北門

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ mən³⁵/

/pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ mŋ̍²⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ mŋ̍²³/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ mŋ̍²⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁵ muĩ¹³/

/pak̚²⁻⁵ muĩ²⁴/

/pak̚²⁻⁴ muŋ⁵⁵/

/pak̚²⁻⁴ mɯŋ⁵⁵/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ mən³⁵/

/pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ mŋ̍²⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ mŋ̍²³/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ mŋ̍²⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁵ muĩ¹³/

/pak̚²⁻⁵ muĩ²⁴/

/pak̚²⁻⁴ muŋ⁵⁵/

/pak̚²⁻⁴ mɯŋ⁵⁵/

(～區) Beimen (a district of Tainan, Taiwan)

(～社區, formerly ～村) Beimen (a residential community in Dadeng, Xiang'an district, Xiamen, Fujian, China, formerly a village)

(～村) Beimen (a village in Tancheng, Pingtan, Fuzhou, Fujian, China)

Northgate (a neighborhood of Seattle, Washington, United States)


東門

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ mən³⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ muːn²¹/

/taŋ³³ mŋ̍²⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ mŋ̍²⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ mŋ̍²³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² mŋ̍²⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² mŋ̍¹³/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² bun²⁴/

/tɔŋ³³ bun²⁴/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² bun¹³/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ mən³⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ muːn²¹/

/taŋ³³ mŋ̍²⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ mŋ̍²⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ mŋ̍²³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² mŋ̍²⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² mŋ̍¹³/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² bun²⁴/

/tɔŋ³³ bun²⁴/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² bun¹³/

(～社區) Dongmen (a residential community in Wenquan, Yingshan, Huanggang, Hubei, China)

(～社區) Dongmen (a residential community in Tancheng, Pingtan, Fuzhou, Fujian, China)


河南

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (河南):
* → Japanese: 河(か)南(なん) (Kanan)
* → Korean: 하남(河南) (Hanam)
* → Vietnamese: Hà Nam (河南)

→ English: Henan

→ Manchu: ᡥᠣᠨᠠᠨ (honan)

/xɤ³⁵ nän³⁵/

/hɔː²¹ naːm²¹/

/o⁵³⁻³³ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/hɒ¹³⁻¹¹ naŋ¹³/

/hɒ²⁴⁻²¹ naŋ²⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻²² lam²⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻²² lam²⁴/

/ho¹³⁻²² lam¹³/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ lam²⁴/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ lam²³/

/ho⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lam⁵⁵/

/xɤ³⁵ nän³⁵/

/hɔː²¹ naːm²¹/

/o⁵³⁻³³ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/hɒ¹³⁻¹¹ naŋ¹³/

/hɒ²⁴⁻²¹ naŋ²⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻²² lam²⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻²² lam²⁴/

/ho¹³⁻²² lam¹³/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ lam²⁴/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ lam²³/

/ho⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lam⁵⁵/

(historical) Henan (a geographic region south of the Yellow River in northern China)

Henan (an island and former district, now part of Haizhu District south of the old urban core of Guangzhou, Guangdong, China)

蒙古族自治縣 蒙古族自治縣#Chinese

Henan Mongol Autonomous County
w:Henan Mongol Autonomous County

(～縣, ～蒙古族自治縣) Henan, Henan Mongol Autonomous County (a Mongol autonomous county in the Tibetan autonomous prefecture of Huangnan prefecture, Qinghai Province, China)

(～町) Kanan (a town in Osaka Prefecture, Japan)


南郊

/nän³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/nän³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

(～街道) Nanjiao (a subdistrict of Zengdu district, Suizhou, Hubei, China)


定州

/tiŋ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/tɪŋ²² t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/tiŋ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/tɪŋ²² t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

(～市) Dingzhou (a county-level city of Baoding, Hebei, China)

(～市, formerly ～郡) Chongju (a city in North Pyongan Province, North Korea)


臺北

Sino-Xenic (臺北):
* → Japanese: 台(たい)北(ほく) (Taihoku)
* → Korean: 대북(臺北) (Daebuk)
* → Vietnamese: Đài Bắc (臺北)

→ Amis: Taypak

→ Bunun: Taipak

→ English: Taipei, Taibei, Taipeh

→ Japanese: 台北 (Taipei)

→ Korean: 타이베이 (Taibei), 타이페이 (Taipei)

→ Thai: ไทเป (tai-bpee)

→ Kanakanabu: Taipe

→ Russian: Тайбэ́й (Tajbɛ́j)

→ Saaroa: taipakʉ

→ Saisiyat: taypae'

→ Sakizaya: Taypak

→ Tsou: taipahu

/tʰaɪ̯³⁵ peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰɔːi̯²¹ pɐk̚⁵/

/tʰoɪ¹¹ pɛt̚¹/

/tai⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βɔyʔ²⁴/

/tai¹³⁻⁴² paʔ²¹/

/tai²⁴⁻⁴² paʔ²/

/tai²⁴⁻²² pak̚³²/

/tai¹³⁻²² pak̚³²/

/tai²⁴⁻¹¹ pak̚³²/

/tai²³⁻³³ pak̚³²/

/tʰai⁵⁵⁻¹¹ pak̚²/

/tʰaɪ̯³⁵ peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰɔːi̯²¹ pɐk̚⁵/

/tʰoɪ¹¹ pɛt̚¹/

/tai⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βɔyʔ²⁴/

/tai¹³⁻⁴² paʔ²¹/

/tai²⁴⁻⁴² paʔ²/

/tai²⁴⁻²² pak̚³²/

/tai¹³⁻²² pak̚³²/

/tai²⁴⁻¹¹ pak̚³²/

/tai²³⁻³³ pak̚³²/

/tʰai⁵⁵⁻¹¹ pak̚²/

Officially, with the creation of Taipeh Prefecture (臺北府) in 1875.

(～縣) (historical) Taipei County (former county in Taiwan, now called New Taipei)


海淀

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ti̯ɛn⁵¹/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ tiːn²²/

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ti̯ɛn⁵¹/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ tiːn²²/

Zhèshí dìhòu hé fēipín huángzǐ yī bān rén, bù duō jǐ tiān, dào le Rèhé, zài xínggōng lǐ zhù xià; yīmiàn xiàyù gěi Gōng Qīnwáng, zhuó tā yǔ liánjūn zhǔshuài zǎorì yìhé. Yīmiàn réng zhuó Sēng Ruì liǎng jūn, diào bīng bǎshǒu Hǎidiàn.

這時帝后和妃嬪皇子一班人，不多幾天，到了熱河，在行宮裏住下；一面下諭給恭親王，着他與聯軍主帥早日議和。一面仍着僧瑞兩軍，調兵把守海淀。

这时帝后和妃嫔皇子一班人，不多几天，到了热河，在行宫里住下；一面下谕给恭亲王，着他与联军主帅早日议和。一面仍着僧瑞两军，调兵把守海淀。

Zhǔpú yīlù shuō zhe, bùjué yǐ guò le Hǎidiàn.

主僕一路說着，不覺已過了海甸。

主仆一路说着，不觉已过了海甸。

Cǐwài, yīn huánjìng yǔ zhīshí de tèyì, yòu shǐ yī bùfèn chēfū lìng chéng pàibié. Shēng yú Xīyuàn Hǎidiàn de zìrán yǐ zǒu Xīshān, Yānjīng, Qīnghuá, jiàobǐ fāngbiàn

此外，因環境與知識的特異，又使一部份車夫另成派別。生於西苑海甸的自然以走西山，燕京，淸華，較比方便

此外，因环境与知识的特异，又使一部份车夫另成派别。生于西苑海甸的自然以走西山，燕京，清华，较比方便

(～鎮) Haidian (a former town near the south of Old Summer Palace, Beijing, China, demolished in 2000)

(～區) Haidian (a district named after the town, in Beijing, China)


高橋

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ kʰiːu̯²¹/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ kʰiːu̯²¹/

(～鎮) Gaoqiao (a town in Kaizhou district, Chongqing, China)

(～鄉) Gaoqiao (a township in Xingshan, Yichang, Hubei, China)

(～村) Gaoqiao (a village in Wangshi, Jianli, Jingzhou, Hubei, China)

(～村) Gaoqiao (a village in Chengbei, Yingcheng, Xiaogan, Hubei, China)


川崎

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/t͡sʰyːn⁵⁵ kʰei̯²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/t͡sʰyːn⁵⁵ kʰei̯²¹/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 川(かわ)崎(さき) (Kawasaki).

(～市) Kawasaki (a major city in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan)


代州

/taɪ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/tɔːi̯²² t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/taɪ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/tɔːi̯²² t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

After the former Dai Commandery (代郡) which it replaced.

(historical) Dai Prefecture (a former prefecture of imperial China, located in present-day northeastern Shanxi)


長沙

Sino-Xenic (長沙):
* → Japanese: 長(ちょう)沙(さ) (Chōsa)
* → Korean: 장사(長沙) (Jangsa)
* → Vietnamese: Trường Sa (長沙)

→ English: Changsha, Ch'ang-sha

→ Korean: 창사 (Changsa)

→ Russian: Чанша́ (Čanšá)

→ Zhuang: Cangzsah

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʂä⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ saː⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰoŋ¹¹ sa²⁴/

/t͡sʰɔŋ¹¹ sa⁴⁴/

/tuoŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾na⁵⁵/

/tyɒŋ¹³⁻¹¹ ɬa⁵³³/

/tyøŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ɬa⁵⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² sa⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² sa³³/

/tiaŋ¹³⁻²² sɛ⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ sua⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²³⁻³³ sua⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sa³³/

/ʈ͡ʂan¹³ sa̠³³/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʂä⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ saː⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰoŋ¹¹ sa²⁴/

/t͡sʰɔŋ¹¹ sa⁴⁴/

/tuoŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾na⁵⁵/

/tyɒŋ¹³⁻¹¹ ɬa⁵³³/

/tyøŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ɬa⁵⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² sa⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² sa³³/

/tiaŋ¹³⁻²² sɛ⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ sua⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²³⁻³³ sua⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sa³³/

/ʈ͡ʂan¹³ sa̠³³/

(～市) Changsha (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Hunan, in south-central China)

(～縣) Changsha (a county of Changsha, Hunan, China)

(historical) Changsha (a former island in the Yangtze estuary in eastern China, now part of Chongming Island)

(～鎮) Changsha (a town in Kaizhou district, Chongqing, China)

(～鄉) Changsha (a township in Zongyang, Tongling, Anhui, China)

(～村) Changsha (a village in Huangqi, Lianjiang, Fuzhou, Fujian, China)

Cheung Sha (an area on Lantau, Islands district, New Territories, Hong Kong)


高唐

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ tʰɑŋ³⁵/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ tʰɑŋ³⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ tʰɔːŋ²¹/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ tʰɑŋ³⁵/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ tʰɑŋ³⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ tʰɔːŋ²¹/

(～街道) Gaotang (a subdistrict of Wushan, Chongqing, China)


平原

Sino-Xenic (平原):
* → Japanese: 平原(へいげん) (heigen)
* → Korean: 평원(平原) (pyeong'won)
* → Vietnamese: bình nguyên (平原)

/pʰiŋ³⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ jyːn²¹/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ɡuan²⁴/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ɡuan²⁴/

/piɪŋ¹³⁻²² ɡuan¹³/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ɡuan²⁴/

/piɪŋ²³⁻³³ ɡuan²³/

/pʰeŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ŋuaŋ⁵⁵/

/pʰeŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ŋueŋ⁵⁵/

/pʰiŋ³⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ jyːn²¹/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ɡuan²⁴/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ɡuan²⁴/

/piɪŋ¹³⁻²² ɡuan¹³/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ɡuan²⁴/

/piɪŋ²³⁻³³ ɡuan²³/

/pʰeŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ŋuaŋ⁵⁵/

/pʰeŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ŋueŋ⁵⁵/

Pingyuan County
w:Pingyuan County, Shandong

(～縣) Pingyuan County (a county of Shandong, China)

(～省) Pingyuan Province (a former province of China; capital: Xinxiang)

(～鎮) Pingyuan (a town in Pingtan, Fuzhou, Fujian, China)


陳留

/ʈ͡ʂʰən³⁵ li̯oʊ̯³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰən³⁵ li̯oʊ̯³⁵/

Chenliu County (near present day Kaifeng)


河間

/xɤ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/hɔː²¹ kaːn⁵⁵/

/xɤ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/hɔː²¹ kaːn⁵⁵/

(～市) Hejian (a county-level city of Cangzhou, Hebei, China)

(～縣) (historical) Hejian (a former county of the historical province of Zhili, in northern China; formerly Wuyuan prior to the Sui dynasty)

(～國, ～郡) (historical) Hejian (a fief or commandery in northern-eastern China during the Warring States period)


國門

/ku̯ɔ³⁵ mən³⁵/

/kʷɔːk̚³ muːn²¹/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ mŋ̍²⁴/

/kɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ mŋ̍²⁴/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁵ mŋ̍¹³/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ mŋ̍²⁴/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ mŋ̍²³/

/*kʷɯːɡ mɯːn/

/ku̯ɔ³⁵ mən³⁵/

/kʷɔːk̚³ muːn²¹/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ mŋ̍²⁴/

/kɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ mŋ̍²⁴/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁵ mŋ̍¹³/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ mŋ̍²⁴/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ mŋ̍²³/

/*kʷɯːɡ mɯːn/

(～社區) Guomen (a residential community in Mengmao, Ruili, Dehong prefecture, Yunnan, China, actually governed by Jiegao Border Trade Zone)


舞陽

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

(～縣) Wuyang (a county of Luohe, Henan, China)


小林

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ lin³⁵/

/siːu̯³⁵ lɐm²¹/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ lin³⁵/

/siːu̯³⁵ lɐm²¹/

(～市) Kobayashi (a city in Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan)

(～鎮) Xiaolin (a town in Sui, Suizhou, Hubei, China)


吉田

/t͡ɕi³⁵ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/kɐt̚⁵ tʰiːn²¹/

/t͡ɕi³⁵ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/kɐt̚⁵ tʰiːn²¹/

(～町) Yoshida (a town in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)


山口

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 山口(やまぐち) (Yamaguchi).

/ʂän⁵⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/saːn⁵⁵ hɐu̯³⁵/

/suã³³ kʰau⁵⁵⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² kʰau⁵³/

/ʂän⁵⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/saːn⁵⁵ hɐu̯³⁵/

/suã³³ kʰau⁵⁵⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² kʰau⁵³/

(～市) Yamaguchi (a city in Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan)


松本

/sʊŋ⁵⁵ pən²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰʊŋ²¹ puːn³⁵/

/sʊŋ⁵⁵ pən²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰʊŋ²¹ puːn³⁵/

(～市) Matsumoto (a city in Nagano Prefecture, Japan)


小松

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ sʊŋ⁵⁵/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ sʊŋ⁵⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 小松 (Komatsu).

obor

(～市) Komatsu (a city in Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan)


陝西

desc

→ English: Shaanxi, Shanxi, Shensi, Xensi

→ Manchu: ᡧᠠᠨᠰᡳ (šansi)

/ʂän²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi⁵⁵/

/siːm³⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/ˈsɛn²¹³⁻¹³ ɕi⁴²/

/ʃam²⁴⁻³³ si⁵³/

/sieŋ³³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nɛ⁵⁵/

/ɬiɛŋ⁴⁵³⁻¹¹ ^((ɬ-))ne⁵³³/

/ɬiɛŋ³³²⁻²¹ ^((ɬ-))ne⁵⁴⁴/

/ʂän²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi⁵⁵/

/siːm³⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/ˈsɛn²¹³⁻¹³ ɕi⁴²/

/ʃam²⁴⁻³³ si⁵³/

/sieŋ³³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nɛ⁵⁵/

/ɬiɛŋ⁴⁵³⁻¹¹ ^((ɬ-))ne⁵³³/

/ɬiɛŋ³³²⁻²¹ ^((ɬ-))ne⁵⁴⁴/

From its position west of the Shan Pass in Shanzhou, Henan, through which the Yellow River flows into the North China Plain.

In Shaanxi there are so many different kinds and variations of food made from wheat.

Shǎnxī miànshí de zhǒnglèi hé huāyàng zhēn duō.

陝西麵食的種類和花樣真多。

陕西面食的种类和花样真多。


中間

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂuŋ²⁴ t͡ɕiæ̃⁴⁴/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ kaːn⁵⁵/

/t͡suŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ki̯en²⁴/

/t͡suŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ki̯an²⁴/

/t͡suŋ¹¹ t͡ɕie¹¹/

/tyŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋaŋ⁵⁵/

/tœŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋaŋ⁵³³/

/tyøŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋaŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kan⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kan⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kan⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kan⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ³³ kan³³/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂuŋ²⁴ t͡ɕiæ̃⁴⁴/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ kaːn⁵⁵/

/t͡suŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ki̯en²⁴/

/t͡suŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ki̯an²⁴/

/t͡suŋ¹¹ t͡ɕie¹¹/

/tyŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋaŋ⁵⁵/

/tœŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋaŋ⁵³³/

/tyøŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋaŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kan⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kan⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kan⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kan⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ³³ kan³³/

(～市) Nakama (a city in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan)


澠池

/mi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩³⁵/

/mi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩³⁵/

(～縣) Mianchi (a county of Sanmenxia, Henan, China)


石棉

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ mi̯ɛn³⁵/

/sɛːk̚² miːn²¹/

/suoʔ⁵⁻³³ mieŋ⁵³/

/t͡sio(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ mĩ²⁴/

/t͡sio(ʔ)²⁴⁻² mĩ²⁴/

/t͡sio(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ mĩ¹³/

/t͡sio(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ mĩ²⁴/

/t͡siɤ(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ mĩ²³/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ mi̯ɛn³⁵/

/sɛːk̚² miːn²¹/

/suoʔ⁵⁻³³ mieŋ⁵³/

/t͡sio(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ mĩ²⁴/

/t͡sio(ʔ)²⁴⁻² mĩ²⁴/

/t͡sio(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ mĩ¹³/

/t͡sio(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ mĩ²⁴/

/t͡siɤ(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ mĩ²³/

Dating back to the early 20th century – see below for citations.
Previous names include: 石絨 [since 13th century], 石麻, 不灰木, 不盡木, 不燼木, 火浣布.

(～縣) Shimian County (a county of Ya'an, Sichuan, China)


惡黨

/ɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ tɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/ɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ tɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/

From Hiligaynon Ogtong (“old name of Oton”).

恶党
恶党
福堂
屋堂
屋同
啞陳

(historical) Oton, Iloilo (a municipality of Iloilo province, Western Visayas region, Philippines)


潮州

ja-r

潮州(ちょうしゅう) (Chōshū)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (潮州):
* → Japanese: 潮州(ちょうしゅう) (Chōshū)
* → Korean: 조주(潮州) (Joju)
* → Vietnamese: Triều Châu (潮州)

→ English: Chaozhou, Teochew, etc. (see both entries for more)

→ Indonesian: Tiociu

→ Khmer: ទាជីវ (tiəciiw)

→ Malay: Teochew, Toechew

desc

→ Thai: แต้จิ๋ว (dtɛ̂ɛ-jǐu)

→ Thai: แต้จิ๋ว (dtɛ̂ɛ-jǐu)

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰiːu̯²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/tiɤ²³⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/zɔ²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰiːu̯²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/tiɤ²³⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/zɔ²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

The name of a new prefecture formed in 591 CE from parts of the Xun Prefecture (循州). According to 元和郡縣圖志 [813], it was named for the tides that flow in and out.
Chaozhou, Taiwan is named after Chaozhou, Guangdong.

(～市) Chaozhou (a prefecture-level city of Guangdong, China)

(～鎮) Chaozhou (a township in Pingtung County, Taiwan)

因送哥嫂於卜去廣南城纔到潮州喜遇上元燈於月明

因送哥嫂于卜去广南城才到潮州喜遇上元灯于月明

(～府) (historical) Chaozhou (a former imperial-era commandery Guangdong, China); see also Chaoshan


北邙山

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ mɑŋ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ mɑŋ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

(archaic) Mount Mang; Mang Mountain (north of Luoyang, where there are many cemeteries)


邙山

/mɑŋ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/mɑŋ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

(archaic) Mount Mang; Mang Mountain (north of Luoyang)


紅光

/xʊŋ³⁵ ku̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/fuŋ¹¹ koŋ²⁴/

/xʊŋ³⁵ ku̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/fuŋ¹¹ koŋ²⁴/

(～村) Hongguang (a village in Yonglong, Jingshan, Jingmen, Hubei, China)


天津

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ t͡sɵn⁵⁵/

/tʰi̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sin²⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴ t͡ɕin⁴⁴/

/tʰɛŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ^((t͡s-))niŋ⁵³³/

/tʰɛŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ^((t͡s-))niŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sin⁴⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sin⁴⁴/

/tʰieŋ³³⁻²³ t͡siŋ³³/

/tʰiaŋ³³⁻²³ t͡siŋ³³/

/tʰi⁵⁵ t͡ɕin²¹/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ t͡sɵn⁵⁵/

/tʰi̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sin²⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴ t͡ɕin⁴⁴/

/tʰɛŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ^((t͡s-))niŋ⁵³³/

/tʰɛŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ^((t͡s-))niŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sin⁴⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sin⁴⁴/

/tʰieŋ³³⁻²³ t͡siŋ³³/

/tʰiaŋ³³⁻²³ t͡siŋ³³/

/tʰi⁵⁵ t͡ɕin²¹/

(～市) Tianjin (a direct-administered municipality and major city in northern China)

(～社區) Tianjin (a community in Yiyuan, Jiang'an district, Wuhan, Hubei, China)


清水

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ sɵy̯³⁵/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sui⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ t͡sui⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sui⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sui⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sui⁴¹/

/t͡ɕʰin⁵⁵ sz̩²¹/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ sɵy̯³⁵/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sui⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ t͡sui⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sui⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sui⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sui⁴¹/

/t͡ɕʰin⁵⁵ sz̩²¹/

(～縣) Qingshui (a county of Tianshui, Gansu, China)

(～區) Qingshui (a district of Taichung, Taiwan)


札幌

/ʈ͡ʂä³⁵ xu̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡saːt̚³ fɔːŋ³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂä³⁵ xu̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡saːt̚³ fɔːŋ³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 札(さっ)幌(ぽろ) (Sapporo), from Ainu.

2001, “飛花”, in 陳少琪 (lyrics), 飛花, performed by 李克勤:

tung⁴ jau⁴ ling⁴ dou⁶ haa⁶ seon⁴ baak⁶ sik¹ dik¹ zaat³ fong²

同遊零度下純白色的札幌

同游零度下纯白色的札幌

(～市) Sapporo (the capital and largest city of Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan)


福岡

/fu³⁵ kɑŋ⁵⁵/

/fʊk̚⁵ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/fu³⁵ kɑŋ⁵⁵/

/fʊk̚⁵ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 福岡(ふくおか) (Fukuoka).

(～縣) Fukuoka (a prefecture in northern Kyushu, Japan)

(～市) Fukuoka (the capital city of Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan)


共和

/kʊŋ⁵¹ xɤ³⁵/

/koŋ²¹³ xo²¹/

/kuŋ²⁴ xə²⁴/

/kʊŋ²² wɔː²¹/

/kʰuŋ¹¹ fo³⁵/

/kʰi̯uŋ⁵⁵ fo¹¹/

/kʰiʊŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ fo¹¹/

/kuŋ⁴⁵ xuɤ¹¹/

/kɔŋ⁵⁵ ua²¹/

/kyŋ²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋuo⁵³/

/kiɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² hɔ²⁴/

/kiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ ho¹³/

/kiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ ho²⁴/

/kiɔŋ³³⁻²¹ hɤ²³/

/kiɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ ho²⁴/

/ɡoŋ²² ɦu⁴⁴/

/kʊŋ²¹⁻¹¹ xo¹³/

/kən²¹⁻¹¹ xo¹³/

/kʊŋ⁵¹ xɤ³⁵/

/koŋ²¹³ xo²¹/

/kuŋ²⁴ xə²⁴/

/kʊŋ²² wɔː²¹/

/kʰuŋ¹¹ fo³⁵/

/kʰi̯uŋ⁵⁵ fo¹¹/

/kʰiʊŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ fo¹¹/

/kuŋ⁴⁵ xuɤ¹¹/

/kɔŋ⁵⁵ ua²¹/

/kyŋ²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋuo⁵³/

/kiɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² hɔ²⁴/

/kiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ ho¹³/

/kiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ ho²⁴/

/kiɔŋ³³⁻²¹ hɤ²³/

/kiɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ ho²⁴/

/ɡoŋ²² ɦu⁴⁴/

/kʊŋ²¹⁻¹¹ xo¹³/

/kən²¹⁻¹¹ xo¹³/

(～縣) Gonghe County (a county of Hainan prefecture, Qinghai, China)


大悟

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ u⁵¹/

/taːi̯²² ŋ̍²²/

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ u⁵¹/

/taːi̯²² ŋ̍²²/

(～縣) Dawu (a county of Xiaogan, Hubei, China)


大數

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂu⁵¹/

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂu⁵¹/

Tarsus (a city in Mersin Province, Turkey)


東山

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/taŋ³³⁻²¹ suã³³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/taŋ³³⁻²¹ suã³³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

(～縣) Dongshan (a county of Zhangzhou, Fujian, China)

(～區) Dongshan (a district of Hegang, Heilongjiang, China)

(～區) Dongshan (a district of Tainan, Taiwan)

(～村) Dongshan (a village in Shenhu, Jinjiang, Quanzhou, Fujian, China)


巫山

→ English: Wushan, Wu-shan

/u⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾laŋ⁵⁵/

/u⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾laŋ⁵⁵/

(～縣) Wushan (a county of Chongqing, China)

(～鎮) Wushan (a town in Kaizhou district, Chongqing, China)

(～村) Wushan (a village in Wushan town, Kaizhou district, Chongqing, China)


花叢

/xu̯ä⁵⁵ t͡sʰʊŋ³⁵/

/faː⁵⁵ t͡sʰʊŋ²¹/

/xu̯ä⁵⁵ t͡sʰʊŋ³⁵/

/faː⁵⁵ t͡sʰʊŋ²¹/

(～鎮) Huacong (a town in Enyang district, Bazhong, Sichuan, China)


鐵甲

/tʰi̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰiə²⁴ t͡ɕia²⁴/

/tʰi(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ kaʔ³²/

/tʰi(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ kaʔ³²/

/tʰi(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ kaʔ³²/

/tʰi(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ kaʔ³²/

/tʰi̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰiə²⁴ t͡ɕia²⁴/

/tʰi(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ kaʔ³²/

/tʰi(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ kaʔ³²/

/tʰi(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ kaʔ³²/

/tʰi(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ kaʔ³²/

(～村) Tiejia (a village in Zhucheng, Xinzhou district, Wuhan, Hubei, China)


泰山

→ English: Tai Shan

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

/tʰaːi̯³³ saːn⁵⁵/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ san⁴⁴/

/tʰai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ san³³/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ san⁴⁴/

/tʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ san⁴⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ san⁴⁴/

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

/tʰaːi̯³³ saːn⁵⁵/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ san⁴⁴/

/tʰai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ san³³/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ san⁴⁴/

/tʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ san⁴⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ san⁴⁴/

死有重於泰山，輕於鴻毛 / 死有重于泰山，轻于鸿毛

sǐ yǒu zhòng yú Tàishān, qīng yú hóngmáo

Mount Tai (a mountain in Shandong, China)

(～區) Taishan (a district of Tai'an, Shandong, China)

(～區) Taishan (a district of New Taipei City, Taiwan)


村山

/t͡sʰu̯ən⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰu̯ən⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 村山 (Murayama).

obor

(～市) Murayama (a city in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan)


友誼

/joʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ i⁵¹/

/joʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ i³⁵/

/jɐu̯¹³ jiː²¹/

/jɐu̯¹³ jiː²²/

/i̯u²⁴ ŋi¹¹/

/iu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡi¹³/

/iu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ɡi²⁴/

/iu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡi²⁴/

/iu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡi³³/

/iu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɡi³³/

/joʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ i⁵¹/

/joʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ i³⁵/

/jɐu̯¹³ jiː²¹/

/jɐu̯¹³ jiː²²/

/i̯u²⁴ ŋi¹¹/

/iu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡi¹³/

/iu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ɡi²⁴/

/iu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡi²⁴/

/iu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡi³³/

/iu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɡi³³/

(～縣) Youyi (a county of Shuangyashan, Heilongjiang, China)


海山

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ suã⁴⁴/

/hai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ suã³³/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ suã⁴⁴/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ suã⁴⁴/

/hai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ suã⁴⁴/

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ suã⁴⁴/

/hai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ suã³³/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ suã⁴⁴/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ suã⁴⁴/

/hai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ suã⁴⁴/

(～村) Haishan (a village in Nanri, Xiuyu district, Putian, Fujian, China)


馬德里

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ tɤ³⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/maː¹³ tɐk̚⁵ lei̯¹³/

/mã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ li⁵⁵⁴/

/mã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ li⁴¹/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ li⁵³/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ li⁵³/

/ma²² təʔ⁵⁵ li²¹/

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ tɤ³⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/maː¹³ tɐk̚⁵ lei̯¹³/

/mã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ li⁵⁵⁴/

/mã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ li⁴¹/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ li⁵³/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ li⁵³/

/ma²² təʔ⁵⁵ li²¹/

Community of Madrid
Community of Madrid#English

autonomous community
autonomous community

(～自治區) Madrid, Community of Madrid (an autonomous community of Spain)

Madrid (a province of the Community of Madrid, Spain)


高麗

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (高麗):
* → Japanese: 高麗(こうらい) (kōrai)
* → Korean: 고려(高麗) (goryeo)
* → Vietnamese: Cao Li (高麗)

→ Dutch: Korea

→ English: Korea, Gaoli, Kao-li

→ Welsh: Corea

→ French: Corée

→ German: Korea

→ Italian: Corea

→ Lao: ເກົາຫຼີ (kao lī, “Korea”)

→ New Latin: Corea

→ Portuguese: Coreia

→ Russian: Коре́я (Koréja)

→ Spanish: Corea

→ Thai: เกาหลี (gao-lǐi, “Korea”)

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ li³⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ lɐi̯²²/

/ko⁵⁵ l̃ɛ⁵³/

/kɒ⁵³³⁻¹³ le¹¹/

/kɒ⁵⁴⁴⁻²⁴ le²¹/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² le²⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² le¹³/

/ko⁴⁴⁻³³ le²⁴/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ le²³/

/kau³³⁻²³ li⁵⁵/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ li³⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ lɐi̯²²/

/ko⁵⁵ l̃ɛ⁵³/

/kɒ⁵³³⁻¹³ le¹¹/

/kɒ⁵⁴⁴⁻²⁴ le²¹/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² le²⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² le¹³/

/ko⁴⁴⁻³³ le²⁴/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ le²³/

/kau³³⁻²³ li⁵⁵/

From a shortening of 高句麗／高句丽 (Gāogōulí).

zh-l

高句麗／高句丽 (Gāogōulí)

Shì suì, Gāolí wáng Yún sǐ, yǐ shìzǐ Ān wéi qí guówáng.

是歲，高麗王雲死，以世子安為其國王。

是岁，高丽王云死，以世子安为其国王。

Yǐsì, yǐ Hàn Wáng Liàng wéi xíngjūn yuánshuài, shuǐlù sānshí wàn fá Gāolí.

乙巳，以漢王諒為行軍元帥，水陸三十萬伐高麗。

乙巳，以汉王谅为行军元帅，水陆三十万伐高丽。

Zǒngzhāng yuán nián shí yuè, sīkōng Lǐ Jì pò Gāolí guó, lǔ qí wáng, xià chéng bǎi qīshí, hù liùshíjiǔ wàn qī qiān èrbǎi. Èr nián, xǐ Gāolí mín sān wàn, pèi Jiānghuái yǐnán, Shānnán, jīng xī.

總章元年十月，司空李勣破高麗國，虜其王，下城百七十，戶六十九萬七千二百。二年，徙高麗民三萬，配江淮以南、山南、京西。

总章元年十月，司空李𪟝破高丽国，虏其王，下城百七十，户六十九万七千二百。二年，徙高丽民三万，配江淮以南、山南、京西。

(historical) synonym of 高句麗 /高句丽 (Gāogōulí): (historical) Goguryeo (an ancient kingdom in modern Korea, one of the Three Kingdoms, existing from 37 BCE to 668 C.E.; at its maximum covering all of North Korea, the northern part of South Korea, parts of Manchuria in northeast China, and parts of Primorsky Krai in Russia)


嶺南

/liŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ nän³⁵/

/lɪŋ¹³ naːm²¹/

/liɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lam²⁴/

/liɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lam²⁴/

/liɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lam¹³/

/liɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lam²⁴/

/liɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lam²³/

/nĩã⁵²⁻³⁵ nam⁵⁵/

/liŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ nän³⁵/

/lɪŋ¹³ naːm²¹/

/liɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lam²⁴/

/liɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lam²⁴/

/liɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lam¹³/

/liɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lam²⁴/

/liɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lam²³/

/nĩã⁵²⁻³⁵ nam⁵⁵/

"South of the mountain range":
* Lingnan is south of the Nanling mountain range.
* Yeongnam is south of Mount Joryeong and the Mungyeong Saejae.

Lingnan (a geographic region of China south of the Nanling Mountains, covering the modern Chinese provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi, and Hainan as well as modern northern Vietnam)

Yeongnam (a geographic region equivalent to modern southeastern South Korea, synonymous with Gyeongsang Province, one of the traditional Eight Provinces of Korea)


建陽

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/kiːn³³ jœːŋ²¹/

/kyiŋ³³ iɔŋ³³/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/kiːn³³ jœːŋ²¹/

/kyiŋ³³ iɔŋ³³/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ iɔŋ²⁴/

(～區, formerly ～市, ～縣) Jianyang (a district of Nanping, Fujian, China; a former county-level city and county)


澳門

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (澳門):
* → Korean: 오문(澳門) (Omun)
* → Vietnamese: Áo Môn (澳門)

→ Armenian: Աոմին (Aomin)

→ English: Aomen

→ Japanese: 澳門(アオメン) (Aomen)

→ Korean: 아오먼 (Aomeon)

desc

→ Lü: ᦀᦱᧁᧈᦵᦙᦲᧃᧉ (˙ʼaaw¹moen²)

→ Lü: ᦀᦱᧁᧈᦵᦙᦲᧃᧉ (˙ʼaaw¹moen²)

→ Russian: Аомы́нь (Aomýnʹ), Аомэ́нь (Aomɛ́nʹ)

→ Zhuang: Aumwnz

/ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹ mən³⁵/

/ou̯³³ muːn²¹⁻³⁵/

/au³³ ᵐbᵘɔn²²⁻²²⁵/

/au⁵³⁻⁵⁵ mun¹¹/

/o²¹³⁻⁵⁵ muoŋ⁵³/

/ɒ⁴²⁻⁵⁵ mui²⁴/

/ɒ⁴²⁻⁵⁵ muoŋ²⁴/

/ɤ²¹⁻⁴¹ mŋ̍²³/

/o¹¹⁻⁵³ mŋ̍²⁴/

/o⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ mŋ̍²⁴/

/o²¹⁻⁵³ mŋ̍²⁴/

/o²¹⁻³³ mui²³/

/o²¹⁻⁵³ muĩ¹³/

/o⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ bun²⁴/

/o²¹³⁻⁵⁵ muŋ⁵⁵/

/ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹ mən³⁵/

/ou̯³³ muːn²¹⁻³⁵/

/au³³ ᵐbᵘɔn²²⁻²²⁵/

/au⁵³⁻⁵⁵ mun¹¹/

/o²¹³⁻⁵⁵ muoŋ⁵³/

/ɒ⁴²⁻⁵⁵ mui²⁴/

/ɒ⁴²⁻⁵⁵ muoŋ²⁴/

/ɤ²¹⁻⁴¹ mŋ̍²³/

/o¹¹⁻⁵³ mŋ̍²⁴/

/o⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ mŋ̍²⁴/

/o²¹⁻⁵³ mŋ̍²⁴/

/o²¹⁻³³ mui²³/

/o²¹⁻⁵³ muĩ¹³/

/o⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ bun²⁴/

/o²¹³⁻⁵⁵ muŋ⁵⁵/

(Macau): First attested in 陳末議以保海隅萬世治安疏, a memorial to the emperor [1564] by government official Pang Shangpeng (龐尚鵬):
:
Earlier names include 濠鏡澳／濠镜澳 (Háojìng'ào) (蠔鏡澳／蚝镜澳), 濠鏡／濠镜 (Háojìng), 香山澳, etc.

lang

陳末議以保海隅萬世治安疏

陳末議以保海隅萬世治安疏

題為陳末議以保海隅萬世治安

題為陳末議以保海隅萬世治安

zh-l

濠鏡澳／濠镜澳 (Háojìng'ào)

濠鏡／濠镜 (Háojìng)

題為陳末議以保海隅萬世治安 in 皇明經世文編

Guǎngzhōu nán yǒu Xiāngshān xiàn, dì dāng bīn hǎi. Yóu yōngmài zhì Háojìng'ào, jì yīrì zhī chéng, yǒu shān Duìzhì rú tái, yuē nánběi tái. Jí Àomén yě...... Yì zhě yù yú Àomén xiá chù, yòng shí tiánsài, dù fānbó qiánxíng, yǐ gù Xiāngshān ménhù.

廣州南有香山縣，地當瀕海。由雍麥至蠔鏡澳，計一日之程，有山對峙如臺，曰南北臺。即澳門也……議者欲於澳門狹處，用石填塞，杜番舶潛行，以固香山門戶。

題為陳末議以保海隅萬世治安 in 皇明經世文編

广州南有香山县，地当濒海。由雍麦至蚝镜澳，计一日之程，有山对峙如台，曰南北台。即澳门也……议者欲于澳门狭处，用石填塞，杜番舶潜行，以固香山门户。

澳門歷史城區

澳门历史城区

～特別行政區 澳門特別行政區#Chinese

(～特別行政區) Macau, Aomen (a city, special administrative region, and peninsula in China, west of Hong Kong)

(～村) O Mun (a village of Hang Hau Rural Committee, Sai Kung district, New Territories, Hong Kong)


新竹

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (新竹):
* → Japanese: 新竹(しんちく) (Shinchiku)
* → Vietnamese: Tân Trúc (新竹)

→ English: Hsinchu, Hsin-chu, Xinzhu

/ɕin⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂu³⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ t͡sʊk̚⁵/

/siŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nøyʔ²⁴/

/ɬiŋ⁵³³⁻¹³ tœʔ²¹/

/ɬiŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²⁴ tyøʔ²/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɪk̚³²/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² tiɔk̚³²/

/ɕin⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂu³⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ t͡sʊk̚⁵/

/siŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nøyʔ²⁴/

/ɬiŋ⁵³³⁻¹³ tœʔ²¹/

/ɬiŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²⁴ tyøʔ²/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɪk̚³²/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² tiɔk̚³²/

From 新 (xīn) + 竹塹 /竹堑 (Zhúqiàn), from the 1878 reform of the administration of Qing-held Taiwan. Hsinchu included the former subprefecture of Tek-kham as well as its surrounding hinterland.

(～市) Hsinchu (a city in northern Taiwan)

(～縣) Hsinchu (a county in northern Taiwan)

科學園區 科學園區#Chinese

Hsinchu Science Park
w:Hsinchu Science Park

(～科學園區) Hsinchu Science Park (a science park in Hsinchu City and Hsinchu County, Taiwan)


伊朗

Sino-Xenic (伊朗):
* → Vietnamese: Y Lãng (伊朗)

→ Zhuang: Yihlangj

/i⁵⁵ lɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jiː⁵⁵ lɔːŋ¹³/

/i⁴⁴⁻³⁵ lɔŋ³¹/

/i⁵⁵⁻⁵³ l̃aŋ³³/

/i⁵³³⁻¹¹ lɒŋ⁴⁵³/

/i⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ lɒŋ³³²/

/i³³ lɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/i⁴⁴⁻²² lɔŋ⁵³/

/i⁴⁴⁻³³ laŋ⁴⁴/

/i³³⁻²³ laŋ³⁵/

/i⁵⁵ lɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jiː⁵⁵ lɔːŋ¹³/

/i⁴⁴⁻³⁵ lɔŋ³¹/

/i⁵⁵⁻⁵³ l̃aŋ³³/

/i⁵³³⁻¹¹ lɒŋ⁴⁵³/

/i⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ lɒŋ³³²/

/i³³ lɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/i⁴⁴⁻²² lɔŋ⁵³/

/i⁴⁴⁻³³ laŋ⁴⁴/

/i³³⁻²³ laŋ³⁵/

Iran (a country in West Asia, in the Middle East)


安寧

Sino-Xenic (安寧):
* → Japanese: 安寧(あんねい) (annei)
* → Korean: 안녕(安寧) (annyeong)
* → Vietnamese: an ninh (安寧)

/ˀän⁵⁵ niŋ³⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ nɪŋ²¹/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/an³³ liɪŋ²⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² liɪŋ¹³/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ liɪŋ²⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ liɪŋ²³/

/aŋ³³⁻²³ leŋ⁵⁵/

/ø⁵⁵ n̠ʲin²¹/

/ˀän⁵⁵ niŋ³⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ nɪŋ²¹/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/an³³ liɪŋ²⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² liɪŋ¹³/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ liɪŋ²⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ liɪŋ²³/

/aŋ³³⁻²³ leŋ⁵⁵/

/ø⁵⁵ n̠ʲin²¹/

(～市) Anning (a county-level city of Kunming, Yunnan, China)

(～區) Anning (a district of Lanzhou, Gansu, China)


羅馬尼亞

ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄇㄚˇ ㄋㄧˊ ㄧㄚˋ

ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄇㄚˇ ㄋㄧˊ ㄧㄚˇ

/lu̯ɔ³⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ni³⁵ jä⁵¹/

/lu̯ɔ³⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ni³⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lɔː²¹ maː¹³ nei̯²¹ aː³³/

/lo²⁴⁻²² mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nĩ²⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/lo²⁴⁻²² mã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ nĩ²⁴⁻²² a³³/

/lo¹³⁻²² mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nĩ¹³⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/lo²⁴⁻¹¹ mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nĩ²⁴⁻¹¹ a⁴⁴/

/lɤ²³⁻³³ mã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ nĩ²³⁻³³ a⁴⁴/

/lu²² ma⁵⁵ n̠ʲi³³ ia²¹/

/lu̯ɔ³⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ni³⁵ jä⁵¹/

/lu̯ɔ³⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ni³⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lɔː²¹ maː¹³ nei̯²¹ aː³³/

/lo²⁴⁻²² mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nĩ²⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/lo²⁴⁻²² mã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ nĩ²⁴⁻²² a³³/

/lo¹³⁻²² mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nĩ¹³⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/lo²⁴⁻¹¹ mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nĩ²⁴⁻¹¹ a⁴⁴/

/lɤ²³⁻³³ mã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ nĩ²³⁻³³ a⁴⁴/

/lu²² ma⁵⁵ n̠ʲi³³ ia²¹/

1891, 薛福成 [Xue Fucheng], 出使英法義比四國日記, volume 6, page 48:

Guāngxù chūnián, É Tǔ jiāobīng, dài lìyuē yìhé, érén lèlìng tǔrén lì Luómǎníyà wéi zìzhǔ zhī guó, bìng gē shù dì yǐ fùyì zhī. Jīn Luómǎníyà qiǎn shǐ fēn zhù gè bāng, yǎnrán zìlì, qiě qí dì jiào Dānmǎ, Bǐlìshí zhū guó wéi dà. Rán sù qí yuānyuán, shí gǔ Luómǎ zhī yíyì yě; qí tǔsú, zé gǔ Luómǎ zhī yífēng yě.

光緒初年，俄土交兵，迨立約議和，俄人勒令土人立羅馬尼亞為自主之國，并割數地以附益之。今羅馬尼亞遣使分駐各邦，儼然自立，且其地較丹馬、比利時諸國為大。然溯其淵源，實古羅馬之遺裔也；其土俗，則古羅馬之遺風也。

光绪初年，俄土交兵，迨立约议和，俄人勒令土人立罗马尼亚为自主之国，并割数地以附益之。今罗马尼亚遣使分驻各邦，俨然自立，且其地较丹马、比利时诸国为大。然溯其渊源，实古罗马之遗裔也；其土俗，则古罗马之遗风也。

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English


羅馬

/lu̯ɔ³⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lɔː²¹ maː¹³/

/l̃o⁵³⁻³³ ma³³/

/lo²⁴⁻²² mã⁵³/

/lo²⁴⁻²² mã⁵⁵⁴/

/lo¹³⁻²² mã⁵³/

/lo²⁴⁻¹¹ mã⁵³/

/lɤ²³⁻³³ mã⁴¹/

/lu̯ɔ³⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lɔː²¹ maː¹³/

/l̃o⁵³⁻³³ ma³³/

/lo²⁴⁻²² mã⁵³/

/lo²⁴⁻²² mã⁵⁵⁴/

/lo¹³⁻²² mã⁵³/

/lo²⁴⁻¹¹ mã⁵³/

/lɤ²³⁻³³ mã⁴¹/

Borrowed from Italian Roma (“Rome”) or Latin Roma (“Rome”). Possible doublet of 拂菻 (Fúlǐn) (see page for details).
Attested as 羅瑪／罗玛 in 16th and 17th century works, although Kunyu Wanguo Quantu [1602] has 羅馬 /罗马.

Rome (a major city, the capital of Italy and the Italian region of Lazio, located on the Tiber River; the ancient capital of the Roman Empire)

Rome (a metropolitan city of Lazio, Italy)


新疆

Sino-Xenic (新疆):
* → Japanese: 新(しん)疆(きょう) (Shinkyō)
* → Korean: 신강(新疆) (Sin'gang)
* → Vietnamese: Tân Cương (新疆)

desc

→ English: Xinjiang, Sinkiang, Hsin-chiang

→ Kazakh: Шынжаң (Şynjañ), شىنجاڭ (xinjyang)

→ Mongolian: ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠶᠠᠩ (sinǰiyang), Шиньжян (Šinʹžjan)

→ Russian: Синьцзя́н (Sinʹczján)

→ Nuosu: ꑟꏦ (xi jie)

→ Tatar: Шеңҗан (Şeñcan)

→ Turkish: Sincan

→ Uyghur: شىنجاڭ (shinjang), Шинҗаң (Shinjang)

→ Written Oirat: ᠱᡅᠨᡓᡅᡕᠠᡊ (šinǰiyang)

→ Zhuang: Sinhgyangh

→ Yakut: Синдьээҥ (Sinjeeñ)

/ɕin⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ kœːŋ⁵⁵/

/ˈɕin⁴² t͡ɕiɔŋ⁴²/

/sin²⁴⁻¹¹ ki̯oŋ²⁴/

/ɕin⁴⁴ kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/siŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋyoŋ⁵⁵/

/ɬiŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ kyɒŋ⁵³³/

/ɬiŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ kyøŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² kiaŋ⁴⁴/

/siŋ³³⁻²³ kiaŋ³³/

/ɕin⁵⁵ t͡ɕiã²¹/

/ɕin⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ kœːŋ⁵⁵/

/ˈɕin⁴² t͡ɕiɔŋ⁴²/

/sin²⁴⁻¹¹ ki̯oŋ²⁴/

/ɕin⁴⁴ kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/siŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋyoŋ⁵⁵/

/ɬiŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ kyɒŋ⁵³³/

/ɬiŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ kyøŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² kiaŋ⁴⁴/

/siŋ³³⁻²³ kiaŋ³³/

/ɕin⁵⁵ t͡ɕiã²¹/

Daoguang Emperor
Jiaqing
Jinchuan County
Qianlong
Southern Song

Originally a general term for newly acquired territories, used since the Southern Song dynasty. In the Qing dynasty, various non-Han-inhabited territories were referred to as 新疆, including southwestern and western Guizhou, Wumeng (烏蒙／乌蒙, modern-day Zhaotong, Yunnan), Jinchuan (金川), and the region now known as Xinjiang. 疆 (jiāng) denotes the region was inhabited by non-Han ethnicities.
The first instance of a Qing emperor referring to the region now known as Xinjiang as 新疆 is found in the foreword of 欽定新疆識略 written by the Daoguang Emperor in 1821. Prior to that, the region was referred to as 西域 (Xīyù, literally “Western Regions”), a term used since the Han dynasty (Li, 1981). In 大清一統志 published during the eras of Qianlong and Jiaqing, the region was referred to as 西域新疆. Furthermore, during the era of Qianlong, northern Xinjiang or Dzungaria was referred to as 準疆／准疆 and 準部／准部, among other names, while southern Xinjiang or Altishahr was referred to as 回疆 (Huíjiāng) and 回部 (Huíbù).

1877, Zuo Zongtang, 統籌新疆全局疏; quoted in 羅正鈞, editor, 左文襄公年譜, volume 8, 1897, page 24:

Thus, attaching importance to Xinjiang is the way to safeguard Mongolia, and safeguarding Mongolia is the way to defend the capital.

Shìgù zhòng Xīnjiāng zhě suǒyǐ bǎo Ménggǔ, bǎo Ménggǔ zhě suǒyǐ wèi Jīngshī.

是故重新疆者所以保蒙古，保蒙古者所以衛京師。

是故重新疆者所以保蒙古，保蒙古者所以卫京师。

～維吾爾自治區 新疆維吾爾自治區#Chinese

(～維吾爾自治區, formerly ～省) Xinjiang (a Uyghur autonomous region of China, located in the sparsely populated northwest)


劍橋

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi̯aʊ̯ɻʷ³⁵/

/kiːm³³ kʰiːu̯²¹/

/kiam²¹⁻⁴¹ kiɤ²³/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi̯aʊ̯ɻʷ³⁵/

/kiːm³³ kʰiːu̯²¹/

/kiam²¹⁻⁴¹ kiɤ²³/

Partial calque of English Cambridge. Doublet of 康橋／康桥 (Kāngqiáo).

(～市) Cambridge (a city in Cambridgeshire, England)

Middlesex County
Middlesex County#English

(～市) Cambridge (a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States)


阿富汗

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (阿富汗):
* → Vietnamese: A Phú Hãn (阿富汗)

/ˀä⁵⁵ fu⁵¹⁻⁵³ xän⁵¹/

/aː³³ fuː³³ hɔːn²²/

/ɔː⁵⁵ fuː³³ hɔːn²²/

/a²⁴⁻¹¹ fu⁵⁵ hon⁵⁵/

/o⁵⁵⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾u²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ɑŋ²⁴²/

/a³³ hu⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ han⁴¹/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² hu²¹⁻⁵³ han²²/

/a⁵⁵ fu³³ ɦø²¹/

/ˀä⁵⁵ fu⁵¹⁻⁵³ xän⁵¹/

/aː³³ fuː³³ hɔːn²²/

/ɔː⁵⁵ fuː³³ hɔːn²²/

/a²⁴⁻¹¹ fu⁵⁵ hon⁵⁵/

/o⁵⁵⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾u²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ɑŋ²⁴²/

/a³³ hu⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ han⁴¹/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² hu²¹⁻⁵³ han²²/

/a⁵⁵ fu³³ ɦø²¹/

Possibly from Persian افغان (afġân); attested in 瀛寰志略 [1848] by Xu Jiyu.

1848, 徐繼畬 [Xu Jiyu], editor, 瀛寰志略, volume 3, page 41:

Kǎo tàixī rén suǒ kè dìtú, jí suǒ zhù shū, Wǔyìndù zhī xī, Tǔ'ěrqí zhī dōng, zhǐ yǒu Bōsī yī guó, Āfùhàn Bǐlùzhī jiē Bōsī dì, nǎi jìndài suǒ fēngē, fēi gǔ jiàn guó.

考泰西人所刻地圖，及所著書，五印度之西，土耳其之東，止有波斯一國，阿富汗俾路芝皆波斯地，乃近代所分割，非古建國。

考泰西人所刻地图，及所著书，五印度之西，土耳其之东，止有波斯一国，阿富汗俾路芝皆波斯地，乃近代所分割，非古建国。

Afghanistan (Afuhan), is [also transcribed as] Aiwuhan. This country borders Bukhara to its north, Balochistan to its south, India to its east, and Persia to its west. It spans more than two thousand li from east to west.

1929, Zhao Erxun (lead editor), Draft History of Qing

Āfùhàn, jí Àiwūhǎn. Qí guó běi jiè Bùhā'ěr, nán jiè Bǐlùzhī, dōng jiè Yìndù, xī jiè Bōsī, dōngxī èrqiān yú lǐ.

阿富汗，即愛烏罕。其國北界布哈爾，南界俾路支，東界印度，西界波斯，東西二千餘里。

阿富汗，即爱乌罕。其国北界布哈尔，南界俾路支，东界印度，西界波斯，东西二千余里。

Afghanistan (a landlocked country between Central Asia and South Asia)


岡比亞

/kɑŋ⁵⁵ pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ jä⁵¹/

/kɑŋ⁵⁵ pi²¹⁴⁻³⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ pei̯³⁵ aː³³/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ a⁴⁴/

/kaŋ³³ pi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ a³³/

/kɑŋ⁵⁵ pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ jä⁵¹/

/kɑŋ⁵⁵ pi²¹⁴⁻³⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ pei̯³⁵ aː³³/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ a⁴⁴/

/kaŋ³³ pi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ a³³/

(Mainland China) Gambia (a country in West Africa)


津巴布韋

ㄐㄧㄣ ㄅㄚ ㄅㄨˋ ㄨㄟˊ

ㄐㄧㄣ ㄅㄚ ㄅㄨˋ ㄨㄟˊ

Цзиньбабувэй

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ pä⁵⁵ pu⁵¹ weɪ̯³⁵/

/t͡sɵn⁵⁵ paː⁵⁵ pou̯³³ wɐi̯²¹/

/t͡sɵn⁵⁵ paː⁵⁵ pou̯³³ wɐi̯¹³/

/t͡sin⁴⁴⁻²² pa⁴⁴⁻²² pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ ui²⁴/

/tin³³ pa³³ pɔ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ui²⁴/

/t͡sin⁴⁴⁻²² pa⁴⁴⁻²² pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ ui⁵³/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ pä⁵⁵ pu⁵¹ weɪ̯³⁵/

/t͡sɵn⁵⁵ paː⁵⁵ pou̯³³ wɐi̯²¹/

/t͡sɵn⁵⁵ paː⁵⁵ pou̯³³ wɐi̯¹³/

/t͡sin⁴⁴⁻²² pa⁴⁴⁻²² pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ ui²⁴/

/tin³³ pa³³ pɔ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ui²⁴/

/t͡sin⁴⁴⁻²² pa⁴⁴⁻²² pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ ui⁵³/

(Mainland China, Hong Kong) Zimbabwe (a country in Southern Africa)


辛巴威

/ɕin⁵⁵ pä⁵⁵ weɪ̯⁵⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ paː⁵⁵ wɐi̯⁵⁵/

/ɕin⁵⁵ pä⁵⁵ weɪ̯⁵⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ paː⁵⁵ wɐi̯⁵⁵/


約翰內斯堡

ㄩㄝ ㄏㄢˋ ㄋㄟˋ ㄙ ㄅㄠˇ

ㄩㄝ ㄏㄢˋ ㄋㄟˋ ㄙ ㄅㄠˇ

Юэханьнэйсыбао

/ɥɛ⁵⁵ xän⁵¹⁻⁵³ neɪ̯⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵ pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jœːk̚³ hɔːn²² nɔːi̯²² siː⁵⁵ pou̯³⁵/

/jœːk̚³ hɔːn²² nɔːi̯²² siː⁵⁵ pou̯³⁵/

Johannesburg (a city, the provincial capital of Gauteng, South Africa)


約翰尼斯堡

ㄩㄝ ㄏㄢˋ ㄋㄧˊ ㄙ ㄅㄠˇ

ㄩㄝ ㄏㄢˋ ㄋㄧˊ ㄙ ㄅㄠˇ

Юэханьнисыбао

/ɥɛ⁵⁵ xän⁵¹ ni³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ɥɛ⁵⁵ xän⁵¹ ni³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/


密西西比

ㄇㄧˋ ㄒㄧ ㄒㄧ ㄅㄧˇ

ㄇㄧˋ ㄒㄧ ㄒㄧ ㄅㄧˇ

/mi⁵¹ ɕi⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵ pi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mɐt̚² sɐi̯⁵⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵ pei̯³⁵/

/mi⁵¹ ɕi⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵ pi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mɐt̚² sɐi̯⁵⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵ pei̯³⁵/

From English Mississippi, from Ojibwe misi-ziibi (“great river”).

(～州) Mississippi (a state of the United States)


密西西比河

ㄇㄧˋ ㄒㄧ ㄒㄧ ㄅㄧˇ ㄏㄜˊ

ㄇㄧˋ ㄒㄧ ㄒㄧ ㄅㄧˇ ㄏㄜˊ

/mi⁵¹ ɕi⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵ pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ xɤ³⁵/

/mɐt̚² sɐi̯⁵⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵ pei̯³⁵ hɔː²¹/

/mi⁵¹ ɕi⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵ pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ xɤ³⁵/

/mɐt̚² sɐi̯⁵⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵ pei̯³⁵ hɔː²¹/

Mississippi River
Mississippi River#English

Mississippi, Mississippi River (a major river in the United States, flowing southward from north-central Minnesota through Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Minnesota and Louisiana, emptying into the Gulf of Mexico)


密西西比州

ㄇㄧˋ ㄒㄧ ㄒㄧ ㄅㄧˇ ㄓㄡ

ㄇㄧˋ ㄒㄧ ㄒㄧ ㄅㄧˇ ㄓㄡ

Мисисиби Чжоу

/mi⁵¹ ɕi⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵ pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/mɐt̚² sɐi̯⁵⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵ pei̯³⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/mi⁵¹ ɕi⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵ pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/mɐt̚² sɐi̯⁵⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵ pei̯³⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/


菱角

/liŋ³⁵ d͡ʑ̥i̯ɑʊ̯³/

/liŋ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lɪŋ²¹ kɔːk̚³/

/lɪŋ²¹ kɔːk̚³⁻³⁵/

/len²² kɔk̚³³⁻²¹⁵/

/len²² kɔk̚³³⁻²¹/

/liŋ¹¹ t͡ɕyəʔ²/

/l̃ɛiŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɔyʔ²⁴/

/l̃iŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɔyʔ²⁴/

/leŋ²⁴⁻²¹ kak̚³²/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ kak̚³²/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kak̚³²/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² kak̚³²/

/liŋ³⁵ d͡ʑ̥i̯ɑʊ̯³/

/liŋ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lɪŋ²¹ kɔːk̚³/

/lɪŋ²¹ kɔːk̚³⁻³⁵/

/len²² kɔk̚³³⁻²¹⁵/

/len²² kɔk̚³³⁻²¹/

/liŋ¹¹ t͡ɕyəʔ²/

/l̃ɛiŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɔyʔ²⁴/

/l̃iŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɔyʔ²⁴/

/leŋ²⁴⁻²¹ kak̚³²/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ kak̚³²/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kak̚³²/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² kak̚³²/

(～鎮, formerly ～鄉) Lingjiao (a town in Wuxi, Chongqing, China, formerly a township)


觀音

Sino-Xenic (觀音):
* → Japanese: 観(かん)音(のん) (Kannon)
* → Korean: 관음(觀音) (Gwaneum)
* → Vietnamese: Quan Âm (觀音)

→ Burmese: ကွမ်ယင် (kwam-yang)

→ English: Guanyin

→ Indonesian: Kwan Im

→ Khmer: គង់ស៊ីអ៊ីម (kŭəngsiiʼiim)

desc

→ Thai: กวนอิม

→ Thai: กวนอิม

/kon²⁴⁻¹¹ im²⁴/

/kuæ̃¹¹ iŋ¹¹/

/kuaŋ⁵⁵ nˡiŋ⁵⁵/

/kua⁵³³⁻¹¹ iŋ⁵³³/

/kũã⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ iŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/kuaŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ^((Ø-))ŋiŋ⁵³³/

/kueŋ³³⁻²³ im³³/

/kuaŋ³³⁻²³ im³³/

/kon²⁴⁻¹¹ im²⁴/

/kuæ̃¹¹ iŋ¹¹/

/kuaŋ⁵⁵ nˡiŋ⁵⁵/

/kua⁵³³⁻¹¹ iŋ⁵³³/

/kũã⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ iŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/kuaŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ^((Ø-))ŋiŋ⁵³³/

/kueŋ³³⁻²³ im³³/

/kuaŋ³³⁻²³ im³³/

“[One who] Observes Sounds”, in reference to the prayers and cries of sentient beings who need help, a calque of Sanskrit अवलोकितस्वर (avalokitasvara, literally “down-observe-sound”), the original form of अवलोकितेश्वर (avalokiteśvara, “Avalokiteśvara”), the bodhisattva who embodies the compassion of all Buddhas.
Synonymous with 觀世音／观世音 (Guānshìyīn, “One who Observes the Sounds of the World”), which interpreted the middle element of the Sanskrit compound as लोक (loka, “world”). The shorter form became more common during the Tang dynasty to avoid naming the taboo personal name of Emperor Taizong of Tang, 李世民.
Compare Tibetan སྤྱན་རས་གཟིགས (spyan ras gzigs, literally “one who looks down with an unwavering eye”).

cog

སྤྱན་རས་གཟིགས

(～區, formerly ～鄉) Guanyin (a district of Taoyuan, Taiwan, formerly a rural township)

(～鎮) Guanyin (a town in Yunxi, Shiyan, Hubei, China)


摩洛哥

/mu̯ɔ³⁵ lu̯ɔ⁵¹ kɤ⁵⁵/

/mɔː⁵⁵ lɔːk̚³ kɔː⁵⁵/

/mɔː⁵⁵ lɔːk̚² kɔː⁵⁵/

/mɔ̃²⁴⁻²² lɔk̚⁴⁻³² ko⁴⁴/

/mɔ̃²⁴⁻²² lɔk̚²⁴⁻² ko³³/

/mɔ̃¹³⁻²² lɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ ko⁴⁴/

/mɔ̃²⁴⁻¹¹ lɔk̚⁴⁻³² ko⁴⁴/

/mɔ̃²³⁻³³ lɔk̚⁴⁻³² kɤ⁴⁴/

/mu̯ɔ³⁵ lu̯ɔ⁵¹ kɤ⁵⁵/

/mɔː⁵⁵ lɔːk̚³ kɔː⁵⁵/

/mɔː⁵⁵ lɔːk̚² kɔː⁵⁵/

/mɔ̃²⁴⁻²² lɔk̚⁴⁻³² ko⁴⁴/

/mɔ̃²⁴⁻²² lɔk̚²⁴⁻² ko³³/

/mɔ̃¹³⁻²² lɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ ko⁴⁴/

/mɔ̃²⁴⁻¹¹ lɔk̚⁴⁻³² ko⁴⁴/

/mɔ̃²³⁻³³ lɔk̚⁴⁻³² kɤ⁴⁴/


尼日利亞

ㄋㄧˊ ㄖˋ ㄌㄧˋ ㄧㄚˋ

ㄋㄧˊ ㄖˋ ㄌㄧˋ ㄧㄚˇ

/ni³⁵ ʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹⁻⁵³ jä⁵¹/

/ni³⁵ ʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/nei̯²¹ jɐt̚² lei̯²² aː³³/

/ni¹¹ ŋit̚¹ li⁵³⁻⁵⁵ a⁵³/

/nĩ²⁴⁻²² lit̚²⁴⁻² li⁴¹⁻²² a³³/

/nĩ²⁴⁻²² lit̚⁴⁻³² li²²⁻²¹ a⁴⁴/

/nĩ¹³⁻²² d͡zit̚¹²¹⁻²¹ li²²⁻²¹ a⁴⁴/

/ni³⁵ ʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹⁻⁵³ jä⁵¹/

/ni³⁵ ʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/nei̯²¹ jɐt̚² lei̯²² aː³³/

/ni¹¹ ŋit̚¹ li⁵³⁻⁵⁵ a⁵³/

/nĩ²⁴⁻²² lit̚²⁴⁻² li⁴¹⁻²² a³³/

/nĩ²⁴⁻²² lit̚⁴⁻³² li²²⁻²¹ a⁴⁴/

/nĩ¹³⁻²² d͡zit̚¹²¹⁻²¹ li²²⁻²¹ a⁴⁴/

(Mainland China, Hong Kong) Nigeria (a country in West Africa, south of the country of Niger)


奈及利亞

ㄋㄞˋ ㄐㄧˊ ㄌㄧˋ ㄧㄚˋ

ㄋㄞˋ ㄐㄧˊ ㄌㄧˋ ㄧㄚˇ

/naɪ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕi³⁵ li⁵¹⁻⁵³ jä⁵¹/

/naɪ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕi³⁵ li⁵¹ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/nɔːi̯²² kʰɐp̚² lei̯²² aː³³/

/nãi³³⁻¹¹ kip̚⁴⁻³² li³³⁻¹¹ a⁴⁴/

/nãi³³⁻²¹ kip̚⁴⁻³² li³³⁻²¹ a⁴⁴/

/naɪ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕi³⁵ li⁵¹⁻⁵³ jä⁵¹/

/naɪ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕi³⁵ li⁵¹ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/nɔːi̯²² kʰɐp̚² lei̯²² aː³³/

/nãi³³⁻¹¹ kip̚⁴⁻³² li³³⁻¹¹ a⁴⁴/

/nãi³³⁻²¹ kip̚⁴⁻³² li³³⁻²¹ a⁴⁴/

(Taiwan) Nigeria (a country in West Africa, south of the country of Niger)


火炭

/xu̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰän⁵¹/

/fɔː³⁵ tʰaːn³³/

/xu̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰän⁵¹/

/fɔː³⁵ tʰaːn³³/

From Hakka 火炭, or from the corruption of Hakka 河灘／河滩 (“beach”).

zh-l

河灘／河滩 (“beach”)

Fo Tan (an area of Sha Tin district, Hong Kong)


諸葛

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (諸葛):
* → Japanese: 諸葛(しょかつ) (Shokatsu)
* → Korean: 제갈(諸葛) (Jegal)

/ʈ͡ʂu⁵⁵ kɤ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʈ͡ʂu⁵⁵ kɤ³⁵/

/t͡syː⁵⁵ kɔːt̚³/

/t͡sy⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ɑʔ²⁴/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻³³ kat̚³²/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻²² kat̚³²/

/ʈ͡ʂu⁵⁵ kɤ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʈ͡ʂu⁵⁵ kɤ³⁵/

/t͡syː⁵⁵ kɔːt̚³/

/t͡sy⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ɑʔ²⁴/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻³³ kat̚³²/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻²² kat̚³²/

三個臭皮匠，勝過諸葛亮 / 三个臭皮匠，胜过诸葛亮

sān ge chòupíjiàng, shèngguò Zhūgě Liàng

(～鎮) Zhuge (a town in Lanxi, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China)

(～村) Zhuge (a village in Zhuge, Lanxi, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China)


小川

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/siːu̯³⁵ t͡sʰyːn⁵⁵/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/siːu̯³⁵ t͡sʰyːn⁵⁵/

(～鄉) Xiaochuan (a township in Maojian district, Shiyan, Hubei, China)


川口

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰyːn⁵⁵ hɐu̯³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰyːn⁵⁵ hɐu̯³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 川口 (Kawaguchi).

obor

(～市) Kawaguchi (a city in Saitama Prefecture, Japan)


都亭

/tu⁵⁵ tʰiŋ³⁵/

/tu⁵⁵ tʰiŋ³⁵/

(～街道) Duting (a subdistrict of Lichuan, Enshi prefecture, Hubei, China)


牡丹

→ English: Mudan

→ Russian: Мудань (Mudanʹ)

/mu²¹⁴⁻²¹ tän⁵⁵/

/mu²¹⁴ d̥än⁴/

/mɐu̯¹³ taːn⁵⁵/

/bɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tan⁴⁴/

/bɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tan³³/

/bɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tan⁴⁴/

/bɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tan⁴⁴/

/bɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tan⁴⁴/

/bou⁵²⁻³⁵ tũã³³/

/mu²¹⁴⁻²¹ tän⁵⁵/

/mu²¹⁴ d̥än⁴/

/mɐu̯¹³ taːn⁵⁵/

/bɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tan⁴⁴/

/bɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tan³³/

/bɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tan⁴⁴/

/bɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tan⁴⁴/

/bɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tan⁴⁴/

/bou⁵²⁻³⁵ tũã³³/

(～區) Mudan (a district of Heze, Shandong, China)

(～鄉) Mudan (a mountain indigenous township in Pingtung County, Taiwan)


海港

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ kɔːŋ³⁵/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kaŋ⁵³/

/hai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kaŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kaŋ⁵³/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kaŋ⁵³/

/hai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kaŋ⁴¹/

/hai⁵²⁻³⁵ kaŋ⁵²⁻²¹/

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ kɔːŋ³⁵/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kaŋ⁵³/

/hai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kaŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kaŋ⁵³/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kaŋ⁵³/

/hai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kaŋ⁴¹/

/hai⁵²⁻³⁵ kaŋ⁵²⁻²¹/

(～區) Haigang (a district of Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China)


永樂

/jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ lɤ⁵¹/

/wɪŋ¹³ lɔːk̚²/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lɔk̚⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lɔk̚²⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lɔk̚¹²¹/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lɔk̚⁴/

/iɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lɔk̚⁴/

/jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ lɤ⁵¹/

/wɪŋ¹³ lɔːk̚²/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lɔk̚⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lɔk̚²⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lɔk̚¹²¹/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lɔk̚⁴/

/iɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lɔk̚⁴/

(～鎮) Yongle (name of various towns in China)

(～鎮) Yongle (a town in Fengjie, Chongqing, China)


死海

/sz̩²¹⁴⁻³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sei̯³⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/sz̩²¹⁴⁻³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sei̯³⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵/

Dead Sea (a highly saline lake in Israel, Palestine and Jordan)


彩虹

/t͡sʰaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ xʊŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰɔːi̯³⁵ hʊŋ²¹/

/t͡sʰai̯³¹ fuŋ¹¹/

/t͡sʰai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ hɔŋ²³/

/t͡sʰai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hɔŋ¹³/

/t͡sʰai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ hɔŋ²⁴/

/t͡sʰai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hɔŋ²⁴/

/t͡sʰai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰiɪŋ³³/

/t͡sʰai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kʰiɪŋ³³/

/t͡sʰai⁵²⁻³⁵ hoŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰe³³ ɦoŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ xʊŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰɔːi̯³⁵ hʊŋ²¹/

/t͡sʰai̯³¹ fuŋ¹¹/

/t͡sʰai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ hɔŋ²³/

/t͡sʰai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hɔŋ¹³/

/t͡sʰai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ hɔŋ²⁴/

/t͡sʰai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hɔŋ²⁴/

/t͡sʰai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰiɪŋ³³/

/t͡sʰai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kʰiɪŋ³³/

/t͡sʰai⁵²⁻³⁵ hoŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰe³³ ɦoŋ⁴⁴/

Choi Hung (an area of Wong Tai Sin district, Kowloon, Hong Kong)


春日

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən⁵⁵ ʐ̩⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɵn⁵⁵ jɐt̚²/

/t͡sʰun⁴⁴⁻²² d͡zit̚⁴/

/t͡sʰun⁴⁴⁻²² d͡zit̚¹²¹/

/t͡sʰun⁴⁴⁻³³ d͡zit̚⁴/

/t͡sʰun⁴⁴⁻³³ zit̚⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən⁵⁵ ʐ̩⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɵn⁵⁵ jɐt̚²/

/t͡sʰun⁴⁴⁻²² d͡zit̚⁴/

/t͡sʰun⁴⁴⁻²² d͡zit̚¹²¹/

/t͡sʰun⁴⁴⁻³³ d͡zit̚⁴/

/t͡sʰun⁴⁴⁻³³ zit̚⁴/

(～鄉) Chunri (a mountain indigenous township in Pingtung County, Taiwan)

(～市) Kasuga (a city in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan)


新星

/ɕin⁵⁵ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ sɪŋ⁵⁵/

/ɕin⁵⁵ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ sɪŋ⁵⁵/

(～市) Xinxing (a county-level city of the Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


昆布

/kʰu̯ən⁵⁵ pu⁵¹/

/kʷʰɐn⁵⁵ pou̯³³/

/kʰun⁴⁴⁻²² pɔ²¹/

/kʰu̯ən⁵⁵ pu⁵¹/

/kʷʰɐn⁵⁵ pou̯³³/

/kʰun⁴⁴⁻²² pɔ²¹/


鳳凰

ja-r

鳳(ほう)凰(おう) (hōō)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (鳳凰):
* → Japanese: 鳳(ほう)凰(おう) (hōō)
* → Korean: 봉황(鳳凰) (bonghwang)
* → Vietnamese: phượng hoàng (鳳凰)

/fɤŋ⁵¹ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/fɤŋ⁵¹ xu̯ɑŋ¹/

/fəŋ⁴⁴ xuɑŋ²⁴/

/fʊŋ²² wɔːŋ²¹/

/fɵŋ³² vɔŋ²²/

/fuŋ¹¹ fɔŋ¹/

/fuŋ⁵⁵ foŋ¹¹/

/fuŋ³³ foŋ⁵⁵/

/hɔŋ²²⁻²¹ hɔŋ²⁴/

/hɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² hɔŋ²⁴/

/hɔŋ²²⁻²¹ hɔŋ¹³/

/hɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ hɔŋ²⁴/

/hɔŋ³³⁻²¹ hɔŋ²³/

/hoŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ uaŋ⁵⁵/

/hoŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ huaŋ⁵⁵/

/voŋ²² ɦuɑ̃⁴⁴/

/fɤŋ⁵¹ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/fɤŋ⁵¹ xu̯ɑŋ¹/

/fəŋ⁴⁴ xuɑŋ²⁴/

/fʊŋ²² wɔːŋ²¹/

/fɵŋ³² vɔŋ²²/

/fuŋ¹¹ fɔŋ¹/

/fuŋ⁵⁵ foŋ¹¹/

/fuŋ³³ foŋ⁵⁵/

/hɔŋ²²⁻²¹ hɔŋ²⁴/

/hɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² hɔŋ²⁴/

/hɔŋ²²⁻²¹ hɔŋ¹³/

/hɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ hɔŋ²⁴/

/hɔŋ³³⁻²¹ hɔŋ²³/

/hoŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ uaŋ⁵⁵/

/hoŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ huaŋ⁵⁵/

/voŋ²² ɦuɑ̃⁴⁴/

Miyake (2015) reconstructs Old Chinese pronunciation *N-prəm-s ɢʷˁɑŋ and proposes, though with uncertainty, that the mythical bird's name is the affixed form of 風皇 (“wind sovereign”).

(～縣) Fenghuang (a county of Xiangxi prefecture, Hunan, China)

(～街道) Fenghuang (a subdistrict of Echeng district, Ezhou, Hubei, China)

(～鎮) Fenghuang (name of various towns in China)

(～鎮) Fenghuang (a town in Xinzhou district, Wuhan, Hubei, China)

(～鎮) Fenghuang (a town in Wuxi, Chongqing, China)

(～村) Fenghuang (a village in Zhonglu, Lichuan, Enshi prefecture, Hubei, China)


合作

/xɤ³⁵ t͡su̯ɔ⁵¹/

/hɐp̚² t͡sɔːk̚³/

/hap̚¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡sɔk̚³²/

/hap̚²⁴⁻² t͡sɔk̚⁵/

/hap̚⁴⁻³² t͡sɔk̚³²/

/ɦəʔ¹¹ t͡soʔ²³/

/xɤ³⁵ t͡su̯ɔ⁵¹/

/hɐp̚² t͡sɔːk̚³/

/hap̚¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡sɔk̚³²/

/hap̚²⁴⁻² t͡sɔk̚⁵/

/hap̚⁴⁻³² t͡sɔk̚³²/

/ɦəʔ¹¹ t͡soʔ²³/

(～鎮) Hezuo Town (a town in Qidong, Jiangsu, China)


合作

Phono-semantic matching of Tibetan གཙོས (gtsos). Replaced 黑錯／黑错, the previous transliteration of the same Tibetan name, in 1956.

psm

/xɤ³⁵ t͡su̯ɔ⁵¹/

/hɐp̚² t͡sɔːk̚³/

/hap̚¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡sɔk̚³²/

/hap̚²⁴⁻² t͡sɔk̚⁵/

/hap̚⁴⁻³² t͡sɔk̚³²/

/ɦəʔ¹¹ t͡soʔ²³/

/xɤ³⁵ t͡su̯ɔ⁵¹/

/hɐp̚² t͡sɔːk̚³/

/hap̚¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡sɔk̚³²/

/hap̚²⁴⁻² t͡sɔk̚⁵/

/hap̚⁴⁻³² t͡sɔk̚³²/

/ɦəʔ¹¹ t͡soʔ²³/

(～市) Hezuo (a county-level city of Gannan prefecture, Gansu, China)


小山

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

(～市) Oyama (a city in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan)


淡水

→ English: Tamsui, Tan-shui

/tän⁵¹ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰaːm¹³ sɵy̯³⁵/

/tã³⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sui⁵²/

/tän⁵¹ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰaːm¹³ sɵy̯³⁵/

/tã³⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sui⁵²/

/taːm²² sɵy̯³⁵/

/tän⁵¹ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/taːm²² sɵy̯³⁵/

(～區, formerly ～鎮) Tamsui (a sea-side district in New Taipei City, Taiwan)

(～街道, formerly ～鎮) Dansui (a subdistrict of Huiyang district, Huizhou, Guangdong)

(～河) Tamsui (a river in northern Taiwan)


中牟

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ mu⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ mu⁵¹/

(～縣) Zhongmu (a county of Zhengzhou, Henan, China)


草堂

/t͡sʰɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰɑŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰou̯³⁵ tʰɔːŋ²¹/

/t͡sʰɔ³³ dɑ̃⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰɔ¹³ dɑ̃³¹/

/t͡sʰɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰɑŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰou̯³⁵ tʰɔːŋ²¹/

/t͡sʰɔ³³ dɑ̃⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰɔ¹³ dɑ̃³¹/

(～鎮) Caotang (a town in Fengjie, Chongqing, China)


客店

/kʰɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ti̯ɛn⁵¹/

/kʰaʔ²⁴⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾laiŋ²¹³/

/kʰa¹¹⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾le⁴²/

/kʰa²¹⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾ni⁴²/

/kʰeʔ²⁻⁴ tiam²¹³/

/kʰɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ti̯ɛn⁵¹/

/kʰaʔ²⁴⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾laiŋ²¹³/

/kʰa¹¹⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾le⁴²/

/kʰa²¹⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾ni⁴²/

/kʰeʔ²⁻⁴ tiam²¹³/

(～鎮) Kedian (a town in Zhongxiang, Jingmen, Hubei, China)

(～社區) Kedian (a residential community in Kedian, Zhongxiang, Jingmen, Hubei, China)


衛國

/weɪ̯⁵¹ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/wɐi̯²² kʷɔːk̚³/

/weɪ̯⁵¹ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/wɐi̯²² kʷɔːk̚³/

(historical) State of Wei (in present day Qingfeng County, Henan), commonly spelt Wey to distinguish it from other states spelt Wei (魏 (wèi)).


山陽

→ English: Shanyang

/ʂän⁵⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/saːn⁵⁵ jœːŋ²¹/

/ʂän⁵⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/saːn⁵⁵ jœːŋ²¹/

(～縣) Shanyang (a county of Shangluo, Shaanxi, China)

(～區) Shanyang District (a district of Jiaozuo, Henan, China)


巨野

/t͡ɕy⁵¹ jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɵy̯²² jɛː¹³/

/t͡ɕy⁵¹ jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɵy̯²² jɛː¹³/

(～縣) Juye County (a county of Heze, Shandong, China)


大義

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ i⁵¹/

/taːi̯²² jiː²²/

/tai²²⁻²¹ ɡi²²/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² ɡi⁴¹/

/tai²²⁻²¹ ɡi²²/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ ɡi³³/

/tai³³⁻²¹ ɡi³³/

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ i⁵¹/

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ i⁵¹/

/taːi̯²² jiː²²/

/tai²²⁻²¹ ɡi²²/

/tai²²⁻²¹ ɡi²²/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² ɡi⁴¹/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² ɡi⁴¹/

/tai²²⁻²¹ ɡi²²/

/tai²²⁻²¹ ɡi²²/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ ɡi³³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ ɡi³³/

/tai³³⁻²¹ ɡi³³/

/tai³³⁻²¹ ɡi³³/

大定

possibly fictitious second era of Chen Youliang

(～村) Dayi (a rural village in Jiaoxi, Yilan County, Taiwan)


溫州

/wən⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/wɐn⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/vun²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡su²⁴/

/un⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/un⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/un⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/un⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/uŋ³³⁻²³ t͡siu³³/

/uən⁵⁵ t͡sɤ²¹/

/wən⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/wɐn⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/vun²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡su²⁴/

/un⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/un⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/un⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/un⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/uŋ³³⁻²³ t͡siu³³/

/uən⁵⁵ t͡sɤ²¹/

(～市) Wenzhou (a prefecture-level city of Zhejiang, in southeastern China)


彌勒

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (彌勒):
* → Japanese: 弥(み)勒(ろく) (Miroku)
* → Korean: 미륵(彌勒) (Mireuk)
* → Vietnamese: Di Lặc (彌勒)

→ Korean: 미러 (Mireo, “Mile”)

/mi⁵³⁻³³ l̃ɛiʔ⁵/

/bi²³⁻³³ liɪk̚⁴/

/bi²⁴⁻¹¹ liɪk̚⁴/

/bi²⁴⁻²² liɪk̚⁴/

/bi¹³⁻²² liɪk̚¹²¹/

/bi²⁴⁻²² liak̚²⁴/

/mĩ²⁴⁻¹¹ liɪk̚⁴/

/mĩ²³⁻³³ liɪk̚⁴/

/nĩ²⁴⁻¹¹ liɪk̚⁴/

/nĩ²³⁻³³ liɪk̚⁴/

/mi⁵³⁻³³ l̃ɛiʔ⁵/

/bi²³⁻³³ liɪk̚⁴/

/bi²⁴⁻¹¹ liɪk̚⁴/

/bi²⁴⁻²² liɪk̚⁴/

/bi¹³⁻²² liɪk̚¹²¹/

/bi²⁴⁻²² liak̚²⁴/

/mĩ²⁴⁻¹¹ liɪk̚⁴/

/mĩ²³⁻³³ liɪk̚⁴/

/nĩ²⁴⁻¹¹ liɪk̚⁴/

/nĩ²³⁻³³ liɪk̚⁴/

From early Middle Indo-Aryan in forms like *Metreka, due to alternation of -k- and -y- that can be found in Middle-Indic languages such as Gandhari and Ashokan Prakrit. Ji (1998v11) considers the most likely direct ancestor to be Tocharian A Metrak, which also gave rise to Tocharian B Maitrāk. Cf. Bactrian Μητραγα (Mētraga) (Karashima, 2010); connected to the Gandhari 𐨨𐨅𐨟𐨿𐨪𐨅𐨩 (metreya) and Sanskrit मैत्रेय (maitreya). However, the frequently-cited form Maitreya is not a direct ancestor. Ji (ibid.) further finds the root of both the word and the religious figure in Sanskrit मैत्री (maitrī, “goodwill; close union; friendship”) and related to मित्र (mitra, “Mitra”).

der

(～市) Mile (a county-level city of Honghe prefecture, Yunnan, China)


恆河

/xɤŋ³⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/hɐŋ²¹ hɔː²¹/

/hiɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ho²⁴/

/hiɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ho²⁴/

/hiɪŋ¹³⁻²² ho¹³/

/hiɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ho²⁴/

/hiɪŋ²³⁻³³ hɤ²³/

/xɤŋ³⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/hɐŋ²¹ hɔː²¹/

/hiɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ho²⁴/

/hiɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ho²⁴/

/hiɪŋ¹³⁻²² ho¹³/

/hiɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ho²⁴/

/hiɪŋ²³⁻³³ hɤ²³/

恆 is short for 恆伽 (MC hong gja), from Sanskrit गङ्गा (gaṅgā, “Ganges”).


河內

From Vietnamese Hà Nội, from Chinese 河內 /河内 (Hénèi). Literally inside the rivers, so named because it is located 'inside' the Red River.

/xɤ³⁵ neɪ̯⁵¹/

/hɔː²¹ nɔːi̯²²/

/ho²⁴⁻²² lai²²/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ lai³³/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ lai³³/

/ho²⁴⁻²² lai²²/

/ho¹³⁻²² lai²²/

/ho⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lai³⁵/

/xɤ³⁵ neɪ̯⁵¹/

/hɔː²¹ nɔːi̯²²/

/ho²⁴⁻²² lai²²/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ lai³³/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ lai³³/

/ho²⁴⁻²² lai²²/

/ho¹³⁻²² lai²²/

/ho⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lai³⁵/

Hanoi, the capital city of Socialist Republic of Vietnam.


廣陵

/ku̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ liŋ³⁵/

/kʷɔːŋ³⁵ lɪŋ²¹/

/ku̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ liŋ³⁵/

/kʷɔːŋ³⁵ lɪŋ²¹/

Established as a dowry town under Chu in 319 BC, renaming a district and settlement conquered from Yue.

(history) (～郡, formerly ～國) Guangling (a former commandery of imperial China that existed between 121 BCE and 583 CE, corresponding to the modern-day prefecture-level city of Yangzhou)

(history) (～縣) Guangling (a settlement established by King Huai of Chu in 319 BCE, and a former county of imperial China that existed between the Qin dynasty and 598 CE, corresponding to modern-day Yangzhou)

(～區) Guangling (a district of Yangzhou, China)


北平

→ English: Peiping

→ Japanese: 北平(ペーピン) (pēpin)

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/pɐk̚⁵ pʰɪŋ²¹/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ piɪŋ²⁴/

/pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ piɪŋ²⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁵ piɪŋ¹³/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ piɪŋ²⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ piɪŋ²³/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/pɐk̚⁵ pʰɪŋ²¹/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ piɪŋ²⁴/

/pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ piɪŋ²⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁵ piɪŋ¹³/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ piɪŋ²⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ piɪŋ²³/

From 北 (běi, “north”) + 平 (píng, “peace, pacification”), used in the sense of pacified or conquered territory.

(～郡) (historical) Beiping, Peiping (an ancient commandery in present-day Baoding, Hebei, China)


上黨

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ tɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sœːŋ²² tɔːŋ³⁵/

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ tɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sœːŋ²² tɔːŋ³⁵/

(～區) Shangdang (a district of Changzhi, Shanxi, China)

(historical) (～郡) Shangdang (a historical commandery of China)


德州

→ English: Dezhou, Te-chou

/tɤ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/tɐk̚⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/tɤ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/tɐk̚⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

(～市) Dezhou (a prefecture-level city of Shandong, China)


德州

/tɤ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/tɐk̚⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/tɤ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/tɐk̚⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

short for 德克薩斯州／德克萨斯州 (Dékèsàsī Zhōu, “State of Texas”)


天元

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

(～區) Tianyuan (a district of Zhuzhou, Hunan, China)

(～鄉) Tianyuan (a township in Wuxi, Chongqing, China)


歇馬

/ɕi̯ɛ⁵⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ɕi̯ɛ⁵⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

(～鎮) Xiema (a town in Baokang, Xiangyang, Hubei, China)


東方

ja-r

東方(とうほう) (tōhō)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (東方):
* → Japanese: 東方(とうほう) (tōhō)
* → Korean: 동방(東方) (dongbang)
* → Vietnamese: đông phương (東方)

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ fɑŋ⁵⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ fɑ̃ɻ⁵⁵/

/toŋ⁵⁵ faŋ⁵⁵/

/tuŋ²⁴ fɑŋ²⁴/

/tuŋ²⁴ fɑŋ⁵¹/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ fɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/tuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ foŋ²⁴/

/tʊŋ⁴⁴ fɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tɔŋ³³ hɔŋ³³/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hŋ̍⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hŋ̍⁴⁴/

/taŋ³³ hŋ̍³³/

/taŋ³³⁻²³ huaŋ³³/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ fɑŋ⁵⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ fɑ̃ɻ⁵⁵/

/toŋ⁵⁵ faŋ⁵⁵/

/tuŋ²⁴ fɑŋ²⁴/

/tuŋ²⁴ fɑŋ⁵¹/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ fɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/tuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ foŋ²⁴/

/tʊŋ⁴⁴ fɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tɔŋ³³ hɔŋ³³/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hŋ̍⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hŋ̍⁴⁴/

/taŋ³³ hŋ̍³³/

/taŋ³³⁻²³ huaŋ³³/

(～市) Dongfang (a sub-prefectural city of Hainan, China)


大南

/tä⁵¹ nän³⁵/

/tä⁵¹ nän³⁵/

(chiefly Hong Kong, dated) Da Nang (a city in Vietnam)


關西

→ English: Guansi, Guanxi, Kuanhsi

/ku̯än⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/

/kʷaːn⁵⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/ku̯an²⁴⁻¹¹ si²⁴/

/kuaŋ³³⁻²³ sai³³/

/ku̯än⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/

/kʷaːn⁵⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/ku̯an²⁴⁻¹¹ si²⁴/

/kuaŋ³³⁻²³ sai³³/

(～鎮) Guanxi, Guansi, Kuanhsi (an urban township in Hsinchu County, Taiwan)

(～社區) Guanxi (a residential community in Zhuodaoquan, Hongshan district, Wuhan, Hubei, China)


天台

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ tʰaɪ̯⁵⁵/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ tʰaɪ̯³⁵/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ tʰɔːi̯²¹/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ tʰaɪ̯⁵⁵/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ tʰaɪ̯³⁵/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ tʰɔːi̯²¹/

Tiantai (a county of Taizhou, Zhejiang, China)


零陵

/liŋ³⁵ liŋ³⁵/

/lɪŋ²¹ lɪŋ²¹/

/liŋ³⁵ liŋ³⁵/

/lɪŋ²¹ lɪŋ²¹/

(～區) Lingling (a district of Yongzhou, Hunan, China)


遼西

/li̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/

/liːu̯²¹ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/li̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/

/liːu̯²¹ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

(historical) Liaoxi (an ancient commandery in present day Hebei and Liaoning, China)

(～省) Liaoxi (a former province of China)


挪威

/nu̯ɔ³⁵ weɪ̯⁵⁵/

/nɔː²¹ wɐi̯⁵⁵/

/nˡo⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ui⁵⁵/

/nɔ̃²⁴⁻²² ui⁴⁴/

/nɔ̃²⁴⁻²² ui³³/

/nɔ̃¹³⁻²² ui⁴⁴/

/nɔ̃²⁴⁻¹¹ ui⁴⁴/

/nɔ̃²³⁻³³ ui⁴⁴/

/no⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ui³³/

/nu̯ɔ³⁵ weɪ̯⁵⁵/

/nɔː²¹ wɐi̯⁵⁵/

/nˡo⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ui⁵⁵/

/nɔ̃²⁴⁻²² ui⁴⁴/

/nɔ̃²⁴⁻²² ui³³/

/nɔ̃¹³⁻²² ui⁴⁴/

/nɔ̃²⁴⁻¹¹ ui⁴⁴/

/nɔ̃²³⁻³³ ui⁴⁴/

/no⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ui³³/

Norway (a country in Scandinavia in Northern Europe)


六合

/li̯oʊ̯⁵¹ xɤ³⁵/

/lʊk̚² hɐp̚²/

/liɔk̚⁴⁻³² hap̚⁴/

/liɔk̚²⁴⁻² hap̚²⁴/

/liɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ hap̚¹²¹/

/liɔk̚⁴⁻³² hap̚⁴/

/liɔk̚⁴⁻³² hap̚⁴/

/li̯oʊ̯⁵¹ xɤ³⁵/

/lʊk̚² hɐp̚²/

/liɔk̚⁴⁻³² hap̚⁴/

/liɔk̚²⁴⁻² hap̚²⁴/

/liɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ hap̚¹²¹/

/liɔk̚⁴⁻³² hap̚⁴/

/liɔk̚⁴⁻³² hap̚⁴/

(～區) Luhe (a district of Nanjing, Jiangsu, China)


達爾文

/tä³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ wən³⁵/

/taːt̚² jiː¹³ mɐn²¹/

/tat̚⁴⁻³² nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bun²⁴/

/tat̚²⁴⁻² nĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ bun²⁴/

/tat̚¹²¹⁻²¹ nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bun¹³/

/tat̚⁴⁻³² nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bun²⁴/

/tat̚⁴⁻³² nĩ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ bun²³/

/tä³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ wən³⁵/

/taːt̚² jiː¹³ mɐn²¹/

/tat̚⁴⁻³² nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bun²⁴/

/tat̚²⁴⁻² nĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ bun²⁴/

/tat̚¹²¹⁻²¹ nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bun¹³/

/tat̚⁴⁻³² nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bun²⁴/

/tat̚⁴⁻³² nĩ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ bun²³/

Northern Territory
Northern Territory#English

(～市) Darwin (a city in the Northern Territory, Australia)


金平

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/kɐm⁵⁵ pʰɪŋ²¹/

/kim³³⁻²³ pʰeŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/kɐm⁵⁵ pʰɪŋ²¹/

/kim³³⁻²³ pʰeŋ⁵⁵/

(～區) Jinping (a district of Shantou, Guangdong, China)

苗族瑤族傣族自治縣 苗族瑤族傣族自治縣#Chinese

(～苗族瑤族傣族自治縣, ～縣) Jinping (an autonomous county of Honghe prefecture, Yunnan, China)


江東

→ English: Jiangdong

Between Wuhu and Nanjing, the Yangtze River flows south to north. The east side of the river is on the southern bank.

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kɑ̃⁵⁵ toŋ²¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kɑ̃⁵⁵ toŋ²¹/

Sixty-Four Villages East of the River
w:Sixty-Four Villages East of the River

(historical) Sixty-Four Villages East of the River, Jiangdong (a community in Amur Oblast, Russia)


江東

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 江東(こうとう) (kōtō, “Kōtō”)

ja-r

江東(こうとう) (kōtō, “Kōtō”)

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kɑ̃⁵⁵ toŋ²¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kɑ̃⁵⁵ toŋ²¹/

(～區) Kōtō (a special ward of Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


江東

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kɑ̃⁵⁵ toŋ²¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kɑ̃⁵⁵ toŋ²¹/

(～區) Gangdong (a district of Seoul, South Korea)


猛虎

/mɤŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ xu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/maːŋ¹³ fuː³⁵/

/biɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hɔ⁵³/

/biɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ hɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/biɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hɔ⁵³/

/biɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hɔ⁵³/

/biɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ hɔ⁴¹/

/mɤŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ xu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/maːŋ¹³ fuː³⁵/

/biɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hɔ⁵³/

/biɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ hɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/biɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hɔ⁵³/

/biɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hɔ⁵³/

/biɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ hɔ⁴¹/

(～嶼) Menghu Islet (an island of Lieyu, Kinmen County, Taiwan)


吐魯番

→ English: Tulufan, T'u-lu-fan

/tʰu²¹⁴⁻³⁵ lu²¹⁴⁻²¹ fän⁵⁵/

/tʰu²¹⁴⁻³⁵ lu²¹⁴⁻²¹ fän⁵⁵/

Borrowed from Chagatai طُرفان (ṭurfān), تورفان (tūrfān). Compare contemporary Uyghur تۇرپان (turpan).
The first found attestation of the place name is Khotanese [script needed] (tturpanä), in the Dunhuang manuscript 使河西記 [925] (Li, 2015).
The first attested Chinese transcription of the place name is 禿爾班／秃尔班, found in volume four of 通制條格 from the Yuan dynasty. Later Chinese transcriptions include 土爾番／土尔番, in 西域番國志 [1414], 土魯蕃／土鲁蕃, 土魯番／土鲁番, 吐魯番／吐鲁番 (Tǔlǔfān) and 吐爾番／吐尔番. In particular, 吐魯番／吐鲁番 (Tǔlǔfān) is attested since the Ming dynasty.
Unlikely to be related to 吐蕃 (Tǔbō, “Tibet”).

zh-l

吐魯番／吐鲁番 (Tǔlǔfān)

吐魯番／吐鲁番 (Tǔlǔfān)

(～市) Turpan, Turfan (a city in the Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


樹林

/syː²² lɐm²¹/

/syu³² ŋɐm²¹/

/su⁵³⁻⁵⁵ lim¹¹/

/t͡sʰiu⁴² nɒ¹³/

/t͡sʰiu⁴²⁻⁵⁵ nɒ²⁴/

/t͡sʰiu³³⁻¹¹ nã²⁴/

/t͡sʰiu⁴¹⁻²² na²⁴/

/t͡sʰiu²²⁻²¹ nã¹³/

/t͡sʰiu⁴¹⁻²² nã²⁴/

/t͡sʰiu³³⁻²¹ nã²³/

/t͡sʰiu²²⁻²¹ nã²⁴/

/t͡sʰiu⁴¹⁻²² lim²⁴/

/t͡sʰiu²²⁻²¹ lim¹³/

/t͡sʰiu²²⁻²¹ lim²⁴/

/zz̩ʷ²² liŋ⁵³/

/zz̩ʷ²² liŋ⁴⁴/

/ʑy⁵³ liŋ¹⁴/

/syː²² lɐm²¹/

/syu³² ŋɐm²¹/

/su⁵³⁻⁵⁵ lim¹¹/

/t͡sʰiu⁴² nɒ¹³/

/t͡sʰiu⁴²⁻⁵⁵ nɒ²⁴/

/t͡sʰiu³³⁻¹¹ nã²⁴/

/t͡sʰiu⁴¹⁻²² na²⁴/

/t͡sʰiu²²⁻²¹ nã¹³/

/t͡sʰiu⁴¹⁻²² nã²⁴/

/t͡sʰiu³³⁻²¹ nã²³/

/t͡sʰiu²²⁻²¹ nã²⁴/

/t͡sʰiu⁴¹⁻²² lim²⁴/

/t͡sʰiu²²⁻²¹ lim¹³/

/t͡sʰiu²²⁻²¹ lim²⁴/

/zz̩ʷ²² liŋ⁵³/

/zz̩ʷ²² liŋ⁴⁴/

/ʑy⁵³ liŋ¹⁴/

(～區, formerly ～鎮, ～市) Shulin (a district of New Taipei City, Taiwan)


延長

/jɛn³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵/

/jiːn²¹ t͡sʰœːŋ²¹/

/i̯en¹¹ t͡sʰoŋ¹¹/

/iɛn¹³⁻²² tŋ̍¹³/

/iɛn²⁴⁻²² tŋ̍²⁴/

/iɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ tŋ̍²⁴/

/iɛn²³⁻³³ tŋ̍²³/

/iɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ tiɔŋ²⁴/

/iɛn²³⁻³³ tiɔŋ²³/

/iɛn²⁴⁻²² tiɔŋ²⁴/

/iɛn¹³⁻²² tiaŋ¹³/

/jɛn³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵/

/jiːn²¹ t͡sʰœːŋ²¹/

/i̯en¹¹ t͡sʰoŋ¹¹/

/iɛn¹³⁻²² tŋ̍¹³/

/iɛn²⁴⁻²² tŋ̍²⁴/

/iɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ tŋ̍²⁴/

/iɛn²³⁻³³ tŋ̍²³/

/iɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ tiɔŋ²⁴/

/iɛn²³⁻³³ tiɔŋ²³/

/iɛn²⁴⁻²² tiɔŋ²⁴/

/iɛn¹³⁻²² tiaŋ¹³/

(～縣) Yanchang (a county of Yan'an, Shaanxi, China)


涿鹿

/ʈ͡ʂu̯ɔ⁵⁵ lu⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂu̯ɔ⁵⁵ lu⁵¹/

(～縣) Zhuolu (a county of Zhangjiakou, Hebei, China)


米國

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 米国(べいこく) (Beikoku, “America (the country)”).

ja-r

/mi²¹⁴⁻²¹ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/mɐi̯¹³ kʷɔːk̚³/

/bi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kɔk̚³²/

/bi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kɔk̚⁵/

/bi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kɔk̚³²/

/bi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kɔk̚³²/

/bi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kɔk̚³²/

/mi²¹⁴⁻²¹ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/mɐi̯¹³ kʷɔːk̚³/

/bi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kɔk̚³²/

/bi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kɔk̚⁵/

/bi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kɔk̚³²/

/bi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kɔk̚³²/

/bi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kɔk̚³²/

The Republican [sic] U.S. Congressman Weiner was going to begin an election campaign to run for the mayor of New York, but unintentionally, he sent a link to a photo of his erected penis - which was only meant to be seen by a woman who maintains unclear relationship with him on the Internet - on Twitter. Then “tragedy happened (to him)”.

Mǐguó Gònghédǎng Yìyuán Weiner zhǔnbèi cānjiā Niǔyuē shìcháng jìngxuǎn, bùxiǎoxīn bǎ yī zhāng bóqǐ de zìpāizhào zài Twitter shàng gěi qúnfā le — yuánběn shì yào dāndú fā gěi yī ge wéichí zhe wǎngluò àimèi guānxì de nǚrén, jiéguǒ tā jiù bēijù le.

米國共和黨議員Weiner準備參加紐約市長競選，不小心把一張BO起的自拍照在Twitter上給群發了——原本是要單獨發給一個維持著網絡曖昧關係的女人，結果他就杯具了。

米国共和党议员Weiner准备参加纽约市长竞选，不小心把一张BO起的自拍照在Twitter上给群发了——原本是要单独发给一个维持着网络暧昧关系的女人，结果他就杯具了。

United States of America
United States of America

(Taiwanese Hokkien, Taiwanese Hakka, rare, of Northeastern Mandarin, Internet slang, often humorous) the United States of America


丹鳳

/tän⁵⁵ fɤŋ⁵¹/

/taːn⁵⁵ fʊŋ²²/

/tän⁵⁵ fɤŋ⁵¹/

/taːn⁵⁵ fʊŋ²²/

(～縣) Danfeng (a county of Shangluo, Shaanxi, China)


江南

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (江南):
* → Japanese: 江南(こうなん) (Kōnan)
* → Korean: 강남(江南) (Gangnam)
* → Vietnamese: Giang Nam (江南)

→ Manchu: ᡤᡳᠶᠠᠩᠨᠠᠨ (giyangnan)

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ nän³⁵/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ naːm²¹/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² lam²⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² lam¹³/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ lam²⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ lam²³/

/kɑ̃⁵⁵ nø²¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ nän³⁵/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ naːm²¹/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² lam²⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² lam¹³/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ lam²⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ lam²³/

/kɑ̃⁵⁵ nø²¹/

Come home, ye soul, and take pity on thy beloved southern land!

The Verses of Chu, 4ᵗʰ century BCE – 2ⁿᵈ century CE

魂兮歸來，哀江南！

魂兮归来，哀江南！

If one heads from Jeju for Jiangnan, [the way] is rather far; if one heads from Jeolla for Liaodong, it is very close.

《朝鮮王朝實錄》 (Joseon Veritable Records), 1593

Ja Jeju wang Gangnam, jeuk pa won, ja Jeolla do wang Ryodong, jeuk sim geun.

自^濟州往^江南，則頗遠，自^全羅道往^遼東，則甚近。

Jiangnan (a region of China, south of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River)

(historical) (～省) Jiangnan (a province of China), during the Qing dynasty

Gangnam (a neighborhood of Seoul, south of the Han River)

(～市) Kōnan (a city in Aichi Prefecture, Japan)

(～鄉) Jiangnan (a township in Lianjiang, Fuzhou, Fujian, China)


格魯吉亞

ㄍㄜˊ ㄌㄨˇ ㄐㄧˊ ㄧㄚˋ

ㄍㄜˊ ㄌㄨˇ ㄐㄧˊ ㄧㄚˋ

/kɤ³⁵ lu²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi³⁵ jä⁵¹/

/kaːk̚³ lou̯¹³ kɐt̚⁵ aː³³/

/kiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ lɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kiɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ a³³/

/kiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ lɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ a⁴⁴/

/kiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ lɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kit̚³²⁻⁵ a⁴⁴/

/kaʔ³³ lu⁵⁵ t͡ɕiɪʔ³³ ia²¹/

/kɤ³⁵ lu²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi³⁵ jä⁵¹/

/kaːk̚³ lou̯¹³ kɐt̚⁵ aː³³/

/kiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ lɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kiɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ a³³/

/kiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ lɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ a⁴⁴/

/kiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ lɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kit̚³²⁻⁵ a⁴⁴/

/kaʔ³³ lu⁵⁵ t͡ɕiɪʔ³³ ia²¹/

Borrowed from Russian Гру́зия (Grúzija).

(Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau) Georgia (a transcontinental country in the Caucasus region of Europe and Asia, on the coast of the Black Sea, often considered to belong politically to Europe)


波斯尼亞

ㄅㄛ ㄙ ㄋㄧˊ ㄧㄚˋ

ㄅㄛ ㄙ ㄋㄧˊ ㄧㄚˋ

/pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ ni³⁵ jä⁵¹/

/pɔː⁵⁵ siː⁵⁵ nei̯²¹ aː³³/

/pʰo³³ sɯ³³ nĩ²⁴⁻²² a³³/

/po⁴⁴⁻²² su⁴⁴⁻²² nĩ²⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/pʰo⁴⁴⁻²² su⁴⁴⁻²² nĩ¹³⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/poʔ³³ sz̩⁵⁵ ni³³ ia²¹/

/pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ ni³⁵ jä⁵¹/

/pɔː⁵⁵ siː⁵⁵ nei̯²¹ aː³³/

/pʰo³³ sɯ³³ nĩ²⁴⁻²² a³³/

/po⁴⁴⁻²² su⁴⁴⁻²² nĩ²⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/pʰo⁴⁴⁻²² su⁴⁴⁻²² nĩ¹³⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/poʔ³³ sz̩⁵⁵ ni³³ ia²¹/

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina#English

(Mainland China, Hong Kong) Bosnia (a geographic region of Bosnia and Herzegovina, consisting of the northern three fourths of the country)

Bosnia (a country in southeast Europe; in full, Bosnia and Herzegovina)


英國

→ Central Bai: Yenx‧guaif

⇒ Manchu: ᠶᡝᠩ
ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ (yeng gurun)

→ Zhuang: Yinghgoz

/iŋ⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/jɪŋ⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³/

/in⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kuɛt̚¹/

/iŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋuɔʔ²⁴/

/iŋ⁵³³⁻¹³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɒʔ²¹/

/iŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²⁴ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɒʔ²/

/iɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/iɪŋ³³ kɔk̚⁵/

/iɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/iɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

/iɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

/eŋ³³⁻²³ kok̚²/

/iŋ⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/jɪŋ⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³/

/in⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kuɛt̚¹/

/iŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋuɔʔ²⁴/

/iŋ⁵³³⁻¹³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɒʔ²¹/

/iŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²⁴ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɒʔ²/

/iɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/iɪŋ³³ kɔk̚⁵/

/iɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/iɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

/iɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

/eŋ³³⁻²³ kok̚²/

大不列顛及北愛爾蘭聯合王國

Dà-Bùlièdiān jí Běi-Ài'ěrlán Liánhé Wángguó

Meronyms: 英格蘭 /英格兰 (Yīnggélán), (dated) 英吉利 (Yīngjílì), (dated) 英倫 /英伦 (Yīnglún), 蘇格蘭 /苏格兰 (Sūgélán), (chiefly Taiwan and Hong Kong) 威爾斯 /威尔斯 (Wēi'ěrsī), 威爾士 /威尔士 (Wēi'ěrshì)

The River Thames is the second longest river in the UK.

Tàiwùshìhé shì Yīngguó dì'èr cháng de héliú.

泰晤士河是英國第二長的河流。

泰晤士河是英国第二长的河流。

On what authority can the British government interfere?

英國政府憑什麼要干涉？

英国政府凭什么要干涉？

United Kingdom
United Kingdom#English:_Q145

United Kingdom (a kingdom and country in Northern Europe)

(proscribed) England (a constituent country of the United Kingdom)


轅門

/ɥɛn³⁵ mən³⁵/

/ɥɛn³⁵ mən³⁵/

轅 (the shaft which connects a carriage to its horse) + 門 (gate)
: In ancient times, when a monarch went on an expedition (ex. for hunting), the place where he stopped would be made into a camp by surrounding the location with a baricade of horse-drawn vehicles. Two of the vehicles would be upended, and their shafts would be made to meet, so as to form a makeshift gateway of sorts.

(～社區) Yuanmen (a residential community in Tancheng, Pingtan, Fuzhou, Fujian, China)


尼加拉瓜

ㄋㄧˊ ㄐㄧㄚ ㄌㄚ ㄍㄨㄚ

ㄋㄧˊ ㄐㄧㄚ ㄌㄚ ㄍㄨㄚ

/ni³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ lä⁵⁵ ku̯ä⁵⁵/

/nei̯²¹ kaː⁵⁵ laːi̯⁵⁵ kʷaː⁵⁵/

/ni¹¹ ka²⁴⁻¹¹ la²⁴⁻¹¹ ku̯a²⁴/

/nĩ²⁴⁻²² ka³³ la³³ kua³³/

/nĩ²⁴⁻²² ka⁴⁴⁻²² la⁴⁴⁻²² kua⁴⁴/

/nĩ¹³⁻²² kɛ⁴⁴⁻²² la⁴⁴⁻²² kua⁴⁴/

/nĩ²⁴⁻¹¹ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ la⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kua⁴⁴/

/nĩ²³⁻³³ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ la⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kua⁴⁴/

/ni³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ lä⁵⁵ ku̯ä⁵⁵/

/nei̯²¹ kaː⁵⁵ laːi̯⁵⁵ kʷaː⁵⁵/

/ni¹¹ ka²⁴⁻¹¹ la²⁴⁻¹¹ ku̯a²⁴/

/nĩ²⁴⁻²² ka³³ la³³ kua³³/

/nĩ²⁴⁻²² ka⁴⁴⁻²² la⁴⁴⁻²² kua⁴⁴/

/nĩ¹³⁻²² kɛ⁴⁴⁻²² la⁴⁴⁻²² kua⁴⁴/

/nĩ²⁴⁻¹¹ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ la⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kua⁴⁴/

/nĩ²³⁻³³ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ la⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kua⁴⁴/

Nicaragua (a country in Central America)


銅鼓

/tʰʊŋ³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰʊŋ²¹ kuː³⁵/

/tʰʊŋ³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰʊŋ²¹ kuː³⁵/

(～縣) Tonggu (a county of Yichun, Jiangxi, China)

(～鎮) Tonggu (a town in Wushan, Chongqing, China)


加利西亞

ㄐㄧㄚ ㄌㄧˋ ㄒㄧ ㄧㄚˋ

ㄐㄧㄚ ㄌㄧˋ ㄒㄧ ㄧㄚˇ

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ li⁵¹ ɕi⁵⁵ jä⁵¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ li⁵¹ ɕi⁵⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kaː⁵⁵ lei̯²² sɐi̯⁵⁵ aː³³/

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ li⁵¹ ɕi⁵⁵ jä⁵¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ li⁵¹ ɕi⁵⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kaː⁵⁵ lei̯²² sɐi̯⁵⁵ aː³³/

(～自治區) Galicia (a former kingdom and autonomous community in northwestern Spain)

Galicia (former kingdom and geographical area in Central Europe, now divided between Poland and Ukraine)


高盧

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ lu³⁵/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ lu³⁵/

(～村) Gaolu (a village in Sanhe, Yingcheng, Xiaogan, Hubei, China)


安多

/ˀän⁵⁵ tu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ tɔː⁵⁵/

/ˀän⁵⁵ tu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ tɔː⁵⁵/

Amdo (a traditional province of the Tibet autonomous region)

(～縣) Amdo (a county of Nagqu, Tibet Autonomous Region, China)


維捷布斯克

ㄨㄟˊ ㄐㄧㄝˊ ㄅㄨˋ ㄙ ㄎㄜˋ

ㄨㄟˊ ㄐㄧㄝˊ ㄅㄨˋ ㄙ ㄎㄜˋ

Вэйцзебусыкэ

/weɪ̯³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵ pu⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹/

/weɪ̯³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵ pu⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹/


赫爾辛基

ㄏㄜˋ ㄦˇ ㄒㄧㄣ ㄐㄧ

ㄏㄜˋ ㄦˇ ㄒㄧㄣ ㄐㄧ

/xɤ⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕin⁵⁵ t͡ɕi⁵⁵/

/haːk̚⁵ jiː¹³ sɐn⁵⁵ kei̯⁵⁵/

/hiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ nĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sin³³ ki³³/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sin⁴⁴⁻²² ki⁴⁴/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ d͡zĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sin⁴⁴⁻²² ki⁴⁴/

/həʔ³³ ɦəl⁵⁵ ɕin³³ t͡ɕi²¹/

/xɤ⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕin⁵⁵ t͡ɕi⁵⁵/

/haːk̚⁵ jiː¹³ sɐn⁵⁵ kei̯⁵⁵/

/hiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ nĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sin³³ ki³³/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sin⁴⁴⁻²² ki⁴⁴/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ d͡zĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sin⁴⁴⁻²² ki⁴⁴/

/həʔ³³ ɦəl⁵⁵ ɕin³³ t͡ɕi²¹/

Helsinki (a city, the capital city of Finland)


玲瓏

/liŋ³⁵ lʊŋ³⁵/

/lɪŋ²¹ lʊŋ²¹/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² lɔŋ²⁴/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² lɔŋ²⁴/

/liɪŋ¹³⁻²² lɔŋ¹³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ lɔŋ²⁴/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ lɔŋ²³/

/leŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ loŋ⁵⁵/

/liŋ³⁵ lʊŋ³⁵/

/lɪŋ²¹ lʊŋ²¹/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² lɔŋ²⁴/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² lɔŋ²⁴/

/liɪŋ¹³⁻²² lɔŋ¹³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ lɔŋ²⁴/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ lɔŋ²³/

/leŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ loŋ⁵⁵/

(～鎮) Linglong (a town in Zhaoyuan, Yantai, Shandong, China)

(～鎮) Lenggong (a town in Hulu Perak district, Perak, Malaysia)


紫金

/t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/t͡siː³⁵ kɐm⁵⁵/

/t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/t͡siː³⁵ kɐm⁵⁵/

(～縣) Zijin (a county of Heyuan, Guangdong, China)

(～鎮) Zijin (a town in Gucheng, Xiangyang, Hubei, China)


安國

/ˀän⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³/

/ˀän⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³/

(～市) Anguo (a county-level city of Baoding, Hebei, China)


榛子

/ʈ͡ʂən⁵⁵ d͡z̥z̩²/

/t͡sɵn⁵⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

/t͡sən⁵⁵ t͡sz̩²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂən⁵⁵ d͡z̥z̩²/

/t͡sɵn⁵⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

/t͡sən⁵⁵ t͡sz̩²¹/

(～鄉) Zhenzi (a township in Xingshan, Yichang, Hubei, China)


白鷺

/paɪ̯³⁵ lu⁵¹/

/ˈpʰaʔ⁵ lu¹¹/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ lɔ²²/

/pe(ʔ)²⁴⁻² lɔ⁴¹/

/pɛ(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ lɔ²²/

/paɪ̯³⁵ lu⁵¹/

/ˈpʰaʔ⁵ lu¹¹/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ lɔ²²/

/pe(ʔ)²⁴⁻² lɔ⁴¹/

/pɛ(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ lɔ²²/

(～社區) Bailu (a residential community in Tancheng, Pingtan, Fuzhou, Fujian, China)


福州

Sino-Xenic (福州):
* → Japanese: 福(ふく)州(しゅう) (Fukushū)
* → Korean: 복주(福州) (Bokju)
* → Vietnamese: Phúc Châu (福州)

desc

→ English: Foochow, Fuchow, Fujhou, Fuzhou, Hokchew, Hockchew, Hokchiu

→ Korean: 푸저우 (Pujeou)

→ Russian: Фучжо́у (Fučžóu)

→ Zhuang: Fuzcouh

→ Spanish: Focheu, Fucheu

/fu³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/fʊk̚⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/huʔ²⁴⁻²¹ t͡sieu⁵⁵/

/hɒʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ t͡siu⁵³³/

/hɒʔ²⁻⁴ t͡siu⁵⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ t͡siu³³/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁵ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/foʔ³³ t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

/fu³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/fʊk̚⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/huʔ²⁴⁻²¹ t͡sieu⁵⁵/

/hɒʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ t͡siu⁵³³/

/hɒʔ²⁻⁴ t͡siu⁵⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ t͡siu³³/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁵ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/foʔ³³ t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

(～市) Fuzhou (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Fujian, China)


南京

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (南京):
* → Japanese: 南京(なんきん) (Nankin)
* → Korean: 남경(南京) (Namgyeong)
* → Vietnamese: Nam Kinh (南京)

desc

→ Georgian: ნანძინგი (nanʒingi), ნანკინი (nanḳini)

/nän³⁵ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/lã²⁴ t͡ɕĩ³¹/

/naːm²¹ kɪŋ⁵⁵/

/nˡaŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋiŋ⁵⁵/

/naŋ¹³⁻¹¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋiŋ⁵³³/

/naŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋiŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² kiã⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² kiã³³/

/lam¹³⁻²² kiã⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ kiã⁴⁴/

/lam²³⁻³³ kiã⁴⁴/

/lam⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kĩã³³/

/nø²² t͡ɕin⁴⁴/

/nän³⁵ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/lã²⁴ t͡ɕĩ³¹/

/naːm²¹ kɪŋ⁵⁵/

/nˡaŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋiŋ⁵⁵/

/naŋ¹³⁻¹¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋiŋ⁵³³/

/naŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋiŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² kiã⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² kiã³³/

/lam¹³⁻²² kiã⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ kiã⁴⁴/

/lam²³⁻³³ kiã⁴⁴/

/lam⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kĩã³³/

/nø²² t͡ɕin⁴⁴/

(～市) Nanjing (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Jiangsu, China)


江寧

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ niŋ³⁵/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ nɪŋ²¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ niŋ³⁵/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ nɪŋ²¹/

(～區, formerly ～縣) Jiangning (a district and former county of Nanjing, Jiangsu, China)

(～區) (historical) Jiangning (a former district of Shanghai, China)


江蘇

English: Jiangsu, Kiangsu, Kiang-su, Kiang Su, Keangsoo, Keang-soo, Chiang-su, Kiang-Sou (obsolete or historical)

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ su⁵⁵/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ sou̯⁵⁵/

/kɔŋ³³ ɬu³³/

/koŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ su²⁴/

/kouŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nu⁵⁵/

/kaŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ɬɔu⁵³³/

/kaŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ɬɔu⁵⁴⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sɔ⁴⁴/

/kaŋ³³ sɔ³³/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sɔ⁴⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sɔ⁴⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sɔ⁴⁴/

/kaŋ³³⁻²³ sou³³/

/kɑ̃⁵⁵ su²¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ su⁵⁵/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ sou̯⁵⁵/

/kɔŋ³³ ɬu³³/

/koŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ su²⁴/

/kouŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nu⁵⁵/

/kaŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ɬɔu⁵³³/

/kaŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ɬɔu⁵⁴⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sɔ⁴⁴/

/kaŋ³³ sɔ³³/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sɔ⁴⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sɔ⁴⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sɔ⁴⁴/

/kaŋ³³⁻²³ sou³³/

/kɑ̃⁵⁵ su²¹/

Short for 江寧／江宁 (Jiāngníng) + 蘇州／苏州 (Sūzhōu).

zh-etym-short

(～省) Jiangsu (a province of China, northeast of the mouth of the Yangtze River)


哈爾濱

desc

→ English: Ha'erbin, Haerbin, Ha-erh-pin, Ha-êrh-pin

→ Russian: Харби́н (Xarbín)

/xä⁵⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ pin⁵⁵/

/haː⁵⁵ jiː¹³ pɐn⁵⁵/

/haʔ⁴⁻²¹ t͡si⁴⁵³⁻¹³ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾iŋ⁵³³/

hah⁷ zi³ bing¹ [Phonetic:hah⁶ zi² wing¹]

/haʔ⁴⁻² t͡si³³²⁻²⁴ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βiŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/ha(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pin⁴⁴/

/ha(ʔ)⁵ nĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ pin³³/

/ha(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ d͡zĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pin⁴⁴/

/xä⁵⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ pin⁵⁵/

/haː⁵⁵ jiː¹³ pɐn⁵⁵/

/haʔ⁴⁻²¹ t͡si⁴⁵³⁻¹³ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾iŋ⁵³³/

/haʔ⁴⁻² t͡si³³²⁻²⁴ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βiŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/ha(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pin⁴⁴/

/ha(ʔ)⁵ nĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ pin³³/

/ha(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ d͡zĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pin⁴⁴/

Borrowed from a dialectal Manchu word cognate with Standard Manchu ᡥᠠᠯᡶᡳᠶᠠᠨ (halfiyan, “flat”) (Huang, 2010). Compare /kʰɑlpin/ ("flat") in the Manchu dialect spoken in Dawujiazi (大五家子) of Aihui County (now in Heihe) (Wang, 2005).

Harbin's ice sculptures are very famous.

哈爾濱的冰雕很有名。

哈尔滨的冰雕很有名。

During winter Harbin is a world of ice and snow.

Dōngtiān de shíhou Hā'ěrbīn shì bīngtiānxuědì.

冬天的時候哈爾濱是冰天雪地。

冬天的时候哈尔滨是冰天雪地。

(～市) Harbin (a subprovincial city, provincial capital, and largest city in Heilongjiang, China)


長安

→ English: Chang'an, Ch'ang-an

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ˀän⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ ɔːn⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰoŋ¹¹ on²⁴/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² an⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² an³³/

/tiɔŋ¹³⁻²² an⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ an⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²³⁻³³ an⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ˀän⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ ɔːn⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰoŋ¹¹ on²⁴/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² an⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² an³³/

/tiɔŋ¹³⁻²² an⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ an⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²³⁻³³ an⁴⁴/

(～區, formerly ～縣) Chang'an (a district and former county of Xi'an, Shaanxi, China)

(～區) Chang'an (a district of Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China)

(～鎮) Chang'an (name of various towns in China)

Chang'an (a town in Dongguan, Guangdong, China)

土家族鄉 土家族鄉#Chinese

(～鄉, ～土家族鄉) Chang'an (a township in Fengjie, Chongqing, China)

Tràng An Scenic Landscape Complex (an UNESCO World Heritage Site in Ninh Bình Province, Vietnam)


西頭

/ɕi⁵⁵ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ tʰɐu̯²¹/

/ɕi⁵⁵ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ tʰɐu̯²¹/

(～村) Xitou (a village in Sanhe, Yingcheng, Xiaogan, Hubei, China)


東都

/tɔŋ³³ tɔ³³/

/tɔŋ³³ tɔ³³/

From Tagalog Tondo, from Old Tagalog tundun.

(Philippine Hokkien) Tondo (a district and historical polity in Manila, Philippines)


關東

/ku̯än⁵⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kʷaːn⁵⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kuan⁴⁴⁻²² tɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kuan⁴⁴⁻²² tɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kuan⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kuan⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔŋ⁴⁴/

/ku̯än⁵⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kʷaːn⁵⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kuan⁴⁴⁻²² tɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kuan⁴⁴⁻²² tɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kuan⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kuan⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔŋ⁴⁴/

關東大地震

关东大地震


城門

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ mən³⁵/

/sɪŋ²¹ muːn²¹/

/siaŋ²² ᵐbᵘɔn²²/

/ʃaŋ⁵⁵ mun⁵⁵/

/siã²⁴⁻²² mŋ̍²⁴/

/siã²⁴⁻²² mŋ̍²⁴/

/siã¹³⁻²² mŋ̍¹³/

/siã²⁴⁻¹¹ mŋ̍²⁴/

/siã²³⁻³³ mŋ̍²³/

/sĩã⁵⁵⁻¹¹ mɯŋ⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ mən³⁵/

/sɪŋ²¹ muːn²¹/

/siaŋ²² ᵐbᵘɔn²²/

/ʃaŋ⁵⁵ mun⁵⁵/

/siã²⁴⁻²² mŋ̍²⁴/

/siã²⁴⁻²² mŋ̍²⁴/

/siã¹³⁻²² mŋ̍¹³/

/siã²⁴⁻¹¹ mŋ̍²⁴/

/siã²³⁻³³ mŋ̍²³/

/sĩã⁵⁵⁻¹¹ mɯŋ⁵⁵/

Shing Mun (an area of the New Territories, Hong Kong)


山梨

/ʂän⁵⁵ li³⁵/

/ʂän⁵⁵ li³⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 山梨(やまなし) (yamanashi)

(～市) Yamanashi (a city in Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan)


龍王

ja-r

竜王(りゅうおう) (ryūō)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (龍王):
* → Japanese: 竜王(りゅうおう) (ryūō)
* → Korean: 룡왕(龍王) (ryong'wang), 용왕(龍王) (yong'wang)
* → Vietnamese: long vương (龍王)

/lʊŋ³⁵ wɑŋ³⁵/

/lʊŋ²¹ wɔːŋ²¹/

/li̯uŋ¹¹ voŋ¹¹/

/l̃yŋ⁵³⁻³³ ^((Ø-))ŋuoŋ⁵³/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ ɔŋ²³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ɔŋ²⁴/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ɔŋ²⁴/

/liɔŋ¹³⁻²² ɔŋ¹³/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ ŋ̍²³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ŋ̍²⁴/

/lʊŋ³⁵ wɑŋ³⁵/

/lʊŋ²¹ wɔːŋ²¹/

/li̯uŋ¹¹ voŋ¹¹/

/l̃yŋ⁵³⁻³³ ^((Ø-))ŋuoŋ⁵³/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ ɔŋ²³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ɔŋ²⁴/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ɔŋ²⁴/

/liɔŋ¹³⁻²² ɔŋ¹³/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ ŋ̍²³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ŋ̍²⁴/

* (Ryūō): Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 竜王町.

obor

(～鎮) Longwang (a town in Xiangzhou district, Xiangyang, Hubei, China)

Shiga Prefecture
Shiga Prefecture#English

(～町) Ryūō (a town in Shiga Prefecture, Japan)


開化

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (開化):
* → Japanese: 開(かい)化(か) (kaika)
* → Korean: 개화(開化) (gaehwa)
* → Vietnamese: khai hoá (開化)

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ xu̯ä²/

/hɔːi̯⁵⁵ faː³³/

/kʰoi̯²⁴⁻¹¹ fa⁵⁵/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² hua²¹/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² hua²¹/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ hua¹¹/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²¹/

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ xu̯ä²/

/hɔːi̯⁵⁵ faː³³/

/kʰoi̯²⁴⁻¹¹ fa⁵⁵/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² hua²¹/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² hua²¹/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ hua¹¹/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²¹/

(～縣) Kaihua County (a county of Zhejiang, China)


威信

/weɪ̯⁵⁵ ɕin⁵¹/

/wɐi̯⁵⁵ sɵn³³/

/ui⁴⁴⁻²² sin²¹/

/ui⁴⁴⁻²² sin²¹/

/ui⁴⁴⁻³³ sin¹¹/

/ui⁴⁴⁻³³ sin²¹/

/weɪ̯⁵⁵ ɕin⁵¹/

/wɐi̯⁵⁵ sɵn³³/

/ui⁴⁴⁻²² sin²¹/

/ui⁴⁴⁻²² sin²¹/

/ui⁴⁴⁻³³ sin¹¹/

/ui⁴⁴⁻³³ sin²¹/

(～縣) Weixin (a county of Zhaotong, Yunnan, China)


比如

/pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʐu³⁵/

/pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʐu³⁵/

Borrowed from Tibetan འབྲི་རུ ('bri ru).

(～縣) Biru (a county of Nagqu, Tibet Autonomous Region, China)


金寶

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

From Indonesian Kampar and Malay Kampar, probably via Cantonese.

a river in the province of Riau, Indonesia

a regency of the province of Riau, Indonesia


金珠

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂu⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂu⁵⁵/

(～鎮) Jinzhu (a town in Daocheng, Garzê prefecture, Sichuan, China)


章程

Constitution of the Communist Party of China

/ʈ͡ʂɑŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/t͡sœːŋ⁵⁵ t͡sʰɪŋ²¹/

/t͡siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tʰiɪŋ²⁴/

/t͡siɔŋ³³ tʰiɪŋ²⁴/

/t͡siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰiɪŋ²³/

/t͡siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰiɪŋ²⁴/

/t͡siaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tʰiɪŋ¹³/

/ʈ͡ʂɑŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/t͡sœːŋ⁵⁵ t͡sʰɪŋ²¹/

/t͡siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tʰiɪŋ²⁴/

/t͡siɔŋ³³ tʰiɪŋ²⁴/

/t͡siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰiɪŋ²³/

/t͡siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰiɪŋ²⁴/

/t͡siaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tʰiɪŋ¹³/

/ʈ͡ʂɑŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ²/

/ʈ͡ʂɑŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ²/

(～村) Zhangcheng (a village in Zhucheng, Xinzhou district, Wuhan, Hubei, China)


榆樹

/jyː²¹ syː²²/

/ɦy²² zz̩⁴⁴/

/jyː²¹ syː²²/

/ɦy²² zz̩⁴⁴/

(～市) Yushu (a county-level city of Changchun, Jilin, China)


民意

/mɐn²¹ jiː³³/

/bin²⁴⁻²² i²¹/

/bin²⁴⁻²² i⁴¹/

/bin¹³⁻²² i²¹/

/bin²⁴⁻¹¹ i¹¹/

/bin²³⁻³³ i²¹/

/mɐn²¹ jiː³³/

/bin²⁴⁻²² i²¹/

/bin²⁴⁻²² i⁴¹/

/bin¹³⁻²² i²¹/

/bin²⁴⁻¹¹ i¹¹/

/bin²³⁻³³ i²¹/

(～街道) Minyi (a subdistrict of Jianghan district, Wuhan, Hubei, China)


會同

/xu̯eɪ̯⁵¹ tʰʊŋ³⁵/

/wuːi̯²² tʰʊŋ²¹/

/hue²²⁻²¹ tɔŋ²⁴/

/hue⁴¹⁻²² tɔŋ²⁴/

/hue²²⁻²¹ tɔŋ¹³/

/hue³³⁻¹¹ tɔŋ²⁴/

/hue³³⁻²¹ tɔŋ²³/

/xu̯eɪ̯⁵¹ tʰʊŋ³⁵/

/wuːi̯²² tʰʊŋ²¹/

/hue²²⁻²¹ tɔŋ²⁴/

/hue⁴¹⁻²² tɔŋ²⁴/

/hue²²⁻²¹ tɔŋ¹³/

/hue³³⁻¹¹ tɔŋ²⁴/

/hue³³⁻²¹ tɔŋ²³/

(～縣) Huitong (a county of Huaihua, Hunan, China)


新興

/ɕin⁵⁵ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ hɪŋ⁵⁵/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ɕin⁵⁵ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ hɪŋ⁵⁵/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ɕin⁵⁵ ɕiŋ⁵¹/

/sɐn⁵⁵ hɪŋ³³/

/ɕin⁵⁵ ɕiŋ⁵¹/

/sɐn⁵⁵ hɪŋ³³/

(～縣) Xinxing (a county of Yunfu, Guangdong, China)

(～區) Sinsing (a district of Kaohsiung, Taiwan)

(～里) an urban village in Tamsui district, New Taipei City, Taiwan


滎陽

→ English: Hsing-yang; Xingyang

/ɕiŋ³⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/jɪŋ²¹ jœːŋ²¹/

/ɕiŋ³⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/jɪŋ²¹ jœːŋ²¹/

(～市) Xingyang (a county-level city of Zhengzhou, Henan, China)


荷花

/xɤ³⁵ xu̯ä⁵⁵/

/xɤ³⁵ xu̯ɑɻ⁵⁵/

/hɔː²¹ faː⁵⁵/

/ho⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ua⁵⁵/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ hue⁴⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻²² hue⁴⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻²² hue³³/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ hue⁴⁴/

/ho¹³⁻²² hua⁴⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ hua⁴⁴/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ hua⁴⁴/

/ho⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hue³³/

/xo¹³ ɸa̠³³/

/xɤ³⁵ xu̯ä⁵⁵/

/xɤ³⁵ xu̯ɑɻ⁵⁵/

/hɔː²¹ faː⁵⁵/

/ho⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ua⁵⁵/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ hue⁴⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻²² hue⁴⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻²² hue³³/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ hue⁴⁴/

/ho¹³⁻²² hua⁴⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ hua⁴⁴/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ hua⁴⁴/

/ho⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hue³³/

/xo¹³ ɸa̠³³/

(～鎮) Hehua (a town in Yuan'an, Yichang, Hubei, China)


仁愛

/ʐən³⁵ ˀaɪ̯⁵¹/

/jɐn²¹ ɔːi̯³³/

/d͡zin¹³⁻²² ai²¹/

/zin²³⁻³³ ai²¹/

/lin²⁴⁻²² ai⁴¹/

/lin²⁴⁻²² ai²¹/

/lin²⁴⁻¹¹ ai¹¹/

/ʐən³⁵ ˀaɪ̯⁵¹/

/jɐn²¹ ɔːi̯³³/

/d͡zin¹³⁻²² ai²¹/

/zin²³⁻³³ ai²¹/

/lin²⁴⁻²² ai⁴¹/

/lin²⁴⁻²² ai²¹/

/lin²⁴⁻¹¹ ai¹¹/

(～區) Ren-ai (a district of Keelung, Taiwan)

(～鄉) Ren-ai, Ren'ai (a mountain indigenous township in Nantou County, Taiwan)

(～里, formerly ～村) an urban village in Linkou district, New Taipei City, Taiwan, formerly a rural village


民主

/min³⁵ ʈ͡ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mɐn²¹ t͡syː³⁵/

/bin²⁴⁻²² t͡su⁵³/

/bin²⁴⁻²² t͡su⁵⁵⁴/

/bin¹³⁻²² t͡su⁵³/

/bin²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡su⁵³/

/bin²³⁻³³ t͡su⁴¹/

/miŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡su⁵²/

/min³⁵ ʈ͡ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mɐn²¹ t͡syː³⁵/

/bin²⁴⁻²² t͡su⁵³/

/bin²⁴⁻²² t͡su⁵⁵⁴/

/bin¹³⁻²² t͡su⁵³/

/bin²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡su⁵³/

/bin²³⁻³³ t͡su⁴¹/

/miŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡su⁵²/

In Classical Chinese, 民主 meant "sovereign", as in 民之主, or "ruler of the people". This was repurposed in the mid-1860s to mean "democracy", "democratic" during the translation of the book Elements of International Law.

(～村) Minzhu (a village in Zhonglu, Lichuan, Enshi prefecture, Hubei, China)


化成

/xu̯ä⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/xu̯ä⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

(～郡) Former name of Myonggan, a county of North Hamgyong Province, North Korea


南越

/nän³⁵ ɥɛ⁵¹/

/lam²⁴⁻²² uat̚²⁴/

/lam¹³⁻²² uat̚¹²¹/

/nän³⁵ ɥɛ⁵¹/

/lam²⁴⁻²² uat̚²⁴/

/lam¹³⁻²² uat̚¹²¹/

South Vietnam
South Vietnam#English:_Q180573

(historical) South Vietnam (a former country in Southeast Asia that governed southern Vietnam from 1955 to 1975)


永昌

/jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/wɪŋ¹³ t͡sʰœːŋ⁵⁵/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ³³/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/iɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/wɪŋ¹³ t͡sʰœːŋ⁵⁵/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ³³/

/iɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ³³/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/iɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/iɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

(～縣) Yongchang (a county of Jinchang, Gansu, China)


洞庭湖

ㄉㄨㄥˋ ㄊㄧㄥˊ ㄏㄨˊ

ㄉㄨㄥˋ ㄊㄧㄥˊ ㄏㄨˊ

/tʊŋ⁵¹ tʰiŋ³⁵ xu³⁵/

/tʊŋ²² tʰɪŋ²¹ wuː²¹/

/tʊŋ⁵¹ tʰiŋ³⁵ xu³⁵/

/tʊŋ²² tʰɪŋ²¹ wuː²¹/

Lake Dongting (a lake northeastern Hunan, China)


洞庭

/tʊŋ⁵¹ tʰiŋ³⁵/

/tʊŋ²² tʰɪŋ²¹/

/tʊŋ⁵¹ tʰiŋ³⁵/

/tʊŋ²² tʰɪŋ²¹/

(～湖) Lake Dongting (a lake northeastern Hunan, China)

(～社區) Dongting (a community in Yiyuan, Jiang'an district, Wuhan, Hubei, China)


華陰

/xu̯ä⁵¹ in⁵⁵/

/waː²² jɐm⁵⁵/

/xu̯ä⁵¹ in⁵⁵/

/waː²² jɐm⁵⁵/

Yin (north) of Mount Hua; based on Yin and yang toponymy in which north is associated with yin. Huayin is situated to the north of Mount Hua.

(～市, formerly ～縣) Huayin (a county-level city of Weinan, Shaanxi, China)


宜陽

/jiː²¹ jœːŋ²¹/

/jiː²¹ jœːŋ²¹/

(～縣) Yiyang (a county of Luoyang, Henan, China)


福建

Sino-Xenic (福建):
* → Japanese: 福(ふっ)建(けん) (Fukken)
* → Okinawan: 福(ふ)建(ちゃん) (Fuchan)
* → Korean: 복건(福建) (Bokgeon)
* → Vietnamese: Phúc Kiến (福建)

desc

→ English: Fujian, Fuhkien, Fukien, Fu-chien, Fookien, Fokien, Hokkien

→ Georgian: ფუძიენი (puʒieni)

→ Khmer: ហុកកៀន (hokkiən)

→ Korean: 푸젠 (Pujen)

→ Malay: Fujian, Hokkien, Hokkian

→ Russian: Фуцзя́нь (Fuczjánʹ), фуцзя́нец (fuczjánec)

→ Spanish: Fujian, Fokien, Fukién

→ Tagalog: Fukien, Hokkien

→ Thai: ฝูเจี้ยน, ฮกเกี้ยน

→ Thai: ฝูเจี้ยน, ฮกเกี้ยน

/fu³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/huʔ²⁴⁻⁵⁵ kyɔŋ²¹³/

/hɒʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ kœŋ⁴²/

/hɒʔ²⁻⁴ kyøŋ⁴²/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ kiɛn¹¹/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ kiɛn²¹/

/hɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ kiɛn⁴¹/

/hɔk̚³⁻⁴ kiɛn²¹/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁵ kiɛn²¹/

/hok̚²⁻⁴ kieŋ²¹³/

/hok̚²⁻⁴ kiaŋ²¹³/

/foʔ³³ t͡ɕi⁴⁴/

/foʔ⁵⁵ t͡ɕie²¹/

/fu³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/huʔ²⁴⁻⁵⁵ kyɔŋ²¹³/

/hɒʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ kœŋ⁴²/

/hɒʔ²⁻⁴ kyøŋ⁴²/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ kiɛn¹¹/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ kiɛn²¹/

/hɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ kiɛn⁴¹/

/hɔk̚³⁻⁴ kiɛn²¹/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁵ kiɛn²¹/

/hok̚²⁻⁴ kieŋ²¹³/

/hok̚²⁻⁴ kiaŋ²¹³/

/foʔ³³ t͡ɕi⁴⁴/

/foʔ⁵⁵ t͡ɕie²¹/

Short for 福州 (Fúzhōu) + 建州 (Jiànzhōu), two ancient prefectures in modern Fujian. Coined with the establishment of 福建路 (“Fujian Circuit”) in 985 CE by the Northern Song court.

People's Republic of China
People's Republic of China#English

(～省) Fujian (a province of the People's Republic of China (mainland China), located on the southeastern coast)


麥金利山

ㄇㄞˋ ㄐㄧㄣ ㄌㄧˋ ㄕㄢ

ㄇㄞˋ ㄐㄧㄣ ㄌㄧˋ ㄕㄢ

Майцзиньли Шань

/maɪ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕin⁵⁵ li⁵¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

/maɪ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕin⁵⁵ li⁵¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

Mount McKinley, Denali (a mountain in Alaska, United States)


湖北

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (湖北):
* → Japanese: 湖(こ)北(ほく) (Kohoku)
* → Korean: 호북(湖北) (Hobuk)
* → Vietnamese: Hồ Bắc (湖北)

→ English: Hubei, Hupeh

→ Korean: 후베이 (Hubei)

→ Manchu: ᡥᡡᠪᡝ (hūbe)

→ Mongolian: ᠬᠤᠪᠧᠢ (qubēi)

→ Russian: Хубэ́й (Xubɛ́j)

→ Uyghur: خۇبېي (xubëy)

→ Zhuang: Huzbwz

/xu³⁵ peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/wuː²¹ pɐk̚⁵/

/hu⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βɔyʔ²⁴/

/hɔu¹³⁻⁴² paʔ²¹/

/hɔu²⁴⁻⁴² paʔ²/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² pak̚³²/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² pak̚⁵/

/ɔ¹³⁻²² pak̚³²/

/ɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ pak̚³²/

/ɔ²³⁻³³ pak̚³²/

/ou⁵⁵⁻¹¹ pak̚²/

/ɦu²² poʔ⁴⁴/

/xu³⁵ peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/wuː²¹ pɐk̚⁵/

/hu⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βɔyʔ²⁴/

/hɔu¹³⁻⁴² paʔ²¹/

/hɔu²⁴⁻⁴² paʔ²/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² pak̚³²/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² pak̚⁵/

/ɔ¹³⁻²² pak̚³²/

/ɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ pak̚³²/

/ɔ²³⁻³³ pak̚³²/

/ou⁵⁵⁻¹¹ pak̚²/

/ɦu²² poʔ⁴⁴/

So named as it lies on the north of Lake Dongting.

(～省) Hubei (a province in central China)


孟津

/mɤŋ⁵¹ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/maːŋ²² t͡sɵn⁵⁵/

/mɤŋ⁵¹ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/maːŋ²² t͡sɵn⁵⁵/

Mengjin began as an ancient ferry crossing for the Yellow River. According to legend, King Wu of Zhou crossed the Yellow River at this location, after forming an alliance (盟/méng/alliance + 津/jīn/ferry crossing) with the other nobles. One theory goes that the original name was actually 盟津 (literally: the ferry crossing of the alliance) rather than 孟津 (盟 and 孟 are both rendered as Meng). According to this theory, it was only in later times that the character 盟 was mistakenly replaced by 孟. The ferry crossing was an important strategic location during times of war.

ltc-l

會盟 (MC hwajH mjaeng, “to meet and form an alliance”)

(～區, formerly ～縣) Mengjin (a district and former county of Luoyang, Henan, China)


阿姆斯特丹

ㄚ ㄇㄨˇ ㄙ ㄊㄜˋ ㄉㄢ

ㄚ ㄇㄨˇ ㄙ ㄊㄜˋ ㄉㄢ

/ˀä⁵⁵ mu²¹⁴⁻²¹ sz̩⁵⁵ tʰɤ⁵¹ tän⁵⁵/

/aː³³ mou̯¹³ siː⁵⁵ tɐk̚² taːn⁵⁵/

/a³³ bu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sɯ³³ tiak̚²⁴⁻² tan³³/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ su⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚⁴⁻³² tan⁴⁴/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² bo⁵³⁻⁴⁴ su⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ tan⁴⁴/

/ˀä⁵⁵ mu²¹⁴⁻²¹ sz̩⁵⁵ tʰɤ⁵¹ tän⁵⁵/

/aː³³ mou̯¹³ siː⁵⁵ tɐk̚² taːn⁵⁵/

/a³³ bu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sɯ³³ tiak̚²⁴⁻² tan³³/

Amsterdam (a city, the capital city of the Netherlands)


山西

/ʂän⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/

/saːn⁵⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/san²⁴⁻¹¹ si²⁴/

/saŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nɛ⁵⁵/

/ɬaŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ^((ɬ-))ne⁵³³/

/ɬaŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ^((ɬ-))ne⁵⁴⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² sai⁴⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ se⁴⁴/

/sũã³³⁻²³ sai³³/

/ʂän⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/

/saːn⁵⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/san²⁴⁻¹¹ si²⁴/

/saŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nɛ⁵⁵/

/ɬaŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ^((ɬ-))ne⁵³³/

/ɬaŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ^((ɬ-))ne⁵⁴⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² sai⁴⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ se⁴⁴/

/sũã³³⁻²³ sai³³/

(～省) Shanxi (a province in the northern part of China)

(historical, specifically) a geographical area to the west of the Taihang Mountains

(historical, specifically) a geographical area to the west of Mount Hua


高平

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ pʰɪŋ²¹/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ pʰɪŋ²¹/

(～市) Gaoping (a county-level city of Jincheng, Shanxi, China)

(～省) Cao Bằng Province (a province of Vietnam)


魯國

/lu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/lou̯¹³ kʷɔːk̚³/

/lu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/lou̯¹³ kʷɔːk̚³/


襄陽

desc

→ English: Xiangyang, Siangyang, Siang-yang, Hsiang-yang

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² iɔŋ²⁴/

/siɔŋ³³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² iɔŋ¹³/

/siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ iɔŋ²³/

/ɕiã⁵⁵ ɦiã²¹/

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² iɔŋ²⁴/

/siɔŋ³³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² iɔŋ¹³/

/siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ iɔŋ²³/

/ɕiã⁵⁵ ɦiã²¹/

Book of Documents
Fancheng
Han River (Hubei and Shaanxi)
Mount Hua

Surprisingly unclear.
襄 (xiāng) is speculated to imply "tall and prone to floods", which is recorded in the Book of Documents. The city precincts received chronic floods up until the 1930's.
The term 陽／阳 (yáng, “sunny”) is typically used to refer to establishments on the north bank of a river or the south side of a mountain. Xiangyang is, however, situated north of Mount Hua and on the south bank of the Han River. The settlement north of the Han is Fancheng).
Several theories have been proposed, though very little geographical evidence has been found for any of them. Some include:
* The Han River may have flowed south of Xiangyang, hence the modern-day bend just east of the city
* There was a small river called the Xiang that used to flow south of the city
* There was a "Mount Xiang" in the past that was north of Xiangyang

(～市) Xiangyang (a prefecture-level city of Hubei, China)

(～區) (historical) Xiangyang (a district of Xiangfan, Hubei, China)

(～郡) Yangyang (a county of Gangwon Province, South Korea)


佳木斯

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ mu⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵/

/kaːi̯⁵⁵ mʊk̚² siː⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ mu⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵/

/kaːi̯⁵⁵ mʊk̚² siː⁵⁵/

Borrowed from Manchu ᡤᡳᠶᠠᠮᡠᠰᡳ (giyamusi).

(～市) Jiamusi (a prefecture-level city of Heilongjiang, China)


福島

/fu³⁵ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fu³⁵ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 福(ふく)島(しま) (Fukushima).

(～市) Fukushima (a city in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan)


交州

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kaːu̯⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kaːu̯⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

(historical) Jiaozhou (a province of imperial China, located in modern Guangxi and Vietnam)

(historical) Jiaozhou (a province of imperial China, located in modern Gansu)


潮汕

→ English: Chaoshan, Teoswa

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ʂän⁵¹/

/t͡sʰiːu̯²¹ saːn³³/

/tio²⁴⁻²² suã²¹/

/tio²⁴⁻²² suã⁴¹/

/tio¹³⁻²² suã²¹/

/tio²⁴⁻¹¹ suã¹¹/

/tiɤ²³⁻³³ suã²¹/

/tie⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sũã³³/

/tio⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sũã³³/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ʂän⁵¹/

/t͡sʰiːu̯²¹ saːn³³/

/tio²⁴⁻²² suã²¹/

/tio²⁴⁻²² suã⁴¹/

/tio¹³⁻²² suã²¹/

/tio²⁴⁻¹¹ suã¹¹/

/tiɤ²³⁻³³ suã²¹/

/tie⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sũã³³/

/tio⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sũã³³/

Short for 潮州 (Cháozhōu) + 汕頭／汕头 (Shàntóu).

zh-etym-short

潮汕民系

Chaoshan (a region in northeastern Guangdong, China)


喀什

→ English: Kashi, K'a-shih, K'o-shih

/kʰä⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/kʰä⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/kʰä⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/kʰä⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

(～地區) Kashgar, Kashi (a prefecture of the Xinjiang autonomous region, China)

(～市) Kashgar, Kashi (a county-level city of Kashgar Prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


喀什

From Mongolian Хаш (Xaš), from Mongolian хаш (xaš, “jade”).

/kʰä⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/kʰä⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/kʰä⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/kʰä⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

(～河) Kash (a river in Ili prefecture, Xinjiang, China)

(～鎮, formerly ～鄉) Kashi, Qash (a town and former township on the Kash in Yining, Ili prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


常山

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/sœːŋ²¹ saːn⁵⁵/

/siɔŋ²⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ²⁴⁻²² san³³/

/siɔŋ¹³⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ san⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ²³⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/sœːŋ²¹ saːn⁵⁵/

/siɔŋ²⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ²⁴⁻²² san³³/

/siɔŋ¹³⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ san⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ²³⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

(～縣) Changshan (a county of Quzhou, Zhejiang, China)


布加勒斯特

ㄅㄨˋ ㄐㄧㄚ ㄌㄜˋ ㄙ ㄊㄜˋ

ㄅㄨˋ ㄐㄧㄚ ㄌㄜˋ ㄙ ㄊㄜˋ

/pu⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ lɤ⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵ tʰɤ⁵¹/

/pou̯³³ kaː⁵⁵ lɐk̚² siː⁵⁵ tɐk̚²/

/pɔ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ka³³ liak̚²⁴⁻² sɯ³³ tiak̚²⁴/

/pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ ka⁴⁴⁻²² liɪk̚⁴⁻³² su⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚⁴/

/pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ kɛ⁴⁴⁻²² liɪk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ su⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚¹²¹/

/pu³³ ka⁵⁵ ləʔ³³ sz̩³³ dəʔ²¹/

/pu⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ lɤ⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵ tʰɤ⁵¹/

/pou̯³³ kaː⁵⁵ lɐk̚² siː⁵⁵ tɐk̚²/

/pɔ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ka³³ liak̚²⁴⁻² sɯ³³ tiak̚²⁴/

/pu³³ ka⁵⁵ ləʔ³³ sz̩³³ dəʔ²¹/

Borrowed from English Bucharest, from Romanian București.

Bucharest (a city, the capital city of Romania)


第戎

/ti⁵¹ ʐʊŋ³⁵/

/ti⁵¹ ʐʊŋ³⁵/

Dijon (the capital city of Côte-d'Or department, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, France)


意大利

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (意大利):
* → Vietnamese: Ý Đại Lợi (意大利)

/i⁵¹⁻⁵³ tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹/

/jiː³³ taːi̯²² lei̯²²/

/i⁵⁵ tʰai̯⁵⁵ li⁵⁵/

/i⁵³⁻⁵⁵ tʰaɪ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ li⁵³/

/i²¹³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lai²⁴²⁻⁵³ l̃ɛi²¹³/

/i²¹⁻⁵³ tai²²⁻²¹ li²²/

/i⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tai⁴¹⁻²² li⁴¹/

/i²¹⁻⁵³ tai²²⁻²¹ li²²/

/i¹¹⁻⁵³ tai³³⁻¹¹ li³³/

/i²¹⁻⁴¹ tai³³⁻²¹ li³³/

/i²¹³⁻⁵⁵ tai³⁵⁻¹¹ li³⁵/

/ɦi²² da⁵⁵ li²¹/

/i⁵¹⁻⁵³ tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹/

/jiː³³ taːi̯²² lei̯²²/

/i⁵⁵ tʰai̯⁵⁵ li⁵⁵/

/i⁵³⁻⁵⁵ tʰaɪ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ li⁵³/

/i²¹³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lai²⁴²⁻⁵³ l̃ɛi²¹³/

/i²¹⁻⁵³ tai²²⁻²¹ li²²/

/i⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tai⁴¹⁻²² li⁴¹/

/i²¹⁻⁵³ tai²²⁻²¹ li²²/

/i¹¹⁻⁵³ tai³³⁻¹¹ li³³/

/i²¹⁻⁴¹ tai³³⁻²¹ li³³/

/i²¹³⁻⁵⁵ tai³⁵⁻¹¹ li³⁵/

/ɦi²² da⁵⁵ li²¹/

Borrowed from English Italy. Attested as early as 1837, in the Eastern Western Monthly Magazine.

1891, 薛福成 [Xue Fucheng], 出使英法義比四國日記, volume 1, page 33:

Chǒu zhèng, guò Yìdàlì zhī Nábōlì hǎi kǒu. Xī Xǔ Zhúyún xīngshǐ yóucǐ dēng'àn, chéng huǒchē zhì Bólíng. Nábōlì xīběi yībǎi èrshí yánglǐ, jí Yìdàlì zhī Luómǎ dūchéng yě.

丑正，過意大利之拿波利海口。昔許竹篔星使由此登岸，乘火車至伯靈。拿波利西北一百二十洋里，即意大利之羅馬都城也。

丑正，过意大利之拿波利海口。昔许竹筼星使由此登岸，乘火车至伯灵。拿波利西北一百二十洋里，即意大利之罗马都城也。

(Mainland China, Hong Kong) Italy (a country in Southern Europe)


不列顛哥倫比亞

ㄅㄨˋ ㄌㄧㄝˋ ㄉㄧㄢ ㄍㄜ ㄌㄨㄣˊ ㄅㄧˇ ㄧㄚˋ

ㄅㄨˋ ㄌㄧㄝˋ ㄉㄧㄢ ㄍㄜ ㄌㄨㄣˊ ㄅㄧˇ ㄧㄚˇ

Bùlièdiān Gēlúnbǐyà [Phonetic:búlièdiān Gēlúnbǐyà]

буледянь Гэлуньбия

/pu⁵¹⁻³⁵ li̯ɛ⁵¹ ti̯ɛn⁵⁵ kɤ⁵⁵ lu̯ən³⁵ pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ jä⁵¹/

/pu⁵¹⁻³⁵ li̯ɛ⁵¹ ti̯ɛn⁵⁵ kɤ⁵⁵ lu̯ən³⁵ pi²¹⁴⁻³⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pɐt̚⁵ liːt̚² tiːn⁵⁵ kɔː⁵⁵ lɵn²¹ pei̯³⁵ aː³³/

British Columbia
British Columbia#English:_Q1973

British Columbia (a province in western Canada)


哥倫比亞

ㄍㄜ ㄌㄨㄣˊ ㄅㄧˇ ㄧㄚˋ

ㄍㄜ ㄌㄨㄣˊ ㄅㄧˇ ㄧㄚˇ

/kɤ⁵⁵ lu̯ən³⁵ pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ jä⁵¹/

/kɤ⁵⁵ lu̯ən³⁵ pi²¹⁴⁻³⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɔː⁵⁵ lɵn²¹ pei̯³⁵ aː³³/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² lun²⁴⁻²² pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ a⁴⁴/

/ko³³ lun²⁴⁻²² pi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ a³³/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² lun¹³⁻²² pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ a⁴⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻³³ lun²⁴⁻¹¹ pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ a⁴⁴/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ lun²³⁻³³ pi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ a⁴⁴/

/kɤ⁵⁵ lu̯ən³⁵ pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ jä⁵¹/

/kɤ⁵⁵ lu̯ən³⁵ pi²¹⁴⁻³⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɔː⁵⁵ lɵn²¹ pei̯³⁵ aː³³/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² lun²⁴⁻²² pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ a⁴⁴/

/ko³³ lun²⁴⁻²² pi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ a³³/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² lun¹³⁻²² pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ a⁴⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻³³ lun²⁴⁻¹¹ pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ a⁴⁴/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ lun²³⁻³³ pi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ a⁴⁴/

Columbia (the capital city of South Carolina, United States)


魁北克

ㄎㄨㄟˊ ㄅㄟˇ ㄎㄜˋ

ㄎㄨㄟˊ ㄅㄟˇ ㄎㄜˋ

/kʰu̯eɪ̯³⁵ peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ kʰɤ⁵¹/

/fuːi̯⁵⁵ pɐk̚⁵ hɐk̚⁵/

/kʰu̯eɪ̯³⁵ peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ kʰɤ⁵¹/

/fuːi̯⁵⁵ pɐk̚⁵ hɐk̚⁵/

(～省) Quebec (a province in eastern Canada)


新斯科細亞

ㄒㄧㄣ ㄙ ㄎㄜ ㄒㄧˋ ㄧㄚˋ

ㄒㄧㄣ ㄙ ㄎㄜ ㄒㄧˋ ㄧㄚˇ

Синь Сыкэсия

/ɕin⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵⁵ ɕi⁵¹⁻⁵³ jä⁵¹/

/ɕin⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵⁵ ɕi⁵¹ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ɕin⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵⁵ ɕi⁵¹⁻⁵³ jä⁵¹/

/ɕin⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵⁵ ɕi⁵¹ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

(～省) (Taiwan) Nova Scotia (a province in eastern Canada)


朴次茅斯

ㄆㄨˇ ㄘˋ ㄇㄠˊ ㄙ

ㄆㄨˇ ㄘˋ ㄇㄠˊ ㄙ

/pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰz̩⁵¹ mɑʊ̯³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵/

/pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰz̩⁵¹ mɑʊ̯³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵/

Portsmouth (a city and unitary authority of Hampshire, in southern England)

Rockingham County
Rockingham County#English

Portsmouth (a city in Rockingham County, New Hampshire)


深圳

→ English: Shenzhen, Shumchun

/ʂən⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂən⁵¹/

/sɐm⁵⁵ t͡sɐn³³/

/t͡sʰɨm²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sun⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰəm⁴⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sun⁵³/

/t͡sʰim⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sun²¹/

/t͡sʰim⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sun²¹/

/t͡sʰim⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sun¹¹/

/t͡sʰim⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sun²¹/

/t͡sʰim³³⁻²³ t͡suŋ²¹³/

/ʂən⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂən⁵¹/

/sɐm⁵⁵ t͡sɐn³³/

/t͡sʰɨm²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sun⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰəm⁴⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sun⁵³/

/t͡sʰim⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sun²¹/

/t͡sʰim⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sun²¹/

/t͡sʰim⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sun¹¹/

/t͡sʰim⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sun²¹/

/t͡sʰim³³⁻²³ t͡suŋ²¹³/

Army Map Service
Gazetteer of Xin'an County

Originally as 深圳墟 (Shēnzhèn xū, “Shenzhen Market”) and referred to a market town located in present-day Dongmen, Luohu District, Shenzhen. The name is first attested in Gazetteer of Xin'an County (新安縣志) [1688].
In 1979, Bao'an County (寶安縣 /宝安县) of Guangdong was renamed and converted to Shenzhen City (深圳市 (Shēnzhèn shì)).

(～市) Shenzhen (a subprovincial city of Guangdong, China)

(～鎮) (historical) Shenzhen (a former town in Bao'an county, Guangdong, China)


嫩江

/nən⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/nyːn²² kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/nən⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/nyːn²² kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

(～市) Nenjiang (a county-level city of Heihe, Heilongjiang, China)

(～省) Nenjiang (a former province of China)


松花江

/sʊŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰʊŋ²¹ faː⁵⁵ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/sʊŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰʊŋ²¹ faː⁵⁵ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

松花 is a phono-semantic matching of Manchu ᠰᡠᠩᡤᠠᡵᡳ (sunggari), as in ᠰᡠᠩᡤᠠᡵᡳ
ᡠᠯᠠ (sunggari ula, “Songhua River”). The original meaning of sunggari may be “Milky Way”; cf. ᠰᡠᠩᡤᠠᡵᡳ
ᠪᡳᡵᠠ (sunggari bira, “Milky Way”).

psm

Songhua River (a river in northeastern China)


太行山

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ xɑŋ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ xɑŋ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

Taihang Mountains (a mountain range running down the eastern edge of the Loess Plateau in the Henan, Shanxi, and Hebei provinces of China)


青海

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (青海):
* → Japanese: 青海(せいかい) (Seikai)
* → Korean: 청해(青海) (Cheonghae)
* → Vietnamese: Thanh Hải (青海)

desc

→ English: Tsinghai, Tsing-hai, Qinghai, Ch'ing-hai

→ Georgian: ცინგხაი (cingxai)

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/t͡sʰi̯aŋ²⁴ hoi̯³¹/

/t͡ɕʰiaŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ hoɪ³¹/

/t͡sʰiŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai³³/

/t͡sʰiŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai⁴⁵³/

/t͡sʰiŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai³³²/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hai⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ hai⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hai⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hai⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hai⁴¹/

/t͡sʰẽ³³⁻²³ hai⁵²/

/t͡ɕʰin⁵⁵ he²¹/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/t͡sʰi̯aŋ²⁴ hoi̯³¹/

/t͡ɕʰiaŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ hoɪ³¹/

/t͡sʰiŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai³³/

/t͡sʰiŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai⁴⁵³/

/t͡sʰiŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai³³²/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hai⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ hai⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hai⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hai⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hai⁴¹/

/t͡sʰẽ³³⁻²³ hai⁵²/

/t͡ɕʰin⁵⁵ he²¹/

Compare similar-meaning names for Qinghai Lake in other languages: Tibetan མཚོ་སྔོན (mtsho sngon), མཚོ་སྔོན་པོ (mtsho sngon po, “blue lake”), Mongolian ᠬᠥᠬᠡ
ᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ (köke naɣur, “blue lake”).

ncog

Haven’t you seen by Kokonor white bones from ancient times that have never been recovered?

8th century, 杜甫 (Du Fu), 兵車行 (The Army Wagons: A Ballad); translated by Stephen Owen

Jūn bùjiàn Qīnghǎi tóu, gǔlái báigǔ wúrén shōu.

君不見青海頭，古來白骨無人收。

君不见青海头，古来白骨无人收。

(～湖) Qinghai, Qinghai Lake (a large lake in Qinghai province, the largest in China)

(～省) Qinghai (a province of China; capital: Xining)


黃河

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (黃河):
* → Japanese: 黄(こう)河(が) (Kōga)
* → Korean: 황하(黃河) (Hwangha)
* → Vietnamese: Hoàng Hà (黃河)

desc

خْوَانْغْخِي

هْوَانْغْهِي

اَلنَّهْر اَلْأَصْفَر

→ Arabic: خْوَانْغْخِي (ḵwānḡḵī), هْوَانْغْهِي (hwānḡhī), اَلنَّهْر اَلْأَصْفَر (an-nahr al-ʔaṣfar) (calque)

→ Armenian: Հուանհե (Huanhe)

→ Czech: Chuang-che, Žlutá řeka (calque)

→ Dutch: Hoangho, Gele Rivier (calque)

→ English: Huang He, Huang Ho, Hwang Ho, Yellow River (calque)

→ Finnish: Keltainenjoki (calque)

→ French: Huang He, Houang-Ho, fleuve Jaune (calque)

→ German: Huang He, Gelber Fluss (calque)

Κίτρινος Ποταμός

→ Greek: Κίτρινος Ποταμός (Kítrinos Potamós) (calque)

→ Hindi: ह्वांगहो (hvāṅgho)

→ Hungarian: Sárga-folyó (calque)

→ Italian: Huang He, Fiume Giallo (calque)

→ Korean: 황허 (Hwangheo)

→ Malay: Sungai Kuning (calque)

ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠩ ᡥᠣ ᠪᡳᡵᠠ

⇒ Manchu: ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠩ
ᡥᠣ
ᠪᡳᡵᠠ (hūwang ho bira)

→ Mongolian: Шар мөрөн (Šar mörön) (calque)

→ Mangghuer: xira muroon (calque)

→ Persian: رود زرد (calque)

→ Polish: Rzeka Żółta (calque)

→ Portuguese: Huang He, Rio Amarelo (calque)

Жёлтая река́

→ Russian: Хуанхэ́ (Xuanxɛ́), Жёлтая река́ (Žóltaja reká) (calque)

→ Spanish: Huang He, río Amarillo (calque)

→ Tagalog: Ilog na Dilaw (calque)

→ Uyghur: سېرىق دەريا (sëriq derya) (calque)

⇒ Zhuang: Dahvangzhoz

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/xuɑŋ²⁴ xə²⁴/

/wɔːŋ²¹ hɔː²¹/

/vɔŋ²² hᵘɔ²²/

/hɔŋ²³⁻³³ hɤ²³/

/hɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ho²⁴/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ ho²⁴/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻²² ho²⁴/

/ŋ̍²³⁻³³ hɤ²³/

/uĩ¹³⁻²² ho¹³/

/ŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ho⁵⁵/

/ɦuɑ̃²² ɦu⁴⁴/

/ɦuɑ̃²² ɦəu³³/

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/xuɑŋ²⁴ xə²⁴/

/wɔːŋ²¹ hɔː²¹/

/vɔŋ²² hᵘɔ²²/

/hɔŋ²³⁻³³ hɤ²³/

/hɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ho²⁴/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ ho²⁴/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻²² ho²⁴/

/ŋ̍²³⁻³³ hɤ²³/

/uĩ¹³⁻²² ho¹³/

/ŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ho⁵⁵/

/ɦuɑ̃²² ɦu⁴⁴/

/ɦuɑ̃²² ɦəu³³/

The large amount of sand in the river makes the river appear yellow.
Earliest extant authentic attestions of 黃河 are in Pei Songzhi's Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms [5th century CE]:
*
*
Lee (2004) and Hargett (2021) propose that the earliest occurrence of 黃河 is in Book of Han 16.527 [1st century CE]; yet Wang Niansun (王念孫) (1831) stated that the letter 黃 there was a later interpolation.

In Weishi Chunqiu, (Yuan) Shao's exhortation to the provinces and commanderies is recorded thus: “… my main armies sail across the Yellow River to assail his (Cao Cao's) front, and the Jing province's troops descend on Wan and Ye to attack his rear, …”

Pei Songzhi, Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms, circa 5ᵗʰ century CE

“Wèishì Chūnqiū” zǎi Shào xí zhōujùn wén yuē: “...... Dàjūn fàn Huánghé yǐ jué qí qián, Jīngzhōu xià wǎn yè ér jī qí hòu......”

《魏氏春秋》載紹檄州郡文曰：「……大軍汎黃河以角其前，荊州下宛葉而犄其後……」

《魏氏春秋》载绍檄州郡文曰：「……大军泛黄河以角其前，荆州下宛叶而犄其后……」

In Account of Emperor Xian, it's said: … (Ju) Shou looked over the ford, sighed, and said: “Above filled with ambition, below obsessed with achievements. O everlasting Yellow River, shall I return?”

“Xiàndì zhuàn” yuē:...... Shòu lín jì tàn yuē: “Shàng yíng qí zhì, xià wù qí gōng, yōuyōu Huánghé, wú qí fǎn hū?”

《獻帝傳》曰：……授臨濟歎曰：「上盈其志，下務其功，悠悠黃河，吾其反乎？」

《献帝传》曰：……授临济叹曰：「上盈其志，下务其功，悠悠黄河，吾其反乎？」

The Yellow River is spacious; its fishes are numerous; I came to the ford yet did not cross.

3rd century, 孔叢子 (Kǒngcóngzǐ) (The Many Kong Family Master's Anthology), attributed to 孔鮒 (Kong Fu)

Huánghé yángyáng, yōuyōu zhī yú, lín jīn bù jì.

黃河洋洋，悠悠之魚，臨津不濟。

黄河洋洋，悠悠之鱼，临津不济。

Have you not seen that the waters of the Yellow River come from the sky, surging into the ocean, never to return again.

Jūn bùjiàn Huánghé zhī shuǐ tiānshàng lái, bēnliú dào hǎi bù fùhuí.

君不見黃河之水天上來，奔流到海不復回。

君不见黄河之水天上来，奔流到海不复回。

Yellow River, Huang He (a major river in northern China, passing through Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan and Shandong provinces as well as Ningxia and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Regions)


夏威夷

/ɕi̯ä⁵¹ weɪ̯⁵⁵ i³⁵/

/ɕi̯ä⁵¹ weɪ̯³⁵ i³⁵/

/haː²² wɐi̯⁵⁵ jiː²¹/

/ha⁵³ ʋi⁴⁴⁻³⁵ i¹¹/

/ha³³⁻¹¹ ui⁴⁴⁻³³ i²⁴/

/ha⁴¹⁻²² ui³³ i²⁴/

/ha²²⁻²¹ ui⁴⁴⁻²² i²⁴/

/ha³³⁻²¹ ui⁴⁴⁻³³ i²³/

/hɛ²²⁻²¹ ui⁴⁴⁻²² i¹³/

/he¹¹ ui³³⁻²³ i⁵⁵/

/ɕi̯ä⁵¹ weɪ̯⁵⁵ i³⁵/

/ɕi̯ä⁵¹ weɪ̯³⁵ i³⁵/

/haː²² wɐi̯⁵⁵ jiː²¹/

/ha⁵³ ʋi⁴⁴⁻³⁵ i¹¹/

/ha³³⁻¹¹ ui⁴⁴⁻³³ i²⁴/

/ha⁴¹⁻²² ui³³ i²⁴/

/ha²²⁻²¹ ui⁴⁴⁻²² i²⁴/

/ha³³⁻²¹ ui⁴⁴⁻³³ i²³/

/hɛ²²⁻²¹ ui⁴⁴⁻²² i¹³/

/he¹¹ ui³³⁻²³ i⁵⁵/

From English Hawaii, originally borrowed into Cantonese.

(～州) Hawaii (an insular state of the United States, formerly a territory)


占城

/ʈ͡ʂän⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂän⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/t͡siːm⁵⁵ sɪŋ²¹/

/t͡siam⁴⁴⁻²² siɪŋ²⁴/

/t͡siam⁴⁴⁻²² siɪŋ¹³/

/t͡siam⁴⁴⁻³³ siɪŋ²⁴/

/t͡siam⁴⁴⁻³³ siɪŋ²³/

/ʈ͡ʂän⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂän⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/t͡siːm⁵⁵ sɪŋ²¹/

/t͡siam⁴⁴⁻²² siɪŋ²⁴/

/t͡siam⁴⁴⁻²² siɪŋ¹³/

/t͡siam⁴⁴⁻³³ siɪŋ²⁴/

/t͡siam⁴⁴⁻³³ siɪŋ²³/

(historical) Champa (a former kingdom in southern Vietnam)


延安

→ English: Yan'an, Yanan, Yenan, Yen-an

/jɛn³⁵ ˀän⁵⁵/

/jiːn²¹ ɔːn⁵⁵/

/yoŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ^((Ø-))ŋaŋ⁵⁵/

/ɛŋ¹³⁻¹¹ aŋ⁵³³/

/ɛŋ²⁴⁻²¹ aŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/iɛn²⁴⁻²² an⁴⁴/

/iɛn²⁴⁻²² an³³/

/iɛn¹³⁻²² an⁴⁴/

/iɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ an⁴⁴/

/iɛn²³⁻³³ an⁴⁴/

/jɛn³⁵ ˀän⁵⁵/

/jiːn²¹ ɔːn⁵⁵/

/yoŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ^((Ø-))ŋaŋ⁵⁵/

/ɛŋ¹³⁻¹¹ aŋ⁵³³/

/ɛŋ²⁴⁻²¹ aŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/iɛn²⁴⁻²² an⁴⁴/

/iɛn²⁴⁻²² an³³/

/iɛn¹³⁻²² an⁴⁴/

/iɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ an⁴⁴/

/iɛn²³⁻³³ an⁴⁴/

(～市) Yan'an, Yanan (a prefecture-level city of Shaanxi, China)

(～郡) Yŏnan (a county of South Hwanghae Province, North Korea)


杜魯斯

/tu⁵¹ lu²¹⁴⁻²¹ sz̩⁵⁵/

/tu⁵¹ lu²¹⁴⁻²¹ sz̩⁵⁵/

Duluth (a city in Minnesota, United States)


耶路撒冷

ㄧㄝ ㄌㄨˋ ㄙㄚ ㄌㄥˇ

ㄧㄝ ㄌㄨˋ ㄙㄚ ㄌㄥˇ

/jɛ⁵⁵ lu⁵¹ sä⁵⁵ lɤŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jɛː²¹ lou̯²² saːt̚³ laːŋ¹³/

/i̯a²⁴⁻¹¹ lu⁵⁵ sat̚² laŋ²⁴/

/ia¹¹ lu⁵³⁻⁵⁵ sat̚¹ laŋ⁴⁴/

/ia⁵³⁻²¹ l̃u²⁴²⁽⁻²¹⁾ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾laʔ²⁴⁻³⁵ l̃ɛiŋ³³/

e² lou⁵ sah⁶ leng³ [Phonetic:e² lou² sah⁷ leng³]

/e¹³ lɔu¹¹⁻¹³ ɬaʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ lɛŋ⁴⁵³/

/e²⁴ lɔu²¹⁻²⁴ ɬaʔ²⁻⁴ lɛŋ³³²/

/ia²⁴⁻²² lɔ²²⁻²¹ sat̚³²⁻⁴ liɪŋ⁵³/

/ia²⁴⁻²² lɔ⁴¹⁻²² sat̚⁵⁻²⁴ liɪŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/ia¹³⁻²² lɔ²²⁻²¹ sat̚³²⁻⁵ liɪŋ⁵³/

/ia²⁴⁻¹¹ lɔ³³⁻¹¹ sat̚³²⁻⁴ liɪŋ⁵³/

/ia²³⁻³³ lɔ³³⁻²¹ sat̚³²⁻⁴ liɪŋ⁴¹/

/ia⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lou¹¹ sak̚²⁻⁴ leŋ⁵²⁻²¹/

ya^去 lu^去 sah^入 lan^去; ya^去 lu^去 sah^入 lan^去

/ɦia⁵⁵ lu³³ saʔ²¹ lã²³/

/ɦia⁵⁵ lu³³ saʔ³³ lã²¹/

/jɛ⁵⁵ lu⁵¹ sä⁵⁵ lɤŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jɛː²¹ lou̯²² saːt̚³ laːŋ¹³/

/i̯a²⁴⁻¹¹ lu⁵⁵ sat̚² laŋ²⁴/

/ia¹¹ lu⁵³⁻⁵⁵ sat̚¹ laŋ⁴⁴/

/e¹³ lɔu¹¹⁻¹³ ɬaʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ lɛŋ⁴⁵³/

/e²⁴ lɔu²¹⁻²⁴ ɬaʔ²⁻⁴ lɛŋ³³²/

/ia²⁴⁻²² lɔ²²⁻²¹ sat̚³²⁻⁴ liɪŋ⁵³/

/ia²⁴⁻²² lɔ⁴¹⁻²² sat̚⁵⁻²⁴ liɪŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/ia¹³⁻²² lɔ²²⁻²¹ sat̚³²⁻⁵ liɪŋ⁵³/

/ia²⁴⁻¹¹ lɔ³³⁻¹¹ sat̚³²⁻⁴ liɪŋ⁵³/

/ia²³⁻³³ lɔ³³⁻²¹ sat̚³²⁻⁴ liɪŋ⁴¹/

/ia⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lou¹¹ sak̚²⁻⁴ leŋ⁵²⁻²¹/

/ɦia⁵⁵ lu³³ saʔ²¹ lã²³/

/ɦia⁵⁵ lu³³ saʔ³³ lã²¹/

Jerusalem (the claimed (and de-facto) capital city of Israel; the claimed capital city of Palestine)


大進

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕin⁵¹/

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕin⁵¹/

(～鎮) Dajin (a town in Kaizhou district, Chongqing, China)


塔林

/tʰä²¹⁴⁻²¹ lin³⁵/

/tʰaːp̚³ lɐm²¹/

/tʰa(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ lim²⁴/

/tʰa(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ lim¹³/

/tʰä²¹⁴⁻²¹ lin³⁵/

/tʰaːp̚³ lɐm²¹/

/tʰa(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ lim²⁴/

/tʰa(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ lim¹³/

Tallinn (a city, the capital city of Estonia)


王城

/wɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/wɔːŋ²¹ sɪŋ²¹/

/voŋ¹¹ saŋ¹¹/

/ɔŋ²⁴⁻²² siã²⁴/

/ɔŋ²⁴⁻²² siã²⁴/

/ɔŋ¹³⁻²² siã¹³/

/ɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ siã²⁴/

/ɔŋ²³⁻³³ siã²³/

/wɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/wɔːŋ²¹ sɪŋ²¹/

/voŋ¹¹ saŋ¹¹/

/ɔŋ²⁴⁻²² siã²⁴/

/ɔŋ²⁴⁻²² siã²⁴/

/ɔŋ¹³⁻²² siã¹³/

/ɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ siã²⁴/

/ɔŋ²³⁻³³ siã²³/

(historical) Wangcheng (a town in Henan, China; modern Luoyang)

(～鎮) Wangcheng (a town in Zaoyang, Xiangyang, Hubei, China)

(～區) Intramuros (a district of Manila, Metro Manila, Philippines)


天堂

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ tʰɑŋ³⁵/

/tʰiæ̃²⁴ tʰɑŋ²⁴/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ tʰɔːŋ²¹/

/hen³³ hɔŋ²²/

/tʰi̯en²⁴ tʰoŋ¹¹/

/tʰieŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nouŋ⁵³/

/tʰɛŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ tɒŋ¹³/

/tʰɛŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ tɒŋ²⁴/

/tʰiɛn³³ tɔŋ²⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔŋ²⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² tɔŋ¹³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔŋ²³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² tɔŋ²⁴/

/tʰĩ³³ tŋ̍²⁴/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² tŋ̍²⁴/

/tʰĩ³³⁻²³ tɯŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰi⁵⁵ dɑ̃²¹/

/tʰie⁴⁴ dɑ̃³¹/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ tʰɑŋ³⁵/

/tʰiæ̃²⁴ tʰɑŋ²⁴/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ tʰɔːŋ²¹/

/hen³³ hɔŋ²²/

/tʰi̯en²⁴ tʰoŋ¹¹/

/tʰieŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nouŋ⁵³/

/tʰɛŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ tɒŋ¹³/

/tʰɛŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ tɒŋ²⁴/

/tʰiɛn³³ tɔŋ²⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔŋ²⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² tɔŋ¹³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔŋ²³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² tɔŋ²⁴/

/tʰĩ³³ tŋ̍²⁴/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² tŋ̍²⁴/

/tʰĩ³³⁻²³ tɯŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰi⁵⁵ dɑ̃²¹/

/tʰie⁴⁴ dɑ̃³¹/

Calque of Sanskrit देवसभा (devasabhā, “hall of the gods”).

cal

(～鎮) Tiantang (a town in Ningyuan, Yongzhou, Hunan, China)


荷屬東印度

ㄏㄜˊ ㄕㄨˇ ㄉㄨㄥ ㄧㄣˋ ㄉㄨˋ

ㄏㄜˊ ㄕㄨˇ ㄉㄨㄥ ㄧㄣˋ ㄉㄨˋ

Хэшу Дун Иньду

/xɤ³⁵ ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʊŋ⁵⁵ in⁵¹⁻⁵³ tu⁵¹/

/hɔː²¹ sʊk̚² tʊŋ⁵⁵ jɐn³³ tou̯²²/

/xɤ³⁵ ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʊŋ⁵⁵ in⁵¹⁻⁵³ tu⁵¹/

/hɔː²¹ sʊk̚² tʊŋ⁵⁵ jɐn³³ tou̯²²/

Moreover, Japan wants to occupy the Philippines, Siam, Indo-China, the Malay Peninsula and the Dutch East Indies in order to cut off other countries from China and monopolize the southwestern Pacific.

1938, 毛澤東 (Mao Zedong), 《論持久戰》 (On Protracted War), 《毛澤東選集》. English translation based on the Foreign Languages Press edition

Bìngqiě Rìběn hái xiǎng zhànlǐng Fēilǜbīn, Xiānluó, Yuènán, Mǎlái Bàndǎo hé Héshǔ Dōng Yìndù, bǎ wàiguó hé Zhōngguó qiēkāi, dúzhàn xīnán Tàipíngyáng.

並且日本還想佔領菲律賓、暹羅、越南、馬來半島和荷屬東印度，把外國和中國切開，獨佔西南太平洋。

并且日本还想占领菲律宾、暹罗、越南、马来半岛和荷属东印度，把外国和中国切开，独占西南太平洋。

Dutch East Indies
Dutch East Indies#English:_Q188161

(historical) Dutch East Indies (a former Dutch colony in modern-day Indonesia, existing from 1800 to 1949)