喀布爾

/kʰä⁵⁵ pu⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʰɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ pu⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʰiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ pɔ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ nĩ⁵⁵⁴/

/kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ nĩ⁵³/

/kʰiak̚³²⁻⁵ pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ d͡zĩ⁵³/

/kʰä⁵⁵ pu⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʰɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ pu⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʰiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ pɔ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ nĩ⁵⁵⁴/

/kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ nĩ⁵³/

/kʰiak̚³²⁻⁵ pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ d͡zĩ⁵³/


伯爾尼

/pu̯ɔ³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ni³⁵/

/piak̚⁵⁻²⁴ nĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ nĩ²⁴/

/piɪk̚³²⁻⁴ nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nĩ²⁴/

/piɪk̚³²⁻⁵ d͡zĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nĩ¹³/

/paʔ³³ ɦəl⁵⁵ n̠ʲi²¹/

/pu̯ɔ³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ni³⁵/

/piak̚⁵⁻²⁴ nĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ nĩ²⁴/

/piɪk̚³²⁻⁴ nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nĩ²⁴/

/piɪk̚³²⁻⁵ d͡zĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nĩ¹³/

/paʔ³³ ɦəl⁵⁵ n̠ʲi²¹/

(Mainland China) Bern (a city, the capital city of Switzerland)


維也納

/weɪ̯³⁵ jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ nä⁵¹/

/wɐi̯²¹ jaː¹³ naːp̚²/

/vi¹¹ i̯a²⁴⁻¹¹ nap̚⁵/

/ui²⁴⁻²² ia⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lap̚⁴/

/ui¹³⁻²² ia⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lap̚¹²¹/

/ui²⁴⁻²² ia⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lap̚²⁴/

/ui²⁴⁻¹¹ ia³³⁻¹¹ lap̚⁴/

/ui²³⁻³³ ia³³⁻²¹ lap̚⁴/

/vi²² ɦie⁵⁵ naʔ²¹/

/vi²² ɦie⁵⁵ nəʔ²¹/

/weɪ̯³⁵ jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ nä⁵¹/

/wɐi̯²¹ jaː¹³ naːp̚²/

/vi¹¹ i̯a²⁴⁻¹¹ nap̚⁵/

/ui²⁴⁻²² ia⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lap̚⁴/

/ui¹³⁻²² ia⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lap̚¹²¹/

/ui²⁴⁻²² ia⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lap̚²⁴/

/ui²⁴⁻¹¹ ia³³⁻¹¹ lap̚⁴/

/ui²³⁻³³ ia³³⁻²¹ lap̚⁴/

/vi²² ɦie⁵⁵ naʔ²¹/

/vi²² ɦie⁵⁵ nəʔ²¹/

1854, William Muirhead, “地質論”, in 地理全志, volume 1, Shanghai: 墨海書館, page 7:

Ōuluóbā yǒu cǐ céng shèn duō, Lúndūn, Bālísī, Wéiyěnà sān jīngdū jiànzào qí shàng.

歐羅巴有此層甚多，倫敦、巴黎斯、維也納三京都建造其上。

欧罗巴有此层甚多，伦敦、巴黎斯、维也纳三京都建造其上。

Vienna (a city, the capital city of Austria)


美利堅合眾國

ㄇㄟˇ ㄌㄧˋ ㄐㄧㄢ ㄏㄜˊ ㄓㄨㄥˋ ㄍㄨㄛˊ

ㄇㄟˇ ㄌㄧˋ ㄐㄧㄢ ㄏㄜˊ ㄓㄨㄥˋ ㄍㄨㄛˊ

Мэйлицзянь хэчжунго

/meɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ li⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵¹ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/mei̯¹³ lei̯²² kiːn⁵⁵ hɐp̚² t͡sʊŋ³³ kʷɔːk̚³/

Calque of English United States of America.

calque

United States of America
United States of America#English

United States of America (a country in North America)


斯德哥爾摩

ㄙ ㄉㄜˊ ㄍㄜ ㄦˇ ㄇㄛˊ

ㄙ ㄉㄜˊ ㄍㄜ ㄦˇ ㄇㄛˊ

/sz̩⁵⁵ tɤ³⁵ kɤ⁵⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ mu̯ɔ³⁵/

/siː⁵⁵ tɐk̚⁵ kɔː⁵⁵ jiː¹³ mɔː⁵⁵/

/sɯ³³ tiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ ko³³ nĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ mɔ̃²⁴/

/su⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ ko⁴⁴⁻²² nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ mɔ̃²⁴/

/su⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ ko⁴⁴⁻²² d͡zĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ mɔ̃¹³/

/sz̩⁵⁵ təʔ³³ ku³³ ɦəl³³ mu²¹/

/sz̩⁵⁵ təʔ³³ ku³³ ɦəl³³ mo²¹/

/sz̩⁵⁵ tɤ³⁵ kɤ⁵⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ mu̯ɔ³⁵/

/siː⁵⁵ tɐk̚⁵ kɔː⁵⁵ jiː¹³ mɔː⁵⁵/

/sɯ³³ tiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ ko³³ nĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ mɔ̃²⁴/

/sz̩⁵⁵ təʔ³³ ku³³ ɦəl³³ mu²¹/

/sz̩⁵⁵ təʔ³³ ku³³ ɦəl³³ mo²¹/

Stockholm (a city, the capital city of Sweden)


雅典

/jä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ti̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ŋaː¹³ tiːn³⁵/

/ŋa³¹ tiɛn³¹/

/ŋã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiɛn⁵³/

/ŋã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tiɛn⁴¹/

/ŋã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tiɛn⁵⁵⁴/

/ŋɛ̃⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiɛn⁵³/

/jä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ti̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ŋaː¹³ tiːn³⁵/

/ŋa³¹ tiɛn³¹/

/ŋã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiɛn⁵³/

/ŋã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tiɛn⁴¹/

/ŋã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tiɛn⁵⁵⁴/

/ŋɛ̃⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiɛn⁵³/

Borrowed from a European language; compare English Athens, German Athen, etc. Attested as early as 1838, in 古今萬國綱鑑 by German missionary Karl Gützlaff.

1848, 徐繼畬 [Xu Jiyu], editor, 瀛寰志略, volume 6, page 26:

Yú cháng wén zhī Yīng guān Lǐ Tàiguō yún: Yǎdiǎn zuì jiǎng wénxué, yìxí zhī jīng, wéi tàixī zhī Zōulǔ.

余嘗聞之英官李太郭云：雅典最講文學，肄習之精，為泰西之鄒魯。

余尝闻之英官李太郭云：雅典最讲文学，肄习之精，为泰西之邹鲁。

Athens (a city, the capital city of Greece)


高峰

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ fɤŋ⁵⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ fʊŋ⁵⁵/

/ko²⁴⁻¹¹ fuŋ²⁴/

/kɔ³³ hɔŋ³³/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kau³³⁻²³ hoŋ³³/

/kɔ⁵⁵ foŋ²¹/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ fɤŋ⁵⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ fʊŋ⁵⁵/

/ko²⁴⁻¹¹ fuŋ²⁴/

/kɔ³³ hɔŋ³³/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kau³³⁻²³ hoŋ³³/

/kɔ⁵⁵ foŋ²¹/

(～村) Gaofeng (a village in Wudian, Zaoyang, Xiangyang, Hubei, China)


天安門

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ˀän⁵⁵ mən³⁵/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ ɔːn⁵⁵ muːn²¹/

/hen³³ ᵘɔn³³ ᵐbᵘɔn²²/

/tʰi̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ on²⁴ mun¹¹/

teng¹ ang¹ muei² [Phonetic:teng⁵ ang⁵ muei²]

/tʰɛŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ aŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ muei¹³/

teng¹ ang¹ mui² [Phonetic:teng⁵ ang⁵ mui²]

/tʰɛŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ aŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ mui²⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² an⁴⁴⁻²² mŋ̍²⁴/

/tʰiɛn³³ an³³ mŋ̍²⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² an⁴⁴⁻²² mŋ̍¹³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ an⁴⁴⁻³³ mŋ̍²⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ an⁴⁴⁻³³ mŋ̍²³/

/tʰiaŋ³³⁻²³ aŋ³³⁻²³ muŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰieŋ³³⁻²³ aŋ³³⁻²³ muŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ˀän⁵⁵ mən³⁵/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ ɔːn⁵⁵ muːn²¹/

/hen³³ ᵘɔn³³ ᵐbᵘɔn²²/

/tʰi̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ on²⁴ mun¹¹/

/tʰɛŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ aŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ muei¹³/

/tʰɛŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ aŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ mui²⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² an⁴⁴⁻²² mŋ̍²⁴/

/tʰiɛn³³ an³³ mŋ̍²⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² an⁴⁴⁻²² mŋ̍¹³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ an⁴⁴⁻³³ mŋ̍²⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ an⁴⁴⁻³³ mŋ̍²³/

/tʰiaŋ³³⁻²³ aŋ³³⁻²³ muŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰieŋ³³⁻²³ aŋ³³⁻²³ muŋ⁵⁵/

Gate of Heavenly Peace
Gate of Heavenly Peace#English

Tian'anmen, Tiananmen, Gate of Heavenly Peace (a gate in Beijing, China)


巴里

/pä⁵⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pä⁵⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

* The city in Ontario is borrowed from English Barrie.
* The city in Italy is borrowed from Italian Bari.

Bari (the capital city of Apulia, Italy)


新建

/ɕin⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² kiɛn²¹/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² kiɛn²¹/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɛn¹¹/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɛn²¹/

/ɕin⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² kiɛn²¹/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² kiɛn²¹/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɛn¹¹/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɛn²¹/

(～區, formerly ～縣) Xinjian (a district and former county of Nanchang, Jiangxi, China)

(～社區) Xinjian (a community in Zhucheng, Xinzhou district, Wuhan, Hubei, China)

(～村) Xinjian (a village in Zhonglu, Lichuan, Enshi prefecture, Hubei, China)


仰光

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (仰光):
* → Vietnamese: Ngưỡng Quang (仰光)

/jɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ku̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/jœːŋ¹³ kʷɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/ɡiɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/ɡiɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kɔŋ³³/

/ɡiaŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/n̠ʲin²² kuɑ̃⁴⁴/

/jɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ku̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/jœːŋ¹³ kʷɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/ɡiɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/ɡiɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kɔŋ³³/

/ɡiaŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/n̠ʲin²² kuɑ̃⁴⁴/

1891, 薛福成 [Xue Fucheng], 出使英法義比四國日記, volume 3, page 12:

Huáshāng huágōng zài Yǎngguāng zhě sān wàn yú rén, Mǐn shāng jū sān fēn zhī yī, shēngyì jiào dà, Yuè rén suī duō ér shēngyì cì zhī.

華商華工在仰光者三萬餘人，閩商居三分之一，生意較大，粵人雖多而生意次之。

华商华工在仰光者三万余人，闽商居三分之一，生意较大，粤人虽多而生意次之。


三亞

Sino-Xenic (三亞):
* → Vietnamese: Tam Á (三亞)

→ English: Sanya

/sän⁵⁵ jä⁵¹/

/sän⁵⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/saːm⁵⁵ aː³³/

/sän⁵⁵ jä⁵¹/

/sän⁵⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/saːm⁵⁵ aː³³/

First attested in 1521 in 正德瓊台志.
Wang (2014) suggests that 三亞 is borrowed from a Hlai word meaning "field with crows".
* 三 (Hainanese /ta¹/) is borrowed from Hlai dax (“field; farmland”) (Heitu dialect: /naː²/).
* 亞／亚 (Hainanese /a¹/) is likely borrowed from Hlai eek (“crow”) (Heitu dialect: /ʔaːʔ⁹/).
Note that toponyms with 三 as the first character are common in southern Hainan where the Hlai (Li) people live.
Originally referring to the area around Sanya Harbor (三亞港), it replaced 崖縣／崖县 (Yáxiàn, “Ya County”) in 1984 to refer to the entire prefecture-level city.

(～市) Sanya (a prefecture-level city of Hainan, China)


沖繩

/ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ⁵⁵ ʂɤŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰʊŋ⁵⁵ sɪŋ²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ⁵⁵ ʂɤŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰʊŋ⁵⁵ sɪŋ²¹/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 沖縄 (Okinawa).

obor

(～市) Okinawa (a city in Okinawa Prefecture, Japan)


芭蕉

/pä⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/pa²⁴ t͡ɕiɔː²⁴/

/pa²⁴ t͡ɕiɔː⁵¹/

/paː⁵⁵ t͡siːu̯⁵⁵/

/ˈpa⁴² t͡ɕiɛu⁴²/

/pa²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡seu̯²⁴/

/pa⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siɤ⁴⁴/

/pa⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sio⁴⁴/

/pa⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sio⁴⁴/

/pa⁵⁵ t͡ɕiɔ²¹/

/po⁵⁵ t͡ɕiɔ²¹/

/pä⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/pa²⁴ t͡ɕiɔː²⁴/

/pa²⁴ t͡ɕiɔː⁵¹/

/paː⁵⁵ t͡siːu̯⁵⁵/

/ˈpa⁴² t͡ɕiɛu⁴²/

/pa²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡seu̯²⁴/

/pa⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siɤ⁴⁴/

/pa⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sio⁴⁴/

/pa⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sio⁴⁴/

/pa⁵⁵ t͡ɕiɔ²¹/

/po⁵⁵ t͡ɕiɔ²¹/

(～侗族鄉) Bajiao (a township in Enshi, Enshi prefecture, Hubei, China)


大德

/tai²²⁻²¹ tiɪk̚³²/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² tiɪk̚⁵/

/tai²²⁻²¹ tiɪk̚³²/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ tiɪk̚³²/

/tai³³⁻²¹ tiɪk̚³²/

/tai²²⁻²¹ tiɪk̚³²/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² tiɪk̚⁵/

/tai²²⁻²¹ tiɪk̚³²/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ tiɪk̚³²/

/tai³³⁻²¹ tiɪk̚³²/

(～鎮) Dade (a town in Kaizhou district, Chongqing, China)


大同

→ English: Datong, Tatung

/tä⁵¹ tʰʊŋ³⁵/

/taːi̯²² tʰʊŋ²¹/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ tʰuŋ¹¹/

/tʰai³³ tʰuŋ⁵⁵/

/tai¹¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lɒŋ¹³/

/tai²¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lɒŋ²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ tɔŋ²⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² tɔŋ²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ tɔŋ¹³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ tɔŋ²⁴/

/tai³³⁻²¹ tɔŋ²³/

/tä⁵¹ tʰʊŋ³⁵/

/taːi̯²² tʰʊŋ²¹/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ tʰuŋ¹¹/

/tʰai³³ tʰuŋ⁵⁵/

/tai¹¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lɒŋ¹³/

/tai²¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lɒŋ²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ tɔŋ²⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² tɔŋ²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ tɔŋ¹³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ tɔŋ²⁴/

/tai³³⁻²¹ tɔŋ²³/

The philosophical sense is from the Book of Rites, Book 9 (《禮記·禮運》)

… In this way (selfish) schemings were repressed and found no development. Robbers, filchers, and rebellious traitors did not show themselves, and hence the outer doors remained open, and were not shut. This was (the period of) what we call the Grand Union.

The Book of Rites, c. 4ᵗʰ – 2ⁿᵈ century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

...... Shìgù móu bì ér bù xīng, dàoqiè luànzéi ér bù zuò, gù wàihù ér bù bì, shì wèi dàtóng.

……是故謀閉而不興，盜竊亂賊而不作，故外戶而不閉，是謂大同。

……是故谋闭而不兴，盗窃乱贼而不作，故外户而不闭，是谓大同。

(～市) Datong (a prefecture-level city of Shanxi, China)

Yunzhou District
Yunzhou District#English

(～縣) (historical) Datong (a former county of Datong, Shanxi, China; modern Yunzhou District)

(～區) Datong (a district of Taipei, Taiwan)

Datong District
w:Datong District, Daqing

(～區) Datong District (a district of Daqing, Heilongjiang, China)

(～鄉) Datong (a mountain indigenous township in Yilan County, Taiwan)

(～社區) Datong (a residential community in Zhicheng, Yidu, Yichang, Hubei, China)


花旗國

ㄏㄨㄚ ㄑㄧˊ ㄍㄨㄛˊ

ㄏㄨㄚ ㄑㄧˊ ㄍㄨㄛˊ

/xu̯ä⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/faː⁵⁵ kʰei̯²¹ kʷɔːk̚³/

/hua⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾i⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾uɔʔ²⁴/

/hua⁴⁴⁻²² ki²⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/hue⁴⁴⁻³³ ki²³⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

/hue⁴⁴⁻³³ ki²⁴⁻¹¹ kɔk̚³²/

/hue⁴⁴⁻²² ki²⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/xu̯ä⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/faː⁵⁵ kʰei̯²¹ kʷɔːk̚³/

/hua⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾i⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾uɔʔ²⁴/

/hua⁴⁴⁻²² ki²⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/hue⁴⁴⁻³³ ki²³⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

/hue⁴⁴⁻³³ ki²⁴⁻¹¹ kɔk̚³²/

/hue⁴⁴⁻²² ki²⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

United States of America
United States of America


花旗

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (花旗):
* → Vietnamese: Hoa Kì (花旗), Hoa Kỳ (花旗)

variegated flag; particolored flag (Star-Spangled Banner)

/xu̯ä⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/faː⁵⁵ kʰei̯²¹/

/faː⁵⁵ kʰei̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/fa³³ kʰei²²⁻²²⁵/

/hue⁴⁴⁻²² ki²⁴/

/hue⁴⁴⁻³³ ki²⁴/

/hue⁴⁴⁻³³ ki²³/

/hua⁴⁴⁻³³ ki²⁴/

/hua⁴⁴⁻³³ ki²³/

/hua⁴⁴⁻²² ki¹³/

/ho⁵⁵ d͡ʑi²¹/

/xu̯ä⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/faː⁵⁵ kʰei̯²¹/

/faː⁵⁵ kʰei̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/fa³³ kʰei²²⁻²²⁵/

/hue⁴⁴⁻²² ki²⁴/

/hue⁴⁴⁻³³ ki²⁴/

/hue⁴⁴⁻³³ ki²³/

/hua⁴⁴⁻³³ ki²⁴/

/hua⁴⁴⁻³³ ki²³/

/hua⁴⁴⁻²² ki¹³/

/ho⁵⁵ d͡ʑi²¹/

(dated or dialectal) United States (a country in North America)


江北

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ pɐk̚⁵/

/kɑ̃⁵⁵ poʔ²¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ pɐk̚⁵/

/kɑ̃⁵⁵ poʔ²¹/

(～區) Jiangbei (a district of Chongqing, China)

(～區) Jiangbei (a district of Ningbo, Zhejiang, China)


金甌

Borrowed from Vietnamese, probably a phono-semantic matching of Vietnamese Cà Mau, likely via Cantonese.

psm

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ ˀoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kɐm⁵⁵ ɐu̯⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ ˀoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kɐm⁵⁵ ɐu̯⁵⁵/


方正

/fɑŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹/

/fɔːŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɪŋ³³/

/fɑŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹/

/fɔːŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɪŋ³³/

(～縣) Fangzheng (a county of Harbin, Heilongjiang, China)


冬山

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/tuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ san²⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ suã⁴⁴/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/tuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ san²⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ suã⁴⁴/

(～鄉) Dongshan (a rural township in Yilan County, Taiwan)


新豐

/ɕin⁵⁵ fɤŋ⁵⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ fʊŋ⁵⁵/

/sin²⁴⁻¹¹ fuŋ²⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/sin³³ hɔŋ³³/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/ɕin⁵⁵ fɤŋ⁵⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ fʊŋ⁵⁵/

/sin²⁴⁻¹¹ fuŋ²⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/sin³³ hɔŋ³³/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

(～縣) Xinfeng (a county of Shaoguan, Guangdong, China)

(～鄉) Xinfeng (a rural township in Hsinchu County, Taiwan)


半月

/pän⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɥɛ⁵¹/

/pän⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɥɛ⁵¹/

(～鎮) Banyue (a town in Dangyang, Yichang, Hubei, China)


興平

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/hiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² piɪŋ²⁴/

/hiɪŋ³³ piɪŋ²⁴/

/hiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² piɪŋ¹³/

/hiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ piɪŋ²⁴/

/hiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ piɪŋ²³/

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/hiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² piɪŋ²⁴/

/hiɪŋ³³ piɪŋ²⁴/

/hiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² piɪŋ¹³/

/hiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ piɪŋ²⁴/

/hiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ piɪŋ²³/

(～市) Xingping (a county-level city of Xianyang, Shaanxi, China)

(～鎮, formerly ～鄉) Xingping (a town in Yuli, Bayingolin prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China, formerly a township)


建安

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ ˀän⁵⁵/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ an⁴⁴/

/kiɛn⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ an³³/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ an⁴⁴/

/kiɛn¹¹⁻⁵³ an⁴⁴/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁴¹ an⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ ˀän⁵⁵/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ an⁴⁴/

/kiɛn⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ an³³/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ an⁴⁴/

/kiɛn¹¹⁻⁵³ an⁴⁴/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁴¹ an⁴⁴/

(～區) Jian'an (a district of Xuchang, Henan, China)

(～郡) Kiến An (an urban district of Haiphong, Vietnam)


林肯

/lin³⁵ kʰən²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lɐm²¹ hɐŋ³⁵/

/lin³⁵ kʰən²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lɐm²¹ hɐŋ³⁵/

Lincoln (a city, the state capital of Nebraska, United States)


聖文森特和格林納丁斯

ㄕㄥˋ ㄨㄣˊ ㄙㄣ ㄊㄜˋ ㄏㄜˊ ㄍㄜˊ ㄌㄧㄣˊ ㄋㄚˋ ㄉㄧㄥ ㄙ

sing³ man⁴ sam¹ dak⁶ wo⁴ gaak³ lam⁴ naap⁶ ding¹ si¹

ㄕㄥˋ ㄨㄣˊ ㄙㄣ ㄊㄜˋ ㄏㄜˊ ㄍㄜˊ ㄌㄧㄣˊ ㄋㄚˋ ㄉㄧㄥ ㄙ

Шэнвэньсэньтэ хэ Гэлиньнадинсы

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹ wən³⁵ sən⁵⁵ tʰɤ⁵¹ xɤ³⁵ kɤ³⁵ lin³⁵ nä⁵¹ tiŋ⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵/

sing màhn sām dahk wòh gaak làhm naahp dīng sī

sing³ man⁴ sam¹ dak⁹ wo⁴ gaak⁸ lam⁴ naap⁹ ding¹ si¹

xing³ men⁴ sem¹ deg⁶ wo⁴ gag³ lem⁴ nab⁶ ding¹ xi¹

/sɪŋ³³ mɐn²¹ sɐm⁵⁵ tɐk̚² wɔː²¹ kaːk̚³ lɐm²¹ naːp̚² tɪŋ⁵⁵ siː⁵⁵/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ bun²⁴⁻²² sim⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚⁴⁻³² ho²⁴⁻²² kiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ lim²⁴⁻²² lap̚⁴⁻³² tiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² su⁴⁴/

/siɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ bun²⁴⁻²² səm³³ tiak̚²⁴⁻² hɔ²⁴⁻²² kiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ lim²⁴⁻²² lap̚²⁴⁻² tiɪŋ³³ sɯ³³/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ bun¹³⁻²² sɔm⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ ho¹³⁻²² kiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ lim¹³⁻²² lap̚¹²¹⁻²¹ tiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² su⁴⁴/

/ Sèng-bûn-serm-tia̍k hô͘ Kiak-lîm-la̍p-teng-sir /

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines#English:_Q757

(Mainland China) Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (an archipelago and country in the Caribbean, comprising the islands of Saint Vincent and the island chain of the Grenadines)


聖文森及格瑞納丁

ㄕㄥˋ ㄨㄣˊ ㄙㄣ ㄐㄧˊ ㄍㄜˊ ㄖㄨㄟˋ ㄋㄚˋ ㄉㄧㄥ

sing³ man⁴ sam¹ kap⁶ gaak³ seoi⁶ naap⁶ ding¹

ㄕㄥˋ ㄨㄣˊ ㄙㄣ ㄐㄧˊ ㄍㄜˊ ㄖㄨㄟˋ ㄋㄚˋ ㄉㄧㄥ

Шэнвэньсэнь цзи Гэжуйнадин

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹ wən³⁵ sən⁵⁵ t͡ɕi³⁵ kɤ³⁵ ʐu̯eɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ nä⁵¹ tiŋ⁵⁵/

sing màhn sām kahp gaak seuih naahp dīng

sing³ man⁴ sam¹ kap⁹ gaak⁸ soey⁶ naap⁹ ding¹

xing³ men⁴ sem¹ keb⁶ gag³ sêu⁶ nab⁶ ding¹

/sɪŋ³³ mɐn²¹ sɐm⁵⁵ kʰɐp̚² kaːk̚³ sɵy̯²² naːp̚² tɪŋ⁵⁵/

(Taiwan) Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (an archipelago and country in the Caribbean, comprising the islands of Saint Vincent and the island chain of the Grenadines)


天王

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ wɑŋ³⁵/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ wɔːŋ²¹/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² ɔŋ²⁴/

/tʰiɛn³³ ɔŋ²⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² ɔŋ¹³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ ɔŋ²⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ ɔŋ²³/

/tʰi⁵⁵ ɦuɑ̃²¹/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ wɑŋ³⁵/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ wɔːŋ²¹/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² ɔŋ²⁴/

/tʰiɛn³³ ɔŋ²⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² ɔŋ¹³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ ɔŋ²⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ ɔŋ²³/

/tʰi⁵⁵ ɦuɑ̃²¹/

Earliest extant attestation is in the Spring and Autumn Annals [c. 5th century BCE]:
*

circa

5th century <small class='ce-date'>BCE</small>

In autumn, in the seventh month, the Heaven-appointed king sent the [sub] administrator Xuan with a present of [two] carriages and their horses for the funerals of duke Hui and [his wife] the second-born Zi.

Spring and Autumn Annals, c. 5th century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

Qiū, qīyuè, tiānwáng shǐ zǎi Xuān lái guī Huìgōng Zhòngzǐ zhī fèng.

秋，七月，天王使宰咺來歸惠公仲子之賵。

秋，七月，天王使宰咺来归惠公仲子之赗。

(～村) Tianwang (a village in Xinshi, Jingshan, Jingmen, Hubei, China)


魚鱗

/jyː²¹⁻³⁵ lɵn²¹/

/ᵑɡui²²⁻²¹ lin²²/

/ŋ̍¹¹ lin¹¹/

/ŋy³³ saiŋ³³/

/ŋy⁵³⁻³³ l̃iŋ⁵³/

/hy¹³⁻¹¹ lɛŋ¹³/

/hy²⁴⁻²¹ lɛŋ²⁴/

/hɯ²⁴⁻²² lan²⁴/

/hu²⁴⁻¹¹ lan²⁴/

/hi²⁴⁻²² lan²⁴/

/hi¹³⁻²² lan¹³/

/hi²³⁻³³ lan²³/

/hɯ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ laŋ⁵⁵/

/jyː²¹⁻³⁵ lɵn²¹/

/ᵑɡui²²⁻²¹ lin²²/

/ŋ̍¹¹ lin¹¹/

/ŋy³³ saiŋ³³/

/ŋy⁵³⁻³³ l̃iŋ⁵³/

/hy¹³⁻¹¹ lɛŋ¹³/

/hy²⁴⁻²¹ lɛŋ²⁴/

/hɯ²⁴⁻²² lan²⁴/

/hu²⁴⁻¹¹ lan²⁴/

/hi²⁴⁻²² lan²⁴/

/hi¹³⁻²² lan¹³/

/hi²³⁻³³ lan²³/

/hɯ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ laŋ⁵⁵/

(～鄉) Yulin (a township in Wuxi, Chongqing, China)


太白

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ paɪ̯³⁵/

/tʰaːi̯³³ paːk̚²/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ piɪk̚⁴/

/tʰai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ piɪk̚²⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ piɪk̚¹²¹/

/tʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ piɪk̚⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ piɪk̚⁴/

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ paɪ̯³⁵/

/tʰaːi̯³³ paːk̚²/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ piɪk̚⁴/

/tʰai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ piɪk̚²⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ piɪk̚¹²¹/

/tʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ piɪk̚⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ piɪk̚⁴/

(～縣) Taibai (a county of Baoji, Shaanxi, China)

(～區) Taihaku (a ward of Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan)


流水

/li̯oʊ̯³⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lɐu̯²¹ sɵy̯³⁵/

/lau²⁴⁻²² t͡sui⁵⁵⁴/

/liu²⁴⁻²² sui⁵⁵⁴/

/li̯oʊ̯³⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lɐu̯²¹ sɵy̯³⁵/

/lau²⁴⁻²² t͡sui⁵⁵⁴/

/liu²⁴⁻²² sui⁵⁵⁴/

(～鎮) Liushui (a town in Yicheng, Xiangyang, Hubei, China)

(～鎮) Liushui (a town in Pingtan, Fuzhou, Fujian, China)


古來

→ Malay: Kulai

This place was originally known as 龜來, since many turtles are found on the river bank after floods. Since the character 龜 is complex, it is later renamed 古來.

/ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ laɪ̯³⁵/

/kuː³⁵ lɔːi̯²¹/

/ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ laɪ̯³⁵/

/kuː³⁵ lɔːi̯²¹/

(～縣) Kulai District (a district of Johor, Malaysia)

Kulai (a town, the capital of Kulai district, Johor, Malaysia)


聯盟

/li̯ɛn³⁵ mɤŋ³⁵/

/lyːn²¹ mɐŋ²¹/

/l̃ieŋ⁵³⁻³³ mɛiŋ⁵³/

/lɛŋ¹³⁻¹¹ mɛŋ¹³/

/lɛŋ²⁴⁻²¹ mɛŋ²⁴/

/liɛn²³⁻³³ biɪŋ²³/

/liɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ biɪŋ²⁴/

/liɛn¹³⁻²² biɪŋ¹³/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/

/biɛn¹³⁻²² biɪŋ¹³/

/li̯ɛn³⁵ mɤŋ³⁵/

/lyːn²¹ mɐŋ²¹/

/l̃ieŋ⁵³⁻³³ mɛiŋ⁵³/

/lɛŋ¹³⁻¹¹ mɛŋ¹³/

/lɛŋ²⁴⁻²¹ mɛŋ²⁴/

/liɛn²³⁻³³ biɪŋ²³/

/liɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ biɪŋ²⁴/

/liɛn¹³⁻²² biɪŋ¹³/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/

/biɛn¹³⁻²² biɪŋ¹³/

(～村) Lianmeng (a village in Zhashan, Caidian district, Wuhan, Hubei, China)


民權

/min³⁵ t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵/

/mɐn²¹ kʰyːn²¹/

/min³⁵ t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵/

/mɐn²¹ kʰyːn²¹/

(～縣) Minquan (a county of Shangqiu, Henan, China)

(～街道) Minquan (a subdistrict of Jianghan district, Wuhan, Hubei, China)

(～里) an urban village in Tamsui district, New Taipei City, Taiwan


邯鄲

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (邯鄲):
* → Japanese: 邯鄲(かんたん) (Kantan)
* → Korean: 한단(邯鄲) (Handan)

→ English: Handan, Han-tan

/xän³⁵ tän⁵⁵/

/hɔːn²¹ taːn⁵⁵/

/xän³⁵ tän⁵⁵/

/hɔːn²¹ taːn⁵⁵/

(～市) Handan (a prefecture-level city of Hebei, China)

(～縣) (historical) Handan (a former county of Handan, Hebei, China, succeeded by Congtai and Hanshan Districts)


東平

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ pʰɪŋ²¹/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ pʰɪŋ²¹/

(～縣) Dongping (a county of Tai'an, Shandong, China)


加德滿都

ㄐㄧㄚ ㄉㄜˊ ㄇㄢˇ ㄉㄨ

ㄐㄧㄚ ㄉㄜˊ ㄇㄢˇ ㄉㄨ

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ tɤ³⁵ män²¹⁴⁻²¹ tu⁵⁵/

/kaː⁵⁵ tɐk̚⁵ muːn¹³ tou̯⁵⁵/

/ka³³ tiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ buan⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tɔ³³/

/ka⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ buan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tɔ⁴⁴/

/kɛ⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ buan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tɔ⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ tɤ³⁵ män²¹⁴⁻²¹ tu⁵⁵/

/kaː⁵⁵ tɐk̚⁵ muːn¹³ tou̯⁵⁵/

/ka³³ tiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ buan⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tɔ³³/

/ka⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ buan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tɔ⁴⁴/

/kɛ⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ buan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tɔ⁴⁴/

Borrowed from English Kathmandu, from Nepali काठमाडौं (kāṭhmāḍa͠u), from Sanskrit काष्ठमण्डप (kāṣṭhamaṇḍapa), from काष्ठ (kāṣṭha, “wood”) + मण्डप (maṇḍapa, “pavilion”).

bor

Nepali काठमाडौं (kāṭhmāḍa͠u)


綜合

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵¹ xɤ³⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ³³ hɐp̚²/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ hɐp̚²/

/t͡suŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ hap̚⁵/

/t͡sɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hap̚⁴/

/t͡sɔŋ³³ hap̚²⁴/

/t͡sɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hap̚¹²¹/

/t͡sɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hap̚⁴/

/t͡sɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hap̚⁴/

/t͡soŋ³³⁻²³ hap̚⁴/

/t͡soŋ³³⁻²³ haʔ⁴/

/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ ɦəʔ²¹/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵¹ xɤ³⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ³³ hɐp̚²/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ hɐp̚²/

/t͡suŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ hap̚⁵/

/t͡sɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hap̚⁴/

/t͡sɔŋ³³ hap̚²⁴/

/t͡sɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hap̚¹²¹/

/t͡sɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hap̚⁴/

/t͡sɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hap̚⁴/

/t͡soŋ³³⁻²³ hap̚⁴/

/t͡soŋ³³⁻²³ haʔ⁴/

/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ ɦəʔ²¹/

(～村) Zonghe (a village in Zhonglu, Lichuan, Enshi prefecture, Hubei, China)


宜城

/i³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/jiː²¹ sɪŋ²¹/

/i³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/jiː²¹ sɪŋ²¹/

(～市) Yicheng (a county-level city of Xiangyang, Hubei, China)

經濟技術開發區 經濟技術開發區#Chinese

(～經濟技術開發區) Yicheng (an economic and technological development zone in Yicheng, Xiangyang, Hubei, China)


曼谷

/män⁵¹ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/man⁵³⁻⁵⁵ kʊk̚¹/

/ban²²⁻²¹ kɔk̚³²/

/ban⁴¹⁻²² kɔk̚⁵/

/ban²²⁻²¹ kɔk̚³²/

/ban³³⁻¹¹ kɔk̚³²/

/ban³³⁻²¹ kɔk̚³²/

/maŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ kok̚⁴/

/män⁵¹ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/man⁵³⁻⁵⁵ kʊk̚¹/

/ban²²⁻²¹ kɔk̚³²/

/ban⁴¹⁻²² kɔk̚⁵/

/ban²²⁻²¹ kɔk̚³²/

/ban³³⁻¹¹ kɔk̚³²/

/ban³³⁻²¹ kɔk̚³²/

/maŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ kok̚⁴/

Borrowed from Thai บางกอก (baang-gɔ̀ɔk), via Hokkien.

1898, 薛福成 [Xue Fucheng], 出使日記續刻, volume 5, page 26:

Guāngxù shíyī nián, Xiānluó rù tàixī gèguó zhī yóuzhèng huì, ānshè diànxiàn, nán shǐ Màngǔ, běi zhǐ Jǐngmài, zhōng tōng gè chéng, yòu dōng zhì Xīgòng, xī jiē Xiàmiǎndiàn, gòngyǒu diànxiàn wǔ qiān yībǎi sìshí lǐ yǒu qí.

光緒十一年，暹羅入泰西各國之郵政會，安設電線，南始曼谷，北止景邁，中通各城，又東至西貢，西接下緬甸，共有電線五千一百四十里有奇。

光绪十一年，暹罗入泰西各国之邮政会，安设电线，南始曼谷，北止景迈，中通各城，又东至西贡，西接下缅甸，共有电线五千一百四十里有奇。

1929, 龔學遂, 中國民族海外發展狀況, 大華書社, page 21:

Màngǔ de huáqiáo, zài shíwǔ wàn zhì èrshí wàn zhījiān, Xiānluó zhèngfǔ yǔnxǔ huáqiáo zìyóu rù guó, bìng miǎnchú qiángzhì láodòng.

曼谷的華僑，在十五萬至二十萬之間，暹羅政府允許華僑自由入國，併免除強制勞動。

1929, 龔學遂, 中國民族海外發展狀況, 大華書社, page 21:

曼谷的华侨，在十五万至二十万之间，暹罗政府允许华侨自由入国，并免除强制劳动。


開羅

→ Zhuang: Gaihloz

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵/

/hɔːi̯⁵⁵ lɔː²¹/

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵/

/hɔːi̯⁵⁵ lɔː²¹/

Cairo (a city, the capital city of Egypt)


薩那

/sä⁵¹⁻⁵³ nä⁵¹/

/sat̚⁵⁻²⁴ nã⁴¹/

/sat̚³²⁻⁴ nã⁵³/

/sat̚³²⁻⁵ nã⁵³/

/sä⁵¹⁻⁵³ nä⁵¹/

/sat̚⁵⁻²⁴ nã⁴¹/

/sat̚³²⁻⁴ nã⁵³/

/sat̚³²⁻⁵ nã⁵³/

(Mainland China) Sana'a (a city, the capital city of Yemen)


巴格達

/pä⁵⁵ kɤ³⁵ tä³⁵/

/pa⁴⁴⁻³³ ke(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ tat̚⁴/

/pa⁴⁴⁻³³ ke(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ tat̚⁴/

/pa⁴⁴⁻²² kiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ tat̚⁴/

/pa⁴⁴⁻²² kiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ tat̚¹²¹/

/pä⁵⁵ kɤ³⁵ tä³⁵/

/pa⁴⁴⁻³³ ke(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ tat̚⁴/

/pa⁴⁴⁻³³ ke(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ tat̚⁴/

/pa⁴⁴⁻²² kiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ tat̚⁴/

/pa⁴⁴⁻²² kiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ tat̚¹²¹/


大馬士革

ㄉㄚˋ ㄇㄚˇ ㄕˋ ㄍㄜˊ

ㄉㄚˋ ㄇㄚˇ ㄕˋ ㄍㄜˊ

/tä⁵¹ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂʐ̩⁵¹ kɤ³⁵/

/taːi̯²² maː¹³ siː²² kaːk̚³/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ ma²⁴⁻¹¹ sɨ⁵⁵ ki̯et̚²/

dai⁵ ma³ so⁵ geh⁶ [Phonetic:dai⁵ ma² so⁴ geh⁶]

/tai¹¹ ma⁴⁵³⁻¹³ ɬo¹¹⁻⁴² kɛʔ²¹/

/tai²¹ ma³³²⁻²⁴ ɬo²¹⁻⁴² kɛʔ²/

/tai³³⁻²¹ mã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ su³³⁻²¹ kiɪk̚³²/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ su³³⁻¹¹ kiɪk̚³²/

/tai²²⁻²¹ mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ su²²⁻²¹ kiɪk̚³²/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² mã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sɯ²² kiak̚⁵/

/tä⁵¹ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂʐ̩⁵¹ kɤ³⁵/

/taːi̯²² maː¹³ siː²² kaːk̚³/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ ma²⁴⁻¹¹ sɨ⁵⁵ ki̯et̚²/

/tai¹¹ ma⁴⁵³⁻¹³ ɬo¹¹⁻⁴² kɛʔ²¹/

/tai²¹ ma³³²⁻²⁴ ɬo²¹⁻⁴² kɛʔ²/

/tai³³⁻²¹ mã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ su³³⁻²¹ kiɪk̚³²/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ su³³⁻¹¹ kiɪk̚³²/

/tai²²⁻²¹ mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ su²²⁻²¹ kiɪk̚³²/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² mã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sɯ²² kiak̚⁵/

1839, 救世主耶穌新遺詔書, volume 聖差言行傳, Singapore: 堅夏書院, 第九章, page 16:

And Saul, yet breathing out threatenings and slaughter against the disciples of the Lord, went unto the high priest, [a]nd desired of him letters to Damascus to the synagogues, that if he found any of this way, whether they were men or women, he might bring them bound unto Jerusalem. And as he journeyed, he came near Damascus: and suddenly there shined round about him a light from heaven: And he fell to the earth, and heard a voice saying unto him, Saul, Saul, why persecutest thou me?

Qiě Sǎoluó shàng kǒu chū wēi yán, xià shā jiùzhǔ zhī ménshēng, nǎi yèjiàn jìsī yuánkuí, qiú wénshū, wǎng Dàmǎshìgé, rù zhū gōngtáng, ruò yù xìn cǐ dào zhī rén, huò nán huò nǚ, kě jū jiè dào Yēlùsǎlěng yǐ. Zhèng xíng zhījiān, jìng wàng Dàmǎshìgé, hūrán tiān fā jù guāng, zhōuwéi zhào yì, sǎoluó suì dǎodì, wén shēng. Yún, Sǎoluó Sǎoluó, yīnhé bǔ hài wǒ.

且掃羅尚口出威言，嚇殺救主之門生，乃謁見祭司元魁，求文書，往大馬士革，入諸公堂，若遇信此道之人，或男或女，可拘解到耶路撒冷矣。正行之間，竟望大馬士革，忽然天發巨光，周圍照熠，掃羅遂倒地，聞聲。云，掃羅掃羅，因何捕害我。

且扫罗尚口出威言，吓杀救主之门生，乃谒见祭司元魁，求文书，往大马士革，入诸公堂，若遇信此道之人，或男或女，可拘解到耶路撒冷矣。正行之间，竟望大马士革，忽然天发巨光，周围照熠，扫罗遂倒地，闻声。云，扫罗扫罗，因何捕害我。

Damascus (the capital city of Syria; an ancient settlement, the ancient capital of various polities, most notably the Umayyad Caliphate from 661 to 744 CE and Aram-Damascus, existing from the 12th to 8th centuries BCE)


多哈

/tu̯ɔ⁵⁵ xä⁵⁵/

/tɔː⁵⁵ haː⁵⁵/

/to⁴⁴⁻²² haʔ³²/

/tu̯ɔ⁵⁵ xä⁵⁵/

/tɔː⁵⁵ haː⁵⁵/

/to⁴⁴⁻²² haʔ³²/

(Mainland China, Hong Kong) Doha (the capital and largest city of Qatar)


紐西蘭

/ni̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi⁵⁵ län³⁵/

/nɐu̯³⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵ laːn²¹/

/nɐu̯¹³ sɐi̯⁵⁵ laːn²¹/

/liu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ se⁴⁴⁻³³ lan²³/

/liu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ se⁴⁴⁻³³ lan²⁴/

/niũ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ se⁴⁴⁻³³ lan²⁴/

/niũ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ se⁴⁴⁻³³ lan²³/

/ni̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi⁵⁵ län³⁵/

/nɐu̯³⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵ laːn²¹/

/nɐu̯¹³ sɐi̯⁵⁵ laːn²¹/

/liu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ se⁴⁴⁻³³ lan²³/

/liu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ se⁴⁴⁻³³ lan²⁴/

/niũ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ se⁴⁴⁻³³ lan²⁴/

/niũ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ se⁴⁴⁻³³ lan²³/

Xiàn jì huárén qiáojū Xīnjīnshān gè bù zhě yǐ yǒu sì wàn rén, yòu yǒu zài Dǎshìmǐníyà yǔ Niǔxīlán liǎng dǎo zhě yuē sì wàn qī qiān rén.

現計華人僑居新金山各埠者已有四萬人，又有在打士米尼亞與紐西蘭兩島者約四萬七千人。

现计华人侨居新金山各埠者已有四万人，又有在打士米尼亚与纽西兰两岛者约四万七千人。

(Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia) New Zealand (a country and archipelago of Oceania, to the east of Australia)


三水

/sän⁵⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/saːm⁵⁵ sɵy̯³⁵/

/sän⁵⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/saːm⁵⁵ sɵy̯³⁵/

(～區, formerly ～縣) Sanshui (a district of Foshan, Guangdong, China; a former county of Guangdong, China)


大昌

/tä⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/tä⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

(～鎮) Dachang (a town in Wushan, Chongqing, China)


二郎

/ˀɤɻ⁵¹ lɑŋ³⁵/

/ˀɤɻ⁵¹ lɑŋ³⁵/

(～村) Erlang (a village in Wudian, Zaoyang, Xiangyang, Hubei, China)


高山

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 高山(たかやま) (Takayama).

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/ko²⁴⁻¹¹ san²⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/ko²⁴⁻¹¹ san²⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

(～市) Takayama (a city in Gifu Prefecture, Japan)


義和

(～鎮) Yihe (a town in Yingcheng, Xiaogan, Hubei, China)

(～鎮) Yihe (a town in Kaizhou district, Chongqing, China)


安樂

/ˀän⁵⁵ lɤ⁵¹/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ lɔːk̚²/

/on²⁴⁻¹¹ lok̚⁵/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² lɔk̚⁴/

/an³³ lɔk̚²⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² lɔk̚¹²¹/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ lɔk̚⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ lɔk̚⁴/

/ˀän⁵⁵ lɤ⁵¹/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ lɔːk̚²/

/on²⁴⁻¹¹ lok̚⁵/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² lɔk̚⁴/

/an³³ lɔk̚²⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² lɔk̚¹²¹/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ lɔk̚⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ lɔk̚⁴/

(～區) Anle (a district of Keelung, Taiwan)


大樹

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂu⁵¹/

/taːi̯²² syː²²/

/tua²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰiu²²/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² t͡sʰiu⁴¹/

/tua²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰiu²²/

/tua³³⁻¹¹ t͡sʰiu³³/

/tua³³⁻²¹ t͡sʰiu³³/

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂu⁵¹/

/taːi̯²² syː²²/

/tua²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰiu²²/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² t͡sʰiu⁴¹/

/tua²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰiu²²/

/tua³³⁻¹¹ t͡sʰiu³³/

/tua³³⁻²¹ t͡sʰiu³³/

(～區) Dashu (a district of Kaohsiung, Taiwan)

(～鎮) Dashu (a town in Fengjie, Chongqing, China)


隆昌

/lʊŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/lʊŋ²¹ t͡sʰœːŋ⁵⁵/

/lʊŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/lʊŋ²¹ t͡sʰœːŋ⁵⁵/

(～市, formerly ～縣) Longchang (a county-level city under the city of Neijiang, Sichuan, China)


信義

/ɕin⁵¹⁻⁵³ i⁵¹/

/sɵn³³ jiː²²/

/sin²¹⁻⁵³ ɡi²²/

/sin⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ɡi⁴¹/

/sin²¹⁻⁵³ ɡi²²/

/sin¹¹⁻⁵³ ɡi³³/

/sin²¹⁻⁴¹ ɡi³³/

/ɕin⁵¹⁻⁵³ i⁵¹/

/sɵn³³ jiː²²/

/sin²¹⁻⁵³ ɡi²²/

/sin⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ɡi⁴¹/

/sin²¹⁻⁵³ ɡi²²/

/sin¹¹⁻⁵³ ɡi³³/

/sin²¹⁻⁴¹ ɡi³³/

(～區) Xinyi (a district of Taipei, Taiwan)

(～區) Xinyi (a district of Keelung, Taiwan)

(～鄉) Sinyi, Xinyi (a mountain indigenous township in Nantou County, Taiwan)

(～鄉) (historical) Xinyi (a township in Linwei district, Weinan, Shaanxi, China, now part of Longbei Town)


和政

/xɤ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹/

/xɤ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹/

(～縣) Hezheng (a county of Linxia prefecture, Gansu, China)


孝義

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ i⁵¹/

/haːu̯³³ jiː²²/

/hau²¹⁻⁵³ ɡi²²/

/hau⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ɡi⁴¹/

/hau²¹⁻⁵³ ɡi²²/

/hau¹¹⁻⁵³ ɡi³³/

/hau²¹⁻⁴¹ ɡi³³/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ i⁵¹/

/haːu̯³³ jiː²²/

/hau²¹⁻⁵³ ɡi²²/

/hau⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ɡi⁴¹/

/hau²¹⁻⁵³ ɡi²²/

/hau¹¹⁻⁵³ ɡi³³/

/hau²¹⁻⁴¹ ɡi³³/


雅法

/jä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ fä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ fä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/


新一

/ɕin⁵⁵ i⁵⁵⁻⁵¹/

/sɐn⁵⁵ jɐt̚⁵/

/ɕin⁵⁵ i⁵⁵⁻⁵¹/

/sɐn⁵⁵ jɐt̚⁵/

(～村) Xinyi (a village in Xinshi, Zaoyang, Xiangyang, Hubei, China)


宮城

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ sɪŋ²¹/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ sɪŋ²¹/


千葉

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ jɛ⁵¹/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ jɛ⁵¹/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 千(ち)葉(ば) (Chiba).

(～市) Chiba (the capital city of Chiba Prefecture, Japan)


三浦

/sän⁵⁵ pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sän⁵⁵ pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

(～市) Miura (a city in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan)


利通

→ English: Litong

/li⁵¹ tʰʊŋ⁵⁵/

/li⁵¹ tʰʊŋ⁵⁵/

(～區) Litong (a district of Wuzhong, Ningxia autonomous region, China)


尚志

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/sœːŋ²² t͡siː³³/

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/sœːŋ²² t͡siː³³/

The city was named after Chinese military commander 趙尚志 (Zhao Shangzhi).

named-after

(～市) Shangzhi (a county-level city of Harbin, Heilongjiang, China)


高明

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ miŋ³⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ mɪŋ²¹/

/kɔ³³ biɪŋ²⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² biɪŋ¹³/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ biɪŋ²³/

/ko⁴⁴⁻³³ biɪŋ²⁴/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ miŋ³⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ mɪŋ²¹/

/kɔ³³ biɪŋ²⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² biɪŋ¹³/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ biɪŋ²³/

/ko⁴⁴⁻³³ biɪŋ²⁴/

(～區) Gaoming (a district of Foshan, Guangdong, China)


南雄

/nän³⁵ ɕi̯ʊŋ³⁵/

/naːm²¹ hʊŋ²¹/

/nän³⁵ ɕi̯ʊŋ³⁵/

/naːm²¹ hʊŋ²¹/

(～市) Nanxiong (a county-level city of Shaoguan, Guangdong, China)


大河

(～鎮) Dahe (a town in Laifeng, Enshi prefecture, Hubei, China)

(～鄉) Dahe (a township in Wuxi, Chongqing, China)


崇明

/ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ³⁵ miŋ³⁵/

/sʊŋ²¹ mɪŋ²¹/

/t͡sɔŋ²⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/

/t͡sɔŋ²⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/

/t͡sɔŋ¹³⁻²² biɪŋ¹³/

/t͡sɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ biɪŋ²⁴/

/t͡sɔŋ²³⁻³³ biɪŋ²³/

/ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ³⁵ miŋ³⁵/

/sʊŋ²¹ mɪŋ²¹/

/t͡sɔŋ²⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/

/t͡sɔŋ²⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/

/t͡sɔŋ¹³⁻²² biɪŋ¹³/

/t͡sɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ biɪŋ²⁴/

/t͡sɔŋ²³⁻³³ biɪŋ²³/

(～島) Chongming Island (an island of the Yangtze in Chongming district, Shanghai, China)

(～區, formerly ～縣, ～州, ～鎮) Chongming (a district of Shanghai, China; a former county, prefecture and town)


千曲

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰy⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰy⁵⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 千曲 (Chikuma).

obor

(～市) Chikuma (a city in Nagano Prefecture, Japan)


昌都

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵⁵ tu⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰœːŋ⁵⁵ tou̯⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵⁵ tu⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰœːŋ⁵⁵ tou̯⁵⁵/

Borrowed from Tibetan ཆབ་མདོ (chab mdo).

(～市, formerly ～地區) Chamdo, Qamdo (a prefecture-level city of the Tibet Autonomous Region, China, formerly a prefecture)

(historical) (～縣) Chamdo, Qamdo (a former county of Chamdo prefecture, Tibet Autonomous Region, China; now Karuo district of the prefecture-level city of Chamdo)


政和

/ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹ xɤ³⁵/

/t͡sɪŋ³³ wɔː²¹/

/t͡siŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋuo⁵³/

/t͡siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ ho²⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹ xɤ³⁵/

/t͡sɪŋ³³ wɔː²¹/

/t͡siŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋuo⁵³/

/t͡siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ ho²⁴/

(～縣) Zhenghe (a county of Nanping, Fujian, China)


陽光

/jɑŋ³⁵ ku̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/jœːŋ²¹ kʷɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/ˈiɔŋ³⁵ kuɔŋ⁴²/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kɔŋ³³/

/iaŋ¹³⁻²² kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/iaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kuaŋ³³/

/ɦiã²² kuɑ̃⁴⁴/

/jɑŋ³⁵ ku̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/jœːŋ²¹ kʷɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/ˈiɔŋ³⁵ kuɔŋ⁴²/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kɔŋ³³/

/iaŋ¹³⁻²² kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/iaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kuaŋ³³/

/ɦiã²² kuɑ̃⁴⁴/

(～社區) Yangguang (a community in Guanshan, Hongshan district, Wuhan, Hubei, China)


竹田

/ʈ͡ʂu³⁵ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂu³⁵ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 竹田 (Taketa).

(～市) Taketa (a city in Ōita Prefecture, Japan)


竹田

/ʈ͡ʂu³⁵ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/tiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡sʰan²⁴/

/tiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡sʰan²³/

/ʈ͡ʂu³⁵ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/tiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡sʰan²⁴/

/tiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡sʰan²³/

(～鄉) Zhutian, Jhutian (a rural township in Pingtung County, Taiwan)


高島

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 高島 (Takashima).

(～市) Takashima (a city in Shiga Prefecture, Japan)


昌平

→ English: Changping

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰœːŋ⁵⁵ pʰɪŋ²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰœːŋ⁵⁵ pʰɪŋ²¹/

(～區, formerly ～縣) Changping (a district and former county of Beijing, China)


田村

/tʰi̯ɛn³⁵ t͡sʰu̯ən⁵⁵/

/tʰi̯ɛn³⁵ t͡sʰu̯ən⁵⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 田村 (Tamura).

(～市) Tamura (a city in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan)


鶴岡

/xɤ⁵¹ kɑŋ⁵⁵/

/xɤ⁵¹ kɑŋ⁵⁵/

(～市) Tsuruoka (a city in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan)


飯田

/fän⁵¹ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/fän⁵¹ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 飯田 (Iida).

(～市) Iida (a city in Nagano Prefecture, Japan)


池田

/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩³⁵ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/t͡sʰiː²¹ tʰiːn²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩³⁵ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/t͡sʰiː²¹ tʰiːn²¹/

(～市) Ikeda (a city in Ōsaka prefecture, Japan)


石川

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/sɛːk̚² t͡sʰyːn⁵⁵/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/sɛːk̚² t͡sʰyːn⁵⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 石川(いしかわ) (Ishikawa).


市川

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/siː¹³ t͡sʰyːn⁵⁵/

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/siː¹³ t͡sʰyːn⁵⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 市川 (Ichikawa).

(～市) Ichikawa (a city in Chiba Prefecture, Japan)


上田

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

In reference to the Japanese place, an orthographic borrowing from Japanese 上田 (Ueda).

(～郷) Shangtian (a former township in Shanxi, China), now Yanmenguan (雁門關)

(～市) Ueda (a city in Nagano Prefecture, Japan)


江口

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ hɐu̯³⁵/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰau⁵³/

/kaŋ³³ kʰau⁵⁵⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰau⁵³/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰau⁵³/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰau⁴¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ hɐu̯³⁵/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰau⁵³/

/kaŋ³³ kʰau⁵⁵⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰau⁵³/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰau⁵³/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰau⁴¹/

(～縣) Jiangkou (a county of Tongren prefecture, Guizhou, China)

(～鎮) Jiangkou (a town in Hanjiang district, Putian, Fujian, China)

(～鎮) Jiangkou (a town in Yingshang, Fuyang, Anhui, China)

(～鎮) Jiangkou (a town in Ganxian district, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China)

(～鎮) Jiangkou (a town in Hengnan, Hengyang, Hunan, China)

(～鎮) Jiangkou (a town in Dongkou, Shaoyang, Hunan, China)

(～鎮) Jiangkou (a town in Wulong district, Chongqing, China)

(～鎮) Jiangkou (a town in Yunyang, Chongqing, China)

(～鎮) Jiangkou (a town in Jiange, Guangyuan, Sichuan, China)

(～鎮) Jiangkou (a town in Pingchang, Bazhong, Sichuan, China)

(～鎮) Jiangkou (a town in Liuba, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, China)

(～鎮) Jiangkou (a town in Ningshan, Ankang, Shaanxi, China)

(～鎮) Jiangkou (a town in Guiping, Guigang, Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region, China)

(～街道) Jiangkou (a subdistrict of Pengshan district, Meishan, Sichuan, China)

(～街道) Jiangkou (a subdistrict of Fengkai, Zhaoqing, Guangdong, China)

(～街道) Jiangkou (a subdistrict of Fenghua district, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China)

(～街道) Jiangkou (a subdistrict of Huangyan district, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China)

(～街道) Jiangkou (a subdistrict of Guichi district, Chizhou, Anhui, China)

(～街道) Jiangkou (a subdistrict of Pingchang, Bazhong, Sichuan, China)

(～鄉) Jiangkou (a township in Beihu district, Chenzhou, Hunan, China)

(～鄉) Jiangkou (a township in Tongdao Dong, Huaihua, Hunan, China)

(～鄉) Jiangkou (a township in Luzhai, Liuzhou, Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region, China)

(～鄉) Jiangkou (a township in Li, Longnan, Gansu, China)


大川

/tä⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/taːi̯²² t͡sʰyːn⁵⁵/

/tä⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/taːi̯²² t͡sʰyːn⁵⁵/

(～市) Ōkawa (a city in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan)

(～鎮) Dachuan (a town in Maojian district, Shiyan, Hubei, China)


太田

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/tʰaːi̯³³ tʰiːn²¹/

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/tʰaːi̯³³ tʰiːn²¹/

(～市) Ōta (a city in Gunma Prefecture, Japan)


大田

/tä⁵¹ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/taːi̯²² tʰiːn²¹/

/tai¹¹ t͡sʰɛŋ¹³/

/tai²¹ t͡sʰɛŋ²⁴/

/tua²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰan²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ tiɛn²⁴/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² t͡sʰan²⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² tiɛn²⁴/

/tua²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰan¹³/

/tai²²⁻²¹ tiɛn¹³/

/tua³³⁻¹¹ t͡sʰan²⁴/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ tiɛn²⁴/

/tua³³⁻²¹ t͡sʰan²³/

/tai³³⁻²¹ tiɛn²³/

/tä⁵¹ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/taːi̯²² tʰiːn²¹/

/tai¹¹ t͡sʰɛŋ¹³/

/tai²¹ t͡sʰɛŋ²⁴/

/tua²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰan²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ tiɛn²⁴/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² t͡sʰan²⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² tiɛn²⁴/

/tua²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰan¹³/

/tai²²⁻²¹ tiɛn¹³/

/tua³³⁻¹¹ t͡sʰan²⁴/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ tiɛn²⁴/

/tua³³⁻²¹ t͡sʰan²³/

/tai³³⁻²¹ tiɛn²³/

(～縣) Datian (a county of Sanming, Fujian, China)

(～廣域市, ～市) Daejeon (a city in South Korea)

(～區) Ōda (a special ward of Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


大津

/tä⁵¹ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/taːi̯²² t͡sɵn⁵⁵/

/tä⁵¹ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/taːi̯²² t͡sɵn⁵⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 大津(おおつ) (Ōtsu).

(～市) Ōtsu (a city in Shiga Prefecture, Japan)


大野

/tä⁵¹ jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tä⁵¹ jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 大野 (Ōno).

(～市) Ōno (a city in Fukui Prefecture, Japan)


大橋

/tä⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵/

/taːi̯²² kʰiːu̯²¹/

/du²² d͡ʑiɔ⁴⁴/

/tä⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵/

/taːi̯²² kʰiːu̯²¹/

/du²² d͡ʑiɔ⁴⁴/

(～鎮) Daqiao (a town in Dingyuan, Chuzhou, Anhui, China)

(～鎮) Daqiao (a town in Gutian, Ningde, Fujian, China)

(～村) Daqiao (a village in Gaocheng, Sui, Suizhou, Hubei, China)


大村

/tä⁵¹ t͡sʰu̯ən⁵⁵/

/tä⁵¹ t͡sʰu̯ən⁵⁵/

(～鄉) Dacun (an urban township in Changhua County, Taiwan)

(～市) Ōmura (a city in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan)


岡崎

/kɑŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ kʰei̯²¹/

/kɑŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ kʰei̯²¹/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 岡崎(おかざき) (Okazaki).

(～市) Okazaki (a city in Aichi Prefecture, Japan)


大城

/tä⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/taːi̯²² sɪŋ²¹/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ saŋ¹¹/

/tua²²⁻²¹ siã²⁴/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² siã²⁴/

/tua²²⁻²¹ siã¹³/

/tua³³⁻¹¹ siã²⁴/

/tua³³⁻²¹ siã²³/

/tua¹¹ sĩã⁵⁵/

/tä⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/taːi̯²² sɪŋ²¹/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ saŋ¹¹/

/tua²²⁻²¹ siã²⁴/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² siã²⁴/

/tua²²⁻²¹ siã¹³/

/tua³³⁻¹¹ siã²⁴/

/tua³³⁻²¹ siã²³/

/tua¹¹ sĩã⁵⁵/

/taɪ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/tä⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/tai²²⁻²¹ siã²⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² siã²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ siã¹³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ siã²⁴/

/tai³³⁻²¹ siã²³/

/taɪ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/tä⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/taːi̯²² sɪŋ²¹/

/tai²²⁻²¹ siã²⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² siã²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ siã¹³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ siã²⁴/

/tai³³⁻²¹ siã²³/

Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya
Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya#English

(～府) Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya (a province of Thailand)

Ayutthaya (a city in Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya Province, Thailand)

(～區域) Taesŏng (a district of Pyongyang, North Korea)

(～鄉) Dacheng (a rural township in Changhua County, Taiwan)


大城

/tä⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/taːi̯²² sɪŋ²¹/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ saŋ¹¹/

/tua²²⁻²¹ siã²⁴/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² siã²⁴/

/tua²²⁻²¹ siã¹³/

/tua³³⁻¹¹ siã²⁴/

/tua³³⁻²¹ siã²³/

/tua¹¹ sĩã⁵⁵/

/tä⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/taːi̯²² sɪŋ²¹/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ saŋ¹¹/

/tua²²⁻²¹ siã²⁴/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² siã²⁴/

/tua²²⁻²¹ siã¹³/

/tua³³⁻¹¹ siã²⁴/

/tua³³⁻²¹ siã²³/

/tua¹¹ sĩã⁵⁵/

/taɪ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/tä⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/tai²²⁻²¹ siã²⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² siã²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ siã¹³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ siã²⁴/

/tai³³⁻²¹ siã²³/

/taɪ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/tä⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/taːi̯²² sɪŋ²¹/

/tai²²⁻²¹ siã²⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² siã²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ siã¹³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ siã²⁴/

/tai³³⁻²¹ siã²³/

(～縣) Daicheng (a county of Langfang, Hebei, China)


小野

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

The sense of a Japanese city is an orthographic borrowing from Japanese 小野 (Ono).

(～市) Ono (a city in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan)


甲斐

/t͡ɕi̯ä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ feɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡ɕi̯ä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ feɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 甲斐(かい) (Kai).

(～市) Kai (a city in Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan)


香川

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/hœːŋ⁵⁵ t͡sʰyːn⁵⁵/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/hœːŋ⁵⁵ t͡sʰyːn⁵⁵/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/


金田

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/kɐm⁵⁵ tʰiːn²¹/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/kɐm⁵⁵ tʰiːn²¹/

(～鎮) Jintian (a town in Guiping, Guigang, Guangxi autonomous region, China)

(～社區) Jintian (a residential community in Jintian, Guiping, Guigang, Guangxi autonomous region, China)

(～村) Jintian (a village in Jintian, Guiping, Guigang, Guangxi autonomous region, China)


北川

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/pɐk̚⁵ t͡sʰyːn⁵⁵/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/pɐk̚⁵ t͡sʰyːn⁵⁵/

羌族自治縣 羌族自治縣#Chinese

(～羌族自治縣, ～縣) Beichuan (a Qiang autonomous county in Mianyang, Sichuan, China)


古賀

/ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ xɤ⁵¹/

/ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ xɤ⁵¹/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 古賀 (Koga).

(～市) Koga (a city in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan)


佐伯

/t͡su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ pu̯ɔ³⁵/

/t͡su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ pu̯ɔ³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 佐伯 (Saiki).

(～市) Saiki (a city in Ōita Prefecture, Japan)


佐野

/t͡su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 佐野 (Sano).

(～市) Sano (a city in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan)


島田

/tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 島田 (Shimada).

(～市) Shimada (a city in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)


白井

/paɪ̯³⁵ t͡ɕiŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/paɪ̯³⁵ t͡ɕiŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 白井 (Shiroi).

(～市) Shiroi (a city in Chiba Prefecture, Japan)


高田

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

(～鎮) Gaotian (a town in Yangshuo, Guilin, Guangxi autonomous region, China)


伊達

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 伊達 (Date).

(～市) Date (a city in Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan)


帕拉馬里博

ㄆㄚˋ ㄌㄚ ㄇㄚˇ ㄌㄧˇ ㄅㄛˊ

ㄆㄚˋ ㄌㄚ ㄇㄚˇ ㄌㄧˇ ㄅㄛˊ

/pʰä⁵¹ lä⁵⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹ pu̯ɔ³⁵/

/pʰä⁵¹ lä⁵⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹ pu̯ɔ³⁵/

(Mainland China) Paramaribo (the capital city of Suriname)


長井

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ t͡ɕiŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ t͡ɕiŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 長井 (Nagai).

(～市) Nagai (a city in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan)


永川

/jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/wɪŋ¹³ t͡sʰyːn⁵⁵/

/jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/wɪŋ¹³ t͡sʰyːn⁵⁵/

(～區) Yongchuan (a district of Chongqing, China)


中島

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Nakashima, Nakajima (a village in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan)


長島

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ tou̯³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ tou̯³⁵/

(～縣) Changdao (a former county of Yantai, Shandong, China, now part of Penglai District)

Long Island (an island of New York, United States)

(～町) Nagashima (a town in Izumi district, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan)

(～縣, ～郡) Ko Yao (a district of Phang Nga Province, Thailand)


武雄

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi̯ʊŋ³⁵/

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi̯ʊŋ³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 武雄 (Takeo).

(～市) Takeo (a city in Saga Prefecture, Japan)


中野

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ jɛː¹³/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ jɛː¹³/

(～區) Nakano (a special ward of Tokyo prefecture, Japan)

(～市) Nakano (a city in Nagano Prefecture, Japan)


長野

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ jɛː¹³/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ jɛː¹³/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 長(なが)野(の) (Nagano).

(～市) Nagano (the capital city of Nagano Prefecture, Japan)


中原

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (中原):
* → Japanese: 中(ちゅう)原(げん) (Chūgen)
* → Korean: 중원(中原) (Jung'won)
* → Vietnamese: Trung Nguyên (中原)

→ English: Central Plain, Zhongyuan

→ Zhuang: Cunghyenz

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂuŋ²⁴ yæ̃²⁴/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ jyːn²¹/

/t͡suŋ²⁴ ŋi̯en¹¹/

/t͡suŋ²⁴ ŋi̯an¹¹/

/t͡sʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ ŋian¹¹/

/tyŋ⁵⁵ ŋuoŋ⁵³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ɡuan²⁴/

/tiɔŋ³³ ɡuan²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ɡuan¹³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡuan²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡuan²³/

/toŋ³³⁻²³ ŋueŋ⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂuŋ²⁴ yæ̃²⁴/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ jyːn²¹/

/t͡suŋ²⁴ ŋi̯en¹¹/

/t͡suŋ²⁴ ŋi̯an¹¹/

/t͡sʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ ŋian¹¹/

/tyŋ⁵⁵ ŋuoŋ⁵³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ɡuan²⁴/

/tiɔŋ³³ ɡuan²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ɡuan¹³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡuan²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡuan²³/

/toŋ³³⁻²³ ŋueŋ⁵⁵/

(～區) Zhongyuan (a district of Zhengzhou, Henan, China)

(～街道) Zhongyuan (a subdistrict of Fancheng district, Xiangyang, Hubei, China)


西尾

/ɕi⁵⁵ weɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ɕi⁵⁵ weɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 西尾 (Nishio).

obor

(～市) Nishio (a city in Aichi Prefecture, Japan)


和美

/xɤ³⁵ meɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ho²⁴⁻²² bi⁵³/

/ho²⁴⁻²² bi⁵⁵⁴/

/ho¹³⁻²² bi⁵³/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ bi⁵³/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ bi⁴¹/

/xɤ³⁵ meɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ho²⁴⁻²² bi⁵³/

/ho²⁴⁻²² bi⁵⁵⁴/

/ho¹³⁻²² bi⁵³/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ bi⁵³/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ bi⁴¹/

(～鎮) Hemei (an urban township in Changhua County, Taiwan)


西山

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (西山):
* → Japanese: 西山(にしやま) (Nishiyama)
* → Korean: 서산(西山) (Seosan)
* → Vietnamese: Tây Sơn (西山)

/ɕi⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/ɕi⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

(～島) Xishan (an island in Lake Tai administered as part of Suzhou, Jiangsu, China)

(～鎮) Xishan (former name of 金庭 (Jīntíng) (= Jinting): a town on Xishan Island in Suzhou, Jiangsu, China)

(～街道) Xishan (a subdistrict of Echeng district, Ezhou, Hubei, China)


新田

/ɕin⁵⁵ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ tʰiːn²¹/

/ɕin⁵⁵ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ tʰiːn²¹/

(～縣) Xintian (a county of Yongzhou, Hunan, China)

San Tin (an area of Yuen Long district, New Territories, Hong Kong)


沼田

/ʈ͡ʂɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 沼田 (Numata).

obor

(～市) Numata (a city in Gunma Prefecture, Japan)


野田

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 野田 (Noda).

/jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

(～市) Noda (a city in Chiba Prefecture, Japan)


橋本

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ pən²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʰiːu̯²¹ puːn³⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ pən²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʰiːu̯²¹ puːn³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 橋本 (Hashimoto).

(～市) Hashimoto (a city in Wakayama Prefecture, Japan)


濱中

/pin⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵/

/pin⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 浜中 (Hamanaka).

(～町) Hamanaka (a town in Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan)


半田

/pän⁵¹ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/pän⁵¹ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 半田 (Handa).

(～市) Handa (a city in Aichi Prefecture, Japan)


日高

/ʐ̩⁵¹ kɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/ʐ̩⁵¹ kɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 日高 (Hidaka).

(～市) Hidaka (a city in Saitama Prefecture, Japan)


日野

/ʐ̩⁵¹ jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʐ̩⁵¹ jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 日野 (Hino).


平川

/pʰiŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ t͡sʰyːn⁵⁵/

/pʰiŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ t͡sʰyːn⁵⁵/

(～市) Hirakawa (a city in Aomori Prefecture, Japan)

(～區) Pingchuan (a district of Baiyin, Gansu, China)

(～村) Pingchuan (a village in Shihua, Gucheng, Xiangyang, Hubei, China)


平林

/pʰɪŋ²¹ lɐm²¹/

/pẽ²³⁻³³ nã²³/

/pĩ²⁴⁻¹¹ nã²⁴/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ lɐm²¹/

/pẽ²³⁻³³ nã²³/

/pĩ²⁴⁻¹¹ nã²⁴/

(～鎮) Pinglin (a town in Zaoyang, Xiangyang, Hubei, China)


平山

/pʰiŋ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ saːn⁵⁵/

/pʰiŋ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ saːn⁵⁵/

(～縣) Pingshan (a county of Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China)


深谷

/ʂən⁵⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɐm⁵⁵ kʊk̚⁵/

/ʂən⁵⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɐm⁵⁵ kʊk̚⁵/

(～市) Fukaya (a city in Saitama Prefecture, Japan)


福井

/fu³⁵ t͡ɕiŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fʊk̚⁵ t͡sɛːŋ³⁵/

/fu³⁵ t͡ɕiŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fʊk̚⁵ t͡sɛːŋ³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 福(ふく)井(い) (Fukui).

(～市) Fukui (the capital city of Fukui Prefecture, Japan)


福田

/fu³⁵ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/fʊk̚⁵ tʰiːn²¹/

/hok̚²⁻⁴ t͡sʰaŋ⁵⁵/

/fu³⁵ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/fʊk̚⁵ tʰiːn²¹/

/hok̚²⁻⁴ t͡sʰaŋ⁵⁵/

Calque of Sanskrit पुण्यक्षेत्र (puṇyakṣetra), from पुण्य (puṇya, “merit”) + क्षेत्र (kṣetra, “field”).

cal

पुण्यक्षेत्र

compound

(～區) Futian (a district of Shenzhen, Guangdong, China)

(～鎮) Futian (a town in Wushan, Chongqing, China)


福山

/fu³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/fu³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

(～市) Fukuyama (a city in Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan)

(～區) Fushan (a district of Yantai, Shandong, China)

(～鎮) Fushan (a town in Chengmai, Hainan, China)


藤枝

/tʰɤŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/

/tʰɤŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 藤枝 (Fujieda).

obor

(～市) Fujieda (a city in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)


藤岡

/tʰɤŋ³⁵ kɑŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰɤŋ³⁵ kɑŋ⁵⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 藤岡 (Fujioka).

(～市) Fujioka (a city in Gunma Prefecture, Japan)


藤澤

/tʰɤŋ³⁵ t͡sɤ³⁵/

/tʰɤŋ³⁵ t͡sɤ³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 藤沢 (Fujisawa).

(～市) Fujisawa (a city in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan)


舟山

/ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/t͡sieu⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾laŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡siu⁴⁴⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/t͡siu⁴⁴⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/t͡siu⁴⁴⁻³³ suã⁴⁴/

/t͡siu⁴⁴⁻³³ suã⁴⁴/

/t͡sɤ⁵⁵ se²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/t͡sieu⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾laŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡siu⁴⁴⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/t͡siu⁴⁴⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/t͡siu⁴⁴⁻³³ suã⁴⁴/

/t͡siu⁴⁴⁻³³ suã⁴⁴/

/t͡sɤ⁵⁵ se²¹/

(～島) Zhoushan (an island of Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China)

(～市) Zhoushan (a prefecture-level city of Zhejiang, China)


古川

/ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 古川 (Furukawa).

(～市) Furukawa (a city in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan)


古河

/ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ xɤ³⁵/

/ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ xɤ³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 古河 (Koga).

(～市) Koga (a city in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan)


古城

/ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/kuː³⁵ sɪŋ²¹/

/ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/kuː³⁵ sɪŋ²¹/

(～街道) Gucheng (a subdistrict of Xiangcheng district, Xiangyang, Hubei, China)

(～社區) Gucheng (a community in Chengzhong, Yingcheng, Xiaogan, Hubei, China)

(～村) Gucheng (a village in Gangwei, Longhai, Zhangzhou, Fujian, China)


古田

→ English: Gutian, Kucheng

/ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/kuː³⁵ tʰiːn²¹/

/kʰɔu⁴⁵³⁻¹³ ^((t͡sʰ-))lɛŋ¹³/

/kʰɔu³³²⁻⁵⁵ ^((t͡sʰ-))lɛŋ²⁴/

/kɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰan²⁴/

/ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/kuː³⁵ tʰiːn²¹/

/kʰɔu⁴⁵³⁻¹³ ^((t͡sʰ-))lɛŋ¹³/

/kʰɔu³³²⁻⁵⁵ ^((t͡sʰ-))lɛŋ²⁴/

/kɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰan²⁴/

(～縣) Gutian (a county of Ningde, Fujian, China)


古田

→ English: Gutian

/ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/kuː³⁵ tʰiːn²¹/

/ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/kuː³⁵ tʰiːn²¹/

(～鎮) Gutian (a town in Shanghang, Longyan, Fujian, China)


別府

/pi̯ɛ³⁵ fu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pi̯ɛ³⁵ fu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 別府 (Beppu).

(～市) Beppu (a city in Ōita Prefecture, Japan)


前原

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 前原 (Maebaru).

(～市) Maebaru (a city in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan)


牧野

/mu⁵¹ jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mʊk̚² jɛː¹³/

/mu⁵¹ jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mʊk̚² jɛː¹³/

(～區) Muye (a district of Xinxiang, Henan, China) (known for the Battle of Muye)


益田

/i⁵¹ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/i⁵¹ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 益田 (Masuda).

(～市) Masuda (a city in Shimane Prefecture, Japan)


益山

(～市, formerly ～郡) Iksan (a city and former county of North Jeolla Province, South Korea)


町田

/tʰiŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/tʰiŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 町田 (Machida).


永吉

/jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi³⁵/

/wɪŋ¹³ kɐt̚⁵/

/jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi³⁵/

/wɪŋ¹³ kɐt̚⁵/

(～縣) Yongji (a county of Jilin City, Jilin, China)

(～里) an urban village in Tamsui district, New Taipei City, Taiwan


松浦

/sʊŋ⁵⁵ pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sʊŋ⁵⁵ pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

(～市) Matsuura (a city in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan)

(～街道) Songpu (a subdistrict of Songbei district, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China)


松原

/sʊŋ⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/sʊŋ⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

(～市) Songyuan (a prefecture-level city of Jilin, China)

(～市) Matsubara (a city in Ōsaka prefecture, Japan)


松山

→ English: Songshan, Sungshan

/sʊŋ⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰʊŋ²¹ saːn⁵⁵/

/siɔŋ²⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ²⁴⁻²² san³³/

/siɔŋ¹³⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ san⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ²³⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/sʊŋ⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰʊŋ²¹ saːn⁵⁵/

/siɔŋ²⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ²⁴⁻²² san³³/

/siɔŋ¹³⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ san⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ²³⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

;Songshan; Matsuyama
Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 松(まつ)山(やま) (Matsuyama). In the case of Songshan, it replaced 錫口／锡口, the old name of the area.

(～區) Songshan, Sungshan (a district of Taipei, Taiwan)

(～市) Matsuyama (a city in Ehime Prefecture, Japan)


三澤

/sän⁵⁵ t͡sɤ³⁵/

/sän⁵⁵ t͡sɤ³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 三沢 (Misawa).

(～市) Misawa (a city in Aomori Prefecture, Japan)


三島

/sän⁵⁵ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sän⁵⁵ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 三島 (Mishima).

(～市) Mishima (a city in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)


水尾

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ weɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɵy̯³⁵ mei̯¹³/

/ʃui²⁴⁻³³ mui⁵³/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ be⁵³/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ bə⁵⁵⁴/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ weɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɵy̯³⁵ mei̯¹³/

/ʃui²⁴⁻³³ mui⁵³/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ be⁵³/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ bə⁵⁵⁴/

(literary or Hakka, Southern Min) downstream regions of a river

(Cantonese) end of an event, news, popularity, etc.


水尾

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ weɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɵy̯³⁵ mei̯¹³/

/ʃui²⁴⁻³³ mui⁵³/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ be⁵³/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ bə⁵⁵⁴/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ weɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɵy̯³⁵ mei̯¹³/

/ʃui²⁴⁻³³ mui⁵³/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ be⁵³/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ bə⁵⁵⁴/

(dated) former name of Ruisui, Hualien, prior to Japanese rule


水上

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂɑŋ⁵¹/

/sɵy̯³⁵ sœːŋ²²/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɔŋ³³/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ siɔŋ³³/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siaŋ³³/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ siaŋ³³/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂɑŋ⁵¹/

/sɵy̯³⁵ sœːŋ²²/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɔŋ³³/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ siɔŋ³³/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siaŋ³³/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ siaŋ³³/

(～鄉) Shuishang (a rural township in Chiayi County, Taiwan)


水原

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɥɛn³⁵/


三原

/sän⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/sän⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

(～縣) Sanyuan (a county of Xianyang, Shaanxi, China)

(～市) Mihara (a city in Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan)


美馬

/meɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/meɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 美馬 (Mima).

(～市) Mima (a city in Tokushima Prefecture, Japan)


宮崎

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ kʰei̯²¹/

/kiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kia³³/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ kʰei̯²¹/

/kiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kia³³/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 宮崎(みやざき) (Miyazaki).

(～市) Miyazaki (a city in Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan)


宮西

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/

(～村) Gongxi (a village in Haidao, Xiapu, Ningde, Fujian, China)


三好

/sän⁵⁵ xɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sän⁵⁵ xɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 三好 (Miyoshi).

(～市) Miyoshi (a city in Tokushima Prefecture, Japan)


南蘇丹

/nän³⁵ su⁵⁵ tän⁵⁵/

/lam¹³⁻²² sɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tan⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² sɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tan⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² sɔ³³ tan³³/

/nän³⁵ su⁵⁵ tän⁵⁵/

/lam¹³⁻²² sɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tan⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² sɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tan⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² sɔ³³ tan³³/

South Sudan (a country in East Africa, formerly the southern part of Sudan)


村上

/t͡sʰu̯ən⁵⁵ ʂɑŋ⁵¹/

/t͡sʰyːn⁵⁵ sœːŋ²²/

/t͡sʰu̯ən⁵⁵ ʂɑŋ⁵¹/

/t͡sʰyːn⁵⁵ sœːŋ²²/

(～市) Murakami (a city in Niigata Prefecture, Japan)


安居

/ˀän⁵⁵ t͡ɕy⁵⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ kɵy̯⁵⁵/

/on²⁴⁻¹¹ ki²⁴/

/ˀän⁵⁵ t͡ɕy⁵⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ kɵy̯⁵⁵/

/on²⁴⁻¹¹ ki²⁴/

(～鎮) Anju (a town in Sui, Suizhou, Hubei, China)


柳川

/li̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/li̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 柳川 (Yanagawa).

(～市) Yanagawa (a city in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan)


吉川

/t͡ɕi³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 吉川 (Yoshikawa).

(～市) Yoshikawa (a city in Saitama Prefecture, Japan)


和田

/xɤ³⁵ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/wɔː²¹ tʰiːn²¹/

/xɤ³⁵ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/wɔː²¹ tʰiːn²¹/

Homophonous replacement for 和闐／和阗 (Hétián) from 1959; Uyghur خوتەن (xoten).

zh-l

和闐／和阗 (Hétián)

(～河) Hotan River (a river in the Xinjiang autonomous region, China)

(～地區) Hotan (a prefecture of the Xinjiang autonomous region, China)

(～市) Hotan (a county-level city of Hotan prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)

(～縣) Hotan (a county of Hotan prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


路口

/lu⁵¹ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lu⁵¹ kʰɤʊ̯ɻʷ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lou̯²² hɐu̯³⁵/

/lɔ²²⁻²¹ kʰau⁵³/

/lɔ⁴¹⁻²² kʰau⁵⁵⁴/

/lɔ²²⁻²¹ kʰau⁵³/

/lɔ³³⁻¹¹ kʰau⁵³/

/lɔ³³⁻²¹ kʰau⁴¹/

/lu⁵¹ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lu⁵¹ kʰɤʊ̯ɻʷ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lou̯²² hɐu̯³⁵/

/lɔ²²⁻²¹ kʰau⁵³/

/lɔ⁴¹⁻²² kʰau⁵⁵⁴/

/lɔ²²⁻²¹ kʰau⁵³/

/lɔ³³⁻¹¹ kʰau⁵³/

/lɔ³³⁻²¹ kʰau⁴¹/

(～鎮) Lukou (a town in Huangzhou district, Huanggang, Hubei, China)


會澤

/xu̯eɪ̯⁵¹ t͡sɤ³⁵/

/xu̯eɪ̯⁵¹ t͡sɤ³⁵/

(～縣) Huize (a county of Qujing, Yunnan, China)


青田

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ tʰiːn²¹/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ tʰiːn²¹/

(～縣) Qingtian (a county of Lishui, Zhejiang, China)


明石

/miŋ³⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/mɪŋ²¹ sɛːk̚²/

/miŋ³⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/mɪŋ²¹ sɛːk̚²/

(～市) Akashi (a city in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan)


相馬

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sœːŋ⁵⁵ maː¹³/

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sœːŋ⁵⁵ maː¹³/

(～市) Sōma (a city in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan)


高崎

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² kia²⁴/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² kia²⁴/

(～村) Gaoqi (a village in Huli district, Xiamen, Fujian, China)


高崎

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 高(たか)崎(さき) (Takasaki).

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² kia²⁴/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² kia²⁴/

(～市) Takasaki (a city in Gunma Prefecture, Japan)


足立

(～區) Adachi (one of 23 special wards in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


石橋

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯aʊ̯ɻʷ³⁵/

/sɛːk̚² kʰiːu̯²¹/

/ɬieu¹³⁻¹¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ieu¹³/

/ɬieu²⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ieu²⁴/

/t͡siɤ(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ kiɤ²³/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯aʊ̯ɻʷ³⁵/

/sɛːk̚² kʰiːu̯²¹/

/ɬieu¹³⁻¹¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ieu¹³/

/ɬieu²⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ieu²⁴/

/t͡siɤ(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ kiɤ²³/

(～鎮) Shiqiao (a town in Xiangzhou district, Xiangyang, Hubei, China)


市原

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 市原 (Ichihara).

obor

(～市) Ichihara (a city in Chiba Prefecture, Japan)


宇城

/y²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/y²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 宇城 (Uki).

(～市) Uki (a city in Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan)


三明

/sän⁵⁵ miŋ³⁵/

/saːm⁵⁵ mɪŋ²¹/

/saŋ⁵⁵ miŋ⁵³/

/ɬaŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ miŋ¹³/

/ɬaŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ miŋ²⁴/

/sam²⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/

/sän⁵⁵ miŋ³⁵/

/saːm⁵⁵ mɪŋ²¹/

/saŋ⁵⁵ miŋ⁵³/

/ɬaŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ miŋ¹³/

/ɬaŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ miŋ²⁴/

/sam²⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/

(～市) Sanming (a prefecture-level city of Fujian, China)


砂川

/ʂä⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/ʂä⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 砂川 (Sunagawa).

(～市) Sunagawa (a city in Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan)


河西

/hɔː²¹ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/ho²⁴⁻²² se⁴⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻²² se³³/

/ho¹³⁻²² se⁴⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ se⁴⁴/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ se⁴⁴/

/hɔː²¹ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/ho²⁴⁻²² se⁴⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻²² se³³/

/ho¹³⁻²² se⁴⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ se⁴⁴/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ se⁴⁴/

(～區) Hexi (a district of Tianjin, China)

(～街道) Hexi (a subdistrict of Golmud, Haixi prefecture, Qinghai, China)


米澤

/mi²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡sɤ³⁵/

/mi²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡sɤ³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 米沢 (Yonezawa).

(～市) Yonezawa (a city in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan)


平塚

/pʰiŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pʰiŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

(～市) Hiratsuka (a city in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan)


濱田

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 浜田 (Hamada).

(～市) Hamada (a city in Shimane Prefecture, Japan)


北斗

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (北斗):
* → Japanese: 北斗(ほくと) (hokuto)
* → Korean: 북두(北斗) (bukdu)
* → Vietnamese: Bắc Đẩu (北斗)

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ toʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pɐk̚⁵ tɐu̯³⁵/

/paʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ tieu⁴⁵³/

/pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ tau⁵⁵⁴/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ toʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pɐk̚⁵ tɐu̯³⁵/

/paʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ tieu⁴⁵³/

/pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ tau⁵⁵⁴/

(～鎮) Beidou (an urban township in Changhua County, Taiwan)


鹿野

/lu⁵¹ jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lʊk̚² jɛː¹³/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² ia⁵³/

/lɔk̚²⁴⁻² ia⁵⁵⁴/

/lɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ ia⁵³/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² ia⁵³/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² ia⁴¹/

/lu⁵¹ jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lʊk̚² jɛː¹³/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² ia⁵³/

/lɔk̚²⁴⁻² ia⁵⁵⁴/

/lɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ ia⁵³/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² ia⁵³/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² ia⁴¹/

From Japanese 鹿野 (Shikano). The Taiwanese town used to be named 鹿寮 (Lùliáo) but was renamed under Japanese rule in 1911.

(～鄉) Luye (a town in Taitung County, Taiwan)


島原

/tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

/tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 島原 (Shimabara).

obor

(～市) Shimabara (a city in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan)


白石

/paɪ̯³⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/paːk̚² sɛːk̚²/

/paɪ̯³⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/paːk̚² sɛːk̚²/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 白石 (Shiroishi).

(～市) Shiroishi (a city in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan)


新屋

/ɕin⁵⁵ uɻʷ⁵⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ ʊk̚⁵/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² ɔk̚³²/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² ɔk̚³²/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ ɔk̚³²/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ ɔk̚³²/

/ɕin⁵⁵ uɻʷ⁵⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ ʊk̚⁵/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² ɔk̚³²/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² ɔk̚³²/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ ɔk̚³²/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ ɔk̚³²/

(～區, formerly ～鄉) Xinwu (a district of Taoyuan, Taiwan, formerly a rural township)

(～村) Xinwu (a village in Gaocheng, Sui, Suizhou, Hubei, China)


田原

/tʰi̯ɛn³⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/tʰi̯ɛn³⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 田原 (Tahara).

(～市) Tahara (a city in Aichi Prefecture, Japan)


土佐

/tʰu²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰou̯³⁵ t͡sɔː³³/

/tʰou̯³⁵ t͡sɔː²²/

/tʰu²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰou̯³⁵ t͡sɔː³³/

/tʰou̯³⁵ t͡sɔː²²/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 土佐 (Tosa).

(～市) Tosa (a city in Kōchi Prefecture, Japan)


布宜諾斯艾利斯

ㄅㄨˋ ㄧˊ ㄋㄨㄛˋ ㄙ ㄞˋ ㄌㄧˋ ㄙ

ㄅㄨˋ ㄧˊ ㄋㄨㄛˋ ㄙ ㄞˋ ㄌㄧˋ ㄙ

Буиносыайлисы

/pu⁵¹ i³⁵ nu̯ɔ⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵ ˀaɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵/

/pou̯³³ jiː²¹ nɔːk̚² siː⁵⁵ ŋaːi̯²² lei̯²² siː⁵⁵/

Buenos Aires (the capital city of Argentina)


仙女

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ny²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ nyə̯ɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/siːn⁵⁵ nɵy̯¹³⁻³⁵/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻²² lu⁵³/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ lu⁵³/

/siɛn³³ lɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁴¹/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻²² li⁵³/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁵³/

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ny²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ nyə̯ɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/siːn⁵⁵ nɵy̯¹³⁻³⁵/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻²² lu⁵³/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ lu⁵³/

/siɛn³³ lɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁴¹/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻²² li⁵³/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁵³/

(～鎮) Xiannü (a town in Zhijiang, Yichang, Hubei, China)


內比都

/neɪ̯⁵¹ pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ tu⁵⁵/

/nɔːi̯²² pei̯³⁵ tou̯⁵⁵/

/neɪ̯⁵¹ pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ tu⁵⁵/

/nɔːi̯²² pei̯³⁵ tou̯⁵⁵/

Borrowed from Burmese နေပြည်တော် (ne-pranytau), using Chinese 都 (dū, “capital”).


保安

/pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ˀän⁵⁵/

/pou̯³⁵ ɔːn⁵⁵/

/po⁴⁵³⁻¹¹ aŋ⁵³³/

/po³³²⁻²¹ aŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/po⁵³⁻⁴⁴ an⁴⁴/

/po⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ an³³/

/po⁵³⁻⁴⁴ an⁴⁴/

/po⁵³⁻⁴⁴ an⁴⁴/

/pɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ an⁴⁴/

/pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ˀän⁵⁵/

/pou̯³⁵ ɔːn⁵⁵/

/po⁴⁵³⁻¹¹ aŋ⁵³³/

/po³³²⁻²¹ aŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/po⁵³⁻⁴⁴ an⁴⁴/

/po⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ an³³/

/po⁵³⁻⁴⁴ an⁴⁴/

/po⁵³⁻⁴⁴ an⁴⁴/

/pɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ an⁴⁴/

(～鎮) Bao'an (a town in Ningyuan, Yongzhou, Hunan, China)

(～縣) Bao'an (a former county of Shaanxi, China; now Zhidan (志丹) county, Shaanxi, China)


海防

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ fɑŋ³⁵/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ fɔːŋ²¹/

/hai³³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾uoŋ⁵³/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hɔŋ²⁴/

/hai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ hɔŋ²⁴/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hɔŋ¹³/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hɔŋ²⁴/

/hai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ hɔŋ²³/

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ fɑŋ³⁵/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ fɔːŋ²¹/

/hai³³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾uoŋ⁵³/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hɔŋ²⁴/

/hai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ hɔŋ²⁴/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hɔŋ¹³/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hɔŋ²⁴/

/hai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ hɔŋ²³/


武陵

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ liŋ³⁵/

/mou̯¹³ lɪŋ²¹/

/bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɪŋ²⁴/

/bu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ liɪŋ²⁴/

/bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɪŋ¹³/

/bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɪŋ²⁴/

/bu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ liɪŋ²³/

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ liŋ³⁵/

/mou̯¹³ lɪŋ²¹/

/bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɪŋ²⁴/

/bu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ liɪŋ²⁴/

/bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɪŋ¹³/

/bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɪŋ²⁴/

/bu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ liɪŋ²³/

(～區) Wuling (a district of Changde, Hunan, China)

(historical) (～縣) Wuling (a former county of Hunan, China, renamed Changde in 1913)

(～村) Wuling (a village in Likou, Qimen, Huangshan, Anhui, China)


新津

/ɕin⁵⁵ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ t͡sɵn⁵⁵/

/ɕin⁵⁵ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ t͡sɵn⁵⁵/

(～縣) Xinjin District (a district of Chengdu, Sichuan, China)


船橋

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än³⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵/

/syːn²¹ kʰiːu̯²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än³⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵/

/syːn²¹ kʰiːu̯²¹/

(～市) Funabashi (a city in Chiba Prefecture, Japan)


真奈

/ʈ͡ʂən⁵⁵ naɪ̯⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂən⁵⁵ naɪ̯⁵¹/

2004, 符祝炎, transl., 印度文化之旅, Asiapac Books Pte Ltd, translation of Gateway to Indian Culture by Chitra Soundar, →ISBN, page 142:

The second largest city for Indian cinema is Chennai (formerly known as Madras) in South India, where Tamil-language films are made under the "Kollywood" moniker, referring to the city's Kodambakkam neighborhood.

Yìndù dì'èr dà diànyǐng chéng wèiyú nán Yìndù Zhēnnài (Chennai, qián chēng mǎdélāsī) de Kèdànbākǎmǔ zhèn (Kodambakkam), chēngwèi "Kèláiwù" (Koliwood), zhǔ yào zhìzuò Dànmǐ'ěryǔ diànyǐng.

印度第二大電影城位於南印度真奈（Chennai，前稱馬德拉斯）的克淡巴卡姆鎮（Kodambakkam），稱為"克萊塢"（Koliwood），主要制作淡米爾語電影。

印度第二大电影城位于南印度真奈（Chennai，前称马德拉斯）的克淡巴卡姆镇（Kodambakkam），称为"克莱坞"（Koliwood），主要制作淡米尔语电影。

2016 September 23, “新加坡飞印度航班惊魂 三星手机冒黑烟”, in Nanyang Post:

The plane was flying from Singapore to Chennai, India.

Zhè jià fēijī dāngshí zhèngzài zhíxíng cóng Xīnjiāpō fēi wǎng Yìndù Zhēnnài.

这架飛機當時正在執行从新加坡飛往印度真奈。

这架飞机当时正在执行从新加坡飞往印度真奈。

(chiefly Malaysia, Singapore) Chennai (the capital and largest city of Tamil Nadu, India)


守口

/ʂoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʂoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 守口 (Moriguchi).

(～市) Moriguchi (a city in Ōsaka prefecture, Japan)


八代

/pä⁵⁵ taɪ̯⁵¹/

/pä⁵⁵ taɪ̯⁵¹/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 八代 (Yatsushiro).

(～市) Yatsushiro (a city in Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan)


結城

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 結(ゆう)城(き) (Yūki).

(～市) Yūki (a city in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan)


安西

/ˀän⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/ˀän⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

(～縣) (historical) Anxi (a former county of Gansu, China; modern Guazhou)


伊賀

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 伊賀 (Iga).

(～市) Iga (a city in Mie Prefecture, Japan)


宇治

/y²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/jyː¹³ t͡siː²²/

/y²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/jyː¹³ t͡siː²²/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 宇治 (Uji).

(～市) Uji (a city in Kyōto prefecture, Japan)


美里

/meɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/meɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/


金城

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/kɐm⁵⁵ sɪŋ²¹/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² siã²⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² siã¹³/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ siã²⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ siã²³/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/kɐm⁵⁵ sɪŋ²¹/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² siã²⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² siã¹³/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ siã²⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ siã²³/

Republic of China
Republic of China#English

(～鎮) Jincheng (an urban township in Kinmen County, Fujian, Republic of China)


順平

/ʂu̯ən⁵¹ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/ʂu̯ən⁵¹ pʰiŋ³⁵/

(～縣) Shunping (a county of Baoding, Hebei, China)


孝感

→ English: Hsiao-kan, Siaokan, Xiaogan

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹ kän²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/haːu̯³³ kɐm³⁵/

/hau²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾aŋ³³/

/hau⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kam⁵⁵⁴/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹ kän²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/haːu̯³³ kɐm³⁵/

/hau²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾aŋ³³/

/hau⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kam⁵⁵⁴/

Huang-p'o is treacherous, and Hsiao-kan is cunning, but Han-ch'uan is both treacherous and cunning.

1922, E. T. C. Werner, Chinese Ditties, page 4

jiān Huángpí, jiǎo Xiàogǎn, yòu jiān yòu jiǎo shì Hànchuān

奸黃陂 狡孝感 又奸又狡是漢川

奸黄陂 狡孝感 又奸又狡是汉川

(～市) Xiaogan (a prefecture-level city of Hubei, China)


泰晤士河

ㄊㄞˋ ㄨˋ ㄕˋ ㄏㄜˊ

ㄊㄞˋ ㄨˋ ㄕˋ ㄏㄜˊ

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ u⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹ xɤ³⁵/

/tʰaːi̯³³ ŋ̍²¹ siː²² hɔː²¹/

/tʰaːi̯³³ ŋ̍²² siː²² hɔː²¹/

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ u⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹ xɤ³⁵/

/tʰaːi̯³³ ŋ̍²¹ siː²² hɔː²¹/

/tʰaːi̯³³ ŋ̍²² siː²² hɔː²¹/

Thames (a river in southeast England, in the United Kingdom, flowing through London)


北愛爾蘭

ㄅㄟˇ ㄞˋ ㄦˇ ㄌㄢˊ

ㄅㄟˇ ㄞˋ ㄦˇ ㄌㄢˊ

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ˀaɪ̯⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ län³⁵/

/pɐk̚⁵ ɔːi̯³³ jiː¹³ laːn²¹/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ˀaɪ̯⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ län³⁵/

/pɐk̚⁵ ɔːi̯³³ jiː¹³ laːn²¹/

Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland#English:_Q26

Northern Ireland (a constituent country and province of the United Kingdom, situated in the northeastern part of the island of Ireland)

大不列顛及北愛爾蘭聯合王國

Dà-Bùlièdiān jí Běi-Ài'ěrlán Liánhé Wángguó


愛爾蘭共和國

ㄞˋ ㄦˇ ㄌㄢˊ ㄍㄨㄥˋ ㄏㄜˊ ㄍㄨㄛˊ

ㄞˋ ㄦˇ ㄌㄢˊ ㄍㄨㄥˋ ㄏㄜˊ ㄍㄨㄛˊ

Айэрлань Гунхэго

/ˀaɪ̯⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ län³⁵ kʊŋ⁵¹ xɤ³⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/ɔːi̯³³ jiː¹³ laːn²¹ kʊŋ²² wɔː²¹ kʷɔːk̚³/

Republic of Ireland
Republic of Ireland#English:_Q27

Republic of Ireland (long form of Ireland: an island country in northwestern Europe)


比薩

/pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ sä⁵¹/

/pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ sä⁵¹/


衡州

/xɤŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/xɤŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

People's Republic of China
People's Republic of China

Hengzhou, a former name for the city of Hengyang in Hunan province in the People's Republic of China

(Hong Kong, uncommon) (～郡) Hampshire (a county of England)


對面

/tu̯eɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ mi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/tɵy̯³³ miːn²²/

/tøy²¹³⁻⁵³ mɛiŋ²¹³/

/tui⁴²⁻⁵⁵ miŋ⁴²/

/tui⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ bin⁴¹/

/tui²¹³⁻⁵⁵ miŋ¹¹/

/tu̯eɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ mi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/tɵy̯³³ miːn²²/

/tøy²¹³⁻⁵³ mɛiŋ²¹³/

/tui⁴²⁻⁵⁵ miŋ⁴²/

/tui⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ bin⁴¹/

/tui²¹³⁻⁵⁵ miŋ¹¹/

(～村) Duimian (a village in Sanhe, Yingcheng, Xiaogan, Hubei, China)


合成

/xɤ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/hɐp̚² sɪŋ²¹/

/hap̚⁴⁻³² siɪŋ²⁴/

/hap̚²⁴⁻² siɪŋ²⁴/

/hap̚¹²¹⁻²¹ siɪŋ¹³/

/hap̚⁴⁻³² siɪŋ²⁴/

/hap̚⁴⁻³² siɪŋ²³/

/xɤ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/hɐp̚² sɪŋ²¹/

/hap̚⁴⁻³² siɪŋ²⁴/

/hap̚²⁴⁻² siɪŋ²⁴/

/hap̚¹²¹⁻²¹ siɪŋ¹³/

/hap̚⁴⁻³² siɪŋ²⁴/

/hap̚⁴⁻³² siɪŋ²³/

(～里) an urban village in Nangang district, Taipei, Taiwan


熊谷

/ɕi̯ʊŋ³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ɕi̯ʊŋ³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 熊谷 (Kumagaya).

(～市) Kumagaya (a city in Saitama Prefecture, Japan)


光輝

/ku̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ xu̯eɪ̯⁵⁵/

/kʷɔːŋ⁵⁵ fɐi̯⁵⁵/

/koŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ fi²⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hui⁴⁴/

/kɔŋ³³ hui³³/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hui⁴⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hui⁴⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hui⁴⁴/

/kuaŋ³³⁻²³ hui³³/

/ku̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ xu̯eɪ̯⁵⁵/

/kʷɔːŋ⁵⁵ fɐi̯⁵⁵/

/koŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ fi²⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hui⁴⁴/

/kɔŋ³³ hui³³/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hui⁴⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hui⁴⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hui⁴⁴/

/kuaŋ³³⁻²³ hui³³/

(～村) Guanghui (a village in Likou, Qimen, Huangshan, Anhui, China)


廣義

/ku̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ i⁵¹/

/kʷɔːŋ³⁵ jiː²²/

/kɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡi²²/

/kɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ɡi⁴¹/

/kɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡi²²/

/kɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡi³³/

/kɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɡi³³/

/ku̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ i⁵¹/

/kʷɔːŋ³⁵ jiː²²/

/kɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡi²²/

/kɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ɡi⁴¹/

/kɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡi²²/

/kɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡi³³/

/kɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɡi³³/

Quảng Ngãi Province
w:Quảng Ngãi Province

(～省) Quảng Ngãi Province (a province of Vietnam)


清明

ryu-r

清明(しーみー) (Shīmī)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (清明):
* → Japanese: 清明(せいめい) (Seimei)
* → Okinawan: 清明(しーみー) (Shīmī)
* → Korean: 청명(淸明) (Cheongmyeong)
* → Vietnamese: Thanh minh (清明)

→ Indonesian: cengbeng

desc

→ Thai: เชงเม้ง (cheng-méng), เช็งเม้ง (cheng-méng)

→ Khmer: ឆេងម៉េង (cheengmeeng)

→ Zhuang: Cingmingz

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ miŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ mɪŋ²¹⁻³⁵/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ mɪŋ²¹/

/t͡sʰi̯aŋ²⁴ mi̯aŋ¹¹/

/t͡ɕʰin⁴⁴⁻³⁵ min¹¹/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ¹¹ miŋ¹¹/

/t͡sʰiŋ⁵⁵ miŋ⁵³/

/t͡sʰia⁵³³⁻¹¹ mia¹³/

/t͡sʰĩã⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ mia²⁴/

/t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ miã²⁴/

/t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² miã²⁴/

/t͡sʰuĩ³³ miã²⁴/

/t͡sʰɛ̃⁴⁴⁻²² miã¹³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ biɪŋ²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ biɪŋ²³/

/t͡sʰeŋ³³⁻²³ meŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ miŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ mɪŋ²¹⁻³⁵/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ mɪŋ²¹/

/t͡sʰi̯aŋ²⁴ mi̯aŋ¹¹/

/t͡ɕʰin⁴⁴⁻³⁵ min¹¹/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ¹¹ miŋ¹¹/

/t͡sʰiŋ⁵⁵ miŋ⁵³/

/t͡sʰia⁵³³⁻¹¹ mia¹³/

/t͡sʰĩã⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ mia²⁴/

/t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ miã²⁴/

/t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² miã²⁴/

/t͡sʰuĩ³³ miã²⁴/

/t͡sʰɛ̃⁴⁴⁻²² miã¹³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ biɪŋ²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ biɪŋ²³/

/t͡sʰeŋ³³⁻²³ meŋ⁵⁵/

:zh:逸周書
Classic of Rites
Guoyu (book)
Shijing
Xunzi

From 清 (OC *sʰleŋ, “clear; pure”) + 明 (OC *mraŋ, “bright”). Attested in Shijing ("(of governance) to be methodical, orderly"), Xunzi ("(of water) clear and bright"), Classic of Rites ("sober, calm"; "(of voice) clear"), Lost Book of Zhou ("(the date of) Qingming, from brightness, clearness of the scenery"), Guoyu ("southeasterly winds").

立春、雨水、驚蟄

二十四節氣／二十四节气 (Èrshísì Jiéqì, “The twenty-four solar terms”); Spring

立夏、小滿

二十四節氣／二十四节气 (Èrshísì Jiéqì, “The twenty-four solar terms”); Summer

立秋、處暑

二十四節氣／二十四节气 (Èrshísì Jiéqì, “The twenty-four solar terms”); Autumn

立冬、小雪、大雪、冬至、小寒、大寒

二十四節氣／二十四节气 (Èrshísì Jiéqì, “The twenty-four solar terms”); Winter

(～村) Qingming (a village in Wanquan, Honghu, Jingzhou, Hubei, China)


港口

/kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɔːŋ³⁵ hɐu̯³⁵/

/kaŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰau⁵³/

/kaŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kʰau⁵⁵⁴/

/kaŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰau⁵³/

/kaŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰau⁵³/

/kaŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kʰau⁴¹/

/kaŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ kʰau⁵²⁻²¹/

/kɑ̃³³ kʰɤ⁴⁴/

/kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɔːŋ³⁵ hɐu̯³⁵/

/kaŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰau⁵³/

/kaŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kʰau⁵⁵⁴/

/kaŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰau⁵³/

/kaŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰau⁵³/

/kaŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kʰau⁴¹/

/kaŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ kʰau⁵²⁻²¹/

/kɑ̃³³ kʰɤ⁴⁴/

(～區) Gangkou (a district of Fangchenggang, Guangxi autonomous region, China)


競秀

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵¹/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵¹/

(～區) Jingxiu (a district of Baoding, Hebei, China)


基希訥烏

/t͡ɕi⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵ nɤ⁵¹ u⁵⁵/

/kei̯⁵⁵ hei̯⁵⁵ nɐt̚² wuː⁵⁵/

/ki⁴⁴⁻²² hi⁴⁴⁻²² lut̚¹²¹⁻²¹ ɔ⁴⁴/

/ki⁴⁴⁻²² hi⁴⁴⁻²² lut̚⁴⁻³² ɔ⁴⁴/

/ki³³ hi³³ lut̚²⁴⁻² ɔ³³/

/ki⁴⁴⁻²² hi⁴⁴⁻²² lap̚⁴⁻³² ɔ⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕi⁵⁵ ɕi³³ nəʔ³³ u²¹/

/t͡ɕi⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵ nɤ⁵¹ u⁵⁵/

/kei̯⁵⁵ hei̯⁵⁵ nɐt̚² wuː⁵⁵/

/ki⁴⁴⁻²² hi⁴⁴⁻²² lut̚¹²¹⁻²¹ ɔ⁴⁴/

/ki⁴⁴⁻²² hi⁴⁴⁻²² lut̚⁴⁻³² ɔ⁴⁴/

/ki³³ hi³³ lut̚²⁴⁻² ɔ³³/

/ki⁴⁴⁻²² hi⁴⁴⁻²² lap̚⁴⁻³² ɔ⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕi⁵⁵ ɕi³³ nəʔ³³ u²¹/

Chișinău (a city, the capital city of Moldova)


廬江

/lu³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/lou̯²¹ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/lu³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/lou̯²¹ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

(～縣) Lujiang (a county of Hefei, Anhui, China)


丹陽

/tän⁵⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/taːn⁵⁵ jœːŋ²¹/

/tän⁵⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/taːn⁵⁵ jœːŋ²¹/

Danyang (a county-level city of Jiangsu, China)

(～鎮) Danyang (a town in Lianjiang, Fuzhou, Fujian, China)

(～社區) Danyang (a residential community in Maoping, Zigui, Yichang, Hubei, China)


涇縣

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/kɪŋ⁵⁵ jyːn²²/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/kɪŋ⁵⁵ jyːn²²/

Jing County (a county of Xuancheng, Anhui, China)


平定

/pʰiŋ³⁵ tiŋ⁵¹/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ tɪŋ²²/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² tiɪŋ²²/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² tiɪŋ⁴¹/

/piɪŋ¹³⁻²² tiɪŋ²²/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ tiɪŋ³³/

/piɪŋ²³⁻³³ tiɪŋ³³/

/pʰiŋ³⁵ tiŋ⁵¹/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ tɪŋ²²/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² tiɪŋ²²/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² tiɪŋ⁴¹/

/piɪŋ¹³⁻²² tiɪŋ²²/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ tiɪŋ³³/

/piɪŋ²³⁻³³ tiɪŋ³³/

(～縣) Pingding (a county of Yangquan, Shanxi, China)

(～省) Bình Định Province (a province of Vietnam)


舒城

/ʂu⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/syː⁵⁵ sɪŋ²¹/

/ʂu⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/syː⁵⁵ sɪŋ²¹/

(～縣) Shucheng (a county of Lu'an, Anhui, China)


行方

/ɕiŋ³⁵ fɑŋ⁵⁵/

/ɕiŋ³⁵ fɑŋ⁵⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 行方 (Namegata).

obor

(～市) Namegata (a city in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan)


白虎

/paɪ̯³⁵ xu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ hɔ⁵³/

/pe(ʔ)²⁴⁻² hɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/pe(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ hɔ⁵³/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ hɔ⁵³/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ hɔ⁴¹/

/peʔ⁴⁻² hõũ⁵²/

/paɪ̯³⁵ xu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ hɔ⁵³/

/pe(ʔ)²⁴⁻² hɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/pe(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ hɔ⁵³/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ hɔ⁵³/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ hɔ⁴¹/

/peʔ⁴⁻² hõũ⁵²/

(～村) Baihu (a village in Wulipu, Shayang, Jingmen, Hubei, China)


玄武

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (玄武):
* → Japanese: 玄(げん)武(ぶ) (genbu)
* → Korean: 현무(玄武) (hyeonmu)
* → Vietnamese: Huyền Vũ (玄武)

/ɕy̯ɛn³⁵ u²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hiɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ bu⁵³/

/hiɛn²³⁻³³ bu⁴¹/

/ɕy̯ɛn³⁵ u²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hiɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ bu⁵³/

/hiɛn²³⁻³³ bu⁴¹/

(～區) Xuanwu (a district of Nanjing, Jiangsu, China)


牟平

/mu⁵¹ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/mʊk̚² pʰɪŋ²¹/

/mu⁵¹ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/mʊk̚² pʰɪŋ²¹/

(～區) Muping (a district of Yantai, Shandong, China)


揚子江

→ English: Yangtze (calque)

→ German: Jangtsekiang

→ Korean: 양쯔강 (Yangjjeugang)

→ Portuguese: rio Yangtzé (calque)

→ Russian: Янцзы́ (Janczý)

→ Spanish: río Yangtsé (calque)

→ Thai: แม่น้ำแยงซี (calque)

→ Vietnamese: sông Dương Tử (calque)

/jɑŋ³⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/jœːŋ²¹ t͡siː³⁵ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/yoŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ^((t͡s-))ʒy³³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾øyŋ⁵⁵/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/iɔŋ²³⁻³³ t͡su⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/jɑŋ³⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/jœːŋ²¹ t͡siː³⁵ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/yoŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ^((t͡s-))ʒy³³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾øyŋ⁵⁵/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/iɔŋ²³⁻³³ t͡su⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kaŋ⁴⁴/

From 揚子／扬子 (Yángzǐ) (for "Yangzhou" directly or for a nearby ferry named "Yangzi") + 江 (jiāng, “(major) river”). Its false etymology as "Son of the Ocean" stems from the homophonic misnomer 洋子江.

zh-l

揚子／扬子 (Yángzǐ)


廟宇

/mi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/miːu̯²² jyː¹³/

/bio⁴¹⁻²² u⁵⁵⁴/

/bio²²⁻²¹ u⁵³/

/bio³³⁻¹¹ u⁵³/

/biɤ³³⁻²¹ u⁴¹/

/bio²²⁻²¹ i⁵³/

/miɔ²² ɦy⁴⁴/

/mi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/miːu̯²² jyː¹³/

/bio⁴¹⁻²² u⁵⁵⁴/

/bio²²⁻²¹ u⁵³/

/bio³³⁻¹¹ u⁵³/

/biɤ³³⁻²¹ u⁴¹/

/bio²²⁻²¹ i⁵³/

/miɔ²² ɦy⁴⁴/


廟宇

/mi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/miːu̯²² jyː¹³/

/bio⁴¹⁻²² u⁵⁵⁴/

/bio²²⁻²¹ u⁵³/

/bio³³⁻¹¹ u⁵³/

/biɤ³³⁻²¹ u⁴¹/

/bio²²⁻²¹ i⁵³/

/miɔ²² ɦy⁴⁴/

/mi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/miːu̯²² jyː¹³/

/bio⁴¹⁻²² u⁵⁵⁴/

/bio²²⁻²¹ u⁵³/

/bio³³⁻¹¹ u⁵³/

/biɤ³³⁻²¹ u⁴¹/

/bio²²⁻²¹ i⁵³/

/miɔ²² ɦy⁴⁴/

(～鎮) Miaoyu (a town in Wushan, Chongqing, China)


三星

/sän⁵⁵ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/saːm⁵⁵ sɪŋ⁵⁵/

/sã⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰɛ̃⁴⁴/

/sã⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰẽ⁴⁴/

/sã⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴/

/sã⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴/

/sã³³ t͡sʰĩ³³/

/sän⁵⁵ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/saːm⁵⁵ sɪŋ⁵⁵/

/sã⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰɛ̃⁴⁴/

/sã⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰẽ⁴⁴/

/sã⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴/

/sã⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴/

/sã³³ t͡sʰĩ³³/

(～鄉) Sanxing (a rural township in Yilan County, Taiwan)


神木

/ʂən³⁵ mu⁵¹/

/sɐn²¹ mʊk̚²/

/sin²⁴⁻²² bɔk̚⁴/

/sin²⁴⁻²² bɔk̚²⁴/

/sin¹³⁻²² bɔk̚¹²¹/

/sin²⁴⁻¹¹ bɔk̚⁴/

/sin²³⁻³³ bɔk̚⁴/

/ʂən³⁵ mu⁵¹/

/sɐn²¹ mʊk̚²/

/sin²⁴⁻²² bɔk̚⁴/

/sin²⁴⁻²² bɔk̚²⁴/

/sin¹³⁻²² bɔk̚¹²¹/

/sin²⁴⁻¹¹ bɔk̚⁴/

/sin²³⁻³³ bɔk̚⁴/

(～市, formerly ～縣) Shenmu (a county-level city and former county of Yulin, Shaanxi, China)


新春

/ɕin⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən⁵⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ t͡sʰɵn⁵⁵/

/sin²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰun²⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰun⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰun⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰun⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰun⁴⁴/

/ɕin⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən⁵⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ t͡sʰɵn⁵⁵/

/sin²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰun²⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰun⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰun⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰun⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰun⁴⁴/

(～里) an urban village in Tamsui district, New Taipei City, Taiwan


松滋

/sʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡sz̩⁵⁵/

/sʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡sz̩⁵⁵/

(～市) Songzi (a county-level city of Jingzhou, Hubei, China) (in southwest Hubei province)

(～縣) (historical) Songzi (a county of Jingzhou, Hubei, China) (in southwest Hubei province)


廬山

/lu³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/lɔ²⁴⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/lɔ²⁴⁻²² suã³³/

/lɔ¹³⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/lɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ suã⁴⁴/

/lɔ²³⁻³³ suã⁴⁴/

/lu³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/lɔ²⁴⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/lɔ²⁴⁻²² suã³³/

/lɔ¹³⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/lɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ suã⁴⁴/

/lɔ²³⁻³³ suã⁴⁴/

(～市) Lushan (a county-level city of Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China)


嘉興

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/kaː⁵⁵ hɪŋ⁵⁵/

/ka⁴⁴⁻²² hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ka³³ hiɪŋ³³/

/ka⁴⁴⁻²² hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ka⁴⁴⁻³³ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ka⁴⁴⁻³³ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/kaː⁵⁵ hɪŋ⁵⁵/

/ka⁴⁴⁻²² hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ka³³ hiɪŋ³³/

/ka⁴⁴⁻²² hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ka⁴⁴⁻³³ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ka⁴⁴⁻³³ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

(～市) Jiaxing (a prefecture-level city of Zhejiang, China)

(～社) Gia Hưng (a commune of Ninh Bình Province, Vietnam)


金石

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/kɐm⁵⁵ sɛːk̚²/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ siɪk̚⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² siɪk̚⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siɤʔ⁴/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/kɐm⁵⁵ sɛːk̚²/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ siɪk̚⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² siɪk̚⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siɤʔ⁴/

(～鎮) Jinshi (a town in Chao'an district, Chaozhou, Guangdong, China)


鳴門

/miŋ³⁵ mən³⁵/

/mɪŋ²¹ muːn²¹/

/miŋ³⁵ mən³⁵/

/mɪŋ²¹ muːn²¹/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 鳴門 (Naruto).

obor

(～市) Naruto (a city in Tokushima Prefecture, Japan)


餘杭

/jyː²¹ hɔːŋ²¹/

/ɦy²² ɦɑ̃⁴⁴/

/jyː²¹ hɔːŋ²¹/

/ɦy²² ɦɑ̃⁴⁴/

Probably an Old Chinese transcription of an original Baiyue name, but folk etymologized as deriving from 禹航 (Yǔ Háng, “Yu's ferry”).
Li (1995) considers 餘 (OC *la) to be derived from a Kra-Dai substrate word. Compare Proto-Tai *rɤjᴮ (“dry field”), whence Zhuang reih and Thai ไร่ (râi). Alternatively, Zhengzhang (1990) suggests it may be derived from Proto-Kam-Sui *ra (“field; farmland”), whence Southern Kam jav (/ja⁵/), Sui qxgas (/ʔɣa⁵/), Maonan yras (/ʔja⁵/). This element is also seen in 餘姚／余姚 (Yúyáo).

zh-l

餘姚／余姚 (Yúyáo)

(historical) (～縣) Yuhang (a former county of Zhejiang, China)

(～區) Yuhang (a district of Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China)


暹羅

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (暹羅):
* → Korean: 섬라(暹羅) (Seomna)
* → Vietnamese: Xiêm La (暹羅)

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵/

/t͡sʰiːm³³ lɔː²¹⁻³⁵/

/t͡sʰiːm³³ lɔː²¹/

/tʰiam³³ lᵘɔ²²⁻²²⁵/

/siam³³⁻²¹ lɤ²³/

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵/

/t͡sʰiːm³³ lɔː²¹⁻³⁵/

/t͡sʰiːm³³ lɔː²¹/

/tʰiam³³ lᵘɔ²²⁻²²⁵/

/siam³³⁻²¹ lɤ²³/

Short for 暹羅斛／暹罗斛 (as recorded in the History of Ming), which was a combined name for two states in modern-day Thailand:
* 暹 (Xiān) is derived from 暹 (MC sjem), referring to the kingdom of Siam, likely the kingdom of Suvarnabhumi; and
* 羅斛／罗斛, the kingdom of Lavo (now called Lopburi).
The two kingdoms merged in the mid-14ᵗʰ century to become the Ayutthaya Kingdom, and the combined Chinese name 暹羅 remained in use to refer to subsequent Thai kingdoms.

Moreover, Japan wants to occupy the Philippines, Siam, Indo-China, the Malay Peninsula and the Dutch East Indies in order to cut off other countries from China and monopolize the southwestern Pacific.

1938, 毛澤東 (Mao Zedong), 《論持久戰》 (On Protracted War), 《毛澤東選集》. English translation based on the Foreign Languages Press edition

Bìngqiě Rìběn hái xiǎng zhànlǐng Fēilǜbīn, Xiānluó, Yuènán, Mǎlái Bàndǎo hé Héshǔ Dōng Yìndù, bǎ wàiguó hé Zhōngguó qiēkāi, dúzhàn xīnán Tàipíngyáng.

並且日本還想佔領菲律賓、暹羅、越南、馬來半島和荷屬東印度，把外國和中國切開，獨佔西南太平洋。

并且日本还想占领菲律宾、暹罗、越南、马来半岛和荷属东印度，把外国和中国切开，独占西南太平洋。

(historical) Siam (former name of Thailand: a country in Southeast Asia)

Ayutthaya Kingdom
History of Ming
Lavo Kingdom
Lopburi
Suvarnabhumi#Thailand theory


餘姚

/y³⁵ jɑʊ̯³⁵/

/jyː²¹ jiːu̯²¹/

/y³⁵ jɑʊ̯³⁵/

/jyː²¹ jiːu̯²¹/

餘 (OC *la) is thought to be the same as the first syllable in 餘杭, and may be derived from a Kra-Dai substrate word. See 餘杭 for more.

(～市) Yuyao (a county-level city of Ningbo, Zhejiang, China)

(～村) Yuyao (a village in Zhucheng, Xinzhou district, Wuhan, Hubei, China)


燕子

/jɛn⁵¹ d͡z̥z̩¹/

/iɛn²¹³⁻²¹ t͡sz̩¹/

/ie⁴⁵ t͡səʔ⁴/

/i³³ t͡sz̩⁴⁴/

/i̯ẽ⁴⁵ t͡sz̩³/

/i̯ɛn³²⁴⁻³¹ t͡sz̩³/

/jɛn⁵¹ d͡z̥z̩¹/

/iɛn²¹³⁻²¹ t͡sz̩¹/

/ie⁴⁵ t͡səʔ⁴/

/i³³ t͡sz̩⁴⁴/

/i̯ẽ⁴⁵ t͡sz̩³/

/i̯ɛn³²⁴⁻³¹ t͡sz̩³/

(～鎮, formerly ～鄉) Yanzi (a town and former township in Hefeng, Enshi prefecture, Hubei, China)


臺南

→ English: Tainan

→ Korean: 타이난 (Tainan)

→ Russian: Тайнань (Tajnanʹ)

/tʰaɪ̯³⁵ nän³⁵/

/tʰɔːi̯²¹ naːm²¹/

/tai¹³⁻¹¹ naŋ¹³/

/tai²⁴⁻²¹ naŋ²⁴/

/tʰai⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lam⁵⁵/

/tʰaɪ̯³⁵ nän³⁵/

/tʰɔːi̯²¹ naːm²¹/

/tai¹³⁻¹¹ naŋ¹³/

/tai²⁴⁻²¹ naŋ²⁴/

/tʰai⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lam⁵⁵/

Officially, with the creation of Tainan Prefecture (臺南府) in 1887.

(～市) (historical) Tainan City (former provincial city, now part of the special municipality)


花瓶

/xu̯ä⁵⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/xu̯ä⁵⁵ pʰiɤ̯̃ɻ³⁵/

/faː⁵⁵ pʰɪŋ²¹/

/fa⁴⁴⁻³⁵ pʰiaŋ¹¹/

/hue³³⁻²³ paŋ⁵⁵/

/hue³³⁻²³ pʰiŋ⁵⁵/

/xu̯ä⁵⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/xu̯ä⁵⁵ pʰiɤ̯̃ɻ³⁵/

/faː⁵⁵ pʰɪŋ²¹/

/fa⁴⁴⁻³⁵ pʰiaŋ¹¹/

/hue³³⁻²³ paŋ⁵⁵/

/hue³³⁻²³ pʰiŋ⁵⁵/

(～嶼) Huaping Islet, a pinnacle in the East China Sea administered by Zhongzheng, Keelung, Republic of China (Taiwan)


英格蘭

/iŋ⁵⁵ kɤ³⁵ län³⁵/

/jɪŋ⁵⁵ kaːk̚³ laːn²¹/

/iŋ⁵⁵⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɛiʔ²⁴⁻²¹ l̃aŋ⁵³/

/iɪŋ³³ kiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ lan²⁴/

/iɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ lan²⁴/

/iɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ lan¹³/

/iɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ lan²³/

/iɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ lan²⁴/

/iŋ⁵⁵ kɤ³⁵ län³⁵/

/jɪŋ⁵⁵ kaːk̚³ laːn²¹/

/iŋ⁵⁵⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɛiʔ²⁴⁻²¹ l̃aŋ⁵³/

/iɪŋ³³ kiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ lan²⁴/

/iɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ lan²⁴/

/iɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ lan¹³/

/iɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ lan²³/

/iɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ lan²⁴/

England (a constituent country of the United Kingdom)


伊東

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 伊東 (Itō).

obor

(～市) Itō (a city in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)


裾野

/t͡ɕy⁵⁵ jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡ɕy⁵⁵ jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 裾野 (Susono).

(～市) Susono (a city in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)


長壽

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʂoʊ̯⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ²⁴ ʂou⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ sɐu̯²²/

/t͡sʰoŋ¹¹ su⁵⁵/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ siu³³/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²² siu⁴¹/

/tŋ̍²³⁻³³ siu³³/

/tŋ̍¹³⁻²² siu²²/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²² siu²²/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² siu⁴¹/

/tiɔŋ²³⁻³³ siu³³/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² siu²²/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ siu³³/

/tiaŋ¹³⁻²² siu²²/

/t͡sʰiaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ siu¹¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʂoʊ̯⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ²⁴ ʂou⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ sɐu̯²²/

/t͡sʰoŋ¹¹ su⁵⁵/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ siu³³/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²² siu⁴¹/

/tŋ̍²³⁻³³ siu³³/

/tŋ̍¹³⁻²² siu²²/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²² siu²²/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² siu⁴¹/

/tiɔŋ²³⁻³³ siu³³/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² siu²²/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ siu³³/

/tiaŋ¹³⁻²² siu²²/

/t͡sʰiaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ siu¹¹/

(～區) Changshou (a district of Chongqing, China)

(～鎮) Changshou (a town in Zhongxiang, Jingmen, Hubei, China)

(～社區) Changshou (a residential community in Changshou, Zhongxiang, Jingmen, Hubei, China)

(～村) Changshou (a village in Changshou, Zhongxiang, Jingmen, Hubei, China)


宣城

/ɕy̯ɛn⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/syːn⁵⁵ sɪŋ²¹/

/souŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾niaŋ⁵³/

/suan⁴⁴⁻²² siã²⁴/

/suan⁴⁴⁻²² siã¹³/

/suan⁴⁴⁻³³ siã²⁴/

/suan⁴⁴⁻³³ siã²³/

/ɕi⁵⁵ zən²¹/

/ɕy̯ɛn⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/syːn⁵⁵ sɪŋ²¹/

/souŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾niaŋ⁵³/

/suan⁴⁴⁻²² siã²⁴/

/suan⁴⁴⁻²² siã¹³/

/suan⁴⁴⁻³³ siã²⁴/

/suan⁴⁴⁻³³ siã²³/

/ɕi⁵⁵ zən²¹/

(～市) Xuancheng (a prefecture-level city of Anhui, China)


上京

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/sœːŋ²² kɪŋ⁵⁵/

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/sœːŋ²² kɪŋ⁵⁵/

/sœːŋ¹³ kɪŋ⁵⁵/

/soŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kin²⁴/

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/sœːŋ¹³ kɪŋ⁵⁵/

/soŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kin²⁴/

(～鎮) Shangjing (a town in Datian, Sanming, Fujian, China)


天星

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ sɪŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰin³³ ɬɪŋ³³/

/tʰĩ³³⁴ san³³⁴/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ sɪŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰin³³ ɬɪŋ³³/

/tʰĩ³³⁴ san³³⁴/

(～街道, formerly ～鎮) Tianxing (a subdistrict and former town in Qu County, Dazhou, Sichuan, China)

(～鎮) Tianxing (a town in Daguan, Zhaotong, Yunnan, China)

(～鄉) Tianxing (a township in Wuxi, Chongqing, China)


友愛

/joʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ˀaɪ̯⁵¹/

/jɐu̯¹³ ɔːi̯³³/

/i̯u²⁴⁻¹¹ oi̯⁵⁵/

/(j)i̯u²⁴⁻¹¹ oi̯⁵⁵/

/iu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ai²¹/

/iu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ai⁴¹/

/iu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ai²¹/

/iu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ai¹¹/

/iu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ai²¹/

/joʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ˀaɪ̯⁵¹/

/jɐu̯¹³ ɔːi̯³³/

/i̯u²⁴⁻¹¹ oi̯⁵⁵/

/(j)i̯u²⁴⁻¹¹ oi̯⁵⁵/

/iu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ai²¹/

/iu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ai⁴¹/

/iu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ai²¹/

/iu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ai¹¹/

/iu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ai²¹/

(～村) You'ai (a village in Zhashan, Caidian district, Wuhan, Hubei, China)


布袋

/pu⁵¹⁻⁵³ taɪ̯⁵¹/

/pou̯³³ tɔːi̯²²/

/pou̯³³ tɔːi̯²²⁻³⁵/

/pɔu⁴² ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lø¹¹/

/pɔu⁴² ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lø²¹/

/pɔ²¹⁻⁴¹ te³³/

/pɔ¹¹⁻⁵³ te³³/

/pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ te²²/

/pɔ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tə⁴¹/

/pou²¹³⁻⁵⁵ to¹¹/

/pu⁵¹⁻⁵³ taɪ̯⁵¹/

/pou̯³³ tɔːi̯²²/

/pou̯³³ tɔːi̯²²⁻³⁵/

/pɔu⁴² ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lø¹¹/

/pɔu⁴² ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lø²¹/

/pɔ²¹⁻⁴¹ te³³/

/pɔ¹¹⁻⁵³ te³³/

/pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ te²²/

/pɔ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tə⁴¹/

/pou²¹³⁻⁵⁵ to¹¹/

(～鎮) Budai (an urban township in Chiayi County, Taiwan)


獨逸

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 獨逸(ドイツ) (Doitsu), from Dutch Duits. Doublet 德意志 (Déyìzhì).

zh-l

德意志 (Déyìzhì)

(obsolete) Germany (a country in Europe; capital: Berlin)


江右

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ joʊ̯⁵¹/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ jɐu̯²²/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ joʊ̯⁵¹/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ jɐu̯²²/


舊金山

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (舊金山):
* → Vietnamese: Cựu Kim Sơn (舊金山)

Цзюцзиньшань

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕin⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/kɐu̯²² kɐm⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/kʰi̯u⁵⁵ kim²⁴⁻¹¹ san²⁴/

/ku²²⁻²¹ kim⁴⁴⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/ku⁴¹⁻²² kim³³ suã³³/

/ku²²⁻²¹ kim⁴⁴⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/ku³³⁻¹¹ kim⁴⁴⁻³³ suã⁴⁴/

/ku³³⁻²¹ kim⁴⁴⁻³³ suã⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕin⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/kɐu̯²² kɐm⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/kʰi̯u⁵⁵ kim²⁴⁻¹¹ san²⁴/

/ku²²⁻²¹ kim⁴⁴⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/ku⁴¹⁻²² kim³³ suã³³/

/ku²²⁻²¹ kim⁴⁴⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/ku³³⁻¹¹ kim⁴⁴⁻³³ suã⁴⁴/

/ku³³⁻²¹ kim⁴⁴⁻³³ suã⁴⁴/

The name refers to the gold rush in the 19th century, and "old" is in comparison to the "New Gold Mountain" (新金山 (Xīnjīnshān)) of Melbourne, Australia. (金山 (jīnshān) is being used loosely for any place of great chances for wealth in a similar fashion to the English "gold mine".)

1904, Liang Qichao, 新大陸遊記, 廣智書局, published 1907, page 192:

From all the societies I have seen in the world, there is no society as disorderly as the Chinese community in San Francisco. Why so? It's because of freedom.

Wú guān quán dìqiú zhī shèhuì, wèi yǒu língluàn yú Jiùjīnshān zhī huárén zhě. Cǐ hé yǐ gù? Yuē zìyóu ěr.

吾觀全地球之社會，未有凌亂於舊金山之華人者。此何以故？曰自由耳。

吾观全地球之社会，未有凌乱于旧金山之华人者。此何以故？曰自由耳。

Chinese workers and merchants living abroad in the New and Old Gold Mountains, Hawaii, Singapore, Penang Island, Cuba and Peru numbered at least millions. Their home letters often failed to reach their hometowns ten years after being sent, since the mail company had the custom of intercepting mails sent to non-treaty powers.

1929, Zhao Erxun, "Draft History of Qing"

Zhōngguó gōngshāng lǚjū Xīn Jiù jīnshān, Tánxiāngshān, Xīnjiāpō, Bīnlángyǔ, Gǔbā, Mìlǔ zhě, bùxià shù bǎiwàn rén, wǎngwǎng yǒu yī zhǐ jiāshū shí nián bù dá zhě, yuán yóuhuì yǒu kòuzǔ wúyuēguó wénhán zhī lì yě.

中國工商旅居新舊金山、檀香山、新嘉坡、檳榔嶼、古巴、秘魯者，不下數百萬人，往往有一紙家書十年不達者，緣郵會有扣阻無約國文函之例也。

中国工商旅居新旧金山、檀香山、新嘉坡、槟榔屿、古巴、秘鲁者，不下数百万人，往往有一纸家书十年不达者，缘邮会有扣阻无约国文函之例也。

(chiefly Mainland China, Taiwan, dated in Hong Kong) San Francisco (a city in California, United States)


德克薩斯

ㄉㄜˊ ㄎㄜˋ ㄙㄚˋ ㄙ

ㄉㄜˊ ㄎㄜˋ ㄙㄚˋ ㄙ

/tɤ³⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ sä⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵/

/tɐk̚⁵ hɐk̚⁵ saːt̚³ siː⁵⁵/

/tɤ³⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ sä⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵/

/tɐk̚⁵ hɐk̚⁵ saːt̚³ siː⁵⁵/

(～州) (Taiwan) Texas (a state in the south-central region of the United States)


大分

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ fən⁵¹/

/taːi̯²² fɐn⁵⁵/

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ fən⁵¹/

/taːi̯²² fɐn⁵⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 大分(おおいた) (Ōita).

ja-r

大分(おおいた) (Ōita)

(～市) Ōita (a city in Ōita Prefecture, Japan)


昆士蘭

/kʰu̯ən⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹ län³⁵/

/kʷʰɐn⁵⁵ siː²² laːn²¹/

/kʰu̯ən⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹ län³⁵/

/kʷʰɐn⁵⁵ siː²² laːn²¹/

(～州) Queensland (a state of Australia, located in the northeastern part of the continent; a former British colony from 1859 to 1901)


維多利亞

ㄨㄟˊ ㄉㄨㄛ ㄌㄧˋ ㄧㄚˋ

ㄨㄟˊ ㄉㄨㄛ ㄌㄧˋ ㄧㄚˇ

/weɪ̯³⁵ tu̯ɔ⁵⁵ li⁵¹⁻⁵³ jä⁵¹/

/weɪ̯³⁵ tu̯ɔ⁵⁵ li⁵¹ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/wɐi̯²¹ tɔː⁵⁵ lei̯²² aː³³/

/weɪ̯³⁵ tu̯ɔ⁵⁵ li⁵¹⁻⁵³ jä⁵¹/

/weɪ̯³⁵ tu̯ɔ⁵⁵ li⁵¹ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/wɐi̯²¹ tɔː⁵⁵ lei̯²² aː³³/

(～州) Victoria (a state of Australia, located in the southeastern part of the continent; a former British colony from 1851 to 1901)

British Columbia
British Columbia#English

Victoria (a city, the capital of British Columbia)

Victoria (a city, the capital of Seychelles)

Victoria (the capital city of Gozo, the second-largest island of Malta)

City of Victoria
City of Victoria#English

(historical) (～城) City of Victoria (a city in Hong Kong)


日本國

/ʐ̩⁵¹ pən²¹⁴⁻²¹ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/jɐt̚² puːn³⁵ kʷɔːk̚³/

/zit̚⁴⁻³² pun⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kɔk̚³²/

/lit̚⁴⁻³² pun⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kɔk̚³²/

/ʐ̩⁵¹ pən²¹⁴⁻²¹ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/jɐt̚² puːn³⁵ kʷɔːk̚³/

/zit̚⁴⁻³² pun⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kɔk̚³²/

/lit̚⁴⁻³² pun⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kɔk̚³²/


西海

/ɕi⁵⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/ɕi⁵⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵/

(～市) Saikai (a city in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan)


白露

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (白露):
* → Japanese: 白(はく)露(ろ) (hakuro)
* → Korean: 백로(白露) (baengno)
* → Vietnamese: bạch lộ (白露)

/paɪ̯³⁵ lu⁵¹/

/pɛ²¹ nu²¹³/

/ˈpʰɛt̚⁵ lu¹¹/

/paʔ⁵⁻²¹ l̃ou²¹³/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ lɔ²²/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ lɔ³³/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ lɔ³³/

/pe(ʔ)²⁴⁻² lɔ⁴¹/

/piɪk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ lɔ²²/

/pɤ̞²⁴ ləu̯²¹⁻¹¹/

/paɪ̯³⁵ lu⁵¹/

/pɛ²¹ nu²¹³/

/ˈpʰɛt̚⁵ lu¹¹/

/paʔ⁵⁻²¹ l̃ou²¹³/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ lɔ²²/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ lɔ³³/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ lɔ³³/

/pe(ʔ)²⁴⁻² lɔ⁴¹/

/piɪk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ lɔ²²/

/pɤ̞²⁴ ləu̯²¹⁻¹¹/

(～村) Bailu (a village in Xinshi, Zaoyang, Xiangyang, Hubei, China)


板金

/pän²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/pän²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

(～村) Banjin (a village in Bofan, Anlu, Xiaogan, Hubei, China)


豐滿

/fɤŋ⁵⁵ män²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fʊŋ⁵⁵ muːn¹³/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² buan⁵³/

/hɔŋ³³ buan⁵⁵⁴/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ buan⁴¹/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ buan⁵³/

/hɔŋ³³ muã⁵⁵⁴/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² muã⁵³/

/fɤŋ⁵⁵ män²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fʊŋ⁵⁵ muːn¹³/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² buan⁵³/

/hɔŋ³³ buan⁵⁵⁴/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ buan⁴¹/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ buan⁵³/

/hɔŋ³³ muã⁵⁵⁴/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² muã⁵³/

(～區) Fengman (a district of Jilin City, Jilin Province, China)


薩摩亞

/sä⁵¹ mu̯ɔ³⁵ jä⁵¹/

/saːt̚³ mɔː⁵⁵ aː³³/

/sat̚³²⁻⁴ mɔ̃²⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/sat̚³²⁻⁵ mɔ̃¹³⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/sat̚⁵⁻²⁴ mɔ̃²⁴⁻²² a³³/

/sä⁵¹ mu̯ɔ³⁵ jä⁵¹/

/saːt̚³ mɔː⁵⁵ aː³³/

/sat̚³²⁻⁴ mɔ̃²⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/sat̚³²⁻⁵ mɔ̃¹³⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/sat̚⁵⁻²⁴ mɔ̃²⁴⁻²² a³³/

Samoa (a country consisting of the western part of the Samoan archipelago in Polynesia, in Oceania)


多米尼克

ㄉㄨㄛ ㄇㄧˇ ㄋㄧˊ ㄎㄜˋ

ㄉㄨㄛ ㄇㄧˇ ㄋㄧˊ ㄎㄜˋ

/tu̯ɔ⁵⁵ mi²¹⁴⁻²¹ ni³⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹/

/tɔː⁵⁵ mɐi̯¹³ nei̯²¹ hɐk̚⁵/

/tɔ³³ bi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ nĩ²⁴⁻²² kʰiak̚⁵/

/to⁴⁴⁻²² bi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nĩ²⁴⁻²² kʰiɪk̚³²/

/to⁴⁴⁻²² bi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nĩ¹³⁻²² kʰiɪk̚³²/

/tu̯ɔ⁵⁵ mi²¹⁴⁻²¹ ni³⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹/

/tɔː⁵⁵ mɐi̯¹³ nei̯²¹ hɐk̚⁵/

/tɔ³³ bi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ nĩ²⁴⁻²² kʰiak̚⁵/

/to⁴⁴⁻²² bi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nĩ²⁴⁻²² kʰiɪk̚³²/

/to⁴⁴⁻²² bi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nĩ¹³⁻²² kʰiɪk̚³²/

Dominica (an island and country in the Caribbean)


恩賈梅納

ㄣ ㄐㄧㄚˇ ㄇㄟˊ ㄋㄚˋ

ㄣ ㄐㄧㄚˇ ㄇㄟˊ ㄋㄚˋ

/ˀən⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä²¹⁴⁻²¹ meɪ̯³⁵ nä⁵¹/

/ˀən⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä²¹⁴⁻²¹ meɪ̯³⁵ nä⁵¹/


牛津

/ni̯oʊ̯³⁵ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/ŋɐu̯²¹ t͡sɵn⁵⁵/

/ɡiu²⁴⁻²² tin⁴⁴/

/ni̯oʊ̯³⁵ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/ŋɐu̯²¹ t͡sɵn⁵⁵/

/ɡiu²⁴⁻²² tin⁴⁴/

(～市) Oxford (a city in Oxfordshire, England)


上市

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 上(かみ)市(いち) (Kamiichi).

(～町) Kamiichi (a town in Toyama Prefecture, Japan)


白水

/paɪ̯³⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/paːk̚² sɵy̯³⁵/

/pe(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡sui⁵³/

/paɪ̯³⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/paːk̚² sɵy̯³⁵/

/pe(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡sui⁵³/

(～縣) Baishui (a county of Weinan, Shaanxi, China)


學府

/ɕy̯ɛ³⁵ fu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔːk̚² fuː³⁵/

/hak̚⁴⁻³² hu⁵³/

/hak̚²⁴⁻² hu⁵⁵⁴/

/hak̚¹²¹⁻²¹ hu⁵³/

/hak̚⁴⁻³² hu⁵³/

/hak̚⁴⁻³² hu⁴¹/

/ɕy̯ɛ³⁵ fu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔːk̚² fuː³⁵/

/hak̚⁴⁻³² hu⁵³/

/hak̚²⁴⁻² hu⁵⁵⁴/

/hak̚¹²¹⁻²¹ hu⁵³/

/hak̚⁴⁻³² hu⁵³/

/hak̚⁴⁻³² hu⁴¹/

(～里) an urban village in Tamsui district, New Taipei City, Taiwan

(～社區) Xuefu (a community in Guanshan, Hongshan district, Wuhan, Hubei, China)


白玉

Phono-semantic matching of Tibetan དཔལ་ཡུལ (dpal yul).

psm

/paɪ̯³⁵ y⁵¹/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ ɡiɪk̚⁴/

/pe(ʔ)²⁴⁻² ɡiɪk̚²⁴/

/pe(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ ɡiɪk̚¹²¹/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ ɡiɪk̚⁴/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ ɡiɪk̚⁴/

/paɪ̯³⁵ y⁵¹/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ ɡiɪk̚⁴/

/pe(ʔ)²⁴⁻² ɡiɪk̚²⁴/

/pe(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ ɡiɪk̚¹²¹/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ ɡiɪk̚⁴/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ ɡiɪk̚⁴/

(～縣) Baiyu County (a county of Garzê prefecture, Sichuan, China)


白玉

Phono-semantic matching of Tibetan སྦས་ཡུལ (sbas yul, “hidden valley”).

/paɪ̯³⁵ y⁵¹/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ ɡiɪk̚⁴/

/pe(ʔ)²⁴⁻² ɡiɪk̚²⁴/

/pe(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ ɡiɪk̚¹²¹/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ ɡiɪk̚⁴/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ ɡiɪk̚⁴/

/paɪ̯³⁵ y⁵¹/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ ɡiɪk̚⁴/

/pe(ʔ)²⁴⁻² ɡiɪk̚²⁴/

/pe(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ ɡiɪk̚¹²¹/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ ɡiɪk̚⁴/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ ɡiɪk̚⁴/

Beyul Khenpajong
Beyul Khenpajong#English

(～地區) Beyul Khenpajong (a disputed region in Lhozhag, Shannan, Tibet Autonomous Region, China, also claimed by Bhutan)


信陽

→ English: Hsin-yang, Xinyang

/ɕin⁵¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/sɵn³³ jœːŋ²¹/

/siŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ^((Ø-))ŋyoŋ⁵³/

/sin²¹⁻⁵³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/sin⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ iɔŋ²⁴/

/sin²¹⁻⁵³ iɔŋ¹³/

/sin¹¹⁻⁵³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/sin²¹⁻⁴¹ iɔŋ²³/

/ɕin³³ ɦiã⁴⁴/

/ɕin⁵¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/sɵn³³ jœːŋ²¹/

/siŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ^((Ø-))ŋyoŋ⁵³/

/sin²¹⁻⁵³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/sin⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ iɔŋ²⁴/

/sin²¹⁻⁵³ iɔŋ¹³/

/sin¹¹⁻⁵³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/sin²¹⁻⁴¹ iɔŋ²³/

/ɕin³³ ɦiã⁴⁴/

(～市) Xinyang (a prefecture-level city of Henan, China)


西寧

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (西寧):
* → Japanese: 西寧(せいねい) (Seinei)
* → Korean: 서녕(西寧) (Seonyeong)

→ English: Xining, Sining, Hsi-ning

/ɕi⁵⁵ niŋ³⁵/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ nɪŋ²¹/

/ɕi⁴⁴⁻³⁵ nɛn¹¹/

/ɬe⁵³³⁻¹¹ nɛŋ¹³/

/ɬe⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ nɛŋ²⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/se³³ liɪŋ²⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² liɪŋ¹³/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ liɪŋ²⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ liɪŋ²³/

/ɕi⁵⁵ niŋ³⁵/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ nɪŋ²¹/

/ɕi⁴⁴⁻³⁵ nɛn¹¹/

/ɬe⁵³³⁻¹¹ nɛŋ¹³/

/ɬe⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ nɛŋ²⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/se³³ liɪŋ²⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² liɪŋ¹³/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ liɪŋ²⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ liɪŋ²³/

; "Xining": Coined in 1104 with the establishment of 西寧州 (“Xining prefecture”), intended to convey the meaning "peaceful western frontier". Compare 西零 (MC sej len).

(～市) Xining (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Qinghai, China)

(historical) (～縣) Xining (a former county of Guangdong, China; now Yunan, Guangdong)


銀川

desc

→ English: Yin-ch'uan, Yinchuan, Yinchwan

/in³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/iŋ²⁴ ʈ͡ʂʰuæ̃²⁴/

/ŋɐn²¹ t͡sʰyːn⁵⁵/

/ŋyŋ¹³⁻¹¹ t͡sʰœŋ⁵³³/

ngyng² cyoeng¹ [Phonetic:ngyng⁵ cyoeng¹]

/ŋyŋ²⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰyøŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/ɡun²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰuan³³/

/ɡun²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/ɡun²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/ɡin²³⁻³³ t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/ɡin¹³⁻²² t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/in³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/iŋ²⁴ ʈ͡ʂʰuæ̃²⁴/

/ŋɐn²¹ t͡sʰyːn⁵⁵/

/ŋyŋ¹³⁻¹¹ t͡sʰœŋ⁵³³/

/ŋyŋ²⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰyøŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/ɡun²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰuan³³/

/ɡun²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/ɡun²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/ɡin²³⁻³³ t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/ɡin¹³⁻²² t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

(～市) Yinchuan (a prefecture-level city, the regional capital of the Ningxia autonomous region, China)


黑海

/xeɪ̯⁵⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɐk̚⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ hai⁵³/

/həʔ³³ he⁴⁴/

/xeɪ̯⁵⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɐk̚⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ hai⁵³/

/həʔ³³ he⁴⁴/

Lake Heihai (a lake in Golmud, Haixi prefecture, Qinghai, China)


新生

/ɕin⁵⁵ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ sɐŋ⁵⁵/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/sin³³ sŋ̍³³/

/ɕin⁵⁵ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ sɐŋ⁵⁵/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/sin³³ sŋ̍³³/

(～村) Xinsheng (a village in Sandouping, Yiling district, Yichang, Hubei, China)


北上

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂɑŋ⁵¹/

/pɐk̚⁵ sœːŋ¹³/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ siɔŋ³³/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ siaŋ³³/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂɑŋ⁵¹/

/pɐk̚⁵ sœːŋ¹³/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ siɔŋ³³/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ siaŋ³³/

(～市) Kitakami (a city in Iwate Prefecture, Japan)


神奈川

Шэньнайчуань

/ʂən³⁵ naɪ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/sɐn²¹ nɔːi̯²² t͡sʰyːn⁵⁵/

/ʂən³⁵ naɪ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/sɐn²¹ nɔːi̯²² t͡sʰyːn⁵⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 神奈川 (Kanagawa).


安康

/ˀän⁵⁵ kʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ hɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² kʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/an³³ kʰɔŋ³³/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² kʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/aŋ³³⁻²³ kʰaŋ³³/

/ˀän⁵⁵ kʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ hɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² kʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/an³³ kʰɔŋ³³/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² kʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/aŋ³³⁻²³ kʰaŋ³³/

(～市) Ankang (a prefecture-level city of Shaanxi, China)


航天

/xɑŋ³⁵ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/hɔːŋ²¹ tʰiːn⁵⁵/

/haŋ²⁴⁻²² tʰiɛn³³/

/haŋ²⁴⁻²² tʰiɛn⁴⁴/

/haŋ¹³⁻²² tʰiɛn⁴⁴/

/haŋ²⁴⁻²² tʰĩ⁴⁴/

/haŋ²⁴⁻²² tʰĩ³³/

/xɑŋ³⁵ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/hɔːŋ²¹ tʰiːn⁵⁵/

/haŋ²⁴⁻²² tʰiɛn³³/

/haŋ²⁴⁻²² tʰiɛn⁴⁴/

/haŋ¹³⁻²² tʰiɛn⁴⁴/

/haŋ²⁴⁻²² tʰĩ⁴⁴/

/haŋ²⁴⁻²² tʰĩ³³/

(～鎮) Hangtian (a town in Jinta, Jiuquan, Gansu, China)


天鵝

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ˀɤ³⁵/

/tʰiæ̃²⁴ ŋə²⁴/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ ŋɔː²¹/

/tʰi̯en²⁴ ŋo¹¹/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² ɡo²⁴/

/tʰiɛn³³ ɡo²⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² ɡo¹³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡo²⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡɤ²³/

/tʰi⁵⁵ ŋu²¹/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ˀɤ³⁵/

/tʰiæ̃²⁴ ŋə²⁴/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ ŋɔː²¹/

/tʰi̯en²⁴ ŋo¹¹/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² ɡo²⁴/

/tʰiɛn³³ ɡo²⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² ɡo¹³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡo²⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡɤ²³/

/tʰi⁵⁵ ŋu²¹/

(～鎮) Tian'e (a town in Yingcheng, Xiaogan, Hubei, China)


鴨川

/jä⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/jä⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 鴨川 (Kamogawa).

(～市) Kamogawa (a city in Chiba Prefecture, Japan)


蔚山

/weɪ̯⁵¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

/wɐi̯³³ saːn⁵⁵/

/weɪ̯⁵¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

/wɐi̯³³ saːn⁵⁵/


大邱

/tä⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/

/taːi̯²² jɐu̯⁵⁵/

/tä⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/

/taːi̯²² jɐu̯⁵⁵/


仁川

/ʐən³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/jɐn²¹ t͡sʰyːn⁵⁵/

/ʐən³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/jɐn²¹ t͡sʰyːn⁵⁵/

(～廣域市, ～市) Incheon (a city in South Korea)


淄博

/t͡sz̩⁵⁵ pu̯ɔ³⁵/

/t͡siː⁵⁵ pɔːk̚³/

/t͡sy⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βɑuʔ²⁴/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻²² pʰɔk̚³²/

/t͡su³³ pʰɔk̚⁵/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻²² pʰɔk̚³²/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻³³ pʰɔk̚³²/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻³³ pʰɔk̚³²/

/t͡sɯ³³⁻²³ pʰak̚²/

/t͡sz̩⁵⁵ poʔ²¹/

/t͡sz̩⁵⁵ pu̯ɔ³⁵/

/t͡siː⁵⁵ pɔːk̚³/

/t͡sy⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βɑuʔ²⁴/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻²² pʰɔk̚³²/

/t͡su³³ pʰɔk̚⁵/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻²² pʰɔk̚³²/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻³³ pʰɔk̚³²/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻³³ pʰɔk̚³²/

/t͡sɯ³³⁻²³ pʰak̚²/

/t͡sz̩⁵⁵ poʔ²¹/

(～市) Zibo (a prefecture-level city in central Shandong, China)


養父

/jɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ fu⁵¹/

/jœːŋ¹³ fuː²²/

/i̯oŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ fu⁵⁵/

/(j)i̯oŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ fu⁵⁵/

/iɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ hu³³/

/iɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hu³³/

/iũ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pe³³/

/iũ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ pe³³/

/iũ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pe²²/

/iɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pe³³/

/iɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ pe³³/

/jɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ fu⁵¹/

/jœːŋ¹³ fuː²²/

/i̯oŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ fu⁵⁵/

/(j)i̯oŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ fu⁵⁵/

/iɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ hu³³/

/iɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hu³³/

/iũ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pe³³/

/iũ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ pe³³/

/iũ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pe²²/

/iɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pe³³/

/iɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ pe³³/

(～市) Yabu (a city in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan)


安南

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (安南):
* → Japanese: 安南(アンナン) (Annan)
* → Okinawan: 安南(あんなん) (Annan)
* → Korean: 안남(安南) (Annam)
* → Vietnamese: An Nam (安南)

/ˀän⁵⁵ nän³⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ naːm²¹/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ naːm²¹⁻³⁵/

/aŋ⁵⁵ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ lam²³/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ lam²⁴/

/aŋ³³⁻²³ nam⁵⁵/

/aŋ³³⁻²³ lam⁵⁵/

/ˀän⁵⁵ nän³⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ naːm²¹/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ naːm²¹⁻³⁵/

/aŋ⁵⁵ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ lam²³/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ lam²⁴/

/aŋ³³⁻²³ nam⁵⁵/

/aŋ³³⁻²³ lam⁵⁵/

Have we heard the voice of the Egyptian people? Have we heard of that of the Vietnamese, or the Koreans? Is there any voice raised in India but that of Tagore?

1927, Lu Xun (魯迅), 《無聲的中國——二月十六日在香港青年會講》 (Silent China — A Talk Given at the Hongkong Y.M.C.A. on February 16th)

Wǒmen kě tīngdào āijírén de shēngyīn? Kě tīngdào ānnán, cháoxiān de shēngyīn? Yìndù chúle Tàigē'ěr, biéde shēngyīn kě hái yǒu?

我們可聽到埃及人的聲音？可聽到安南、朝鮮的聲音？印度除了泰戈爾，別的聲音可還有？

我们可听到埃及人的声音？可听到安南、朝鲜的声音？印度除了泰戈尔，别的声音可还有？

1965, 龍影, directed by 關志堅, 恩義難忘 [Your Infinitive Kindness], 雷煥璇 [Lui Woon-Suen] (actor):

Tomorrow, suggest going to Vietnam with him for a few days.

nei⁵ ting¹ jat⁶ tai⁴ ji⁵ tung⁴ keoi⁵ heoi³ on¹ naam⁴⁻² waan⁴⁻² gei² jat⁶.

你聽日提議同佢去安南玩幾日。

你听日提议同佢去安南玩几日。

(dated) Vietnam (a country in Southeast Asia)


安南

/ˀän⁵⁵ nän³⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ naːm²¹/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ lam²³/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ lam²⁴/

/ˀän⁵⁵ nän³⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ naːm²¹/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ lam²³/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ lam²⁴/

(～區) Annan (a district of Tainan, Taiwan)


鞍山

/ˀän⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/ˀän⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

(～市) Anshan (a prefecture-level city of Liaoning, China)


保定

/pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ tiŋ⁵¹/

/pou̯³⁵ tɪŋ²²/

/pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ tiŋ⁵¹/

/pou̯³⁵ tɪŋ²²/

(～市) Baoding (a prefecture-level city of Hebei, China; the former provincial capital of Zhili during the Qing dynasty, and Hebei from 1949 to 1958 and 1966 to 1968)


包頭

→ English: Baotou, Pao-t'ou, Paotow

Borrowed from Mongolian ᠪᠤᠭᠤᠲᠤ (buɣutu), from ᠪᠤᠭᠤ (buɣu, “deer”) / буга (buga) + -ᠲᠤ (-tu, “place where ... is”)

/pɑʊ̯⁵⁵ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/

/pɑʊ̯⁵⁵ tʰɤʊ̯ɻʷ³⁵/

/paːu̯⁵⁵ tʰɐu̯²¹/

/pau⁴⁴⁻²² tʰau²⁴/

/pau⁴⁴⁻²² tʰau¹³/

/pau⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰau²⁴/

/pau⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰau²³/

/pau³³⁻²³ tʰau⁵⁵/

/pɒu̯³³ təu̯¹³/

/pɤ⁴⁴ di̯ɤ¹³⁻³³/

/pɑʊ̯⁵⁵ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/

/pɑʊ̯⁵⁵ tʰɤʊ̯ɻʷ³⁵/

/paːu̯⁵⁵ tʰɐu̯²¹/

/pau⁴⁴⁻²² tʰau²⁴/

/pau⁴⁴⁻²² tʰau¹³/

/pau⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰau²⁴/

/pau⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰau²³/

/pau³³⁻²³ tʰau⁵⁵/

/pɒu̯³³ təu̯¹³/

/pɤ⁴⁴ di̯ɤ¹³⁻³³/

(～市) Baotou (a prefecture-level city, the largest city in the Inner Mongolia autonomous region, in northern China)


朝鮮民主主義人民共和國

ㄔㄠˊ ㄒㄧㄢˇ ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄓㄨˇ ㄓㄨˇ ㄧˋ ㄖㄣˊ ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄍㄨㄥˋ ㄏㄜˊ ㄍㄨㄛˊ

ㄔㄠˊ ㄒㄧㄢ ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄓㄨˇ ㄓㄨˇ ㄧˋ ㄖㄣˊ ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄍㄨㄥˋ ㄏㄜˊ ㄍㄨㄛˊ

ciu⁴ sin¹ man⁴ zyu² zyu² ji⁶ jan⁴ man⁴ gung⁶ wo⁴ gwok³

ziu¹ sin¹ man⁴ zyu² zyu² ji⁶ jan⁴ man⁴ gung⁶ wo⁴ gwok³

Tiâu-sián Bîn-chú-chú-gī Lîn-bîn Kiōng-hô͘-kok

Tiâu-sián Bîn-chú-chú-gī Jîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok

Cháoxiǎn Mínzhǔzhǔyì Rénmín Gònghéguó [Phonetic:cháoxiǎnmínzhúzhǔyìrénmíngònghéguó]

Chʻao²-hsien³ Min²-chu³-chu³-i⁴ Jên²-min² Kung⁴-ho²-kuo²

Cháu-syǎn Mín-jǔ-jǔ-yì Rén-mín Gùng-hé-gwó

Chaurshean Minjuujuuyih Renmin Gonqhergwo

Чаосянь Миньчжучжуи Жэньминь Гунхэго

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹ min³⁵ ʈ͡ʂu²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ʈ͡ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹ i⁵¹ ʐən³⁵ min³⁵ kʊŋ⁵¹ xɤ³⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

Cháoxiān Mínzhǔzhǔyì Rénmín Gònghéguó [Phonetic:cháoxiānmínzhúzhǔyìrénmíngònghéguó]

Chʻao²-hsien¹ Min²-chu³-chu³-i⁴ Jên²-min² Kung⁴-ho²-kuo²

Cháu-syān Mín-jǔ-jǔ-yì Rén-mín Gùng-hé-gwó

Chaurshian Minjuujuuyih Renmin Gonqhergwo

Чаосянь Миньчжучжуи Жэньминь Гунхэго

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ min³⁵ ʈ͡ʂu²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ʈ͡ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹ i⁵¹ ʐən³⁵ min³⁵ kʊŋ⁵¹ xɤ³⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

chìuh sīn màhn jyú jyú yih yàhn màhn guhng wòh gwok

jīu sīn màhn jyú jyú yih yàhn màhn guhng wòh gwok

tsiu⁴ sin¹ man⁴ dzy² dzy² ji⁶ jan⁴ man⁴ gung⁶ wo⁴ gwok⁸

dziu¹ sin¹ man⁴ dzy² dzy² ji⁶ jan⁴ man⁴ gung⁶ wo⁴ gwok⁸

qiu⁴ xin¹ men⁴ ju² ju² yi⁶ yen⁴ men⁴ gung⁶ wo⁴ guog³

jiu¹ xin¹ men⁴ ju² ju² yi⁶ yen⁴ men⁴ gung⁶ wo⁴ guog³

/t͡sʰiːu̯²¹ siːn⁵⁵ mɐn²¹ t͡syː³⁵ t͡syː³⁵ jiː²² jɐn²¹ mɐn²¹ kʊŋ²² wɔː²¹ kʷɔːk̚³/

/t͡siːu̯⁵⁵ siːn⁵⁵ mɐn²¹ t͡syː³⁵ t͡syː³⁵ jiː²² jɐn²¹ mɐn²¹ kʊŋ²² wɔː²¹ kʷɔːk̚³/

Tiâu-sián Bîn-tsú-tsú-gī Lîn-bîn Kiōng-hôo-kok

diausiern binzwzw'gi linbiin kioxngho'kog

/tiau²⁴⁻²² siɛn⁵⁵⁴ bin²⁴⁻²² t͡su⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡su⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ɡi⁴¹ lin²⁴⁻²² bin²⁴ kiɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² hɔ²⁴⁻²² kɔk̚⁵/

Tiâu-sián Bîn-tsú-tsú-gī Lîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok

diausiern binzwzw'gi linbiin kioxnghoi'kog

/tiau²⁴⁻²² siɛn⁵³ bin²⁴⁻²² t͡su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡi²² lin²⁴⁻²² bin²⁴ kiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ ho²⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/tiau²⁴⁻¹¹ siɛn⁵³ bin²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡi³³ lin²⁴⁻¹¹ bin²⁴ kiɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ ho²⁴⁻¹¹ kɔk̚³²/

Tiâu-sián Bîn-tsú-tsú-gī Jîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok

diausiern binzwzw'gi jinbiin kioxnghoi'kog

/tiau²³⁻³³ siɛn⁴¹ bin²³⁻³³ t͡su⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡su⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɡi³³ zin²³⁻³³ bin²³ kiɔŋ³³⁻²¹ hɤ²³⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

/tiau¹³⁻²² siɛn⁵³ bin¹³⁻²² t͡su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡi²² d͡zin¹³⁻²² bin¹³ kiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ ho¹³⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/ Tiâu-sián Bîn-chú-chú-gī Lîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok /

Orthographic borrowing from Korean 조선민주주의인민공화국(朝鮮民主主義人民共和國) (joseon-minjujuui-inmin-gonghwaguk).

Democratic People's Republic of Korea#English:_Q423

Democratic People's Republic of Korea (official name of North Korea: a country in East Asia)


釜山

/fu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

/hu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ san⁴⁴/

/hu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ san³³/

/hu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ san⁴⁴/

/hu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ san⁴⁴/

/hu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ san⁴⁴/

/fu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

/hu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ san⁴⁴/

/hu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ san³³/

/hu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ san⁴⁴/

/hu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ san⁴⁴/

/hu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ san⁴⁴/


園藝

/jyːn²¹ ŋɐi̯²²/

/uan²⁴⁻¹¹ ɡe³³/

/uan²⁴⁻²² ɡe²²/

/uan¹³⁻²² ɡe²²/

/uan²⁴⁻²² ɡe⁴¹/

/uan²³⁻³³ ɡe³³/

/hŋ̍²⁴⁻²² ɡe⁴¹/

/hŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ ɡe³³/

/hŋ̍²³⁻³³ ɡe³³/

/hŋ̍²⁴⁻²² ɡe²²/

/huĩ¹³⁻²² ɡe²²/

/hŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ɡoi¹¹/

/jyːn²¹ ŋɐi̯²²/

/uan²⁴⁻¹¹ ɡe³³/

/uan²⁴⁻²² ɡe²²/

/uan¹³⁻²² ɡe²²/

/uan²⁴⁻²² ɡe⁴¹/

/uan²³⁻³³ ɡe³³/

/hŋ̍²⁴⁻²² ɡe⁴¹/

/hŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ ɡe³³/

/hŋ̍²³⁻³³ ɡe³³/

/hŋ̍²⁴⁻²² ɡe²²/

/huĩ¹³⁻²² ɡe²²/

/hŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ɡoi¹¹/

(～村) Yuanyi (a village in Sandouping, Yiling district, Yichang, Hubei, China)


銚子

吊子
銱子
銚則:
铫子

/ti̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹ d͡z̥z̩¹/

/tiɔ⁵⁵ t͡sz̩²¹/

/ti̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹ d͡z̥z̩¹/

/tiɔ⁵⁵ t͡sz̩²¹/

(～市) Chōshi (a city in Chiba Prefecture, Japan)


大慶

→ English: Daqing, Taching, Ta-ch'ing

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵¹/

/taːi̯²² hɪŋ³³/

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵¹/

/taːi̯²² hɪŋ³³/

(～市) Daqing (a prefecture-level city of Heilongjiang, China)


新潟

/ɕin⁵⁵ ɕi⁵¹/

/sɐn⁵⁵ sɪk̚⁵/

/ɕin⁵⁵ ɕi⁵¹/

/sɐn⁵⁵ sɪk̚⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 新(にい)潟(がた) (Niigata).

(～市) Niigata (the capital city of Niigata Prefecture, Japan)


美濃

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 美濃(みの) (Mino).

/meɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ nʊŋ³⁵/

/mei̯¹³ nʊŋ²¹/

/bi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lɔŋ²³/

/bi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lɔŋ²⁴/

/bi⁴⁴⁻³³ lɔŋ⁴⁴/

/meɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ nʊŋ³⁵/

/mei̯¹³ nʊŋ²¹/

/bi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lɔŋ²³/

/bi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lɔŋ²⁴/

/bi⁴⁴⁻³³ lɔŋ⁴⁴/

(～市) Mino (a city in Gifu Prefecture, Japan)


釧路

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵¹⁻⁵³ lu⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵¹⁻⁵³ lu⁵¹/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 釧路 (Kushiro).

obor

(～市) Kushiro (a city in Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan)


舞鶴

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ xɤ⁵¹/

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ xɤ⁵¹/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 舞(まい)鶴(づる) (Maizuru).

(～市) Maizuru (a city in Kyoto Prefecture, Japan)


新造

/ɕin⁵⁵ t͡sɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² t͡so²²/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² t͡so²²/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡so³³/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sɤ³³/

/ɕin⁵⁵ t͡sɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² t͡so²²/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² t͡so²²/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡so³³/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sɤ³³/

/sɐn⁵⁵ t͡sʰou̯¹³/

/ɕin⁵⁵ t͡sɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/sɐn⁵⁵ t͡sʰou̯¹³/

(～鎮) Xinzao (a town in Panyu district, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China)


富士

/fu⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/fuː³³ siː²²/

/fu⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/fuː³³ siː²²/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 富士(ふじ) (Fuji).

(～山) Mount Fuji (the highest mountain in Japan)

(～市) Fuji (a city in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)


筑波

/ʈ͡ʂu⁵¹ pu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂu³⁵ pu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂu⁵¹ pu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂu³⁵ pu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 筑波(つくば) (Tsukuba).

(～市) Tsukuba (a city in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan)


佐渡

/t͡su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ tu⁵¹/

/t͡su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ tu⁵¹/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 佐渡 (Sado).

(～市) Sado (a city in Niigata Prefecture, Japan)


愛知

/ˀaɪ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/

/ɔːi̯³³ t͡siː⁵⁵/

/ˀaɪ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/

/ɔːi̯³³ t͡siː⁵⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 愛知(あいち) (Aichi).


岡山

/kɑŋ⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/kɔŋ³³ san³³/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/kɑŋ⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/kɔŋ³³ san³³/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

; Okayama, Japan
; Gangshan District, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

(～市) Okayama (the capital city of Okayama Prefecture, Japan)

(～區) Gangshan (a suburban district of Kaohsiung, Taiwan)