹/

/ian⁴⁴⁻³⁵ tʰoɪ¹¹/

/ieŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nai⁵³/

/iɛn⁴⁴⁻²² tai²⁴/

/iɛn⁴⁴⁻²² tai¹³/

/iɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ tai²⁴/

/iɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ tai²³/

/iŋ³³⁻²³ tʰai⁵⁵/

(～市) Yantai (a coastal prefecture-level city in northeastern Shandong, China)