安全

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (安全):
* → Japanese: 安全(あんぜん) (anzen)
* → Korean: 안전(安全) (anjeon)
* → Vietnamese: an toàn (安全)

→ Zhuang: ancienz

→ Hmong: nyab xeeb

/ˀän⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ t͡sʰyːn²¹/

/ᵘɔn³³ tʰun²²/

/ɔn⁴⁴⁻³⁵ t͡ɕʰiɛn¹¹/

/aŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ^((t͡s-))nœŋ¹³/

/ũã³³⁻²³ t͡sʰueŋ⁵⁵/

/ũã³³⁻²³ t͡sʰuaŋ⁵⁵/

/ˀän⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ t͡sʰyːn²¹/

/ᵘɔn³³ tʰun²²/

/ɔn⁴⁴⁻³⁵ t͡ɕʰiɛn¹¹/

/aŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ^((t͡s-))nœŋ¹³/

/ũã³³⁻²³ t͡sʰueŋ⁵⁵/

/ũã³³⁻²³ t͡sʰuaŋ⁵⁵/

(～村) Anquan (a village in Wulipu, Shayang, Jingmen, Hubei, China)


花園

/xu̯ä⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/xu̯ä⁵⁵ ɥɑɻ³⁵/

/xua²⁴ yæ̃²⁴/

/faː⁵⁵ jyːn²¹⁻³⁵/

/hua⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾uoŋ⁵³/

/hua⁵³³⁻¹¹ œŋ¹³/

/hua⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ yøŋ²⁴/

/hue⁴⁴⁻³³ hŋ̍²³/

/hue⁴⁴⁻²² hŋ̍²⁴/

/hue⁴⁴⁻³³ hŋ̍²⁴/

/hue³³ hŋ̍²⁴/

/hua⁴⁴⁻²² huĩ¹³/

/hue³³⁻²³ hŋ⁵⁵/

/ho⁵⁵ ɦyø²¹/

/xu̯ä⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/xu̯ä⁵⁵ ɥɑɻ³⁵/

/xua²⁴ yæ̃²⁴/

/faː⁵⁵ jyːn²¹⁻³⁵/

/hua⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾uoŋ⁵³/

/hua⁵³³⁻¹¹ œŋ¹³/

/hua⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ yøŋ²⁴/

/hue⁴⁴⁻³³ hŋ̍²³/

/hue⁴⁴⁻²² hŋ̍²⁴/

/hue⁴⁴⁻³³ hŋ̍²⁴/

/hue³³ hŋ̍²⁴/

/hua⁴⁴⁻²² huĩ¹³/

/hue³³⁻²³ hŋ⁵⁵/

/ho⁵⁵ ɦyø²¹/

The Malaysian sense is a semantic loan from Malay taman (“park; garden; residential neighborhood”).

sl

(～鎮) Huayuan (a town in Xiaochang, Xiaogan, Hubei, China)

(～村) Huayuan (a village in Wenquan, Yingshan, Huanggang, Hubei, China)


東京

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (東京):
* → Japanese: 東京(とうけい) (Tōkei)

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ kɪŋ⁵⁵/

/ɵŋ³³ ken³³/

/tuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kin²⁴/

/tʊŋ⁴⁴ kin⁴⁴/

/tøyŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋiŋ⁵⁵/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kiã⁴⁴/

/taŋ³³ kiã³³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kiã⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kiã⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kiã⁴⁴/

/taŋ³³⁻²³ kĩã³³/

/toŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕin²¹/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ kɪŋ⁵⁵/

/ɵŋ³³ ken³³/

/tuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kin²⁴/

/tʊŋ⁴⁴ kin⁴⁴/

/tøyŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋiŋ⁵⁵/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kiã⁴⁴/

/taŋ³³ kiã³³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kiã⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kiã⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kiã⁴⁴/

/taŋ³³⁻²³ kĩã³³/

/toŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕin²¹/

2006, “富士山下”, in 林夕 (lyrics), What's Going On...?, performed by 陳奕迅 [Eason Chan]:

mong⁴ diu⁶ ngo⁵ gan¹ nei⁵ jan¹ jyun³, jing¹ faa¹ hoi¹ liu⁵ gei² zyun³, dung¹ ging¹ zi¹ leoi⁵ jat¹ zou² bei² jat¹ sai³ jiu⁴ jyun⁵

忘掉我跟你恩怨 櫻花開了幾轉 東京之旅一早比一世遙遠

忘掉我跟你恩怨 樱花开了几转 东京之旅一早比一世遥远

(～都) Tokyo (a prefecture, the capital city of Japan)


京都

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ tu⁵⁵/

/kɪŋ⁵⁵ tou̯⁵⁵/

/kiã⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔ⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ tu⁵⁵/

/kɪŋ⁵⁵ tou̯⁵⁵/

/kiã⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔ⁴⁴/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 京都 (Kyōto).

obor

(～市) Kyoto (a city in Kyoto Prefecture, Japan)


中國

He zun
King Wu of Zhou
Names of China#Zhongguo
Western Zhou

Earliest attested on the Western Zhou bronze vessel He zun. See Names of China#Zhongguo.

When King Wu conquered the great city Shang, he then made reverent declarations to Heaven, saying: "Let me dwell in this, the central region, and from here govern the people."

He zun inscription, translated by Pankenier (2013)

Wéi Wǔwáng jì kè Dàyìshāng, zé tíng gào yú Tiān, yuē: yú qí zhái zī Zhōngguó, zì zhī yì mín.

隹珷王既克大邑商，𠟭廷吿于天，曰：余𠀠宅𢆶𠁩或，自之辥民。

隹珷王既克大邑商，𠟭廷告于天，曰：余𠀠宅𢆶𠁩或，自之辥民。

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ kuɛ²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂuŋ²⁴ kuei⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂuŋ²⁴ kuə⁵¹/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³/

/t͡sɵŋ³³ kɔk̚⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kuɛt̚¹/

/tyŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋuɔʔ²⁴/

/tœŋ⁵³³⁻¹³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɒʔ²¹/

/tyøŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²⁴ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɒʔ²/

/tiɔŋ³³ kɔk̚⁵/

/tiɔŋ³³⁻²¹ kɔk̚³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/toŋ³³⁻²³ kok̚²/

/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ koʔ²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ kuɛ²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂuŋ²⁴ kuei⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂuŋ²⁴ kuə⁵¹/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³/

/t͡sɵŋ³³ kɔk̚⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kuɛt̚¹/

/tyŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋuɔʔ²⁴/

/tœŋ⁵³³⁻¹³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɒʔ²¹/

/tyøŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²⁴ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɒʔ²/

/tiɔŋ³³ kɔk̚⁵/

/tiɔŋ³³⁻²¹ kɔk̚³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/toŋ³³⁻²³ kok̚²/

/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ koʔ²¹/

中國和平崛起

中国和平崛起

中國社會科學院

中国社会科学院

English translations of Chinese classics

中國典籍英譯

中国典籍英译

to interfere in China's internal affairs

干涉中國內政

干涉中国内政

中國的首都是北京。

中国的首都是北京。

他現在在中國旅行。

他现在在中国旅行。

你喜歡中國文學嗎？

你喜欢中国文学吗？

We humbly think that Buddhism is merely a religion of barbarians, which entered China during the Later Han and is not found in our ancestry.

Fú yǐ Fó zhě, yídí zhī yī fǎ ěr, zì Hòuhàn shí liúrù Zhōngguó, shànggǔ wèicháng yǒu yě.

伏以佛者，夷狄之一法耳，自後漢時流入中國，上古未嘗有也。

伏以佛者，夷狄之一法耳，自后汉时流入中国，上古未尝有也。

Someone asks, "The Four Barbarians and Ten Nations are not Chinese. Why do you describe the barbarian contributions but not ten nations'?" We reply, "Viewing from Chinese on barbarians, one shall barbarize them; Viewing from Five Dynasties on Ten Nations, one shall not."

11th century, Ouyang Xiu, Historical Records of the Five Dynasties

Wènzhě yuē: Sìyí, Shíguó, jiē fēi Zhōngguó zhī yǒu yě, Sìyí zhī fēngjué cháogòng zé shū, ér Shíguó zhī bù shū hé yě? Yuē: yǐ Zhōngguó ér shì yídí, yídí zhī kě yě. Yǐ Wǔdài zhī jūn ér shì Shíguó, yídí zhī zé wèikě yě.

問者曰：四夷、十國，皆非中國之有也，四夷之封爵朝貢則書，而十國之不書何也？曰：以中國而視夷狄，夷狄之可也。以五代之君而視十國，夷狄之則未可也。

问者曰：四夷、十国，皆非中国之有也，四夷之封爵朝贡则书，而十国之不书何也？曰：以中国而视夷狄，夷狄之可也。以五代之君而视十国，夷狄之则未可也。

c. 1300, 周達觀 (Zhou Daguan), 真臘風土記 (The Customs of Cambodia)

Tángrén dào bǐ, jiē bù yǔ zhī yánjí Zhōngguó fèn yōng zhī shì, kǒng wéi suǒ bǐ.

唐人到彼，皆不與之言及中國糞壅之事，恐為所鄙。

唐人到彼，皆不与之言及中国粪壅之事，恐为所鄙。

The national voice is different to that in China, with scripts mutually unintelligible. Thus, our humble people have some to say, but many could not express their feelings.

c. 1446, Sejong the Great, 訓民正音 (Hunminjeongeum)

國之語音，異乎中國，與文字不相流通，故愚民有所欲言，而終不得伸其情者多矣。

Zì wǒ cháo rùzhǔ zhōngtǔ, jūnlín tiānxià, bìng Ménggǔ jíbiān zhū bùluò, jù guī bǎntú, shì Zhōngguó zhī jiāngtǔ kāituò guǎngyuǎn, nǎi Zhōngguó chénmín zhī dàxìng, hédé shàngyǒu huáyí zhōngwài zhī fēn lùn zāi!

自我朝入主中土，君臨天下，并蒙古極邊諸部落，俱歸版圖，是中國之疆土開拓廣遠，乃中國臣民之大幸，何得尚有華夷中外之分論哉！

自我朝入主中土，君临天下，并蒙古极边诸部落，俱归版图，是中国之疆土开拓广远，乃中国臣民之大幸，何得尚有华夷中外之分论哉！

How much of it is forest? The population of China being very dense, the forests cannot be extensive.

1841, Elijah Coleman Bridgman, A Chinese Chrestomathy in the Canton Dialect, page 345

jau⁵ gei² do¹ syu⁶ muk⁶ ne¹? zung¹ gwok³ jan⁴ jin¹ cau⁴ zaap⁶, syu⁶ muk⁶ mou⁴ do¹.

有幾多樹木呢？中國人烟稠集，樹木無多。

有几多树木呢？中国人烟稠集，树木无多。

China (a country in Asia; capital: Beijing)


森

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): Triplication of 木 (“tree”), to suggest a large number (compare 三) of trees such as one would find in a forest. Compare 林 (*ɡ·rɯm).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ram (“jungle; forest; country; field”) (STEDT). Schuessler (2007) suggests that it may be an intensive derivation of 林 (*ɡ·rɯm, “forest”), perhaps influenced by parallels in Austroasiatic, such as Old Khmer sarāma, sarāṃ (“a tract of stunted vegetation”), derived from rām (“inundated forest along a watercourse”). Alternatively, Mei (2012) suggests that the prefix *s- has a denominative function.

inh

Mori (a town in Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan)

Mori (a town in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)


伊

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qlil): semantic 亻 (“person”) + phonetic 尹 (OC *ɢʷlinʔ).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(h)i ~ *(h)aj (“this; here”). Cognate with Burmese ဤ (i, “this”).

inh-lite

𠁼
𰁢
𠈽
𦯴
𠜧
𠜰
佢
渠
夷

while 渠 is more common in other varieties

Chinese varieties in general do not distinguish gender

distinctions are only sometimes made in writing.佢 is commonly used in Yue

(～水, ～河) Yi River (a tributary of the Luo River in Henan, China)


俄

俄語

俄语

short for 俄羅斯／俄罗斯 (Éluósī): Russia (a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and North Asia)


剡

a historical county of Kuaiji in Han dynasty, now 嵊州 (Shèngzhōu), Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China


加

Shuowen: ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 力 (“strength”) + 口 (“mouth”) — exaggerate; slander.
Sun Changxu: ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 力 (“plowing”) + 口 (“mouth”) — to put more effort. 口 here indicates exclamations or breath associated with the effort.
駕 (OC *kraːls, “to yoke”) is the exopassive of 加 (OC *kraːl, “to add; to attach”) (Schuessler, 2007). Cognate with Tibetan ཁྲལ (khral, “to impose a tax”), Burmese ကြား (kra:, “between”).

Han compound

美加邊界

美加边界

加國

加国

訪加

访加

short for 加拿大 (Jiānádà): Canada (a country in North America)


匈

abbreviation of 匈牙利 (Xiōngyálì) (= Hungary): a country in Central Europe


卞

(～縣) (historical) Bian County (a county in modern-day Shandong, China)


印

abbreviation of 印度 (Yìndù) (= India): a country in South Asia

印度

印度尼西亞 印度尼西亞#Chinese

印度尼西亚 印度尼西亚#Chinese

abbreviation of 印度尼西亞 /印度尼西亚 (Yìndùníxīyà) (= Indonesia): an island country in Southeast Asia


厚

Sino-Xenic (厚):
* → Korean: 후(厚) (hu)

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 厂 (“cliff; cave on a cliff”) + 𣆪 (“jug”). According to Shuowen, 𣆪 is an inverted 亯.

(～鎮) Hou (a town in Lantian, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China)


厝

𠪞
錯
𥕉
戍
茨
㢀
𡪣
次
聚
陬
宿
處
室


吉

→ English: Ji

Ideogram (指事) derived from a ritual axe 士 and an open mouth 口, perhaps with a reference to rituals to obtain the gratitude of the ancestors and deities.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-kjit (“happy; pleased”) (STEDT). Also compare Tibetan སྐྱིད་པ (skyid pa, “to be happy”) and Burmese ချစ် (hkyac, “to love, to be pleased”) (Schuessler, 2007, Hill, 2019).
Cantonese sense of “empty” arises from avoidance of 空 (hung¹), which is homophonous to 凶 (hung¹, “inauspicious”).
The Taiwanese Chinese sense of “to sue” arises from avoidance of 告 (gào, “to sue”), which is a typo form of it.

cog

(～縣) Ji County (a county of Linfen, Shanxi, China)


向

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 宀 (“house”) + 口 (“mouth”), echos in a place. The original form of 響. It was borrowed to represent 𠨍 (嚮) later. The mouth doesn't represent an opening (e.g., a door or a window) as in 高 and 谷. Similar to 冋.
; “ACG: for (directed at, intended to belong to)”


吳

→ English: Wu, Ng, Goh, Ngo

→ Tagalog: Go, Wu

Cao Wei
Chen dynasty
Eastern Han dynasty
Eastern Wei
Eastern Wu
Eastern Zhou dynasty
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
Han dynasty
Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
Jin dynasty (265–420)
Liang dynasty
Liao dynasty
Liu Song dynasty
Ming dynasty
Northern Qi
Northern Wei
Northern Zhou
Northern and Southern dynasties
Qin dynasty
Qing dynasty
Shang dynasty
Shu Han
Song dynasty
Southern Qi
Southern and Northern dynasties
Spring and Autumn period
Sui dynasty
Tang dynasty
Three Kingdoms
Warring States period
Western Han dynasty
Western Liao
Western Wei
Western Xia
Western Zhou dynasty
Xia dynasty
Xin dynasty
Yuan dynasty
Zhou dynasty

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 口 (“mouth”) + 夨 (“man with tilted head”) – to speak loudly.
; "to shout"

吴
吴
呉
𠯵
㕦
𡗾
𡗿

(～市) Kure (a city in Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan)


唐

→ English: Tang, T'ang, Tong, Tng

desc

→ Proto-Southwestern Tai: *daːŋᴬ² (“road; way”)

Northern Thai: ᨴᩤ᩠ᨦ

Khün: ᨴᩤ᩠ᨦ

Lao: ທາງ (thāng)

Lü: ᦑᦱᧂ (taang)

Tai Dam: ꪕꪱꪉ

Shan: တၢင်း (táang)

Tai Nüa: ᥖᥣᥒᥰ (täang)

Ahom: 𑜄𑜂𑜫 (taṅ)

Thai: ทาง (taang, “road; way”)

→ Thai: ถัง (tǎng, “Tang (dynasty)”)

Either related to 途 (OC *l'aː) (Wang, 1982) or from Austroasiatic, compare Proto-Austroasiatic *glɔːŋ, whence Mon ဂၠံၚ်, Kensiu gəlɔŋ, Kuy [script needed] (khlù:aŋ) (Schuessler, 2007).

(～縣) Tang county (a county of Baoding, Hebei, China)


唐

(～郡) Down (a county of Northern Ireland, United Kingdom)

Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland#English


塔

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (塔):
* → Japanese: 塔(とう) (tō)
* → Korean: 탑(塔) (tap)
* → Vietnamese: tháp (塔)

→ Thai: ถะ (tà, “pagoda”)

Eastern Han
Lokaksema (Buddhist monk)
Middle Chinese
Old Chinese

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *tʰuːb): semantic 土 + phonetic 荅 (OC *tkuːb).
Borrowed from a Middle Indo-Aryan language into the late Old Chinese of Eastern Han (alternatively considered an early form of Middle Chinese), for example in the translations attributed to Lokakṣema. Cf. Ashokan Prakrit 𑀣𑀼𑀩𑁂 (thube), Gandhari 𐨠𐨂𐨬 (thuva) and other forms, Pali thūpa, vs. Sanskrit स्तूप (stūpa).

Han compound

(neologism, fandom slang) real identity of a virtual YouTuber


奧

A conservative variant is 𡪃. Shuowen interprets it as a Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *quːɡs): semantic 宀 (“roof”) + phonetic 𢍏 (juàn), but is not widely accepted.

奧依亞依拉克

Àoyīyà Yīlākè

奥依亚依拉克

Àoyīyà Yīlākè

The Sino-Austrian cooperation is in the interest of the both countries and their people.

2018, Joint Statement on the Establishment of Friendly Strategic Partnership between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Austria

Zhōng Ào hézuò fúhé liǎng guó hé liǎng guó rénmín gòngtóng lìyì.

中奧合作符合兩國和兩國人民共同利益。

中奥合作符合两国和两国人民共同利益。

short for 奧地利／奥地利 (Àodìlì): Austria (a country in Central Europe)


婺

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *moɡs): phonetic 敄 (OC *moʔ, *mos) + semantic 女 (“woman”).

Han compound

(～州) a former prefecture in modern Zhejiang


宛

(～縣) (historical) Yuan (a county of ancient China, established in the Qin dynasty)


富

→ English: Fu

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *pɯɡs): semantic 宀 + phonetic 畐 (OC *pʰrɯɡ, *bɯɡ).
Bodman (1980) compares it to Tibetan ཕྱུག (phyug, “rich; wealthy”), ཕྱུགས (phyugs, “all beasts that can be domesticated or subjugated by man; cattle”), but the vowels do not match with Chinese (Schuessler, 2007).
Sagart (1999) relates it to 寶 (OC *puːʔ), but see there for more. In later work, Sagart (2011b, 2017d) connects it to Proto-Tibeto-Burman *pʷak (“pig”), comparing the semantic development from “pig” to “rich” to Latin pecunia (“money”), which is derived from Latin pecu (“cattle; domestic animals”), and tentatively reconstructs Proto-Sino-Tibetan *C.pək (“pig”). However, the Tibeto-Burman word for “pig” is usually compared to 豝 (OC *praː, “sow”).
Cognate with 福 (OC *pɯɡ, “blessing”) (Wang, 1982; Schuessler, 2007).
;"Fu county"

Han compound

(～縣) Fu County, Fuxian (a county of Yan'an, Shaanxi, China)


寺

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (寺):
* → Japanese: 寺(じ) (ji)
* → Korean: 사(寺) (sa)

/t͡siː²²⁻³⁵/

/t͡siː²²⁻³⁵/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ljɯs): phonetic 𡳿 (OC *tjɯ, “to go”) + semantic 又 (“hand”) – to grasp, to hold. Phonetic 𡳿 (之), which represents a footprint pointing up, became 土 or 士 in the clerical script from the late Western Han to the Eastern Han, and semantic 又 become 寸 in Small Seal Script. The derivative 持 (OC *l'ɯ) refers to the original word.
The character was often used in the place of a more specialized form. For example, in the Chu Silk Manuscript (see table above) it clearly stood for 時 (OC *djɯ, “season”).

Han compound

清真寺

仙鶴寺／仙鹤寺

西敏寺


岷

(～江) Min River (a river in Sichuan Province, China)

(～山) Min Mountains (a mountain range in Sichuan and Gansu Provinces, China)


巴

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (巴):
* → Japanese: 巴(は) (Ha)
* → Korean: 파(巴) (Pa)
* → Vietnamese: Ba (巴)

Pictogram (象形) — a huge snake. However, in 邑 and 色 (both Kangxi radicals) it represents a person kneeling.
; "huge snake"
; "bar"

(historical) Ba (an ancient state in modern-day Sichuan)


帕

Used in transcription.
(～府) Phrae province


康

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 庚 (“threshing tools”) + 米 (“rice”) – chaff. The clearest version is 𢊪, in which the two components can be identified well; in the semi-conservative variant 𥹺, the rice at the bottom is still well visible. The derivative 糠 refers to the original word.
Unrelated to 隶, in which the bottom part is a reference to a tail (毛); also unrelated to 水.
; quiet, calm, peaceful
; Kham
; "to look, to see"

Han compound

Kham (a historic region of the Tibet autonomous region)


廟

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (廟):
* → Japanese: 廟(びょう) (byō)
* → Korean: 묘(廟) (myo)
* → Vietnamese: miếu (廟)

→ Proto-Be: *miːwᴮꟲ²

Lingao: miu⁴

desc

→ Lü: ᦶᦖᧁᧈ (ṁaew¹)

→ Lü: ᦶᦖᧁᧈ (ṁaew¹)

→ Vietnamese: miễu

/miːu̯²²⁻³⁵/

/ᵐbiau³²⁻³²⁵/

/miːu̯²²⁻³⁵/

/ᵐbiau³²⁻³²⁵/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *mrews): semantic 广 + phonetic 朝 (OC *ʔr'ew, *r'ew).
Possibly related to Proto-Hmong-Mien *prəuX (“house”), whence White Hmong tsev (“idem”) (Schuessler, 2007). Note also Burmese မြို့ (mrui., “town, city”).

Han compound

I’d rather tear down ten temples than destroy a marriage.

níng chāi shí zuò miào, bù huǐ yī zhuāng hūn

寧拆十座廟，不毀一樁婚

宁拆十座庙，不毁一桩婚

(architecture, religion) temple (Classifier: 座; 間／间)

廟小妖風大，池淺王八多 / 庙小妖风大，池浅王八多

miào xiǎo yāofēng dà, chí qiǎn wángbā duō


德

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *tɯːɡ): semantic 彳 (“road”) + phonetic 惪 (OC *tɯːɡ, “virtue”). 惪 is corrupted into 𢛳.
; “virtue; morality; favour”
; “Germany”

Han compound

徳
惪
悳
㥁
恴
㥀
㤫
𢛳
𢜖
𢠀
𢤊
𨗌
𨗤

德語

德语

德美關係

德美关系

德蘇條約

德苏条约

short for 德意志 (Déyìzhì): Germany (a country in Central Europe, formed in 1949 as West Germany, with its provisional capital Bonn until 1990, when it incorporated East Germany)


意

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (意):
* → Japanese: 意(い) (i)
* → Korean: 의(意) (ui)
* → Vietnamese: ý (意)

Modern form is a compound of 音 and 心 (“heart”). However, the top component is etymologically unrelated to 音. According to Lin (1920), 𠶷 (a compound of 言 and 中) found in bronze inscriptions is the same character as 意 (yì).

意政府

赴意

訪意

访意

(Mainland China, Hong Kong) short for 意大利 (Yìdàlì): Italy (a country in Southern Europe); Italian


應

Sino-Xenic (應):
* → Japanese: 応(おう) (ō)
* → Vietnamese: ứng (應)

→ English: Ying

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qɯŋ, *qɯŋs): phonetic 䧹 (OC *qɯŋ) + semantic 心 (“heart”).
Related to 膺 (OC *qɯŋ, “breastplate; to oppose”); see there for more (STEDT).

Han compound

应
譍
噟
応
𢈀
𢇭
𠩍
𤻮
𧭭
𡄖

叫天天不應，叫地地不靈 / 叫天天不应，叫地地不灵

jiào tiān tiān bù yìng, jiào dì dì bù líng

(～縣) Ying County (a county of Shuozhou, Shanxi, China)


戶

Sino-Xenic (戶):
* → Vietnamese: hộ (戶)

→ Vietnamese: họ (戶)

Pictogram (象形): one-half of 門 (“gate”). The character in its original form is similar to 𠁣.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/s-k(w)a-j (“mouth; opening; spread; door; face; jaw”). Cognate with Tibetan སྒོ (sgo, “door”).
;"Hu county"

inh

(～縣) (historical) Hu (a defunct county in Xi'an, Shaanxi, China) (converted into district and renamed to 鄠邑 in 2016)


房

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (房):
* → Japanese: 房(ぼう) (bō)
* → Korean: 방(房) (bang)
* → Vietnamese: phòng (房)

→ English: Fang

→ Manchu: ᠪᠣᠣ (boo)

→ Vietnamese: buồng (房)

Burmese language
Sino-Tibetan languages
Tibetan language

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *baːŋ, *baŋ): semantic 戶 (“door”) + phonetic 方 (OC *paŋ, *baŋ).
Also could be an ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 戶 (“door”) + 方 (homonym of 旁 (OC *baːŋ, “side”)), as it originally referred to one of the two rooms beside the central room (side room).
Etymology not certain. Probably Sino-Tibetan; compare Tibetan བང་བ (bang ba, “storeroom; storehouse”), Burmese ဝင်း (wang:, “enclosure”) (Bodman, 1980). Alternatively, compare Tibetan བྲང (brang, “house”) (as in ཕོ་བྲང (pho brang, “palace”) and བྲང་ཁང (brang khang, “dwelling house”)) (Schuessler, 2007).

cog-lite

(～縣) Fang County (a county of Shiyan, Hubei, China)


敦

Originally written 𦎫 in oracle bone script and bronze script, an ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 亯 (“ancestral shrine”) + 羊 (“sheep”). According to Ma Rusen (馬如森), the character represents a cooked goat used as a sacrifice. According to Ma Xulun (馬敍倫) and Yang Shuda (楊樹達), the character's original meanings was "to cook" and is the original form of 燉.
Later used to mean “to force; to compel” and came to be written with 攴, making the modern form an ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *tuːl, *doːn, *tuːn, *tuːns): phonetic 𦎫 + semantic 攴 (“hand”). The character 燉 was graphically shaped after the modern version.
; “thick; earnest; plentiful; large”
* 焞 (OC *tʰuːn, *djun, “ample, complete”)
* 醇 (OC *djun, “pure, unadulterated, generous”)
* 淳 (OC *djun, “ample”)
* 肫 (OC *tjun, “sincere, diligent”).
; “Tun”

och-l

㪟
𦎫
𦎧
𣀦
𢼪
𠧈
𠧉


暹

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 日 (“sun”) + 進 (“to advance”).

Han compound

The country's language consists of sounds that are its own, and despite being nearby, neither the Chams nor the Siamese can make themselves understood.

c. 1300, 周達觀 / 周达观 (Zhou Daguan), 《真臘風土記 / 真腊风土记》 (The Customs of Cambodia), translation by Peter Harris

Guózhōng yǔyán, zì chéng yīnshēng, suī jìn ér Zhànchéng, Xiān rén, jiē bùtōng huàshuō.

國中語言，自成音聲，雖近而占城、暹人，皆不通話説。

国中语言，自成音声，虽近而占城、暹人，皆不通话说。

(historical) the Thai kingdom of Ayutthaya; later short for 暹羅／暹罗 (Xiānluó): Siam (former name of Thailand: a country in Southeast Asia)


普

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 並 + 日 (“sun”).
; “wide; universal”
; “man”

普奧戰爭

普奥战争

(historical) Prussia (a former duchy, kingdom and (after German unification in 1871) a province of Germany, existing from 1525 to 1947 in parts of modern Germany, Poland and Russia)


曹

Originally 㯥 (cáo), an ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): two bundles 東 on top. The original meaning is "pair; peer, same kind". Later, 囗 was added as a distinguishing mark, which corrupted into 甘 in bronze inscriptions and 曰 in Seal Script, thus getting the intermediate and semi-archaic version 𣍘. The top two 東 have merged and now resemble 曲 with an extra stroke.
Unrelated to 曲 and 典.

(historical) Cao, a vassal state in China during the Zhou Dynasty (1046–221 BCE), covering roughly the area of modern-day Dingtao County in Heze, southwestern Shandong province


柏

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *praːɡ): semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 白 (OC *braːɡ).

Han compound

(～國) Bai, Bo (an ancient state in modern Henan)


榮

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɢʷreŋ): abbreviated phonetic 熒 (OC *ɡʷeːŋ) + semantic 木
Same word as 熒 (OC *ɡʷeːŋ) (Schuessler, 2007). See there for etymology.

Han compound

(～縣) Rong County (a county of Zigong, Sichuan, China)


歙

(～縣) She County (a county of Huangshan, Anhui, China)


比

Characters in the same phonetic series (比) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Chu Wan-li (1948): Phonetic compound (OC *piʔ, *pis, *bi, *bis, *biɡ): phonetic 匕 (OC *pilʔ) + phonetic 匕 (OC *pilʔ).
Shuowen: Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 人 (“man”) + 人 – to juxtapose.
Similar but unrelated to 从, 尼, 化 and 北.
Perhaps from a Proto-Sino-Tibetan *phi-r/n/s (“late, behind, after, outside”) (STEDT root #5883). Cognate with 頻 (OC *bin, “several in succession”); outside of Sinitic, compare Proto-Naga *pʰaːy (“after”), as well as possibly Burmese ပြင် (prang, “outside”).

inh

比屬剛果

比属刚果

比荷盧

比荷卢

short for 比利時／比利时 (Bǐlìshí): Belgium (a country in Western Europe that has borders with the Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg and France)


沃

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qoːwɢ): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 夭 (OC *qoːwʔ, *qrow, *qrowʔ) – to irrigate with water.


沌

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *donʔ, *duːn, *duːnʔ): semantic 氵 + phonetic 屯 (OC *duːn, *tun).


沓

/t͡sʰauʔ¹²¹/

/t͡sʰauʔ¹²¹/

(historical) an ancient county in modern Liaoning


沭

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɦljud): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 朮 (OC *l'ud, *ɦljud).

Han compound

Shu River (a river in Shandong and Jiangsu, China)


河

Wutunhua: xhe

Hejin
Tong Pass
Xiongnu language
Yeniseian languages
Zhengzhou

Characters in the same phonetic series (可) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡaːl): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 可 (OC *kʰaːlʔ).
Originally particularly used for the Yellow River, with other rivers known as 水 (OC *qʰʷljilʔ). Later extended generally as a word for rivers in northern China but the influence of 江 (OC *kroːŋ, “Yangtze River; river in southern China”) has meant that modern usage tends to favor it for shorter rivers and creeks except in historical cases.
Further etymology uncertain. Various hypotheses have been proposed:
* Sino-Tibetan. Either:
** Cognate with Tibetan རྒལ (rgal, “to cross, to traverse”) (Coblin, 1986), or
** Derived from 湖 (OC *ɡaː, “lake”) (Matisoff, 1995), or
** that the Yellow River's name stems from the shape, which resembles an adze handle 柯 (OC *kaːl), of a stretch spanning 500 to 600 kilometers "from Héjīn, Tóngguān to east of Zhèngzhōu" (Takashima, 2012).
* A Mongolic loan. Compare Proto-Mongolic *gowl (“river”) > Mongolian ᠭᠣᠣᠯ (ɣool, “river”) (Norman and Mei, 1976). This was argued against in Zhang (1998).
** Miyake (2017) surmises that Proto-Mongolic *gowl (“river”) and 河 (OC *[C.g]ˤaj < *[C.g]ˤal)), even if related, might have come from a third source language, e.g. Xiongnu. If so, compare also Proto-Yeniseian *xur₁ (“water”) in light of speculated Xiongnu's linguistic affinity with the Yeniseian languages.

cog

Yellow River, Huang He (a major river in northern China, passing through Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan and Shandong provinces as well as Ningxia and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Regions)

(obsolete, Chinese mythology) Hebo; the god of the Yellow River

(obsolete, Chinese mythology) Yellow River's Map; the plan of the Yellow River (mystic diagram said to have been supernaturally revealed)

河南

Moles drink from the He [river]; yet cannot overfill their bellies

偃鼠飲河，不過滿腹。

偃鼠饮河，不过满腹。

What are the six rivers called? They are named He River, Red River, Liao River, Black River, Jiang River, and Huai River.

Hé wèi liùshuǐ? Yuē héshuǐ, chìshuǐ, liáoshuǐ, hēishuǐ, jiāngshuǐ, huáishuǐ.

何謂六水？曰河水、赤水、遼水、黑水、江水、淮水。

何谓六水？曰河水、赤水、辽水、黑水、江水、淮水。


泖

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *mruːʔ): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 卯 (OC *mruːʔ).


泗

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *hljids): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 四 (OC *hljids).


泥

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *niːl, *niːls): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 尼 (OC *nil).
Schuessler (2007) suggests it is of Sino-Tibetan origin and compares it to Lai [script needed] (nôoy-I, nǒoy-II, “be muddy”), which STEDT derives from Proto-Kuki-Chin *nooy ~ *naay (“muddy; dirty”). According to Schuessler (2007), 泥 (OC *niːl, “mud”) is also cognate with 濘 (OC *neːŋs) but not with 涅 (OC *niːɡ), and is distinct from 泥 (OC *niːls, “impeded”).
On the other hand, STEDT compares 泥 (OC *niːl, *niːls) to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-njak (“filth(y); excrement”), to which 敜 (OC *nɯːb) and 涅 (OC *niːɡ) are also compared.

cog

GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)


泿

(～水) an ancient river in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region


洈

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *krolʔ, *ŋrol): semantic 氵 (“river”) + phonetic 危 (OC *ŋrol).


洋

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (洋):
* → Japanese: 洋(よう) (yō)
* → Korean: 양(洋) (yang)
* → Vietnamese: dương (洋)

→ Zhuang: yangz

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ljaŋ, *laŋ): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 羊 (OC *laŋ).
; “multitudinous; vast; ocean”: Schuessler (2007) compares it with Tibetan ཡངས་པ (yangs pa, “wide; extensive; vast; spacious”). In contrast, Starostin sets up Proto-Sino-Tibetan *lɨ̆ŋ (“wave”), encompassing this and Tibetan ཀློང (klong, “space; expanse; wave”), Burmese လှိုင်း (hluing:, “wave; to abound; plentiful”).
: Compare 羕 (OC *laŋs, “(of rivers) long”), 漾 (OC *laŋs, “waves; (of rivers) long”).
; "vast expanse of flat land"

cog

(historical) a river in southern Shaanxi, China


洋

Yang Prefecture
w:Yang Prefecture (Shaanxi)

(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) (～州) Yang Prefecture (an ancient prefecture of Shaanxi, China)


洛

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡ·raːɡ): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 各 (OC *klaːɡ).

Han compound

(～河) Luo River, a tributary of the Wei River.


洨

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡreːw): semantic 水 (“river; water”) + phonetic 交 (OC *kreːw).

Han compound

(～水, ～河) Xiao River (a river in Hebei, China)

(～水) (historical) Xiao River (a river in Anhui, China; modern Tuo River)

(～縣) (historical) Xiao (a county in modern Anhui, China)


浙

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ʔljed): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 折 (OC *l'eːl, *ʔljed, *ɦljed).

Han compound

(～江) (historical) Zhe River (the former name of the Qiantang River in Zhejiang, China)

short for 浙江 (Zhèjiāng): Zhejiang (a province in eastern China)


涇

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡeŋʔ, *keːŋ): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 巠 (OC *keːŋ)


涪

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *bɯ): semantic 氵 + phonetic 咅 (OC *pʰɯʔ, *pʰl'oːs).

Han compound

(～江) Fu River (a river in Sichuan and Chongqing, China)


淦

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kɯːm, *kɯːms): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 金 (OC *krɯm).


渜

name of an ancient river in Hebei province


渦

Guo River (a river in Henan and Anhui, China)


渫

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *zreːb, *sled): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 枼 (OC *leb).

Han compound

(～水) Xie River (a river in Shimen County, Hunan, China)


渭

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɢuds): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 胃 (OC *ɢuds)


湋

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɢʷɯl): semantic 水 (“river”) + phonetic 韋 (OC *ɢʷɯl).


溚

(historical) An ancient river located in modern-day northwestern Shandong, China.


溳

(～水) a river in Hubei, part of the Han River


滃

(～江) a tributary of the Bei River, Guangdong, China


滇

(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) a river in Henan


滕

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *l'ɯːŋ): phonetic 朕 (OC *l'ɯmʔ) + semantic 水 (“water”).


漣

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ren): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 連 (OC *ren)


漳

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kjaŋ): semantic 水 + phonetic 章 (OC *kjaŋ).

Han compound

(～河) Zhang River (river flowing from Shanxi to Hebei)


潁

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɢʷeŋʔ): semantic 水 (“river”) + phonetic 頃 (OC *kʰʷeŋ, *kʰʷeŋʔ).

Han compound

(～河, ～水) Ying River (a river in Henan and Anhui, China; the largest tributary of the Huai River)


潘

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (潘):
* → Korean: 반(潘) (ban)
* → Vietnamese: Phan (潘)

→ English: Pan, Poon, Pun, Phua

→ Mandarin: ㄆㄨㄣ (pūn) (Taiwanese slang from Hokkien)

→ Tagalog: Pua (via Hokkien)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *pʰaːn): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 番 (OC *paːl, *paːls, *pʰaːn, *pʰan, *ban).


澧

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *riːʔ): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 豊 (OC *riːʔ).

Han compound

(～水) Lishui River (a river in Hunan, China)

(～河, ～水) Lihe River (a river in Henan, China)


澳

→ Vietnamese: ao

→ Khmer: អាវ (ʼaaw)

→ Mon: ဩ

→ Burmese: အော် (au)

→ Thai: อ่าว (àao)

desc

→ Lao: ອ່າວ (ʼāo)

→ Lao: ອ່າວ (ʼāo)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *quːɡs, *quɡ): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 奧 (OC *quːɡs)

Han compound

澳式英語

澳式英语

白澳政策

澳大利亞 澳大利亞#Chinese

澳大利亚 澳大利亚#Chinese

short for 澳大利亞／澳大利亚 (Àodàlìyà): Australia (a country consisting of a main island, the island of Tasmania and other smaller islands, located in Oceania; historically, a collection of former colonies of the British Empire)


濂

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡ·reːm): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 廉 (OC *ɡ·rem)


濮

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *poːɡ): semantic 水 + phonetic 僕 (OC *boːɡ, *buːɡ).


瀟

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sɯːw): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 蕭 (OC *sɯːw).

Han compound

(～水) Xiao River (a river in Hunan, China)


瀧

Baxter's transcription for Middle Chinese

Resemblance to Vietnamese sông – which is from Proto-Vietic *k-roːŋ – is coincidental, for in the early 11th century CE 瀧 (MC sraewng) (Baxter) already possesed retroflex fricative initial 生 (as indicated by pronunciation 所江切 in Guangyun [1007 - 1008 CE]); meanwhile, as seen in Phật thuyết đại báo phụ mẫu ân trọng kinh (佛說大報父母恩重經) [12th century CE], Old Vietnamese clusters */Cr-/ had not yet become a retroflex fricative ancestral to Modern Vietnamese ‹s-›.

defdate

1007 - 1008 <small class='ce-date'>CE</small>

defdate

12th century <small class='ce-date'>CE</small>


瀼

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *njaŋ): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 襄 (OC *snaŋ).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-naːŋ (“heavy; thick (of liquids); viscous”); cognate with Mizo hnâng (“thick; viscous”) (Schuessler, 2007; STEDT). Coblin (1986) also compares this with Burmese နှင်း (hnang:, “dew; mist”).

inh

(～河) Rang River (a river in Henan, China)


灃

Feng (a river in Shaanxi Province, China)

(historical) alternative form of 豐 /丰 (fēng), Feng (a former capital of China)


灕

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *rel): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 離 (OC *reːls, *rel, *rels).

Han compound

(～江, ～水) Li River (a river in the Guangxi autonomous region, China)


牟

Ideogram (指事): An ox (牛) with a symbol (now 厶) to represent its lowing.
; “moo”
; “to seek; to obtain”
; “to love”
; “look; appearance”
; “spear”

(～國) (historical) Mou (an ancient state in modern-day Shandong, China)


珙

(～縣) Gong County (a county of Yibin, Sichuan, China)


甌

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qoː) and ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): phonetic 區 (OC *qoː, *kʰo, “vessel”) + semantic 瓦 (“pottery”).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ʔəw-ŋ (“pot; vat; jar”) (reconstructed provisionally). Related to 椀 (OC *qoːnʔ), 碗 (OC *qoːnʔ, “bowl”), and possibly 甕 (OC *qoːŋs, “urn”). Compare Burmese အိုး (ui:, “pot”) (Schuessler, 2007).

inh

abbreviation of 溫州 /温州 (Wēnzhōu, “Wenzhou”): a prefecture-level city of Zhejiang, in southeastern China


番

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *paːl, *paːls, *pʰaːn, *pʰan, *ban): phonetic 釆 (biàn) + semantic 田 – "animal's footprint in the field"; Xu Shen interprets both components as the pictogram of an animal footprint. Original form of 蹯 (fán).
According to Tadashi Takada (高田忠周), it's the pictogram of some seeds on the palm of an open hand, which conveys the concept of "spreading". Original form of 播.
Neither Xu Shen nor Tadashi Takada interprets the bottom component as the pictogram of a field.
; “to do in turns; turn; time”
; “anime series”

Han compound

(historical) (～縣) Po (former name of 鄱陽 /鄱阳 (Póyáng) (= Poyang): a county under the modern prefecture-level city of Shangrao, Jiangxi, China; used under the Qin dynasty)


疇

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *du): semantic 田 (“field”) + phonetic 壽 (OC *djuʔ, *djus).
; “who”

Han compound

畴
㿧
𣋬
𤴃
𠝽
𢏚
𤲮
𠷎
𤾦
𢑔
𢑜
𤾊
𠼡
𠾉
𰣚

(～國) Chou (an ancient state in modern Henan)


盂

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɢʷa): phonetic 于 (OC *ɢʷa) + semantic 皿 (“dish; vessel”)

Han compound

(～縣) Yu County, Yuxian (a county of Yangquan, Shanxi, China)


祁

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡril, *kljilʔ): phonetic 示 (OC *ɡle, *ɢljils) + semantic 邑 (“place”).

Han compound

(～縣) Qi County (a county of Jinzhong, Shanxi, China)


美

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (美):
* → Japanese: 美(み) (mi); 美(び) (bi)
* → Korean: 미(美) (mi)
* → Vietnamese: mĩ (美)

Pictogram (象形) – a person (大) wearing a headdress (now written 羊) of feathers or ram's horn.
The modern form could be considered an ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 羊 (“ram or feathers”) + 大 (“person”).
See also 敖, 冒, and 免.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *mwaj (“beautiful, well, perfectly”) (STEDT).
According to Schuessler (2007), cognate with Mizo mawi (“beautiful, lovely”), Jingpho moi (“perfectly, beautifully”) as well as Karbi me- (“be good”) and Jingpho cha mai (“good”); the former two items from *moy "beautiful" and the latter from *may "good, well", which were two roots reconstructed separately by Benedict (1972).

der

美籍華人

美籍华人

中美關係

中美关系

美屬薩摩亞

美属萨摩亚

short for 美國／美国 (Měiguó): America, United States (a country in North America)


英

Short form of 英吉利 (Yīngjílì, “England”) or 英格蘭 /英格兰 (Yīnggélán, “England”).

英軍／英军

(short form) Britain, United Kingdom (a kingdom and country in Northern Europe)


范

→ English: Fan

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *bomʔ): semantic 艸 (“grass”) + phonetic 氾 (OC *pʰoms, *bom).

Han compound

(～縣) Fan County, Fanxian (a county of Puyang, Henan, China)


茄

The viscount of Chu made Wei She wall Zhouqu, and bring back the people of Jia to it, and wall Qiuhuang, and remove the people of Zi to it.

Commentary of Zuo, c. 4ᵗʰ century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

Chǔ zǐ shǐ Wěi Shè chéng Zhōuqū, fù Jiā rén yān, chéng Qiūhuáng, qiān Zǐ rén yān.

楚子使薳射城州屈，復茄人焉，城丘皇，遷訾人焉。

楚子使薳射城州屈，复茄人焉，城丘皇，迁訾人焉。


茅

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *mruː): semantic 艹 (“plant”) + phonetic 矛 (OC *mu).

Han compound

(historical) an ancient state in modern Shandong


華

Pictogram (象形); this was the original form of 花 (OC *hʷraː, “flower”). In the bronze inscription form, the top part of the glyph resembles flowers of a plant, and the bottom part (于) resembles its stalk and leaves. Also phono-semantic (形聲 /形声), with 于 (OC *ɢʷa) functioning as the phonetic part. In the seal script, 艸 (“grass; plant”) was added as a semantic component.
華 (𦻏) and 𠌶 were initially the same character, but they were erroneously split in Shuowen into two entries.


著

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *taʔ, *tas, *da, *taɡ, *daɡ): semantic 艸 (“grass; plant”) + phonetic 者 (OC *tjaːʔ).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-ta-t (“to put; to place”). Cognate with Tibetan སྟད (stad, “to put on; to lay on”), སྟ་གོན (sta gon, “preparation; arrangement”), Burmese ထား (hta:, “to put; to place”). See also 署 (OC *djas, “to put, place”) (STEDT).

cog

着
着
𣋐
𣥧
囉
就
着
着

(historical) an ancient county in modern Shandong, China


蓨

(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) a county of Hebei


蔣

→ English: Chiang, Jiang

→ Tagalog: Chiong

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ²¹⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ²¹⁴/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ʔsaŋ, *ʔsaŋʔ): semantic 艸 (“grass”) + phonetic 將 (OC *ʔsaŋ, *ʔsaŋs).

Han compound

a Warring States-era state in modern-day Henan, China


蕭

→ English: Hsiao, Xiao, Siu

(～縣) Xiao County (a county of Anhui, China)


蘄

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡɯ, *kɯl, *ɡɯn): semantic 艸 (“grass”) + phonetic 𰕣.

Han compound

(～州) (historical) Qi (a prefecture located in modern-day Qichun, Hubei, China)


蘄

(～縣) (historical) Ji (a county located in modern-day Anhui, China)


虹

Originally pictographic (象形) in the oracle bone script. The ancient Chinese regarded the rainbow as a two-headed creature.
In the seal script, it has become a phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kroːŋs, *koːŋs, *ɡoːŋ): semantic 虫 (“insect; creature”) + phonetic 工 (OC *koːŋ).
Probably non-Sino-Tibetan; compare Proto-Mien *kluŋᴬ (“rainbow”), Thai รุ้ง (rúng, “rainbow”), Zhuang duzdoengz (“rainbow”), saidoengz (“rainbow”) (Schuessler, 2007).
Benedict (1986) and Carr (1990) relate this to 龍 (OC *b·roŋ, *mroːŋ, “dragon”) and 紅 (OC *ɡoːŋ, “red”). Ferlus (2013) relates this to 江 (OC *kroːŋ, “river”), 洚 (OC *kruːŋs, *ɡruːŋ, *ɡloːŋ, *ɡluːŋ, “flood”), and 龍 (OC *b·roŋ, *mroːŋ, “dragon”), and posits that these words are derived from a root *-roŋ, with meanings related to moving water.

och-l

(historical) a county in modern Anhui, China


蜀

Cao Wei
Chen dynasty
Eastern Han dynasty
Eastern Wei
Eastern Wu
Eastern Zhou dynasty
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
Han dynasty
Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
Jin dynasty (265–420)
Liang dynasty
Liao dynasty
Liu Song dynasty
Ming dynasty
Northern Qi
Northern Wei
Northern Zhou
Northern and Southern dynasties
Qin dynasty
Qing dynasty
Shang dynasty
Shu Han
Shuowen Jiezi
Song dynasty
Southern Qi
Southern and Northern dynasties
Spring and Autumn period
Sui dynasty
Tang dynasty
Three Kingdoms
Warring States period
Western Han dynasty
Western Liao
Western Wei
Western Xia
Western Zhou dynasty
Xia dynasty
Xin dynasty
Yuan dynasty
Zhou dynasty

Shuowen Jiezi interprets this as a pictograph of a silkworm: with 目 (mù, “eye”) depicting its head above its wriggling body; cf. 蠶叢／蚕丛 (“silkworm-thicket”), legendary inventor of silk and sericulture and ancestor of the first dynasty of the Shu kings.


蠡

(～縣) Li County (a county of Hebei, China)


豐

Ideogram (指事) – The top component is 𠁳, a pot full of plants 丰 (abundance, plenty). The bottom component is 豆, which is another pot.
Unrelated to 豊, in which two strings of jade pieces 玨 are present. The top component of 豐 is unrelated to 山.
Schuessler (2007) compares a Burmese pruiŋᴮ (“full, abundant”), which would be written in Burmese script as ပြိုင်း (pruing:); however, no such word with that spelling shows up in the MED (Myanmar English Dictionary). It appears more likely that the item Schuessler wishes to compare ပြည့် (prany., “to be full”).

(historical) Feng (a former capital of China)


贛

In the bronze script, it was attested as 𬔧, an ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 章 (“jade ornament”) + 丮 (“to hold”) – holding a jade ornament > “to bestow”. The 丮 component corrupts into 欠 or 次, and later to 夂 or a variant with 二 under 夂. An additional semantic component 貝 (“cowrie; money”) was often added. The 二 and 貝 components combine to form an emergent phonetic component 貢 (OC *koːŋs).
Shuowen reinterprets it as a phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kluːmʔ, *kluːms, *kromʔ, *kloːms): abbreviated phonetic 竷 (OC *kʰluːms) + semantic 貝 (“shell; money”), but this is not supported by earlier scripts.

Han compound

赣
贑/𫎬
𥫔
灨
⿱夂贡
赣
贑/𫎬

(～江, ～水) Gan River (a river in Jiangxi, China)


日本

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (日本):
* → Japanese: 日本(にほん) (Nihon); 日本(にっぽん) (Nippon); 日本(じっぽん) (Jippon)
* → Korean: 일본(日本) (Ilbon)
* → Vietnamese: Nhật Bản (日本)

→ Lao: ຍີ່ປຸ່ນ (nyī pun)

→ Malay: Jepang, Jepun (see there for further descendants)

→ Manchu: ᡰᡳ
ᠪᡝᠨ (ži ben)

→ Thai: ญี่ปุ่น (yîi-bpùn)

→ Tibetan: ཇི་བེན (ji ben)

→ Wutunhua: reben

→ Zhuang: Yizbwnj

/ʐ̩⁵¹ pən²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʐ̩⁴⁴ pəŋ⁵¹/

/ᵑɡit̚³² pᵘɔn⁵⁵/

/ʐəʔ²⁻⁴⁵ pəŋ⁵³/

/nˡiʔ⁵⁻³³ puoŋ³³/

/t͡siʔ⁴⁻²¹ pɔŋ⁴⁵³/

/t͡siʔ⁴⁻² puoŋ³³²/

/d͡zit̚¹⁴⁻³³ pun⁵³/

/d͡zit̚⁴³⁻²¹ pun⁴²/

/d͡zit̚¹²¹⁻²¹ pun⁵³/

/lit̚²⁴⁻² pun⁵⁵⁴/

/d͡zik̚⁴⁻² puŋ⁵²/

/zəʔ¹¹ pən²³/

/zəʔ²² pən⁵¹/

/ʐ̩⁵¹ pən²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʐ̩⁴⁴ pəŋ⁵¹/

/ᵑɡit̚³² pᵘɔn⁵⁵/

/ʐəʔ²⁻⁴⁵ pəŋ⁵³/

/nˡiʔ⁵⁻³³ puoŋ³³/

/t͡siʔ⁴⁻²¹ pɔŋ⁴⁵³/

/t͡siʔ⁴⁻² puoŋ³³²/

/d͡zit̚¹⁴⁻³³ pun⁵³/

/d͡zit̚⁴³⁻²¹ pun⁴²/

/d͡zit̚¹²¹⁻²¹ pun⁵³/

/lit̚²⁴⁻² pun⁵⁵⁴/

/d͡zik̚⁴⁻² puŋ⁵²/

/zəʔ¹¹ pən²³/

/zəʔ²² pən⁵¹/

This appellation comes from imperial correspondence between the Chinese Sui Dynasty and Japan, and refers to the eastward position of Japan relative to China.

the sun's origin; where the sun originates

日本電視劇／日本电视剧 ― Rìběn diànshìjù ― Japanese TV drama

Japan (a country and archipelago of East Asia)


遼

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *reːw): semantic 辵 (“walk”) + phonetic 尞.

Han compound

(～河, ～水) Liao (a river in Northeast China)


邗

(historical) Han (a former city in Huai'an, Jiangsu, China)

(historical) synonym of 邗國 /邗国 (Hánguó), Han (a former state in Jiangsu, China)


邛

/t͡ɕʰi̯ʊŋ³⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ʊŋ³⁵/

Qiong Prefecture
w:Qiong Prefecture (Sichuan)

(～州) (historical) Qiong Prefecture (a former prefecture of Sichuan, China)

(～縣) (historical) Qiong County (a former county in Sichuan, China during the Ming dynasty)


邲

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *priɡs, *bliɡ, *briɡ): phonetic 必 (OC *pliɡ) + semantic 邑 (“city; town”)

Han compound

a battle site north of Xingyang, Zhengzhou, Henan, China


邿

an ancient state from the Spring and Autumn Period in modern Shandong


郪

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sʰiːl, *sʰil): phonetic 妻 (OC *sʰiːl, *sʰiːls) + semantic 邑 (“city”).

Han compound

(～江) Qi River (a river in Sichuan, China)

(～縣) (historical) Qi (a county in modern-day Sichuan, China)


郫

(～縣) Pi (a former county of Chengdu, Sichuan, China)


郴

(～州, formerly ～縣) Chenzhou (a place in Hunan, China)


鄂

→ English: E, O

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ŋaːɡ): phonetic 咢 (OC *ŋaːɡ) + semantic 阝 (“area”).

Han compound

E (an ancient state located in modern Shanxi, Henan and Hubei, China)

short for 湖北 (Húběi): Hubei (a province of China)


鄆

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɢuns): phonetic 軍 (OC *kun) + semantic 邑 (“place”).


鄖

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɢun): phonetic 員 (OC *ɢon, *ɢun) + semantic 阝 (“area”).

Han compound

(～縣) (historical) Yun (a county of Shiyan, Hubei, China)


鄜

Simplified from 𨞻 (麃 → 鹿), a phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *pʰlo, *roːɡ): phonetic 麃 (OC *braːw, *pʰrawʔ) + semantic 邑 (“city”).

Han compound

(～州, ～縣) Fu (an ancient prefecture, which later was reorganized into a county, roughly corresponding to modern-day Fuxian, Shaanxi, China)


鄠

(～縣) (historical) Hu (a defunct county in Xi'an, Shaanxi, China) (renamed to 戶縣 /户县 in 1964, then to 鄠邑 in 2016)


鄫

(historical) Zeng (an ancient vassal state in modern-day Shandong, China)

(historical) Zeng (an ancient vassal state in modern-day Henan, China)


鄭

desc

→ English: Cheng, Zheng, Tseng, Tay, Teh, Tee, Tey

→ Tagalog: Ty, Tee (via Hokkien)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *deŋs): phonetic 奠 (OC *diːŋs) + semantic 邑.

Han compound

If you would spare Zheng as a host of the eastern roads, we are willing to provide hospitability and aid to your eastbound diplomatic missions. There could be no harm to you in this.

Ruò shě Zhèng yǐwéi dōngdàozhǔ, xínglǐ zhī wǎnglái, gōng qí fákùn, jūn yì wú suǒ hài.

若舍鄭以為東道主，行李之往來，共其乏困，君亦無所害。

若舍郑以为东道主，行李之往来，共其乏困，君亦无所害。

(historical) Zheng (a former state in modern-day Henan, during the Zhou dynasty)


鄲

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *taːn): phonetic 單 (OC *taːn, *djan, *djanʔ, *djans) + semantic 阝 (“city”).

Han compound

an ancient state and ancient county in modern Guoyang, Anhui


鄵

an ancient state in China which lay under the jurisdiction of the State of Zheng during the Spring and Autumn Period; located between present-day Xinzheng and Lushan County


酆

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *pʰuŋ): phonetic 豐 (OC *pʰuŋ) + semantic 阝.

Han compound

Feng (an ancient state during the Zhou dynasty situated in modern-day Shaanxi province)


鎬

Xu Guang said: "Feng was in Hu Prefecture in Jingzhao, to its east there was the Numinous Terrace; Hao was in the royal park of Shanglin's Kunming; to its north there was Hao Pond, 25 li from Feng; all were tens of li from Chang'an."

裴駰 Pei Yin,《史記集解》 Collected Explanations on the Records of the Grand Historian

Xú Guǎng yuē: “Fēng zài Jīngzhào Hùxiàn, dōng yǒu Língtái. Hào zài Shànglín Kūnmíng, běi yǒu Hào chí, qù Fēng èrshíwǔ lǐ. Jiē zài Cháng'ān nán shù shí lǐ.”

徐廣曰：「豐在京兆鄠縣，東有靈臺。鎬在上林昆明，北有鎬池，去豐二十五里。皆在長安南數十里。」

徐广曰：「丰在京兆鄠县，东有灵台。镐在上林昆明，北有镐池，去丰二十五里。皆在长安南数十里。」

(historical) synonym of 鎬京 /镐京 (Hàojīng), Hao (a former capital of China under the Zhou Dynasty)


鎮

desc

→ Lü: ᦵᦈᦲᧃᧈ (ṫsoen¹)

→ Lü: ᦵᦈᦲᧃᧈ (ṫsoen¹)

→ Zhuang: cin

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *tin, *tins): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 真 (OC *ʔljin) – to press down on (with a metal weight).

Han compound

這個鎮建於1610年。

这个镇建于1610年。


閩

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *mrɯn, *mɯn): phonetic 門 (OC *mɯːn) + semantic 虫 (“snake”). The 虫 radical was a common component of the names of barbarians (Schuessler, 2007), probably reflecting the Min people's worship of snakes (Li, 2017).
Matisoff (2003) relates it to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-b/m-ruːl (“snake”), but this comparison is no longer held in STEDT.
In most modern Min dialects and some other southern dialects (including Hakka and Xiang), it is read with a level tone (平聲), which is the expected reflex based on rime dictionaries. In Mandarin and the remaining southern dialects, it is read with a rising tone (上聲), probably due to analogy with the phonetic component of 閔 (MC minX) (Li, 2017).

Han compound

(～江) Min River (a river in Fujian, China)


陝

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *hljemʔ): semantic 阜 + phonetic 㚒 (shǎn).

Han compound

(～縣) Shan County (a historical county of Henan, China; now Shanzhou)


隞

Ao (the ancient capital of the Shang Dynasty, located in present-day Guancheng Hui district, Zhengzhou, Henan, China)


隨

→ English: Sui

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ljol): semantic 辵 (“walking”) + abbreviated phonetic 𡐦

Han compound

(～縣) Sui (a county of Suizhou, Hubei, China)


隰

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ljɯb): semantic 阜 + phonetic 㬎.

Han compound

(～縣) Xi County, Xixian (a county of Linfen, Shanxi, China)


隴

→ English: Long, Lung

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *roŋʔ): semantic 阝 + phonetic 龍 (OC *b·roŋ, *mroːŋ).

Han compound

(～縣) Long County (a county of Shaanxi, China)


韶

(～州) (historical) Shao (a former prefecture of Guangdong, China)


飂

(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) an ancient state in modern Tanghe, Henan


鰲

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ŋaːw): phonetic 敖 (OC *ŋaːw) + semantic 魚 (“fish”)
Possibly a back-formation from 黿 (OC *ŋoːn, *ŋon, “large turtle”) with final -n discarded due to folk etymology (Schuessler, 2007).


鳳

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (鳳):
* → Japanese: 鳳(ほう) (hō)
* → Korean: 봉(鳳) (bong)
* → Vietnamese: phụng (鳳), phượng (鳳)

→ English: Feng

→ Zhuang: fungh

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *bums): phonetic 凡 (OC *bom) + semantic 鳥 (“bird”).
In the oracle bone script, the script of 鳳 (OC *bums) was often phonetically borrowed to represent 風 (OC *plum, *plums, “wind”). Subsequent forms of the script of 風 were also derived from parts of the bronze inscription of 鳳.

Han compound

(～縣) Feng County, Fengxian (a county of Baoji, Shaanxi, China)


布列塔尼

ㄅㄨˋ ㄌㄧㄝˋ ㄊㄚˇ ㄋㄧˊ

ㄅㄨˋ ㄌㄧㄝˋ ㄊㄚˇ ㄋㄧˊ

/pu⁵¹⁻⁵³ li̯ɛ⁵¹ tʰä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ni³⁵/

/pu⁵¹⁻⁵³ li̯ɛ⁵¹ tʰä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ni³⁵/

Brittany (a cultural region, historical province, and peninsula in northwest France)

administrative region
administrative region

Brittany (an administrative region of northwest France, including most of the historic region of Brittany)


西藏

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (西藏):
* → Japanese: 西蔵(せいぞう) (Seizō)
* → Korean: 서장(西藏) (Seojang)
* → Vietnamese: Tây Tạng (西藏)

/ɕi⁵⁵ t͡sɑŋ⁵¹/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ t͡sɔːŋ²²/

/si²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰoŋ⁵⁵/

/si⁵³ t͡sʰoŋ³³/

/ɕi⁴⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sʰɔŋ⁵³/

/sɛ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ^((t͡s-))ʒɑuŋ²⁴²/

/ɬe⁵³³⁻¹³ ^((t͡s-))lɒŋ¹¹/

/ɬe⁵⁴⁴⁻²⁴ ^((t͡s-))lɒŋ²¹/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sɔŋ²²/

/se³³ t͡sɔŋ⁴¹/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sɔŋ²²/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sɔŋ³³/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sɔŋ³³/

/sai³³⁻²³ t͡saŋ³⁵/

/ɕi⁵⁵ zɑ̃²¹/

/ɕi⁵⁵ t͡sɑŋ⁵¹/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ t͡sɔːŋ²²/

/si²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰoŋ⁵⁵/

/si⁵³ t͡sʰoŋ³³/

/ɕi⁴⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sʰɔŋ⁵³/

/sɛ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ^((t͡s-))ʒɑuŋ²⁴²/

/ɬe⁵³³⁻¹³ ^((t͡s-))lɒŋ¹¹/

/ɬe⁵⁴⁴⁻²⁴ ^((t͡s-))lɒŋ²¹/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sɔŋ²²/

/se³³ t͡sɔŋ⁴¹/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sɔŋ²²/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sɔŋ³³/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sɔŋ³³/

/sai³³⁻²³ t͡saŋ³⁵/

/ɕi⁵⁵ zɑ̃²¹/

First attested in the late 16th century, in Ming dynasty official documents. 西 (xī, “west”) denotes the location of Tibet relative to the Qinghai Lake, while 藏 (Zàng) is a shortening of 烏思藏／乌思藏 (Wūsīzàng, “Ü-Tsang”), which was borrowed from Tibetan དབུས་གཙང (dbus gtsang) (Li, 2016).
Manchu ᠸᠠᡵᡤᡳ
ᡯᠠᠩ (wargi dzang, “Ü-Tsang; Tibet”, literally “west dzang”) appears to be a calque of 西藏 (Li, 2018).

ncog

～自治區 西藏自治區#Chinese

(～自治區, formerly ～地方) Tibet (an autonomous region of China)


長城

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰaŋ²¹ t͡sʰən²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ²⁴ ʈ͡ʂʰəŋ²⁴/

/t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ sɪŋ²¹/

/t͡sʰoŋ¹¹ saŋ¹¹/

/tuoŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾niaŋ⁵³/

/tyɒŋ¹³⁻¹¹ ɬia¹³/

dyoeng² siann² [Phonetic:dyoeng⁵ siann²]

/tyøŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ɬĩã²⁴/

/tŋ̍²³⁻³³ siã²³/

/tŋ̍¹³⁻²² siã¹³/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²² siã²⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ siã²⁴/

/t͡sʰiaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sĩã⁵⁵/

/zã²² zən⁴⁴/

/zã²² zən²²/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰaŋ²¹ t͡sʰən²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ²⁴ ʈ͡ʂʰəŋ²⁴/

/t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ sɪŋ²¹/

/t͡sʰoŋ¹¹ saŋ¹¹/

/tuoŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾niaŋ⁵³/

/tyɒŋ¹³⁻¹¹ ɬia¹³/

/tyøŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ɬĩã²⁴/

/tŋ̍²³⁻³³ siã²³/

/tŋ̍¹³⁻²² siã¹³/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²² siã²⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ siã²⁴/

/t͡sʰiaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sĩã⁵⁵/

/zã²² zən⁴⁴/

/zã²² zən²²/

(～區) (historical) Changcheng (a former district of Jiayuguan, Gansu, China)


澳洲

/ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/ou̯³³ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/ɤ²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/o¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/o²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡siu³³/

/ɔ³³ t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

/ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/ou̯³³ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/ɤ²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/o¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/o²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡siu³³/

/ɔ³³ t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

From 澳 (Ào, abbreviation of 澳大利亞／澳大利亚 (Àodàlìyà), from English Australia) + 洲 (zhōu, “continent”).

zh-l

澳大利亞／澳大利亚 (Àodàlìyà)

zh-m

The low price of China's goods allows them to break into the Australian market.

Dījià ràng Zhōngguó shāngpǐn zài Àozhōu de shìchǎng dǎkāi júmiàn.

低價讓中國商品在澳洲的市場打開局面。

低价让中国商品在澳洲的市场打开局面。

1904, Liang Qichao, 新大陸遊記 [Travel Notes of the New Continent], 廣智書局, published 1907, page 8:

In Western Australia and South Australia, entry is limited to those who can understand more than fifty sentences in English.

Àozhōu zhī Xī'ào, Nán'ào liǎng shěng, xiàn néng jiě yīngyǔ wǔshí jù yǐshàng zhě, nǎi kě dēnglù.

澳洲之西澳、南澳兩省，限能解英語五十句以上者，乃可登陸。

澳洲之西澳、南澳两省，限能解英语五十句以上者，乃可登陆。

Australia reported on Sunday (26th) that 10 people died from COVID-19, marking a new single-day high since the outbreak of the pandemic.

2020 July 27, 《澳 10 人冠病死 單日新高》, in Harian Indonesia, page A5

Àozhōu zhōurì (26 rì) tōngbào yǒu 10 rén sǐ yú 2019guānzhuàngbìngdúbìng, chuàng yìqíng bàofā chuàng dānrì sǐwáng shùzì xīngāo.

澳洲週日（26日）通報有10人死於2019冠狀病毒病，創疫情爆發創單日死亡數字新高。

澳洲周日（26日）通报有10人死于2019冠状病毒病，创疫情爆发创单日死亡数字新高。

Australia (a country consisting of a main island, the island of Tasmania and other smaller islands, located in Oceania; historically, a collection of former colonies of the British Empire)


澳大利亞

ㄠˋ ㄉㄚˋ ㄌㄧˋ ㄧㄚˋ

ㄠˋ ㄉㄚˋ ㄌㄧˋ ㄧㄚˇ

/ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹⁻⁵³ jä⁵¹/

/ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ou̯³³ taːi̯²² lei̯²² aː³³/

/o⁵⁵ tʰai̯⁵⁵ li⁵⁵ a²⁴/

/o⁵⁵ tʰai̯⁵⁵ li⁵⁵ a³¹/

/o²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lai²⁴²⁽⁻²¹⁾ l̃i²¹³⁻⁵³ a³³/

/o⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tai⁴¹⁻²² li⁴¹⁻²² a³³/

/o²¹⁻⁵³ tai²²⁻²¹ li²²⁻²¹ a⁴⁴/

/ɤ²¹⁻⁴¹ tua³³⁻²¹ li³³⁻²¹ a⁴⁴/

/o¹¹⁻⁵³ tua³³⁻¹¹ li³³⁻¹¹ a⁴⁴/

/ɔ³³ da⁵⁵ li³³ ia²¹/

/ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹⁻⁵³ jä⁵¹/

/ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ou̯³³ taːi̯²² lei̯²² aː³³/

/o⁵⁵ tʰai̯⁵⁵ li⁵⁵ a²⁴/

/o⁵⁵ tʰai̯⁵⁵ li⁵⁵ a³¹/

/o²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lai²⁴²⁽⁻²¹⁾ l̃i²¹³⁻⁵³ a³³/

/o⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tai⁴¹⁻²² li⁴¹⁻²² a³³/

/o²¹⁻⁵³ tai²²⁻²¹ li²²⁻²¹ a⁴⁴/

/ɤ²¹⁻⁴¹ tua³³⁻²¹ li³³⁻²¹ a⁴⁴/

/o¹¹⁻⁵³ tua³³⁻¹¹ li³³⁻¹¹ a⁴⁴/

/ɔ³³ da⁵⁵ li³³ ia²¹/

Borrowed from English Australia or Dutch Australië.

入境澳大利亞

入境澳大利亚

澳大利亞本土品牌

澳大利亚本土品牌

Australia has three levels of government: federal, state and local.

Àodàlìyà yǒu sān jí zhèngfǔ: liánbāng zhèngfǔ, zhōu zhèngfǔ hé dìfāng zhèngfǔ.

澳大利亞有三級政府：聯邦政府、州政府和地方政府。

澳大利亚有三级政府：联邦政府、州政府和地方政府。

Is the cost of living in Australia high?

澳大利亞消費高嗎？

澳大利亚消费高吗？

1848, 徐繼畬 [Xu Jiyu], editor, 瀛寰志略, volume 1, pages 6–7:

Aside from the four continents there are a multitude of islands, the largest of which is Australia. Remaining islands include the archipelago of Southeast Asia, and the Caribbean Islands of America. All of them frequented by merchant vessels.

Sì dà tǔ zhīwài, dǎoyǔ shèn duō, zuì dà zhě Àodàlìyà, yú zé Yàxìyà zhī Nányáng zhūdǎo, Yàmòlìjiā zhī hǎiwān qúndǎo, jiē shāngsōu shuò zhì zhī dì yě.

四大土之外，島嶼甚多，最大者澳大利亞，餘則亞細亞之南洋諸島、亞墨利加之海灣群島，皆商艘數至之地也。

四大土之外，岛屿甚多，最大者澳大利亚，余则亚细亚之南洋诸岛、亚墨利加之海湾群岛，皆商艘数至之地也。


北京

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (北京):
* → Japanese: 北京(ほっきょう) (Hokkyō)
* → Korean: 북경(北京) (Bukgyeong)
* → Vietnamese: Bắc Kinh (北京)

→ Amis: Piking

→ Arabic: بِكِين (bikīn)

→ Asturian: Beijing

→ Belarusian: Пекі́н (Pjekín)

→ Bengali: বেইজিং (beijiṅ)

→ Bouyei: Bagtjingl

desc

→ Burmese: ပေကျင်း (pe-kyang:), ပီကင်း (pikang:)

→ Catalan: Pequín

→ Czech: Peking

→ Danish: Beijing, Peking

→ Dutch: Peking

→ English: Beijing, Peking, Pei-ching

→ French: Pékin

→ Finnish: Peking, Beijing

→ Georgian: პეკინი (ṗeḳini)

→ German: Peking

→ Greek: Πεκίνο (Pekíno)

→ Hebrew: בייג׳ינג (beijing)

→ Hindi: बेजिंग (bejiṅg)

→ Hlai: Bhakgengs

→ Hungarian: Peking

→ Italian: Pechino

→ Japanese: 北(ペ)京(キン) (Pekin)

→ Kazakh: Бейжің (Beijıñ)

→ Khmer: ប៉េកាំង (peekang)

→ Korean: 베이징 (Beijing)

→ Lao: ປັກກິງ (pak king)

→ Latin: Pechinum

→ Latvian: Pekina

→ Lithuanian: Pekinas

→ Lü: ᦵᦗᦲᧉᦋᦲᧃᧈ (poe²tsiin¹)

→ Lü: ᦵᦗᦲᧉᦋᦲᧃᧈ (poe²tsiin¹)

→ Macedonian: Пекинг (Peking)

→ Manchu: ᠪᡝᡤᡳᠩ (beging)

→ Mongolian: Бээжин (Beežin) / ᠪᠡᠭᠡᠵᠢᠩ (begeǰing)

→ Nepali: बेइजिङ (beijiṅ)

→ Nuosu: ꀙꏢ (bip ji)

→ Persian: پکن (pekan)

→ Polish: Pekin

→ Portuguese: Pequim

→ Romanian: Beijing, Pekin

→ Russian: Пеки́н (Pekín)

→ Armenian: Պեկին (Pekin)

→ Serbo-Croatian: Пѐкинг / Pèking, Бејџинг / Bejdžing

→ Slovene: Peking

→ Spanish: Pekín, Pequín

→ Swedish: Peking, Beijing

→ Telugu: బీజింగ్ (bījiṅg)

→ Thai: ปักกิ่ง (bpàk-gìng)

→ Tibetan: པེ་ཅིན (pe cin), པེ་ཅིང (pe cing)

→ Urdu: بیجنگ (bējiṅg)

→ Uyghur: بېيجىڭ (bëyjing)

→ Zhuang: Baekging

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕiɤ̯̃ɻ⁵⁵/

/pɛ²¹ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/pei²⁴ t͡ɕiŋ²⁴/

/pɐk̚⁵ kɪŋ⁵⁵/

/pɛt̚⁵ t͡ɕin⁴²/

/pei⁵³ t͡ɕiŋ¹¹/

/pɛ²⁴ keiŋ⁵⁴/

/pøyʔ²⁴⁻²¹ kiŋ⁵⁵/

/paʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ kiŋ⁵³³/

/paʔ²⁻⁴ kiŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴/

/pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ kiã³³/

/pak̚³²⁻⁵ kiã⁴⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴/

/pak̚²⁻⁴ kĩã³³/

/poʔ³³ t͡ɕin⁴⁴/

/pɤ̞²⁴ t͡ɕin³³/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕiɤ̯̃ɻ⁵⁵/

/pɛ²¹ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/pei²⁴ t͡ɕiŋ²⁴/

/pɐk̚⁵ kɪŋ⁵⁵/

/pɛt̚⁵ t͡ɕin⁴²/

/pei⁵³ t͡ɕiŋ¹¹/

/pɛ²⁴ keiŋ⁵⁴/

/pøyʔ²⁴⁻²¹ kiŋ⁵⁵/

/paʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ kiŋ⁵³³/

/paʔ²⁻⁴ kiŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴/

/pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ kiã³³/

/pak̚³²⁻⁵ kiã⁴⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴/

/pak̚²⁻⁴ kĩã³³/

/poʔ³³ t͡ɕin⁴⁴/

/pɤ̞²⁴ t͡ɕin³³/

南京 — 洛陽

Other capitals in the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China

中國的首都是北京。

中国的首都是北京。

Beijing’s spring is very suitable for cycling around the hutongs.

Běijīng de chūntiān hěn shìhé qíchē guàng hútòng.

北京的春天很適合騎車逛衚衕。

北京的春天很适合骑车逛胡同。

Forgive me for not being able to go with you to Beijing.

原諒我不能陪你去北京。

原谅我不能陪你去北京。

This story took place during the Xuande era of the current dynasty. There was an elderly man named Liu De who resided in Hexiwu town. This town is located beside the canal, about 200 lis away from Peking, and serves as a crucial route for people traveling to and from the capital from various provinces.

Feng Menglong, Stories to Awaken the World, 1627 CE

Zhè huàběn yě chū zài běncháo Xuāndé nián jiān, yǒu yī lǎozhě, xìng Liú, míng Dé, jiā zuǒ Héxīwù zhèn shàng. Zhè zhèn zài yùnhé zhī páng, lí běijīng yǒu èrbǎi lǐ tiándì, nǎi gè shěng chūrù jīngdōu de yàolù.

這話本也出在本朝宣德年間，有一老者，姓劉，名德，家佐河西務鎮上。這鎮在運河之旁，離北京有二百里田地，乃各省出入京都的要路。

这话本也出在本朝宣德年间，有一老者，姓刘，名德，家佐河西务镇上。这镇在运河之旁，离北京有二百里田地，乃各省出入京都的要路。

(～市) Beijing (a direct-administered municipality, the capital city of China)

南京 — 東京

southern capital; eastern capital; western capital


加拿大

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (加拿大):
* → Vietnamese: Gia Nã Đại (加拿大)

→ Zhuang: Gyahnazda

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ nä³⁵ tä⁵¹/

/kaː⁵⁵ naː²¹ taːi̯²²/

/ka³³ ⁿda²² ai³²⁻³²⁵/

/ka²⁴⁻¹¹ na²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰai̯⁵⁵/

/ka⁵⁵⁻²¹ nˡa³³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lɑi²⁴²/

/ka³³ na⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tai⁴¹/

/ka⁴⁴⁻³³ nã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tai³³/

/ka⁴⁴⁻²² nã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tai²²/

/ka³³ nã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tai⁴¹/

/ka⁴⁴⁻³³ nã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tai³³/

/kɛ⁴⁴⁻²² nã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tai²²/

/kia³³⁻²³ na⁵²⁻³⁵ tai³⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ nä³⁵ tä⁵¹/

/kaː⁵⁵ naː²¹ taːi̯²²/

/ka³³ ⁿda²² ai³²⁻³²⁵/

/ka²⁴⁻¹¹ na²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰai̯⁵⁵/

/ka⁵⁵⁻²¹ nˡa³³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lɑi²⁴²/

/ka³³ na⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tai⁴¹/

/ka⁴⁴⁻³³ nã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tai³³/

/ka⁴⁴⁻²² nã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tai²²/

/ka³³ nã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tai⁴¹/

/ka⁴⁴⁻³³ nã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tai³³/

/kɛ⁴⁴⁻²² nã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tai²²/

/kia³³⁻²³ na⁵²⁻³⁵ tai³⁵/

Attested in Kunyu Wanguo Quantu [1602] as 加拿大國／加拿大国, referring to the French colony within the larger territory of New France.

Wèishénme nàme duō yímín xuǎnzé Jiānádà?

為什麼那麼多移民選擇加拿大？

为什么那么多移民选择加拿大？

1864, Henry Wheaton, translated by William Alexander Parsons Martin, 萬國公法, volume 4, 京都崇實館, page 22:

Yīngguó shuǐshī tídū, xíngwén biàn qí shì, wèi Měiguó bīng, fàn qí shǔbù Jiānádà shí, céng xíng cǐ bùfǎ zhī shì, gù qí lái shū yún, Jiānádà zǒngdū, céng bǐng wǒ, yǐ Měiguó zhī rén, shàn huǐ wǒguó mínwù, qǐng jí huánbào fùchóu.

英國水師提督，行文辨其事，謂美國兵，犯其屬部加拿大時，曾行此不法之事，故其來書云，加拿大總督，曾稟我，以美國之人，擅毀我國民物，請即還報復仇。

英国水师提督，行文辨其事，谓美国兵，犯其属部加拿大时，曾行此不法之事，故其来书云，加拿大总督，曾禀我，以美国之人，擅毁我国民物，请即还报复仇。

1904, Liang Qichao, 新大陸遊記 [Travel Notes of the New Continent], 廣智書局, published 1907, page 4:

Huárén zhī zài Jiānádà zhě, shēngjì shū jiǒngcù, yuǎn bùdài zài Měiguó. Qí gōngrén zhī bù dé zhíyè zhě shí ér wǔ liù, kùnkǔ bùkěyánzhuàng.

華人之在加拿大者，生計殊窘蹙，遠不逮在美國。其工人之不得職業者十而五六，困苦不可言狀。

华人之在加拿大者，生计殊窘蹙，远不逮在美国。其工人之不得职业者十而五六，困苦不可言状。


神社

/ʂən³⁵ ʂɤ⁵¹/

/sɐn²¹ sɛː¹³/

/ʂən³⁵ ʂɤ⁵¹/

/sɐn²¹ sɛː¹³/


匈牙利

/ɕi̯ʊŋ⁵⁵ jä³⁵ li⁵¹/

/hʊŋ⁵⁵ ŋaː²¹ lei̯²²/

/hi̯uŋ²⁴ ŋa¹¹ li⁵⁵/

/hiʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ ŋa¹¹ li⁵³/

/hyŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ŋa⁵³⁻²¹ l̃ɛi²¹³/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ɡa²⁴⁻²² li²²/

/hiɔŋ³³ ɡa²⁴⁻²² li⁴¹/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡa²⁴⁻¹¹ li³³/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡa²³⁻³³ li³³/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ɡɛ¹³⁻²² li²²/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡe²⁴⁻¹¹ li³³/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡe²³⁻³³ li³³/

/ɕioŋ⁵⁵ ŋa³³ li²¹/

/ɕi̯ʊŋ⁵⁵ jä³⁵ li⁵¹/

/hʊŋ⁵⁵ ŋaː²¹ lei̯²²/

/hi̯uŋ²⁴ ŋa¹¹ li⁵⁵/

/hiʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ ŋa¹¹ li⁵³/

/hyŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ŋa⁵³⁻²¹ l̃ɛi²¹³/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ɡa²⁴⁻²² li²²/

/hiɔŋ³³ ɡa²⁴⁻²² li⁴¹/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡa²⁴⁻¹¹ li³³/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡa²³⁻³³ li³³/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ɡɛ¹³⁻²² li²²/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡe²⁴⁻¹¹ li³³/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡe²³⁻³³ li³³/

/ɕioŋ⁵⁵ ŋa³³ li²¹/

Borrowed from English Hungary. Attested as early as 1844 in 萬國地理全集 by German missionary Karl Gützlaff.

匈牙利燉牛肉／匈牙利炖牛肉

匈牙利舞曲

1848, 徐繼畬 [Xu Jiyu], editor, 瀛寰志略, volume 5, page 7:

Transylvania, also known as Seven Mountains, lies to the southeast of Hungary. Its mountain ranges tower into the heavens and bear gold and iron ores. Its capital is called Hermannstadt, with a population of twenty thousand residents.

Dálángxīlǐwǎníyà yòu míng Qīshān, zài Xiōngyálì zhī dōngnán, shānlǐng gāo jì xiāohàn, chū jīn tiě kuàng, huìchéng yuē Hēimàn, jūmín èr wàn.

達郎西里瓦尼亞又名七山，在匈牙利之東南，山嶺高際霄漢，出金鐵鑛，會城曰黑曼，居民二萬。

达郎西里瓦尼亚又名七山，在匈牙利之东南，山岭高际霄汉，出金铁矿，会城曰黑曼，居民二万。


加的夫

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ ti³⁵ fu⁵⁵/

/kaː⁵⁵ tɪk̚⁵ fuː⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ ti³⁵ fu⁵⁵/

/kaː⁵⁵ tɪk̚⁵ fuː⁵⁵/

Cardiff (a city and county, the capital and largest city of Wales)


麒麟

/t͡ɕʰi³⁵ lin³⁵/

/kʰei̯²¹ lɵn²¹/

/kʰei̯²¹ lɵn²¹⁻³⁵/

/kʰi²⁴⁻¹¹ lin²⁴/

/ki⁵³⁻³³ l̃iŋ⁵³/

/ki²⁴⁻²² lin²⁴/

/ki²⁴⁻¹¹ lin²⁴/

/ki¹³⁻²² lin¹³/

/ki²³⁻³³ lin²³/

/t͡ɕʰi³⁵ lin³⁵/

/kʰei̯²¹ lɵn²¹/

/kʰei̯²¹ lɵn²¹⁻³⁵/

/kʰi²⁴⁻¹¹ lin²⁴/

/ki⁵³⁻³³ l̃iŋ⁵³/

/ki²⁴⁻²² lin²⁴/

/ki²⁴⁻¹¹ lin²⁴/

/ki¹³⁻²² lin¹³/

/ki²³⁻³³ lin²³/

Old Chinese pronunciation for this word was *g(ɯ)-rin (Zhengzhang), and in pre-Qin times the beast was also referred to as
* 麟 (OC *rin),
* 麐 (OC *m·rin, *m·rins),
* 𪊓, or
* 蔽 (OC *peds),
the last two having been attested in the oracle bone script already.
There is much debate as to what animal the qilin beast was; some maintain that the qilin was a beast only found in mythology, even though it may have been based on some animal in pre-historic times, and some argue that the qilin was in reality the river deer, the ox or cow, or the Indian rhinoceros (Wang, 2009).
Janhunen (2011) tentatively compares 麒麟 (OC *ɡɯ rin) to a Northeast Asian etymon *kalimV, which denotes either "whale" or "mammoth"; however, he cautiously remarks that "[t]he formal and semantic similarity between *kilin < *gilin ~ *gïlin 'unicorn' and *kalimV 'whale' (but also Samoyedic *kalay- 'mammoth') is sufficient to support, though perhaps not confirm, the hypothesis of an etymological connection". He also notes a possible connection between Old Chinese and Mongolian (*)kers ~ (*)keris ~ (*)kiris "rhinoceros" (> Khalkha Mongolian хирс (xirs)).

(～鎮) Qilin (a town in Zongyang, Tongling, Anhui, China)


瑞典

/ʐu̯eɪ̯⁵¹ ti̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɵy̯²² tiːn³⁵/

/suɪ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ tiɛn³¹/

/sui²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lieŋ³³/

/sui²²⁻²¹ tiɛn⁵³/

/sui⁴¹⁻²² tiɛn⁵⁵⁴/

/sui²²⁻²¹ tiɛn⁵³/

/sui³³⁻¹¹ tiɛn⁵³/

/sui³³⁻²¹ tiɛn⁴¹/

/sui³⁵⁻¹¹ tieŋ⁵²/

/ʐu̯eɪ̯⁵¹ ti̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɵy̯²² tiːn³⁵/

/suɪ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ tiɛn³¹/

/sui²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lieŋ³³/

/sui²²⁻²¹ tiɛn⁵³/

/sui⁴¹⁻²² tiɛn⁵⁵⁴/

/sui²²⁻²¹ tiɛn⁵³/

/sui³³⁻¹¹ tiɛn⁵³/

/sui³³⁻²¹ tiɛn⁴¹/

/sui³⁵⁻¹¹ tieŋ⁵²/

From English Sweden, borrowed through a southern Chinese variety (where 瑞 is pronounced with an s- initial), or an earlier stage of Mandarin. See also 瑞士 (Ruìshì).

1838, Karl Gützlaff, 古今萬國綱鑑, volume 19, Singapore: 堅夏書院, page 87:

Dàní zú qǐ gēngtián, zhǒng wǔgǔ jí ānfèn, guó zhě yǔ Ruìdiǎn dìfāng héhé, wéi Dàní wáng xíng nüèzhèng, Ruìdiǎn mín fǎnpàn yān.

大尼族起耕田，種五穀及安分，國者與瑞典地方和合，惟大尼王行虐政，瑞典民反叛焉。

大尼族起耕田，种五谷及安分，国者与瑞典地方和合，惟大尼王行虐政，瑞典民反叛焉。

1841, Elijah Coleman Bridgman, Chinese Chrestomathy in the Canton Dialect, Macao: S.W. Williams, page 411:

Sweden and Norway, of which Charles XIV. is king.

seoi⁶ din² no⁵ waa⁴ loeng⁵ gwok³ ze² wong⁴ hou⁶ zaa¹ lei⁵ dai⁶ sap⁶ sei³ cyun⁴

瑞典那華兩國者王號揸理第十四傳

瑞典那华两国者王号揸理第十四传

Sweden (a country in Scandinavia in Northern Europe)


大和

Sino-Xenic (大和):
* → Japanese: 大(だい)和(わ) (Daiwa)

/taːi̯²² wɔː²¹/

/tai²²⁻²¹ ho²⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² ho²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ ho¹³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ ho²⁴/

/tai³³⁻²¹ hɤ²³/

/taːi̯²² wɔː²¹/

/tai²²⁻²¹ ho²⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² ho²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ ho¹³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ ho²⁴/

/tai³³⁻²¹ hɤ²³/

(～鄉) Dahe (a township in Bazhou district, Bazhong, Sichuan, China)


大和

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 大和(やまと) (Yamato).

/taːi̯²² wɔː²¹/

/tai²²⁻²¹ ho²⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² ho²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ ho¹³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ ho²⁴/

/tai³³⁻²¹ hɤ²³/

/taːi̯²² wɔː²¹/

/tai²²⁻²¹ ho²⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² ho²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ ho¹³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ ho²⁴/

/tai³³⁻²¹ hɤ²³/

(～市) Yamato (a city in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan)


中央

ja-r

中(ちゅう)央(おう) (chūō)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (中央):
* → Japanese: 中(ちゅう)央(おう) (chūō)
* → Korean: 중앙(中央) (jung'ang)
* → Vietnamese: trung ương (中央)

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ jɑŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ jœːŋ⁵⁵/

/tuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ oŋ²⁴/

/t͡suŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ i̯oŋ²⁴/

/tuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ oŋ²⁴/

/t͡suŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ (j)i̯oŋ²⁴/

/tuŋ⁵³ oŋ⁵³/

/t͡ʃuŋ⁵³ ʒoŋ⁵³/

/tɔŋ³³ ɔŋ⁵⁴/

doeng¹ yorng¹ [Phonetic:doeng⁵ ngyorng¹]

/tœŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ^((Ø-))ŋyɒŋ⁵³³/

dyoeng¹ yoeng¹ [Phonetic:dyoeng⁵ ngyoeng¹]

/tyøŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ^((Ø-))ŋyøŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ³³⁻²¹ ŋ̍³³/

/tiɔŋ³³ ŋ̍³³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ŋ̍⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ŋ̍⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ³³ iɔŋ³³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² iɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² iaŋ⁴⁴/

/tiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ iɪŋ⁴⁴/

/toŋ³³⁻²³ iaŋ³³/

/tã³³⁻²³ ŋ³³/

/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ iã²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ jɑŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ jœːŋ⁵⁵/

/tuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ oŋ²⁴/

/t͡suŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ i̯oŋ²⁴/

/tuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ oŋ²⁴/

/t͡suŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ (j)i̯oŋ²⁴/

/tuŋ⁵³ oŋ⁵³/

/t͡ʃuŋ⁵³ ʒoŋ⁵³/

/tɔŋ³³ ɔŋ⁵⁴/

/tœŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ^((Ø-))ŋyɒŋ⁵³³/

/tyøŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ^((Ø-))ŋyøŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ³³⁻²¹ ŋ̍³³/

/tiɔŋ³³ ŋ̍³³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ŋ̍⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ŋ̍⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ³³ iɔŋ³³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² iɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² iaŋ⁴⁴/

/tiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ iɪŋ⁴⁴/

/toŋ³³⁻²³ iaŋ³³/

/tã³³⁻²³ ŋ³³/

/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ iã²¹/

(～區) Chūō (one of 23 special wards in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)

(～市) Chūō (a city in Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan)


平壤

→ English: P'ing-jang, Pingrang

/pʰiŋ³⁵ ʐɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ jœːŋ²²/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² liɔŋ⁵³/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² liɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/piɪŋ¹³⁻²² d͡ziaŋ⁵³/

/piɪŋ²³⁻³³ ziɔŋ⁴¹/

/bin²² n̠ʲiã⁴⁴/

/pʰiŋ³⁵ ʐɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ jœːŋ²²/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² liɔŋ⁵³/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² liɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/piɪŋ¹³⁻²² d͡ziaŋ⁵³/

/piɪŋ²³⁻³³ ziɔŋ⁴¹/

/bin²² n̠ʲiã⁴⁴/

(～市) Pyongyang (the capital city of North Korea)


長崎

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ kʰei̯²¹/

/tiɔŋ²³⁻³³ ki²³/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ki²⁴/

/tiɔŋ²³⁻³³ kia³³/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kia³³/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ kia³³/

/tŋ̍²³⁻³³ kia³³/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ kʰei̯²¹/

/tiɔŋ²³⁻³³ ki²³/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ki²⁴/

/tiɔŋ²³⁻³³ kia³³/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kia³³/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ kia³³/

/tŋ̍²³⁻³³ kia³³/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 長崎(ながさき) (Nagasaki).

(～市) Nagasaki (a city in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan)


秋葉原

/t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵ jɛ⁵¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

/t͡sʰɐu̯⁵⁵ jiːp̚² jyːn²¹/

/t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵ jɛ⁵¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

/t͡sʰɐu̯⁵⁵ jiːp̚² jyːn²¹/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 秋(あき)葉(は)原(ばら) (Akihabara).

Akihabara (a neighborhood of Tokyo, Japan)


成田

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/sɪŋ²¹ tʰiːn²¹/

/sĩã⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sõĩ⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/sɪŋ²¹ tʰiːn²¹/

/sĩã⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sõĩ⁵⁵/

成田國際機場

成田国际机场

(～市) Narita (a city in Chiba Prefecture, Japan)


名古屋

/miŋ³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ u⁵⁵/

/mɪŋ²¹ kuː³⁵ ʊk̚⁵/

/biɪŋ²³⁻³³ kɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɔk̚³²/

/biɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɔk̚³²/

/miŋ³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ u⁵⁵/

/mɪŋ²¹ kuː³⁵ ʊk̚⁵/

/biɪŋ²³⁻³³ kɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɔk̚³²/

/biɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɔk̚³²/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 名古屋(なごや) (Nagoya).

(～市) Nagoya (the capital city of Aichi Prefecture, in central Honshu, Japan)


菩薩

Phono-semantic matching of Khmer ពោធិ៍សាត់ (poosat).

psm

/pʰu³⁵ sä⁵¹/

/pʰᵘɔ²² ɬat̚³³/

/pu⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɑʔ²⁴/

/pʰɔ²⁴⁻²² sat̚³²/

/pʰɔ²⁴⁻²² sat̚⁵/

/pʰɔ¹³⁻²² sat̚³²/

/pʰɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ sat̚³²/

/pʰɔ²³⁻³³ sat̚³²/

/pʰu⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sak̚²/

/bu¹¹ sɑʔ⁵³/

/pʰu¹³ sa̠²⁴/

/pʰu³⁵ sä⁵¹/

/pʰᵘɔ²² ɬat̚³³/

/pu⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɑʔ²⁴/

/pʰɔ²⁴⁻²² sat̚³²/

/pʰɔ²⁴⁻²² sat̚⁵/

/pʰɔ¹³⁻²² sat̚³²/

/pʰɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ sat̚³²/

/pʰɔ²³⁻³³ sat̚³²/

/pʰu⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sak̚²/

/bu¹¹ sɑʔ⁵³/

/pʰu¹³ sa̠²⁴/

(～市) Pursat (a city in Pursat, Cambodia)


越南

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (越南):
* → Japanese: 越(えつ)南(なん) (Etsunan)
* → Okinawan: 越(いつ)南(なん) (Itsunan)
* → Korean: 월남(越南) (Wollam)
* → Vietnamese: Việt Nam (越南)

→ Zhuang: Yeznanz

/ɥɛ⁵¹ nän³⁵/

/uoʔ⁵⁻³³ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/œʔ⁴⁻²¹ naŋ¹³/

/yøʔ⁴⁻² naŋ²⁴/

/uat̚¹²¹⁻²¹ lam¹³/

/ɦyɪʔ¹¹ nø²³/

/ɥɛ⁵¹ nän³⁵/

/uoʔ⁵⁻³³ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/œʔ⁴⁻²¹ naŋ¹³/

/yøʔ⁴⁻² naŋ²⁴/

/uat̚¹²¹⁻²¹ lam¹³/

/ɦyɪʔ¹¹ nø²³/

越 (“Yue”) + 南 (“south”). See 越 (yuè) and Vietnamese Việt Nam for more.


二十

/ˀɤɻ⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/ɚ²¹³ sz̩²¹/

/ər⁴⁴⁻⁴² ʂʐ̩⁵/

/ɛɻ⁴⁴ ʂʐ̩²⁴/

/jiː²² sɐp̚²/

/zi³² sɔk̚²²/

/ᵑɡei³² sip̚³²/

/ŋi⁵⁵ sɨp̚⁵/

/ŋi⁵³ səp̚⁵/

/əɻ⁴⁵ səʔ⁵⁴/

/nˡi²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɛiʔ⁵/

/li⁴¹⁻²² t͡sap̚²⁴/

/li²²⁻¹² t͡sap̚⁵⁴/

/li²²⁻²¹ t͡sap̚⁴/

/li³³⁻¹¹ t͡sap̚⁴/

/li³¹⁻²² t͡sap̚³⁵/

/d͡zi³³⁻²¹ t͡sap̚⁵/

/zi³³⁻²¹ t͡sap̚⁴/

/d͡zi³³⁻¹¹ t͡sap̚⁴/

/d͡zi²²⁻²¹ t͡sap̚¹²¹/

/d͡zi³⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sap̚⁴/

/ɲi²² səp̚²²/

/ɦəl²² səʔ⁴⁴/

/ɦəl²⁴ səʔ³¹/

/ɦəl²³ səʔ¹¹/

/n̠ʲi²⁴ səʔ³¹/

/n̠ʲi²³ səʔ¹¹/

/əl⁵⁵ zəʔ²¹/

/ɤ̞²¹⁻¹¹ ʂʐ̩²⁴/

/ɤ̞²¹⁻¹¹ sz̩²⁴/

/ˀɤɻ⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/ɚ²¹³ sz̩²¹/

/ər⁴⁴⁻⁴² ʂʐ̩⁵/

/ɛɻ⁴⁴ ʂʐ̩²⁴/

/jiː²² sɐp̚²/

/zi³² sɔk̚²²/

/ᵑɡei³² sip̚³²/

/ŋi⁵⁵ sɨp̚⁵/

/ŋi⁵³ səp̚⁵/

/əɻ⁴⁵ səʔ⁵⁴/

/nˡi²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɛiʔ⁵/

/li⁴¹⁻²² t͡sap̚²⁴/

/li²²⁻¹² t͡sap̚⁵⁴/

/li²²⁻²¹ t͡sap̚⁴/

/li³³⁻¹¹ t͡sap̚⁴/

/li³¹⁻²² t͡sap̚³⁵/

/d͡zi³³⁻²¹ t͡sap̚⁵/

/zi³³⁻²¹ t͡sap̚⁴/

/d͡zi³³⁻¹¹ t͡sap̚⁴/

/d͡zi²²⁻²¹ t͡sap̚¹²¹/

/d͡zi³⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sap̚⁴/

/ɲi²² səp̚²²/

/ɦəl²² səʔ⁴⁴/

/ɦəl²⁴ səʔ³¹/

/ɦəl²³ səʔ¹¹/

/n̠ʲi²⁴ səʔ³¹/

/n̠ʲi²³ səʔ¹¹/

/əl⁵⁵ zəʔ²¹/

/ɤ̞²¹⁻¹¹ ʂʐ̩²⁴/

/ɤ̞²¹⁻¹¹ sz̩²⁴/

(～村) Ershi (a village in Huilong, Fang, Shiyan, Hubei, China)


香港

Sino-Xenic (香港):
* → Korean: 향항(香港) (Hyanghang)
* → Vietnamese: Hương Cảng (香港)

→ English: Hong Kong, Xianggang

→ Japanese: 香港(ホンコン) (Honkon)

→ Korean: 홍콩 (Hongkong)

→ Russian: Гонко́нг (Gonkóng)

→ French: Hong Kong, Hongkong

→ Japanese: シャンガン (Shangan)

→ Lao: ຮົງກົງ (hong kong)

→ Mongolian: Хонконг (Xonkong) (Mongolia)

→ Mongolian: ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠩᠭᠠᠩ (siyangɣang) (China)

→ Russian: Сянга́н (Sjangán)

→ Thai: ฮ่องกง (hɔ̂ng-gong)

→ Tibetan: ཞང་ཀང (zhang kang)

→ Uyghur: شياڭگاڭ (shyanggang)

→ Vietnamese: Hồng Công, Hồng Kông

→ Zhuang: Yanghgangj

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hœːŋ⁵⁵ kɔːŋ³⁵/

/høŋ²¹³ kɔŋ³⁵/

/hiaŋ³³ kʰɔŋ⁵⁵/

/hi̯oŋ²⁴ koŋ³¹/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kuɔŋ³¹/

/xiɔŋ⁵⁴ kɔŋ²¹/

/hyoŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋøyŋ³³/

/hyɒŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ kaŋ⁴⁵³/

/hyøŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ kaŋ³³²/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴²/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁵³/

/hiɔŋ³³ kaŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kaŋ⁴¹/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kaŋ⁵³/

/hiaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁵³/

/hiaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴²/

/hiaŋ³³⁻²¹ kaŋ⁴⁴⁵/

/hiaŋ³³⁻²³ kaŋ⁵²/

/ɕiã⁵⁵ kɑ̃²¹/

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hœːŋ⁵⁵ kɔːŋ³⁵/

/høŋ²¹³ kɔŋ³⁵/

/hiaŋ³³ kʰɔŋ⁵⁵/

/hi̯oŋ²⁴ koŋ³¹/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kuɔŋ³¹/

/xiɔŋ⁵⁴ kɔŋ²¹/

/hyoŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋøyŋ³³/

/hyɒŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ kaŋ⁴⁵³/

/hyøŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ kaŋ³³²/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴²/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁵³/

/hiɔŋ³³ kaŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kaŋ⁴¹/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kaŋ⁵³/

/hiaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁵³/

/hiaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴²/

/hiaŋ³³⁻²¹ kaŋ⁴⁴⁵/

/hiaŋ³³⁻²³ kaŋ⁵²/

/ɕiã⁵⁵ kɑ̃²¹/

Ap Lei Chau
Gazetteer of Xin'an County
Treaty of Nanking
Wong Chuk Hang

The name 香港 first appeared on a map in 粵大記 [1595] as a label for an island that seems to be Ap Lei Chau. In the two Gazetteer of Xin'an County (新安縣志) published in 1688 and 1819, 香港 was the name of a village (as 香港村). The village was likely located in Wong Chuk Hang in the south of Hong Kong Island as indicated by 19th-century maps.
18th-century western maps appear to render the name of Hong Kong Island as Fan Chin Chow (or its variants), which appears to be a Hakka romanization of 飯甑洲 (Kwok and Cheung, 2007). In the Treaty of Nanking signed in 1842, the name 香港 referred to the entire Hong Kong Island.

～特別行政區 香港特別行政區#Chinese

(～特別行政區) Hong Kong (a city and special administrative region in southeastern China)

My brother Hong Kong (Island) is expressing his pain,
oh mother, do you remember your daughter Kowloon?

Wǒ de bāoxiōng Xiānggǎng zài sù tā de kǔtòng,
Mǔqīn ya, kě jìdé nǐ de yòunǚ Jiǔlóng?

我的胞兄香港在訴他的苦痛，
母親呀，可記得你的幼女九龍？

我的胞兄香港在诉他的苦痛，
母亲呀，可记得你的幼女九龙？

Hong Kong Island
Hong Kong Island#English

(～島) Hong Kong, Hong Kong Island (an island of Hong Kong, China)

(～村) (historical) Hong Kong (a former village on Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong, China)


桂花

/ku̯eɪ̯⁵¹ xu̯ä⁵⁵/

/kʷɐi̯³³ faː⁵⁵/

/kie²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ua⁵⁵/

/ke⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ua⁵³³/

/ke⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ua⁵⁴⁴/

/kui⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ hue³³/

/kui²¹³⁻⁵⁵ hue³³/

/ku̯eɪ̯⁵¹ xu̯ä⁵⁵/

/kʷɐi̯³³ faː⁵⁵/

/kie²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ua⁵⁵/

/ke⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ua⁵³³/

/ke⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ua⁵⁴⁴/

/kui⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ hue³³/

/kui²¹³⁻⁵⁵ hue³³/

Adaptation of 桂 (guì) to distinguish the osmanthus from the 肉桂 (ròuguì, “cassia; Chinese cinnamon”).

(～村) Guihua (a village in Zhonglu, Lichuan, Enshi prefecture, Hubei, China)


高梁

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ li̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ lœːŋ²¹/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² liɔŋ²⁴/

/ko³³ liɔŋ²⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² liɔŋ¹³/

/ko⁴⁴⁻³³ liɔŋ²⁴/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ liɔŋ²³/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ li̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ lœːŋ²¹/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² liɔŋ²⁴/

/ko³³ liɔŋ²⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² liɔŋ¹³/

/ko⁴⁴⁻³³ liɔŋ²⁴/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ liɔŋ²³/

(～市) Takahashi (a city in Okayama Prefecture, Japan)


新加坡

/ɕin⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ pʰu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ kaː³³ pɔː⁵⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ kaː³³ pʰɔː⁵⁵/

/sin²⁴⁻¹¹ ka²⁴⁻¹¹ pʰo²⁴/

/sin²⁴⁻¹¹ ka²⁴⁻¹¹ po⁵⁵/

/ɕin⁴⁴ ka⁴⁴ pʰo⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ pʰo⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ pʰɤ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² ka⁴⁴⁻²² pʰo⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² kɛ⁴⁴⁻²² pʰo⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² ka⁴⁴⁻²² po⁴⁴/

/sin³³⁻²¹ ka³³⁻²¹ po³³/

/siŋ³³⁻²³ kia³³⁻²³ po³³/

/ɕin⁵⁵ ka³³ pʰu²¹/

/ɕin⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ pʰu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ kaː³³ pɔː⁵⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ kaː³³ pʰɔː⁵⁵/

/sin²⁴⁻¹¹ ka²⁴⁻¹¹ pʰo²⁴/

/sin²⁴⁻¹¹ ka²⁴⁻¹¹ po⁵⁵/

/ɕin⁴⁴ ka⁴⁴ pʰo⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ pʰo⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ pʰɤ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² ka⁴⁴⁻²² pʰo⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² kɛ⁴⁴⁻²² pʰo⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² ka⁴⁴⁻²² po⁴⁴/

/sin³³⁻²¹ ka³³⁻²¹ po³³/

/siŋ³³⁻²³ kia³³⁻²³ po³³/

/ɕin⁵⁵ ka³³ pʰu²¹/

Borrowed from English Singapore, from Malay Singapura, from Sanskrit सिंहपुर (siṃhá-pura), from सिंह (siṃha, “lion”) + पुर (pura, “city”).
Shanghainese sense from 莘嘉浦 via phono-semantic matching.

compound

Singapore abolished its jury system in 1969, so all criminal defendants are tried before judges.

Xīnjiāpō zài 1969 nián fèichú le péishěntuán zhìdù, yīncǐ suǒyǒu xíngshì ànjiàn de bèigàorén jūn yóu fǎguān shěnpàn.

新加坡在1969年廢除了陪審團制度，因此所有刑事案件的被告人均由法官審判。

新加坡在1969年废除了陪审团制度，因此所有刑事案件的被告人均由法官审判。

Chén chū sān kè dǐ Xīgòng, yóu Xīnjiāpō zhì cǐ èr qiān sì bǎi èrshíyī lǐ.

辰初三刻抵西貢，由新加坡至此二千四百二十一里。

辰初三刻抵西贡，由新加坡至此二千四百二十一里。

新加坡共和國 新加坡共和國#Chinese

新加坡共和国 新加坡共和国#Chinese

Singapore (an island and city-state in Southeast Asia, located off the southernmost tip of the Malay Peninsula; a former British crown colony and state of Malaysia (1963-1965); official name: 新加坡共和國 /新加坡共和国)


三角

/sän⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sän⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯aʊ̯ɻʷ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/saːm⁵⁵ kɔːk̚³/

/sã⁴⁴⁻²² kak̚³²/

/sã⁴⁴⁻²² kak̚³²/

/sã⁴⁴⁻³³ kak̚³²/

/sã⁴⁴⁻³³ kak̚³²/

/sã³³⁻²³ kak̚²/

/sän⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sän⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯aʊ̯ɻʷ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/saːm⁵⁵ kɔːk̚³/

/sã⁴⁴⁻²² kak̚³²/

/sã⁴⁴⁻²² kak̚³²/

/sã⁴⁴⁻³³ kak̚³²/

/sã⁴⁴⁻³³ kak̚³²/

/sã³³⁻²³ kak̚²/

(～鎮) Sanjiao (a town in Zhongshan, Guangdong, China)


幸福

/ɕiŋ⁵¹ fu³⁵/

/hɐŋ²² fʊk̚⁵/

/hɛiŋ²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋouʔ²⁴/

/hiɪŋ³³⁻²¹ hɔk̚³²/

/hiɪŋ²²⁻²¹ hɔk̚³²/

/hiɪŋ³³⁻¹¹ hɔk̚³²/

/hiɪŋ²² hɔk̚⁵/

/heŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ hok̚²/

/ɦin²² foʔ⁴⁴/

/ɕiŋ⁵¹ fu³⁵/

/hɐŋ²² fʊk̚⁵/

/hɛiŋ²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋouʔ²⁴/

/hiɪŋ³³⁻²¹ hɔk̚³²/

/hiɪŋ²²⁻²¹ hɔk̚³²/

/hiɪŋ³³⁻¹¹ hɔk̚³²/

/hiɪŋ²² hɔk̚⁵/

/heŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ hok̚²/

/ɦin²² foʔ⁴⁴/

(～里) an urban village in Tamsui district, New Taipei City, Taiwan


漢堡

/xän⁵¹ pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔːn³³ pou̯³⁵/

/han²¹⁻⁵³ po⁵³/

/han⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ po⁵⁵⁴/

/han²¹⁻⁵³ po⁵³/

/han¹¹⁻⁵³ po⁵³/

/han²¹⁻⁴¹ pɤ⁴¹/

/xän⁵¹ pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔːn³³ pou̯³⁵/

/han²¹⁻⁵³ po⁵³/

/han⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ po⁵⁵⁴/

/han²¹⁻⁵³ po⁵³/

/han¹¹⁻⁵³ po⁵³/

/han²¹⁻⁴¹ pɤ⁴¹/

From English Hamburg or German Hamburg where 堡 is a phono-semantic matching of German -burg (“fortress”). The noun sense is normally explained as short for 漢堡包／汉堡包 (hànbǎobāo, “Hamburg bun”).

zh-etym-short

Hamburg (the second-largest city in Germany)

Hamburg (a state of Germany containing the city of the same name)


肯德基

→ Mongolian: ᠺᠧᠨ
ᠳᠧ
ᠵᠢᠢ (kēn dē ǰii)

→ Tibetan: ཁེན་ཐུ་ཁེ (khen thu khe)

→ Uyghur: كېنتاكىي (këntakiy)

/kʰən²¹⁴⁻²¹ tɤ³⁵ t͡ɕi⁵⁵/

/hɐŋ³⁵ tɐk̚⁵ kei̯⁵⁵/

/kʰeŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ tek̚²⁻⁴ ki³³/

/kʰən²¹⁴⁻²¹ tɤ³⁵ t͡ɕi⁵⁵/

/hɐŋ³⁵ tɐk̚⁵ kei̯⁵⁵/

/kʰeŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ tek̚²⁻⁴ ki³³/

(～州) Kentucky (a state of the United States)


大阪

/tä⁵¹ pän²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² pan⁵⁵⁴/

/tä⁵¹ pän²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² pan⁵⁵⁴/

(～市) Osaka (the capital city of Osaka Prefecture, Japan)

(～府) Osaka (a prefecture on the island of Honshu, Japan)


永和

/jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ xɤ³⁵/

/wɪŋ¹³ wɔː²¹/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ho²⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ho²⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ho¹³/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ho²⁴/

/iɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ hɤ²³/

/jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ xɤ³⁵/

/wɪŋ¹³ wɔː²¹/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ho²⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ho²⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ho¹³/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ho²⁴/

/iɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ hɤ²³/

(～區, formerly ～鎮, ～市) Yonghe (a district of New Taipei City, Taiwan)

(～縣) Yonghe (a county of Linfen, Shanxi, China)


山陰

/ʂän⁵⁵ in⁵⁵/

/ʂän⁵⁵ in⁵⁵/

(～縣) Shanyin (a county of Shuozhou, Shanxi, China)


清流

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ li̯oʊ̯³⁵/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ lɐu̯²¹/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² liu²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ liu²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² liu¹³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ liu²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ liu²³/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ li̯oʊ̯³⁵/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ lɐu̯²¹/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² liu²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ liu²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² liu¹³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ liu²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ liu²³/

(～縣) Qingliu (a county of Sanming, Fujian, China)


和平

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (和平):
* → Japanese: 和(わ)平(へい) (wahei)
* → Korean: 화평(和平) (hwapyeong)
* → Vietnamese: hoà bình (和平)

/xɤ³⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/xə²⁴ pʰiŋ²⁴/

/wɔː²¹ pʰɪŋ²¹/

/vᵘɔ²² pʰen²²/

/huo⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βiŋ⁵³/

/ho²⁴⁻²² piɪŋ²⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ piɪŋ²⁴/

/ho¹³⁻²² piɪŋ¹³/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ piɪŋ²³/

/hɔ²⁴⁻²² piɪŋ²⁴/

/hua⁵⁵⁻¹¹ pʰeŋ⁵⁵/

/xɤ³⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/xə²⁴ pʰiŋ²⁴/

/wɔː²¹ pʰɪŋ²¹/

/vᵘɔ²² pʰen²²/

/huo⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βiŋ⁵³/

/ho²⁴⁻²² piɪŋ²⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ piɪŋ²⁴/

/ho¹³⁻²² piɪŋ¹³/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ piɪŋ²³/

/hɔ²⁴⁻²² piɪŋ²⁴/

/hua⁵⁵⁻¹¹ pʰeŋ⁵⁵/

(～區) Heping (a mountain indigenous district of Taichung, Taiwan)

(～區) Heping (a district of Tianjin, China)

Heping District
w:Heping District, Shenyang

(～區) Heping District (a district of Shenyang, Liaoning, China)

(～街道) Heping (a subdistrict of Hongshan district, Wuhan, Hubei, China)

(～縣) Heping County (a county of Guangdong, China)

(～鎮) Heping Town (several towns in China)

(～鎮) Heping (a town in Chaoyang district, Shantou, Guangdong, China), originally named 蚝坪 (o5 pian5)

(～市) Hoà Bình (the capital of Hoà Bình Province, Vietnam)


吉林

Sino-Xenic (吉林):
* → Japanese: 吉林(きつりん) (Kitsurin)
* → Korean: 길림(吉林) (Gillim)
* → Vietnamese: Cát Lâm (吉林)

→ English: Chi-lin, Jilin, Ji Lin

→ Georgian: ძილინი (ʒilini)

/kɐt̚⁵ lɐm²¹/

/kiʔ²⁴⁻²¹ l̃iŋ⁵³/

/kiʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ liŋ¹³/

/kiʔ²⁻⁴ liŋ²⁴/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ lim²³/

/kiɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ lim²⁴/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ lim²⁴/

/t͡ɕiɪʔ³³ lin⁴⁴/

/kɐt̚⁵ lɐm²¹/

/kiʔ²⁴⁻²¹ l̃iŋ⁵³/

/kiʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ liŋ¹³/

/kiʔ²⁻⁴ liŋ²⁴/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ lim²³/

/kiɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ lim²⁴/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ lim²⁴/

/t͡ɕiɪʔ³³ lin⁴⁴/

Shortened from 吉林烏拉／吉林乌拉, which was borrowed from Manchu ᡤᡳᡵᡳᠨ
ᡠᠯᠠ (girin ula).

(～市) Jilin, Jilin City (a prefecture-level city of Jilin, China)


日向

/ʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹/

/jɐt̚² hœːŋ³³/

/ʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹/

/jɐt̚² hœːŋ³³/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 日向.

(～市) Hyūga (a city in Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan)


平和

/pʰiŋ³⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ wɔː²¹/

/pʰi̯aŋ¹¹ fo¹¹/

/piŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋuo⁵³/

/piɪŋ²³⁻³³ hɤ²³/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ho²⁴/

/piɪŋ¹³⁻²² ho¹³/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ho²⁴/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² hɔ²⁴/

/pʰeŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hua⁵⁵/

/pʰiŋ³⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ wɔː²¹/

/pʰi̯aŋ¹¹ fo¹¹/

/piŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋuo⁵³/

/piɪŋ²³⁻³³ hɤ²³/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ho²⁴/

/piɪŋ¹³⁻²² ho¹³/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ho²⁴/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² hɔ²⁴/

/pʰeŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hua⁵⁵/

(～县) Pinghe (a county of Zhangzhou, Fujian, China)

(～村) Pinghe (a rural village in Cimei, Penghu County, Taiwan)


中華民國

ja-r

^ちゅう%か ^みん%こく

CJKV/code

^ちゅう%か ^みん%こく

Sino-Xenic (中華民國):
* → Japanese: 中(ちゅう)華(か)民(みん)国(こく) (Chūka Minkoku)
* → Korean: 중화민국(中華民國) (junghwamin'guk)
* → Vietnamese: Trung Hoa Dân Quốc (中華民國)

CJKV

^ちゅう%か ^みん%こく

ㄓㄨㄥ ㄏㄨㄚˊ ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄍㄨㄛˊ

Чжунхуа Миньго

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä³⁵ min³⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ waː²¹ mɐn²¹ kʷɔːk̚³/

/t͡suŋ¹¹ xua¹¹ miŋ¹¹ kuəʔ²/

/tyŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua⁵³ miŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋuɔʔ²⁴/

doeng¹ hua² ming² gorh⁶ [Phonetic:doeng⁵ hua² ming⁴ gorh⁶]

/tœŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ hua¹³ miŋ¹³⁻⁴² kɒʔ²¹/

doeng¹ hua² ming² gorh⁶ [Phonetic:doeng⁵ ngua² ming⁴ ngorh⁶]

/tœŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua¹³ miŋ¹³⁻⁴² ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɒʔ²¹/

dyoeng¹ hua² ming² gorh⁶ [Phonetic:dyoeng⁵ hua² ming⁴ gorh⁶]

/tyøŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ hua²⁴ miŋ²⁴⁻⁴² kɒʔ²/

dyoeng¹ hua² ming² gorh⁶ [Phonetic:dyoeng⁵ ngua² ming⁴ ngorh⁶]

/tyøŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua²⁴ miŋ²⁴⁻⁴² ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɒʔ²/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua¹³ bin¹³⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²³ bin²³⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua²⁴ bin²⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/tiɔŋ³³ hua²⁴ bin²⁴⁻²² kɔk̚⁵/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²⁴ bin²⁴⁻¹¹ kɔk̚³²/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua⁴⁴ bin²³⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua⁴⁴ bin²⁴⁻¹¹ kɔk̚³²/

/toŋ³³⁻²³ hua⁵⁵⁻¹¹ miŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kok̚²/

/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ ɦo³³ min²² koʔ⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ³³ ɸa̠¹³ min¹³ ku̯ɤ̞²⁴/

/t͡sən³³ ɸa̠¹³ min¹³ ku̯ɤ̞²⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä³⁵ min³⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ waː²¹ mɐn²¹ kʷɔːk̚³/

/t͡suŋ¹¹ xua¹¹ miŋ¹¹ kuəʔ²/

/tyŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua⁵³ miŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋuɔʔ²⁴/

/tœŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ hua¹³ miŋ¹³⁻⁴² kɒʔ²¹/

/tyøŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ hua²⁴ miŋ²⁴⁻⁴² kɒʔ²/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua¹³ bin¹³⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²³ bin²³⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua²⁴ bin²⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/tiɔŋ³³ hua²⁴ bin²⁴⁻²² kɔk̚⁵/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²⁴ bin²⁴⁻¹¹ kɔk̚³²/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua⁴⁴ bin²³⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua⁴⁴ bin²⁴⁻¹¹ kɔk̚³²/

/toŋ³³⁻²³ hua⁵⁵⁻¹¹ miŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kok̚²/

/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ ɦo³³ min²² koʔ⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ³³ ɸa̠¹³ min¹³ ku̯ɤ̞²⁴/

/t͡sən³³ ɸa̠¹³ min¹³ ku̯ɤ̞²⁴/

Blend of 中華 /中华 (Zhōnghuá, “China; Chinese”) + 民 (mín, “people; citizens”) + 國 /国 (guó, “Country”) by Sun Yat-sen. In 1916, he explained the reason for his creation

blend

Do you know the meaning of Chunghwa Minkuo? Why don't we call it Chunghwa Konghekuo (中華共和國) but rather Chunghwa Minkuo (中華民國)? The meaning of the Chinese character "Min"(民) is the result of my decade-long research. Republics in Europe and the Americas were founded before this state. With our state founded in the 20th century, we shall have the spirit of innovation but not be satisfied with mimicking those founded in the 18th and 19th centuries.

1916, 中華民國之意義 (The meaning of the Republic of China), 國父全集第三冊 (The Complete Works of Sun Yat-sen, volume three), p163.

Zhūjūn zhī zhōnghuámínguó zhī yìyì hū? Héyǐ bù yuē zhōnghuá gònghéguó, ér bì yuē zhōnghuámínguó? Cǐ mín zì zhī yìyì, wèi pú yánjiū shí yú nián ér dézhī zhě. Ōuměi zhī gònghéguó chuàngjiàn yuǎn zài wú guó zhīqián, èrshí shìjì zhī guómín, dāng hányǒu chuàngzhì zhī jīngshén, bùdāng zì wèi néng xiàofǎ yú shíbā, jiǔ shìjì chéngfǎ ér yǐn yǐwèi zìzú.

諸君知中華民國之意義乎？何以不曰中華共和國，而必曰中華民國？此民字之意義，為僕研究十餘年而得之者。歐美之共和國創建遠在吾國之前，二十世紀之國民，當含有創制之精神，不當自謂能效法於十八、九世紀成法而引以為自足。

诸君知中华民国之意义乎？何以不曰中华共和国，而必曰中华民国？此民字之意义，为仆研究十余年而得之者。欧美之共和国创建远在吾国之前，二十世纪之国民，当含有创制之精神，不当自谓能效法于十八、九世纪成法而引以为自足。

Republic of China
Republic of China#English:_Q865

Republic of China (official name of Taiwan: a partly-recognized country in East Asia; the rump state left over from the Republic of China on the mainland after 1949)


高興

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ɕiŋ⁵¹/

/kɔ²⁴ ɕiŋ⁴⁴/

/kou̯⁵⁵ hɪŋ³³/

/ko²⁴⁻¹¹ him⁵⁵/

/kau¹¹ ɕiŋ⁴⁵/

/kɔ³³ hiɪŋ⁴¹/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ hiɪŋ²¹/

/ko⁴⁴⁻³³ hiɪŋ¹¹/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² hiɪŋ²¹/

/kau⁴⁴⁻³³ hiɪŋ¹¹/

/kau⁴⁴⁻³³ hiɪŋ²¹/

/kau³³⁻²³ heŋ²¹³/

/kɔ⁵⁵ ɕin²¹/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ɕiŋ⁵¹/

/kɔ²⁴ ɕiŋ⁴⁴/

/kou̯⁵⁵ hɪŋ³³/

/ko²⁴⁻¹¹ him⁵⁵/

/kau¹¹ ɕiŋ⁴⁵/

/kɔ³³ hiɪŋ⁴¹/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ hiɪŋ²¹/

/ko⁴⁴⁻³³ hiɪŋ¹¹/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² hiɪŋ²¹/

/kau⁴⁴⁻³³ hiɪŋ¹¹/

/kau⁴⁴⁻³³ hiɪŋ²¹/

/kau³³⁻²³ heŋ²¹³/

/kɔ⁵⁵ ɕin²¹/

Goheung (a county of South Jeolla Province, South Korea)


獅子

/ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ d͡z̥z̩²/

/sz̩⁵⁵ t͡sz̩⁵³/

/sz̩²⁴ t͡sz̩²⁴/

/siː⁵⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

/sz̩¹¹ t͡səʔ²/

/sai⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡su⁵³/

/sai⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡su⁴¹/

/sz̩⁵⁵ t͡sz̩²¹/

/sz̩⁴⁴⁵ t͡sz̩³/

/ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ d͡z̥z̩²/

/sz̩⁵⁵ t͡sz̩⁵³/

/sz̩²⁴ t͡sz̩²⁴/

/siː⁵⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

/sz̩¹¹ t͡səʔ²/

/sai⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡su⁵³/

/sai⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡su⁴¹/

/sz̩⁵⁵ t͡sz̩²¹/

/sz̩⁴⁴⁵ t͡sz̩³/

(～鄉) Shizi (a mountain indigenous township in Pingtung County, Taiwan)


倫敦

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (倫敦):
* → Vietnamese: Luân Đôn (倫敦)

/lu̯ən³⁵ tu̯ən⁵⁵/

/lɵn²¹ tɵn⁵⁵/

/l̃uŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nuŋ⁵⁵/

/luŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tuŋ³³/

/lən²² tən⁴⁴/

/lu̯ən³⁵ tu̯ən⁵⁵/

/lɵn²¹ tɵn⁵⁵/

/l̃uŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nuŋ⁵⁵/

/luŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tuŋ³³/

/lən²² tən⁴⁴/

英國倫敦大學地質學博士

英国伦敦大学地质学博士

1848, 徐繼畬 [Xu Jiyu], editor, 瀛寰志略, volume 7, page 38:

Hū Lúndūn dàhuǒ, fén gōngshì mínjū dàijìn, yǐ'ér wēnyì shèngxíng, sǐzhě xiàng zhěnjiè, guóshì dùn shuāi.

忽倫敦大火，焚宮室民居殆盡，已而瘟疫盛行，死者相枕藉，國勢頓衰。

忽伦敦大火，焚宫室民居殆尽，已而瘟疫盛行，死者相枕藉，国势顿衰。

London (the capital city of the United Kingdom; the capital city of England)


美國

Sino-Xenic (美國):
* → Korean: 미국(美國) (miguk)
* → Vietnamese: Mĩ Quốc (美國)

→ Zhuang: Meijgoz

/meɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/mei̯¹³ kʷɔːk̚³/

/ᵐbei²¹ kɔk̚⁵⁵/

/mi⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kuɛt̚¹/

/mi³³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾uɔʔ²⁴/

/pi⁴⁵³⁻¹³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ɒʔ²¹/

/pi³³²⁻²⁴ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ɒʔ²/

/bi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kɔk̚³²/

/bi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kɔk̚⁵/

/bi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kɔk̚³²/

/bi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kɔk̚³²/

/bi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kɔk̚³²/

/me⁵² kuəʔ³³/

/meɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/mei̯¹³ kʷɔːk̚³/

/ᵐbei²¹ kɔk̚⁵⁵/

/mi⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kuɛt̚¹/

/mi³³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾uɔʔ²⁴/

/pi⁴⁵³⁻¹³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ɒʔ²¹/

/pi³³²⁻²⁴ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ɒʔ²/

/bi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kɔk̚³²/

/bi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kɔk̚⁵/

/bi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kɔk̚³²/

/bi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kɔk̚³²/

/bi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kɔk̚³²/

/me⁵² kuəʔ³³/

Attested as early as 1854, possibly as an abbreviation of 亞美理駕洲大合眾國／亚美理驾洲大合众国 (“United States of America”), attested in the Treaty of Wanghia [1844]. 美 (měi) also means "beautiful", which inspires false etymology.

zh-l

美國權利法案

美国权利法案

I was rejected when I applied for a tourist visa for the United States for the first time.

Wǒ dì yī cì shēnqǐng Měiguó lǚyóu qiānzhèng bèi jùqiān le.

我第一次申請美國旅遊簽證被拒簽了。

我第一次申请美国旅游签证被拒签了。

The United States saw an explosive development in artificial intelligence during the 1960s.

Zài èrshí shìjì liùshí niándài, Měiguó réngōng zhìnéng chūxiàn le bàofāxìng de fāzhǎn.

在20世紀60年代，美國人工智能出現了爆發性的發展。

在20世纪60年代，美国人工智能出现了爆发性的发展。

1864, Henry Wheaton, translated by William Alexander Parsons Martin, 萬國公法, volume 1, 京都崇實館, page 21:

Měiguó jué Yīng zìlì zhī shí, Fǎguó rèn zhī, bìng àn zhù zhī, cǐ Yīngguó yǐwéi bùgōng yú jǐ.

美國絕英自立之時，法國認之，并暗助之，此英國以為不公於己。

美国绝英自立之时，法国认之，并暗助之，此英国以为不公于己。

1891, 薛福成 [Xue Fucheng], 出使英法義比四國日記, volume 4, page 21:

Yútián duō wèi Lúndūn shēnfù zhī chǎnyè, tǔrén bùguò wéi qí diànhù, gèng duō pínkǔ. Qí liúxǐ zhì Měiguó zhī Jiùjīnshān děng chù zhě, yuē “Āilìshì rén”, xìng xǐ shēngshì, jí jì huámín zhī duó qí yōnggōng zhě yě.

腴田多為倫敦紳富之產業，土人不過為其佃戶，更多貧苦。其流徙至美國之舊金山等處者，曰「埃利士人」，性喜生事，即忌華民之奪其傭工者也。

腴田多为伦敦绅富之产业，土人不过为其佃户，更多贫苦。其流徙至美国之旧金山等处者，曰「埃利士人」，性喜生事，即忌华民之夺其佣工者也。

United States, America (a country in North America)


阿爾巴尼亞

ㄚ ㄦˇ ㄅㄚ ㄋㄧˊ ㄧㄚˋ

ㄚ ㄦˇ ㄅㄚ ㄋㄧˊ ㄧㄚˇ

/ˀä⁵⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ pä⁵⁵ ni³⁵ jä⁵¹/

/ˀä⁵⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ pä⁵⁵ ni³⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/aː³³ jiː¹³ paː⁵⁵ nei̯²¹ aː³³/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pa⁴⁴⁻²² nĩ²⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/a³³ nĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ pa³³ nĩ²⁴⁻²² a³³/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² d͡zĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pa⁴⁴⁻²² nĩ¹³⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/ˀä⁵⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ pä⁵⁵ ni³⁵ jä⁵¹/

/ˀä⁵⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ pä⁵⁵ ni³⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/aː³³ jiː¹³ paː⁵⁵ nei̯²¹ aː³³/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pa⁴⁴⁻²² nĩ²⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/a³³ nĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ pa³³ nĩ²⁴⁻²² a³³/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² d͡zĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pa⁴⁴⁻²² nĩ¹³⁻²² a⁴⁴/

Borrowed from English Albania. Attested since at least 1902.

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English

阿爾巴尼亞語

Ā'ěrbāníyàyǔ

阿尔巴尼亚语

Ā'ěrbāníyàyǔ


安道爾

/ˀän⁵⁵ tɑʊ̯⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ tou̯²² jiː¹³/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² to²²⁻²¹ nĩ⁵³/

/an³³ tɔ²² nĩ⁵⁵⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² to²²⁻²¹ d͡zĩ⁵³/

/ø⁵⁵ dɔ³³ ɦəl²¹/

/ˀän⁵⁵ tɑʊ̯⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ tou̯²² jiː¹³/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² to²²⁻²¹ nĩ⁵³/

/an³³ tɔ²² nĩ⁵⁵⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² to²²⁻²¹ d͡zĩ⁵³/

/ø⁵⁵ dɔ³³ ɦəl²¹/

Andorra (a microstate in Southern Europe, between Spain and France)


亞美尼亞

ㄧㄚˋ ㄇㄟˇ ㄋㄧˊ ㄧㄚˋ

ㄧㄚˇ ㄇㄟˇ ㄋㄧˊ ㄧㄚˇ

/jä⁵¹ meɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ni³⁵ jä⁵¹/

/jä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ meɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ni³⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

a³ méi⁵ néi⁴ a³

/aː³³ mei̯¹³ nei̯²¹ aː³³/

/a³³ bi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ nĩ²⁴⁻²² a³³/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² bi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nĩ²⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² bi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nĩ¹³⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/ia⁵⁵ me³³ n̠ʲi³³ ia²¹/

/jä⁵¹ meɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ni³⁵ jä⁵¹/

/jä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ meɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ni³⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/aː³³ mei̯¹³ nei̯²¹ aː³³/

/a³³ bi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ nĩ²⁴⁻²² a³³/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² bi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nĩ²⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² bi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nĩ¹³⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/ia⁵⁵ me³³ n̠ʲi³³ ia²¹/

Armenia (a country in the South Caucasus region of Asia, sometimes considered to belong politically to Europe)


奧地利

/ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ti⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹/

/o²¹³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾li²⁴²⁻⁵³ l̃ɛi²¹³/

/o⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ te⁴¹⁻²² li⁴¹/

/o²¹⁻⁵³ te²²⁻²¹ li²²/

/ɤ²¹⁻⁴¹ te³³⁻²¹ li³³/

/o¹¹⁻⁵³ tue³³⁻¹¹ li³³/

/o²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ti¹¹ li³⁵/

/ɔ³³ di⁵⁵ li²¹/

/ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ti⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹/

/o²¹³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾li²⁴²⁻⁵³ l̃ɛi²¹³/

/o⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ te⁴¹⁻²² li⁴¹/

/o²¹⁻⁵³ te²²⁻²¹ li²²/

/ɤ²¹⁻⁴¹ te³³⁻²¹ li³³/

/o¹¹⁻⁵³ tue³³⁻¹¹ li³³/

/o²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ti¹¹ li³⁵/

/ɔ³³ di⁵⁵ li²¹/

From English Austria or German Österreich (“Austria”), perhaps influenced by the preexisting close-sounding word 地利 (dìlì, “geographical advantage”).

Rì'ěrmàn quánguó shí, yǐ Àodìlì wéi gòngzhǔ, zhū bù rú jīnèi zhī hóu. Dāng Chálǐ dì wǔ zhī dài xīng yě, lǔ Fó wáng, fú Luómǎ, jiān Hélán, shēnglíng hèzhuó, jī yú bà yǐ.

日耳曼全國時，以𡒃地利為共主，諸部如畿內之侯。當查理第五之代興也，擄佛王、服羅馬、兼荷蘭，聲靈赫濯，幾於霸矣。

日耳曼全国时，以奥地利为共主，诸部如畿内之侯。当查理第五之代兴也，掳佛王、服罗马、兼荷兰，声灵赫濯，几于霸矣。


白俄羅斯

ㄅㄞˊ ㄜˊ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄙ

ㄅㄞˊ ㄜˋ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄙ

/paɪ̯³⁵ ˀɤ³⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵/

/paɪ̯³⁵ ˀɤ⁵¹ lu̯ɔ³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵/

/paːk̚² ŋɔː²¹ lɔː²¹ siː⁵⁵/

/pʰak̚⁵ ŋo¹¹ lo¹¹ sɨ²⁴/

/pʰak̚⁵ ŋo¹¹ lo¹¹ sz̩⁴⁴/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ ɡo²⁴⁻¹¹ lo²⁴⁻¹¹ su⁴⁴/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ ɡɤ²³⁻³³ lɤ²³⁻³³ su⁴⁴/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ ɡo²⁴⁻²² lo²⁴⁻²² su⁴⁴/

/pe(ʔ)²⁴⁻² ŋɔ̃²⁴⁻²² lo²⁴⁻²² sɯ³³/

/pɛ(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ ɡo¹³⁻²² lo¹³⁻²² su⁴⁴/

/baʔ¹¹ ŋu²² lu²² sz̩²³/

/paɪ̯³⁵ ˀɤ³⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵/

/paɪ̯³⁵ ˀɤ⁵¹ lu̯ɔ³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵/

/paːk̚² ŋɔː²¹ lɔː²¹ siː⁵⁵/

/pʰak̚⁵ ŋo¹¹ lo¹¹ sɨ²⁴/

/pʰak̚⁵ ŋo¹¹ lo¹¹ sz̩⁴⁴/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ ɡo²⁴⁻¹¹ lo²⁴⁻¹¹ su⁴⁴/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ ɡɤ²³⁻³³ lɤ²³⁻³³ su⁴⁴/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ ɡo²⁴⁻²² lo²⁴⁻²² su⁴⁴/

/pe(ʔ)²⁴⁻² ŋɔ̃²⁴⁻²² lo²⁴⁻²² sɯ³³/

/pɛ(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ ɡo¹³⁻²² lo¹³⁻²² su⁴⁴/

/baʔ¹¹ ŋu²² lu²² sz̩²³/


比利時

/pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ li⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/pi³¹ li⁵⁵ sɨ¹¹/

/pi²⁴⁻³³ li³³ ʃi⁵⁵/

/pi³¹ li⁵³⁻⁵⁵ sz̩¹¹/

/pi³³⁻²¹ l̃i²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾li⁵³/

/pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ li²²⁻²¹ si²⁴/

/pi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ li⁴¹⁻²² si²⁴/

/pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ li²²⁻²¹ si¹³/

/pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ li³³⁻¹¹ si²⁴/

/pi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ li³³⁻²¹ si²³/

/pi⁵²⁻³⁵ li³⁵⁻¹¹ si⁵⁵/

/pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ li⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/pi³¹ li⁵⁵ sɨ¹¹/

/pi²⁴⁻³³ li³³ ʃi⁵⁵/

/pi³¹ li⁵³⁻⁵⁵ sz̩¹¹/

/pi³³⁻²¹ l̃i²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾li⁵³/

/pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ li²²⁻²¹ si²⁴/

/pi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ li⁴¹⁻²² si²⁴/

/pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ li²²⁻²¹ si¹³/

/pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ li³³⁻¹¹ si²⁴/

/pi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ li³³⁻²¹ si²³/

/pi⁵²⁻³⁵ li³⁵⁻¹¹ si⁵⁵/

1848, 徐繼畬 [Xu Jiyu], editor, 瀛寰志略, volume 6, page 52:

Jiāqìng shíjiǔ nián, Bǐlìshí fù yǔ Hélán hé. Xiānshì Hélán chóng yēsūjiào, yīncǐ yǔ Xībānyá gòubīng, shù shí nián zú huòshèng fùguó, ér Bǐlìshí pí jìn fólángxī, gù dú cóng Fó sú, shàng tiānzhǔjiào. Yòu sù lì Xībānyá, Àodìlì, jiē tiānzhǔjiào guó, jì yǔ Hélán hé, bùkěn cóng Hé sú, liǎng bù zhī mín bù xiàngnéng, shíshí gòuxìn.

嘉慶十九年，比利時復與荷蘭合。先是荷蘭崇耶穌教，因此與西班牙搆兵，數十年卒獲勝復國，而比利時毗近佛郎西，顧獨從佛俗，尚天主教。又夙隸西班牙、𡒃地利，皆天主教國，既與荷蘭合，不肯從荷俗，兩部之民不相能，時時搆釁。

嘉庆十九年，比利时复与荷兰合。先是荷兰崇耶稣教，因此与西班牙构兵，数十年卒获胜复国，而比利时毗近佛郎西，顾独从佛俗，尚天主教。又夙隶西班牙、奥地利，皆天主教国，既与荷兰合，不肯从荷俗，两部之民不相能，时时构衅。

Belgium (a country in Western Europe that has borders with the Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg and France)


保加利亞

ㄅㄠˇ ㄐㄧㄚ ㄌㄧˋ ㄧㄚˋ

ㄅㄠˇ ㄐㄧㄚ ㄌㄧˋ ㄧㄚˇ

/pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ li⁵¹⁻⁵³ jä⁵¹/

/pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ li⁵¹ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pou̯³⁵ kaː⁵⁵ lei̯²² aː³³/

/po⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ka⁴⁴⁻²² li²²⁻²¹ a⁴⁴/

/pɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ li³³⁻²¹ a⁴⁴/

/po⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ li³³⁻¹¹ a⁴⁴/

/po⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ka³³ li⁴¹⁻²² a³³/

/po⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kɛ⁴⁴⁻²² li²²⁻²¹ a⁴⁴/

/pɔ³³ ka⁵⁵ li³³ ia²¹/

/pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ li⁵¹⁻⁵³ jä⁵¹/

/pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ li⁵¹ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pou̯³⁵ kaː⁵⁵ lei̯²² aː³³/

/po⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ka⁴⁴⁻²² li²²⁻²¹ a⁴⁴/

/pɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ li³³⁻²¹ a⁴⁴/

/po⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ li³³⁻¹¹ a⁴⁴/

/po⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ka³³ li⁴¹⁻²² a³³/

/po⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kɛ⁴⁴⁻²² li²²⁻²¹ a⁴⁴/

/pɔ³³ ka⁵⁵ li³³ ia²¹/

Bulgaria (a country in Southeast Europe)


克羅地亞

ㄎㄜˋ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄉㄧˋ ㄧㄚˋ

ㄎㄜˋ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄉㄧˋ ㄧㄚˇ

/kʰɤ⁵¹ lu̯ɔ³⁵ ti⁵¹⁻⁵³ jä⁵¹/

/kʰɤ⁵¹ lu̯ɔ³⁵ ti⁵¹ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɐk̚⁵ lɔː²¹ tei̯²² aː³³/

/kʰiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ lo²⁴⁻²² te⁴¹⁻²² a³³/

/kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ lo²⁴⁻²² te²²⁻²¹ a⁴⁴/

/kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ lo¹³⁻²² te²²⁻²¹ a⁴⁴/

/kʰəʔ³³ lu⁵⁵ di³³ ia²¹/

/kʰɤ⁵¹ lu̯ɔ³⁵ ti⁵¹⁻⁵³ jä⁵¹/

/kʰɤ⁵¹ lu̯ɔ³⁵ ti⁵¹ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɐk̚⁵ lɔː²¹ tei̯²² aː³³/

/kʰiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ lo²⁴⁻²² te⁴¹⁻²² a³³/

/kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ lo²⁴⁻²² te²²⁻²¹ a⁴⁴/

/kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ lo¹³⁻²² te²²⁻²¹ a⁴⁴/

/kʰəʔ³³ lu⁵⁵ di³³ ia²¹/

Borrowed from Italian Croazia, via Mandarin.

Balkan Peninsula
Balkan Peninsula#English

(Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau) Croatia (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)


捷克

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹/

/t͡sieʔ⁵⁻²¹ kʰaiʔ²⁴/

/t͡siɛt̚⁴⁻³² kʰiɪk̚³²/

/t͡siɛt̚¹²¹⁻²¹ kʰiɪk̚³²/

/t͡siɛt̚²⁴⁻² kʰiak̚⁵/

/t͡siap̚⁴⁻³² kʰiɪk̚³²/

/ʑiɪʔ¹¹ kʰəʔ²³/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹/

/t͡sieʔ⁵⁻²¹ kʰaiʔ²⁴/

/t͡siɛt̚⁴⁻³² kʰiɪk̚³²/

/t͡siɛt̚¹²¹⁻²¹ kʰiɪk̚³²/

/t͡siɛt̚²⁴⁻² kʰiak̚⁵/

/t͡siap̚⁴⁻³² kʰiɪk̚³²/

/ʑiɪʔ¹¹ kʰəʔ²³/

捷克共和国 捷克共和国#Chinese

Czech Republic, Czechia (a country in Central Europe; official name: 捷克共和国 (Jiékè Gònghéguó))


平安

/pʰiŋ³⁵ ˀän⁵⁵/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ ɔːn⁵⁵/

/pʰin¹¹ ɔn⁴⁴/

/piŋ¹³⁻¹¹ ^((Ø-))ŋaŋ⁵³³/

/piŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ^((Ø-))ŋaŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² an⁴⁴/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² an³³/

/piɪŋ¹³⁻²² an⁴⁴/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ an⁴⁴/

/piɪŋ²³⁻³³ an⁴⁴/

/pʰeŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ aŋ³³/

/pʰiŋ³⁵ ˀän⁵⁵/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ ɔːn⁵⁵/

/pʰin¹¹ ɔn⁴⁴/

/piŋ¹³⁻¹¹ ^((Ø-))ŋaŋ⁵³³/

/piŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ^((Ø-))ŋaŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² an⁴⁴/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² an³³/

/piɪŋ¹³⁻²² an⁴⁴/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ an⁴⁴/

/piɪŋ²³⁻³³ an⁴⁴/

/pʰeŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ aŋ³³/

(～區) Ping'an District (a district of Qinghai, China)

(～鄉) Ping'an (a township in Fengjie, Chongqing, China)

(～社區) Ping'an (a residential community in Dongsheng, Shishou, Jingzhou, Hubei, China)


朝鮮

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (朝鮮):
* → Japanese: 朝(ちょう)鮮(せん) (Chōsen)
* → Korean: 조선(朝鮮) (Joseon)
* → Vietnamese: Triều Tiên (朝鮮)

desc

→ Classical Mongolian: ᠴᠣᠤᠬᠢᠶᠠᠨ (Čoukiyan)

→ English: Ch'ao-hsien, Chaoxian

→ Manchu: ᠴᠣᠣᡥᡳᠶᠠᠨ (Coohiyan)

→ Zhuang: Cauzsenh

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɔ²⁴ ɕiæ̃⁵¹/

/t͡sʰiːu̯²¹ siːn⁵⁵/

/t͡seu̯²⁴⁻¹¹ si̯en²⁴/

/tieu⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lieŋ³³/

/tieu¹³⁻¹¹ ɬɛŋ⁴⁵³/

/tieu²⁴⁻²¹ ɬɛŋ³³²/

/tiau²⁴⁻²² siɛn⁵⁵⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɔ²⁴ ɕiæ̃⁵¹/

/t͡sʰiːu̯²¹ siːn⁵⁵/

/t͡seu̯²⁴⁻¹¹ si̯en²⁴/

/tieu⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lieŋ³³/

/tieu¹³⁻¹¹ ɬɛŋ⁴⁵³/

/tieu²⁴⁻²¹ ɬɛŋ³³²/

/tiau²⁴⁻²² siɛn⁵⁵⁴/

Classic of Mountains and Seas
Juha Janhunen
Records of the Grand Historian
Zhanguo Ce

Attested in Classic of Mountains and Seas, Zhanguo Ce, Records of the Grand Historian, etc. Juha Janhunen tentatively suggests a connection to the ethnonyms Jurchen and Sushen. A common literal interpretation of this term is “morning (朝) calm (鮮)”, and thus Korea is also known as the “Land of the Morning Calm”.

2006, 朴英姬, “朝鲜义烈团的成立及抗日斗争”, in 历史档案, number 4, →ISSN, pages 96–99:

The nation-wide anti-Japanese patriotic March 1st Movement that erupted in Korea on 1 March, 1919 marked the arrival of this climax. However, the March 1st movement faced brutal suppression by Japanese imperialism and ultimately failed. The main reasons for its failure are…Secondly, Korean nationalists had the illusion of "pleading" for Korean independence from the United States and the Paris Peace Conference, rather than relying on armed resistance by the Korean people to achieve Korean independence. After the failure of the March 1st movement, patriotic Korean activists were unable to engage in domestic anti-Japanese struggles and consequently sought exile abroad.

1919 nián 3 yuè 1 rì zài Cháoxiǎn bàofā de quán mínzú xìng de fǎnrì àiguó yùndòng biāozhì zhe zhè yī gāocháo de dàolái. Rán'ér “sānyī” yùndòng zāodào le Rìběn dìguózhǔyì de xuèxīng zhènyā zuìzhōng shībài. Qí shībài de yuányīn zhǔyào yǒu...... Qí èr, Cháoxiǎn mínzúzhǔyì zhě huànxiǎng cóng Měiguó hé Bālí héhuì nàlǐ “qǐqiú” Cháoxiǎn dúlì, ér bù yīkào Cháoxiǎn rénmín yòng wǔlì shíxiàn Cháoxiǎn dúlì. “sānyī” yùndòng shībài hòu, Cháoxiǎn àiguó zhìshì wúfǎ zài guónèi zhǎnkāi fǎnrì dǒuzhēng, biàn fēnfēn liúwáng guówài.

1919年3月1日在朝鲜爆发的全民族性的反日爱国运动标志着这一高潮的到来。然而“三一”运动遭到了日本帝国主义的血腥镇压最终失败。其失败的原因主要有……其二，朝鲜民族主义者幻想从美国和巴黎和会那里“乞求”朝鲜独立，而不依靠朝鲜人民用武力实现朝鲜独立。“三一”运动失败后，朝鲜爱国志士无法在国内展开反日斗争，便纷纷流亡国外。

1919年3月1日在朝鮮爆發的全民族性的反日愛國運動標誌著這一高潮的到來。然而“三一”運動遭到了日本帝國主義的血腥鎮壓最終失敗。其失敗的原因主要有……其二，朝鮮民族主義者幻想從美國和巴黎和會那裡“乞求”朝鮮獨立，而不依靠朝鮮人民用武力實現朝鮮獨立。“三一”運動失敗後，朝鮮愛國志士無法在國內展開反日鬥爭，便紛紛流亡國外。

Korea (a geographic region consisting of two countries in East Asia, commonly known as South Korea and North Korea; formerly a single country)

～民主主義人民共和國 朝鮮民主主義人民共和國#Chinese

(Mainland China) (～民主主義人民共和國) North Korea (a country in East Asia, whose territory consists of the northern part of Korea)


成功

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (成功):
* → Japanese: 成功(せいこう) (seikō)
* → Korean: 성공(成功) (seonggong)
* → Vietnamese: thành công (成功)

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰəŋ²⁴ kuŋ²⁴/

/sɪŋ²¹ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/sɨn¹¹ kuŋ²⁴/

/ʃin⁵⁵ kuŋ⁵³/

/siŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋuŋ⁵⁵/

/ɬiŋ¹³⁻¹¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɒŋ⁵³³/

/ɬiŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɒŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/siɪŋ²⁴⁻²² kɔŋ³³/

/siɪŋ¹³⁻²² kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/siɪŋ²⁴⁻²² kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/siɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/siɪŋ²³⁻³³ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/seŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ koŋ³³/

/zən²² koŋ⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰəŋ²⁴ kuŋ²⁴/

/sɪŋ²¹ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/sɨn¹¹ kuŋ²⁴/

/ʃin⁵⁵ kuŋ⁵³/

/siŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋuŋ⁵⁵/

/ɬiŋ¹³⁻¹¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɒŋ⁵³³/

/ɬiŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɒŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/siɪŋ²⁴⁻²² kɔŋ³³/

/siɪŋ¹³⁻²² kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/siɪŋ²⁴⁻²² kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/siɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/siɪŋ²³⁻³³ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/seŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ koŋ³³/

/zən²² koŋ⁴⁴/

(～鎮) Chenggong (an urban township in Taitung County, Taiwan)

(～村) Chenggong (a village in Caidian, Caidian district, Wuhan, Hubei, China)


西貢

Homophonic translation from Vietnamese Sài Gòn (柴棍), via Cantonese 西貢／西贡 (sai1 gung3).

/ɕi⁵⁵ kʊŋ⁵¹/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ kʊŋ³³/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔŋ¹¹/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔŋ²¹/

/sai³³⁻²³ koŋ²¹³/

/ɕi⁵⁵ kʊŋ⁵¹/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ kʊŋ³³/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔŋ¹¹/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔŋ²¹/

/sai³³⁻²³ koŋ²¹³/

Chén chū sān kè dǐ Xīgòng, yóu Xīnjiāpō zhì cǐ èr qiān sì bǎi èrshíyī lǐ, mǎtóu zài jiāng zhī xī'àn, shàngxià ruò fúqiáo. Kǎo Xīgòng wéi Yuènán guó jí nán hǎikǒu, shǔ Jiādìng shěng.

辰初三刻抵西貢，由新加坡至此二千四百二十一里，碼頭在江之西岸，上下若浮橋。考西貢為越南國極南海口，屬嘉定省。

辰初三刻抵西贡，由新加坡至此二千四百二十一里，码头在江之西岸，上下若浮桥。考西贡为越南国极南海口，属嘉定省。

(historical or informal) Saigon (the former name of Ho Chi Minh City, the largest city in Vietnam; the former capital of South Vietnam)


西貢

First attested in the Map of the San On District [1866].

/ɕi⁵⁵ kʊŋ⁵¹/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ kʊŋ³³/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔŋ¹¹/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔŋ²¹/

/sai³³⁻²³ koŋ²¹³/

/ɕi⁵⁵ kʊŋ⁵¹/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ kʊŋ³³/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔŋ¹¹/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔŋ²¹/

/sai³³⁻²³ koŋ²¹³/

(～半島) Sai Kung (a peninsula in Hong Kong)


西雅圖

/ɕi⁵⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰu³⁵/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ ŋaː¹³ tʰou̯²¹/

/ɕi⁵⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰu³⁵/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ ŋaː¹³ tʰou̯²¹/

Seattle (a city in Washington, United States)


君士坦丁堡

ㄐㄩㄣ ㄕˋ ㄊㄢˇ ㄉㄧㄥ ㄅㄠˇ

ㄐㄩㄣ ㄕˋ ㄊㄢˇ ㄉㄧㄥ ㄅㄠˇ

Цзюньшитаньдинбао

/t͡ɕyn⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹ tʰän²¹⁴⁻²¹ tiŋ⁵⁵ pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʷɐn⁵⁵ siː²² tʰaːn³⁵ tɪŋ⁵⁵ pou̯³⁵/

/kʷɐn⁵⁵ siː²² tʰaːn³⁵ tɪŋ⁵⁵ pou̯³⁵/

Phono-semantic matching of English Constantinople.

psm

Byzantine Empire
Byzantine Empire#English

(historical) Constantinople (the former name, from 330–1930 C.E., of Istanbul, the largest city in Turkey; the former capital of the Ottoman Empire and of the Byzantine Empire before that)


三重

/sän⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ³⁵/

/saːm⁵⁵ t͡sʰʊŋ²¹/

/sam⁴⁴⁻²² tiɔŋ²⁴/

/sam⁴⁴⁻²² tiɔŋ¹³/

/sam⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɔŋ²⁴/

/sam⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɔŋ²³/

/sän⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ³⁵/

/saːm⁵⁵ t͡sʰʊŋ²¹/

/sam⁴⁴⁻²² tiɔŋ²⁴/

/sam⁴⁴⁻²² tiɔŋ¹³/

/sam⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɔŋ²⁴/

/sam⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɔŋ²³/

From 三重埔 (Saⁿ-têng-po͘, literally “the third plain”).

zh-m

(～區, formerly ～市, ～鎮) Sanchong (a district of New Taipei City, Taiwan)


三重

/sän⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ³⁵/

/saːm⁵⁵ t͡sʰʊŋ²¹/

/sän⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ³⁵/

/saːm⁵⁵ t͡sʰʊŋ²¹/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 三重(みえ) (Mie)


臺灣

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (臺灣):
* → Japanese: 台(たい)湾(わん) (Taiwan)
* → Korean: 대만(臺灣) (Daeman)
* → Vietnamese: Đài Loan (臺灣)

→ Arabic: تَايْوَان (tāywān)

→ Armenian: Թայվան (Tʻayvan)

→ Bulgarian: Тайван (Tajvan)

→ Burmese: ထိုင်ဝမ် (htuing-wam)

→ Catalan: Taiwan

→ Czech: Tchaj-wan, Taiwan

→ Dutch: Taiwan

→ English: Taiwan

→ Korean: 타이완 (Taiwan)

→ Portuguese: Taiwan

→ French: Taïwan

→ Manchu: ᡨᠠᡳᠸᠠᠨ (taiwan)

→ Persian: تایوان (tâyvân)

→ Polish: Tajwan

→ Russian: Тайвань (Tajvanʹ)

→ Spanish: Taiwán

→ Tibetan: ཐའེ་ཝན (tha'e wan)

→ Turkish: Tayvan

→ Zhuang: Daizvanh

/tʰaɪ̯³⁵ wän⁵⁵/

/tʰɛ²⁴ væ̃²⁴/

/tʰɔːi̯²¹ waːn⁵⁵/

/tʰoɪ¹¹ ʋan⁴⁴/

/tai⁵³⁻⁵⁵ uaŋ⁵⁵/

/tai⁵³⁻³³ uaŋ⁵³/

/tai¹³⁻¹¹ uaŋ¹³/

/tai²⁴⁻²¹ uoŋ²⁴/

/tʰai⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ueŋ³³/

/tʰai⁵⁵⁻¹¹ uaŋ³³/

/tʰaɪ̯³⁵ wän⁵⁵/

/tʰɛ²⁴ væ̃²⁴/

/tʰɔːi̯²¹ waːn⁵⁵/

/tʰoɪ¹¹ ʋan⁴⁴/

/tai⁵³⁻⁵⁵ uaŋ⁵⁵/

/tai⁵³⁻³³ uaŋ⁵³/

/tai¹³⁻¹¹ uaŋ¹³/

/tai²⁴⁻²¹ uoŋ²⁴/

/tʰai⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ueŋ³³/

/tʰai⁵⁵⁻¹¹ uaŋ³³/

Appears to be first attested in a memorial to the imperial government by official He Kai (何楷) in 1635:
:
Officially, no later than 1684 with the creation of Taiwan Prefecture (臺灣府). A phonetic transliteration of an ethnonym of a tribe in the southwest part of the island in the area of Anping, Tainan, southwest Taiwan, variously recorded in Dutch records as Tayouan or Tayowan or Taiouwang. A Dutch missionary referred to this group as Taiouwang no later than 1636. Other phonetic transliterations in Chinese characters included 大員 [1603], 大圓 [1617], 臺員, and 大灣 [circa 1624], as placenames initially referring to a sandbank peninsula that later silted up now wholly part of the island in the area of modern-day Anping District, Tainan that eventually became the name of the entire island.
Possibly derived from Siraya.
By surface analysis, 臺 /台 (tái, “terraced”) + 灣 /湾 (wān, “bay”).

surf

If we are to subdue the bandits, we must destroy their hideout. Where is their hideout, then? It's Taiwan. Taiwan is further from Penghu, with a distance of two days away from Zhangzhou and Quanzhou, and the land is large and fertile.

Jīn yù jìng kòufēn, fēi xū qí kū bùkě. Qí kū wéi hé? Táiwān shì yě. Táiwān zài Pénghú dǎo wài, jù Zhāng, Quán zhǐ liǎng rì yè chéng, dì guǎng ér yú.

今欲靖寇氛，非墟其窟不可。其窟維何？臺灣是也。臺灣在彭湖島外，距漳、泉止兩日夜程，地廣而腴。

今欲靖寇氛，非墟其窟不可。其窟维何？台湾是也。台湾在彭湖岛外，距漳、泉止两日夜程，地广而腴。

(～省) Taiwan Province (administrative division in both the Republic of China and People's Republic of China)