蘇門答臘

ㄙㄨ ㄇㄣˊ ㄉㄚˊ ㄌㄚˋ

ㄙㄨ ㄇㄣˊ ㄉㄚˊ ㄌㄚˋ

/su⁵⁵ mən³⁵ tä³⁵ lä⁵¹/

/su⁵⁵ mən³⁵ tä³⁵ lä⁵¹/

From Indonesian Sumatra or Sanskrit समुद्र (samudra, “sea”).

(～島) Sumatra (the largest island entirely in Indonesia and the world’s sixth largest island)


亞齊

/jä⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/aː³³ t͡sʰɐi̯²¹/

/jä⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/aː³³ t͡sʰɐi̯²¹/


霍尼亞拉

ㄏㄨㄛˋ ㄋㄧˊ ㄧㄚˋ ㄌㄚ

ㄏㄨㄛˋ ㄋㄧˊ ㄧㄚˋ ㄌㄚ

/xu̯ɔ⁵¹ ni³⁵ jä⁵¹ lä⁵⁵/

/xu̯ɔ⁵¹ ni³⁵ jä⁵¹ lä⁵⁵/

Honiara (a city, the capital city of the Solomon Islands)


巴哈馬

/pä⁵⁵ xä⁵⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/paː⁵⁵ haː⁵⁵ maː¹³/

/pa⁴⁴⁻²² ha(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ mã⁵³/

/pä⁵⁵ xä⁵⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/paː⁵⁵ haː⁵⁵ maː¹³/

/pa⁴⁴⁻²² ha(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ mã⁵³/

Bahamas (an archipelago and country in the Caribbean)


安那翰

/ˀän⁵⁵ nä⁵¹⁻⁵³ xän⁵¹/

/ˀän⁵⁵ nä⁵¹⁻⁵³ xän⁵¹/

From German Annaheim, later changed to English Anaheim.

Anaheim (a city in California, United States)


白帝

/paɪ̯³⁵ ti⁵¹/

/paɪ̯³⁵ ti⁵¹/

(～鎮) Baidi (a town in Fengjie, Chongqing, China)


科特迪瓦

ㄎㄜ ㄊㄜˋ ㄉㄧˊ ㄨㄚˇ

ㄎㄜ ㄊㄜˋ ㄉㄧˊ ㄨㄚˇ

/kʰɤ⁵⁵ tʰɤ⁵¹ ti³⁵ wä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fɔː⁵⁵ tɐk̚² tɪk̚² ŋaː¹³/

/kʰo⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ tiɪk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ ua⁵³/

/kʰo⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚⁴⁻³² tiɪk̚⁴⁻³² ua⁵³/

/kʰə³³ tiak̚²⁴⁻² tiak̚²⁴⁻² ua⁵⁵⁴/

/kʰɤ⁵⁵ tʰɤ⁵¹ ti³⁵ wä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fɔː⁵⁵ tɐk̚² tɪk̚² ŋaː¹³/

/kʰo⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ tiɪk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ ua⁵³/

/kʰo⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚⁴⁻³² tiɪk̚⁴⁻³² ua⁵³/

/kʰə³³ tiak̚²⁴⁻² tiak̚²⁴⁻² ua⁵⁵⁴/

Borrowed from French Côte d'Ivoire. Doublet of 象牙海岸 (Xiàngyá Hǎi'àn).

(Mainland China) Ivory Coast, Côte d'Ivoire (a country in West Africa)


長子

→ English: Ch'ang-tzu, Zhangzi

/ʈ͡ʂɑŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʈ͡ʂɑŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

(～縣) Zhangzi (a county of Changzhi, Shanxi, China)


樊城

/fän³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/fän³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

(～區) Fancheng (a district of Xiangyang, Hubei, China)


漢水

/xän⁵¹ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔːn³³ sɵy̯³⁵/

/xän⁵¹ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔːn³³ sɵy̯³⁵/

Alternative name for 漢江／汉江 (Hànjiāng, “Han River, a left tributary of the Yangtze”).


漢江

/xän⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/hɔːn³³ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/han²¹⁻⁵³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/han⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kaŋ³³/

/han²¹⁻⁵³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/han¹¹⁻⁵³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/han²¹⁻⁴¹ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/xän⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/hɔːn³³ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/han²¹⁻⁵³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/han⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kaŋ³³/

/han²¹⁻⁵³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/han¹¹⁻⁵³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/han²¹⁻⁴¹ kaŋ⁴⁴/

Han River (a left tributary of the Yangtze in Shaanxi and Hubei, China)

(～街道) Hanjiang (a subdistrict of Fancheng district, Xiangyang, Hubei, China)


上山

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

/sœːŋ¹³ saːn⁵⁵/

/soŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ san²⁴/

/t͡siũ³³⁻²¹ suã⁴⁴/

/t͡siũ³³⁻¹¹ suã⁴⁴/

/t͡siũ²²⁻²¹ suã⁴⁴/

/t͡siɔ̃²²⁻²¹ suã⁴⁴/

/t͡siũ²² suã³³/

/t͡sĩẽ³⁵⁻¹¹ sũã³³/

/zɑ̃²² se⁴⁴/

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

/sœːŋ¹³ saːn⁵⁵/

/soŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ san²⁴/

/t͡siũ³³⁻²¹ suã⁴⁴/

/t͡siũ³³⁻¹¹ suã⁴⁴/

/t͡siũ²²⁻²¹ suã⁴⁴/

/t͡siɔ̃²²⁻²¹ suã⁴⁴/

/t͡siũ²² suã³³/

/t͡sĩẽ³⁵⁻¹¹ sũã³³/

/zɑ̃²² se⁴⁴/

(～市) Kaminoyama (a city in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan)


江都

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ tu⁵⁵/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ tou̯⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ tu⁵⁵/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ tou̯⁵⁵/

(historical) Jiangdu (the former capital of China), now Yangzhou


廣東

ja-r

広東(こうとう) (Kōtō)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (廣東):
* → Japanese: 広東(こうとう) (Kōtō)
* → Okinawan: 広東(くゎんとぅん) (Kwantun)
* → Korean: 광동(廣東) (Gwangdong)
* → Vietnamese: Quảng Đông (廣東)

→ English: Guangdong, Kwangtung

→ French: Guangdong, Kouang-tong

→ Korean: 광둥 (Gwangdung)

→ Manchu: ᡤᡠᠸᠠᠩᡩᡠᠩ (guwangdung)

→ Mongolian: ᠭᠤᠸᠠᠩᠳᠦᠩ (ɣuwangdüng)

→ Portuguese: Cantão

→ English: Canton

→ Japanese: 広東(カントン) (Kanton)

→ French: Canton

→ Italian: Canton

→ Russian: Канто́н (Kantón)

→? Spanish: Cantón

→ Russian: Гуанду́н (Guandún)

→ Thai: กวางตุ้ง (gwaang-dtûng)

→ Zhuang: Guengjdoeng, Gvangjdungh

/ku̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kʷɔːŋ³⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kɔŋ⁵⁵ ɵŋ³³/

/koŋ³¹ tuŋ²⁴/

/koŋ²⁴⁻³³ tuŋ⁵³/

/kuɔŋ³¹ tʊŋ⁴⁴/

/kuoŋ³³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nøyŋ⁵⁵/

/kuŋ⁴⁵³⁻¹¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nɒŋ⁵³³/

/kŋ̍³³²⁻²¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nɒŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/kŋ̍⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ taŋ³³/

/kŋ̍⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ taŋ⁴⁴/

/kŋ̍⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ taŋ³³/

/kŋ̍⁵³⁻⁴⁴ taŋ⁴⁴/

/kuĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ taŋ⁴⁴/

/kɯŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ taŋ³³/

/kuɑ̃³³ toŋ⁴⁴/

/ku̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kʷɔːŋ³⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kɔŋ⁵⁵ ɵŋ³³/

/koŋ³¹ tuŋ²⁴/

/koŋ²⁴⁻³³ tuŋ⁵³/

/kuɔŋ³¹ tʊŋ⁴⁴/

/kuoŋ³³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nøyŋ⁵⁵/

/kuŋ⁴⁵³⁻¹¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nɒŋ⁵³³/

/kŋ̍³³²⁻²¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nɒŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/kŋ̍⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ taŋ³³/

/kŋ̍⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ taŋ⁴⁴/

/kŋ̍⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ taŋ³³/

/kŋ̍⁵³⁻⁴⁴ taŋ⁴⁴/

/kuĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ taŋ⁴⁴/

/kɯŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ taŋ³³/

/kuɑ̃³³ toŋ⁴⁴/

Named after Guangnan East Circuit (廣南東路／广南东路 (Guǎngnán Dōng Lù)) of the Song dynasty, which was abbreviated as 廣東路 (Guǎngdōng Lù).

zh-l

廣南東路／广南东路 (Guǎngnán Dōng Lù)

Zhou Qufei, Representative Answers from the Region beyond the Mountains, 12ᵗʰ century CE

Zì Qín shì yǒu Wǔlǐng zhī shuō, jiē zhǐ shān míng zhī. Kǎo zhī, nǎi rù lǐng zhī tú wǔ ěr, fēi bì shān yě. Zì Fújiàn zhī Tīng, rù Guǎngdōng zhī Xún, Méi, yī yě.

自秦世有五嶺之說，皆指山名之。考之，乃入嶺之途五耳，非必山也。自福建之汀，入廣東之循、梅，一也。

自秦世有五岭之说，皆指山名之。考之，乃入岭之途五耳，非必山也。自福建之汀，入广东之循、梅，一也。

(～省) Guangdong (a populous province of China, located on the southern coast)


鴛鴦

/ɥɛn⁵⁵ jɑŋ⁵⁵/

/ɥɛn⁵⁵ jɑŋ²/

/jyːn⁵⁵ jœːŋ⁵⁵/

/jiːn⁵⁵ jœːŋ⁵⁵/

/yɵn⁴² iɔŋ²/

/i̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ i̯oŋ²⁴/

/ʒan⁵³ ʒoŋ⁵³/

/yiŋ⁵⁴ iɔŋ⁵⁴/

/ɛŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ^((Ø-))ŋieu⁵³³/

/ɛŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ^((Ø-))nieu⁵³³/

/ɛŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ^((Ø-))ŋiu⁵⁴⁴/

/uan⁴⁴⁻²² iũ⁴⁴/

/uan⁴⁴⁻³³ iũ⁴⁴/

/uan⁴⁴⁻²² iɔ̃⁴⁴/

/uaŋ³³⁻²³ ĩõ³³/

/ɥɛn⁵⁵ jɑŋ⁵⁵/

/ɥɛn⁵⁵ jɑŋ²/

/jyːn⁵⁵ jœːŋ⁵⁵/

/jiːn⁵⁵ jœːŋ⁵⁵/

/yɵn⁴² iɔŋ²/

/i̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ i̯oŋ²⁴/

/ʒan⁵³ ʒoŋ⁵³/

/yiŋ⁵⁴ iɔŋ⁵⁴/

/ɛŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ^((Ø-))ŋieu⁵³³/

/ɛŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ^((Ø-))nieu⁵³³/

/ɛŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ^((Ø-))ŋiu⁵⁴⁴/

/uan⁴⁴⁻²² iũ⁴⁴/

/uan⁴⁴⁻³³ iũ⁴⁴/

/uan⁴⁴⁻²² iɔ̃⁴⁴/

/uaŋ³³⁻²³ ĩõ³³/

(～鄉) Yuanyang (a township in Maojian district, Shiyan, Hubei, China)


江山

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/koŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ san²⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/kɑ̃⁵⁵ se²¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/koŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ san²⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/kɑ̃⁵⁵ se²¹/

(～市) Jiangshan (a county-level city of Quzhou, Zhejiang, China)


青衣

→ English: Tsing Yi

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ i⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ²¹ i/

/t͡ɕʰĩ³¹⁻³³ i³¹/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ jiː⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɛːŋ⁵⁵ jiː⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰəŋ²¹³ zi²¹/

/ˈt͡ɕʰin⁴² i⁴²/

/t͡sʰaŋ⁵⁴ i⁵⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² i⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕʰin⁵⁵ i²¹/

/t͡ɕʰin³³ i³⁴/

/t͡sʰiŋ³³ i⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰin³³ i³³/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ i⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ²¹ i/

/t͡ɕʰĩ³¹⁻³³ i³¹/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ jiː⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɛːŋ⁵⁵ jiː⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰəŋ²¹³ zi²¹/

/ˈt͡ɕʰin⁴² i⁴²/

/t͡sʰaŋ⁵⁴ i⁵⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² i⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕʰin⁵⁵ i²¹/

/t͡ɕʰin³³ i³⁴/

/t͡sʰiŋ³³ i⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰin³³ i³³/

(～江) Qingyi River (a river in Sichuan, China)


巴蜀

Phono-semantic matching of Thai ประจวบ (“Prachuap”, short for Prachuap Khiri Khan), via Teochew.

psm

/pä⁵⁵ ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/paː⁵⁵ sʊk̚²/

/pä⁵⁵ ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/paː⁵⁵ sʊk̚²/

Prachuap Khiri Khan
Prachuap Khiri Khan#English

(～府) Prachuap Khiri Khan (a province of Thailand)


鎌倉

/li̯ɛn³⁵ t͡sʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/li̯ɛn³⁵ t͡sʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 鎌倉 (Kamakura).

obor

(～市) Kamakura (a city in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan)


錦繡

/t͡ɕin²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵¹/

/kɐm³⁵ sɐu̯³³/

/kim⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ siu⁴¹/

/ɡim⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siu¹¹/

/ɡim⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ siu²¹/

/ɡim⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siu²¹/

/t͡ɕin²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵¹/

/kɐm³⁵ sɐu̯³³/

/kim⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ siu⁴¹/

/ɡim⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siu¹¹/

/ɡim⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ siu²¹/

/ɡim⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siu²¹/

(～村) Jinxiu (a village in Zhonglu, Lichuan, Enshi prefecture, Hubei, China)


昭陽

/ʈ͡ʂɑʊ̯⁵⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰiːu̯⁵⁵ jœːŋ²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂɑʊ̯⁵⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰiːu̯⁵⁵ jœːŋ²¹/

(～區) Zhaoyang (a district of Zhaotong, Yunnan, China)


陽春

/jɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən⁵⁵/

/jœːŋ²¹ t͡sʰɵn⁵⁵/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰun⁴⁴/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰun³³/

/iɔŋ¹³⁻²² t͡sʰun⁴⁴/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰun⁴⁴/

/iɔŋ²³⁻³³ t͡sʰun⁴⁴/

/jɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən⁵⁵/

/jœːŋ²¹ t͡sʰɵn⁵⁵/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰun⁴⁴/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰun³³/

/iɔŋ¹³⁻²² t͡sʰun⁴⁴/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰun⁴⁴/

/iɔŋ²³⁻³³ t͡sʰun⁴⁴/

(～市) Yangchun (a county-level city of Yangjiang, Guangdong, China)

(～社區) Yangchun (a community in Guanshan, Hongshan district, Wuhan, Hubei, China)


大士

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/tua²²⁻²¹ su²²/

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/tua²²⁻²¹ su²²/

Borrowed from Malay Tuas, via a southern dialect, where the pronunciation of 大 phonetically resembles the Malay source.

Tuas (a planning area in the West Region, Singapore)


江陵

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ liŋ³⁵/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ lɪŋ²¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ liŋ³⁵/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ lɪŋ²¹/

(～縣) Jiangling (a county of Jingzhou, Hubei, China)


喬丹

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ tän⁵⁵/

/kʰiːu̯²¹ taːn⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ tän⁵⁵/

/kʰiːu̯²¹ taːn⁵⁵/

Jordan (a small town, the county seat of Garfield County, Montana, United States)


仙居

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ t͡ɕy⁵⁵/

/siːn⁵⁵ kɵy̯⁵⁵/

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ t͡ɕy⁵⁵/

/siːn⁵⁵ kɵy̯⁵⁵/

(～鄉) Xianju (a township in Dongbao district, Jingmen, Hubei, China)


中堂

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ tʰɑŋ³⁵/

/tœŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ tɒŋ¹³/

dyoeng¹ dorng² [Phonetic:dyoeng⁵ dorng²]

/tyøŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ tɒŋ²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tɔŋ²⁴/

/tiɔŋ³³ tɔŋ²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tɔŋ¹³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔŋ²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔŋ²³/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ tʰɑŋ³⁵/

/tœŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ tɒŋ¹³/

/tyøŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ tɒŋ²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tɔŋ²⁴/

/tiɔŋ³³ tɔŋ²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tɔŋ¹³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔŋ²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔŋ²³/

(～鎮) Zhongtang (a town in Dongguan, Guangdong, China)


問安

/wən⁵¹ ˀän⁵⁵/

/mɐn²² ɔːn⁵⁵/

/bun²²⁻²¹ an⁴⁴/

/bun⁴¹⁻²² an³³/

/bun³³⁻²¹ an⁴⁴/

/bun³³⁻¹¹ an⁴⁴/

/mŋ̍³³⁻²¹ an⁴⁴/

/mŋ̍²²⁻²¹ an⁴⁴/

/mŋ̍³³⁻¹¹ an⁴⁴/

/wən⁵¹ ˀän⁵⁵/

/mɐn²² ɔːn⁵⁵/

/bun²²⁻²¹ an⁴⁴/

/bun⁴¹⁻²² an³³/

/bun³³⁻²¹ an⁴⁴/

/bun³³⁻¹¹ an⁴⁴/

/mŋ̍³³⁻²¹ an⁴⁴/

/mŋ̍²²⁻²¹ an⁴⁴/

/mŋ̍³³⁻¹¹ an⁴⁴/

(～鎮) Wen'an (a town in Zhijiang, Yichang, Hubei, China)


鳳儀

(～鄉) Fengyi (a township in Zongyang, Tongling, Anhui, China)


漢陽

→ English: Hanyang, Han-yang

/xän⁵¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/hɔːn³³ jœːŋ²¹/

/xän⁵¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/hɔːn³³ jœːŋ²¹/

Yang (north) of the Han River; based on Yin and yang toponymy in which north is associated with yang. Hanyang was situated to the north of the Han River until a later shift in the course of the river.

Every tree in Han-yang becomes clear in the water,
And Parrot Island is a nest of sweet grasses;

8th century CE, 1920, trans., Cui Hao, Witter Bynner, trans., The Yellow Crane Terrace 黃鶴樓, p.329, p.331, trans. →ISBN

Qíng chuān lìlì Hànyáng shù, fāngcǎo qīqī yīngwǔ zhōu.

晴川歷歷漢陽樹，芳草萋萋鸚鵡洲。

晴川历历汉阳树，芳草萋萋鹦鹉洲。

(～區) Hanyang (a district of Wuhan, Hubei, China)


安徽

desc

English: Anhui, Anhuei, An-hwei, Anhwei, An-hui (Wade–Giles)

Georgian: ანხუეი (anxuei)

/ˀän⁵⁵ xu̯eɪ̯⁵⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ fɐi̯⁵⁵/

/ᵘɔn³³ fei³³/

/on²⁴⁻¹¹ fi²⁴/

/aŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋui⁵⁵/

/aŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ hui⁵³³/

/aŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ hui⁵⁴⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² hui⁴⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² hui⁴⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ hui⁴⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ hui⁴⁴/

/aŋ³³⁻²³ hui³³/

/ˀän⁵⁵ xu̯eɪ̯⁵⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ fɐi̯⁵⁵/

/ᵘɔn³³ fei³³/

/on²⁴⁻¹¹ fi²⁴/

/aŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋui⁵⁵/

/aŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ hui⁵³³/

/aŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ hui⁵⁴⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² hui⁴⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² hui⁴⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ hui⁴⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ hui⁴⁴/

/aŋ³³⁻²³ hui³³/

From the names of two cities in southern Anhui: 安慶／安庆 (Ānqìng, “Anqing”) and 徽州 (Huīzhōu, “Huizhou”, now Huangshan City).

zh-m

(～省) Anhui (a province in eastern China)


書院

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (書院):
* → Japanese: 書(しょ)院(いん) (shoin)
* → Korean: 서원(書院) (seowon)
* → Vietnamese: thư viện (書院)

/ʂu⁵⁵ ɥɛn⁵¹/

/syː⁵⁵ jyːn²²⁻³⁵/

/su²⁴⁻¹¹ i̯en⁵⁵/

/ʃu⁵³ ʒan¹¹/

/t͡sy⁵⁵⁻⁵³ iɛŋ²⁴²/

/su⁴⁴⁻³³ ĩ³³/

/su⁴⁴⁻²² ĩ²²/

/t͡sɯ³³ ĩ⁴¹/

/si⁴⁴⁻²² ĩ²²/

/t͡sɯ³³⁻²³ ĩ¹¹/

/sz̩⁵⁵ ɦyø²¹/

/ʂu⁵⁵ ɥɛn⁵¹/

/syː⁵⁵ jyːn²²⁻³⁵/

/su²⁴⁻¹¹ i̯en⁵⁵/

/ʃu⁵³ ʒan¹¹/

/t͡sy⁵⁵⁻⁵³ iɛŋ²⁴²/

/su⁴⁴⁻³³ ĩ³³/

/su⁴⁴⁻²² ĩ²²/

/t͡sɯ³³ ĩ⁴¹/

/si⁴⁴⁻²² ĩ²²/

/t͡sɯ³³⁻²³ ĩ¹¹/

/sz̩⁵⁵ ɦyø²¹/

(～街道) Shuyuan (a subdistrict of Xiaonan district, Xiaogan, Hubei, China)

(～社區) Shuyuan (a community in Shuyuan Subdistrict, Xiaonan district, Xiaogan, Hubei, China)


萬年

/wän⁵¹ ni̯ɛn³⁵/

/ban⁴¹⁻²² nĩ²⁴/

/ban²²⁻²¹ nĩ²⁴/

/wän⁵¹ ni̯ɛn³⁵/

/ban⁴¹⁻²² nĩ²⁴/

/ban²²⁻²¹ nĩ²⁴/

(～縣) Wannian (a county of Shangrao, Jiangxi, China)


阿布達比

ㄚ ㄅㄨˋ ㄉㄚˊ ㄅㄧˇ

ㄚ ㄅㄨˋ ㄉㄚˊ ㄅㄧˇ

/ˀä⁵⁵ pu⁵¹ tä³⁵ pi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ˀä⁵⁵ pu⁵¹ tä³⁵ pi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

United Arab Emirates
United Arab Emirates#English

Abu Dhabi (the capital city of the United Arab Emirates; the capital city of Abu Dhabi Emirate, United Arab Emirates)

Abu Dhabi (an emirate of the United Arab Emirates, the largest of the seven emirates)


涼州

ja-r

涼州(りょうしゅう) (Ryōshū)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (涼州):
* → Japanese: 涼州(りょうしゅう) (Ryōshū)
* → Korean: 양주(涼州) (Yangju)

/li̯ɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/lœːŋ²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/li̯ɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/lœːŋ²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

(historical) Liang Province, Liangzhou (a province in ancient China)

(～區) Liangzhou (a district of Wuwei, Gansu, China)


珠寶

/ʈ͡ʂu⁵⁵ pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻²² po⁵³/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻²² po⁵³/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻³³ po⁵³/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻³³ pɤ⁴¹/

/t͡su³³⁻²³ po⁵²/

/t͡sz̩⁵⁵ pɔ²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂu⁵⁵ pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻²² po⁵³/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻²² po⁵³/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻³³ po⁵³/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻³³ pɤ⁴¹/

/t͡su³³⁻²³ po⁵²/

/t͡sz̩⁵⁵ pɔ²¹/

Chemor (a town in Kinta district, Perak, Malaysia)


隆中

/lʊŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵/

/lʊŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵/

(～街道) Longzhong (a subdistrict of Xiangcheng district, Xiangyang, Hubei, China)


城池

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩³⁵/

/sɪŋ²¹ t͡sʰiː²¹/

/saŋ¹¹ t͡sʰɨ¹¹/

/siã²⁴⁻²² ti²⁴/

/siã²⁴⁻²² ti²⁴/

/siã¹³⁻²² ti¹³/

/siã²⁴⁻¹¹ ti²⁴/

/siã²³⁻³³ ti²³/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩³⁵/

/sɪŋ²¹ t͡sʰiː²¹/

/saŋ¹¹ t͡sʰɨ¹¹/

/siã²⁴⁻²² ti²⁴/

/siã²⁴⁻²² ti²⁴/

/siã¹³⁻²² ti¹³/

/siã²⁴⁻¹¹ ti²⁴/

/siã²³⁻³³ ti²³/

(～村) Chengchi (a village in Zhonglu, Lichuan, Enshi prefecture, Hubei, China)


郡山

/t͡ɕyn⁵¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

/kʷɐn²² saːn⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕyn⁵¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

/kʷɐn²² saːn⁵⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 郡山 (Kōriyama).

obor

(～市) Kōriyama (a city in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan)


唐山

→ English: Tangshan, T'ang-shan

Named after the Tang Mountain in the city; the Tang Mountain was named after the Tang Dynasty

/tʰɑŋ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/tʰɔːŋ²¹ saːn⁵⁵/

/hɔŋ²² san³³/

/tʰɔŋ¹¹ san⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²² suã³³/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²¹ suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²³⁻²¹ suã³³/

/tŋ̍¹³⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²³⁻³³ suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ suã⁴⁴/

/tʰaŋ¹¹ suã³³⁴/

/tɯŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sũã³³/

/tʰɑŋ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/tʰɔːŋ²¹ saːn⁵⁵/

/hɔŋ²² san³³/

/tʰɔŋ¹¹ san⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²² suã³³/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²¹ suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²³⁻²¹ suã³³/

/tŋ̍¹³⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²³⁻³³ suã⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ suã⁴⁴/

/tʰaŋ¹¹ suã³³⁴/

/tɯŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sũã³³/

Great Tangshan earthquake (1976 Tangshan earthquake)

唐山大地震

(～市) Tangshan (a prefecture-level city in northeastern Hebei, China)

Dacheng Mountain
Dacheng Mountain#English

Tang Mountain, Dacheng Mountain (a hill in the central part of the city of Tangshan, Hebei, China)


池陽

/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩³⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩³⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

Chiyang (a subdistrict of Guichi district, Chizhou, Anhui, China)


平陽

/pʰiŋ³⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ jœːŋ²¹/

/pʰi̯aŋ¹¹ i̯oŋ¹¹/

/piɪŋ²³⁻³³ iũ²³/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ iũ²⁴/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² iũ²⁴/

/pĩ²⁴⁻²² iũ²⁴/

/pĩ²⁴⁻¹¹ iũ²⁴/

/pẽ²³⁻³³ iũ²³/

/pɛ̃¹³⁻²² iɔ̃¹³/

/pʰiŋ³⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ jœːŋ²¹/

/pʰi̯aŋ¹¹ i̯oŋ¹¹/

/piɪŋ²³⁻³³ iũ²³/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ iũ²⁴/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² iũ²⁴/

/pĩ²⁴⁻²² iũ²⁴/

/pĩ²⁴⁻¹¹ iũ²⁴/

/pẽ²³⁻³³ iũ²³/

/pɛ̃¹³⁻²² iɔ̃¹³/

(～縣) Pingyang County (a county of Zhejiang, China)

Bình Dương Province
w:Bình Dương Province

(～省) Bình Dương Province (a province of Vietnam)


霹靂

/pʰɪk̚⁵ lɪk̚⁵/

/pʰiʔ²⁴⁻²¹ l̃iʔ⁵/

/pʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ liɪk̚¹²¹/

/pʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ liɪk̚⁴/

/pe²²⁻²¹ laʔ⁴/

/pʰɪk̚⁵ lɪk̚⁵/

/pʰiʔ²⁴⁻²¹ l̃iʔ⁵/

/pʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ liɪk̚¹²¹/

/pʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ liɪk̚⁴/

/pe²²⁻²¹ laʔ⁴/

霹雳
*辟歷
*辟历
礔礰
礕礰
劈歷
霹雳
吡叻


周至

/ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵ t͡siː³³/

/ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵ t͡siː³³/

In 1964, the characters for the county were changed from 盩厔 (Zhōuzhì) to 周至 (zhōuzhì).

(～縣) Zhouzhi (a county of Xi'an, Shaanxi, China)


螺螄

/lu̯ɔ³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵/

/lu̯ɔ³⁵ sz̩³/

/lɔː²¹ siː⁵⁵/

/lu̯ɔ³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵/

/lu̯ɔ³⁵ sz̩³/

/lɔː²¹ siː⁵⁵/

(～村) Luosi (a village in Huilong, Hanchuan, Xiaogan, Hubei, China)


寶塔

ja-r

宝塔(ほうとう) (hōtō)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (寶塔):
* → Japanese: 宝塔(ほうとう) (hōtō)
* → Korean: 보탑(寶塔) (botap)
* → Vietnamese: bảo tháp (寶塔)

/pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ tʰä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pau²¹³⁻¹³ tʰat̚⁵/

/po⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰaʔ³²/

/po⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tʰaʔ⁵/

/po⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰaʔ³²/

/po⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰaʔ³²/

/pɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tʰaʔ³²/

/po⁵²⁻³⁵ tʰaʔ²/

/pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ tʰä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pau²¹³⁻¹³ tʰat̚⁵/

/po⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰaʔ³²/

/po⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tʰaʔ⁵/

/po⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰaʔ³²/

/po⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰaʔ³²/

/pɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tʰaʔ³²/

/po⁵²⁻³⁵ tʰaʔ²/


泉州

Sino-Xenic (泉州):
* → Japanese: 泉州(せんしゅう) (Senshū)
* → Korean: 천주(泉州) (Cheonju)
* → Vietnamese: Tuyền Châu (泉州)

desc

→ English: Chinchew, Chin-chiu, Chinchu, Ch'uan-chou, Ch'üan-chou, Chuanchow, Cyuanjhou, Quanzhou, Tsuan-tsiu

→ French: Quanzhou

→ Georgian: ციუენჭოუ (ciuenč̣ou)

→ German: Quanzhou

→ Korean: 취안저우 (Chwianjeou)

→ Portuguese: Quanzhou

→ Russian: Цюаньчжо́у (Cjuanʹčžóu)

→ Spanish: Quanzhou

/t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰyːn²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sũĩ²⁴⁻²¹ t͡siu⁵⁴⁴/

/t͡sỹ²⁴⁻²¹ t͡siu⁵⁴⁴/

/t͡suã¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡sĩ¹¹ t͡siu³³⁴/

/t͡sũã⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡siu³³/

/ʑi²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰyːn²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sũĩ²⁴⁻²¹ t͡siu⁵⁴⁴/

/t͡sỹ²⁴⁻²¹ t͡siu⁵⁴⁴/

/t͡suã¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡sĩ¹¹ t͡siu³³⁴/

/t͡sũã⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡siu³³/

/ʑi²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

(～市) Quanzhou (a prefecture-level city in southeastern Fujian, China)


湖南

/hu⁵³⁻³³ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/hɔu¹³⁻¹¹ naŋ¹³/

/hɔu²⁴⁻²¹ naŋ²⁴/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² lam²⁴/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² lam²⁴/

/ɔ¹³⁻²² lam¹³/

/ɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ lam²⁴/

/ɔ²³⁻³³ lam²³/

/ou⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lam⁵⁵/

/ou⁵⁵⁻¹¹ nam⁵⁵/

/ɸu¹³ l̃an¹³/

/hu⁵³⁻³³ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/hɔu¹³⁻¹¹ naŋ¹³/

/hɔu²⁴⁻²¹ naŋ²⁴/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² lam²⁴/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² lam²⁴/

/ɔ¹³⁻²² lam¹³/

/ɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ lam²⁴/

/ɔ²³⁻³³ lam²³/

/ou⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lam⁵⁵/

/ou⁵⁵⁻¹¹ nam⁵⁵/

/ɸu¹³ l̃an¹³/

(～省) Hunan (a province of China, located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and south of Lake Dongting)

(～市) Konan (a city in Shiga Prefecture, Japan)


蓬萊

Uncertain.
It bears striking resemblance to a Southeast Asian word for “sea”. Compare Burmese ပင်လယ် (panglai, “sea; ocean”), Shan ပၢင်ႇလၢႆႇ (pàang làai, “sea; ocean”), Jingpho pang lai (“sea”), S'gaw Karen ပီၣ်လဲၣ် (paẁ leh̀, “sea”). These seem to be borrowings, possibly from a Mon-Khmer language; compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *d[n]liʔ (“sea”), whence Old Khmer danle, danley (“large river; lake; sea”) > Khmer ទន្លេ (tɔɔtŭənlei, “river”), Thai ทะเล (tá-lee, “sea”) (Schuessler, 2007).
Alternatively, it may be a transcription of an earlier Austroasiatic name; cf. 萊國／莱国 (Láiguó, “Lai”), an ancient Dongyi tribe, where 萊／莱 (lái) has been argued to transcribe a native word for "mountain" or "wilderness". The latter interpretation was mentioned in the Classical Chinese text Yue Jue Shu (越絕書 [Eastern Han]) and discussed by Zhengzhang (1999).

cog

/pʰɤŋ³⁵ laɪ̯³⁵/

/pʰʊŋ²¹ lɔːi̯²¹/

/fʊŋ²¹ lɔːi̯²¹/

/hɔŋ²⁴⁻²² lai²⁴/

/hɔŋ²⁴⁻²² lai²⁴/

/hɔŋ¹³⁻²² lai¹³/

/hɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ lai²⁴/

/hɔŋ²³⁻³³ lai²³/

/pʰɤŋ³⁵ laɪ̯³⁵/

/pʰʊŋ²¹ lɔːi̯²¹/

/fʊŋ²¹ lɔːi̯²¹/

/hɔŋ²⁴⁻²² lai²⁴/

/hɔŋ²⁴⁻²² lai²⁴/

/hɔŋ¹³⁻²² lai¹³/

/hɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ lai²⁴/

/hɔŋ²³⁻³³ lai²³/

(～區, formerly ～縣, ～市) Penglai (a district, former county, and former county-level city of Yantai, Shandong, China)


高砂

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ʂä⁵⁵/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² sa⁴⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² sa⁴⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻³³ sa⁴⁴/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ sa⁴⁴/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ʂä⁵⁵/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² sa⁴⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² sa⁴⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻³³ sa⁴⁴/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ sa⁴⁴/

(～市) Takasago (a city in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan)


十三

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ sän⁵⁵/

/ʂʐ̩²⁴ sæ̃²⁴/

/səʔ⁵⁴ sæ̃¹¹/

/sɛiʔ⁵⁻⁵⁵ saŋ⁵⁵/

/ɬɛʔ⁴⁻²¹ ɬɒ⁵³³/

/ɬɛʔ⁴⁻² ɬɒ̃⁵⁴⁴/

/t͡sap̚⁴⁻³² sã⁴⁴/

/t͡sap̚²⁴⁻² sã³³/

/t͡sap̚¹²¹⁻²¹ sã⁴⁴/

/t͡sap̚⁴⁻³² sã⁴⁴/

/t͡sap̚⁴⁻³² sã⁴⁴/

/t͡sap̚⁴⁻² sã³³/

/zəʔ¹¹ se²³/

/ʂʐ̩²⁴ san³³/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ sän⁵⁵/

/ʂʐ̩²⁴ sæ̃²⁴/

/səʔ⁵⁴ sæ̃¹¹/

/sɛiʔ⁵⁻⁵⁵ saŋ⁵⁵/

/ɬɛʔ⁴⁻²¹ ɬɒ⁵³³/

/ɬɛʔ⁴⁻² ɬɒ̃⁵⁴⁴/

/t͡sap̚⁴⁻³² sã⁴⁴/

/t͡sap̚²⁴⁻² sã³³/

/t͡sap̚¹²¹⁻²¹ sã⁴⁴/

/t͡sap̚⁴⁻³² sã⁴⁴/

/t͡sap̚⁴⁻³² sã⁴⁴/

/t͡sap̚⁴⁻² sã³³/

/zəʔ¹¹ se²³/

/ʂʐ̩²⁴ san³³/

(～村) Shisan (a village in Huilong, Fang, Shiyan, Hubei, China)


關防

/ku̯än⁵⁵ fɑŋ³⁵/

/kʷaːn⁵⁵ fɔːŋ²¹/

/kuan⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ²⁴/

/kuan⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ¹³/

/kuan⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ²⁴/

/kuan⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ²³/

/ku̯än⁵⁵ fɑŋ³⁵/

/kʷaːn⁵⁵ fɔːŋ²¹/

/kuan⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ²⁴/

/kuan⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ¹³/

/kuan⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ²⁴/

/kuan⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ²³/

(～鄉) Guanfang (a township in Yunxi, Shiyan, Hubei, China)


加蓬

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ pʰɤŋ³⁵/

/kaː⁵⁵ pʰʊŋ²¹/

/ka⁴⁴⁻²² pʰɔŋ²⁴/

/ka³³ pʰɔŋ²⁴/

/kɛ⁴⁴⁻²² pʰɔŋ¹³/

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ pʰɤŋ³⁵/

/kaː⁵⁵ pʰʊŋ²¹/

/ka⁴⁴⁻²² pʰɔŋ²⁴/

/ka³³ pʰɔŋ²⁴/

/kɛ⁴⁴⁻²² pʰɔŋ¹³/

(Mainland China) Gabon (a country in Central Africa)


東阿

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ ˀɤ⁵⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ ɔː⁵⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ ˀɤ⁵⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ ɔː⁵⁵/

(～縣) Dong'e County (a county of Liaocheng, Shandong, China)


淮南

/xu̯aɪ̯³⁵ nän³⁵/

/huai⁵³⁻³³ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/ɦua²² nø⁴⁴/

/xu̯aɪ̯³⁵ nän³⁵/

/huai⁵³⁻³³ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/ɦua²² nø⁴⁴/

(～市) Huainan (a prefecture-level city of Anhui, China)


瑯琊

/lɑŋ³⁵ jä³⁵/

/lɑŋ³⁵ jɛ³⁵/

/lɔːŋ²¹ jɛː²¹/

/lɔːŋ²¹ ŋaː²¹/

/lɑŋ³⁵ jä³⁵/

/lɑŋ³⁵ jɛ³⁵/

/lɔːŋ²¹ jɛː²¹/

/lɔːŋ²¹ ŋaː²¹/

(～區) Langya (a district of Chuzhou, Anhui, China)

(～山) Mount Langya (a mountain southwest Chuzhou, Anhui, China)

(～鎮) Langya (a town in Huangdao district, Qingdao, Shandong, China)

(～鎮) Langya (a town in Wucheng district, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China)

(～鎮) Langya (a town in Qu, Dazhou, Sichuan, China)


大員

/tä⁵¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

/tä⁵¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

Dōngfān yírén bùzhī suǒ zì shǐ, jū pénghú wàiyáng hǎidǎo zhōng. Qǐ Wǎnggǎng, Jiālǎowān, lì Dàyuán, Yáogǎng, Dǎgǒuyǔ, Xiǎodànshuǐ, Shuāngxīkǒu, Jiālilín, Shābālǐ, Dàbāngkēng, jiē qí jū yě, duànxù fán qiān yú lǐ.

東番夷人不知所自始，居彭湖外洋海島中。起魍港、加老灣，歷大員、堯港、打狗嶼、小淡水、雙溪口、加哩林、沙巴里、大幫坑，皆其居也，斷續凡千餘里。

东番夷人不知所自始，居彭湖外洋海岛中。起魍港、加老湾，历大员、尧港、打狗屿、小淡水、双溪口、加哩林、沙巴里、大帮坑，皆其居也，断续凡千余里。

(historical, obsolete) Tayouan (a historical peninsula located in present-day Anping district, Tainan, Taiwan)


石井

→ English: Shijing, Shih-ching

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ t͡ɕiŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɛːk̚² t͡sɛːŋ³⁵/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ t͡ɕiŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɛːk̚² t͡sɛːŋ³⁵/

(～鎮) Shijing (a town in Nan'an, Quanzhou, Fujian, China)

(～社區) Shijing (a residential community in Shijing, Nan'an, Quanzhou, Fujian, China)


范縣

/fän⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/fän⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

Fan County (a county of Puyang, Henan, China)


九江

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/kɐu̯³⁵ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/kau³³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ouŋ⁵⁵/

/kau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/kau⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kaŋ³³/

/kau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/kau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/kau⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕiɤ³³ kɑ̃⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/kɐu̯³⁵ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/kau³³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ouŋ⁵⁵/

/kau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/kau⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kaŋ³³/

/kau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/kau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/kau⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕiɤ³³ kɑ̃⁴⁴/

(～市) Jiujiang (a prefecture-level city in northwest Jiangxi, China)

(～鎮) Jiujiang (a town in Nanhai district, Foshan, Guangdong, China)


鹿角

/lu⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lʊk̚² kɔːk̚³/

/l̃øyʔ⁵⁻²¹ kɔyʔ²⁴/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² kak̚³²/

/lɔk̚²⁴⁻² kak̚⁵/

/lɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ kak̚³²/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² kak̚³²/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² kak̚³²/

/lu⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lʊk̚² kɔːk̚³/

/l̃øyʔ⁵⁻²¹ kɔyʔ²⁴/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² kak̚³²/

/lɔk̚²⁴⁻² kak̚⁵/

/lɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ kak̚³²/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² kak̚³²/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² kak̚³²/

(～市) Kazuno (a city in Akita Prefecture, Japan)


白果

/paɪ̯³⁵ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/paɪ̯³⁵ ku̯ɔɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/paːk̚² kʷɔː³⁵/

/pak̚³² kᵘɔ⁵⁵/

/ˈpʰɛt̚⁵ kuo²¹³/

/paʔ⁵⁻³³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾uo³³/

/pe(ʔ)⁴³⁻²¹ ke⁴²/

/pɛ(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ kue⁵³/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ kɤ⁴¹/

/pe(ʔ)⁴³⁻²¹ kə⁴²/

/peʔ⁴⁻² kũãĩ⁵²/

/paɪ̯³⁵ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/paɪ̯³⁵ ku̯ɔɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/paːk̚² kʷɔː³⁵/

/pak̚³² kᵘɔ⁵⁵/

/ˈpʰɛt̚⁵ kuo²¹³/

/paʔ⁵⁻³³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾uo³³/

/pe(ʔ)⁴³⁻²¹ ke⁴²/

/pɛ(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ kue⁵³/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ kɤ⁴¹/

/pe(ʔ)⁴³⁻²¹ kə⁴²/

/peʔ⁴⁻² kũãĩ⁵²/

(～鎮) Baiguo (a town in Macheng, Huanggang, Hubei, China)

(～鎮) Baiguo (a town in Jintang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China)

(～鄉) Baiguo (a township in Enshi City, Enshi Prefecture, Hubei, China)

(～鄉) Baiguo (a township in Zhongjiang, Deyang, Sichuan, China)

(～鄉) Baiguo (a township in Zhaohua district, Guangyuan, Sichuan, China)


沉香

/ʈ͡ʂʰən³⁵ ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɐm²¹ hœːŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɨm¹¹ hi̯oŋ²⁴/

/tim²³⁻³³ hiũ⁴⁴/

/tim²⁴⁻¹¹ hiũ⁴⁴/

/tim²⁴⁻²² hiũ⁴⁴/

/tim²⁴⁻²² hiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʰən³⁵ ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɐm²¹ hœːŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɨm¹¹ hi̯oŋ²⁴/

/tim²³⁻³³ hiũ⁴⁴/

/tim²⁴⁻¹¹ hiũ⁴⁴/

/tim²⁴⁻²² hiũ⁴⁴/

/tim²⁴⁻²² hiɔŋ⁴⁴/

So named as it sinks when placed in water.


扶餘

/fuː²¹ jyː²¹/

/fuː²¹ jyː²¹/

(～市, formerly ～縣) Fuyu (a county-level city of Songyuan, Jilin, China)


呼和浩特

→ English: Huhehaote, Hu-ho-hao-t'e

ㄏㄨ ㄏㄜˊ ㄏㄠˋ ㄊㄜˋ

ㄏㄨ ㄏㄜˊ ㄏㄠˋ ㄊㄜˋ

/xu⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵ xɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ tʰɤ⁵¹/

/fuː⁵⁵ wɔː²¹ hou̯²² tɐk̚²/

hou¹ hor² hor⁵ deh⁷ [Phonetic:hou⁵ hor⁵ hor⁵ deh⁷]

/hɔu⁵³³⁻¹¹ hɒ¹³⁻¹¹ hɒ¹¹ tɛʔ⁴/

/hɔu⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ hɒ²⁴⁻²¹ hɒ²¹ tɛʔ⁴/

/hɔ⁴⁴⁻²² ho²⁴⁻²² ho²²⁻²¹ tiɪk̚⁴/

/hɔ⁴⁴⁻²² ho¹³⁻²² ho²²⁻²¹ tiɪk̚¹²¹/

/hɔ³³ ho²⁴⁻²² ho⁴¹⁻²² tiak̚²⁴/

/xu⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵ xɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ tʰɤ⁵¹/

/fuː⁵⁵ wɔː²¹ hou̯²² tɐk̚²/

/hɔu⁵³³⁻¹¹ hɒ¹³⁻¹¹ hɒ¹¹ tɛʔ⁴/

/hɔu⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ hɒ²⁴⁻²¹ hɒ²¹ tɛʔ⁴/

/hɔ⁴⁴⁻²² ho²⁴⁻²² ho²²⁻²¹ tiɪk̚⁴/

/hɔ⁴⁴⁻²² ho¹³⁻²² ho²²⁻²¹ tiɪk̚¹²¹/

/hɔ³³ ho²⁴⁻²² ho⁴¹⁻²² tiak̚²⁴/

Borrowed from Mongolian ᠬᠥᠬᠡᠬᠣᠲᠠ (kökeqota, literally “blue city”).

bor

(～市) Hohhot (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of the Inner Mongolia autonomous region, China)


感恩

/kän²¹⁴⁻²¹ ˀən⁵⁵/

/kɐm³⁵ jɐn⁵⁵/

/kam²⁴⁻³³ en⁵³/

/kam⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ un³³/

/kam⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ un⁴⁴/

/kam⁵³⁻⁴⁴ un⁴⁴/

/kam⁵³⁻⁴⁴ in⁴⁴/

/kam⁵²⁻³⁵ ɯŋ³³/

/kam⁵²⁻³⁵ eŋ³³/

/kän²¹⁴⁻²¹ ˀən⁵⁵/

/kɐm³⁵ jɐn⁵⁵/

/kam²⁴⁻³³ en⁵³/

/kam⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ un³³/

/kam⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ un⁴⁴/

/kam⁵³⁻⁴⁴ un⁴⁴/

/kam⁵³⁻⁴⁴ in⁴⁴/

/kam⁵²⁻³⁵ ɯŋ³³/

/kam⁵²⁻³⁵ eŋ³³/

(～縣) (historical) Gan'en (a former county of Hainan, Guangdong, China; now part of Dongfang, Hainan)


濮陽

/pʰu³⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/pʊk̚² jœːŋ²¹/

/puʔ⁵⁻³³ yoŋ⁵³/

/pɔk̚⁴⁻³² iɔŋ²⁴/

/pɔk̚⁴⁻³² iɔŋ²³/

/pʰok̚²⁻⁴ iaŋ⁵⁵/

/pʰu³⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/pʊk̚² jœːŋ²¹/

/puʔ⁵⁻³³ yoŋ⁵³/

/pɔk̚⁴⁻³² iɔŋ²⁴/

/pɔk̚⁴⁻³² iɔŋ²³/

/pʰok̚²⁻⁴ iaŋ⁵⁵/

(～市) Puyang (a prefecture-level city of Henan, China)

(～縣) Puyang (a county of Puyang, Henan, China)


東海

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/taŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai⁴⁵³/

/taŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai³³²/

/tɒŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai⁴⁵³/

/tɒŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai³³²/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hai⁵³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hai⁵³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hai⁵³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hai⁴¹/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/taŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai⁴⁵³/

/taŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai³³²/

/tɒŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai⁴⁵³/

/tɒŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai³³²/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hai⁵³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hai⁵³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hai⁵³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hai⁴¹/

(～縣) Donghai (a county of Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China)

(～鎮) Donghai (a town in Chengxiang district, Putian, Fujian, China)

(～鎮) Donghai (a town in Jidong, Jixi, Heilongjiang, China)

(～鎮) Donghai (a town in Qidong, Nantong, Jiangsu, China)

(～街道) Donghai (a subdistrict of Lufeng, Shanwei, Guangdong, China)

(～市) Tōkai (a city in Aichi Prefecture, Japan)


曲阜

→ English: Chufou, Ch'ü-fu, Qufu

/t͡ɕʰy⁵⁵ fu⁵¹/

/kʰʊk̚⁵ fɐu̯²²/

/t͡ɕʰioʔ³³ vɤ⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕʰy⁵⁵ fu⁵¹/

/kʰʊk̚⁵ fɐu̯²²/

/t͡ɕʰioʔ³³ vɤ⁴⁴/

(～市) Qufu (a county-level city of Jining, Shandong, China)


土耳其

/tʰu²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/tʰou̯³⁵ jiː¹³ kʰei̯²¹/

/tʰu³¹ ŋi³¹ kʰi¹¹/

/tʰu³¹ ŋi³¹ kʰi¹¹/

/tʰu³³⁻²¹ i³³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾i⁵³/

/tʰɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ nĩ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ki²³/

/tʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ki²⁴/

/tʰɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ nĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ki²⁴/

/tʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ d͡zĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ki¹³/

/tʰɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ nĩ³³⁻²¹ ki²³/

/tʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nĩ³³⁻¹¹ ki²⁴/

/tʰou⁵²⁻³⁵ d͡zɯ⁵²⁻³⁵ kʰi⁵⁵/

/tʰu³³ ɦəl⁵⁵ d͡ʑi²¹/

/tʰu²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/tʰou̯³⁵ jiː¹³ kʰei̯²¹/

/tʰu³¹ ŋi³¹ kʰi¹¹/

/tʰu³¹ ŋi³¹ kʰi¹¹/

/tʰu³³⁻²¹ i³³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾i⁵³/

/tʰɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ nĩ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ki²³/

/tʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ki²⁴/

/tʰɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ nĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ki²⁴/

/tʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ d͡zĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ki¹³/

/tʰɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ nĩ³³⁻²¹ ki²³/

/tʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nĩ³³⁻¹¹ ki²⁴/

/tʰou⁵²⁻³⁵ d͡zɯ⁵²⁻³⁵ kʰi⁵⁵/

/tʰu³³ ɦəl⁵⁵ d͡ʑi²¹/

1848, 徐繼畬 [Xu Jiyu], editor, 瀛寰志略, volume 6, page 11:

Tàixī zhū guó kuà Yàxìyà Ōuluóbā liǎng tǔ zhě, wéi Éluósī yǔ Tǔ'ěrqí liǎng guó. Tǔ'ěrqí jiāngyù zhī dà, bùjí Éluósī, ér shàn gāoyú zhī rǎng, jù xíngbiàn zhī dì, bǎinián lái zhúlù fēnfēn, qì wú zhǐgē zhī rì.

泰西諸國跨亞細亞歐羅巴兩土者，惟峩羅斯與土耳其兩國。土耳其疆域之大，不及峩羅斯，而擅膏腴之壤，據形便之地，百年來逐鹿紛紛，迄無止戈之日。

泰西诸国跨亚细亚欧罗巴两土者，惟峩罗斯与土耳其两国。土耳其疆域之大，不及峩罗斯，而擅膏腴之壤，据形便之地，百年来逐鹿纷纷，迄无止戈之日。

Southeastern Europe
Southeastern Europe#English

Turkey (a country located in Eastern Thrace in Southeastern Europe and Anatolia in western Asia)


海島

→ English: Haidao

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ tou̯³⁵/

/xuɛ²¹ tɔ⁵⁵/

/hai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/hai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tɤ⁴¹/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ to⁵³/

/hai⁵²⁻³⁵ tau⁵²⁻²¹/

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ tou̯³⁵/

/xuɛ²¹ tɔ⁵⁵/

/hai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/hai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tɤ⁴¹/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ to⁵³/

/hai⁵²⁻³⁵ tau⁵²⁻²¹/

(～鄉) Haidao (a township in Xiapu, Ningde, Fujian, China)

Municipality of Ilhas
w:Municipality of Ilhas

(～市) (historical) Municipality of Ilhas (a former municipality of Macau, China)


花壇

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (花壇):
* → Japanese: 花壇(かだん) (kadan)
* → Korean: 화단(花壇) (hwadan)

/xu̯ä⁵⁵ tʰän³⁵/

/faː⁵⁵ tʰaːn²¹/

/hue⁴⁴⁻²² tuã²⁴/

/hue⁴⁴⁻²² tuã¹³/

/hue⁴⁴⁻³³ tuã²⁴/

/hue⁴⁴⁻³³ tuã²³/

/xu̯ä⁵⁵ tʰän³⁵/

/faː⁵⁵ tʰaːn²¹/

/hue⁴⁴⁻²² tuã²⁴/

/hue⁴⁴⁻²² tuã¹³/

/hue⁴⁴⁻³³ tuã²⁴/

/hue⁴⁴⁻³³ tuã²³/

(～鄉) Huatan (a rural township in Changhua County, Taiwan)


大方

/tä⁵¹ fɑŋ⁵⁵/

/taːi̯²² fɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ foŋ²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² hɔŋ³³/

/tai²²⁻²¹ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tai³³⁻²¹ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tä⁵¹ fɑŋ⁵⁵/

/taːi̯²² fɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ foŋ²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² hɔŋ³³/

/tai²²⁻²¹ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tai³³⁻²¹ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

(～縣) Dafang County (a county of Guizhou, China)


芬蘭

Sino-Xenic (芬蘭):
* → Vietnamese: Phần Lan (芬蘭)

→ Wutunhua: fenlan

/fən⁵⁵ län³⁵/

/huŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ˡ⁻⁾nˡaŋ⁵³/

/huŋ³³⁻²³ laŋ⁵⁵/

/fən⁵⁵ län³⁵/

/huŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ˡ⁻⁾nˡaŋ⁵³/

/huŋ³³⁻²³ laŋ⁵⁵/

1848, 徐繼畬 [Xu Jiyu], editor, 瀛寰志略, volume 4, page 27; quoted in 魏源 [Wei Yuan], 海國圖志 [Illustrated Treatise on the Maritime Kingdoms], volume 56, 古微堂, 1852, page 43:

Qí xī jìng zì Bǐdéluó juéqǐ, rìyì huītuò, xī gē Ruìdiǎn zhī Fēnlán, nán jiān Gāojiāsuǒ yí běi zhū bù, xī qǔ Bái'é zhū bù, yòu gē Bōlán sān fēn zhī èr, Tǔ'ěrqí, Bōsī běi jìng, yì duō bèi qīngē.

其西境自彼得羅崛起，日益恢拓，西割瑞典之芬蘭，南兼高加索迤北諸部，西取白峩諸部，又割波蘭三分之二，土耳其、波斯北境，亦多被侵割。

其西境自彼得罗崛起，日益恢拓，西割瑞典之芬兰，南兼高加索迤北诸部，西取白峩诸部，又割波兰三分之二，土耳其、波斯北境，亦多被侵割。


石板

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ pän²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɛːk̚² paːn³⁵/

/t͡sieʔ⁴⁻² paŋ⁵²/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ pän²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɛːk̚² paːn³⁵/

/t͡sieʔ⁴⁻² paŋ⁵²/

(～村) Shiban (a village in Sandouping, Yiling district, Yichang, Hubei, China)


石盤

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ pʰän³⁵/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ pʰän³⁵/

(～村) Shipan (a village in Zhonglu, Lichuan, Enshi prefecture, Hubei, China)

(～村) Shipan (a village in Nanri, Xiuyu district, Putian, Fujian, China)


奧克蘭

/ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ kʰɤ⁵¹ län³⁵/

/ou̯³³ hɐk̚⁵ laːn²¹/

/ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ kʰɤ⁵¹ län³⁵/

/ou̯³³ hɐk̚⁵ laːn²¹/


奧克蘭

/ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ kʰɤ⁵¹ län³⁵/

/ou̯³³ hɐk̚⁵ laːn²¹/

/ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ kʰɤ⁵¹ län³⁵/

/ou̯³³ hɐk̚⁵ laːn²¹/

Oakland (a city in California, United States)


魚池

/y³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩³⁵/

/jyː²¹ t͡sʰiː²¹/

/hɯ²⁴⁻²² ti²⁴/

/hu²⁴⁻¹¹ ti²⁴/

/hi²⁴⁻²² ti²⁴/

/hi¹³⁻²² ti¹³/

/hi²³⁻³³ ti²³/

/y³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩³⁵/

/jyː²¹ t͡sʰiː²¹/

/hɯ²⁴⁻²² ti²⁴/

/hu²⁴⁻¹¹ ti²⁴/

/hi²⁴⁻²² ti²⁴/

/hi¹³⁻²² ti¹³/

/hi²³⁻³³ ti²³/

(～鄉) Yuchih, Yuchi (a rural township in Nantou County, Taiwan)


東萊

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ laɪ̯³⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ laɪ̯³⁵/

(～郡) Donglai (a historical commandery of China; modern Longkou)

(～區) Dongnae (a district of the Metropolitan City of Busan, South Korea)


遼東

/li̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/liːu̯²¹ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/l̃ieu⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾løyŋ⁵⁵/

/liau²⁴⁻¹¹ taŋ⁴⁴/

/liau²³⁻³³ taŋ⁴⁴/

/li̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/liːu̯²¹ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/l̃ieu⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾løyŋ⁵⁵/

/liau²⁴⁻¹¹ taŋ⁴⁴/

/liau²³⁻³³ taŋ⁴⁴/

Zhanguo Ce, circa 5ᵗʰ – 3ʳᵈ centuries BCE

Yúshì, Qín dànù Yān, yì fābīng yì Zhào, zhào Wáng Jiǎn jūn yǐ fá Yān. Shíyuè ér bá Yān Jìchéng. Yān wáng Xǐ, tàizǐ Dān děng, jiē lǜ qí jīngbīng dōng bǎo yú Liáodōng.

於是，秦大怒燕，益發兵詣趙，詔王翦軍以伐燕。十月而拔燕薊城。燕王喜、太子丹等，皆率其精兵東保於遼東。

于是，秦大怒燕，益发兵诣赵，诏王翦军以伐燕。十月而拔燕蓟城。燕王喜、太子丹等，皆率其精兵东保于辽东。

The Book of the Later Han, circa 5ᵗʰ century CE

Wǎngshí Liáodōng yǒu shǐ, shēng zǐ báitóu, yì ér xiàn zhī, xíng zhì Hédōng, jiàn qún shǐ jiē bái, huái cán ér hái.

往時遼東有豕，生子白頭，異而獻之，行至河東，見群豕皆白，懷慙而還。

往时辽东有豕，生子白头，异而献之，行至河东，见群豕皆白，怀惭而还。

(historical) (～郡) Liaodong (an ancient commandery in present-day Liaoning, China)

(～省) Liaodong (a former province of China)


馬薩諸塞

ㄇㄚˇ ㄙㄚˋ ㄓㄨ ㄙㄞˋ

ㄇㄚˇ ㄙㄚˋ ㄓㄨ ㄙㄞˋ

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ sä⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂu⁵⁵ saɪ̯⁵¹/

/maː¹³ saːt̚³ t͡syː⁵⁵ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ sä⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂu⁵⁵ saɪ̯⁵¹/

/maː¹³ saːt̚³ t͡syː⁵⁵ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/

(～州, ～聯邦) Massachusetts (a state of the United States)


廣州

ja-r

広(こう)州(しゅう) (Kōshū)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (廣州):
* → Japanese: 広(こう)州(しゅう) (Kōshū)
* → Korean: 광주(廣州) (Gwangju)
* → Vietnamese: Quảng Châu (廣州)

desc

→ English: Guangzhou, Kwangchow, Kwang-chow

→ French: Guangzhou

→ German: Guangzhou

→ Hindi: ग्वांगझोउ (gvāṅgjhou)

→ Japanese: コワンチョウ (Kowanchō)

→ Korean: 광저우 (Gwangjeou)

→ Portuguese: Guangzhou

→ Russian: Гуанчжо́у (Guančžóu)

→ Swedish: Guangzhou

→ Thai: กว่างโจว

→ Thai: กว่างโจว

→ Uyghur: گۇاڭجۇ (guangju)

→ Zhuang: Gvangjcouh

/ku̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kʷɔːŋ³⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/kʷɔŋ³⁵ t͡sau²¹³/

/kɔŋ⁵⁵ t͡siu³³/

/koŋ²⁴⁻³³ t͡ʃiu⁵³/

/kuɔŋ³¹ t͡su⁴⁴/

/kŋ̍⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kŋ̍⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡siu³³/

/kŋ̍⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kŋ̍⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ t͡siu³³/

/kŋ̍⁴²⁻²⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kuĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kɯŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡siu³³/

/kuɑ̃³³ t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

/ku̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kʷɔːŋ³⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/kʷɔŋ³⁵ t͡sau²¹³/

/kɔŋ⁵⁵ t͡siu³³/

/koŋ²⁴⁻³³ t͡ʃiu⁵³/

/kuɔŋ³¹ t͡su⁴⁴/

/kŋ̍⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kŋ̍⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡siu³³/

/kŋ̍⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kŋ̍⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ t͡siu³³/

/kŋ̍⁴²⁻²⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kuĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kɯŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡siu³³/

/kuɑ̃³³ t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

Originally the name of a prefecture, first established in 226 CE and re-established in 264 CE, that covered parts of present-day Guangdong and whose seat was originally located in Panyu.

(～市, formerly ～府, ～路) Guangzhou (a prefecture-level city, subprovincial city, and port, the provincial capital of Guangdong, China)

(historical) Guǎng Prefecture (various ancient prefectures of imperial China in present-day Guangdong and Guangxi autonomous region)

(～市) Gwangju (a city in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea)


東莞

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (東莞):
* → Japanese: 東莞(とうかん) (Tōkan)
* → Vietnamese: Đông Hoản (東莞)

desc

→ English: Dongguan, Tungkuan, Tung-kuan, Tungkun, Tungkoon, Tung Koon

→ Zhuang: Dunghgvanj

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ ku̯än²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ kuːn³⁵/

/tʊŋ²¹³ kun³⁵/

/ɵŋ³³ kᵘɔn⁵⁵/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kuan⁵³/

/taŋ³³⁻²³ kuaŋ⁵²/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ ku̯än²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ kuːn³⁵/

/tʊŋ²¹³ kun³⁵/

/ɵŋ³³ kᵘɔn⁵⁵/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kuan⁵³/

/taŋ³³⁻²³ kuaŋ⁵²/

(～市) Dongguan (a prefecture-level city of Guangdong, China)

(～郡) (historical) Dongguan Commandery (an ancient commandery in modern Shandong, China)

(～鎮) Dongguan (a town in Ju County, Rizhao, Shandong, China)


濟南

→ English: Chinan, Chi-nan, Jinan, Ji'nan, Tsinan

/t͡ɕi²¹⁴⁻²¹ nän³⁵/

/t͡sɐi̯³⁵ naːm²¹/

/t͡sɐi̯³³ naːm²¹/

/t͡ɕi⁵³⁻⁵⁵ nam¹¹/

/t͡sɛ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/t͡se⁴⁵³⁻¹³ naŋ¹³/

/t͡se³³²⁻⁵⁵ naŋ²⁴/

/t͡se²¹⁻⁵³ lam²⁴/

/t͡se¹¹⁻⁵³ lam²⁴/

/t͡se²¹⁻⁵³ lam¹³/

/t͡se²¹⁻⁴¹ lam²³/

/t͡se⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lam²⁴/

/t͡ɕi²¹⁴⁻²¹ nän³⁵/

/t͡sɐi̯³⁵ naːm²¹/

/t͡sɐi̯³³ naːm²¹/

/t͡ɕi⁵³⁻⁵⁵ nam¹¹/

/t͡sɛ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/t͡se⁴⁵³⁻¹³ naŋ¹³/

/t͡se³³²⁻⁵⁵ naŋ²⁴/

/t͡se²¹⁻⁵³ lam²⁴/

/t͡se¹¹⁻⁵³ lam²⁴/

/t͡se²¹⁻⁵³ lam¹³/

/t͡se²¹⁻⁴¹ lam²³/

/t͡se⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lam²⁴/

(～市) Jinan (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Shandong, China)

(～洞) Jenam (a dong in Tokchon, South Pyongan Province, North Korea)


金門

→ English: Kinmen, Quemoy, Chinmen, Chin-men, Jinmen

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ mən³⁵/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ mŋ̍²³/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² mŋ̍²⁴/

/kim³³ mŋ̍²⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ mŋ̍²⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² muĩ¹³/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ mən³⁵/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ mŋ̍²³/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² mŋ̍²⁴/

/kim³³ mŋ̍²⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ mŋ̍²⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² muĩ¹³/

(～島) Kinmen (the largest island of Kinmen County, Taiwan)


四季青

/sz̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕi⁵¹ t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵/

/sz̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕi⁵¹ t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵/

(～地區, formerly ～鄉; ～鎮) Sijiqing (a town and former township in Haidian district, Beijing, China)


溫泉

/wən⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵/

/wɐn⁵⁵ t͡sʰyːn²¹/

/un⁴⁴⁻²² t͡suã²⁴/

/un⁴⁴⁻²² t͡suã¹³/

/un⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡suã²⁴/

/un⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡suã²³/

/wən⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵/

/wɐn⁵⁵ t͡sʰyːn²¹/

/un⁴⁴⁻²² t͡suã²⁴/

/un⁴⁴⁻²² t͡suã¹³/

/un⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡suã²⁴/

/un⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡suã²³/

(～縣) Wenquan County (a county of the Xinjiang autonomous region, China)

(～鎮) Wenquan Town (name of various towns in China)

(～鎮) Wenquan (a town in Yingshan, Huanggang, Hubei, China)

(～鎮) Wenquan (a town in Kaizhou district, Chongqing, China)


黃沙

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ ʂä⁵⁵/

/wɔːŋ²¹ saː⁵⁵/

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ ʂä⁵⁵/

/wɔːŋ²¹ saː⁵⁵/

/wɔːŋ²¹⁻³⁵ saː⁵⁵/

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ ʂä⁵⁵/

/wɔːŋ²¹⁻³⁵ saː⁵⁵/

Huangsha (a region of Guangzhou, Guangdong, China)


芙蓉

/fu³⁵ ʐʊŋ³⁵/

/fuː²¹ jʊŋ²¹/

/pʰu¹¹ i̯uŋ¹¹/

/pʰu⁵⁵ ʒuŋ⁵⁵/

/hu⁵³⁻³³ yŋ⁵³/

/hu²⁴⁻²² iɔŋ²⁴/

/hu²³⁻³³ iɔŋ²³/

/hu²⁴⁻¹¹ iɔŋ²⁴/

/hu¹³⁻²² iɔŋ¹³/

/pʰu²⁴⁻¹¹ iɔŋ²⁴/

/pʰu²⁴⁻²² iɔŋ²⁴/

/pʰu²³⁻³³ iɔŋ²³/

/pʰu¹³⁻²² d͡ziɔŋ¹³/

/pʰu²⁴⁻³³ d͡ziɪŋ²⁴/

/vu²² ɦioŋ⁴⁴/

/fu³⁵ ʐʊŋ³⁵/

/fuː²¹ jʊŋ²¹/

/pʰu¹¹ i̯uŋ¹¹/

/pʰu⁵⁵ ʒuŋ⁵⁵/

/hu⁵³⁻³³ yŋ⁵³/

/hu²⁴⁻²² iɔŋ²⁴/

/hu²³⁻³³ iɔŋ²³/

/hu²⁴⁻¹¹ iɔŋ²⁴/

/hu¹³⁻²² iɔŋ¹³/

/pʰu²⁴⁻¹¹ iɔŋ²⁴/

/pʰu²⁴⁻²² iɔŋ²⁴/

/pʰu²³⁻³³ iɔŋ²³/

/pʰu¹³⁻²² d͡ziɔŋ¹³/

/pʰu²⁴⁻³³ d͡ziɪŋ²⁴/

/vu²² ɦioŋ⁴⁴/

Possibly derived from a word meaning “to blossom”; compare 敷榮／敷荣 (fūróng, “to blossom”) (Zhang and Shen, 2014).
; "Seremban"

(～區) Furong (a district of Changsha, Hunan, China)

(～市) Seremban, Fu Yong (a city, the state capital of Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia)


促進

/t͡sʰu⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕin⁵¹/

/t͡sʰʊk̚⁵ t͡sɵn³³/

/tʰɵk̚⁵⁵ tin³³/

/t͡sʰiɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡sin²¹/

/t͡sʰiɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ t͡sin⁴¹/

/t͡sʰiɔk̚³²⁻⁵ t͡sin²¹/

/t͡sʰiɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡sin¹¹/

/t͡sʰiɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡sin²¹/

/t͡sʰok̚²⁻⁴ t͡siŋ²¹³/

/t͡sʰoʔ³³ t͡ɕin⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰu⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕin⁵¹/

/t͡sʰʊk̚⁵ t͡sɵn³³/

/tʰɵk̚⁵⁵ tin³³/

/t͡sʰiɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡sin²¹/

/t͡sʰiɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ t͡sin⁴¹/

/t͡sʰiɔk̚³²⁻⁵ t͡sin²¹/

/t͡sʰiɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡sin¹¹/

/t͡sʰiɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡sin²¹/

/t͡sʰok̚²⁻⁴ t͡siŋ²¹³/

/t͡sʰoʔ³³ t͡ɕin⁴⁴/

(～村) Cujin (a village in Shijing, Nan'an, Quanzhou, Fujian, China)


劍閣

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ kɤ³⁵/

/kiːm³³ kɔːk̚³/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ kɤ³⁵/

/kiːm³³ kɔːk̚³/

Jiange County is famous for the long and windy foot paths going through Jianmen Pass. Jianmen means "gateway to Mount Jian", so called because its jagged peaks resemble a "jian" (a straight sword).

the pavilions (of the pass at Mount) Jian

(～縣) Jiange (a county of Guangyun, Sichuan, China)


峨眉山

/ˀɤ³⁵ meɪ̯³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/ŋɔː²¹ mei̯²¹ saːn⁵⁵/

/ˀɤ³⁵ meɪ̯³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/ŋɔː²¹ mei̯²¹ saːn⁵⁵/

峨眉 derives from the word 蛾眉 (éméi, “the feathery feelers of a moth”), so named because the peaks of Mount Emei do in fact resemble the feelers of a moth (see pictures). The “insect” radical (虫) on the left side of the first character 蛾 (é) was later replaced with the “mountain” radical (山 (shān)). Thus, 蛾 (é) eventually became 峨 (é), so as to denote the mountain. The “mountain” radical can be optionally added to the second character 眉 (méi). Both 峨嵋 (Éméi) and 峨眉 have been used through the centuries. 山 (shān) simply means “mountain”.

zh-l

(～市) Emeishan (a county-level city of Sichuan, China)


峨眉

/ˀɤ³⁵ meɪ̯³⁵/

/ŋɔː²¹ mei̯²¹/

/ŋɔ̃²⁴⁻¹¹ bi²⁴/

/ŋɔ̃²³⁻³³ bi²³/

/ɡɤ²³⁻³³ bi²³/

/ɡo²⁴⁻¹¹ bi²⁴/

/ˀɤ³⁵ meɪ̯³⁵/

/ŋɔː²¹ mei̯²¹/

/ŋɔ̃²⁴⁻¹¹ bi²⁴/

/ŋɔ̃²³⁻³³ bi²³/

/ɡɤ²³⁻³³ bi²³/

/ɡo²⁴⁻¹¹ bi²⁴/

峨眉 derives from the word 蛾眉 (“the feathery feelers of a moth”), so named because the peaks of Mount Emei do in fact resemble the feelers of a moth (see pictures). The "insect" radical (虫) on the left side of the first character 蛾 was later replaced with the "mountain" radical (山). Thus, 蛾 eventually became 峨, so as to denote the mountain. Occasionally, the radical is placed on top: 峩. The "mountain" radical can be optionally added to the second character 眉. Both 峨嵋 and 峨眉 have been used through the centuries.

(～鄉) Emei (a rural township in Hsinchu County, Taiwan)

(～縣) (historical) Emei (a historical county of China; now Emeishan City, Sichuan)


西宮

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 西宮 (Nishinomiya).

obor

/ɕi⁵⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/ɕi⁵⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

(～市) Nishinomiya (a city in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan)


梨園

/li³⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/lei̯²¹ jyːn²¹⁻³⁵/

/li³⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/lei̯²¹ jyːn²¹⁻³⁵/

Pear Garden was the name of the first known royal acting and musical academy in China. Later on, it came to refer to opera troupes in general.

(～街道) Liyuan (a subdistrict of Hongshan district, Wuhan, Hubei, China)


河口

/xɤ³⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/xə²⁴ kʰou⁵¹/

/hɔː²¹ hɐu̯³⁵/

/xɤ³⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/xɤ³⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/xə²⁴ kʰou⁵¹/

/hɔː²¹ hɐu̯³⁵/

～瑤族自治縣 河口瑤族自治縣#Chinese

Hekou Yao Autonomous County
w:Hekou Yao Autonomous County

(～瑤族自治縣, ～縣) Hekou Yao Autonomous County (a county of Yunnan, China)

(～鄉) Hekou (a township in Yuan'an, Yichang, Hubei, China)

(～村) Hekou (a village in Shuanghe, Togtoh, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China)


滕縣

/tʰɤŋ³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/tʰɤŋ³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

(historical) Teng County (a former county of Zaozhuang, Shandong, China, present-day Tengzhou)


雁門

/jɛn⁵¹ mən³⁵/

/jɛn⁵¹ mən³⁵/

(～關) Yanmen Pass, a pass in northern Shanxi fortified as part of the Inner Great Wall, now a tourist site

(～郡) (historical) Yanmen Commandery, a former commandery of the Zhao Kingdom and of early imperial China

(～道) (historical) Yanmen Circuit, a former circuit of medieval China


馬邑

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ i⁵¹/

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ i⁵¹/

(historical) former name of 朔州 (Shuòzhōu) (= Shuozhou): a prefecture-level city in northern Shanxi, China


南海

/nän³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/naːm²¹ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/ⁿdam²² hᵘɔi⁵⁵/

/lam²⁴⁻²² hai⁵⁵⁴/

/nän³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/naːm²¹ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/ⁿdam²² hᵘɔi⁵⁵/

/lam²⁴⁻²² hai⁵⁵⁴/

; "Nanhai, Guangdong, China; Nanhai Commandery"

Nanhai (a lake in Zhongnanhai, Xicheng district, Beijing, China)

(～區, formerly ～縣) Nanhai (a district of Foshan, Guangdong, China; a former county of Guangdong, China)

(～鎮) Nanhai (a town in Songzi, Jingzhou, Hubei, China)

(～鄉) Nanhai (a township in Pingtan, Fuzhou, Fujian, China)

Shǔ zhī bǐ yǒu èr sēng: qí yī pín, qí yī fù. Pín zhě yǔ yú fù zhě yuē: “Wú yù zhī Nánhǎi, hérú?”

蜀之鄙有二僧：其一貧，其一富。貧者語於富者曰：「吾欲之南海，何如？」

蜀之鄙有二僧：其一贫，其一富。贫者语于富者曰：「吾欲之南海，何如？」

(historical) Mount Putuo (an island and mountain in Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China)


南部

/lam²⁴⁻²² pɔ²²/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ pɔ³³/

/lam²⁴⁻²² pɔ²²/

/lam¹³⁻²² pɔ²²/

/lam²³⁻³³ pɔ³³/

/lam²⁴⁻²² pɔ²²/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ pɔ³³/

/lam²⁴⁻²² pɔ²²/

/lam¹³⁻²² pɔ²²/

/lam²³⁻³³ pɔ³³/

(～縣) Nanbu County (a county of Nanchong, Sichuan, China)

科學園區 科學園區#Chinese

Southern Taiwan Science Park
w:Southern Taiwan Science Park

(～科學園區) Southern Taiwan Science Park (a science park in Tainan, Taiwan)


東風

ja-r

東風(とうふう) (Tōfū)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (東風):
* → Japanese: 東風(とうふう) (Tōfū)

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ fɤŋ⁵⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ fʊŋ⁵⁵/

/tuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ fuŋ²⁴/

/tʊŋ⁴⁴ fʊŋ⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/taŋ³³ hɔŋ³³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/taŋ³³⁻²³ huaŋ³³/

/toŋ⁵⁵ foŋ²¹/

/toŋ⁴⁴ foŋ⁵³/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ fɤŋ⁵⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ fʊŋ⁵⁵/

/tuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ fuŋ²⁴/

/tʊŋ⁴⁴ fʊŋ⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/taŋ³³ hɔŋ³³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/taŋ³³⁻²³ huaŋ³³/

/toŋ⁵⁵ foŋ²¹/

/toŋ⁴⁴ foŋ⁵³/

(～社區) Dongfeng (a residential community in Lucheng, Yidu, Yichang, Hubei, China)

(～村) Dongfeng (a village in Zhonglu, Lichuan, Enshi prefecture, Hubei, China)


振興

→ English: Zhenxing

/ʈ͡ʂən⁵¹ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sɐn³³ hɪŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sin⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡sin⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ hiɪŋ³³/

/t͡sin⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡sin⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡sin⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂən⁵¹ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sɐn³³ hɪŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sin⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡sin⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ hiɪŋ³³/

/t͡sin⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡sin⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡sin⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

(～區) Zhenxing (a district of Dandong, Liaoning, China)


安慶

→ English: An-ch'ing, Anking, Anqing

/ˀän⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵¹/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ hɪŋ³³/

/aŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ^((kʰ-))ŋɛiŋ²¹³/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² kʰiɪŋ²¹/

/an³³ kʰiɪŋ⁴¹/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² kʰiɪŋ²¹/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰiɪŋ¹¹/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰiɪŋ²¹/

/ø⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰin²¹/

/ˀän⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵¹/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ hɪŋ³³/

/aŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ^((kʰ-))ŋɛiŋ²¹³/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² kʰiɪŋ²¹/

/an³³ kʰiɪŋ⁴¹/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² kʰiɪŋ²¹/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰiɪŋ¹¹/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰiɪŋ²¹/

/ø⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰin²¹/

(～市) Anqing (a prefecture-level city of Anhui, China)


法門

/fä²¹⁴⁻²¹ mən³⁵/

/huaʔ²⁴⁻²¹ muoŋ⁵³/

/haʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ mɔŋ¹³/

/haʔ²⁻⁴ muoŋ²⁴/

/huat̚³²⁻⁴ mŋ̍²³/

/huat̚³²⁻⁴ mŋ̍²⁴/

/faʔ³³ mən⁴⁴/

/fä²¹⁴⁻²¹ mən³⁵/

/huaʔ²⁴⁻²¹ muoŋ⁵³/

/haʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ mɔŋ¹³/

/haʔ²⁻⁴ muoŋ²⁴/

/huat̚³²⁻⁴ mŋ̍²³/

/huat̚³²⁻⁴ mŋ̍²⁴/

/faʔ³³ mən⁴⁴/

Calque of Sanskrit धर्मपर्याय (dharmaparyāya), comprised of धर्म (dharma, “dharma”) + पर्याय (paryāya, “method”).

compound

(～鎮) Famen (a town in Fufeng, Baoji, Shaanxi, China)


順天

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (順天):
* → Vietnamese: Thuận Thiên (順天)

/ʂu̯ən⁵¹ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/sɵn²² tʰiːn⁵⁵/

/ʂu̯ən⁵¹ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/sɵn²² tʰiːn⁵⁵/

(～府) (historical) Shuntian (a historical prefecture of Zhili, China, administering the capital Beijing and its surrounding region)


東帝汶

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ ti⁵¹⁻⁵³ wən⁵¹/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ tɐi̯³³ mɐn²²/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ tɐi̯³³ mɐn²¹/

/tɔŋ³³ te⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ bun⁴¹/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² te²¹⁻⁵³ bun²²/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ ti⁵¹⁻⁵³ wən⁵¹/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ tɐi̯³³ mɐn²²/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ tɐi̯³³ mɐn²¹/

/tɔŋ³³ te⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ bun⁴¹/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² te²¹⁻⁵³ bun²²/

East Timor (a country in Southeast Asia occupying half the island of Timor)


布隆迪

ㄅㄨˋ ㄌㄨㄥˊ ㄉㄧˊ

ㄅㄨˋ ㄌㄨㄥˊ ㄉㄧˊ

/pu⁵¹ lʊŋ³⁵ ti³⁵/

/pou̯³³ lʊŋ²¹ tɪk̚²/

/po²¹⁻⁵³ liɔŋ¹³⁻²² tiɪk̚¹²¹/

/po²¹⁻⁵³ liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚⁴/

/pɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² tiak̚²⁴/

/pu⁵¹ lʊŋ³⁵ ti³⁵/

/pou̯³³ lʊŋ²¹ tɪk̚²/

/po²¹⁻⁵³ liɔŋ¹³⁻²² tiɪk̚¹²¹/

/po²¹⁻⁵³ liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚⁴/

/pɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² tiak̚²⁴/

(Mainland China) Burundi (a country in East Africa)


法國

Sino-Xenic (法國):
* → Vietnamese: Pháp Quốc (法國)

⇒ Manchu: ᡶᠠ
ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ (fa gurun)

→ Zhuang: Fazgoz

/fä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/fä⁵¹ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/faːt̚³ kʷɔːk̚³/

/fat̚⁵⁵ kɔk̚⁵⁵/

/huaʔ²⁴⁻⁵⁵ kuɔʔ²⁴/

/haʔ²¹⁻⁴² kɒʔ²¹/

/haʔ²⁻⁴ kɒʔ²/

/huat̚³²⁻⁴ kɔk̚³²/

/huat̚⁵⁻²⁴ kɔk̚⁵/

/huat̚³²⁻⁵ kɔk̚³²/

/huat̚³²⁻⁴ kɔk̚³²/

/huat̚³²⁻⁴ kɔk̚³²/

/faʔ³³ koʔ⁴⁴/

/fä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/fä⁵¹ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/faːt̚³ kʷɔːk̚³/

/fat̚⁵⁵ kɔk̚⁵⁵/

/huaʔ²⁴⁻⁵⁵ kuɔʔ²⁴/

/haʔ²¹⁻⁴² kɒʔ²¹/

/haʔ²⁻⁴ kɒʔ²/

/huat̚³²⁻⁴ kɔk̚³²/

/huat̚⁵⁻²⁴ kɔk̚⁵/

/huat̚³²⁻⁵ kɔk̚³²/

/huat̚³²⁻⁴ kɔk̚³²/

/huat̚³²⁻⁴ kɔk̚³²/

/faʔ³³ koʔ⁴⁴/

From 法 (Fǎ, abbreviation of 法蘭西／法兰西 (Fǎlánxī), from French France) + 國／国 (guó, “country”).

zh-m

法蘭西／法兰西 (Fǎlánxī)

法國南部

法国南部

How many consulates does France have in the US?

Fǎguó zài Měiguó yǒu duōshao lǐngshìguǎn?

法國在美國有多少領事館？

法国在美国有多少领事馆？

These are some materials that I brought back for you from France. Please take a look.

Zhè shì wǒ tèyì cóng Fǎguó gěi nǐmen dài huílái de yīxiē zīliào, nǐmen hǎohǎo kànkàn.

這是我特意從法國給你們帶回來的一些資料，你們好好看看。

这是我特意从法国给你们带回来的一些资料，你们好好看看。

France (a country located primarily in Western Europe)


西班牙

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (西班牙):
* → Korean: 서반아(西班牙) (Seobana)
* → Vietnamese: Tây Ban Nha (西班牙)

/ɕi⁵⁵ pän⁵⁵ jä³⁵/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ paːn⁵⁵ ŋaː²¹/

/ɬai³³ pan³³ ᵑɡa²²/

/si²⁴⁻¹¹ pan²⁴ ŋa¹¹/

/ɕi⁴⁴ pan⁴⁴⁻³⁵ ŋa¹¹/

/sɛ⁵⁵⁻²¹ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βaŋ⁵⁵ ŋa⁵³/

se¹ bang¹ gor² [Phonetic:se⁵ bang⁵ gor²]

/ɬe⁵³³⁻¹¹ paŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ kɒ¹³/

/ɬe⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ paŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ kɒ²⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² pan⁴⁴⁻²² ɡa²⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ pan⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡa²⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ pan⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡa²³/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² pan⁴⁴⁻²² ɡɛ¹³/

/si³³⁻²¹ pan³³⁻²¹ ɡɛ²³/

/sai³³⁻²³ paŋ³³⁻²³ ɡe⁵⁵/

/ɕi⁵⁵ pe³³ ŋa²¹/

/ɕi⁵⁵ pän⁵⁵ jä³⁵/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ paːn⁵⁵ ŋaː²¹/

/ɬai³³ pan³³ ᵑɡa²²/

/si²⁴⁻¹¹ pan²⁴ ŋa¹¹/

/ɕi⁴⁴ pan⁴⁴⁻³⁵ ŋa¹¹/

/sɛ⁵⁵⁻²¹ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βaŋ⁵⁵ ŋa⁵³/

/ɬe⁵³³⁻¹¹ paŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ kɒ¹³/

/ɬe⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ paŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ kɒ²⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² pan⁴⁴⁻²² ɡa²⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ pan⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡa²⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ pan⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡa²³/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² pan⁴⁴⁻²² ɡɛ¹³/

/si³³⁻²¹ pan³³⁻²¹ ɡɛ²³/

/sai³³⁻²³ paŋ³³⁻²³ ɡe⁵⁵/

/ɕi⁵⁵ pe³³ ŋa²¹/

Borrowed from the word for Spain in a European language; compare English Spain, Spanish España, German Spanien, Latin Hispania. The choice of the final syllable 牙 (yá) is possibly influenced or reinforced by 葡萄牙 (Pútáoyá, “Portugal”).
Attested as early as 1835, in the Eastern Western Monthly Magazine. An earlier similar transcription is 是班呀, attested in 海國聞見錄 [1730] by Chen Lunjiong (陳倫烱).

1835 六月, “俠膽”, in Karl Gützlaff, editor, 東西洋考每月統記傳 [Eastern Western Monthly Magazine], page 8:

Míngcháo niánjiān, Hélán dìfāng, wéi Xībānyá zhī shǔguó.

明朝年間，荷蘭地方，為西班牙之屬國。

明朝年间，荷兰地方，为西班牙之属国。

1848, 徐繼畬 [Xu Jiyu], editor, 瀛寰志略, volume 10, page 4:

Mòxīgē běn Xībānyá suǒ gǎijiàn, gù yǔyán wénzì, yǔ Xībānyá tóng.

墨西哥本西班牙所改建，故語言文字，與西班牙同。

墨西哥本西班牙所改建，故语言文字，与西班牙同。

Spain (a country in Southern Europe, including most of the Iberian peninsula)


聖迭戈

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹ ti̯ɛ³⁵ kɤ⁵⁵/

/sɪŋ³³ tiːt̚² kʷɔː⁵⁵/

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹ ti̯ɛ³⁵ kɤ⁵⁵/

/sɪŋ³³ tiːt̚² kʷɔː⁵⁵/


玉石

/y⁴⁴⁻⁴² ʂʐ̩ʔ⁵/

/jʊk̚² sɛːk̚²/

/ɡiɪk̚⁴⁻³² t͡sioʔ⁴/

/ɡiɪk̚⁴⁻³² t͡siɤʔ⁴/

/ɡiɔk̚⁴⁻³² siɪk̚⁴/

/y⁴⁴⁻⁴² ʂʐ̩ʔ⁵/

/jʊk̚² sɛːk̚²/

/ɡiɪk̚⁴⁻³² t͡sioʔ⁴/

/ɡiɪk̚⁴⁻³² t͡siɤʔ⁴/

/ɡiɔk̚⁴⁻³² siɪk̚⁴/

(～村) Yushi (a rural village in Jiaoxi, Yilan County, Taiwan)


鳩山

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

(～町) Hatoyama (a town in Hiki district, Saitama Prefecture, Japan)


俄羅斯

→ Zhuang: Ngozlozswh

Ngò̤-lò̤-sṳ̆

/ˀɤ³⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵/

/ˀɤ⁵¹ lu̯ɔ³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵/

/ŋɔː²¹ lɔː²¹ siː⁵⁵/

/ᵑɡᵘɔ²² lᵘɔ²² ɬu³³/

/ŋo¹¹ lo¹¹ sɨ²⁴/

/ŋo¹¹ lo¹¹ sz̩⁴⁴/

Ngò̤-lò̤-sṳ̆

/ŋo⁵³⁻³³ l̃o⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾ly⁵⁵/

/ɡo²⁴⁻²² lo²⁴⁻²² su⁴⁴/

/ɡo¹³⁻²² lo¹³⁻²² su⁴⁴/

/ŋɔ̃²⁴⁻²² lo²⁴⁻²² sɯ³³/

/ŋɔ̃²⁴⁻¹¹ lo²⁴⁻¹¹ su⁴⁴/

/ŋɔ̃²³⁻³³ lɤ²³⁻³³ su⁴⁴/

/ɡɔ²³⁻³³ lɤ²³⁻³³ su⁴⁴/

/ɡɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ lo²⁴⁻¹¹ su⁴⁴/

/ŋo⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lo⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sɯ³³/

/ŋu²² lu⁵⁵ sz̩²¹/

/ˀɤ³⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵/

/ˀɤ⁵¹ lu̯ɔ³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵/

/ŋɔː²¹ lɔː²¹ siː⁵⁵/

/ᵑɡᵘɔ²² lᵘɔ²² ɬu³³/

/ŋo¹¹ lo¹¹ sɨ²⁴/

/ŋo¹¹ lo¹¹ sz̩⁴⁴/

/ŋo⁵³⁻³³ l̃o⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾ly⁵⁵/

/ɡo²⁴⁻²² lo²⁴⁻²² su⁴⁴/

/ɡo¹³⁻²² lo¹³⁻²² su⁴⁴/

/ŋɔ̃²⁴⁻²² lo²⁴⁻²² sɯ³³/

/ŋɔ̃²⁴⁻¹¹ lo²⁴⁻¹¹ su⁴⁴/

/ŋɔ̃²³⁻³³ lɤ²³⁻³³ su⁴⁴/

/ɡɔ²³⁻³³ lɤ²³⁻³³ su⁴⁴/

/ɡɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ lo²⁴⁻¹¹ su⁴⁴/

/ŋo⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lo⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sɯ³³/

/ŋu²² lu⁵⁵ sz̩²¹/

Qing-era transcription of Manchu ᠣᡵᠣᠰ (oros, “Russians; Russia”), from Classical Mongolian ᠣᠷᠤᠰ (orus, “Russians; Russia”), from Middle Mongol 斡羅思 (orus, “Rus”), from Kipchak [Term?] (“Rus”) (whence Armeno-Kipchak Որուս (Orus, “Ruthenia”), with vowel-harmonic prothesis o- before liquid r-), from Old East Slavic Русь f (Rusĭ, “Rus”), from Proto-Finnic *roocci (“Swede, Varangian”).

der

俄罗斯
鄂羅斯
斡羅思
峨羅斯

中國和俄羅斯的邊界

中国和俄罗斯的边界

Russia (a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and North Asia)

Armeno-Kipchak language
Liquid consonant
Prothesis (linguistics)
Qing dynasty
Vowel harmony


俄國

desc

→ Lü: ᦵᦁᦲᧉᦷᦅᧉ (ʼoe²ko²)

→ Lü: ᦵᦁᦲᧉᦷᦅᧉ (ʼoe²ko²)

/ˀɤ³⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/ˀɤ⁵¹ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/ŋɔː²¹ kʷɔːk̚³/

/ᵑɡᵘɔ²² kɔk̚⁵⁵/

/ˈŋo³⁵ kuɛt̚⁵/

/ŋo¹¹ kuɛt̚¹/

/ŋo⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾uɔʔ²⁴/

/ɡɤ²³⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

/ɡo²⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/ɡo²⁴⁻¹¹ kɔk̚³²/

/ɡo¹³⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/ŋɔ̃²⁴⁻²² kɔk̚⁵/

/ŋo⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kok̚²/

/ŋu²² koʔ⁴⁴/

/ˀɤ³⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/ˀɤ⁵¹ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/ŋɔː²¹ kʷɔːk̚³/

/ᵑɡᵘɔ²² kɔk̚⁵⁵/

/ˈŋo³⁵ kuɛt̚⁵/

/ŋo¹¹ kuɛt̚¹/

/ŋo⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾uɔʔ²⁴/

/ɡɤ²³⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

/ɡo²⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/ɡo²⁴⁻¹¹ kɔk̚³²/

/ɡo¹³⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/ŋɔ̃²⁴⁻²² kɔk̚⁵/

/ŋo⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kok̚²/

/ŋu²² koʔ⁴⁴/

From 俄 (É, abbreviation of 俄羅斯／俄罗斯 (Éluósī)) + 國／国 (guó, “country”); attested as early as 1838, in the Eastern Western Monthly Magazine.

zh-m

俄羅斯／俄罗斯 (Éluósī)

Russia (a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and North Asia) (at any point of its history)


莫斯科

/mu̯ɔ⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵⁵/

/mɔːk̚² siː⁵⁵ fɔː⁵⁵/

/mok̚⁵ sɨ²⁴⁻¹¹ kʰo²⁴/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² su⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰɤ⁴⁴/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² su⁴⁴⁻²² kʰo⁴⁴/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² su⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰo⁴⁴/

/bɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ su⁴⁴⁻²² kʰo⁴⁴/

/bɔk̚²⁴⁻² sɯ³³ kʰə³³/

/moʔ¹¹ sz̩²² kʰu²³/

/mu̯ɔ⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵⁵/

/mɔːk̚² siː⁵⁵ fɔː⁵⁵/

/mok̚⁵ sɨ²⁴⁻¹¹ kʰo²⁴/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² su⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰɤ⁴⁴/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² su⁴⁴⁻²² kʰo⁴⁴/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² su⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰo⁴⁴/

/bɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ su⁴⁴⁻²² kʰo⁴⁴/

/bɔk̚²⁴⁻² sɯ³³ kʰə³³/

/moʔ¹¹ sz̩²² kʰu²³/

Borrowed from English Moscow, or shortened from Qing-era 莫斯科窪／莫斯科洼 (Mòsīkēwā), which is borrowed from Manchu ᠮᠣᠰᠺᠣᠸᠠ (mosk'owa).

zh-l

莫斯科窪／莫斯科洼 (Mòsīkēwā)

《莫斯科郊外的晚上》

Moscow (a federal city, the capital of Russia)

(～州) Moscow (an oblast of Russia, surrounding the city of Moscow)


巴黎

/paː⁵⁵ lɐi̯²¹/

/pa⁵⁵ l̃ɛ⁵³/

/pa⁴⁴⁻²² le²⁴/

/pa⁴⁴⁻²² le¹³/

/pa⁴⁴⁻³³ le²⁴/

/pa⁴⁴⁻³³ le²³/

/pa³³⁻²³ li⁵⁵/

/paː⁵⁵ lɐi̯²¹/

/pa⁵⁵ l̃ɛ⁵³/

/pa⁴⁴⁻²² le²⁴/

/pa⁴⁴⁻²² le¹³/

/pa⁴⁴⁻³³ le²⁴/

/pa⁴⁴⁻³³ le²³/

/pa³³⁻²³ li⁵⁵/

From French Paris. Attested as early as 1838, in 古今萬國綱鑑 by German missionary Karl Gützlaff.

The Eiffel Tower is Paris's landmark structure.

Àifēi'ěr Tiětǎ shì Bālí de biāozhìxìng jiànzhù.

艾菲爾鐵塔是巴黎的標誌性建築。

艾菲尔铁塔是巴黎的标志性建筑。

1866, 斌椿, 乘槎筆記; republished volume 2, Tokyo: 袋屋龜次郎, 1872, page 26:

Èrshísānrì, qíng, zhù bālí hǎiguān, miǎn yàn xínglǐ, jiēshì fánhuá, qìjú kuòdà, yòu shèngyú Lǐ'áng.

二十三日，晴，駐巴黎海關，免驗行李，街市繁華，氣局闊大，又勝於里昂。

二十三日，晴，驻巴黎海关，免验行李，街市繁华，气局阔大，又胜于里昂。

Paris (the capital and largest city of France; a department of Île-de-France)


伊拉克

→ Zhuang: Yihlahgwz

/i⁵⁵ lä⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹/

/i⁵⁵ lä⁵⁵ kʰɤɻ⁵¹/

/jiː⁵⁵ laːi̯⁵⁵ hɐk̚⁵/

/i⁴⁴ la⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kʰɛt̚¹/

/i⁴⁴⁻²² la⁴⁴⁻²² kʰiɪk̚³²/

/i⁴⁴⁻³³ la⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰiɪk̚³²/

/i⁴⁴⁻²² liap̚¹²¹⁻²¹ kʰiɪk̚³²/

/i⁵⁵ la³³ kʰəʔ²¹/

/i⁵⁵ lä⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹/

/i⁵⁵ lä⁵⁵ kʰɤɻ⁵¹/

/jiː⁵⁵ laːi̯⁵⁵ hɐk̚⁵/

/i⁴⁴ la⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kʰɛt̚¹/

/i⁴⁴⁻²² la⁴⁴⁻²² kʰiɪk̚³²/

/i⁴⁴⁻³³ la⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰiɪk̚³²/

/i⁴⁴⁻²² liap̚¹²¹⁻²¹ kʰiɪk̚³²/

/i⁵⁵ la³³ kʰəʔ²¹/

From Arabic الْعِرَاق (al-ʕirāq, “Iraq”).

Iraq (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


紐約

/ni̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɥɛ⁵⁵/

/nɐu̯³⁵ jœːk̚³/

/ŋi̯u³¹ i̯ok̚²/

/nˡieu³³⁻⁵⁵ yɔʔ²⁴/

/niũ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ iɔk̚³²/

/niũ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ iɔk̚⁵/

/niũ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ iɔk̚³²/

/niũ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ iak̚³²/

/niu⁵²⁻³⁵ ieʔ²/

/n̠ʲiɤ²² iaʔ⁴⁴/

/ni̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɥɛ⁵⁵/

/nɐu̯³⁵ jœːk̚³/

/ŋi̯u³¹ i̯ok̚²/

/nˡieu³³⁻⁵⁵ yɔʔ²⁴/

/niũ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ iɔk̚³²/

/niũ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ iɔk̚⁵/

/niũ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ iɔk̚³²/

/niũ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ iak̚³²/

/niu⁵²⁻³⁵ ieʔ²/

/n̠ʲiɤ²² iaʔ⁴⁴/

Borrowed from English New York, via a southern variety of Chinese (probably Taishanese) which retains -k in 約／约.

(～州, formerly ～省) New York (a state of the United States)

1867, 志剛, 《初使泰西紀》, 林華齋書坊, published 1877:

On the second day, we travelled north to a port in New York in the east coast of the United States. The journey was over 6700 li.

Chū'èr rì běi xíng zhì Měiguó dōng jiè Niǔyuē hǎikǒu hǎichéng liù qiān qī bǎi yú lǐ

初二日北行至美國東界紐約海口海程六千七百餘里

初二日北行至美国东界纽约海口海程六千七百余里

(～市) New York, New York City (the largest city in the state of New York, and the largest city in the United States, a metropolis extending into neighboring New Jersey)


高雄

desc

→ English: Kaohsiung, Kao Hsiung, Kao-hsiung, Gaosyong, Gaoxiong

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ɕi̯ʊŋ³⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ hʊŋ²¹/

/kau⁴⁴⁻³⁵ hiʊŋ¹¹/

/ko⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾yŋ⁵³/

/ko⁴⁴⁻³³ hiɔŋ²⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² hiɔŋ²⁴/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ hiɔŋ²³/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ɕi̯ʊŋ³⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ hʊŋ²¹/

/kau⁴⁴⁻³⁵ hiʊŋ¹¹/

/ko⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾yŋ⁵³/

/ko⁴⁴⁻³³ hiɔŋ²⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² hiɔŋ²⁴/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ hiɔŋ²³/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 高(たか)雄(お) (Takao) with the creation of Takao Prefecture in 1920, from Hokkien 打狗 (Tá-káu) (Takau), from Siraya takau (“bamboo forest”).

(～市) (historical) Kaohsiung City (former provincial city, now part of the special municipality)


嘉義

→ English: Ka-gi, Chiai, Chiayi, Jiayi

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ i⁵¹/

/kaː⁵⁵ jiː²²/

/ka²⁴⁻¹¹ ŋi⁵⁵/

/ka⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ŋiɛ²⁴²/

/ka⁴⁴⁻²² ɡi²²/

/ka⁴⁴⁻²² ɡi²²/

/ka⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡi³³/

/ka⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡi³³/

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ i⁵¹/

/kaː⁵⁵ jiː²²/

/ka²⁴⁻¹¹ ŋi⁵⁵/

/ka⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ŋiɛ²⁴²/

/ka⁴⁴⁻²² ɡi²²/

/ka⁴⁴⁻²² ɡi²²/

/ka⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡi³³/

/ka⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡi³³/

Conferred in 1787 by the Qing Emperor to commend the locals' righteous act of defending the fort (嘉其死守城池之忠義) during the Lin Shuangwen rebellion. The former name 諸羅／诸罗 (Chu-lô/Ti-ló) is from Tsulosan (諸羅山／诸罗山 (Chu-lô-san/Ti-ló-sán)).

(～市) Chiayi (a city located in the plains of southwestern Taiwan)

(～縣) Chiayi (a county surrounding Chiayi City)


中壢

→ English: Chungli, Jhongli, Zhongli

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ li⁵¹/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ lɪk̚²/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ lɛːk̚²/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ liɪk̚⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ li⁵¹/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ lɪk̚²/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ lɛːk̚²/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ liɪk̚⁴/

(～區, formerly ～市) Zhongli, Jhongli, Chungli (a district of Taoyuan, Taiwan, formerly a county-controlled city)


福爾摩沙

ㄈㄨˊ ㄦˇ ㄇㄛˊ ㄕㄚ

ㄈㄨˊ ㄦˇ ㄇㄛˊ ㄕㄚ

/fu³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ mu̯ɔ³⁵ ʂä⁵⁵/

/fʊk̚⁵ jiː¹³ mɔː⁵⁵ saː⁵⁵/

/huʔ²⁴⁻³⁵ i³³⁽⁻²¹⁾ mo⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾la⁵⁵/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ mɔ̃²⁴⁻²² sa⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ nĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ mɔ̃²⁴⁻²² sa³³/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁵ nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ mɔ̃¹³⁻²² sa⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ mɔ̃²⁴⁻¹¹ sa⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ nĩ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ mɔ̃²³⁻³³ sa⁴⁴/

/fu³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ mu̯ɔ³⁵ ʂä⁵⁵/

/fʊk̚⁵ jiː¹³ mɔː⁵⁵ saː⁵⁵/

/huʔ²⁴⁻³⁵ i³³⁽⁻²¹⁾ mo⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾la⁵⁵/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ mɔ̃²⁴⁻²² sa⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ nĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ mɔ̃²⁴⁻²² sa³³/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁵ nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ mɔ̃¹³⁻²² sa⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ mɔ̃²⁴⁻¹¹ sa⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ nĩ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ mɔ̃²³⁻³³ sa⁴⁴/

Borrowed from Portuguese Formosa (literally “beautiful”) [ca. 1542], as Portuguese sailors sighted the main island of Taiwan.

bor

(～省) Formosa (a province in northern Argentina)

(～市) Formosa (the provincial capital of Formosa, Argentina)


閩南

/min²¹⁴⁻²¹ nän³⁵/

/miŋ⁵³⁻³³ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/maŋ¹³⁻¹¹ naŋ¹³/

/maŋ²⁴⁻²¹ naŋ²⁴/

/min²¹⁴⁻²¹ nän³⁵/

/miŋ⁵³⁻³³ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/maŋ¹³⁻¹¹ naŋ¹³/

/maŋ²⁴⁻²¹ naŋ²⁴/

southern Fujian (a region of Fujian, China); Minnan region


斐濟

/feɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi⁵¹/

/fei̯³⁵ t͡sɐi̯³³/

/hui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡se²¹/

/hui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡se⁴¹/

/hui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡se²¹/

/hui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡se¹¹/

/hui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡se²¹/

/feɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi⁵¹/

/fei̯³⁵ t͡sɐi̯³³/

/hui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡se²¹/

/hui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡se⁴¹/

/hui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡se²¹/

/hui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡se¹¹/

/hui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡se²¹/

Borrowed from English Fiji, from Fijian Viti Levu (“Great Viti”).

Fiji (a country and archipelago of over 300 islands in Melanesia in Oceania)


敘利亞

/ɕy⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹⁻⁵³ jä⁵¹/

/ɕy⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

zêu⁶ léi⁶ a³

/t͡sɵy̯²² lei̯²² aː³³/

/sy²⁴²⁻²¹ l̃i²¹³⁻⁵³ a³³/

/sɯ²² li⁴¹⁻²² a³³/

/su³³⁻¹¹ li³³⁻¹¹ a⁴⁴/

/su³³⁻²¹ li³³⁻²¹ a⁴⁴/

/su²²⁻²¹ li²²⁻²¹ a⁴⁴/

/si²²⁻²¹ li²²⁻²¹ a⁴⁴/

/ɕy⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹⁻⁵³ jä⁵¹/

/ɕy⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sɵy̯²² lei̯²² aː³³/

/sy²⁴²⁻²¹ l̃i²¹³⁻⁵³ a³³/

/sɯ²² li⁴¹⁻²² a³³/

/su³³⁻¹¹ li³³⁻¹¹ a⁴⁴/

/su³³⁻²¹ li³³⁻²¹ a⁴⁴/

/su²²⁻²¹ li²²⁻²¹ a⁴⁴/

/si²²⁻²¹ li²²⁻²¹ a⁴⁴/

Attested in 海國圖志 (Illustrated Treatise on the Maritime Kingdoms) [1852].
Earlier forms in the first half of the 19th century included 敘哩亞／叙哩亚, 敘里亞／叙里亚, 西利亞／西利亚, etc. Forms with 敘／叙 (xù) as the first syllable possibly derive from Ancient Greek Συρία (Suría).

And there abode three months. And when the Jews laid wait for him, as he was about to sail into Syria, he purposed to return through Macedonia.

Jū sān yuè, yù zhōu xíng wǎng Xùlìyà, Yóutàirén jì hài zhī, suì dìngyì guò mǎqídùn ér fǎn.

居三月，欲舟行往敘利亞，猶太人計害之，遂定意過馬其頓而反。

居三月，欲舟行往叙利亚，犹太人计害之，遂定意过马其顿而反。


俄羅斯聯邦

ㄜˊ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄙ ㄌㄧㄢˊ ㄅㄤ

ㄜˋ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄙ ㄌㄧㄢˊ ㄅㄤ

элосы Ляньбан

/ˀɤ³⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ li̯ɛn³⁵ pɑŋ⁵⁵/

/ˀɤ⁵¹ lu̯ɔ³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ li̯ɛn³⁵ pɑŋ⁵⁵/

/ŋɔː²¹ lɔː²¹ siː⁵⁵ lyːn²¹ pɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/ˀɤ³⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ li̯ɛn³⁵ pɑŋ⁵⁵/

/ˀɤ⁵¹ lu̯ɔ³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ li̯ɛn³⁵ pɑŋ⁵⁵/

/ŋɔː²¹ lɔː²¹ siː⁵⁵ lyːn²¹ pɔːŋ⁵⁵/

Russian Federation
Russian Federation#English:_Q159

Russian Federation (official name of Russia: a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and North Asia)


蒙古

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (蒙古):
* → Japanese: 蒙(もう)古(こ) (Mōko)
* → Okinawan: 蒙古(むーく) (Mūku)
* → Korean: 몽고(蒙古) (Monggo)
* → Vietnamese: Mông Cổ (蒙古)

→ Zhuang: Mungzguj

/mɤŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mɤŋ³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/məŋ²⁴ ku²⁴/

/mʊŋ²¹ kuː³⁵/

/ᵐbɵŋ²² ku⁵⁵/

/mʊŋ¹¹ ku³¹/

/muŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋu³³/

/bɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kɔ⁵³/

/bɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/bɔŋ¹³⁻²² kɔ⁵³/

/bɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kɔ⁵³/

/bɔŋ²³⁻³³ kɔ⁴¹/

/moŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kou⁵²/

/mɤŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mɤŋ³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/məŋ²⁴ ku²⁴/

/mʊŋ²¹ kuː³⁵/

/ᵐbɵŋ²² ku⁵⁵/

/mʊŋ¹¹ ku³¹/

/muŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋu³³/

/bɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kɔ⁵³/

/bɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/bɔŋ¹³⁻²² kɔ⁵³/

/bɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kɔ⁵³/

/bɔŋ²³⁻³³ kɔ⁴¹/

/moŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kou⁵²/

Borrowed from Jurchen [Term?] (/*moŋgu/, “Mongol”) with loss of foreign final -l, from Middle Mongol ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ (mwnkɣwɽ /moŋqol/, “Mongol”).

der

(chiefly historical) Mongolia (a Mongolian-speaking geographic region in East Asia, including the country of Mongolia (Outer Mongolia), the autonomous region of Inner Mongolia in China, and sometimes also Buryatia, Tuva and the Altai Republic in Russia)


波蘭

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (波蘭):
* → Japanese: 波蘭(ポーランド) (pōrando)
* → Korean: 파란(波蘭) (Paran)
* → Vietnamese: Ba Lan (波蘭)

/pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ län³⁵/

/pɔː⁵⁵ laːn²¹/

/po⁴⁴⁻³⁵ lan¹¹/

/pʰo⁵⁵ l̃aŋ⁵³/

/pʰɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ lan²³/

/pʰo⁴⁴⁻³³ lan²⁴/

/po⁴⁴⁻²² lan⁴⁴/

/pʰo⁴⁴⁻²² lan⁴⁴/

/po³³⁻²³ laŋ⁵⁵/

/pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ län³⁵/

/pɔː⁵⁵ laːn²¹/

/po⁴⁴⁻³⁵ lan¹¹/

/pʰo⁵⁵ l̃aŋ⁵³/

/pʰɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ lan²³/

/pʰo⁴⁴⁻³³ lan²⁴/

/po⁴⁴⁻²² lan⁴⁴/

/pʰo⁴⁴⁻²² lan⁴⁴/

/po³³⁻²³ laŋ⁵⁵/

1910, 吳趼人 [Wu Jianren], chapter 22, in 二十年目睹之怪現狀 [Bizarre Happenings Eyewitnessed over Two Decades]:

Russia has destroyed Poland and one of its first decrees was that the Poles couldn't speak Polish or use Polish letters.

Éluósī miè le Bōlán, tā zài Bōlán xíng de zhènglìng, dì yī jiàn, bùxǔ Bōlánrén shuō Bōlánhuà, hái bùxǔ yòng Bōlán wénzì.

俄羅斯滅了波蘭，他在波蘭行的政令，第一件，不許波蘭人說波蘭話，還不許用波蘭文字。

俄罗斯灭了波兰，他在波兰行的政令，第一件，不许波兰人说波兰话，还不许用波兰文字。


品川

/pʰin²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/pɐn³⁵ t͡sʰyːn⁵⁵/

/pʰin²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/pɐn³⁵ t͡sʰyːn⁵⁵/

(～區) Shinagawa (one of the 23 special wards in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


華美

→ English: Huamei, E-bue

/xu̯ä³⁵ meɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/e³⁵⁻¹¹ bue⁵²/

/xu̯ä³⁵ meɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/e³⁵⁻¹¹ bue⁵²/

Huamei (a village in Chao'an district, Chaozhou, Guangdong, China, once host to a station on the Swatow-Chaochowfu Railway)


布達佩斯

ㄅㄨˋ ㄉㄚˊ ㄆㄟˋ ㄙ

ㄅㄨˋ ㄉㄚˊ ㄆㄟˋ ㄙ

/pu⁵¹ tä³⁵ pʰeɪ̯⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵/

/pou̯³³ taːt̚² pʰuːi̯³³ siː⁵⁵/

/pɔ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tat̚²⁴⁻² pue⁴¹⁻²² sɯ³³/

/pɔ¹¹⁻⁵³ tat̚⁴⁻³² pʰue¹¹⁻⁵³ su⁴⁴/

/pɔ²¹⁻⁴¹ tat̚⁴⁻³² pʰue²¹⁻⁴¹ su⁴⁴/

/pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ tat̚¹²¹⁻²¹ pue²²⁻²¹ su⁴⁴/

/pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ tat̚⁴⁻³² pue²²⁻²¹ su⁴⁴/

/pu³³ daʔ⁵⁵ be³³ sz̩²¹/

/pu⁵¹ tä³⁵ pʰeɪ̯⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵/

/pou̯³³ taːt̚² pʰuːi̯³³ siː⁵⁵/

/pɔ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tat̚²⁴⁻² pue⁴¹⁻²² sɯ³³/

/pɔ¹¹⁻⁵³ tat̚⁴⁻³² pʰue¹¹⁻⁵³ su⁴⁴/

/pɔ²¹⁻⁴¹ tat̚⁴⁻³² pʰue²¹⁻⁴¹ su⁴⁴/

/pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ tat̚¹²¹⁻²¹ pue²²⁻²¹ su⁴⁴/

/pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ tat̚⁴⁻³² pue²²⁻²¹ su⁴⁴/

/pu³³ daʔ⁵⁵ be³³ sz̩²¹/

Budapest (a city, the capital city of Hungary)


布里斯班

ㄅㄨˋ ㄌㄧˇ ㄙ ㄅㄢ

ㄅㄨˋ ㄌㄧˇ ㄙ ㄅㄢ

/pu⁵¹ li²¹⁴⁻²¹ sz̩⁵⁵ pän⁵⁵/

/pu⁵¹ li²¹⁴⁻²¹ sz̩⁵⁵ pän⁵⁵/

Brisbane (a city, the state capital of Queensland, Australia)


墨爾本

⁸meq-gher₆-pen₅; ⁶meq₈-gher₆-pen₅; ⁸meq-gher₆ ⁵pen

/mu̯ɔ⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ pən²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mɐk̚² jiː¹³ puːn³⁵/

/biɪk̚⁴⁻³² nĩ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ pun⁴¹/

/biɪk̚⁴⁻³² nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pun⁵³/

meh^入 r^去 pen^去; meh^入 r^去 pen^去; meh^入 r^去 pen^去

⁵meq-hher₃-pen₂; ³meq₅-hher₃-pen₂; ⁵meq-hher₃ ²pen

/məʔ¹¹ ɦəl²² pən²³/

/məʔ²² ɦəl⁵⁵ pən²¹/

/məʔ¹¹ ɦəl²³ pən³⁴/

/mu̯ɔ⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ pən²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mɐk̚² jiː¹³ puːn³⁵/

/biɪk̚⁴⁻³² nĩ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ pun⁴¹/

/biɪk̚⁴⁻³² nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pun⁵³/

/məʔ¹¹ ɦəl²² pən²³/

/məʔ²² ɦəl⁵⁵ pən²¹/

/məʔ¹¹ ɦəl²³ pən³⁴/

Melbourne has had pretty good weather over the past few days.

Zhè jǐ tiān Mò'ěrběn de tiānqì hái tǐng hǎo.

這幾天墨爾本的天氣還挺好。

这几天墨尔本的天气还挺好。

Melbourne (a city, the state capital of Victoria, Australia)


黃金海岸

ㄏㄨㄤˊ ㄐㄧㄣ ㄏㄞˇ ㄢˋ

ㄏㄨㄤˊ ㄐㄧㄣ ㄏㄞˇ ㄢˋ

Хуанцзинь Хайань

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ t͡ɕin⁵⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ˀän⁵¹/

/wɔːŋ²¹ kɐm⁵⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵ ŋɔːn²²/

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ t͡ɕin⁵⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ˀän⁵¹/

/wɔːŋ²¹ kɐm⁵⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵ ŋɔːn²²/


卡爾瓦多斯

ㄎㄚˇ ㄦˇ ㄨㄚˇ ㄉㄨㄛ ㄙ

ㄎㄚˇ ㄦˇ ㄨㄚˇ ㄉㄨㄛ ㄙ

/kʰä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ wä²¹⁴⁻²¹ tu̯ɔ⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵/

/kʰaː⁵⁵ jiː¹³ ŋaː¹³ tɔː⁵⁵ siː⁵⁵/

/kʰaː⁵⁵ jiː¹³ ŋaː¹³ tɔː⁵⁵ siː⁵⁵/

Calvados (a department of Normandy, France)


喀麥隆

/kʰä⁵⁵ maɪ̯⁵¹ lʊŋ³⁵/

/haːk̚³ mɐk̚² lʊŋ²¹/

/kʰiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ biak̚²⁴⁻² liɔŋ²⁴/

/kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ biɪk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ liɔŋ¹³/

/kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ biɪk̚⁴⁻³² liɔŋ²⁴/

/kʰä⁵⁵ maɪ̯⁵¹ lʊŋ³⁵/

/haːk̚³ mɐk̚² lʊŋ²¹/

/kʰiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ biak̚²⁴⁻² liɔŋ²⁴/

/kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ biɪk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ liɔŋ¹³/

/kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ biɪk̚⁴⁻³² liɔŋ²⁴/


復興

Sino-Xenic (復興):
* → Japanese: 復興(ふっこう) (fukkō)
* → Korean: 부흥(復興) (buheung)
* → Vietnamese: phục hưng (復興)

→ English: Fusing, Fuxing

/fu⁵¹ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/fʊk̚² hɪŋ⁵⁵/

/hɒʔ⁴⁻²¹ hiŋ⁵³³/

/hɒʔ⁴⁻² hiŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚⁴⁻³² hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚²⁴⁻² hiɪŋ³³/

/hɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚⁴⁻³² hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚⁴⁻³² hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/fu⁵¹ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/fʊk̚² hɪŋ⁵⁵/

/hɒʔ⁴⁻²¹ hiŋ⁵³³/

/hɒʔ⁴⁻² hiŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚⁴⁻³² hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚²⁴⁻² hiɪŋ³³/

/hɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚⁴⁻³² hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚⁴⁻³² hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

(～區, formerly ～鄉) Fuxing (a mountain indigenous district in eastern Taoyuan, Taiwan, formerly a mountain indigenous township)

(～區) Fuxing (a district of Handan, Hebei, China)

(～街道) Fuxing (a subdistrict of Chengkou, Chongqing, China)

(～嶼) Fuxing (an islet of Lieyu, Kinmen County, Taiwan)


聯邦

/li̯ɛn³⁵ pɑŋ⁵⁵/

/liæ̃²⁴ pɑŋ²⁴/

/lyːn²¹ pɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/l̃ieŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾maŋ⁵⁵/

/liɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ paŋ⁴⁴/

/liɛn²³⁻³³ paŋ⁴⁴/

/liɛn¹³⁻²² paŋ⁴⁴/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²² paŋ³³/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²² paŋ⁴⁴/

/biɛn¹³⁻²² paŋ⁴⁴/

/li²² pɑ̃⁴⁴/

/li̯ɛn³⁵ pɑŋ⁵⁵/

/liæ̃²⁴ pɑŋ²⁴/

/lyːn²¹ pɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/l̃ieŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾maŋ⁵⁵/

/liɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ paŋ⁴⁴/

/liɛn²³⁻³³ paŋ⁴⁴/

/liɛn¹³⁻²² paŋ⁴⁴/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²² paŋ³³/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²² paŋ⁴⁴/

/biɛn¹³⁻²² paŋ⁴⁴/

/li²² pɑ̃⁴⁴/

(Singapore) Malaysia (a country in Asia)


阿爾及利亞

ㄚ ㄦˇ ㄐㄧˊ ㄌㄧˋ ㄧㄚˋ

ㄚ ㄦˇ ㄐㄧˊ ㄌㄧˋ ㄧㄚˇ

/ˀä⁵⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi³⁵ li⁵¹⁻⁵³ jä⁵¹/

/ˀä⁵⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi³⁵ li⁵¹ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/aː³³ jiː¹³ kʰɐp̚² lei̯²² aː³³/

/a⁴⁴⁻³³ nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kip̚⁴⁻³² li³³⁻¹¹ a⁴⁴/

/a³³ nĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kip̚²⁴⁻² li⁴¹⁻²² a³³/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kip̚⁴⁻³² li²²⁻²¹ a⁴⁴/

/a⁴⁴⁻³³ nĩ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kip̚⁴⁻³² li³³⁻²¹ a⁴⁴/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² d͡zĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kip̚¹²¹⁻²¹ li²²⁻²¹ a⁴⁴/

/ˀä⁵⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi³⁵ li⁵¹⁻⁵³ jä⁵¹/

/aː³³ jiː¹³ kʰɐp̚² lei̯²² aː³³/

/a⁴⁴⁻³³ nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kip̚⁴⁻³² li³³⁻¹¹ a⁴⁴/

/a³³ nĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kip̚²⁴⁻² li⁴¹⁻²² a³³/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kip̚⁴⁻³² li²²⁻²¹ a⁴⁴/

/a⁴⁴⁻³³ nĩ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kip̚⁴⁻³² li³³⁻²¹ a⁴⁴/


三門峽

desc

→ English: San-men-hsia, Sanmenhsia, Sanmenxia

/sän⁵⁵ mən³⁵ ɕi̯ä³⁵/

/saŋ⁵⁵ muoŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋieʔ⁵/

/sam⁴⁴⁻²² bun²⁴⁻²² kiap̚³²/

/sam⁴⁴⁻²² bun¹³⁻²² kiap̚³²/

/sam⁴⁴⁻³³ bun²⁴⁻¹¹ kiap̚³²/

/sam⁴⁴⁻³³ bun²³⁻³³ kiap̚³²/

/sän⁵⁵ mən³⁵ ɕi̯ä³⁵/

/saŋ⁵⁵ muoŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋieʔ⁵/

/sam⁴⁴⁻²² bun²⁴⁻²² kiap̚³²/

/sam⁴⁴⁻²² bun¹³⁻²² kiap̚³²/

/sam⁴⁴⁻³³ bun²⁴⁻¹¹ kiap̚³²/

/sam⁴⁴⁻³³ bun²³⁻³³ kiap̚³²/

(～市) Sanmenxia (a prefecture-level city of Henan, China)


鶴壁

→ English: Hebi, Ho-pi

/xɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ pi⁵¹/

/hɔːk̚² pɪk̚⁵/

/houʔ⁵⁻²¹ piɑʔ²⁴/

/hɔk̚⁴⁻³² piaʔ³²/

/hɔk̚²⁴⁻² piaʔ⁵/

/hɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ piaʔ³²/

/hɔk̚⁴⁻³² piaʔ³²/

/hɔk̚⁴⁻³² piaʔ³²/

/ŋoʔ¹¹ piɪʔ²³/

/xɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ pi⁵¹/

/hɔːk̚² pɪk̚⁵/

/houʔ⁵⁻²¹ piɑʔ²⁴/

/hɔk̚⁴⁻³² piaʔ³²/

/hɔk̚²⁴⁻² piaʔ⁵/

/hɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ piaʔ³²/

/hɔk̚⁴⁻³² piaʔ³²/

/hɔk̚⁴⁻³² piaʔ³²/

/ŋoʔ¹¹ piɪʔ²³/

(～市) Hebi (a prefecture-level city of Henan, China)


安哥拉

/ˀän⁵⁵ kɤ⁵⁵ lä⁵⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ kɔː⁵⁵ laːi̯⁵⁵/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² ko⁴⁴⁻²² la⁴⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ la⁴¹/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ ko⁴⁴⁻³³ la⁵³/

/ˀän⁵⁵ kɤ⁵⁵ lä⁵⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ kɔː⁵⁵ laːi̯⁵⁵/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² ko⁴⁴⁻²² la⁴⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ la⁴¹/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ ko⁴⁴⁻³³ la⁵³/


安哥拉

/ˀän⁵⁵ kɤ⁵⁵ lä⁵⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ kɔː⁵⁵ laːi̯⁵⁵/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² ko⁴⁴⁻²² la⁴⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ la⁴¹/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ ko⁴⁴⁻³³ la⁵³/

/ˀän⁵⁵ kɤ⁵⁵ lä⁵⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ kɔː⁵⁵ laːi̯⁵⁵/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² ko⁴⁴⁻²² la⁴⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ la⁴¹/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ ko⁴⁴⁻³³ la⁵³/

Angora (former name of Ankara, the capital of Turkey)


薩斯喀徹溫

ㄙㄚˋ ㄙ ㄎㄚ ㄔㄜˋ ㄨㄣ

ㄙㄚˋ ㄙ ㄎㄚ ㄔㄜˋ ㄨㄣ

Сасыкачэвэнь

/sä⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵ kʰä⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤ⁵¹ wən⁵⁵/

/saːt̚³ siː⁵⁵ haːk̚³ t͡sʰiːt̚³ wɐn⁵⁵/

/saːt̚³ siː⁵⁵ kʰaː³³ t͡sʰiːt̚³ wɐn⁵⁵/

/sä⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵ kʰä⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤ⁵¹ wən⁵⁵/

/saːt̚³ siː⁵⁵ haːk̚³ t͡sʰiːt̚³ wɐn⁵⁵/

/saːt̚³ siː⁵⁵ kʰaː³³ t͡sʰiːt̚³ wɐn⁵⁵/

Saskatchewan River
Saskatchewan River#English

(～河) Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan River (a major river in Saskatchewan and Manitoba, Canada)

(～省) Saskatchewan (a prairie province in western Canada)


瓜達爾卡納爾島

ㄍㄨㄚ ㄉㄚˊ ㄦˇ ㄎㄚˇ ㄋㄚˋ ㄦˇ ㄉㄠˇ

ㄍㄨㄚ ㄉㄚˊ ㄦˇ ㄎㄚˇ ㄋㄚˋ ㄦˇ ㄉㄠˇ

Гуадаэрканаэр дао

/ku̯ä⁵⁵ tä³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ kʰä²¹⁴⁻²¹ nä⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Guadalcanal Island (an island of the Solomon Islands)


愛爾蘭

/ˀaɪ̯⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ län³⁵/

/ɔːi̯³³ jiː¹³ laːn²¹/

/ai²¹³⁻²¹ i³³⁻²¹ l̃aŋ⁵³/

/ai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ nĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lan²⁴/

/ai²¹⁻⁵³ nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lan²⁴/

/ai²¹⁻⁵³ d͡zĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lan¹³/

àiⁿ jṳ́ lâng

/ãĩ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ d͡zɯ⁵²⁻³⁵ laŋ⁵⁵/

/e³³ ɦəl⁵⁵ le²¹/

/ˀaɪ̯⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ län³⁵/

/ɔːi̯³³ jiː¹³ laːn²¹/

/ai²¹³⁻²¹ i³³⁻²¹ l̃aŋ⁵³/

/ai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ nĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lan²⁴/

/ai²¹⁻⁵³ nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lan²⁴/

/ai²¹⁻⁵³ d͡zĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lan¹³/

/ãĩ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ d͡zɯ⁵²⁻³⁵ laŋ⁵⁵/

/e³³ ɦəl⁵⁵ le²¹/

Borrowed from English Ireland. Attested since at least 1866.

Ireland (an island and country in northwestern Europe)


拿騷

/nä³⁵ sɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/nä³⁵ sɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

Nassau (the capital city of the Bahamas)


南寧

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (南寧):
* → Japanese: 南寧(なんねい) (Nannei)
* → Korean: 남녕(南寧) (Namnyeong)
* → Vietnamese: Nam Ninh (南寧)

→ English: Nanning, Nan-ning

→ Korean: 난닝 (Nanning)

→ Russian: Наньни́н (Nanʹnín)

→ Zhuang: Namzningz

/nän³⁵ niŋ³⁵/

/naːm²¹ nɪŋ²¹/

/nˡaŋ⁵³⁻³³ nˡiŋ⁵³/

/naŋ¹³⁻¹¹ nɛŋ¹³/

/naŋ²⁴⁻²¹ nɛŋ²⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/lam¹³⁻²² liɪŋ¹³/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ liɪŋ²⁴/

/lam²³⁻³³ liɪŋ²³/

/nam²¹ nəŋ²¹/

/nän³⁵ niŋ³⁵/

/naːm²¹ nɪŋ²¹/

/nˡaŋ⁵³⁻³³ nˡiŋ⁵³/

/naŋ¹³⁻¹¹ nɛŋ¹³/

/naŋ²⁴⁻²¹ nɛŋ²⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/lam¹³⁻²² liɪŋ¹³/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ liɪŋ²⁴/

/lam²³⁻³³ liɪŋ²³/

/nam²¹ nəŋ²¹/

Coined in 1324 when the Yongzhou Circuit (邕州路) was renamed Nanning circuit (南寧路).

(～市) Nanning (a prefecture-level city, the capital of the Guangxi autonomous region, China)


阿爾代什

/ˀä⁵⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ taɪ̯⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/ˀä⁵⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ taɪ̯⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

Ardèche (a department in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, south-central France)

Ardèche (a right tributary of the Rhône, in the departments of Ardèche and Gard, south-central France)


阿爾代什河

ㄚ ㄦˇ ㄉㄞˋ ㄕˊ ㄏㄜˊ

ㄚ ㄦˇ ㄉㄞˋ ㄕˊ ㄏㄜˊ

/ˀä⁵⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ taɪ̯⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/ˀä⁵⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ taɪ̯⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵ xɤ³⁵/

Borrowed from French Ardèche + 河 (hé, “river”).


雅溫得

/jä²¹⁴⁻²¹ wən⁵⁵ tɤ³⁵/

/jä²¹⁴⁻²¹ wən⁵⁵ tɤ³⁵/

(Mainland China) Yaoundé (a city, the capital city of Cameroon)


雪蘭莪

/ɕy̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ län³⁵ ˀɤ³⁵/

/syːt̚³ laːn²¹ ŋɔː²¹/

/ɕy̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ län³⁵ ˀɤ³⁵/

/syːt̚³ laːn²¹ ŋɔː²¹/

(～州) Selangor (a state of Malaysia; capital: Shah Alam)


塔吉克斯坦

ㄊㄚˇ ㄐㄧˊ ㄎㄜˋ ㄙ ㄊㄢˇ

ㄊㄚˇ ㄐㄧˊ ㄎㄜˋ ㄙ ㄊㄢˇ

Тацзикэсытань

/tʰä²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi³⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵ tʰän²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰaːp̚³ kɐt̚⁵ hɐk̚⁵ siː⁵⁵ tʰaːn³⁵/

/tʰa(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ su⁴⁴⁻²² tʰan⁵³/

/tʰa(ʔ)⁵ kiɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ kʰiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ sɯ³³ tʰan⁵⁵⁴/

/tʰa(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ kit̚³²⁻⁵ kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ su⁴⁴⁻²² tʰan⁵³/

/tʰaːp̚³ kɐt̚⁵ hɐk̚⁵ siː⁵⁵ tʰaːn³⁵/

(Mainland China) Tajikistan (a country in Central Asia)


贊比亞

/t͡sän⁵¹ pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ jä⁵¹/

/t͡sän⁵¹ pi²¹⁴⁻³⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡saːn³³ pei̯³⁵ aː³³/

/t͡san²¹⁻⁵³ pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ a⁴⁴/

/t͡san⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ pi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ a³³/

/t͡sän⁵¹ pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ jä⁵¹/

/t͡sän⁵¹ pi²¹⁴⁻³⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡saːn³³ pei̯³⁵ aː³³/

/t͡san²¹⁻⁵³ pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ a⁴⁴/

/t͡san⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ pi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ a³³/

(Mainland China) Zambia (a country in Southern Africa)


托克勞

/tʰu̯ɔ⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹ lɑʊ̯³⁵/

/tʰɔːk̚³ hɐk̚⁵ lou̯²¹/

/tʰɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ kʰiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ lɔ²⁴/

/tʰɔk̚³²⁻⁵ kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ lo¹³/

/tʰɔk̚³²⁻⁴ kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ lo²⁴/

/tʰu̯ɔ⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹ lɑʊ̯³⁵/

/tʰɔːk̚³ hɐk̚⁵ lou̯²¹/

/tʰɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ kʰiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ lɔ²⁴/

/tʰɔk̚³²⁻⁵ kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ lo¹³/

/tʰɔk̚³²⁻⁴ kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ lo²⁴/

Tokelau (three atolls forming a dependent territory of New Zealand in the South Pacific Ocean)


梵蒂岡

/fän⁵¹⁻⁵³ ti⁵¹ kɑŋ⁵⁵/

/fän³⁵ ti⁵¹ kɑŋ⁵⁵/

/faːn²² tɐi̯³³ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/faːn²¹ tɐi̯³³ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/huan⁴¹⁻²² te⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kaŋ³³/

/huan²²⁻²¹ te²¹⁻⁵³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/ve²² ti⁵⁵ kɑ̃²¹/

/fän⁵¹⁻⁵³ ti⁵¹ kɑŋ⁵⁵/

/fän³⁵ ti⁵¹ kɑŋ⁵⁵/

/faːn²² tɐi̯³³ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/faːn²¹ tɐi̯³³ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/huan⁴¹⁻²² te⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kaŋ³³/

/huan²²⁻²¹ te²¹⁻⁵³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/ve²² ti⁵⁵ kɑ̃²¹/

Vatican City (a city-state in Southern Europe, an enclave within the city of Rome, Italy)


福克蘭群島

ㄈㄨˊ ㄎㄜˋ ㄌㄢˊ ㄑㄩㄣˊ ㄉㄠˇ

ㄈㄨˊ ㄎㄜˋ ㄌㄢˊ ㄑㄩㄣˊ ㄉㄠˇ

Фукэлань Цюньдао

/fu³⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹ län³⁵ t͡ɕʰyn³⁵ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fʊk̚⁵ hɐk̚⁵ laːn²¹ kʷʰɐn²¹ tou̯³⁵/

/fʊk̚⁵ hɐk̚⁵ laːn²¹ kʷʰɐn²¹ tou̯³⁵/

Falkland Islands
Falkland Islands#English:_Q9648

Falkland Islands (an archipelago and overseas territory of the United Kingdom, located in the South Atlantic)


哈薩克斯坦

ㄏㄚ ㄙㄚˋ ㄎㄜˋ ㄙ ㄊㄢˇ

ㄏㄚ ㄙㄚ ㄎㄜˋ ㄙ ㄊㄢˇ

ㄏㄚ ㄙㄚˋ ㄎㄜˋ ㄙ ㄊㄢˇ

Хасакэсытань

/xä⁵⁵ sä⁵¹⁻⁵³ kʰɤ⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵ tʰän²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Хасакэсытань

/xä⁵⁵ sä⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵ tʰän²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/haː⁵⁵ saːt̚³ hɐk̚⁵ siː⁵⁵ tʰaːn³⁵/

/ha(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ sat̚³²⁻⁵ kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ su⁴⁴⁻²² tʰan⁵³/

/ha(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ sat̚³²⁻⁴ kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ su⁴⁴⁻²² tʰan⁵³/

/ha(ʔ)⁵ sat̚⁵⁻²⁴ kʰiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ sɯ³³ tʰan⁵⁵⁴/

/xä⁵⁵ sä⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵ tʰän²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/haː⁵⁵ saːt̚³ hɐk̚⁵ siː⁵⁵ tʰaːn³⁵/

(Mainland China, Hong Kong) Kazakhstan (a country in Central Asia and Eastern Europe)


科威特

/kʰɤ⁵⁵ weɪ̯⁵⁵ tʰɤ⁵¹/

/fɔː⁵⁵ wɐi̯⁵⁵ tɐk̚²/

/kʰə³³ ui³³ tiak̚²⁴/

/kʰo⁴⁴⁻³³ ui⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɪk̚⁴/

/kʰo⁴⁴⁻²² ui⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚⁴/

/kʰɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ ui⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɪk̚⁴/

/kʰo⁴⁴⁻²² ui⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚¹²¹/

/kʰɤ⁵⁵ weɪ̯⁵⁵ tʰɤ⁵¹/

/fɔː⁵⁵ wɐi̯⁵⁵ tɐk̚²/

/kʰə³³ ui³³ tiak̚²⁴/

/kʰo⁴⁴⁻³³ ui⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɪk̚⁴/

/kʰo⁴⁴⁻²² ui⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚⁴/

/kʰɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ ui⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɪk̚⁴/

/kʰo⁴⁴⁻²² ui⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚¹²¹/

Kuwait (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


厄瓜多爾

ㄜˋ ㄍㄨㄚ ㄉㄨㄛ ㄦˇ

ㄜˋ ㄍㄨㄚ ㄉㄨㄛ ㄦˇ

/ˀɤ⁵¹ ku̯ä⁵⁵ tu̯ɔ⁵⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/aːk̚⁵ kʷaː⁵⁵ tɔː⁵⁵ jiː¹³/

/iak̚⁵⁻²⁴ kua³³ tɔ³³ nĩ⁵⁵⁴/

/iɪk̚³²⁻⁴ kua⁴⁴⁻³³ to⁴⁴⁻³³ nĩ⁵³/

/iɪk̚³²⁻⁴ kua⁴⁴⁻³³ tɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ nĩ⁴¹/

/iɪk̚³²⁻⁴ kua⁴⁴⁻²² to⁴⁴⁻²² nĩ⁵³/

/iɪk̚³²⁻⁵ kua⁴⁴⁻²² to⁴⁴⁻²² d͡zĩ⁵³/

/ˀɤ⁵¹ ku̯ä⁵⁵ tu̯ɔ⁵⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/aːk̚⁵ kʷaː⁵⁵ tɔː⁵⁵ jiː¹³/

/iak̚⁵⁻²⁴ kua³³ tɔ³³ nĩ⁵⁵⁴/

/iɪk̚³²⁻⁴ kua⁴⁴⁻³³ to⁴⁴⁻³³ nĩ⁵³/

/iɪk̚³²⁻⁴ kua⁴⁴⁻³³ tɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ nĩ⁴¹/

/iɪk̚³²⁻⁴ kua⁴⁴⁻²² to⁴⁴⁻²² nĩ⁵³/

/iɪk̚³²⁻⁵ kua⁴⁴⁻²² to⁴⁴⁻²² d͡zĩ⁵³/

(Mainland China, Hong Kong) Ecuador (a country in South America)


約旦

/ɥɛ⁵⁵ tän⁵¹/

/jœːk̚³ taːn³³/

/jœːk̚³ taːn²²/

/yoʔ²⁴⁻⁵⁵ tɑŋ²¹³/

/iɔk̚³²⁻⁴ tan²¹/

/iɔk̚³²⁻⁴ tan¹¹/

/iɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ tan⁴¹/

/iɤ(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ tuã²¹/

/io(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ tuã¹¹/

/ɥɛ⁵⁵ tän⁵¹/

/jœːk̚³ taːn³³/

/jœːk̚³ taːn²²/

/yoʔ²⁴⁻⁵⁵ tɑŋ²¹³/

/iɔk̚³²⁻⁴ tan²¹/

/iɔk̚³²⁻⁴ tan¹¹/

/iɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ tan⁴¹/

/iɤ(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ tuã²¹/

/io(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ tuã¹¹/

Borrowed from Arabic أُرْدُنّ (ʔurdunn).

Jordan (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)

(～河) Jordan (a river in Western Asia, in the Middle East, that empties into the Dead Sea, flowing through Israel, the Golan Heights, the West Bank and Jordan)


文萊

→ Zhuang: Vwnzlaiz

/wən³⁵ laɪ̯³⁵/

/mɐn²¹ lɔːi̯²¹/

/wən³⁵ laɪ̯³⁵/

/mɐn²¹ lɔːi̯²¹/

From Malay Brunei, borrowed through Hokkien (where 文 is pronounced with a b- initial).

(chiefly Mainland China) Brunei (a country in Southeast Asia)


埃及

Sino-Xenic (埃及):
* → Korean: 애급(埃及) (Aegeup)
* → Vietnamese: Ai Cập (埃及)

/ˀaɪ̯⁵⁵ t͡ɕi³⁵/

/ɔːi̯⁵⁵ kʰɐp̚²/

/aːi̯⁵⁵ kʰɐp̚²/

/ai̯²⁴⁻¹¹ kʰip̚⁵/

/ai⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾iʔ⁵/

/ai⁵³³⁻¹¹ kiʔ⁴/

/ai⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ kiʔ⁴/

/ai⁴⁴⁻²² kip̚⁴/

/ai⁴⁴⁻²² kip̚¹²¹/

/ai⁴⁴⁻³³ kip̚⁴/

/ai⁴⁴⁻³³ kip̚⁴/

/ai³³⁻²³ kip̚⁴/

/e⁵⁵ d͡ʑiɪʔ²¹/

/i⁵⁵ d͡ʑiɪʔ²¹/

/ˀaɪ̯⁵⁵ t͡ɕi³⁵/

/ɔːi̯⁵⁵ kʰɐp̚²/

/aːi̯⁵⁵ kʰɐp̚²/

/ai̯²⁴⁻¹¹ kʰip̚⁵/

/ai⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾iʔ⁵/

/ai⁵³³⁻¹¹ kiʔ⁴/

/ai⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ kiʔ⁴/

/ai⁴⁴⁻²² kip̚⁴/

/ai⁴⁴⁻²² kip̚¹²¹/

/ai⁴⁴⁻³³ kip̚⁴/

/ai⁴⁴⁻³³ kip̚⁴/

/ai³³⁻²³ kip̚⁴/

/e⁵⁵ d͡ʑiɪʔ²¹/

/i⁵⁵ d͡ʑiɪʔ²¹/

Likely borrowed from English Egypt. Attested as early as 1853.

1853 November 1, “援辨上蒼主宰稱謂說 [Remarks on the various terms used to designate the Deity]”, in 遐邇貫珍 [Chinese Serial], volume I, number 4, page 11:

I am the Lord thy God, which have brought thee out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of bondage. Thou shalt have no other gods before me.

ngo⁵ je⁴ wo⁴ waa⁴ ji⁵ zi¹ soeng⁶ dai³ dou⁶ ji⁵ ceot¹ oi¹ kap⁶ tyut³ jyu⁵ jyu¹ zin⁶ jik⁶ ze² jyu⁴ ji⁴ ngoi⁶ bat¹ ho² bit⁶ jau⁵ soeng⁶ dai³

我耶和華爾之上帝導爾出埃及脫汝於賤役者余而外不可別有上帝

我耶和华尔之上帝导尔出埃及脱汝于贱役者余而外不可别有上帝

2018, “建殿者的呼聲”performed by 朱肇階 [Daniel Chu]:

I must praise You while I am still living because You led me out of the land of Egypt

ngo⁵ waan⁴ wut⁶ si⁴ jiu³ cing¹ zung⁶ nei⁵, jan¹ nei⁵ ling⁵ ngo⁵ ceot¹ aai¹ kap⁶ dei⁶

我還活時要稱頌祢 因祢領我出埃及地

我还活时要称颂祢 因祢领我出埃及地

Egypt (a country in North Africa and Western Asia)


萊索托

ㄌㄞˊ ㄙㄨㄛˇ ㄊㄨㄛ

ㄌㄞˊ ㄙㄨㄛˇ ㄊㄨㄛ

/laɪ̯³⁵ su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/lɔːi̯²¹ sɔːk̚³ tʰɔːk̚³/

/lai¹³⁻²² siɪk̚³²⁻⁵ tʰɔk̚³²/

/lai²⁴⁻²² siɪk̚³²⁻⁴ tʰɔk̚³²/

/lai²⁴⁻²² sak̚⁵⁻²⁴ tʰɔk̚⁵/

/laɪ̯³⁵ su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/lɔːi̯²¹ sɔːk̚³ tʰɔːk̚³/

/lai¹³⁻²² siɪk̚³²⁻⁵ tʰɔk̚³²/

/lai²⁴⁻²² siɪk̚³²⁻⁴ tʰɔk̚³²/

/lai²⁴⁻²² sak̚⁵⁻²⁴ tʰɔk̚⁵/

(Mainland China) Lesotho (a country in Southern Africa)


緬甸

Sino-Xenic (緬甸):
* → Japanese: 緬甸(めんでん) (Menden)
* → Korean: 면전(緬甸) (Myeonjeon)
* → Vietnamese: Miến Điện (緬甸)

→ Manchu: ᠮᡳᠶᠠᠨ
ᡩᡳᠶᠠᠨ (miyan diyan)

→ Zhuang: Menjden

/mi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹ ti̯ɛn⁵¹/

/mieŋ³³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾niɛŋ²⁴²/

/biɛn⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiɛn³³/

/biɛn⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tiɛn³³/

/biɛn⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tiɛn⁴¹/

/biɛn⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiɛn²²/

/biɛn⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tiɛn⁴¹/

/biɛn⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiɛn⁵³/

/mieŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ tieŋ³⁵/

/mi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹ ti̯ɛn⁵¹/

/mieŋ³³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾niɛŋ²⁴²/

/biɛn⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiɛn³³/

/biɛn⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tiɛn³³/

/biɛn⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tiɛn⁴¹/

/biɛn⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiɛn²²/

/biɛn⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tiɛn⁴¹/

/biɛn⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiɛn⁵³/

/mieŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ tieŋ³⁵/

A traditional view on the meaning of 緬／缅 (miǎn) is "far, remote" in Chinese, but a more convincing suggestion is that the syllable 緬／缅 (miǎn) is contracted from Burmese မြန်မာ (mranma, “Myanmar”). The last syllable 甸 (diàn) is possibly from Burmese တိုင်း (tuing:, “country, province”).

bor

緬甸盛產翡翠。

缅甸盛产翡翠。


厄立特里亞

ㄜˋ ㄌㄧˋ ㄊㄜˋ ㄌㄧˇ ㄧㄚˋ

ㄜˋ ㄌㄧˋ ㄊㄜˋ ㄌㄧˇ ㄧㄚˇ

/ˀɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹⁻⁵³ tʰɤ⁵¹ li²¹⁴⁻²¹ jä⁵¹/

/ˀɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹⁻⁵³ tʰɤ⁵¹ li²¹⁴⁻³⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ɐk̚⁵ laːp̚² tɐk̚² lei̯¹³ aː³³/

/iak̚⁵⁻²⁴ lip̚²⁴⁻² tiak̚²⁴⁻² li⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ a³³/

/iɪk̚³²⁻⁴ lip̚⁴⁻³² tiɪk̚⁴⁻³² li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ a⁴⁴/

/iɪk̚³²⁻⁵ lip̚¹²¹⁻²¹ tiɪk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ a⁴⁴/

/ˀɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹⁻⁵³ tʰɤ⁵¹ li²¹⁴⁻²¹ jä⁵¹/

/ɐk̚⁵ laːp̚² tɐk̚² lei̯¹³ aː³³/

(Mainland China) Eritrea (a country in East Africa, on the Red Sea)


海地

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ti⁵¹/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ tei̯²²/

/hai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ te³³/

/hai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ te⁴¹/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ te²²/

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ti⁵¹/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ tei̯²²/

/hai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ te³³/

/hai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ te⁴¹/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ te²²/

Phono-semantic matching of English Haiti.


幾內亞比紹

ㄐㄧˇ ㄋㄟˋ ㄧㄚˋ ㄅㄧˇ ㄕㄠˋ

ㄐㄧˇ ㄋㄟˋ ㄧㄚˇ ㄅㄧˇ ㄕㄠˋ

Цзинэйя Бишао

/t͡ɕi²¹⁴⁻²¹ neɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ jä⁵¹ pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/t͡ɕi²¹⁴⁻²¹ neɪ̯⁵¹ jä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/kei̯⁵⁵ nɔːi̯²² aː³³ pei̯³⁵ siːu̯²²/

/ki⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lue⁴¹⁻²² a³³ pi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ siau⁴¹/

/ki⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lue²²⁻²¹ a⁴⁴⁻²² pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siau²²/

/kei̯⁵⁵ nɔːi̯²² aː³³ pei̯³⁵ siːu̯²²/

/ki⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lue⁴¹⁻²² a³³ pi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ siau⁴¹/

(Mainland China) Guinea-Bissau (a country in West Africa)


基里巴斯

/t͡ɕi⁵⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹ pä⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵/

/kei̯⁵⁵ lei̯¹³ paː⁵⁵ siː⁵⁵/

/ki³³ li⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ pa³³ sɯ³³/

/ki⁴⁴⁻²² li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pa⁴⁴⁻²² su⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕi⁵⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹ pä⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵/

/kei̯⁵⁵ lei̯¹³ paː⁵⁵ siː⁵⁵/

/ki³³ li⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ pa³³ sɯ³³/

/ki⁴⁴⁻²² li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pa⁴⁴⁻²² su⁴⁴/

(Mainland China) Kiribati (a country consisting mostly of the Gilbert Islands archipelago, located in Micronesia in Oceania)


馬拉維

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ lä⁵⁵ weɪ̯³⁵/

/maː¹³ laːi̯⁵⁵ wɐi̯²¹/

/mã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ la³³ ui²⁴/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ la⁴⁴⁻²² ui²⁴/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ la⁴⁴⁻²² ui¹³/

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ lä⁵⁵ weɪ̯³⁵/

/maː¹³ laːi̯⁵⁵ wɐi̯²¹/

/mã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ la³³ ui²⁴/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ la⁴⁴⁻²² ui²⁴/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ la⁴⁴⁻²² ui¹³/

(Mainland China) Malawi (a country in Southern Africa)

Marawi (a city in Lanao del Sur, Philippines)


坦桑尼亞

ㄊㄢˇ ㄙㄤ ㄋㄧˊ ㄧㄚˋ

ㄊㄢˇ ㄙㄤ ㄋㄧˊ ㄧㄚˇ

/tʰän²¹⁴⁻²¹ sɑŋ⁵⁵ ni³⁵ jä⁵¹/

/tʰän²¹⁴⁻²¹ sɑŋ⁵⁵ ni³⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰaːn³⁵ sɔːŋ⁵⁵ nei̯²¹ aː³³/

/tʰan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² nĩ¹³⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/tʰan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² nĩ²⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/tʰan⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sɔŋ³³ nĩ²⁴⁻²² a³³/

/tʰän²¹⁴⁻²¹ sɑŋ⁵⁵ ni³⁵ jä⁵¹/

/tʰän²¹⁴⁻²¹ sɑŋ⁵⁵ ni³⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰaːn³⁵ sɔːŋ⁵⁵ nei̯²¹ aː³³/

/tʰan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² nĩ¹³⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/tʰan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² nĩ²⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/tʰan⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sɔŋ³³ nĩ²⁴⁻²² a³³/

(Mainland China, Hong Kong) Tanzania (a country in East Africa)


馬達加斯加

ㄇㄚˇ ㄉㄚˊ ㄐㄧㄚ ㄙ ㄐㄧㄚ

ㄇㄚˇ ㄉㄚˊ ㄐㄧㄚ ㄙ ㄐㄧㄚ

Мадацзясыцзя

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ tä³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵/

/maː¹³ taːt̚² kaː⁵⁵ siː⁵⁵ kaː⁵⁵/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tat̚⁴⁻³² ka⁴⁴⁻²² su⁴⁴⁻²² ka⁴⁴/

/mã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tat̚²⁴⁻² ka³³ sɯ³³ ka³³/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tat̚¹²¹⁻²¹ kɛ⁴⁴⁻²² su⁴⁴⁻²² kɛ⁴⁴/

/mo²² daʔ⁵⁵ ka³³ sz̩³³ ka²¹/

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ tä³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵/

/maː¹³ taːt̚² kaː⁵⁵ siː⁵⁵ kaː⁵⁵/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tat̚⁴⁻³² ka⁴⁴⁻²² su⁴⁴⁻²² ka⁴⁴/

/mã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tat̚²⁴⁻² ka³³ sɯ³³ ka³³/

/mo²² daʔ⁵⁵ ka³³ sz̩³³ ka²¹/

Madagascar (an island and country off the east coast of Africa)


安圭拉

/ˀän⁵⁵ ku̯eɪ̯⁵⁵ lä⁵⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ kʷɐi̯⁵⁵ laːi̯⁵⁵/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² kui⁴⁴⁻²² la⁴⁴/

/ˀän⁵⁵ ku̯eɪ̯⁵⁵ lä⁵⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ kʷɐi̯⁵⁵ laːi̯⁵⁵/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² kui⁴⁴⁻²² la⁴⁴/

Anguilla (an archipelago and overseas territory of the United Kingdom, in the Caribbean Sea)


布韋島

/pu⁵¹ weɪ̯³⁵ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pu⁵¹ weɪ̯³⁵ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Bouvet Island (an uninhabited volcanic island and dependent territory of Norway in the South Atlantic Ocean)


布基納法索

ㄅㄨˋ ㄐㄧ ㄋㄚˋ ㄈㄚˇ ㄙㄨㄛˇ

ㄅㄨˋ ㄐㄧ ㄋㄚˋ ㄈㄚˇ ㄙㄨㄛˇ

Буцзина Фасо

/pu⁵¹ t͡ɕi⁵⁵ nä⁵¹ fä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pou̯³³ kei̯⁵⁵ naːp̚² faːt̚³ sɔːk̚³/

/pɔ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ki³³ lap̚²⁴⁻² huat̚⁵⁻²⁴ sak̚⁵/

/pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ ki⁴⁴⁻²² lap̚¹²¹⁻²¹ huat̚³²⁻⁵ siɪk̚³²/

/pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ ki⁴⁴⁻²² lap̚⁴⁻³² huat̚³²⁻⁴ siɪk̚³²/

/pou̯³³ kei̯⁵⁵ naːp̚² faːt̚³ sɔːk̚³/

From French Burkina Faso, from Moore burkĩna (“honest”) + Dyula faso (“father's house”). Doublet of 布吉納法索／布吉纳法索 (Bùjínà Fǎsuǒ).

zh-l

布吉納法索／布吉纳法索 (Bùjínà Fǎsuǒ)

(Mainland China) Burkina Faso (a country in West Africa, formerly Upper Volta)


塞浦路斯

ㄙㄞˋ ㄆㄨˇ ㄌㄨˋ ㄙ

ㄙㄞˋ ㄆㄨˇ ㄌㄨˋ ㄙ

/saɪ̯⁵¹ pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ lu⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɔːi̯³³ pʰou̯³⁵ lou̯²² siː⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɔːi̯³³ pʰou̯²¹ lou̯²² siː⁵⁵/

/set̚² pʰu²⁴⁻¹¹ lu⁵⁵ sɨ²⁴/

/sai²¹⁻⁵³ pʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lɔ²²⁻²¹ su⁴⁴/

/sai²¹⁻⁴¹ pʰɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lɔ³³⁻²¹ su⁴⁴/

/sai¹¹⁻⁵³ pʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lɔ³³⁻¹¹ su⁴⁴/

/sai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ pʰɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lɔ⁴¹⁻²² sɯ³³/

/se³³ pʰu⁵⁵ lu³³ sz̩²¹/

/saɪ̯⁵¹ pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ lu⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɔːi̯³³ pʰou̯³⁵ lou̯²² siː⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɔːi̯³³ pʰou̯²¹ lou̯²² siː⁵⁵/

/set̚² pʰu²⁴⁻¹¹ lu⁵⁵ sɨ²⁴/

/sai²¹⁻⁵³ pʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lɔ²²⁻²¹ su⁴⁴/

/sai²¹⁻⁴¹ pʰɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lɔ³³⁻²¹ su⁴⁴/

/sai¹¹⁻⁵³ pʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lɔ³³⁻¹¹ su⁴⁴/

/sai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ pʰɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lɔ⁴¹⁻²² sɯ³³/

/se³³ pʰu⁵⁵ lu³³ sz̩²¹/

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English

(chiefly Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau) Cyprus (an island and country in the Mediterranean Sea, normally considered politically part of Southeast Europe but geographically part of Western Asia)


薩爾瓦多

ㄙㄚˋ ㄦˇ ㄨㄚˇ ㄉㄨㄛ

ㄙㄚˋ ㄦˇ ㄨㄚˇ ㄉㄨㄛ

/sä⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ wä²¹⁴⁻²¹ tu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/saːt̚³ jiː¹³ ŋaː¹³ tɔː⁵⁵/

/sat̚² ŋi³¹ ŋa³¹ to²⁴/

/sat̚³²⁻⁴ nĩ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ua⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tɤ⁴⁴/

/sat̚³²⁻⁴ nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ua⁵³⁻⁴⁴ to⁴⁴/

/sat̚⁵⁻²⁴ nĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ua⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tɔ³³/

/sat̚³²⁻⁵ d͡zĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ua⁵³⁻⁴⁴ to⁴⁴/

/sä⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ wä²¹⁴⁻²¹ tu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/saːt̚³ jiː¹³ ŋaː¹³ tɔː⁵⁵/

/sat̚² ŋi³¹ ŋa³¹ to²⁴/

/sat̚³²⁻⁴ nĩ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ua⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tɤ⁴⁴/

/sat̚³²⁻⁴ nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ua⁵³⁻⁴⁴ to⁴⁴/

/sat̚⁵⁻²⁴ nĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ua⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tɔ³³/

/sat̚³²⁻⁵ d͡zĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ua⁵³⁻⁴⁴ to⁴⁴/

El Salvador (a country in Central America)


赫德島和麥克唐納群島

赫德岛和麦克唐纳群岛
赫德島和麥克唐納羣島

ㄏㄜˋ ㄉㄜˊ ㄉㄠˇ ㄏㄜˊ ㄇㄞˋ ㄎㄜˋ ㄊㄤˊ ㄋㄚˋ ㄑㄩㄣˊ ㄉㄠˇ

Ho⁴-tê²-tao³ ho² Mai⁴-kʻo⁴-tʻang²-na⁴ Chʻün²-tao³

Хэдэдао хэ Майкэтанна Цюньдао

/xɤ⁵¹ tɤ³⁵ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ xɤ³⁵ maɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ kʰɤ⁵¹ tʰɑŋ³⁵ nä⁵¹ t͡ɕʰyn³⁵ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Heard Island and McDonald Islands#English:_Q131198

Heard Island and McDonald Islands (a volcanic group of uninhabited Antarctic islands, an external territory of Australia lying between Madagascar and Antarctica)


洪都拉斯

ㄏㄨㄥˊ ㄉㄨ ㄌㄚ ㄙ

ㄏㄨㄥˊ ㄉㄨ ㄌㄚ ㄙ

/xʊŋ³⁵ tu⁵⁵ lä⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵/

/hʊŋ²¹ tou̯⁵⁵ laːi̯⁵⁵ siː⁵⁵/

/hɔŋ²⁴⁻²² tɔ⁴⁴⁻²² la⁴⁴⁻²² su⁴⁴/

/hɔŋ¹³⁻²² tɔ⁴⁴⁻²² la⁴⁴⁻²² su⁴⁴/

/hɔŋ²⁴⁻²² tɔ³³ la³³ sɯ³³/

/xʊŋ³⁵ tu⁵⁵ lä⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵/

/hʊŋ²¹ tou̯⁵⁵ laːi̯⁵⁵ siː⁵⁵/

/hɔŋ²⁴⁻²² tɔ⁴⁴⁻²² la⁴⁴⁻²² su⁴⁴/

/hɔŋ¹³⁻²² tɔ⁴⁴⁻²² la⁴⁴⁻²² su⁴⁴/

/hɔŋ²⁴⁻²² tɔ³³ la³³ sɯ³³/

(Mainland China, Hong Kong) Honduras (a country in Central America)


冰島

/piŋ⁵⁵ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pɪŋ⁵⁵ tou̯³⁵/

/piŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾no³³/

/piɪŋ³³ tɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/piɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² to⁵³/

/piŋ⁵⁵ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pɪŋ⁵⁵ tou̯³⁵/

/piŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾no³³/

/piɪŋ³³ tɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/piɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² to⁵³/

North Atlantic Ocean
North Atlantic Ocean#English

Iceland (an island and country in the North Atlantic Ocean in Europe)


吉爾吉斯斯坦

ㄐㄧˊ ㄦˇ ㄐㄧˊ ㄙ ㄙ ㄊㄢˇ

ㄐㄧˊ ㄦˇ ㄐㄧˊ ㄙ ㄙ ㄊㄢˇ

Цзиэрцзисысытань

/t͡ɕi³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ tʰän²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɐt̚⁵ jiː¹³ kɐt̚⁵ siː⁵⁵ siː⁵⁵ tʰaːn³⁵/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ su⁴⁴⁻²² su⁴⁴⁻²² tʰan⁵³/

/kiɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ nĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kiɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ sɯ³³ sɯ³³ tʰan⁵⁵⁴/

/kit̚³²⁻⁵ d͡zĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kit̚³²⁻⁵ su⁴⁴⁻²² su⁴⁴⁻²² tʰan⁵³/

/kɐt̚⁵ jiː¹³ kɐt̚⁵ siː⁵⁵ siː⁵⁵ tʰaːn³⁵/

(Mainland China) Kyrgyzstan (a country in Central Asia, bordering on Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and China)


列支敦士登

ㄌㄧㄝˋ ㄓ ㄉㄨㄣ ㄕˋ ㄉㄥ

ㄌㄧㄝˋ ㄓ ㄉㄨㄣ ㄕˋ ㄉㄥ

Лечжидуньшидэн

/li̯ɛ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ tu̯ən⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹ tɤŋ⁵⁵/

/liːt̚² t͡siː⁵⁵ tɵn⁵⁵ siː²² tɐŋ⁵⁵/

/liɛt̚²⁴⁻² ki³³ tun³³ sɯ²² tiɪŋ³³/

/liɛt̚⁴⁻³² t͡si⁴⁴⁻²² tun⁴⁴⁻²² su²²⁻²¹ tiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/liɛt̚¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡si⁴⁴⁻²² tun⁴⁴⁻²² su²²⁻²¹ tiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/liɪʔ²² t͡sz̩⁵⁵ tən³³ zz̩³³ tən²¹/

/li̯ɛ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ tu̯ən⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹ tɤŋ⁵⁵/

/liːt̚² t͡siː⁵⁵ tɵn⁵⁵ siː²² tɐŋ⁵⁵/

/liɛt̚²⁴⁻² ki³³ tun³³ sɯ²² tiɪŋ³³/

/liɪʔ²² t͡sz̩⁵⁵ tən³³ zz̩³³ tən²¹/

(Mainland China) Liechtenstein (a microstate in Central Europe)


盧森堡

/lu³⁵ sən⁵⁵ pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lɔ²⁴⁻²² sim⁴⁴⁻²² po⁵³/

/lɔ²³⁻³³ sim⁴⁴⁻³³ pɤ⁴¹/

/lɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ sim⁴⁴⁻³³ po⁵³/

/lɔ²⁴⁻²² səm³³ po⁵⁵⁴/

/lɔ¹³⁻²² sɔm⁴⁴⁻²² po⁵³/

/lu²² sən⁵⁵ pɔ²¹/

/lu³⁵ sən⁵⁵ pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lɔ²⁴⁻²² sim⁴⁴⁻²² po⁵³/

/lɔ²³⁻³³ sim⁴⁴⁻³³ pɤ⁴¹/

/lɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ sim⁴⁴⁻³³ po⁵³/

/lɔ²⁴⁻²² səm³³ po⁵⁵⁴/

/lɔ¹³⁻²² sɔm⁴⁴⁻²² po⁵³/

/lu²² sən⁵⁵ pɔ²¹/

Phono-semantic matching of German Luxemburg, French Luxembourg, or English Luxembourg. Note that 堡 (bǎo, “castle”) matches in both sound and meaning.

psm

Luxembourg (a small country in Western Europe)

(～市) Luxembourg, Luxembourg City (the capital city of Luxembourg)

Luxembourg (a province of Wallonia, Belgium)

Luxembourg (one of the twelve cantons of the country of Luxembourg, which includes its capital city)


聖多美和普林西比

ㄕㄥˋ ㄉㄨㄛ ㄇㄟˇ ㄏㄜˊ ㄆㄨˇ ㄌㄧㄣˊ ㄒㄧ ㄅㄧˇ

ㄕㄥˋ ㄉㄨㄛ ㄇㄟˇ ㄏㄜˊ ㄆㄨˇ ㄌㄧㄣˊ ㄒㄧ ㄅㄧˇ

Шэндомэй хэ Пулиньсиби

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹ tu̯ɔ⁵⁵ meɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ xɤ³⁵ pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ lin³⁵ ɕi⁵⁵ pi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɪŋ³³ tɔː⁵⁵ mei̯¹³ wɔː²¹ pʰou̯³⁵ lɐm²¹ sɐi̯⁵⁵ pei̯³⁵/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ to⁴⁴⁻²² bi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ho¹³⁻²² pʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lim¹³⁻²² se⁴⁴⁻²² pi⁵³/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ to⁴⁴⁻²² bi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ho²⁴⁻²² pʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lim²⁴⁻²² se⁴⁴⁻²² pi⁵³/

/siɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tɔ³³ bi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ hɔ²⁴⁻²² pʰɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lim²⁴⁻²² se³³ pi⁵⁵⁴/

São Tomé and Príncipe
São Tomé and Príncipe#English:_Q1039

(Mainland China) São Tomé and Príncipe (a country and archipelago of Central Africa, in the Atlantic Ocean)


巴林

From English Bahrain, from Arabic اَلْبَحْرَيْنُ m (al-baḥraynu, “Bahrain”).

der

اَلْبَحْرَيْنُ

/paː⁵⁵ lɐm²¹/

/pa⁴⁴⁻²² lim²⁴/

/pa⁴⁴⁻²² lim¹³/

/pa⁴⁴⁻³³ lim²⁴/

/pa⁴⁴⁻³³ lim²³/

/paː⁵⁵ lɐm²¹/

/pa⁴⁴⁻²² lim²⁴/

/pa⁴⁴⁻²² lim¹³/

/pa⁴⁴⁻³³ lim²⁴/

/pa⁴⁴⁻³³ lim²³/

Bahrain (an archipelago, island, and country in Western Asia, in the Persian Gulf)


孟加拉國

ㄇㄥˋ ㄐㄧㄚ ㄌㄚ ㄍㄨㄛˊ

ㄇㄥˋ ㄐㄧㄚ ㄌㄚ ㄍㄨㄛˊ

/mɤŋ⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ lä⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/maːŋ²² kaː⁵⁵ laːi̯⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³/

/mɛiŋ²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋa⁵⁵⁽⁻²¹⁾ l̃aʔ⁵⁻²¹ kuɔʔ²⁴/

/biɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ka³³ la³³ kɔk̚⁵/

/biɪŋ²²⁻²¹ ka⁴⁴⁻²² la⁴⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/biɪŋ²²⁻²¹ kɛ⁴⁴⁻²² la⁴⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/mã²² ka⁵⁵ la³³ koʔ²¹/

/mɤŋ⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ lä⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/maːŋ²² kaː⁵⁵ laːi̯⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³/

/biɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ka³³ la³³ kɔk̚⁵/

/biɪŋ²²⁻²¹ ka⁴⁴⁻²² la⁴⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/biɪŋ²²⁻²¹ kɛ⁴⁴⁻²² la⁴⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/mã²² ka⁵⁵ la³³ koʔ²¹/

(Mainland China, Hong Kong, Singapore) Bangladesh (a country in South Asia)


巴巴多斯

/pä⁵⁵ pä⁵⁵ tu̯ɔ⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵/

/paː⁵⁵ paː⁵⁵ tɔː⁵⁵ siː⁵⁵/

/pa³³ pa³³ tɔ³³ sɯ³³/

/pa⁴⁴⁻²² pa⁴⁴⁻²² to⁴⁴⁻²² su⁴⁴/

/pä⁵⁵ pä⁵⁵ tu̯ɔ⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵/

/paː⁵⁵ paː⁵⁵ tɔː⁵⁵ siː⁵⁵/

/pa³³ pa³³ tɔ³³ sɯ³³/

/pa⁴⁴⁻²² pa⁴⁴⁻²² to⁴⁴⁻²² su⁴⁴/

(Mainland China) Barbados (an island and country in the Caribbean)


貝寧

/peɪ̯⁵¹ niŋ³⁵/

/puːi̯³³ nɪŋ²¹/

/pue²¹⁻⁵³ liɪŋ¹³/

/pue²¹⁻⁵³ liɪŋ²⁴/

/pue⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ liɪŋ²⁴/

/peɪ̯⁵¹ niŋ³⁵/

/puːi̯³³ nɪŋ²¹/

/pue²¹⁻⁵³ liɪŋ¹³/

/pue²¹⁻⁵³ liɪŋ²⁴/

/pue⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ liɪŋ²⁴/

(Mainland China) Benin (a country in West Africa, formerly Dahomey)


伯利茲

/pu̯ɔ³⁵ li⁵¹ t͡sz̩⁵⁵/

/piak̚⁵⁻²⁴ li⁴¹⁻²² t͡sɯ³³/

/piɪk̚³²⁻⁵ li²²⁻²¹ t͡su⁴⁴/

/piɪk̚³²⁻⁴ li²²⁻²¹ t͡su⁴⁴/

/pu̯ɔ³⁵ li⁵¹ t͡sz̩⁵⁵/

/piak̚⁵⁻²⁴ li⁴¹⁻²² t͡sɯ³³/

/piɪk̚³²⁻⁵ li²²⁻²¹ t͡su⁴⁴/

/piɪk̚³²⁻⁴ li²²⁻²¹ t͡su⁴⁴/

(Mainland China, Hong Kong) Belize (an English-speaking country in Central America, formerly called British Honduras)


阿拉伯聯合酋長國

ㄚ ㄌㄚ ㄅㄛˊ ㄌㄧㄢˊ ㄏㄜˊ ㄑㄧㄡˊ ㄓㄤˇ ㄍㄨㄛˊ

aa³ laai¹ baak³ lyun⁴ hap⁶ jau⁴ zoeng² gwok³

ㄚ ㄌㄚ ㄅㄛˊ ㄌㄧㄢˊ ㄏㄜˊ ㄑㄧㄡˊ ㄓㄤˇ ㄍㄨㄛˊ

Алабо Ляньхэ Цючжанго

/ˀä⁵⁵ lä⁵⁵ pu̯ɔ³⁵ li̯ɛn³⁵ xɤ³⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯³⁵ ʈ͡ʂɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

aa³ laai¹ baak⁸ lyn⁴ hap⁹ jau⁴ dzoeng² gwok⁸

/aː³³ laːi̯⁵⁵ paːk̚³ lyːn²¹ hɐp̚² jɐu̯²¹ t͡sœːŋ³⁵ kʷɔːk̚³/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² la⁴⁴⁻²² piɪk̚³²⁻⁴ liɛn²⁴⁻²² hap̚⁴⁻³² siu²⁴⁻²² tiũ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kɔk̚³²/

/a³³ la³³ piak̚⁵⁻²⁴ liɛn²⁴⁻²² hap̚²⁴⁻² siu²⁴⁻²² tiũ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kɔk̚⁵/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² liap̚¹²¹⁻²¹ piɪk̚³²⁻⁵ biɛn¹³⁻²² hap̚¹²¹⁻²¹ siu¹³⁻²² tiaŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kɔk̚³²/

United Arab Emirates
United Arab Emirates#English:_Q878

(Mainland China) United Arab Emirates (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


聯合

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (聯合):
* → Japanese: 連合(れんごう) (rengō)
* → Korean: 연합(聯合) (yeonhap), 련합(聯合) (ryeonhap)
* → Vietnamese: liên hiệp (聯合)

/li̯ɛn³⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/l̃ieŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋaʔ⁵/

/lɛŋ¹³⁻¹¹ haʔ⁴/

/lɛŋ²⁴⁻²¹ haʔ⁴/

/liɛn²³⁻³³ hap̚⁴/

/liɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ hap̚⁴/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²² hap̚⁴/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²² hap̚²⁴/

/liɛn¹³⁻²² hap̚¹²¹/

/biɛn¹³⁻²² hap̚¹²¹/

/liaŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ haʔ⁴/

/li̯ɛn³⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/l̃ieŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋaʔ⁵/

/lɛŋ¹³⁻¹¹ haʔ⁴/

/lɛŋ²⁴⁻²¹ haʔ⁴/

/liɛn²³⁻³³ hap̚⁴/

/liɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ hap̚⁴/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²² hap̚⁴/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²² hap̚²⁴/

/liɛn¹³⁻²² hap̚¹²¹/

/biɛn¹³⁻²² hap̚¹²¹/

/liaŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ haʔ⁴/

(～村) Lianhe (a village in Wulipu, Shayang, Jingmen, Hubei, China)

(～村) Lianhe (a village in Zhucheng, Xinzhou district, Wuhan, Hubei, China)


奶西

/naɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi⁵⁵/

/naːi̯¹³ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/naɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi⁵⁵/

/naːi̯¹³ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

Today around 7:40 am, there was a fire at a flea market in Naixi, Changyang. The smoke permeated through the air above the Jingcheng Expressway. Nine fire squadrons with 46 firetrucks were present to handle the fire, and the fire was extinguished by 9:09 am. There were no casualties.

2017 February 27, 李东, 家具旧货市场起火, in 《法制晚报》

Jīntiān zǎoshàng 7 shí 40 fēn xǔ, Cháoyáng Nǎixī jiùhuò shìchǎng fāshēng huǒzāi, nóngyān yīdù mímàn dào Jīngchéng Gāosù shàngkōng, 9 ge xiāofáng zhōngduì 46 bù xiāofángchē dàochǎng chǔzhì, jiézhì shàngwǔ 9 shí 09 fēn dàhuǒ bèi pūmiè, wú rényuán shāngwáng.

今天早上7時40分許，朝陽奶西舊貨市場發生火災，濃煙一度彌漫到京承高速上空，9個消防中隊46部消防車到場處置，截至上午9時09分大火被撲滅，無人員傷亡。

今天早上7时40分许，朝阳奶西旧货市场发生火灾，浓烟一度弥漫到京承高速上空，9个消防中队46部消防车到场处置，截至上午9时09分大火被扑灭，无人员伤亡。

(～村) Naixi (a village in Cuigezhuang, Chaoyang district, Beijing, China)


指南

to indicate south (i.e. to show direction)

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ nän³⁵/

/t͡si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lam²⁴/

/t͡si⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lam²⁴/

/t͡si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lam¹³/

/t͡si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lam²⁴/

/t͡si⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lam²³/

/t͡si⁵²⁻³⁵ nam⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ nän³⁵/

/t͡si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lam²⁴/

/t͡si⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lam²⁴/

/t͡si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lam¹³/

/t͡si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lam²⁴/

/t͡si⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lam²³/

/t͡si⁵²⁻³⁵ nam⁵⁵/

(～村) Zhinan (a village in Wanquan, Honghu, Jingzhou, Hubei, China)


教堂

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹ tʰɑŋ³⁵/

/kaːu̯³³ tʰɔːŋ²¹/

/kaːu̯³³ tʰɔːŋ²¹⁻³⁵/

/kau̯⁵⁵ tʰoŋ¹¹/

/kau²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾louŋ⁵³/

/kau²¹⁻⁵³ tŋ̍²⁴/

/kau⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tŋ̍²⁴/

/kau²¹⁻⁵³ tŋ̍¹³/

/kau¹¹⁻⁵³ tŋ̍²⁴/

/kau²¹⁻⁴¹ tŋ̍²³/

/ka²¹³⁻⁵⁵ tɯŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕiɔ³³ dɑ̃⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹ tʰɑŋ³⁵/

/kaːu̯³³ tʰɔːŋ²¹/

/kaːu̯³³ tʰɔːŋ²¹⁻³⁵/

/kau̯⁵⁵ tʰoŋ¹¹/

/kau²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾louŋ⁵³/

/kau²¹⁻⁵³ tŋ̍²⁴/

/kau⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tŋ̍²⁴/

/kau²¹⁻⁵³ tŋ̍¹³/

/kau¹¹⁻⁵³ tŋ̍²⁴/

/kau²¹⁻⁴¹ tŋ̍²³/

/ka²¹³⁻⁵⁵ tɯŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕiɔ³³ dɑ̃⁴⁴/

ecclesiastical building, especially a church or chapel


華盛頓

Sino-Xenic (華盛頓):
* → Japanese: 華盛頓(ワシントン) (washinton)
* → Korean: 화성돈(華盛頓) (hwaseongdon)
* → Vietnamese: Hoa Thịnh Đốn (華盛頓)

ㄏㄨㄚˊ ㄕㄥˋ ㄉㄨㄣˋ

ㄏㄨㄚˊ ㄕㄥˋ ㄉㄨㄣˋ

/xu̯ä³⁵ ʂɤŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ tu̯ən⁵¹/

/waː²¹ sɪŋ²² tɵn²²/

/hua²⁴⁻²² siɪŋ²²⁻²¹ tun²¹/

/hua²⁴⁻²² siɪŋ⁴¹⁻²² tun⁴¹/

/hua¹³⁻²² siɪŋ²²⁻²¹ tun²¹/

/hua²⁴⁻¹¹ siɪŋ³³⁻¹¹ tun¹¹/

/hua²³⁻³³ siɪŋ³³⁻²¹ tun²¹/

/xu̯ä³⁵ ʂɤŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ tu̯ən⁵¹/

/waː²¹ sɪŋ²² tɵn²²/

/hua²⁴⁻²² siɪŋ²²⁻²¹ tun²¹/

/hua²⁴⁻²² siɪŋ⁴¹⁻²² tun⁴¹/

/hua¹³⁻²² siɪŋ²²⁻²¹ tun²¹/

/hua²⁴⁻¹¹ siɪŋ³³⁻¹¹ tun¹¹/

/hua²³⁻³³ siɪŋ³³⁻²¹ tun²¹/

From English Washington, probably via Cantonese.

～哥倫比亞特區 華盛頓哥倫比亞特區#Chinese

～特區 華盛頓特區#Chinese

Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C.#English

(～哥倫比亞特區, ～特區) Washington, Washington, D.C. (the capital city of the United States)

Washington State
Washington State#English

(～州) Washington, Washington State (a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States)


德意志

/tɤ³⁵ i⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/tɐk̚⁵ jiː³³ t͡siː³³/

/tiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ i⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡si⁴¹/

/tiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ i²¹⁻⁵³ t͡si²¹/

/tiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ i²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡si²¹/

/tiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ i²¹⁻⁵³ t͡si²¹/

/tiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ i¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡si¹¹/

/təʔ³³ i⁵⁵ t͡sz̩²¹/

/tɤ³⁵ i⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/tɐk̚⁵ jiː³³ t͡siː³³/

/tiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ i⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡si⁴¹/

/tiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ i²¹⁻⁵³ t͡si²¹/

/tiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ i²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡si²¹/

/tiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ i²¹⁻⁵³ t͡si²¹/

/tiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ i¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡si¹¹/

/təʔ³³ i⁵⁵ t͡sz̩²¹/

Phono-semantic matching of German Deutsch (“German”). Doublet of 同濟／同济 (Tóngjì) and 獨逸／独逸 (Dúyì).
The tendency to use commendatory characters in country names was also seen in:
* 美國／美国 (Měiguó, “America; lit. pretty country”),
* 英國／英国 (Yīngguó, “England; lit. flower/outstanding country”) and
* 法國／法国 (Fǎguó, “France, lit. the law country”).

zh-l

同濟／同济 (Tóngjì)

獨逸／独逸 (Dúyì)

(attributive or poetic) Germany (a country in Central Europe, formed in 1949 as West Germany, with its provisional capital Bonn until 1990, when it incorporated East Germany)


聖彼得堡

ㄕㄥˋ ㄅㄧˇ ㄉㄜˊ ㄅㄠˇ

ㄕㄥˋ ㄅㄧˇ ㄉㄜˊ ㄅㄠˇ

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹ pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ tɤ³⁵ pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɪŋ³³ pei̯³⁵ tɐk̚⁵ pou̯³⁵/

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹ pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ tɤ³⁵ pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɪŋ³³ pei̯³⁵ tɐk̚⁵ pou̯³⁵/

Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg#English:_Q656

Saint Petersburg (a federal city of Russia, known between 1914 and 1924 as Petrograd and between 1924 and 1991 as Leningrad; the former capital of Russia, from 1713–1728 and 1732–1918)


柏林

/pʰaːk̚³ lɐm²¹/

/pɛiʔ²⁴⁻²¹ l̃iŋ⁵³/

/piɪk̚³²⁻⁵ lim¹³/

/piɪk̚³²⁻⁴ lim²⁴/

/pʰaːk̚³ lɐm²¹/

/pɛiʔ²⁴⁻²¹ l̃iŋ⁵³/

/piɪk̚³²⁻⁵ lim¹³/

/piɪk̚³²⁻⁴ lim²⁴/

Berlin (the capital and largest city of Germany)

(～州) Berlin (a state of Germany, containing the capital city)


柏林

/paɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ lin³⁵/

/paɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ lin³⁵/

(～鎮) Bailin (a town in Zhangwan district, in the prefecture-level city of Shiyan, Hubei, China)


湯加

/tʰɑŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵/

/tʰɔːŋ⁵⁵ kaː⁵⁵/

/tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ka⁴⁴/

/tʰɔŋ³³ ka³³/

/tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kɛ⁴⁴/

/tʰɑŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵/

/tʰɔːŋ⁵⁵ kaː⁵⁵/

/tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ka⁴⁴/

/tʰɔŋ³³ ka³³/

/tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kɛ⁴⁴/

(Mainland China) Tonga (a country and archipelago of Polynesia in Oceania)


首爾

/ʂoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɐu̯³⁵ jiː¹³/

/sieu³³⁻³⁵ i³³/

/siu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ nĩ⁵⁵⁴/

/siu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nĩ⁵³/

/siu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ d͡zĩ⁵³/

/siu⁵²⁻³⁵ d͡zɯ⁵²⁻²¹/

/ʂoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɐu̯³⁵ jiː¹³/

/sieu³³⁻³⁵ i³³/

/siu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ nĩ⁵⁵⁴/

/siu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nĩ⁵³/

/siu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ d͡zĩ⁵³/

/siu⁵²⁻³⁵ d͡zɯ⁵²⁻²¹/

Borrowed from Korean 서울 (Seoul). The first character 首 (shǒu, “first”) is a phono-semantic matching from Korean. Compare 首都 (shǒudū, “capital”)

(～市) Seoul (the capital city of South Korea)


漢城

/xän⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/hɔːn³³ sɪŋ²¹/

/haŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾niaŋ⁵³/

/han²¹⁻⁵³ siã²⁴/

/han⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ siã²⁴/

/han²¹⁻⁵³ siã¹³/

/han¹¹⁻⁵³ siã²⁴/

/han²¹⁻⁴¹ siã²³/

/hø³³ zən⁴⁴/

/xän⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/hɔːn³³ sɪŋ²¹/

/haŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾niaŋ⁵³/

/han²¹⁻⁵³ siã²⁴/

/han⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ siã²⁴/

/han²¹⁻⁵³ siã¹³/

/han¹¹⁻⁵³ siã²⁴/

/han²¹⁻⁴¹ siã²³/

/hø³³ zən⁴⁴/

Named after the Han River (漢／汉) in Korea.

1894, Guangxu Emperor, 上諭; quoted in 清光緒朝中日交涉史料, volume 16, 故宮博物院, 1932:

Nǎi wōrén wúgù tiān bīng, tūrù Hànchéng, sì yòu zēng bīng wàn yú, pò lìng Cháoxiān gènggǎi guózhèng, zhǒngzhǒng yāoxié, nányǐ lǐyù.

乃倭人無故添兵，突入漢城，嗣又增兵萬餘，迫令朝鮮更改國政，種種要挾，難以理喻。

乃倭人无故添兵，突入汉城，嗣又增兵万余，迫令朝鲜更改国政，种种要挟，难以理喻。

(historical) Hanseong (Seoul during the Joseon dynasty)


索馬里

ㄙㄨㄛˇ ㄇㄚˇ ㄌㄧˇ

ㄙㄨㄛˇ ㄇㄚˇ ㄌㄧˇ

/su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɔːk̚³ maː¹³ lei̯¹³/

/siɪk̚³²⁻⁵ mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ li⁵³/

/siɪk̚³²⁻⁴ mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ li⁵³/

/sak̚⁵⁻²⁴ mã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ li⁵⁵⁴/

/su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɔːk̚³ maː¹³ lei̯¹³/

/siɪk̚³²⁻⁵ mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ li⁵³/

/siɪk̚³²⁻⁴ mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ li⁵³/

/sak̚⁵⁻²⁴ mã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ li⁵⁵⁴/

(Mainland China, Hong Kong) Somalia (a country in East Africa, in the Horn of Africa)


新西蘭

Calque of English New Zealand. Attested as early as 1838, in the Eastern Western Monthly Magazine.

/ɕin⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵ län³⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵ laːn²¹/

/ɕin⁴⁴ ɕi⁴⁴⁻³⁵ lan¹¹/

/siŋ⁵⁵⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nɛ⁵⁵ l̃aŋ⁵³/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² se⁴⁴⁻²² lan⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ se⁴⁴⁻³³ lan²⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ se⁴⁴⁻³³ lan²³/

/sin³³⁻²¹ si³³⁻²¹ lan²³/

/ɕin⁵⁵ ɕi³³ le²¹/

/ɕin⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵ län³⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵ laːn²¹/

/ɕin⁴⁴ ɕi⁴⁴⁻³⁵ lan¹¹/

/siŋ⁵⁵⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nɛ⁵⁵ l̃aŋ⁵³/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² se⁴⁴⁻²² lan⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ se⁴⁴⁻³³ lan²⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ se⁴⁴⁻³³ lan²³/

/sin³³⁻²¹ si³³⁻²¹ lan²³/

/ɕin⁵⁵ ɕi³³ le²¹/

1841, Elijah Coleman Bridgman, Chinese Chrestomathy in the Canton Dialect, Macao: S.W. Williams, page 419:

New Zealand is distant from New Holland about fifteen degrees.

san¹ sai¹ laan⁴ jau⁴ san¹ ho⁴ laan⁴ dung¹ jyut⁶ joeng⁴ joek³ sap⁶ ng⁵ dou⁶ ji⁴ zi³

新西蘭由新荷蘭東越洋約十五度而至

新西兰由新荷兰东越洋约十五度而至

1857, “地震火山論”, in Alexander Wylie, editor, 六合叢談 [Shanghae Serial], volume 6, page 2; republished 官板刪定本 edition, volume 6, 竪川三之橋, (Please provide a date or year), pages 2–3:

There are also volcanoes among the archipelagos of the Pacific Ocean, such as New Zealand and the Sandwich Islands.

Tàipíngyáng qúndǎo zhōng, yì yǒu huǒshān, rú Xīnxīlán Sānwéisī děng dǎo.

太平洋群島中，亦有火山，如新西蘭三維斯等島。

太平洋群岛中，亦有火山，如新西兰三维斯等岛。

(Mainland China, Hong Kong) New Zealand (a country and archipelago of Oceania, to the east of Australia)


新德里

/ɕin⁵⁵ tɤ³⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɐn⁵⁵ tɐk̚⁵ lei̯¹³/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ li⁵³/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ li⁵³/

/ɕin⁵⁵ tɤ³⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɐn⁵⁵ tɐk̚⁵ lei̯¹³/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ li⁵³/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ li⁵³/


黑山

/xeɪ̯⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ san⁴⁴/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ san⁴⁴/

/xeɪ̯⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ san⁴⁴/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ san⁴⁴/

Balkan Peninsula
Balkan Peninsula#English

(Mainland China, Hong Kong) Montenegro (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)


黑山

/xeɪ̯⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ san⁴⁴/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ san⁴⁴/

/xeɪ̯⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ san⁴⁴/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ san⁴⁴/

(～縣) Heishan County (a county of Liaoning, China)


立陶宛

/li⁵¹ tʰɑʊ̯³⁵ wän²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lɐp̚² tʰou̯²¹ jyːn³⁵/

/lip̚⁵ tʰau¹¹ ʋɔn³¹/

/lip̚¹²¹⁻²¹ to¹³⁻²² uan⁵³/

/lip̚⁴⁻³² to²⁴⁻²² uan⁵³/

/lip̚²⁴⁻² tɔ²⁴⁻²² uan⁵⁵⁴/

/liɪʔ¹¹ dɔ²² uø²³/

/li⁵¹ tʰɑʊ̯³⁵ wän²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lɐp̚² tʰou̯²¹ jyːn³⁵/

/lip̚⁵ tʰau¹¹ ʋɔn³¹/

/lip̚¹²¹⁻²¹ to¹³⁻²² uan⁵³/

/lip̚⁴⁻³² to²⁴⁻²² uan⁵³/

/lip̚²⁴⁻² tɔ²⁴⁻²² uan⁵⁵⁴/

/liɪʔ¹¹ dɔ²² uø²³/

Borrowed from German Litauen, from Latin Lituania.

Lithuania (a country in northeastern Europe)


運河

/wɐn²² hɔː²¹/

/vun³² hᵘɔ²²/

/uŋ²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ^((Ø-))ŋo⁵³/

/ɔŋ¹¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋɒ¹³/

/uoŋ²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋɒ²⁴/

/un²²⁻²¹ ho²⁴/

/un⁴¹⁻²² ho²⁴/

/un²²⁻²¹ ho¹³/

/un³³⁻¹¹ ho²⁴/

/un³³⁻²¹ hɤ²³/

/wɐn²² hɔː²¹/

/vun³² hᵘɔ²²/

/uŋ²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ^((Ø-))ŋo⁵³/

/ɔŋ¹¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋɒ¹³/

/uoŋ²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋɒ²⁴/

/un²²⁻²¹ ho²⁴/

/un⁴¹⁻²² ho²⁴/

/un²²⁻²¹ ho¹³/

/un³³⁻¹¹ ho²⁴/

/un³³⁻²¹ hɤ²³/

(～區) Yunhe (a district of Cangzhou, Hebei, China)

(～鎮, formerly ～鄉) Yunhe (a town in Xiangshui, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China, formerly a township)


巴拿馬

/pä⁵⁵ nä³⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/paː⁵⁵ naː²¹ maː¹³/

/pa²⁴⁻¹¹ na²⁴⁻¹¹ ma²⁴/

/pa⁴⁴⁻²² nã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ mã⁵³/

/pa³³ nã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ mã⁵⁵⁴/

/pa⁴⁴⁻²² nã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ mã⁵³/

/pa⁴⁴⁻³³ nã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ mã⁵³/

/pa⁴⁴⁻³³ nã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ mã⁴¹/

/pä⁵⁵ nä³⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/paː⁵⁵ naː²¹ maː¹³/

/pa²⁴⁻¹¹ na²⁴⁻¹¹ ma²⁴/

/pa⁴⁴⁻²² nã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ mã⁵³/

/pa³³ nã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ mã⁵⁵⁴/

/pa⁴⁴⁻²² nã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ mã⁵³/

/pa⁴⁴⁻³³ nã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ mã⁵³/

/pa⁴⁴⁻³³ nã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ mã⁴¹/

Borrowed from English Panama. Attested as early as 1844 in 萬國地理全集 by German missionary Karl Gützlaff.

1848, 徐繼畬 [Xu Jiyu], editor, 瀛寰志略, volume 10, page 7:

Mǐlìjiān zhì Zhōngguó, dàotú zhī yūyuǎn, zǔ yú Bānámǎ piàn tǔ. Ruò shū yǐ tōngzhōu, zé xīxíng ér dǐ Zhōngguó zhī dōng, shuǐchéng dāng jiǎn sān wàn yú lǐ.

米利堅至中國，道途之紆遠，阻於巴拿馬片土。若疏以通舟，則西行而抵中國之東，水程當減三萬餘里。

米利坚至中国，道途之纡远，阻于巴拿马片土。若疏以通舟，则西行而抵中国之东，水程当减三万余里。


卡拉季

/kʰä²¹⁴⁻²¹ lä⁵⁵ t͡ɕi⁵¹/

/kʰaː⁵⁵ laːi̯⁵⁵ kʷɐi̯³³/

/kʰä²¹⁴⁻²¹ lä⁵⁵ t͡ɕi⁵¹/

/kʰaː⁵⁵ laːi̯⁵⁵ kʷɐi̯³³/


德黑蘭

/tɤ³⁵ xeɪ̯⁵⁵ län³⁵/

/tɐk̚⁵ hɐk̚⁵ laːn²¹/

/tiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ lan²⁴/

/tiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ hiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ lan¹³/

/tiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ ɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ lan²⁴/

/tiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ ɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ lan²³/

/tɤ³⁵ xeɪ̯⁵⁵ län³⁵/

/tɐk̚⁵ hɐk̚⁵ laːn²¹/

/tiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ lan²⁴/

/tiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ hiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ lan¹³/

/tiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ ɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ lan²⁴/

/tiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ ɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ lan²³/


堪培拉

/kʰän⁵⁵ pʰeɪ̯³⁵ lä⁵⁵/

/hɐm⁵⁵ pʰuːi̯²¹ laːi̯⁵⁵/

/kʰän⁵⁵ pʰeɪ̯³⁵ lä⁵⁵/

/hɐm⁵⁵ pʰuːi̯²¹ laːi̯⁵⁵/

Australian Capital Territory
Australian Capital Territory#English

Canberra (the capital city of Australia; located in the Australian Capital Territory)


雅加達

/jä²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ tä³⁵/

/ŋaː¹³ kaː⁵⁵ taːt̚²/

/ŋã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ka³³ tat̚²⁴/

/ŋã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ tat̚⁴/

/ŋã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ tat̚⁴/

/ŋã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ka⁴⁴⁻²² tat̚⁴/

/ŋɛ̃⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kɛ⁴⁴⁻²² tat̚¹²¹/

/jä²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ tä³⁵/

/ŋaː¹³ kaː⁵⁵ taːt̚²/

/ŋã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ka³³ tat̚²⁴/

/ŋã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ tat̚⁴/

/ŋã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ tat̚⁴/

/ŋã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ka⁴⁴⁻²² tat̚⁴/

/ŋɛ̃⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kɛ⁴⁴⁻²² tat̚¹²¹/


吉隆坡

/t͡ɕi³⁵ lʊŋ³⁵ pʰu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/kɐt̚⁵ lʊŋ²¹ pɔː⁵⁵/

/kit̚⁵⁵ lɵŋ²² pᵘɔ³³/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² pʰo⁴⁴/

/kiɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² pʰo³³/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ liɔŋ²³⁻³³ pʰɤ⁴⁴/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ liɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ pʰo⁴⁴/

/kit̚³²⁻⁵ liɔŋ¹³⁻²² pʰo⁴⁴/

/kiɛt̚³⁻⁴ laŋ²³⁻²¹ pʰo³³/

/kat̚³⁻⁴ laŋ²³⁻²¹ pʰo³³/

/t͡ɕiɪʔ³³ loŋ⁵⁵ pʰu²¹/

/t͡ɕi³⁵ lʊŋ³⁵ pʰu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/kɐt̚⁵ lʊŋ²¹ pɔː⁵⁵/

/kit̚⁵⁵ lɵŋ²² pᵘɔ³³/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² pʰo⁴⁴/

/kiɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² pʰo³³/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ liɔŋ²³⁻³³ pʰɤ⁴⁴/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ liɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ pʰo⁴⁴/

/kit̚³²⁻⁵ liɔŋ¹³⁻²² pʰo⁴⁴/

/kiɛt̚³⁻⁴ laŋ²³⁻²¹ pʰo³³/

/kat̚³⁻⁴ laŋ²³⁻²¹ pʰo³³/

/t͡ɕiɪʔ³³ loŋ⁵⁵ pʰu²¹/

1894, G. T. Hare, editor, A Text Book of Documentary Chinese: Selected and Designed for the Special Use of Members of the Civil Service of the Straits Settlements, volume I, Singapore, page 111:

If any new or old customers come to Kuala Lumpur but fail to go to the government office to register and obtain a license, they will be arrested and punished once discovered.

Rú yǒu xīnkè lǎo kè dào Jílóngpō bù rù gōngsuǒ bàomíng zhùcè lǐngqǔ zhízhào zhě, yījīng cháchū, jíxíng zhuōná jiūzhì.

如有新客老客到吉隆坡不入公所報名註冊領取執照者，一經查出，即行捉拏究治。

如有新客老客到吉隆坡不入公所报名注册领取执照者，一经查出，即行捉拿究治。

聯邦直轄區 聯邦直轄區#Chinese

(～聯邦直轄區, ～市) Kuala Lumpur (the capital city and largest city in Malaysia)


宜昌

→ English: Yichang, Ichang, I-ch'ang

/i³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/jiː²¹ t͡sʰœːŋ⁵⁵/

/ɡi²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/n̠ʲi²² t͡sʰɑ̃⁴⁴/

/i³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/jiː²¹ t͡sʰœːŋ⁵⁵/

/ɡi²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/n̠ʲi²² t͡sʰɑ̃⁴⁴/

(～市) Yichang (a prefecture-level city of Hubei, China)


設得蘭

/ʂɤ⁵¹ d̥ə¹ län³⁵/

/ʂɤ⁵¹ d̥ə¹ län³⁵/

Shetland (a historical county of Scotland)


設德蘭

/ʂɤ⁵¹ d̥ə¹ län³⁵/

/ʂɤ⁵¹ d̥ə¹ län³⁵/


設德蘭群島

ㄕㄜˋ ㄉㄜˊ ㄌㄢˊ ㄑㄩㄣˊ ㄉㄠˇ

ㄕㄜˋ ㄉㄜˊ ㄌㄢˊ ㄑㄩㄣˊ ㄉㄠˇ

Шэдэлань Цюньдао

/ʂɤ⁵¹ tɤ³⁵ län³⁵ t͡ɕʰyn³⁵ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

设德兰群岛
設德蘭羣島
設得蘭群島

Shetland Islands
Shetland Islands#English:_Q47134

Shetland Islands (an archipelago and council area of Scotland, roughly north-east of the Orkney Islands; the northernmost part of Scotland and the United Kingdom)


汕頭

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (汕頭):
* → Japanese: 汕頭(せんとう) (Sentō)
* → Korean: 산두(汕頭) (Sandu)
* → Vietnamese: Sán Đầu (汕頭)

→ English: Shantou, Swatow

→ Japanese: 汕頭(スワトウ) (Suwatō)

→ Japanese: 汕頭(シャントウ) (Shantō)

→ Korean: 산터우 (Santeou)

→ Thai: ซัวเถา (suua-tǎo)

/ʂän⁵¹ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/

/saːn³³ tʰɐu̯²¹/

/suã²¹⁻⁵³ tʰau²⁴/

/suã⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tʰau²⁴/

/suã²¹⁻⁵³ tʰau¹³/

/suã¹¹⁻⁵³ tʰau²⁴/

/suã²¹⁻⁴¹ tʰau²³/

/sũã³³⁻²³ tʰau⁵⁵/

/ʂän⁵¹ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/

/saːn³³ tʰɐu̯²¹/

/suã²¹⁻⁵³ tʰau²⁴/

/suã⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tʰau²⁴/

/suã²¹⁻⁵³ tʰau¹³/

/suã¹¹⁻⁵³ tʰau²⁴/

/suã²¹⁻⁴¹ tʰau²³/

/sũã³³⁻²³ tʰau⁵⁵/

While the modern Teochew pronunciation contains the first syllable in the yinping (陰平／阴平) tone, as attested in Handbook of the Swatow Vernacular [1886] by Lim Hiong Seng, it appears that historically the first syllable of the toponym had the yinqu (陰去／阴去) tone. The pronunciation Suàⁿ-thâu is recorded in A Pronouncing and Defining Dictionary of the Swatow Dialect [1883] by Adele M. Fielde and English-Chinese Vocabulary of the Vernacular Or Spoken Language of Swatow [1883] by William Duffus.
The toponym is a shortening of 沙汕頭／沙汕头. In 1717, a fort, 沙汕頭砲臺, was constructed in the area, which was then under the administration of Chenghai (澄海) county. Both 沙汕頭／沙汕头 and 汕頭 /汕头 are attested in 潮州海防圖說 [c. 18th century] by official Lan Dingyuan (藍鼎元). 沙汕 is cognate with Hokkien 沙線／沙线 (soa-sòaⁿ, “sandbank”).

(～市) Shantou (a prefecture-level city of Guangdong, China)


巴拉圭

/pä⁵⁵ lä⁵⁵ ku̯eɪ̯⁵⁵/

/paː⁵⁵ laːi̯⁵⁵ kʷɐi̯⁵⁵/

/pa⁴⁴⁻²² la⁴⁴⁻²² kui⁴⁴/

/pa⁴⁴⁻³³ la⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kui⁴⁴/

/pa⁴⁴⁻³³ la⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kui⁴⁴/

/pä⁵⁵ lä⁵⁵ ku̯eɪ̯⁵⁵/

/paː⁵⁵ laːi̯⁵⁵ kʷɐi̯⁵⁵/

/pa⁴⁴⁻²² la⁴⁴⁻²² kui⁴⁴/

/pa⁴⁴⁻³³ la⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kui⁴⁴/

/pa⁴⁴⁻³³ la⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kui⁴⁴/