里約熱內盧

ㄌㄧˇ ㄩㄝ ㄖㄜˋ ㄋㄟˋ ㄌㄨˊ

ㄌㄧˇ ㄩㄝ ㄖㄜˋ ㄋㄟˋ ㄌㄨˊ

Лиюэ Жэнэйлу

/li²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɥɛ⁵⁵ ʐɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ neɪ̯⁵¹ lu³⁵/

/lei̯¹³ jœːk̚³ jiːt̚² nɔːi̯²² lou̯²¹/

/li⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ iɔk̚³²⁻⁴ ziɛt̚⁴⁻³² lai³³⁻²¹ lɔ²³/

/li²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɥɛ⁵⁵ ʐɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ neɪ̯⁵¹ lu³⁵/

/lei̯¹³ jœːk̚³ jiːt̚² nɔːi̯²² lou̯²¹/

Borrowed from Portuguese Rio de Janeiro.

Yǒu Lǐyuērènèilú jīngchéng, zuìhǎo wān chuán chù, duō yǒu wàiguórén dào cǐ mǎimài, chuánzhī rú yǐ jù.

有里約熱內盧京城，最好灣船處，多有外國人到此買賣，船隻如蟻聚。

有里约热内卢京城，最好湾船处，多有外国人到此买卖，船只如蚁聚。

Rio de Janeiro (a municipality, the state capital of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil)

Southeast Region
Southeast Region#English

(～州) Rio de Janeiro (a state of the Southeast Region, Brazil)


底特律

Ti³-tʻê⁴-lü⁴

/ti²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ly⁵¹/

/tɐi̯³⁵ tɐk̚² lɵt̚²/

/ti²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ly⁵¹/

/tɐi̯³⁵ tɐk̚² lɵt̚²/

Detroit (a city in Michigan, United States)


大名

/tä⁵¹ miŋ³⁵/

/tä⁵¹ miɤ̯̃ɻ³⁵/

/taːi̯²² mɪŋ²¹/

/taːi̯²² mɛːŋ²¹⁻³⁵/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ mi̯aŋ¹¹/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² miã²⁴/

/tua²²⁻²¹ miã¹³/

/tua³³⁻¹¹ miã²⁴/

/tua³³⁻²¹ miã²³/

/tua²²⁻²¹ miã²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ biɪŋ¹³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ biɪŋ²⁴/

/tai³³⁻²¹ biɪŋ²³/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ biɪŋ²⁴/

/tä⁵¹ miŋ³⁵/

/tä⁵¹ miɤ̯̃ɻ³⁵/

/taːi̯²² mɪŋ²¹/

/taːi̯²² mɛːŋ²¹⁻³⁵/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ mi̯aŋ¹¹/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² miã²⁴/

/tua²²⁻²¹ miã¹³/

/tua³³⁻¹¹ miã²⁴/

/tua³³⁻²¹ miã²³/

/tua²²⁻²¹ miã²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ biɪŋ¹³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ biɪŋ²⁴/

/tai³³⁻²¹ biɪŋ²³/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ biɪŋ²⁴/

(～縣) Daming (a county of Handan, Hebei, China)


彼得羅巴甫洛夫斯克

ㄅㄧˇ ㄉㄜˊ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄅㄚ ㄈㄨˇ ㄌㄨㄛˋ ㄈㄨ ㄙ ㄎㄜˋ

ㄅㄧˇ ㄉㄜˊ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄅㄚ ㄈㄨˇ ㄌㄨㄛˋ ㄈㄨ ㄙ ㄎㄜˋ

Бидэлобафулофусыкэ

/pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ tɤ³⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ pä⁵⁵ fu²¹⁴⁻²¹ lu̯ɔ⁵¹ fu⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹/

From Russian Петропавловск (Petropavlovsk).

bor

Петропавловск


采爾馬特

ㄘㄞˇ ㄦˇ ㄇㄚˇ ㄊㄜˋ

ㄘㄞˇ ㄦˇ ㄇㄚˇ ㄊㄜˋ

/t͡sʰaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰɤ⁵¹/


葡萄牙

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (葡萄牙):
* → Korean: 포도아(葡萄牙) (Podoa)
* → Vietnamese: Bồ Đào Nha (葡萄牙)

/pʰu³⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³⁵ jä³⁵/

/pʰou̯²¹ tʰou̯²¹ ŋaː²¹/

/pʰu²² hau²² ᵑɡa²²/

/pʰu¹¹ tʰo¹¹ ŋa¹¹/

/pʰu¹¹ tʰau¹¹ ŋa¹¹/

/puo⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lo⁵³⁻³³ ŋa⁵³/

/pʰu²³⁻³³ tɤ²³⁻³³ ɡa²³/

/pʰu²⁴⁻¹¹ to²⁴⁻¹¹ ɡa²⁴/

/pʰu²⁴⁻²² to²⁴⁻²² ɡa²⁴/

/pʰɤ²⁴⁻³³ tɤ²⁴⁻³³ ɡa²⁴/

/pʰu²⁴⁻¹¹ to²⁴⁻¹¹ ɡe²⁴/

/pʰu²³⁻³³ tɤ²³⁻³³ ɡe²³/

/pʰo¹³⁻²² to¹³⁻²² ɡɛ¹³/

/pʰu⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tʰo⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ɡe⁵⁵/

/bu²² dɔ⁵⁵ ŋa²¹/

/pʰu³⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³⁵ jä³⁵/

/pʰou̯²¹ tʰou̯²¹ ŋaː²¹/

/pʰu²² hau²² ᵑɡa²²/

/pʰu¹¹ tʰo¹¹ ŋa¹¹/

/pʰu¹¹ tʰau¹¹ ŋa¹¹/

/puo⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lo⁵³⁻³³ ŋa⁵³/

/pʰu²³⁻³³ tɤ²³⁻³³ ɡa²³/

/pʰu²⁴⁻¹¹ to²⁴⁻¹¹ ɡa²⁴/

/pʰu²⁴⁻²² to²⁴⁻²² ɡa²⁴/

/pʰɤ²⁴⁻³³ tɤ²⁴⁻³³ ɡa²⁴/

/pʰu²⁴⁻¹¹ to²⁴⁻¹¹ ɡe²⁴/

/pʰu²³⁻³³ tɤ²³⁻³³ ɡe²³/

/pʰo¹³⁻²² to¹³⁻²² ɡɛ¹³/

/pʰu⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tʰo⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ɡe⁵⁵/

/bu²² dɔ⁵⁵ ŋa²¹/

Phono-semantic matching of Portuguese Portugal, possibly via Hokkien 葡萄牙 (Phû-tô-gâ). Attested in 海國聞見錄 [1730] by Chen Lunjiong (陳倫烱).
The selection of 葡萄 (“grape”) in the phonetic transcription alludes to the importance of viniculture to the early Portuguese missionaries to China, who used grapes to make sacramental wine (葡萄酒).
Compare 西班牙 (Xībānyá, “Spain”).

psm

葡萄牙者，澳門之祖家也。

葡萄牙者，澳门之祖家也。

1848, 徐繼畬 [Xu Jiyu], editor, 瀛寰志略, volume 3, page 11:

Qiánmíng zhōngyè, Pútáoyá jù Xīlán hǎikǒu, lì bùtóu, xún wéi Hélán suǒ duó.

前明中葉，葡萄牙據錫蘭海口，立埔頭，尋為荷蘭所奪。

前明中叶，葡萄牙据锡兰海口，立埔头，寻为荷兰所夺。


法屬圭亞那

ㄈㄚˇ ㄕㄨˇ ㄍㄨㄟ ㄧㄚˋ ㄋㄚˋ

ㄈㄚˋ ㄕㄨˇ ㄍㄨㄟ ㄧㄚˇ ㄋㄚˋ

/fä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ku̯eɪ̯⁵⁵ jä⁵¹⁻⁵³ nä⁵¹/

/fä⁵¹ ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ku̯eɪ̯⁵⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹ nä⁵¹/

/faːt̚³ sʊk̚² kʷɐi̯⁵⁵ aː³³ naː¹³/

/huat̚⁵⁻²⁴ siɔk̚²⁴⁻² kui³³ a³³ nã⁴¹/

/huat̚³²⁻⁵ siɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ kui⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴⁻²² nã⁵³/

/huat̚³²⁻⁴ siɔk̚⁴⁻³² kui⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴⁻²² nã⁵³/

/fä⁵¹ ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ku̯eɪ̯⁵⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹ nä⁵¹/

/faːt̚³ sʊk̚² kʷɐi̯⁵⁵ aː³³ naː¹³/

/huat̚⁵⁻²⁴ siɔk̚²⁴⁻² kui³³ a³³ nã⁴¹/

French Guiana
French Guiana#English:_Q3769

administrative region
administrative region

French Guiana (an overseas department and administrative region of France in South America)


圭亞那

/ku̯eɪ̯⁵⁵ jä⁵¹⁻⁵³ nä⁵¹/

/ku̯eɪ̯⁵⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹ nä⁵¹/

/kʷɐi̯⁵⁵ aː³³ naː¹³/

/kʷɐi̯⁵⁵ aː³³ naː²¹/

/kui³³ a³³ nã⁴¹/

/kui⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴⁻²² nã⁵³/

/ku̯eɪ̯⁵⁵ jä⁵¹⁻⁵³ nä⁵¹/

/ku̯eɪ̯⁵⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹ nä⁵¹/

/kʷɐi̯⁵⁵ aː³³ naː¹³/

/kʷɐi̯⁵⁵ aː³³ naː²¹/

/kui³³ a³³ nã⁴¹/

/kui⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴⁻²² nã⁵³/

(Mainland China) Guyana (a country in South America)


德國

/tɤ³⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/tɐk̚⁵ kʷɔːk̚³/

/ak̚⁵⁵ kɔk̚⁵⁵/

/tɛiʔ²⁴⁻⁵⁵ kuɔʔ²⁴/

/tɛʔ²¹⁻⁴² kɒʔ²¹/

/tɛʔ²⁻⁴ kɒʔ²/

/tiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ kɔk̚³²/

/tiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ kɔk̚³²/

/tiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ kɔk̚⁵/

/təʔ³³ koʔ⁴⁴/

/tɤ³⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/tɐk̚⁵ kʷɔːk̚³/

/ak̚⁵⁵ kɔk̚⁵⁵/

/tɛiʔ²⁴⁻⁵⁵ kuɔʔ²⁴/

/tɛʔ²¹⁻⁴² kɒʔ²¹/

/tɛʔ²⁻⁴ kɒʔ²/

/tiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ kɔk̚³²/

/tiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ kɔk̚³²/

/tiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ kɔk̚⁵/

/təʔ³³ koʔ⁴⁴/

From 德 (Dé, abbreviation of 德意志 (Déyìzhì), from German Deutsch) + 國／国 (guó, “country”).

zh-m

德意志 (Déyìzhì)

Germany (a country in Central Europe, formed in 1949 as West Germany, with its provisional capital Bonn until 1990, when it incorporated East Germany)


基輔

/t͡ɕi⁵⁵ fu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ki⁴⁴⁻²² hu⁵³/

/t͡ɕi⁵⁵ vu²¹/

/t͡ɕi⁵⁵ fu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ki⁴⁴⁻²² hu⁵³/

/t͡ɕi⁵⁵ vu²¹/

(～市) Kyiv, Kiev (a city, the capital city of Ukraine)


索非亞

/su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ feɪ̯⁵⁵ jä⁵¹/

/su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ feɪ̯⁵⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɔːk̚³ fei̯⁵⁵ aː³³/

/sak̚⁵⁻²⁴ hui³³ a³³/

/siɪk̚³²⁻⁴ hui⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/siɪk̚³²⁻⁵ hui⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/so(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ hui⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ feɪ̯⁵⁵ jä⁵¹/

/su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ feɪ̯⁵⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɔːk̚³ fei̯⁵⁵ aː³³/

/sak̚⁵⁻²⁴ hui³³ a³³/

/siɪk̚³²⁻⁴ hui⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/siɪk̚³²⁻⁵ hui⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/so(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ hui⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

Sofia (a city, the capital city of Bulgaria)


斯里賈亞瓦德納普拉科特

ㄙ ㄌㄧˇ ㄐㄧㄚˇ ㄧㄚˋ ㄨㄚˇ ㄉㄜˊ ㄋㄚˋ ㄆㄨˇ ㄌㄚ ㄎㄜ ㄊㄜˋ

ㄙ ㄌㄧˇ ㄐㄧㄚˇ ㄧㄚˇ ㄨㄚˇ ㄉㄜˊ ㄋㄚˋ ㄆㄨˇ ㄌㄚ ㄎㄜ ㄊㄜˋ

si¹ lei⁵ gaa² aa³ ngaa⁵ dak¹ naap⁶ pou² laai¹ fo¹ dak⁶

Sīlǐ Jiǎyàwǎdénàpǔlā Kētè [Phonetic:sīlíjiǎyàwǎdénàpǔlākētè]

Сыли Цзяявадэнапула Кэтэ

/sz̩⁵⁵ li²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä²¹⁴⁻²¹ jä⁵¹ wä²¹⁴⁻²¹ tɤ³⁵ nä⁵¹ pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ lä⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵⁵ tʰɤ⁵¹/

Sīlǐ Jiǎyǎwǎdénàpǔlā Kētè [Phonetic:sīlíjiáyáwǎdénàpǔlākētè]

/sz̩⁵⁵ li²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ wä²¹⁴⁻²¹ tɤ³⁵ nä⁵¹ pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ lä⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵⁵ tʰɤ⁵¹/

sī léih gá a ngáh dāk naahp póu lāai fō dahk

si¹ lei⁵ gaa² aa³ ngaa⁵ dak⁷ naap⁹ pou² laai¹ fo¹ dak⁹

xi¹ léi⁵ ga² a³ nga⁵ deg¹ nab⁶ pou² lai¹ fo¹ deg⁶

/siː⁵⁵ lei̯¹³ kaː³⁵ aː³³ ŋaː¹³ tɐk̚⁵ naːp̚² pʰou̯³⁵ laːi̯⁵⁵ fɔː⁵⁵ tɐk̚²/

Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte
Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte#English

Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte (the administrative capital of Sri Lanka located in Colombo district, Western, Sri Lanka)


胡志明市

ㄏㄨˊ ㄓˋ ㄇㄧㄥˊ ㄕˋ

ㄏㄨˊ ㄓˋ ㄇㄧㄥˊ ㄕˋ

Ху Чжимин Ши

/xu³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹ miŋ³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/wuː²¹ t͡siː³³ mɪŋ²¹ siː¹³/

/fu¹¹ t͡sɨ⁵⁵ min¹¹ sɨ⁵⁵/

/hu⁵³ t͡si²¹³⁻⁵⁵ miŋ⁵³ t͡sʰɛi²⁴²/

/ɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡si¹¹⁻⁵³ biɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰi³³/

/ɔ²³⁻³³ t͡si²¹⁻⁴¹ biɪŋ²³⁻³³ t͡sʰi³³/

/ɔ¹³⁻²² t͡si²¹⁻⁵³ biɪŋ¹³⁻²² t͡sʰi²²/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² t͡si²¹⁻⁵³ biɪŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰi²²/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² t͡si⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ biɪŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰi²²/

/xu³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹ miŋ³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/wuː²¹ t͡siː³³ mɪŋ²¹ siː¹³/

/fu¹¹ t͡sɨ⁵⁵ min¹¹ sɨ⁵⁵/

/hu⁵³ t͡si²¹³⁻⁵⁵ miŋ⁵³ t͡sʰɛi²⁴²/

/ɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡si¹¹⁻⁵³ biɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰi³³/

/ɔ²³⁻³³ t͡si²¹⁻⁴¹ biɪŋ²³⁻³³ t͡sʰi³³/

/ɔ¹³⁻²² t͡si²¹⁻⁵³ biɪŋ¹³⁻²² t͡sʰi²²/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² t͡si²¹⁻⁵³ biɪŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰi²²/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² t͡si⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ biɪŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰi²²/

Calque of Vietnamese Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh

cal

Ho Chi Minh City
Ho Chi Minh City#English


胡志明

/xu³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹ miŋ³⁵/

/wuː²¹ t͡siː³³ mɪŋ²¹/

/hu⁵³ t͡si²¹³⁻⁵⁵ miŋ⁵³/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² t͡si²¹⁻⁵³ biɪŋ²⁴/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² t͡si⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ biɪŋ²⁴/

/ɔ¹³⁻²² t͡si²¹⁻⁵³ biɪŋ¹³/

/ɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡si¹¹⁻⁵³ biɪŋ²⁴/

/ɔ²³⁻³³ t͡si²¹⁻⁴¹ biɪŋ²³/

/xu³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹ miŋ³⁵/

/wuː²¹ t͡siː³³ mɪŋ²¹/

/hu⁵³ t͡si²¹³⁻⁵⁵ miŋ⁵³/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² t͡si²¹⁻⁵³ biɪŋ²⁴/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² t͡si⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ biɪŋ²⁴/

/ɔ¹³⁻²² t͡si²¹⁻⁵³ biɪŋ¹³/

/ɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡si¹¹⁻⁵³ biɪŋ²⁴/

/ɔ²³⁻³³ t͡si²¹⁻⁴¹ biɪŋ²³/


阿根廷

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (阿根廷):
* → Vietnamese: Á Căn Đình (阿根廷)

/ˀä⁵⁵ kən⁵⁵ tʰiŋ³⁵/

/aː³³ kɐn⁵⁵ tʰɪŋ²¹/

/a²⁴⁻¹¹ kin²⁴ tʰin¹¹/

/a⁴⁴ kɛn⁴⁴⁻³⁵ tʰin¹¹/

/a⁴⁴⁻³³ kun⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɪŋ²⁴/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² kun⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪŋ²⁴/

/a³³ kun³³ tiɪŋ²⁴/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² kin⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪŋ¹³/

/a⁴⁴⁻³³ kin⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɪŋ²³/

/a³³⁻²³ kɯŋ³³⁻²³ tʰeŋ⁵⁵/

/aʔ³³ kən⁵⁵ din²¹/

/ˀä⁵⁵ kən⁵⁵ tʰiŋ³⁵/

/aː³³ kɐn⁵⁵ tʰɪŋ²¹/

/a²⁴⁻¹¹ kin²⁴ tʰin¹¹/

/a⁴⁴ kɛn⁴⁴⁻³⁵ tʰin¹¹/

/a⁴⁴⁻³³ kun⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɪŋ²⁴/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² kun⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪŋ²⁴/

/a³³ kun³³ tiɪŋ²⁴/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² kin⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪŋ¹³/

/a⁴⁴⁻³³ kin⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɪŋ²³/

/a³³⁻²³ kɯŋ³³⁻²³ tʰeŋ⁵⁵/

/aʔ³³ kən⁵⁵ din²¹/

Borrowed from French Argentine or English Argentine.

1898, 薛福成 [Xue Fucheng], 出使日記續刻, volume 3, page 80:

Běncháo Jiāqìng shíwǔ nián, Nánměizhōu gè guó jiē pàn Xībānyá, gǎiwéi zìzhǔ, Bālāguī yì chéng zìzhǔguó. Tóngzhì sì nián zhì jiǔ nián, yǔ Bāxī, Āgēntíng, Wūlāguāi gòubīng, bùshèng, nǎi yìhé, hùkǒu hào qù shí fēn zhī bā.

本朝嘉慶十五年，南美洲各國皆叛西班牙，改為自主，巴拉圭亦成自主國。同治四年至九年，與巴西、阿根廷、烏拉乖構兵，不勝，乃議和，戶口耗去十分之八。

本朝嘉庆十五年，南美洲各国皆叛西班牙，改为自主，巴拉圭亦成自主国。同治四年至九年，与巴西、阿根廷、乌拉乖构兵，不胜，乃议和，户口耗去十分之八。


烏克蘭

Sino-Xenic (烏克蘭):
* → Vietnamese: Ô Khắc Lan (烏克蘭)

/u⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹ län³⁵/

/wuː⁵⁵ hɐk̚⁵ laːn²¹/

/ʋu⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kʰɛt̚¹ lan¹¹/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ lan⁴⁴/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ lan⁴⁴/

/ɔ³³ kʰiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ lan²⁴/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ lan²⁴/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ lan²³/

/u⁵⁵ kʰəʔ³³ le²¹/

/u⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹ län³⁵/

/wuː⁵⁵ hɐk̚⁵ laːn²¹/

/ʋu⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kʰɛt̚¹ lan¹¹/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ lan⁴⁴/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ lan⁴⁴/

/ɔ³³ kʰiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ lan²⁴/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ lan²⁴/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ lan²³/

/u⁵⁵ kʰəʔ³³ le²¹/

Possibly borrowed from English Ukraine, or Russian Украина (Ukraina); attested as early as 1903.

Ukraine (a country in Eastern Europe, bordering on the north shore of the Black Sea)


韓國

→ Zhuang: Hanzgoz

/xän³⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/hɔːn²¹ kʷɔːk̚³/

/haŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋuɔʔ²⁴/

/haŋ¹³⁻⁴² kɒʔ²¹/

/haŋ²⁴⁻⁴² kɒʔ²/

/han²⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/han²⁴⁻²² kɔk̚⁵/

/han¹³⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/han²⁴⁻¹¹ kɔk̚³²/

/han²³⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

/haŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kok̚²/

/ɦø²² koʔ⁴⁴/

/ɦø²² koʔ³³/

/xän³⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/hɔːn²¹ kʷɔːk̚³/

/haŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋuɔʔ²⁴/

/haŋ¹³⁻⁴² kɒʔ²¹/

/haŋ²⁴⁻⁴² kɒʔ²/

/han²⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/han²⁴⁻²² kɔk̚⁵/

/han¹³⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/han²⁴⁻¹¹ kɔk̚³²/

/han²³⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

/haŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kok̚²/

/ɦø²² koʔ⁴⁴/

/ɦø²² koʔ³³/

韓國燒酒

韩国烧酒

(chiefly Mainland China, increasingly in Hong Kong) South Korea (a country in East Asia, comprising the southern part of the Korean Peninsula)

(chiefly Taiwan, Hong Kong) Korea (a geographic region consisting of two countries in East Asia, commonly known as South Korea and North Korea; formerly a single country)


天理

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰi̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ li²⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁵³/

/tʰiɛn³³ li⁵⁵⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² li⁵³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁴¹/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² li⁵³/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁵³/

/tʰĩ³³⁴ li²¹/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁴¹/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰi̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ li²⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁵³/

/tʰiɛn³³ li⁵⁵⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² li⁵³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁴¹/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² li⁵³/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁵³/

/tʰĩ³³⁴ li²¹/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁴¹/

(～市) Tenri (a city in Nara Prefecture, Japan)


星加坡

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ pʰu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/sɪŋ⁵⁵ kaː³³ pɔː⁵⁵/

/siŋ⁵⁵⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋa⁵⁵ ^((pʰ-))βo⁵⁵/

/ɕin⁵⁵ ka³³ pʰu²¹/

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ pʰu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/sɪŋ⁵⁵ kaː³³ pɔː⁵⁵/

/siŋ⁵⁵⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋa⁵⁵ ^((pʰ-))βo⁵⁵/

/ɕin⁵⁵ ka³³ pʰu²¹/

1904, Liang Qichao, 新大陸遊記 [Travel Notes of the New Continent], 廣智書局, published 1907, page 1:

Hearing of the change in Hankow, he turned south and went south from Hong Kong to Singapore and Penang to India, circumnavigating Australia for a week.

Jù wén Hànkǒu zhī biàn, zhì bùsuì, suì zhé ér nán, yóu Xiānggǎng ér Xīngjiāpō ér Bīnlángyǔ ér Yìndù, rào Àodàlìyàzhōu yī zhōu.

遽聞漢口之變，志不遂，遂折而南，由香港而星加坡而檳榔嶼而印度，繞澳大利亞洲一週。

遽闻汉口之变，志不遂，遂折而南，由香港而星加坡而槟榔屿而印度，绕澳大利亚洲一周。

1989 November 1, Francis K. Loo, 香港工業: 政策、 企業特點及前景, Hong Kong University Press, →ISBN, page 1:

In terms of industrial development, Hong Kong is often ranked alongside South Korea, Taiwan and Singapore as the "Asian Tigers".

xiānggǎng zài gōngyè fāzhǎn shàng, hěnduō shí bèi rén yǔ nánhán, táiwān hé xīngjiāpō bìngliè, chēngwèi “yàzhōusìxiǎolóng”

香港在工業發展上，很多時被人與南韓、台灣和星加坡並列，稱爲「亞洲四小龍」

香港在工业发展上，很多时被人与南韩、台湾和星加坡并列，称为「亚洲四小龙」

(dated, still common in Cantonese) Singapore (an island and city-state in Southeast Asia, located off the southernmost tip of the Malay Peninsula; a former British crown colony and state of Malaysia (1963-1965))


馬其頓

ㄇㄚˇ ㄑㄧˊ ㄉㄨㄣˋ

ㄇㄚˇ ㄑㄧˊ ㄉㄨㄣˋ

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi³⁵ tu̯ən⁵¹/

/maː¹³ kʰei̯²¹ tɵn²²/

/ma³³⁻⁵⁵ ki⁵³⁻²¹ touŋ²¹³/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ki²⁴⁻²² tun²¹/

/mã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ki²⁴⁻²² tun⁴¹/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ki¹³⁻²² tun²¹/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ki²⁴⁻¹¹ tun¹¹/

/mã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ki²³⁻³³ tun²¹/

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi³⁵ tu̯ən⁵¹/

/maː¹³ kʰei̯²¹ tɵn²²/

/ma³³⁻⁵⁵ ki⁵³⁻²¹ touŋ²¹³/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ki²⁴⁻²² tun²¹/

/mã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ki²⁴⁻²² tun⁴¹/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ki¹³⁻²² tun²¹/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ki²⁴⁻¹¹ tun¹¹/

/mã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ki²³⁻³³ tun²¹/

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English

Macedonia (a geographic region in Southeast Europe in the Balkans, including North Macedonia and parts of Greece, Bulgaria, Albania and Serbia)

Macedonia (former name of North Macedonia: a country in Southeast Europe in the Balkans)

Macedonia (a geographic region and former administrative region of Greece)

Bulgarian Macedonia
Bulgarian Macedonia#English

Macedonia (a geographic region in southwestern Bulgaria; in full, Pirin Macedonia or Bulgarian Macedonia)

(historical) Macedonia (a former constituent republic of Yugoslavia)


日光

/ʐ̩⁵¹ ku̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/jɐt̚² kʷɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/ŋit̚² koŋ²⁴/

/lit̚²⁴⁻² kŋ̍³³/

/lit̚⁴⁻³² kŋ̍⁴⁴/

/d͡zit̚¹²¹⁻²¹ kuĩ⁴⁴/

/zit̚⁴⁻³² kŋ̍⁴⁴/

/lit̚⁴⁻³² kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lit̚²⁴⁻² kɔŋ³³/

/zit̚⁴⁻³² kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/n̠ʲiɪʔ¹¹ kuɑ̃²³/

/ʐ̩⁵¹ ku̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/jɐt̚² kʷɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/ŋit̚² koŋ²⁴/

/lit̚²⁴⁻² kŋ̍³³/

/lit̚⁴⁻³² kŋ̍⁴⁴/

/d͡zit̚¹²¹⁻²¹ kuĩ⁴⁴/

/zit̚⁴⁻³² kŋ̍⁴⁴/

/lit̚⁴⁻³² kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lit̚²⁴⁻² kɔŋ³³/

/zit̚⁴⁻³² kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/n̠ʲiɪʔ¹¹ kuɑ̃²³/

(～市) Nikkō (a city in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan)


尺八

/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ pä⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ pä⁵⁵/

(～鎮) Chiba (a town in Jianli, Jingzhou, Hubei, China)


大麻

/taːi̯²² maː²¹/

/tua²²⁻²¹ muã²⁴/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² muã²⁴/

/tua²²⁻²¹ muã¹³/

/tua³³⁻¹¹ muã²⁴/

/tua³³⁻²¹ muã²³/

/taːi̯²² maː²¹/

/tua²²⁻²¹ muã²⁴/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² muã²⁴/

/tua²²⁻²¹ muã¹³/

/tua³³⁻¹¹ muã²⁴/

/tua³³⁻²¹ muã²³/

/taːi̯²² maː²¹/

(～鎮) Dama (a town in Dabu, Meizhou, Guangdong)

(～鎮) Dama (a town in Tongxiang, Jiaxing, Zhejiang)


雪梨

/ɕy̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ li³⁵/

/ɕiɛt̚¹ li¹¹/

/ɕy̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ li³⁵/

/ɕiɛt̚¹ li¹¹/

Borrowed from English Sydney, via Cantonese.

Soat-lê sī Ò-chiu siōng tōa ê siâⁿ-chhī.

雪梨是澳洲上大的城市。

1891, 薛福成 [Xue Fucheng], 出使英法義比四國日記, volume 3, page 24:

Xuělí Yuè shāng èrshíjiǔ jiā, Huárén shāng gōng gòng sì qiān, qí zài nèidì kāi diàn jí Zhǒngzhí zhě yì liù qiān yú. Qí kēzhèng yóu wúlǐ zhě, huá shāng yóu Xuělí wǎng Měilìbīn, yòu xū zhòng shōu shēnshuì shí bàng.

雪梨粵商二十九家，華人商工共四千，其在內地開店及種植者亦六千餘。其苛政尤無理者，華商由雪梨往美利濱，又須重收身稅十磅。

雪梨粤商二十九家，华人商工共四千，其在内地开店及种植者亦六千余。其苛政尤无理者，华商由雪梨往美利滨，又须重收身税十磅。

(chiefly Taiwan, dated elsewhere) Sydney (a city in New South Wales, Australia)

(Cantonese) Sydney (a city in Nova Scotia, Canada)


悉尼

/siɪk̚³²⁻⁴ nĩ²⁴/

/ɕiɪʔ³³ n̠ʲi⁴⁴/

/siɪk̚³²⁻⁴ nĩ²⁴/

/ɕiɪʔ³³ n̠ʲi⁴⁴/

悉尼是澳大利亞最大的城市。

悉尼是澳大利亚最大的城市。

1844, Karl Gützlaff, 萬國地理全集; quoted in 魏源 [Wei Yuan], 海國圖志 [Illustrated Treatise on the Maritime Kingdoms], 1852:

Qí jīngdū nǎi Xīní, zài guǎng hǎimén, xì shǔ dàdì zhī gǎngkǒu.

其京都乃悉尼，在廣海門，係屬大地之港口。

其京都乃悉尼，在广海门，系属大地之港口。

(chiefly Mainland China, Hong Kong) Sydney (a city in New South Wales, Australia)


寧波

/niŋ³⁵ pu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/nɪŋ²¹ pɔː⁵⁵/

/ⁿden²² pᵘɔ³³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² pʰo⁴⁴/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² pʰo³³/

/liɪŋ¹³⁻²² pʰo⁴⁴/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ pʰo⁴⁴/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ pʰɤ⁴⁴/

/niŋ³⁵ pu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/nɪŋ²¹ pɔː⁵⁵/

/ⁿden²² pᵘɔ³³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² pʰo⁴⁴/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² pʰo³³/

/liɪŋ¹³⁻²² pʰo⁴⁴/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ pʰo⁴⁴/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ pʰɤ⁴⁴/

(～市) Ningbo (a port city, prefecture-level city, and subprovincial city in eastern Zhejiang, China)


費城

/feɪ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/fɐi̯³³ sɪŋ²¹/

/hui²¹⁻⁵³ siã²⁴/

/hui⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ siã²⁴/

/hui²¹⁻⁵³ siã¹³/

/hui¹¹⁻⁵³ siã²⁴/

/hui²¹⁻⁴¹ siã²³/

/feɪ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/fɐi̯³³ sɪŋ²¹/

/hui²¹⁻⁵³ siã²⁴/

/hui⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ siã²⁴/

/hui²¹⁻⁵³ siã¹³/

/hui¹¹⁻⁵³ siã²⁴/

/hui²¹⁻⁴¹ siã²³/

費城大學

费城大学

Philadelphia (a large city in Pennsylvania, United States)


奧克拉荷馬

ㄠˋ ㄎㄜˋ ㄌㄚ ㄏㄜˊ ㄇㄚˇ

ㄠˋ ㄎㄜˋ ㄌㄚ ㄏㄜˊ ㄇㄚˇ

/ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ kʰɤ⁵¹ lä⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ou̯³³ hɐk̚⁵ laːi̯⁵⁵ hɔː²¹ maː¹³/

/ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ kʰɤ⁵¹ lä⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ou̯³³ hɐk̚⁵ laːi̯⁵⁵ hɔː²¹ maː¹³/

(～州) (Hong Kong, Taiwan) Oklahoma (a state in the central United States, formerly a territory)


俄克拉何馬

ㄜˊ ㄎㄜˋ ㄌㄚ ㄏㄜˊ ㄇㄚˇ

ㄜˊ ㄎㄜˋ ㄌㄚ ㄏㄜˊ ㄇㄚˇ

/ˀɤ³⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹ lä⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ŋɔː²¹ hɐk̚⁵ laːi̯⁵⁵ hɔː²¹ maː¹³/

/ˀɤ³⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹ lä⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ŋɔː²¹ hɐk̚⁵ laːi̯⁵⁵ hɔː²¹ maː¹³/

(～州) (Mainland China) Oklahoma (a state in the central United States, formerly a territory)


愛沙尼亞

ㄞˋ ㄕㄚ ㄋㄧˊ ㄧㄚˋ

ㄞˋ ㄕㄚ ㄋㄧˊ ㄧㄚˇ

/ˀaɪ̯⁵¹ ʂä⁵⁵ ni³⁵ jä⁵¹/

/ˀaɪ̯⁵¹ ʂä⁵⁵ ni³⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ɔːi̯³³ saː⁵⁵ nei̯²¹ aː³³/

/oi̯⁵⁵ sa²⁴ ni¹¹ a³¹/

/oi̯⁵⁵ sa²⁴ ni¹¹ a²⁴/

/ai²¹⁻⁵³ sa⁴⁴⁻²² nĩ²⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/ai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ sa³³ nĩ²⁴⁻²² a³³/

/ai²¹⁻⁵³ sɛ⁴⁴⁻²² nĩ¹³⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/e³³ so⁵⁵ n̠ʲi³³ ia²¹/

/ˀaɪ̯⁵¹ ʂä⁵⁵ ni³⁵ jä⁵¹/

/ˀaɪ̯⁵¹ ʂä⁵⁵ ni³⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ɔːi̯³³ saː⁵⁵ nei̯²¹ aː³³/

/oi̯⁵⁵ sa²⁴ ni¹¹ a³¹/

/oi̯⁵⁵ sa²⁴ ni¹¹ a²⁴/

/ai²¹⁻⁵³ sa⁴⁴⁻²² nĩ²⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/ai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ sa³³ nĩ²⁴⁻²² a³³/

/ai²¹⁻⁵³ sɛ⁴⁴⁻²² nĩ¹³⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/e³³ so⁵⁵ n̠ʲi³³ ia²¹/

Estonia (a country in northeastern Europe, on the southeastern coast of the Baltic Sea)


溫哥華

/wən⁵⁵ kɤ⁵⁵ xu̯ä³⁵/

/wɐn⁵⁵ kɔː⁵⁵ waː²¹/

/wɐn⁵⁵ kɔː⁵⁵ waː²¹⁻³⁵/

/vun³³ kᵘɔ⁵⁵ va²²/

/wən⁵⁵ kɤ⁵⁵ xu̯ä³⁵/

/wɐn⁵⁵ kɔː⁵⁵ waː²¹/

/wɐn⁵⁵ kɔː⁵⁵ waː²¹⁻³⁵/

/vun³³ kᵘɔ⁵⁵ va²²/

Borrowed from English Vancouver, via Cantonese.

1904, Liang Qichao, 新大陸遊記 [Travel Notes of the New Continent], 廣智書局, published 1907, page 6:

Qí tiělù zhī chēzhàn, lúnchuán zhī mǎtóu, jiē yǐ Wēngēhuá wéi zhōngdiǎn, gù Wēngēhuá zhòu shèng. Gēlúnbǐyà shěng běn yǐ Yùduōlì wéi shǒufǔ, jīn zé shìlì quán qū yú Wēngēhuá yǐ.

其鐵路之車站，輪船之碼頭，皆以溫哥華為終點，故溫哥華驟盛。哥侖比亞省本以域多利為首府，今則勢力全趨於溫哥華矣。

其铁路之车站，轮船之码头，皆以温哥华为终点，故温哥华骤盛。哥仑比亚省本以域多利为首府，今则势力全趋于温哥华矣。

British Columbia
British Columbia#English

(～市) Vancouver (a seaport, the largest city in British Columbia, Canada)

(～市) Vancouver (a city, the county seat of Clark County, Washington, United States)


賓夕法尼亞州

ㄅㄧㄣ ㄒㄧˋ ㄈㄚˇ ㄋㄧˊ ㄧㄚˇ ㄓㄡ

ㄅㄧㄣ ㄒㄧˋ ㄈㄚˇ ㄋㄧˊ ㄧㄚˇ ㄓㄡ

Биньсифания Чжоу

/pin⁵⁵ ɕi⁵¹ fä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ni³⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

Pennsylvania (a state of the United States)


盧溝橋

/lu³⁵ koʊ̯⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵/

/lou̯²¹ kʰɐu̯⁵⁵ kʰiːu̯²¹/

/lu³⁵ koʊ̯⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵/

/lou̯²¹ kʰɐu̯⁵⁵ kʰiːu̯²¹/

1989, Cui Jian, “讓我睡個好覺 [Let Me Sleep Tight]”, in 新長征路上的搖滾 [Rock 'n' Roll on the New Long March], performed by Cui Jian:

Don't say whether I look bad or good / Don't say whether I'm old or young / Don't care why I'm named Lugou Bridge / Don't blame me for telling you I know nothing

Bié shuō wǒ de yàngzi shì huài háishì hǎo / Bié shuō wǒ de niánlíng shì dà háishì xiǎo / Bié guǎn wǒ wèishénme míngjiào Lúgōu Qiáo / Bié guài wǒ duì nǐ shuō wǒ shénme dōu bù zhīdào

別說我的樣子是壞還是好/別說我的年齡是大還是小/別管我為什麼名叫盧溝橋/別怪我對你說我什麼都不知道

别说我的样子是坏还是好/别说我的年龄是大还是小/别管我为什么名叫卢沟桥/别怪我对你说我什么都不知道

Marco Polo Bridge, Lugou Bridge (a bridge in Fengtai district, Beijing, China)


茨城

/t͡sʰz̩³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰiː²¹ sɪŋ²¹/

/t͡sʰz̩³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰiː²¹ sɪŋ²¹/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 茨(いばら)城(き) (Ibaraki).


北海道

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ tɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/pɐk̚⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵ tou̯²²/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ hai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tɤ³³/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ to³³/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ tɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/pɐk̚⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵ tou̯²²/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ hai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tɤ³³/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ to³³/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 北海道(ほっかいどう) (Hokkaidō).

Hokkaido (an island and prefecture of Japan)


田中

/tʰi̯ɛn³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰiːn²¹ t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵/

/tiɛn²³⁻³³ tiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tiɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ tiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tʰi̯ɛn³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰiːn²¹ t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵/

/tiɛn²³⁻³³ tiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tiɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ tiɔŋ⁴⁴/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 田(た)中(なか) (Tanaka).
; "Tianzhong Township"

(～鎮) Tianzhong (an urban township in Changhua County, Taiwan)


奈良

/naɪ̯⁵¹ li̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/nɔːi̯²² lœːŋ²¹/

/nãi³³⁻¹¹ liɔŋ²⁴/

/nãi³³⁻²¹ liɔŋ²³/

/naɪ̯⁵¹ li̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/nɔːi̯²² lœːŋ²¹/

/nãi³³⁻¹¹ liɔŋ²⁴/

/nãi³³⁻²¹ liɔŋ²³/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 奈良 (Nara).

obor

(～市) Nara (a city in Nara Prefecture, Japan)


勝利

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹/

/ʂəŋ²⁴ li⁵¹/

/sɪŋ³³ lei̯²²/

/sən⁵³⁻⁵⁵ li⁵³/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ li²²/

/siɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ li⁴¹/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ li²²/

/siɪŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ li³³/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ li³³/

/seŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ li³⁵/

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹/

/ʂəŋ²⁴ li⁵¹/

/sɪŋ³³ lei̯²²/

/sən⁵³⁻⁵⁵ li⁵³/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ li²²/

/siɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ li⁴¹/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ li²²/

/siɪŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ li³³/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ li³³/

/seŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ li³⁵/

(～鄉) Shengli (a township in Wuxi, Chongqing, China)

(～社區) Shengli (a residential community in Lucheng, Yidu, Yichang, Hubei, China)

(～社區) Shengli (a residential community in Ruoqiang, Ruoqiang, Bayingolin prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


京都府

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ tu⁵⁵ fu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɪŋ⁵⁵ tou̯⁵⁵ fuː³⁵/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ tu⁵⁵ fu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɪŋ⁵⁵ tou̯⁵⁵ fuː³⁵/


車站

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂän⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɛ⁵⁵ t͡san²¹³/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤ²¹ t͡sã⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɛː⁵⁵ t͡saːm²²/

/t͡ʃʰɛ³³ t͡ʃam⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰa²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sam⁵⁵/

/t͡ʃʰa⁵³ t͡ʃam¹¹/

/t͡sʰa⁴⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sam⁵³/

/t͡sʰɤ¹¹ t͡sæ̃⁴⁵/

/t͡sʰia⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ^((t͡s-))ʒɑŋ²⁴²/

/t͡sʰia⁵³³⁻¹³ t͡saŋ¹¹/

/t͡sʰia⁵⁴⁴⁻²⁴ t͡saŋ²¹/

/t͡sʰia⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sam³³/

/t͡sʰia⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sam²²/

/t͡sʰia³³⁻²¹ t͡sam²¹/

/t͡sʰia³³⁻²³ t͡sam³⁵/

/t͡sʰɤ̞³³ t͡san²¹⁻¹¹/

/t͡sʰɤ̞³³ t͡san⁴⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂän⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɛ⁵⁵ t͡san²¹³/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤ²¹ t͡sã⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɛː⁵⁵ t͡saːm²²/

/t͡ʃʰɛ³³ t͡ʃam⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰa²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sam⁵⁵/

/t͡ʃʰa⁵³ t͡ʃam¹¹/

/t͡sʰa⁴⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sam⁵³/

/t͡sʰɤ¹¹ t͡sæ̃⁴⁵/

/t͡sʰia⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ^((t͡s-))ʒɑŋ²⁴²/

/t͡sʰia⁵³³⁻¹³ t͡saŋ¹¹/

/t͡sʰia⁵⁴⁴⁻²⁴ t͡saŋ²¹/

/t͡sʰia⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sam³³/

/t͡sʰia⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sam²²/

/t͡sʰia³³⁻²¹ t͡sam²¹/

/t͡sʰia³³⁻²³ t͡sam³⁵/

/t͡sʰɤ̞³³ t͡san²¹⁻¹¹/

/t͡sʰɤ̞³³ t͡san⁴⁵/

(～街道) Chezhan (a subdistrict of Jiang'an district, Wuhan, Hubei, China)

(～街道) Chezhan (a subdistrict of Xiaonan district, Xiaogan, Hubei, China)


水源

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

/sɵy̯³⁵ jyːn²¹/

/ʃui²⁴⁻³³ ŋien⁵⁵/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan¹³/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan²³/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan²⁴/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ɡuan²⁴/

/sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan²³/

/sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan²⁴/

/t͡sui⁵²⁻³⁵ ŋuaŋ⁵⁵/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

/sɵy̯³⁵ jyːn²¹/

/ʃui²⁴⁻³³ ŋien⁵⁵/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan¹³/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan²³/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan²⁴/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ɡuan²⁴/

/sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan²³/

/sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan²⁴/

/t͡sui⁵²⁻³⁵ ŋuaŋ⁵⁵/

(～鎮) Shuiyuan (a town in Yongchang, Jinchang, Gansu, China)

(～鄉) (historical) Shuiyuan (a former township in Yongchang, Jinchang, Gansu, China)

(～里) an urban village in Tamsui district, New Taipei City, Taiwan


高潮

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ t͡sʰiːu̯²¹/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ tiau⁴⁴/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ tiau²³/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² tio¹³/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ t͡sʰiːu̯²¹/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ tiau⁴⁴/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ tiau²³/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² tio¹³/

(～村) Gaochao (a village in Xinshi, Jingshan, Jingmen, Hubei, China)


學院

/ɕy̯ɛ³⁵ ɥɛn⁵¹/

/ɕyə²⁴ yæ̃⁴⁴/

/hɔːk̚² jyːn²²⁻³⁵/

/haʔ⁴⁻⁴² iŋ¹¹/

/hak̚⁴⁻³² ĩ²²/

/hak̚²⁴⁻² ĩ⁴¹/

/hak̚¹²¹⁻²¹ ĩ²²/

/hak̚⁴⁻³² ĩ³³/

/hak̚⁴⁻³² ĩ³³/

/hak̚⁴⁻² ĩ¹¹/

/ɕy̯ɛ³⁵ ɥɛn⁵¹/

/ɕyə²⁴ yæ̃⁴⁴/

/hɔːk̚² jyːn²²⁻³⁵/

/haʔ⁴⁻⁴² iŋ¹¹/

/hak̚⁴⁻³² ĩ²²/

/hak̚²⁴⁻² ĩ⁴¹/

/hak̚¹²¹⁻²¹ ĩ²²/

/hak̚⁴⁻³² ĩ³³/

/hak̚⁴⁻³² ĩ³³/

/hak̚⁴⁻² ĩ¹¹/

(～街道) Xueyuan (a subdistrict of Xiling district, Yichang, Hubei, China)


清真寺

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂən⁵⁵ sz̩⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɐn⁵⁵ t͡siː²²⁻³⁵/

/t͡sʰin²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sɨn²⁴⁻¹¹ sɨ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sin⁴⁴⁻²² si²²/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sin⁴⁴⁻³³ si³³/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂən⁵⁵ sz̩⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɐn⁵⁵ t͡siː²²⁻³⁵/

/t͡sʰin²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sɨn²⁴⁻¹¹ sɨ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sin⁴⁴⁻²² si²²/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sin⁴⁴⁻³³ si³³/

Chen Yixiu, courtesy name Yusi, comes from Jining Prefecture, Shandong. When he was an imperial scholar, he saw that the Muslims Yang Shenghua and his colleagues wanted to destroy the temple of Lord Guan and expand the Muslim mosque

Chén Yìxiū zì Yùsì Shāndōng Jǐníng Zhōu rén wéi zhūshēng shí jiàn Huíhuí jiàomén Yáng Shēnghuā děng yù huǐ Guāndìmiào kuòdà Huíhuí qīngzhēnsì

陳益修字玉笥山東濟寜州人為諸生時見囬囬敎門楊生花等欲毁𨵿帝廟擴大囬囬清真寺

陈益修字玉笥山东济宁州人为诸生时见回回教门杨生花等欲毁关帝庙扩大回回清真寺

(Islam) mosque (Classifier: 座 m c; 間／间 c)

GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)


蓮花

/li̯ɛn³⁵ xu̯ä⁵⁵/

/li̯ɛn³⁵ xu̯ɑɻ⁵⁵/

/nø¹³⁻¹¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ua⁵³³/

/ny²⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ua⁵⁴⁴/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²¹ hue⁴⁴/

/liɛn²³⁻³³ hue⁴⁴/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²² hue⁴⁴/

/liɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ hue⁴⁴/

/nuĩ²⁴⁻²² hue³³/

/liɛn¹³⁻²² hua⁴⁴/

/nõĩ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hue³³/

/li̯ɛn³⁵ xu̯ä⁵⁵/

/li̯ɛn³⁵ xu̯ɑɻ⁵⁵/

/nø¹³⁻¹¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ua⁵³³/

/ny²⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ua⁵⁴⁴/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²¹ hue⁴⁴/

/liɛn²³⁻³³ hue⁴⁴/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²² hue⁴⁴/

/liɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ hue⁴⁴/

/nuĩ²⁴⁻²² hue³³/

/liɛn¹³⁻²² hua⁴⁴/

/nõĩ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hue³³/

(～縣) Lianhua (a county of Pingxiang, Jiangxi, China)

(～村) Lianhua (a village in Wenquan, Yingshan, Huanggang, Hubei, China)


太子

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰaːi̯³³ t͡siː³⁵/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ t͡sɨ³¹/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡su⁴¹/

/tʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡su⁵³/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ t͡su⁵³/

/tʰai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡sɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/tʰai²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sɯ⁵²⁻²¹/

/tʰa³³ t͡sz̩⁴⁴/

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰaːi̯³³ t͡siː³⁵/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ t͡sɨ³¹/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡su⁴¹/

/tʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡su⁵³/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ t͡su⁵³/

/tʰai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡sɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/tʰai²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sɯ⁵²⁻²¹/

/tʰa³³ t͡sz̩⁴⁴/

(～鎮) Taizi (a town in Yangxin, Huangshi, Hubei, China)

Prince Edward
w:Prince Edward, Hong Kong


東北

→ Korean: 둥베이 (dungbei)

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ pɐk̚⁵/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² pak̚³²/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² pak̚³²/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ pak̚³²/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ pak̚³²/

/taŋ³³⁻²³ pak̚²/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ pɐk̚⁵/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² pak̚³²/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² pak̚³²/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ pak̚³²/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ pak̚³²/

/taŋ³³⁻²³ pak̚²/

(～地區) Northeast China (a region of China; consisting of Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang, and sometimes the northeast part of Inner Mongolia)

大行政區 大行政區#Chinese

(～大行政區, ～區) (historical) Northeast China (a former greater administrative region of China from 1949 to 1954, consisting of Liaodong, Liaoxi, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Songjiang, Rehe and Suiyuan, Shenyang, Lüda, Fushun, Anshan and Benxi)


新宿

/sɐn⁵⁵ sʊk̚⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ sʊk̚⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 新(しん)宿(じゅく) (Shinjuku).

(～區) Shinjuku (one of 23 special wards in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


北海

→ English: Beihai, Pakhoi

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pɐk̚⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ hai⁵⁵⁴/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pɐk̚⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ hai⁵⁵⁴/

(～市) Beihai (a prefecture-level city of the Guangxi autonomous region, China)

Butterworth (a town in Penang, Malaysia)


紅海

/xʊŋ³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hʊŋ²¹ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/øyŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai³³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² hai⁵³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² hai⁵⁵⁴/

/aŋ¹³⁻²² hai⁵³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ hai⁵³/

/aŋ²³⁻³³ hai⁴¹/

/xʊŋ³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hʊŋ²¹ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/øyŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai³³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² hai⁵³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² hai⁵⁵⁴/

/aŋ¹³⁻²² hai⁵³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ hai⁵³/

/aŋ²³⁻³³ hai⁴¹/


中華

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (中華):
* → Japanese: 中(ちゅう)華(か) (Chūka)
* → Korean: 중화(中華) (Junghwa)
* → Vietnamese: Trung Hoa (中華)

→ Indonesian: Tionghoa

→ Zhuang: Cunghvaz

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä³⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ waː²¹/

/t͡ʃuŋ⁵³ fa⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ fa¹¹/

/tyŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua⁵³/

/tœŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ hua¹³/

/tœŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua¹³/

/tyøŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ hua²⁴/

/tyøŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua¹³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua⁴⁴/

/toŋ³³⁻²³ hua⁵⁵/

/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ ɦo²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä³⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ waː²¹/

/t͡ʃuŋ⁵³ fa⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ fa¹¹/

/tyŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua⁵³/

/tœŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ hua¹³/

/tœŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua¹³/

/tyøŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ hua²⁴/

/tyøŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua¹³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua⁴⁴/

/toŋ³³⁻²³ hua⁵⁵/

/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ ɦo²¹/

So named because the first ancient Chinese settlements were around the Yellow River, which was considered to be the center, and because the culture was considered to be magnificent and flourishing.
First attested in Huan Wen's memorial recommending Qiao Xiu (dated [347 CE]), quoted in Sun Sheng's lost Annals of Jin (晉陽秋) [4th century] and later quoted in Pei Songzhi's Annotations [early 5th century] to Chen Shou's Records of the Three Kingdoms [late 3rd century] (translation by Farmer, 2017).
:
Pei himself uses 中華 when annotating Chen's "Biography of Zhuge Liang"

At this time, the imperial court has encountered a time of decline in the Way, the peasants have been trampled down by oppressive hardships, Zhonghua has the anguish of looking backward [toward the former capital at Luoyang], and the dark valley has no hope of moving upward.

Pei Songzhi, Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms, circa 5ᵗʰ century CE

Yú shí huángjí gòu dàoxiāo zhī huì, qúnlí dǎo diānpèi zhī jiān, zhōnghuá yǒu gùzhān zhī āi, yōugǔ wú qiānqiáo zhī wàng.

於時皇極遘道消之會，群黎蹈顛沛之艱，中華有顧瞻之哀，幽谷無遷喬之望。

于时皇极遘道消之会，群黎蹈颠沛之艰，中华有顾瞻之哀，幽谷无迁乔之望。

If [Zhuge Liang] [were] allowed to roam Zhonghua and give free rein to his dragon's brilliance, how could [its] literati's abilities drown and obscure him?

Ruò shǐ yóubù Zhōnghuá, chěng qí lóngguāng, qǐ fú duōshì suǒ néng chényì zāi!

若使游步中華，騁其龍光，豈夫多士所能沈翳哉！

若使游步中华，骋其龙光，岂夫多士所能沈翳哉！

振興中華／振兴中华

中華名小吃／中华名小吃

中華文化／中华文化

People's Republic of China
People's Republic of China

(formal, poetic, exalted) China (a large country in East Asia, occupying the region around the Yellow, Yangtze, and Pearl Rivers; the People's Republic of China, since 1949)

(～里) an urban village in Songshan district, Taipei, Taiwan


文化

/wən³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/vəŋ²⁴ xua⁵¹/

/mɐn²¹ faː³³/

/uŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋuɑ²¹³/

/mɔŋ¹³⁻⁵⁵ hua⁴²/

/muoŋ²⁴⁻⁵⁵ hua⁴²/

/buŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hue²¹³/

/wən³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/vəŋ²⁴ xua⁵¹/

/mɐn²¹ faː³³/

/uŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋuɑ²¹³/

/mɔŋ¹³⁻⁵⁵ hua⁴²/

/muoŋ²⁴⁻⁵⁵ hua⁴²/

/buŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hue²¹³/

The modern Chinese term is an Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 文化(ぶんか) (bunka, “culture”), which is a direct translation of the German word Kultur.
In its classical form, the term can be interpreted as 文教 (wénjiào, “humanistic education”) + 化育 (huàyù, “transformational development”). Often cited are the following examples:
先秦, 《周易·賁卦彖傳》:
觀於天文、以察時變、觀乎人文、以化成天下
We observe the patterns of the skies in order to inspect seasonal changes. We observe the patterns of human behavior in order to transform and actualize all under Heaven.
南朝劉宋, 范曄, 《後漢書·荀淑傳》:
宣文教以章其化、立武備以秉其威。
Spread humanistic education in order to manifest its transformative potential. Establish military capabilities in order to have a grasp on (its) power.
Humanistic education, based on the tradition of rites and propriety 禮教 /礼教 (lǐjiào) have the transformative potential to actualize all under Heaven 人文化成. This is often juxtaposed or contrasted with the use of punishment 刑 (xíng) or military might 武 (wǔ) to establish power and control over a populace, as can be seen in the quote below:
南北朝, 齊王融, 〈從武帝琅邪城講武應詔詩〉, quoted in 《藝文類聚》卷五十九 ，武部，戰伐:
早逢文化洽，復屬武功宣
Having reached an ideal state of (governance by the means of) transformative education at an early stage, we can now focus on the establishment of military power (in the region).
文化 over here is synonymous with 文治 (wénzhì, “governance by means of culture, education, rites and music”). This is not the same as culture in the modern sense of the term.
It is within this classical context that the Japanese first coined the term 文化(ぶんか) (bunka) to name an era during the Edo period.
When used to translate Kultur during the Meiji restoration, 文化(ぶんか) (bunka) is possibly a contraction of 文明開化(ぶんめいかいか) (bunmeikaika, “to open up and transform through civilization”), which takes the meaning of a civilizing agent i.e. Culture.

quote-book

《周易·賁卦彖傳》

觀於天文、以察時變、觀乎人文、以化成天下

《後漢書·荀淑傳》

宣文教以章其化、立武備以秉其威。

〈從武帝琅邪城講武應詔詩〉

早逢文化洽，復屬武功宣

《藝文類聚》卷五十九 ，武部，戰伐

ja-r

(～社區) Wenhua (a residential community in Ruoqiang, Ruoqiang, Bayingolin prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


後壁

/au¹¹⁻⁴² ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾ia¹¹/

/au²¹⁻⁴² ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βia²¹/

/au³³⁻²¹ piaʔ²/

/au³³⁻²¹ piaʔ³²/

/au³¹⁻²² piaʔ⁵/

/au²²⁻¹² piaʔ³²/

/au²²⁻²¹ piaʔ³²/

/au³³⁻¹¹ piaʔ³²/

/au³³⁻²² piaʔ⁵/

/au³⁵⁻¹¹ piaʔ²/

/au¹¹⁻⁴² ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾ia¹¹/

/au²¹⁻⁴² ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βia²¹/

/au³³⁻²¹ piaʔ²/

/au³³⁻²¹ piaʔ³²/

/au³¹⁻²² piaʔ⁵/

/au²²⁻¹² piaʔ³²/

/au²²⁻²¹ piaʔ³²/

/au³³⁻¹¹ piaʔ³²/

/au³³⁻²² piaʔ⁵/

/au³⁵⁻¹¹ piaʔ²/

/xoʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ pi⁵¹/

/hɐu̯²² pɪk̚⁵/

/au³³⁻¹¹ piaʔ³²/

/xoʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ pi⁵¹/

/hɐu̯²² pɪk̚⁵/

/au³³⁻²¹ piaʔ³²/

/au³³⁻¹¹ piaʔ³²/

(～區) Houbi (a district of Tainan, Taiwan)


新港

/ɕin⁵⁵ kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɐn⁵⁵ kɔːŋ³⁵/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁵³/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁵³/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ kaŋ⁵³/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ kaŋ⁴¹/

/ɕin⁵⁵ kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɐn⁵⁵ kɔːŋ³⁵/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁵³/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁵³/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ kaŋ⁵³/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ kaŋ⁴¹/

Porto-Novo (the official capital of Benin)

Xingang, Hsinkang (a township in Chiayi County, Taiwan)

Shinkō, Shinko (various townships in Japan)

(～鄉) Xingang (a rural township in Chiayi County, Taiwan)

(～街道) Xingang (a subdistrict of Haizhu district, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China)

(～村) Xingang (a village in Zhucheng, Xinzhou district, Wuhan, Hubei, China)

(～縣) Newport (a county of Rhode Island, United States)


北朝鮮

ㄅㄟˇ ㄔㄠˊ ㄒㄧㄢˇ

ㄅㄟˇ ㄔㄠˊ ㄒㄧㄢˇ

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

Бэй Чжаосянь

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/pɐk̚⁵ t͡sʰiːu̯²¹ siːn⁵⁵/

/pɐk̚⁵ t͡siːu̯⁵⁵ siːn⁵⁵/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ tiau²⁴⁻²² siɛn⁵³/

/pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ tiau²⁴⁻²² siɛn⁵⁵⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁵ tiau¹³⁻²² siɛn⁵³/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ tiau²⁴⁻¹¹ siɛn⁵³/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ tiau²³⁻³³ siɛn⁴¹/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/pɐk̚⁵ t͡sʰiːu̯²¹ siːn⁵⁵/

/pɐk̚⁵ t͡siːu̯⁵⁵ siːn⁵⁵/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ tiau²⁴⁻²² siɛn⁵³/

/pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ tiau²⁴⁻²² siɛn⁵⁵⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁵ tiau¹³⁻²² siɛn⁵³/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ tiau²⁴⁻¹¹ siɛn⁵³/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ tiau²³⁻³³ siɛn⁴¹/


安定

/ˀän⁵⁵ tiŋ⁵¹/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ tɪŋ²²/

/on²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰin⁵⁵/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪŋ²²/

/an³³ tiɪŋ⁴¹/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪŋ²²/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɪŋ³³/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɪŋ³³/

/ũã³³⁻²³ tĩã¹¹/

/ˀän⁵⁵ tiŋ⁵¹/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ tɪŋ²²/

/on²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰin⁵⁵/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪŋ²²/

/an³³ tiɪŋ⁴¹/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪŋ²²/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɪŋ³³/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɪŋ³³/

/ũã³³⁻²³ tĩã¹¹/

(～區) Anding (a district of Tainan, Taiwan)

(～區) Anding (a district of Dingxi, Gansu, China)


葡萄

Phono-semantic matching of Burmese ပူတာအို (putaui).

psm

蒲陶
蒲萄
葡桃
蒲桃
孛萄
浮萄
孛陶

/pʰu³⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³⁵/

/pʰu³⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³/

/pʰu³⁵ tʰaʊ̯ɻʷ³⁵/

/pʰou²⁴ tʰɔ⁵¹/

/pʰou̯²¹ tʰou̯²¹/

/pʰu¹¹ tʰo¹¹/

/pʰu⁵⁵ tʰo⁵⁵/

/pʰuo⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lo⁵³/

/puo⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lo⁵³/

/pu⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lo⁵³/

/pʰu²³⁻²¹ to²³/

/pʰu²⁴⁻²² to²⁴/

/pʰu²⁴⁻¹² to²⁴/

/pʰo²³⁻²¹ to²³/

/pʰɤ²⁴⁻³³ tɤ²⁴/

/pʰo²⁴⁻¹¹ to²⁴/

/pʰo¹³⁻²² to¹³/

/pʰɤ²³⁻³³ tɤ²³/

/pʰɔ¹³⁻²² to¹³/

/po²⁴⁻³³ to²⁴/

/pʰue²⁴⁻³³ tɤ²⁴/

/pu²⁴⁻²² to²⁴/

/pɔ²³⁻³³ tɤ²³/

/pɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ to²⁴/

/pʰu⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tʰo⁵⁵/

/bəʔ¹¹ dɔ²³/

/bəʔ²² dæ⁵¹/

/pʰu³⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³⁵/

/pʰu³⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³/

/pʰu³⁵ tʰaʊ̯ɻʷ³⁵/

/pʰou²⁴ tʰɔ⁵¹/

/pʰou̯²¹ tʰou̯²¹/

/pʰu¹¹ tʰo¹¹/

/pʰu⁵⁵ tʰo⁵⁵/

/pʰuo⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lo⁵³/

/puo⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lo⁵³/

/pu⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lo⁵³/

/pʰu²³⁻²¹ to²³/

/pʰu²⁴⁻²² to²⁴/

/pʰu²⁴⁻¹² to²⁴/

/pʰo²³⁻²¹ to²³/

/pʰɤ²⁴⁻³³ tɤ²⁴/

/pʰo²⁴⁻¹¹ to²⁴/

/pʰo¹³⁻²² to¹³/

/pʰɤ²³⁻³³ tɤ²³/

/pʰɔ¹³⁻²² to¹³/

/po²⁴⁻³³ to²⁴/

/pʰue²⁴⁻³³ tɤ²⁴/

/pu²⁴⁻²² to²⁴/

/pɔ²³⁻³³ tɤ²³/

/pɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ to²⁴/

/pʰu⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tʰo⁵⁵/

/bəʔ¹¹ dɔ²³/

/bəʔ²² dæ⁵¹/


青年

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (青年):
* → Japanese: 青年(せいねん) (seinen)
* → Korean: 청년(靑年) (cheongnyeon)
* → Vietnamese: thanh niên (青年)

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ni̯ɛn³⁵/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ niːn²¹/

/t͡sʰi̯aŋ²⁴ ŋi̯en¹¹/

/t͡sʰi̯aŋ²⁴ ŋi̯an¹¹/

/t͡sʰiŋ⁵⁵ nˡieŋ⁵³/

/t͡sʰiŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ nɛŋ¹³/

/t͡sʰiŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ nɛŋ²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ liɛn²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ liɛn²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² liɛn¹³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ liɛn²³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² liɛn²⁴/

/t͡sʰẽ³³⁻²³ ni⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰin⁵⁵ n̠ʲi²¹/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ni̯ɛn³⁵/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ niːn²¹/

/t͡sʰi̯aŋ²⁴ ŋi̯en¹¹/

/t͡sʰi̯aŋ²⁴ ŋi̯an¹¹/

/t͡sʰiŋ⁵⁵ nˡieŋ⁵³/

/t͡sʰiŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ nɛŋ¹³/

/t͡sʰiŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ nɛŋ²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ liɛn²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ liɛn²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² liɛn¹³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ liɛn²³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² liɛn²⁴/

/t͡sʰẽ³³⁻²³ ni⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰin⁵⁵ n̠ʲi²¹/

(～村) Qingnian (a village in Yonglong, Jingshan, Jingmen, Hubei, China)


大洋

/tä⁵¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/taːi̯²² jœːŋ²¹/

/taːi̯²² jœːŋ²¹⁻³⁵/

/tai²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ yoŋ⁵³/

/tua²¹ ĩũ²⁴/

/tua³³⁻¹¹ iũ²⁴/

/tua²²⁻²¹ iũ²⁴/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² iũ²⁴/

/tua³³⁻²¹ iũ²³/

/tua²²⁻²¹ iɔ̃¹³/

/tai³³⁻²¹ iũ²³/

/tai²²⁻²¹ iũ²⁴/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ iũ²⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² iɔŋ²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ iaŋ¹³/

/tä⁵¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/taːi̯²² jœːŋ²¹/

/taːi̯²² jœːŋ²¹⁻³⁵/

/tai²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ yoŋ⁵³/

/tua²¹ ĩũ²⁴/

/tua³³⁻¹¹ iũ²⁴/

/tua²²⁻²¹ iũ²⁴/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² iũ²⁴/

/tua³³⁻²¹ iũ²³/

/tua²²⁻²¹ iɔ̃¹³/

/tai³³⁻²¹ iũ²³/

/tai²²⁻²¹ iũ²⁴/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ iũ²⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² iɔŋ²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ iaŋ¹³/

(～鎮) Dayang (a town in Jiande, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China)

(～鎮) Dayang (a town in Jinyun, Lishui, Zhejiang, China)

(～鎮) Dayang (a town in Yongtai, Fuzhou, Fujian, China)

(～鎮) Dayang (a town in Guiping, Guigang, Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region, China)

(～鄉) Dayang (a township in Tang, Baoding, Hebei, China)

(～鄉) Dayang (a township in Hanjiang district, Putian, Fujian, China)


蛇口

/ʂɤ³⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɛː²¹ hɐu̯³⁵/

/t͡sua⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kʰau⁵²/

/ʂɤ³⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɛː²¹ hɐu̯³⁵/

/t͡sua⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kʰau⁵²/

(～街道) Shekou (a subdistrict of Nanshan district, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China)


建設

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂɤ⁵¹/

/kyoŋ²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾niɛʔ²⁴/

/kœŋ⁴² ɬɛʔ²¹/

/kyøŋ⁴² ɬɛʔ²/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ siɛt̚³²/

/kiɛn⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ siɛt̚⁵/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ siɛt̚³²/

/kiɛn¹¹⁻⁵³ siɛt̚³²/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁴¹ siɛt̚³²/

/t͡ɕi³³ səʔ⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕɪ⁵² səʔ³³/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂɤ⁵¹/

/kyoŋ²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾niɛʔ²⁴/

/kœŋ⁴² ɬɛʔ²¹/

/kyøŋ⁴² ɬɛʔ²/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ siɛt̚³²/

/kiɛn⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ siɛt̚⁵/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ siɛt̚³²/

/kiɛn¹¹⁻⁵³ siɛt̚³²/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁴¹ siɛt̚³²/

/t͡ɕi³³ səʔ⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕɪ⁵² səʔ³³/

Jianshe
w:Jianshe Subdistrict, Guangzhou

(～街道) Jianshe (a subdistrict of Yuexiu district, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China)

(～鎮) Jianshe (a town in Baiyü, Garzê prefecture, Sichuan, China)

(～村) Jianshe (a village in Liuji, Dawu, Xiaogan, Hubei, China)


印度

Sino-Xenic (印度):
* → Japanese: 印度(インド) (Indo)
* → Korean: 인도(印度) (Indo)
* → Vietnamese: Ấn Độ (印度)

/in⁵¹⁻⁵³ tu⁵¹/

/ʒaŋ¹¹ tʰu³³/

/in⁵³⁻⁵⁵ tʰu⁵³/

/iŋ²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nou²⁴²/

/iŋ⁴² tɔu¹¹/

/iŋ⁴² tɔu²¹/

/in²¹⁻⁵³ tɔ²²/

/in⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tɔ⁴¹/

/in²¹⁻⁵³ tɔ²²/

/in¹¹⁻⁵³ tɔ³³/

/in²¹⁻⁴¹ tɔ³³/

/iŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ tou¹¹/

/in⁵¹⁻⁵³ tu⁵¹/

/ʒaŋ¹¹ tʰu³³/

/in⁵³⁻⁵⁵ tʰu⁵³/

/iŋ²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nou²⁴²/

/iŋ⁴² tɔu¹¹/

/iŋ⁴² tɔu²¹/

/in²¹⁻⁵³ tɔ²²/

/in⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tɔ⁴¹/

/in²¹⁻⁵³ tɔ²²/

/in¹¹⁻⁵³ tɔ³³/

/in²¹⁻⁴¹ tɔ³³/

/iŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ tou¹¹/

A transcription of an exonym for India during the Tang dynasty.
Introduced by Xuanzang (a Chinese Buddhist monk who had travelled to India) in his book The Great Tang Records on the Western Regions [646 CE], Xuanzang proposed that this “correct” name be used, in preference to the many other alternative names for India:
:
This Tang-dynasty transcription reflected a source form of *In-du or *In-dak, although the source language is unclear. It is unlikely to be an endonym used by the Indians, who ― as Xuanzang described ― used the names of the local states. Later in the same passage, Xuanzang explained the name Yin-du as one of the many names for “Moon” (in India), evidently referring to the Sanskrit word इन्दु (indu, “Moon”). Xuanzang also explained that:
:
Although now deemed etymologically unsound, this was likely suggesting that the transcription Yin-du was a phono-semantic matching, to be interpreted literally as “trace (印 (yìn)) + transmigration (度)”.
The source language for this borrowing is unclear. The glottal-stop initial of the first syllable in this term is unusual; it is also reflected in 印特伽 (MC 'jinH dok gja), the Kuchean name for “India” recorded in Song Gaoseng Zhuan [988 CE]. On the basis of this, Wang et al. (2011: 8–9) proposed that Yin-du was borrowed from Tocharian B; compare Tocharian B yentuke (“Indian”), with a similar phonological shape.

When looking closely at the names for India (in the records), one finds that there are many different versions: formerly it was called Juandu, or Xiandou; but now (we should) follow the correct pronunciation, and adopt the name Yindu.

Xuanzang, Great Tang Records on the Western Regions, 646 CE

Xiáng fú Tiānzhú zhī chēng, yìyì jiūfēn, jiù yún Juāndú, huò yuē Xiándòu, jīn cóng zhèngyīn, yí yún Yìndù.

詳夫天竺之稱，異議糾紛，舊云身毒，或曰賢豆，今從正音，宜云印度。

详夫天竺之称，异议纠纷，旧云身毒，或曰贤豆，今从正音，宜云印度。

The Moon was a symbolism for endless transmigrations of all beings, and […] the name for India was derived from “Moon”, since the land of India featured a succession of sages and prophets who provided guidance to the common people and things, like the moonlight.

Yán zhū qúnshēng lúnhuí bùxī...... Yīn'ér pì yuè. Liáng yǐ qí tǔ shèngxián jì guǐ, dǎo fán yù wù, rú yuè zhàolín.

言諸群生輪迴不息……因而譬月。良以其土聖賢繼軌，導凡御物，如月照臨。

言诸群生轮回不息……因而譬月。良以其土圣贤继轨，导凡御物，如月照临。

印度商人


馬來西亞

→ Zhuang: Majlaizsihya

ㄇㄚˇ ㄌㄞˊ ㄒㄧ ㄧㄚˋ

ㄇㄚˇ ㄌㄞˊ ㄒㄧ ㄧㄚˇ

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ laɪ̯³⁵ ɕi⁵⁵ jä⁵¹/

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ laɪ̯³⁵ ɕi⁵⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/maː¹³ lɔːi̯²¹ sɐi̯⁵⁵ aː³³/

/ᵐba²¹ lᵘɔi²² ɬai³³ a³³/

/ma²⁴ loi̯¹¹ si²⁴⁻¹¹ a²⁴/

/ma³³⁻²¹ l̃ai⁵³⁽⁻²¹⁾ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɛ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ a³³/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lai²⁴⁻²² se⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/mã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lai²⁴⁻²² se³³ a³³/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lai¹³⁻²² se⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lai²⁴⁻¹¹ se⁴⁴⁻³³ a⁴⁴/

/mã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lai²³⁻³³ se⁴⁴⁻³³ a⁴⁴/

/ma⁵²⁻³⁵ lai⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sai³³⁻²³ a³³/

/be⁵²⁻³⁵ lai⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sai³³⁻²³ a³³/

/ma²² le⁵⁵ ɕi³³ ia²¹/

/mo²² le⁵⁵ ɕi³³ ia²¹/

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ laɪ̯³⁵ ɕi⁵⁵ jä⁵¹/

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ laɪ̯³⁵ ɕi⁵⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/maː¹³ lɔːi̯²¹ sɐi̯⁵⁵ aː³³/

/ᵐba²¹ lᵘɔi²² ɬai³³ a³³/

/ma²⁴ loi̯¹¹ si²⁴⁻¹¹ a²⁴/

/ma³³⁻²¹ l̃ai⁵³⁽⁻²¹⁾ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɛ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ a³³/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lai²⁴⁻²² se⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/mã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lai²⁴⁻²² se³³ a³³/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lai¹³⁻²² se⁴⁴⁻²² a⁴⁴/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lai²⁴⁻¹¹ se⁴⁴⁻³³ a⁴⁴/

/mã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lai²³⁻³³ se⁴⁴⁻³³ a⁴⁴/

/ma⁵²⁻³⁵ lai⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sai³³⁻²³ a³³/

/be⁵²⁻³⁵ lai⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sai³³⁻²³ a³³/

/ma²² le⁵⁵ ɕi³³ ia²¹/

/mo²² le⁵⁵ ɕi³³ ia²¹/

馬來

usage generally frowned upon by Malaysians


南宮

→ English: Namgung, Nangong

desc

南宮, なんぐう, なんきゅう

→ Japanese: 南宮, なんぐう, なんきゅう

→ Japanese: 南宮, なんぐう, なんきゅう

→ English: Nangyu, Nangu, Nanguu, Nankyu, Nanku, Nankuu

→ Korean: 南宮, 남궁

→ English: Namgung, Namgoong, Namkung, Namkoong

→ Vietnamese: 南宮, Namcung, Nam Cung

→ English: Namcung

/nän³⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/naːm²¹ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/lam²⁴⁻²² kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² kiɔŋ³³/

/lam¹³⁻²² kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam²³⁻³³ kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/nän³⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/naːm²¹ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/lam²⁴⁻²² kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² kiɔŋ³³/

/lam¹³⁻²² kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam²³⁻³³ kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

(～市) Nangong (a county-level city of Xingtai, Hebei, China)


天井

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ t͡ɕiŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ t͡sɛːŋ³⁵/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ t͡sɪŋ³⁵/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³⁵ t͡ɕiaŋ³¹/

/tʰĩ³³ t͡sĩ⁵⁵⁴/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sĩ⁵³/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sĩ⁵³/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sẽ⁴¹/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sɛ̃⁵³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sĩ⁵³/

/tʰieŋ³³⁻²³ t͡sẽ⁵²/

/tʰi⁵⁵ t͡ɕin²¹/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ t͡ɕiŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ t͡sɛːŋ³⁵/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ t͡sɪŋ³⁵/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³⁵ t͡ɕiaŋ³¹/

/tʰĩ³³ t͡sĩ⁵⁵⁴/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sĩ⁵³/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sĩ⁵³/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sẽ⁴¹/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sɛ̃⁵³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sĩ⁵³/

/tʰieŋ³³⁻²³ t͡sẽ⁵²/

/tʰi⁵⁵ t͡ɕin²¹/

(～村) Tianjing (a village in Sanhe, Yingcheng, Xiaogan, Hubei, China)


中華人民共和國

ja-r

中%華 人%民 共%和%国

^ちゅう%か ^じん%みん ^きょう%わ%こく

desc

^중화인민공화국(中華人民共和國)

CJKV/code

^ちゅう%か ^じん%みん ^きょう%わ%こく

中%華 人%民 共%和%国

Sino-Xenic (中華人民共和國):
* → Japanese: 中(ちゅう)華(か)人(じん)民(みん)共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) (Chūka Jinmin Kyōwakoku)
* → Korean: 중화인민공화국(中華人民共和國) (Junghwainmin'gonghwaguk)

CJKV

中%華 人%民 共%和%国

^ちゅう%か ^じん%みん ^きょう%わ%こく

desc

→ Bouyei: Zungyhuaf Renfminf Gungqhofguef

→ Bouyei: Zungyhuaf Renfminf Gungqhofguef

→ Hlai: Dongxhwax Naengsmiens Gong'hwasgok

→ Zhuang: Cunghvaz Yinzminz Gunghozgoz

→ Vietnamese: Cộng hoà Nhân dân Trung Hoa (calque)

ㄓㄨㄥ ㄏㄨㄚˊ ㄖㄣˊ ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄍㄨㄥˋ ㄏㄜˊ ㄍㄨㄛˊ

Җунхуа Жынмин Гунхәгуә

Җунхуа Жынмин Гунхәгуй

doeng¹ hua² zing² ming² goeng⁵ hor² gorh⁶

Чжунхуа Жэньминь Гунхэго

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä³⁵ ʐən³⁵ min³⁵ kʊŋ⁵¹ xɤ³⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ xua²¹ zən²¹ min²¹ koŋ²¹³ xo²¹ kuɛ²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂuŋ²⁴ xua²⁴ ʐəŋ²⁴ miŋ²⁴ kuŋ²⁴ xə²⁴ kuə²⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂuŋ²⁴ xua²⁴ ʐəŋ²⁴ miŋ²⁴ kuŋ²⁴ xə²⁴ kuei²⁴/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ waː²¹ jɐn²¹ mɐn²¹ kʊŋ²² wɔː²¹ kʷɔːk̚³/

/t͡suŋ⁴² fa³⁵ lɨn³⁵ min³⁵ kʰuŋ¹¹ fo³⁵ kuɛt̚⁵/

/t͡suŋ²⁴ fa¹¹ ŋin¹¹ min¹¹ kʰi̯uŋ⁵⁵ fo¹¹ ku̯et̚²/

/t͡suŋ¹¹ xua¹¹ t͡səŋ¹¹ miŋ¹¹ kuŋ⁴⁵ xuɤ¹¹ kuəʔ²/

/tɔŋ³³ ua²¹ neiŋ³³ meiŋ²¹ kɔŋ⁵⁵ ua²¹ ko²⁴/

/tyŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua⁵³ iŋ⁵³ miŋ⁵³ kyŋ²⁴² ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋuo⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾uɔʔ²⁴/

doeng¹ hua² zing² ming² goeng⁵ hor² gorh⁶ [Phonetic:doeng⁵ hua² zing⁵ ming² goeng⁵ hor² gorh⁶]

/tœŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ hua¹³ t͡siŋ¹³⁻¹¹ miŋ¹³ kœŋ¹¹ hɒ¹³ kɒʔ²¹/

doeng¹ hua² zing² ming² goeng⁵ hor² gorh⁶ [Phonetic:doeng⁵ ngua² zing⁵ ming² goeng⁵ ngor² gorh⁶]

/tœŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua¹³ t͡siŋ¹³⁻¹¹ miŋ¹³ kœŋ¹¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋɒ¹³ kɒʔ²¹/

dyoeng¹ hua² zing² ming² gyoeng⁵ hor² gorh⁶ [Phonetic:dyoeng⁵ hua² zing⁵ ming² gyoeng⁵ hor² gorh⁶]

/tyøŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ hua²⁴ t͡siŋ²⁴⁻²¹ miŋ²⁴ kyøŋ²¹ hɒ²⁴ kɒʔ²/

dyoeng¹ hua² zing² ming² gyoeng⁵ hor² gorh⁶ [Phonetic:dyoeng⁵ ngua² zing⁵ ming² gyoeng⁵ ngor² gorh⁶]

/tyøŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua²⁴ t͡siŋ²⁴⁻²¹ miŋ²⁴ kyøŋ²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋɒ²⁴ kɒʔ²/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua¹³ d͡zin¹³⁻²² bin¹³ kiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ ho¹³⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²³ zin²³⁻³³ bin²³ kiɔŋ³³⁻²¹ hɤ²³⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²⁴ lin²⁴⁻¹¹ bin²⁴ kiɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ ho²⁴⁻¹¹ kɔk̚³²/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua²⁴ lin²⁴⁻²² bin²⁴ kiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ ho²⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/tiɔŋ³³ hua²⁴ lin²⁴⁻²² bin²⁴ kiɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² hɔ²⁴⁻²² kɔk̚⁵/

/toŋ³³⁻²³ hua⁵⁵⁻¹¹ d͡ziŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ miŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kaŋ¹¹ hua⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kok̚²/

tson^平 gho^去 zen^去 min^去 gon^去 wu^去 koh^入

/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ ɦo³³ zən²² min³³ ɡoŋ²² ɦu⁵⁵ koʔ²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ³³ ɸa̠¹³ ʐən¹³ min¹³ kʊŋ²¹⁻¹¹ xo¹³ ku̯ɤ̞²⁴/

/t͡sən³³ ɸa̠¹³ ʐən¹³ min¹³ kən²¹⁻¹¹ xo¹³ ku̯ɤ̞²⁴/

/tɔŋ³³ ua²¹ neiŋ³³ meiŋ²¹ kɔŋ⁵⁵ ua²¹ ko²⁴/

[Phonetic: doeng⁵ hua² zing⁵ ming² goeng⁵ hor² gorh⁶]

[Phonetic: doeng⁵ ngua² zing⁵ ming² goeng⁵ ngor² gorh⁶]

[Phonetic: dyoeng⁵ hua² zing⁵ ming² gyoeng⁵ hor² gorh⁶]

[Phonetic: dyoeng⁵ ngua² zing⁵ ming² gyoeng⁵ ngor² gorh⁶]

In 1949, Chairman Mao Zedong declared the founding of the People’s Republic of China.

1949 nián, Máo Zédōng zhǔxí xuāngào Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó chénglì.

1949年，毛澤東主席宣告中華人民共和國成立。

1949年，毛泽东主席宣告中华人民共和国成立。

People's Republic of China#English:_Q148

People's Republic of China (official name of China: a country in East Asia)


民族

/mɐn²¹ t͡sʊk̚²/

/bin²⁴⁻²² t͡sɔk̚⁴/

/bin²⁴⁻²² t͡sɔk̚²⁴/

/bin¹³⁻²² t͡sɔk̚¹²¹/

/bin²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sɔk̚⁴/

/bin²³⁻³³ t͡sɔk̚⁴/

/miŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sok̚⁴/

/mɐn²¹ t͡sʊk̚²/

/bin²⁴⁻²² t͡sɔk̚⁴/

/bin²⁴⁻²² t͡sɔk̚²⁴/

/bin¹³⁻²² t͡sɔk̚¹²¹/

/bin²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sɔk̚⁴/

/bin²³⁻³³ t͡sɔk̚⁴/

/miŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sok̚⁴/

Book of Qi
Nancy S. Steinhardt
Victor H. Mair

First attested in a 5th-century essay by Gu Huan (顧歡), which is reproduced in the 6th-century Book of Southern Qi (translation from Mather, 2005):
According to Ru (2001), 民族's early meaning was closer to 民眾 (“the general populace”).

Today all the Chinese gentlemen and ladies, as well as the common people, have not changed [their natures], but they insist on squatting with exposed heads, wantonly using the manners of the Yi Barbarians. They talk to the shorn-headed crowd, all of them Hu Barbarians. The state has its own long-standing mores; its laws are not to be altered.

The Book of Southern Qi, by Xiao Zixian, 6ᵗʰ century CE

Jīn zhūhuá shìnǚ, mínzú fú gé, ér lù shǒu piān jù, lànyòng Yí lǐ, yún yú jiǎnluò zhī tú, quán shì Húrén, guó yǒu jiù fēng, fǎ bùkě biàn.

今諸華士女，民族弗革，而露首偏踞，濫用夷禮，云於翦落之徒，全是胡人，國有舊風，法不可變。

今诸华士女，民族弗革，而露首偏踞，滥用夷礼，云于翦落之徒，全是胡人，国有旧风，法不可变。

(～街道) Minzu (a subdistrict of Jianghan district, Wuhan, Hubei, China)


四川

→ Catalan: Sichuan

→ English: Sichuan, Szechuan, Szechwan

→ French: Sichuan, Sétchouan

→ Korean: 쓰촨 (Sseuchwan)

→ Manchu: ᠰᡟᠴᡠᠸᠠᠨ (sycuwan)

→ Portuguese: Sichuan, Setsuan, Szechwan, Sujuão

→ Russian: Сычуа́нь (Syčuánʹ), сычуа́нец (syčuánec)

→ Spanish: Sichuán

→ Zhuang: Swconh

/sz̩⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/ɬu³³ t͡sʰun³³/

/si¹¹ t͡ʃʰon⁵³/

/ɕi⁵³ t͡sʰɔn⁴⁴/

/ɬo⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ^((t͡sʰ-))lœŋ⁵³³/

/ɬo⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ^((t͡sʰ-))lyøŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/su²¹⁻⁵³ t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/su²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/su¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/sɯ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡sʰuan³³/

/si⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡sʰuan³³/

/si²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sʰueŋ³³/

/si²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sʰuaŋ³³/

/sz̩³³ t͡sʰø⁴⁴/

/sz̩⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/ɬu³³ t͡sʰun³³/

/si¹¹ t͡ʃʰon⁵³/

/ɕi⁵³ t͡sʰɔn⁴⁴/

/ɬo⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ^((t͡sʰ-))lœŋ⁵³³/

/ɬo⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ^((t͡sʰ-))lyøŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/su²¹⁻⁵³ t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/su²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/su¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/sɯ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡sʰuan³³/

/si⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡sʰuan³³/

/si²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sʰueŋ³³/

/si²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sʰuaŋ³³/

/sz̩³³ t͡sʰø⁴⁴/

During the Tang dynasty, the area of what is now Sichuan was administratively divided into three regions based on the main throughfares through the mountains 川道 (“mountain pass (often near a river)”) at the time. During the Song dynasty, these regions were further redivided into four separate regions, giving rise to its modern name.

zh-l

(～省) Sichuan (a province in central China)


大膽

/tä⁵¹ tän²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tuai²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾laŋ³³/

/tua²²⁻²¹ tã⁵³/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² tã⁵⁵⁴/

/tua²²⁻²¹ tã⁵³/

/tua³³⁻¹¹ tã⁵³/

/tua³³⁻²¹ tã⁴¹/

/tä⁵¹ tän²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tuai²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾laŋ³³/

/tua²²⁻²¹ tã⁵³/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² tã⁵⁵⁴/

/tua²²⁻²¹ tã⁵³/

/tua³³⁻¹¹ tã⁵³/

/tua³³⁻²¹ tã⁴¹/

(～島) Dadan Island (an island of Lieyu, Kinmen County, Taiwan)


上午

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ u²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/saŋ²¹³ vu⁵³/

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ vou²⁴/

/sœːŋ²² ŋ̍¹³/

/sɒ̃⁴⁵ vu⁵³/

/siɔŋ²²⁻²¹ ŋɔ̃⁵³/

/siɔŋ³³⁻²¹ ŋɔ̃⁴¹/

/siɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ ŋɔ̃⁵³/

/siaŋ²²⁻²¹ ŋɔ̃⁵³/

/siɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² ɡɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/ʂan²¹⁻¹¹ u⁴¹/

/san²¹⁻¹¹ u⁴¹/

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ u²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/saŋ²¹³ vu⁵³/

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ vou²⁴/

/sœːŋ²² ŋ̍¹³/

/sɒ̃⁴⁵ vu⁵³/

/siɔŋ²²⁻²¹ ŋɔ̃⁵³/

/siɔŋ³³⁻²¹ ŋɔ̃⁴¹/

/siɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ ŋɔ̃⁵³/

/siaŋ²²⁻²¹ ŋɔ̃⁵³/

/siɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² ɡɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/ʂan²¹⁻¹¹ u⁴¹/

/san²¹⁻¹¹ u⁴¹/

(～村) Shangwu (a village in Gangwei, Longhai, Zhangzhou, Fujian, China)


雲南

→ English: Yunnan

→ Manchu: ᠶᡡᠨ
ᠨᠠᠨ (yūn nan)

Unclear. First attested in the Book of Han as a county under 益州郡, located in modern-day Xiangyun county, Yunnan.

/huŋ⁵³⁻³³ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/ɔŋ¹³⁻¹¹ naŋ¹³/

/uoŋ²⁴⁻²¹ naŋ²⁴/

/in¹³⁻²² lam¹³/

/huŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lam⁵⁵/

/ɦyn²² nø⁴⁴/

/huŋ⁵³⁻³³ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/ɔŋ¹³⁻¹¹ naŋ¹³/

/uoŋ²⁴⁻²¹ naŋ²⁴/

/in¹³⁻²² lam¹³/

/huŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lam⁵⁵/

/ɦyn²² nø⁴⁴/

(～省) Yunnan (a province in southwestern China, bordering Myanmar (Burma), Laos and Vietnam)

The Book of the Later Han, circa 5ᵗʰ century CE

Yúnnán xiàn yǒu shén lù, liǎng tóu, néng shí dúcǎo.

雲南縣有神鹿，兩頭，能食毒草。

云南县有神鹿，两头，能食毒草。

(～縣) (historical) Yunnan (a former county of Yunnan province, China; now Xiangyun county, Yunnan)


雲南

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 雲南(うんなん) (Unnan).

/huŋ⁵³⁻³³ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/ɔŋ¹³⁻¹¹ naŋ¹³/

/uoŋ²⁴⁻²¹ naŋ²⁴/

/in¹³⁻²² lam¹³/

/huŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lam⁵⁵/

/ɦyn²² nø⁴⁴/

/huŋ⁵³⁻³³ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/ɔŋ¹³⁻¹¹ naŋ¹³/

/uoŋ²⁴⁻²¹ naŋ²⁴/

/in¹³⁻²² lam¹³/

/huŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lam⁵⁵/

/ɦyn²² nø⁴⁴/

(～市) Unnan (a city in Shimane Prefecture, Japan)


廈門

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (廈門):
* → Korean: 하문(廈門) (Hamun)
* → Vietnamese: Hạ Môn (廈門)

→ Arabic: شْيَامِن (šyāmin)

→ Dutch: Xiamen, Emoi

desc

→ English: Amoy, Hsia-men, Hsiamen, Xiamen

→ French: Amoy, Xiamen

→ Georgian: სიამენი (siameni)

→ Japanese: 廈(シア)門(メン) (Shiamen)

→ Korean: 샤먼 (Syameon)

→ Portuguese: Amoy, Xiamen

→ Japanese: 廈(ア)門(モイ) (Amoi)

→ Spanish: Emuy

/ɕi̯ä⁵¹ mən³⁵/

/ha³² ᵐbᵘɔn²²/

/ˈha¹¹ mɨn³⁵/

/ha⁵³⁻⁵⁵ mun¹¹/

/xa⁵⁵ mɔŋ³³/

/a²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ muoŋ⁵³/

/e⁴¹⁻²² mŋ̍²⁴/

/e²²⁻²¹ mŋ̍²⁴/

/e³³⁻²¹ mŋ̍²³/

/e³³⁻¹¹ mŋ̍²⁴/

/ɛ²²⁻²¹ muĩ¹³/

/ɛ⁵³⁻¹¹ muĩ¹¹/

/e³⁵⁻¹¹ muŋ⁵⁵/

/ɦo²² mən⁴⁴/

/ɕi̯ä⁵¹ mən³⁵/

/ha³² ᵐbᵘɔn²²/

/ˈha¹¹ mɨn³⁵/

/ha⁵³⁻⁵⁵ mun¹¹/

/xa⁵⁵ mɔŋ³³/

/a²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ muoŋ⁵³/

/e⁴¹⁻²² mŋ̍²⁴/

/e²²⁻²¹ mŋ̍²⁴/

/e³³⁻²¹ mŋ̍²³/

/e³³⁻¹¹ mŋ̍²⁴/

/ɛ²²⁻²¹ muĩ¹³/

/ɛ⁵³⁻¹¹ muĩ¹¹/

/e³⁵⁻¹¹ muŋ⁵⁵/

/ɦo²² mən⁴⁴/

A homophone of the original name 下門／下门 (Xiàmén) that came into official use for its more elegant sense.

zh-l

下門／下门 (Xiàmén)

(historical) Xiamen (a fortification which formerly protected Xiamen Bay, Fujian, China)

(～市) Xiamen (a subprovincial city of Fujian, China)

(～島) Xiamen Island, Amoy Island (an island of Xiamen Bay, Fujian, China)


楊梅

/jɑŋ³⁵ meɪ̯³⁵/

/jœːŋ²¹ muːi̯²¹/

/jœːŋ²¹ muːi̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/iɔŋ³⁵ mi³⁵/

/i̯oŋ¹¹ moi̯¹¹/

/ʒoŋ⁵⁵ moi⁵⁵/

/iɔŋ¹¹ moɪ¹¹/

/iɔŋ³³ mo³³/

/yoŋ⁵³⁻³³ mui⁵³/

/t͡sʰiũ²⁴⁻²² m̩²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɔ̃¹³⁻²² m̩¹³/

/t͡sʰiu²⁴⁻¹¹ m̩²⁴/

/t͡sʰiu²⁴⁻¹² m̩²⁴/

/t͡sʰiu²⁴⁻²² m̩²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɔ̃³³⁻¹¹ m̩²⁴/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻²² muĩ²⁴/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ muĩ²⁴/

/iɔŋ²³⁻³³ muĩ²³/

/t͡sʰiu²²⁻¹¹ m̩²⁴/

/iũ²⁴⁻²¹ mui²⁴/

/iũ²⁴⁻¹¹ muĩ²⁴/

/iũ²³⁻³³ muĩ²³/

/iũ²⁴⁻¹¹ bue²⁴/

/iũ²³⁻³³ bue²³/

/iũ²⁴⁻²¹ bue²⁴/

/iũ²⁴⁻²¹ mue²⁴/

/ĩõ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ bue⁵⁵/

/ɦiã²² me⁴⁴/

/jɑŋ³⁵ meɪ̯³⁵/

/jœːŋ²¹ muːi̯²¹/

/jœːŋ²¹ muːi̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/iɔŋ³⁵ mi³⁵/

/i̯oŋ¹¹ moi̯¹¹/

/ʒoŋ⁵⁵ moi⁵⁵/

/iɔŋ¹¹ moɪ¹¹/

/iɔŋ³³ mo³³/

/yoŋ⁵³⁻³³ mui⁵³/

/t͡sʰiũ²⁴⁻²² m̩²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɔ̃¹³⁻²² m̩¹³/

/t͡sʰiu²⁴⁻¹¹ m̩²⁴/

/t͡sʰiu²⁴⁻¹² m̩²⁴/

/t͡sʰiu²⁴⁻²² m̩²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɔ̃³³⁻¹¹ m̩²⁴/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻²² muĩ²⁴/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ muĩ²⁴/

/iɔŋ²³⁻³³ muĩ²³/

/t͡sʰiu²²⁻¹¹ m̩²⁴/

/iũ²⁴⁻²¹ mui²⁴/

/iũ²⁴⁻¹¹ muĩ²⁴/

/iũ²³⁻³³ muĩ²³/

/iũ²⁴⁻¹¹ bue²⁴/

/iũ²³⁻³³ bue²³/

/iũ²⁴⁻²¹ bue²⁴/

/iũ²⁴⁻²¹ mue²⁴/

/ĩõ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ bue⁵⁵/

/ɦiã²² me⁴⁴/

/iũ²³⁻³³ muẽ²³/

/iũ²⁴⁻¹¹ muẽ²⁴/

/jɑŋ³⁵ meɪ̯³⁵/

/jœːŋ²¹ muːi̯²¹/

/i̯oŋ¹¹ moi̯¹¹/

/iũ²³⁻³³ muĩ²³/

/iũ²⁴⁻¹¹ muĩ²⁴/

/iũ²⁴⁻¹¹ bue²⁴/

/iũ²³⁻³³ bue²³/

/iũ²³⁻³³ muẽ²³/

/iũ²⁴⁻¹¹ muẽ²⁴/

(～區, formerly ～市, ～鎮) Yangmei (a district of Taoyuan, Taiwan, formerly a city and an urban township)


帝都

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (帝都):
* → Japanese: 帝(てい)都(と) (teito)
* → Korean: 제도(帝都) (jedo)

/tɐi̯³³ tou̯⁵⁵/

/tɐi̯³³ tou̯⁵⁵/

(literally or ironic, humorous) derogatory name for Beijing: the capital of China


銅山

/tʰʊŋ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/tʰʊŋ²¹ saːn⁵⁵/

/tʰʊŋ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/tʰʊŋ²¹ saːn⁵⁵/

(～村) Tongshan (a village in Shihua, Gucheng, Xiangyang, Hubei, China)


寧夏

→ English: Ninghsia, Ningsia, Ningxia

/niŋ³⁵ ɕi̯ä⁵¹/

/niŋ²⁴ ɕia⁵¹/

/nɪŋ²¹ haː²²/

/nˡiŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋɑ²⁴²/

/nɛŋ¹³⁻⁴² ha¹¹/

/nɛŋ²⁴⁻⁴² ha²¹/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ ha³³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ha³³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ha⁴¹/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ha²²/

/liɪŋ¹³⁻²² hɛ²²/

/leŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ he¹¹/

/n̠ʲin²² ɦia⁴⁴/

/niŋ³⁵ ɕi̯ä⁵¹/

/niŋ²⁴ ɕia⁵¹/

/nɪŋ²¹ haː²²/

/nˡiŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋɑ²⁴²/

/nɛŋ¹³⁻⁴² ha¹¹/

/nɛŋ²⁴⁻⁴² ha²¹/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ ha³³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ha³³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ha⁴¹/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ha²²/

/liɪŋ¹³⁻²² hɛ²²/

/leŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ he¹¹/

/n̠ʲin²² ɦia⁴⁴/

～回族自治區 寧夏回族自治區#Chinese

Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region
w:Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region

(～回族自治區, formerly ～省) Ningxia, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (a Hui autonomous region of China)


檸檬

/niŋ³⁵ mɤŋ³⁵/

/nɪŋ²¹ mʊŋ²¹⁻⁵⁵/

/ⁿden²² ᵐbɵŋ⁵⁵/

/niŋ¹¹ məŋ¹¹/

/nˡiŋ⁵³⁻³³ muŋ⁵³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² bɔŋ²⁴/

/liɪŋ¹³⁻²² bɔŋ¹³/

/leŋ²⁴⁻²¹ bɔŋ²⁴/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ bɔŋ²³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ bɔŋ²⁴/

/le²³⁻³³ bɔŋ⁴¹/

/le²⁴⁻¹² bɔŋ⁵³/

/le²⁴⁻¹¹ bɔŋ⁵³/

/leŋ²⁴⁻²¹ mɔŋ²⁴/

/li²³⁻²¹ mɔŋ⁴⁴⁵/

/leŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ moŋ⁵⁵/

/leŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ mou⁵⁵/

/lam⁵⁵⁻¹¹ moŋ⁵²/

/nam⁵⁵⁻¹¹ moŋ⁵²/

/n̠ʲin²² moŋ⁴⁴/

/niŋ³⁵ mɤŋ³⁵/

/nɪŋ²¹ mʊŋ²¹⁻⁵⁵/

/ⁿden²² ᵐbɵŋ⁵⁵/

/niŋ¹¹ məŋ¹¹/

/nˡiŋ⁵³⁻³³ muŋ⁵³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² bɔŋ²⁴/

/liɪŋ¹³⁻²² bɔŋ¹³/

/leŋ²⁴⁻²¹ bɔŋ²⁴/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ bɔŋ²³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ bɔŋ²⁴/

/le²³⁻³³ bɔŋ⁴¹/

/le²⁴⁻¹² bɔŋ⁵³/

/le²⁴⁻¹¹ bɔŋ⁵³/

/leŋ²⁴⁻²¹ mɔŋ²⁴/

/li²³⁻²¹ mɔŋ⁴⁴⁵/

/leŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ moŋ⁵⁵/

/leŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ mou⁵⁵/

/lam⁵⁵⁻¹¹ moŋ⁵²/

/nam⁵⁵⁻¹¹ moŋ⁵²/

/n̠ʲin²² moŋ⁴⁴/

Borrowed from English lemon (Huang, 2020); first attested in Volume I of Part II of A Dictionary of the Chinese Language in Three Parts [1819] by Robert Morrison (Huang, 2009).
For Taiwanese Min Nan lê-bóng and Hakka lê-móng, via Japanese 檸檬(レモン) (remon), from English lemon.

(～埠) (dated) Puerto Limón (a city, the capital city of Limón, Costa Rica)


白銀

/paɪ̯³⁵ in³⁵/

/paːk̚² ŋɐn²¹/

/paːk̚² ŋɐn²¹⁻³⁵/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ ɡun²⁴/

/pe(ʔ)²⁴⁻² ɡun²⁴/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ ɡun²⁴/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ ɡin²³/

/pɛ(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ ɡin¹³/

/paɪ̯³⁵ in³⁵/

/paːk̚² ŋɐn²¹/

/paːk̚² ŋɐn²¹⁻³⁵/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ ɡun²⁴/

/pe(ʔ)²⁴⁻² ɡun²⁴/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ ɡun²⁴/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ ɡin²³/

/pɛ(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ ɡin¹³/

(～市) Baiyin (a prefecture-level city of Gansu, China)

(～區) Baiyin (a district of Baiyin City in Gansu, China)


麥加

/maɪ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵/

/mɐk̚² kaː⁵⁵/

/biɪk̚⁴⁻³² ka⁴⁴/

/biɪk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ kɛ⁴⁴/

/maɪ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵/

/mɐk̚² kaː⁵⁵/

/biɪk̚⁴⁻³² ka⁴⁴/

/biɪk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ kɛ⁴⁴/

Mecca (a large city in the Hejaz, Saudi Arabia; the holiest place in Islam)


尼日爾

/ni³⁵ ʐ̩⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/nei̯²¹ jɐt̚² jiː¹³/

/nĩ²⁴⁻²² lit̚⁴⁻³² nĩ⁵³/

/nĩ²⁴⁻²² lit̚²⁴⁻² nĩ⁵⁵⁴/

/nĩ¹³⁻²² d͡zit̚¹²¹⁻²¹ d͡zĩ⁵³/

/ni³⁵ ʐ̩⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/nei̯²¹ jɐt̚² jiː¹³/

/nĩ²⁴⁻²² lit̚⁴⁻³² nĩ⁵³/

/nĩ²⁴⁻²² lit̚²⁴⁻² nĩ⁵⁵⁴/

/nĩ¹³⁻²² d͡zit̚¹²¹⁻²¹ d͡zĩ⁵³/

(Mainland China) Niger (a country in West Africa, situated to the north of Nigeria)


黑龍江

desc

→ English: Heilongjiang, Heilungchiang, Hei-lung-chiang, Heilungkiang

ხეილუნგძიანგი

→ Georgian: ხეილუნგძიანგი (xeilungʒiangi)

/xeɪ̯⁵⁵ lʊŋ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/hɐk̚⁵ lʊŋ²¹ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/haːk̚⁵ lʊŋ²¹ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/hak̚⁵⁵ lɵŋ²² kɔŋ³³/

/hɛt̚¹¹ liʊŋ¹¹ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/hɛiʔ²⁴⁻³⁵ l̃yŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋøyŋ⁵⁵/

heh⁶ loeng² gang¹ [Phonetic:heh⁷ loeng² gang¹]

/hɛʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ lœŋ¹³ kaŋ⁵³³/

heh⁶ lyoeng² gang¹ [Phonetic:heh⁷ lyoeng² gang¹]

/hɛʔ²⁻⁴ lyøŋ²⁴ kaŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ liɔŋ²³⁻³³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ liɔŋ¹³⁻²² kaŋ⁴⁴/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴⁴/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ liɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/hiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kaŋ³³/

/hek̚²⁻⁴ leŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kaŋ³³/

/həʔ³³ loŋ⁵⁵ kɑ̃²¹/

/xeɪ̯⁵⁵ lʊŋ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/hɐk̚⁵ lʊŋ²¹ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/haːk̚⁵ lʊŋ²¹ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/hak̚⁵⁵ lɵŋ²² kɔŋ³³/

/hɛt̚¹¹ liʊŋ¹¹ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/hɛiʔ²⁴⁻³⁵ l̃yŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋøyŋ⁵⁵/

/hɛʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ lœŋ¹³ kaŋ⁵³³/

/hɛʔ²⁻⁴ lyøŋ²⁴ kaŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ liɔŋ²³⁻³³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ liɔŋ¹³⁻²² kaŋ⁴⁴/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴⁴/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ liɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/hiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kaŋ³³/

/hek̚²⁻⁴ leŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kaŋ³³/

/həʔ³³ loŋ⁵⁵ kɑ̃²¹/

From earlier 黑水 (Hēishuǐ), attested since the Tang Dynasty. Semantically, compare Manchu ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ
ᡠᠯᠠ (sahaliyan ula, literally “black river”), Mongolian Хар мөрөн (Xar mörön, literally “black river”).

ncog

ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ ᡠᠯᠠ

Amur River, Heilong Jiang (a major river in the Far East of Russia and Northeastern China)

(～省) Heilongjiang (a province in northeastern China)


遼寧

/li̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ niŋ³⁵/

/liːu̯²¹ nɪŋ²¹/

/l̃ieu⁵³⁻³³ nˡiŋ⁵³/

/lieu¹³⁻¹¹ nɛŋ¹³/

/lieu²⁴⁻²¹ nɛŋ²⁴/

/liau²⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/liau²⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/liau¹³⁻²² liɪŋ¹³/

/liau²⁴⁻¹¹ liɪŋ²⁴/

/liau²³⁻³³ liɪŋ²³/

/liou⁵⁵⁻¹¹ leŋ⁵⁵/

/li̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ niŋ³⁵/

/liːu̯²¹ nɪŋ²¹/

/l̃ieu⁵³⁻³³ nˡiŋ⁵³/

/lieu¹³⁻¹¹ nɛŋ¹³/

/lieu²⁴⁻²¹ nɛŋ²⁴/

/liau²⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/liau²⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/liau¹³⁻²² liɪŋ¹³/

/liau²⁴⁻¹¹ liɪŋ²⁴/

/liau²³⁻³³ liɪŋ²³/

/liou⁵⁵⁻¹¹ leŋ⁵⁵/

(～省) Liaoning (a province in northeastern China)


山東

→ English: Shandong

→ Manchu: ᡧᠠᠨᡩᡠᠩ (šandung)

/ʂän⁵⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/saːn⁵⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/san²⁴⁻¹¹ tuŋ²⁴/

/san⁴⁴ tʊŋ⁴⁴/

/suiŋ⁵⁴ tɔŋ⁵⁴/

/saŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nøyŋ⁵⁵/

/ɬaŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nɒŋ⁵³³/

/ɬaŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nɒŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² taŋ⁴⁴/

/suã³³ taŋ³³/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² taŋ⁴⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ taŋ⁴⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ taŋ⁴⁴/

/sũã³³⁻²³ taŋ³³/

/ʂän⁵⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/saːn⁵⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/san²⁴⁻¹¹ tuŋ²⁴/

/san⁴⁴ tʊŋ⁴⁴/

/suiŋ⁵⁴ tɔŋ⁵⁴/

/saŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nøyŋ⁵⁵/

/ɬaŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nɒŋ⁵³³/

/ɬaŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nɒŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² taŋ⁴⁴/

/suã³³ taŋ³³/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² taŋ⁴⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ taŋ⁴⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ taŋ⁴⁴/

/sũã³³⁻²³ taŋ³³/

(～省) Shandong (a coastal province in eastern China)

(historical, specifically) a geographical area to the east of Hangu Pass

(historical, specifically) a geographical area to the east of the Taihang Mountains

(historical, specifically) a geographical area to the east of Mount Hua


團結

/tʰu̯än³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵/

/hᵘɔn²² ket̚⁵⁵/

/tuaŋ¹³⁻⁴² kɛʔ²¹/

/tuoŋ²⁴⁻⁴² kɛʔ²/

/tʰuan²⁴⁻²¹ kiɛt̚³²/

/tʰuan²⁴⁻²² kiɛt̚⁵/

/tʰuan¹³⁻²² kiɛt̚³²/

/tʰuan²⁴⁻¹¹ kiɛt̚³²/

/tʰuan²⁴⁻²² kiɛt̚³²/

/tʰuan²³⁻³³ kiɛt̚³²/

/tʰueŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kak̚²/

/tʰuaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kak̚²/

/dø²² t͡ɕiɪʔ⁴⁴/

/dø²⁴ t͡ɕiɪʔ²¹/

/dø²² ciɪʔ²²/

/dø²⁴ t͡ɕiəʔ⁵/

/dø²² t͡ɕiɪʔ³³/

/dɵ¹¹ t͡ɕiɪʔ³³/

/dɤə³¹ t͡ɕiɪʔ⁵⁵/

/dɤ¹¹ t͡ɕiəʔ⁵⁵/

/də¹³ t͡ɕiəʔ³³/

/dø²² t͡ɕiɪʔ⁵¹/

/dɛ²² t͡ɕiəʔ⁵⁵/

/de¹¹ t͡ɕiəʔ⁵⁵/

/duõ²² t͡ɕiəʔ³⁴/

/dø̃¹¹ t͡ɕieʔ⁵⁵/

/tʰu̯än³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵/

/hᵘɔn²² ket̚⁵⁵/

/tuaŋ¹³⁻⁴² kɛʔ²¹/

/tuoŋ²⁴⁻⁴² kɛʔ²/

/tʰuan²⁴⁻²¹ kiɛt̚³²/

/tʰuan²⁴⁻²² kiɛt̚⁵/

/tʰuan¹³⁻²² kiɛt̚³²/

/tʰuan²⁴⁻¹¹ kiɛt̚³²/

/tʰuan²⁴⁻²² kiɛt̚³²/

/tʰuan²³⁻³³ kiɛt̚³²/

/tʰueŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kak̚²/

/tʰuaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kak̚²/

/dø²² t͡ɕiɪʔ⁴⁴/

/dø²⁴ t͡ɕiɪʔ²¹/

/dø²² ciɪʔ²²/

/dø²⁴ t͡ɕiəʔ⁵/

/dø²² t͡ɕiɪʔ³³/

/dɵ¹¹ t͡ɕiɪʔ³³/

/dɤə³¹ t͡ɕiɪʔ⁵⁵/

/dɤ¹¹ t͡ɕiəʔ⁵⁵/

/də¹³ t͡ɕiəʔ³³/

/dø²² t͡ɕiɪʔ⁵¹/

/dɛ²² t͡ɕiəʔ⁵⁵/

/de¹¹ t͡ɕiəʔ⁵⁵/

/duõ²² t͡ɕiəʔ³⁴/

/dø̃¹¹ t͡ɕieʔ⁵⁵/

As a lake, paired with nearby Xiezuo Lake from the expression 團結協作 (tuánjié xiézuò, “to work in unity”).

zh-l

(～鎮, formerly ～鄉) Tuanjie (a town in Yuli, Bayingolin prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China, formerly a township)

(～社區) Tuanjie (a residential community in Ruoqiang, Ruoqiang, Bayingolin prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


巴西

/paː⁵⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/pa²⁴⁻¹¹ si²⁴/

/pa⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɛ⁵⁵/

/pa⁴⁴⁻²² se⁴⁴/

/pa⁴⁴⁻³³ se⁴⁴/

/pa³³⁻²³ sai³³/

/paː⁵⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/pa²⁴⁻¹¹ si²⁴/

/pa⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɛ⁵⁵/

/pa⁴⁴⁻²² se⁴⁴/

/pa⁴⁴⁻³³ se⁴⁴/

/pa³³⁻²³ sai³³/

1848, 徐繼畬 [Xu Jiyu], editor, 瀛寰志略, volume 9, page 3:

Qíshí, Pútáoyá yǒu hǎibó zāo fēng, piāo zhì Yàmòlìjiā zhī Bāxī, jiàn qí tǔdì kōngkuò, xǐ guórén kěnzhǒng zhī.

其時，葡萄牙有海舶遭風，飄至亞墨利加之巴西，見其土地空闊，徙國人墾種之。

其时，葡萄牙有海舶遭风，飘至亚墨利加之巴西，见其土地空阔，徙国人垦种之。

Brazil (a large Portuguese-speaking country in South America)


巴西

/paː⁵⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/pa²⁴⁻¹¹ si²⁴/

/pa⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɛ⁵⁵/

/pa⁴⁴⁻²² se⁴⁴/

/pa⁴⁴⁻³³ se⁴⁴/

/pa³³⁻²³ sai³³/

/paː⁵⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/pa²⁴⁻¹¹ si²⁴/

/pa⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɛ⁵⁵/

/pa⁴⁴⁻²² se⁴⁴/

/pa⁴⁴⁻³³ se⁴⁴/

/pa³³⁻²³ sai³³/

(～鎮) Baxi (a town in Zoigê, Ngawa, Sichuan, China)


巴西

Borrowed from Tagalog Pasay via Hokkien.

/paː⁵⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/pa²⁴⁻¹¹ si²⁴/

/pa⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɛ⁵⁵/

/pa⁴⁴⁻²² se⁴⁴/

/pa⁴⁴⁻³³ se⁴⁴/

/pa³³⁻²³ sai³³/

/paː⁵⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/pa²⁴⁻¹¹ si²⁴/

/pa⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɛ⁵⁵/

/pa⁴⁴⁻²² se⁴⁴/

/pa⁴⁴⁻³³ se⁴⁴/

/pa³³⁻²³ sai³³/

(Philippines) (～市) Pasay (a city in Metro Manila, Philippines)


廣島

/ku̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʷɔːŋ³⁵ tou̯³⁵/

/kɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ to⁵³/

/kɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ to⁵⁵⁴/

/kɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ to⁵³/

/kɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ to⁵³/

/kɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tɤ⁴¹/

/ku̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʷɔːŋ³⁵ tou̯³⁵/

/kɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ to⁵³/

/kɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ to⁵⁵⁴/

/kɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ to⁵³/

/kɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ to⁵³/

/kɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tɤ⁴¹/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 広島(ひろしま) (Hiroshima).

(～縣) Hiroshima (a prefecture in southwestern Honshu, Japan)

(～市) Hiroshima (the capital city of Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan)


鸕鶿

/lu³⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/lou̯²¹ t͡sʰiː²¹/

/lu¹¹ t͡sʰɨ¹¹/

/lu¹¹ t͡sʰz̩¹¹/

/l̃u⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾li⁵³/

/lɔ²⁴⁻³³ t͡si²⁴/

/lɔ²⁴⁻²² t͡si²⁴/

/lou⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sɯ³³/

/ləu̯¹³ sz̩³/

/lu³⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/lou̯²¹ t͡sʰiː²¹/

/lu¹¹ t͡sʰɨ¹¹/

/lu¹¹ t͡sʰz̩¹¹/

/l̃u⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾li⁵³/

/lɔ²⁴⁻³³ t͡si²⁴/

/lɔ²⁴⁻²² t͡si²⁴/

/lou⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sɯ³³/

/ləu̯¹³ sz̩³/

(～島) Luci Island (an island of Xiuyu district, Putian, Fujian, China)


泰姬陵

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕi⁵⁵ liŋ³⁵/

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕi⁵⁵ liŋ³⁵/

Taj Mahal (a monument in Agra, India, constructed between 1631 and 1654, considered one of the finest examples of Mughal architecture in the world)


中心

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ɕin⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ sɐm⁵⁵/

/t͡suŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ sim²⁴/

/t͡ʃuŋ⁵³ sim⁵³/

/tœŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ^((ɬ-))niŋ⁵³³/

/tyøŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ^((ɬ-))niŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sim⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sim⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sim⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sim⁴⁴/

/toŋ³³⁻²³ sim³³/

/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ ɕin²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ɕin⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ sɐm⁵⁵/

/t͡suŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ sim²⁴/

/t͡ʃuŋ⁵³ sim⁵³/

/tœŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ^((ɬ-))niŋ⁵³³/

/tyøŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ^((ɬ-))niŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sim⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sim⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sim⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sim⁴⁴/

/toŋ³³⁻²³ sim³³/

/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ ɕin²¹/

(～村) Zhongxin (a village in Wudian, Guangshui, Suizhou, Hubei, China)


木蘭

/ᵐbɵk̚³² lan²²/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² lan²⁴/

/bɔk̚²⁴⁻² lan²⁴/

/bɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ lan¹³/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² lan²⁴/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² lan²³/

/ᵐbɵk̚³² lan²²/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² lan²⁴/

/bɔk̚²⁴⁻² lan²⁴/

/bɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ lan¹³/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² lan²⁴/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² lan²³/

(～縣) Mulan (a county of Harbin, Heilongjiang, China)


支那

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ nä⁵¹/

/t͡siː⁵⁵ naː²¹/

/t͡sɨ²⁴⁻¹¹ na⁵⁵/

/t͡si⁴⁴⁻²² nã⁵³/

/t͡si³³ nã⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡si⁴⁴⁻²² nã⁵³/

/t͡si⁴⁴⁻³³ nã⁵³/

/t͡si⁴⁴⁻³³ nã⁴¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ nä⁵¹/

/t͡siː⁵⁵ naː²¹/

/t͡sɨ²⁴⁻¹¹ na⁵⁵/

/t͡si⁴⁴⁻²² nã⁵³/

/t͡si³³ nã⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡si⁴⁴⁻²² nã⁵³/

/t͡si⁴⁴⁻³³ nã⁵³/

/t͡si⁴⁴⁻³³ nã⁴¹/

(～鄉) Zhina (a township in Yingjiang, Dehong prefecture, Yunnan, China)


丹麥

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (丹麥):
* → Vietnamese: Đan Mạch (丹麥)

→ Zhuang: Danhmwz

/tän⁵⁵ maɪ̯⁵¹/

/tan⁴⁴⁻²² beʔ⁴/

/tan⁴⁴⁻³³ beʔ⁴/

/tan⁴⁴⁻³³ biɪk̚⁴/

/tan⁴⁴⁻²² biɪk̚¹²¹/

/taŋ³³⁻²³ beʔ⁴/

/tän⁵⁵ maɪ̯⁵¹/

/tan⁴⁴⁻²² beʔ⁴/

/tan⁴⁴⁻³³ beʔ⁴/

/tan⁴⁴⁻³³ biɪk̚⁴/

/tan⁴⁴⁻²² biɪk̚¹²¹/

/taŋ³³⁻²³ beʔ⁴/

1900, 張一鵬, 普通學歌訣, 蘇州中西小學堂, page 35:

In the Baltic Sea lies an island named Zealand. It belongs to Denmark and sits on a strategic passage.

Bōluódehǎi, yǒu Rìlún dǎo, shǔyú Dānmài, chūrù yàodào

波羅的海 有日倫島 屬於丹麥 出入要道

1900, 張一鵬, 普通學歌訣, 蘇州中西小學堂, page 35:

波罗的海 有日伦岛 属于丹麦 出入要道


海南

Sino-Xenic (海南):
* → Japanese: 海南(かいなん) (Kainan)
* → Korean: 해남(海南) (Haenam)
* → Vietnamese: Hải Nam (海南)

→ English: Hainan, Hai-nan

→ Russian: Хайна́нь (Xajnánʹ)

→ Thai: ไหหลำ (hǎi-lǎm)

→ Zhuang: Haijnanz

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ nän³⁵/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ naːm²¹/

/hᵘɔi⁵⁵ ⁿdam²²/

/hai³³⁻²¹ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/hai⁴⁵³⁻¹³ naŋ¹³/

/hai³³²⁻⁵⁵ naŋ²⁴/

/hai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lam²⁴/

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ nän³⁵/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ naːm²¹/

/hᵘɔi⁵⁵ ⁿdam²²/

/hai³³⁻²¹ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/hai⁴⁵³⁻¹³ naŋ¹³/

/hai³³²⁻⁵⁵ naŋ²⁴/

/hai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lam²⁴/

Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture
Qinghai Lake
Qiongzhou Strait

Literally, south of a “sea”, which, in the case of Hainan Island or province, refers to the Qiongzhou Strait (瓊州海峽 /琼州海峡 (Qióngzhōu Hǎixiá)), and in the case of Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, refers to the Qinghai Lake (青海湖 (Qīnghǎi Hú)). The district in Wuhai, Inner Mongolia is named after its position relative to the Haibowan (海勃灣／海勃湾) District.
“Kainan” is an orthographic borrowing from Japanese 海(かい)南(なん) (Kainan).

潮州粿條福建麵，海南咖啡廣府炒 / 潮州粿条福建面，海南咖啡广府炒

Cháozhōu guǒtiáo Fújiàn miàn, Hǎinán kāfēi Guǎngfǔ chǎo

Zhou Qufei, Representative Answers from the Region beyond the Mountains, 12ᵗʰ century CE

Hǎinán Lí rén, qīn sǐ, bù shí zhōu fàn, wéi yǐnjiǔ shí shēng niúròu, yǐwéi zhìxiào zài shì.

海南黎人，親死，不食粥飯，唯飲酒食生牛肉，以為至孝在是。

海南黎人，亲死，不食粥饭，唯饮酒食生牛肉，以为至孝在是。

(～島) Hainan, Hainan Island (an island off the coast of southern China)

(～省) Hainan (a province off the coast of southern China, primarily made up of Hainan Island)

～藏族自治州 海南藏族自治州#Chinese

Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture
w:Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture

autonomous prefecture
autonomous prefecture

(～藏族自治州, ～州) Hainan, Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture (a Tibetan autonomous prefecture of Qinghai, China)

(～區) Hainan (a district of Wuhai, Inner Mongolia autonomous region, China)

(～市) Kainan (a city in Wakayama Prefecture, Japan)


上海

desc

→ English: Shang-hai, Shanghae, Shanghai

→ French: Shanghai, Shanghaï, Changhaï

→ Japanese: 上(シャン)海(ハイ) (Shanhai)

→ Korean: 상하이 (Sanghai)

→ Russian: Шанха́й (Šanxáj)

→ Zhuang: Sanghaij

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sœːŋ²² hɔːi̯³⁵/

/siaŋ³² hᵘɔi⁵⁵/

/ʃoŋ⁵³ hoi²⁴/

/sɔŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ hoɪ³¹/

/sɒ̃⁴⁵ xai⁵³/

/t͡siɔŋ⁵⁵ xuɛ²¹/

/suoŋ²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai³³/

/ɬyɒŋ¹¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai⁴⁵³/

/ɬyøŋ²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai³³²/

/siɔŋ²¹ hai⁴⁴⁵/

/siɔŋ³³⁻²¹ hai⁴¹/

/siɔŋ²²⁻²¹ hai⁴²/

/siɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ hai⁵³/

/siɔŋ²²⁻²¹ hai⁵³/

/siɔŋ²² hai⁵⁵⁴/

/siɔŋ³³⁻²² hai⁵⁵⁴/

/siaŋ²²⁻²¹ hai⁵³/

/siaŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ hai⁵²/

/zɑ̃²² he⁴⁴/

/zɑ̃²² he³³/

/ʂan²¹⁻¹¹ xai̯⁴¹/

/san²¹⁻¹¹ xai̯⁴¹/

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sœːŋ²² hɔːi̯³⁵/

/siaŋ³² hᵘɔi⁵⁵/

/ʃoŋ⁵³ hoi²⁴/

/sɔŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ hoɪ³¹/

/sɒ̃⁴⁵ xai⁵³/

/t͡siɔŋ⁵⁵ xuɛ²¹/

/suoŋ²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai³³/

/ɬyɒŋ¹¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai⁴⁵³/

/ɬyøŋ²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai³³²/

/siɔŋ²¹ hai⁴⁴⁵/

/siɔŋ³³⁻²¹ hai⁴¹/

/siɔŋ²²⁻²¹ hai⁴²/

/siɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ hai⁵³/

/siɔŋ²²⁻²¹ hai⁵³/

/siɔŋ²² hai⁵⁵⁴/

/siɔŋ³³⁻²² hai⁵⁵⁴/

/siaŋ²²⁻²¹ hai⁵³/

/siaŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ hai⁵²/

/zɑ̃²² he⁴⁴/

/zɑ̃²² he³³/

/ʂan²¹⁻¹¹ xai̯⁴¹/

/san²¹⁻¹¹ xai̯⁴¹/

Named after 上海浦, a historical river in Shanghai, which was filled in during the late Qing dynasty.

華亭／华亭, 松江

two historical major cities now under the juristiction of Shanghai

上海證券交易所

上海证券交易所

她最近跑到上海去了。

I still have a few things to arrange in Shanghai.

Zài Shànghǎi wǒ háiyǒu jǐ jiàn shìqíng yào ānpái.

在上海我還有幾件事情要安排。

在上海我还有几件事情要安排。

⁶non ⁵tau ⁶zaon-he₅ ⁶le-leq₈ ¹tu-sau₅ ⁶zen-kuaon₁-leq₈

儂到上海來了多少辰光了？

侬到上海来了多少辰光了？

(～市) Shanghai (a major port city and direct-administered municipality of China, the largest urban area in China)

(～縣) (historical) Shanghai (a former county of Shanghai, China)


揚州

ja-r

揚(よう)州(しゅう) (Yōshū)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (揚州):
* → Japanese: 揚(よう)州(しゅう) (Yōshū)
* → Vietnamese: Dương Châu (揚州)

desc

→ English: Yang-chou, Yangchow, Yangzhou

/jɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/jœːŋ²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/i̯oŋ¹¹ t͡su²⁴/

/iɔŋ¹¹ t͡su⁴⁴/

/iɒ̃¹¹ t͡səu¹¹/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu³³/

/iɔŋ¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/iɔŋ²³⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/iaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡siu³³/

/ɦiã²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

/jɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/jœːŋ²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/i̯oŋ¹¹ t͡su²⁴/

/iɔŋ¹¹ t͡su⁴⁴/

/iɒ̃¹¹ t͡səu¹¹/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu³³/

/iɔŋ¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/iɔŋ²³⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/iaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡siu³³/

/ɦiã²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

From the area of 揚州 recorded as one of the Nine Provinces 九州 (Jiǔzhōu) of Yu the Great 大禹 (Dà Yǔ) in the "Tribute of Yu" 禹贡 (Yǔ Gòng) section of the Book of Xia 夏書 /夏书 (Xià Shū) in the Book of Documents 書經 /书经 (shūjīng)

(～市) Yangzhou (a prefecture-level city of Jiangsu, in eastern China)

(historical) Yangzhou (an ancient province, one of the Nine Provinces of ancient China)


瑞士

/ʐu̯eɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/ʐu̯eɪ̯⁵¹ ʂʐ̩¹/

/sɵy̯²² siː²²/

/sɵy̯²² siː²²⁻³⁵/

/ɬui³² ɬu³²⁻³²⁵/

/su̯i⁵⁵ sɨ⁵⁵/

/suɪ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ sz̩⁵³/

/sui²⁴²⁻⁵³ søy²⁴²/

/sui⁴¹⁻²² sɯ²²/

/sui³³⁻¹¹ su³³/

/sui³³⁻²¹ su³³/

/sui²²⁻²¹ su²²/

/zø²² zz̩⁴⁴/

/ʐu̯eɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/ʐu̯eɪ̯⁵¹ ʂʐ̩¹/

/sɵy̯²² siː²²/

/sɵy̯²² siː²²⁻³⁵/

/ɬui³² ɬu³²⁻³²⁵/

/su̯i⁵⁵ sɨ⁵⁵/

/suɪ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ sz̩⁵³/

/sui²⁴²⁻⁵³ søy²⁴²/

/sui⁴¹⁻²² sɯ²²/

/sui³³⁻¹¹ su³³/

/sui³³⁻²¹ su³³/

/sui²²⁻²¹ su²²/

/zø²² zz̩⁴⁴/

From French Suisse, borrowed through a southern Chinese dialect (where 瑞 is pronounced with an s- initial). See also 瑞典 (Ruìdiǎn).
Attested in A Short Account of the Maritime Circuit (瀛寰志略) [1849] by Xu Jiyu.

1848, 徐繼畬 [Xu Jiyu], editor, 瀛寰志略, volume 5, page 3:

Àodìlìyà, Ōuluóbā dàguó yě. Qí shāngchuán chū dǐ Yuèdōng shí, qí huà shuāng yīng, suì é chēngwéi Shuāngyīngguó. Běi jiè Pǔlǔshì, Éluósī, nán jiè Tǔ'ěrqí, dǐ Yàdéyà hǎiyú, Yìdàlǐyà gèguó, xī jiè Ruìshì jì Rì'ěrmàn gèguó, dōngxī sān qiān yībǎi yú lǐ, nánběi yīqiān bābǎi yú lǐ.

𡒃地利亞，歐羅巴大國也。其商船初抵粵東時，旗畫雙鷹，遂訛稱為雙鷹國。北界普魯士、峩羅斯，南界土耳其，抵亞得亞海隅、意大里亞各國，西界瑞士暨日耳曼各國，東西三千一百餘里，南北一千八百餘里。

奥地利亚，欧罗巴大国也。其商船初抵粤东时，旗画双鹰，遂讹称为双鹰国。北界普鲁士、峩罗斯，南界土耳其，抵亚得亚海隅、意大里亚各国，西界瑞士暨日耳曼各国，东西三千一百余里，南北一千八百余里。

Switzerland (a country in Western Europe and Central Europe)


希臘

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (希臘):
* → Korean: 희랍(希臘) (Huirap)
* → Vietnamese: Hi Lạp (希臘)

→ Zhuang: Hihlaz

/hi²⁴⁻¹¹ li̯ap̚⁵/

/hi⁴⁴⁻²² laʔ⁴/

/hi⁴⁴⁻²² laʔ¹²¹/

/hi³³⁻²³ laʔ⁴/

/ɕi⁵⁵ laʔ²¹/

/hi²⁴⁻¹¹ li̯ap̚⁵/

/hi⁴⁴⁻²² laʔ⁴/

/hi⁴⁴⁻²² laʔ¹²¹/

/hi³³⁻²³ laʔ⁴/

/ɕi⁵⁵ laʔ²¹/

Ultimately from Ancient Greek Ἑλλάς (Hellás); attested as early as 1837, in the Eastern Western Monthly Magazine. Compare English Hellas.


波士頓

/pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ tu̯ən⁵¹/

bo¹ xi⁶ dên⁶⁻²

/pɔː⁵⁵ siː²² tɵn²²⁻³⁵/

/pᵘɔ³³ si³² tun³²⁻³²⁵/

/pᵘɔ³³ si³² tun³²/

/pᵘɔ³³ si³²⁻²¹ tun³²⁻³²⁵/

/pᵘɔ³³ si³²⁻²¹ tun³²/

/pʰɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ su³³⁻²¹ tun²¹/

/pʰo⁴⁴⁻³³ su³³⁻¹¹ tun¹¹/

/pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ tu̯ən⁵¹/

/pɔː⁵⁵ siː²² tɵn²²⁻³⁵/

/pᵘɔ³³ si³² tun³²⁻³²⁵/

/pᵘɔ³³ si³² tun³²/

/pᵘɔ³³ si³²⁻²¹ tun³²⁻³²⁵/

/pᵘɔ³³ si³²⁻²¹ tun³²/

/pʰɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ su³³⁻²¹ tun²¹/

/pʰo⁴⁴⁻³³ su³³⁻¹¹ tun¹¹/

1888, T. L. Stedman, K. P. Lee, A Chinese and English Phrase Book in the Canton Dialect, New York: William R. Jenkins Co., page 45:

The rates to Boston are twenty-five cents for ten words.

gei³ heoi³ bo¹ si⁶ deon⁶, mui⁵ sap⁶ go³ zi⁶, jiu³ je⁵ ng⁵ go³ sin¹.

寄去波士頓，每十箇字，要廿五箇仙。

寄去波士顿，每十个字，要廿五个仙。

Boston (the capital and largest city of Massachusetts, United States)


泰國

Sino-Xenic (泰國):
* → Japanese: 泰国(たいこく) (taikoku)
* → Korean: 태국(泰國) (taeguk)

→ Zhuang: Daigoz

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/tʰaːi̯³³ kʷɔːk̚³/

/tʰaɪ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ kuɛt̚¹/

/tʰai²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾uɔʔ²⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ kɔk̚³²/

/tʰai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kɔk̚⁵/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ kɔk̚³²/

/tʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ kɔk̚³²/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ kɔk̚³²/

/tʰai²¹³⁻⁵⁵ kok̚²/

/tʰa³³ koʔ⁴⁴/

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/tʰaːi̯³³ kʷɔːk̚³/

/tʰaɪ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ kuɛt̚¹/

/tʰai²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾uɔʔ²⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ kɔk̚³²/

/tʰai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kɔk̚⁵/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ kɔk̚³²/

/tʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ kɔk̚³²/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ kɔk̚³²/

/tʰai²¹³⁻⁵⁵ kok̚²/

/tʰa³³ koʔ⁴⁴/


長江

desc

→ Manchu: ᡤᠣᠯᠮᡳᠨ
ᡠᠯᠠ (golmin ula) (calque)

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰiaŋ²² kɔŋ³³/

/t͡sʰoŋ¹¹ koŋ²⁴/

/tuoŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋøyŋ⁵⁵/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²³⁻³³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²³⁻³³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kaŋ³³/

/zã²² kɑ̃⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰiaŋ²² kɔŋ³³/

/t͡sʰoŋ¹¹ koŋ²⁴/

/tuoŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋøyŋ⁵⁵/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²³⁻³³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²³⁻³³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kaŋ³³/

/zã²² kɑ̃⁴⁴/

揚子江

originally only in reference to the lower reaches

A solitary sail's distant image disappears into the blue sky; only the Yangtze River continues to flow towards the horizon.

Gūfān yuǎn yǐng bìkōng jìn, wéi jiàn Chángjiāng tiānjì liú.

孤帆遠影碧空盡，唯見長江天際流。

孤帆远影碧空尽，唯见长江天际流。

(～河) Changjiang Creek, the upper course of the Jin River (錦江 /锦江 (Jǐnjiāng)) in Jiangxi

(～社區) Changjiang (a community in Guanshan, Hongshan district, Wuhan, Hubei, China)


青山

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰi̯aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ san²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ san³³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰi̯aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ san²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ san³³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

Castle Peak (a mountain peak in Tuen Mun district, Hong Kong)

Qingshan (a district of Wuhan, Hubei, China)

Qingshan (a district of Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China)

Castle Peak (a former district of Hong Kong), renamed to Tuen Mun

(～鎮) Qingshan (a town in Yunyang district, Shiyan, Hubei, China)

去青山睇病

Castle Peak Hospital
w:Castle Peak Hospital

(～醫院) Castle Peak Hospital (a psychiatric hospital in Tuen Mun district, Hong Kong)

Aoyama (a sub-district in Minato, Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


桃園

For the place in Taiwan, shortened from Hokkien 桃仔園 /桃仔园 (Thô-á-hn̂g), which was used alongside 桃園 /桃园 by the time of the Guangxu Emperor. Found in official Qing documents by 1888.

/tʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/tʰo⁵⁵ ʒan⁵⁵/

/tʰo⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾uoŋ⁵³/

/tʰo²⁴⁻²² hŋ̍²⁴/

/tʰɤ²³⁻³³ hŋ̍²³/

/tʰo²⁴⁻¹¹ hŋ̍²⁴/

/tʰo¹³⁻²² huĩ¹³/

/tʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/tʰo⁵⁵ ʒan⁵⁵/

/tʰo⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾uoŋ⁵³/

/tʰo²⁴⁻²² hŋ̍²⁴/

/tʰɤ²³⁻³³ hŋ̍²³/

/tʰo²⁴⁻¹¹ hŋ̍²⁴/

/tʰo¹³⁻²² huĩ¹³/

(～市, formerly ～縣) Taoyuan (a city and former county of Taiwan)

(～區, formerly ～市) Taoyuan (a district of Taoyuan, Taiwan, formerly a county-controlled city)


光武

/ku̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ u²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʷɔːŋ⁵⁵ mou̯¹³/

/ku̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ u²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʷɔːŋ⁵⁵ mou̯¹³/

(～村) Guangwu (a rural village in Jiaoxi, Yilan County, Taiwan)


中興

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ³³ hiɪŋ³³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ³³ hiɪŋ³³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

(～里) an urban village in Tamsui district, New Taipei City, Taiwan

(～社區) Zhongxing (a residential community in Chenjiagang, Xiangshui, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China)


崇信

/ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ³⁵ ɕin⁵¹/

/sʊŋ²¹ sɵn³³/

/ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ³⁵ ɕin⁵¹/

/sʊŋ²¹ sɵn³³/

(～縣) Chongxin (a county of Pingliang, Gansu, China)


建寧

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ niŋ³⁵/

/kiːn³³ nɪŋ²¹/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ liɪŋ²⁴/

/kiɛn⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ liɪŋ²⁴/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ liɪŋ¹³/

/kiɛn¹¹⁻⁵³ liɪŋ²⁴/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁴¹ liɪŋ²³/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ niŋ³⁵/

/kiːn³³ nɪŋ²¹/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ liɪŋ²⁴/

/kiɛn⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ liɪŋ²⁴/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ liɪŋ¹³/

/kiɛn¹¹⁻⁵³ liɪŋ²⁴/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁴¹ liɪŋ²³/

(～郡) (historical) Jianning (a former commandery of China, from the Three Kingdoms period to the Northern and Southern dynasties)

(～府) (historical) Jianning, Kienning (a former prefecture of Fujian, China, under the Southern Song, Ming and Qing dynasties; modern Jian'ou)

(～路) (historical) Jianning (a former lu in Fujian, China, under the Yuan dynasty; modern Jian'ou)

(～縣) Jianning (a county of Sanming, Fujian, China)


洛陽

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (洛陽):
* → Japanese: 洛陽(らくよう) (Rakuyō)
* → Korean: 낙양(洛陽) (Nagyang)
* → Vietnamese: Lạc Dương (洛陽)

→ English: Luoyang

desc

→ Thai: ลั่วหยาง, ลกเอี๋ยง

→ Thai: ลั่วหยาง, ลกเอี๋ยง

/lu̯ɔ⁵¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/lɔːk̚³ jœːŋ²¹/

/lɔːk̚² jœːŋ²¹/

/lɔk̚⁵ iɔŋ¹¹/

/l̃ouʔ⁵⁻³³ yoŋ⁵³/

/lɔk̚²⁴⁻² iɔŋ²⁴/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² iɔŋ²⁴/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² iɔŋ²³/

/lɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ iaŋ¹³/

/lok̚⁴⁻² iaŋ⁵⁵/

/loʔ¹¹ ɦiã²³/

/lu̯ɔ⁵¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/lɔːk̚³ jœːŋ²¹/

/lɔːk̚² jœːŋ²¹/

/lɔk̚⁵ iɔŋ¹¹/

/l̃ouʔ⁵⁻³³ yoŋ⁵³/

/lɔk̚²⁴⁻² iɔŋ²⁴/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² iɔŋ²⁴/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² iɔŋ²³/

/lɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ iaŋ¹³/

/lok̚⁴⁻² iaŋ⁵⁵/

/loʔ¹¹ ɦiã²³/

Encyclopædia Britannica
Luo River (Henan)
Yin_and_yang#Toponymy

Yang (north) of the Luo River; based on Yin and yang toponymy in which north is associated with yang. Luoyang is situated to the north of the Luo River.

洛阳
雒陽
洛阳
樂洋
落洋

(～市) Luoyang (a prefecture-level city of Henan, China)

(～鎮) Luoyang (a town in the district of Zengdu, in the prefecture-level city of Suizhou, Hubei, China)


洛陽

/lu̯ɔ⁵¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/lo(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ iũ²⁴/

/lo(ʔ)²⁴⁻² iũ²⁴/

/lo(ʔ)²³⁻² iũ²⁴/

/lu̯ɔ⁵¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/lo(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ iũ²⁴/

/lo(ʔ)²⁴⁻² iũ²⁴/

/lo(ʔ)²³⁻² iũ²⁴/

Popularly considered to be a beautified form (雅化) of 落洋.

zh-wp

zh:洛陽鎮 (惠安縣)

洛阳
雒陽
洛阳
樂洋
落洋

(～鎮) Luoyang (a town in Hui'an County, in the prefecture-level city of Quanzhou, Fujian, China)

(～江) Luoyang (a river in the prefecture-level city of Quanzhou, Fujian, China)


大浪

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ lɑŋ⁵¹/

/taːi̯²² lɔːŋ²²/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ loŋ⁵⁵/

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ lɑŋ⁵¹/

/taːi̯²² lɔːŋ²²/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ loŋ⁵⁵/

(～村) Tai Long (a village of South Lantao Rural Committee in Chi Ma Wan, Islands district, New Territories, Hong Kong)

(～村) Tai Long (a village of Sai Kung Rural Committee, Sai Kung district, New Territories, Hong Kong)


五原

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

/ŋ̍¹³ jyːn²¹/

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

/ŋ̍¹³ jyːn²¹/

In autumn during the seventh lunar month, a rainbow was seen in the imperial palace; in the side of a mountain in Wuyuan, a huge rift was created (as the result of an earthquake).

Romance of the Three Kingdoms, circa 14ᵗʰ century CE

Qiū qī yuè, yǒu hóng jiàn yú yùtáng; Wǔyuán shān àn, jìn jiē bēngliè.

秋七月，有虹見於玉堂；五原山岸，盡皆崩裂。

秋七月，有虹见于玉堂；五原山岸，尽皆崩裂。

(～縣) Wuyuan County, Bayan Nur, Inner Mongolia


鉅鹿

/t͡ɕy⁵¹⁻⁵³ lu⁵¹/

/kɵy̯²² lʊk̚²⁻³⁵/

/t͡ɕy⁵¹⁻⁵³ lu⁵¹/

/kɵy̯²² lʊk̚²⁻³⁵/

(～縣) Julu (a county of Xingtai, Hebei, China; formerly Nanyi prior to the Sui dynasty)

At that time, there lived three brothers in Julu County: Zhang Jiao, Zhang Bao and Zhang Liang.

c. 1330 - 1400, Luo Guanzhong, Romance of the Three Kingdoms/Chapter 1

Shí Jùlù Jùn yǒu xiōngdì sān rén: yī míng Zhāng Jiǎo, yī míng Zhāng Bǎo, yī míng Zhāng Liáng.

時鉅鹿郡有兄弟三人：一名張角，一名張寶，一名張梁。

时钜鹿郡有兄弟三人：一名张角，一名张宝，一名张梁。

(～縣) (historical) Julu (a former county in present-day Pingxiang, Xingtai, Hebei, China)


太平

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (太平):
* → Japanese: 太平(たいへい) (taihei)
* → Korean: 태평(太平) (taepyeong)
* → Vietnamese: thái bình (太平)

→ Manchu: ᡨᠠᡳᡶᡳᠨ (taifin)

desc

→ Classical Mongolian: ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠫᠢᠩ (tayiping)

→ Classical Mongolian: ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠫᠢᠩ (tayiping)

Mongolian: тайван (tajvan)

→ Tuvan: тайбың (taybıñ)

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/tʰɛ⁴⁴ pʰiŋ²⁴/

/tʰaːi̯³³ pʰɪŋ²¹/

/tʰuɛ³³ peiŋ²¹/

/tʰai²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βaŋ⁵³/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ piɪŋ²⁴/

/tʰai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ piɪŋ²⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ piɪŋ¹³/

/tʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ piɪŋ²⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ piɪŋ²³/

/tʰai²¹³⁻⁵⁵ pʰeŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/tʰɛ⁴⁴ pʰiŋ²⁴/

/tʰaːi̯³³ pʰɪŋ²¹/

/tʰuɛ³³ peiŋ²¹/

/tʰai²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βaŋ⁵³/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ piɪŋ²⁴/

/tʰai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ piɪŋ²⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ piɪŋ¹³/

/tʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ piɪŋ²⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ piɪŋ²³/

/tʰai²¹³⁻⁵⁵ pʰeŋ⁵⁵/

寧為太平犬，不做亂世人 / 宁为太平犬，不做乱世人

nìng wéi tàipíng quǎn, bù zuò luànshì rén

(～府) (historical) Taiping (a prefecture of Anhui, during the Ming and Qing dynasties)

various place names, including:
(～省) Thái Bình (a province of Vietnam)

various place names, including:
Thái Bình (a province of Vietnam)

various place names, including:
(～市) Thái Bình (a city in Vietnam)

various place names, including:
Thái Bình (a city in Vietnam)

Larut, Matang and Selama
Larut, Matang and Selama#English

(～市) Taiping (a city in Larut, Matang and Selama district, Perak, Malaysia)

(～縣) Thới Bình district (a rural district of Cà Mau Province, Vietnam)

(～區, formerly ～市, ～鄉) Taiping (a district of Taichung, Taiwan)

Taiping (a district of Taichung, Taiwan)

(～區) Taiping (a district of Fuxin, Liaoning, China)

Taiping (a district of Fuxin, Liaoning, China)

(～區) Taiping (a former district of Heilongjiang, Heilongjiang, China)

various place names, including:
various towns:
(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Tianjin, China)

various place names, including:
various towns:
Taiping (a town in Tianjin, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Tongliang, Chongqing, China)

Taiping (a town in Tongliang, Chongqing, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Dianjiang, Chongqing, China)

Taiping (a town in Dianjiang, Chongqing, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Jixian, Shuangyashan, Heilongjiang, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Shuangyang district, Changchun, Jilin, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Panshan, Panjin, Liaoning, China)

Taiping (a town in Panshan, Panjin, Liaoning, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Shuangliu, Chengdu, Sichuan, China)

Taiping (a town in Shuangliu, Chengdu, Sichuan, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Wanyuan, Dazhou, Sichuan, China)

Taiping (a town in Wanyuan, Dazhou, Sichuan, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Lushan, Ya'an, Sichuan, China)

Taiping (a town in Lushan, Ya'an, Sichuan, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Gulin, Luzhou, Sichuan, China)

Taiping (a town in Gulin, Luzhou, Sichuan, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Xingwen, Yibin, Sichuan, China)

Taiping (a town in Xingwen, Yibin, Sichuan, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Xichong, Nanchong, Sichuan, China)

Taiping (a town in Xichong, Nanchong, Sichuan, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Jiangyou, Mianyang, Sichuan, China)

Taiping (a town in Jiangyou, Mianyang, Sichuan, China)

(～鎮, formerly ～鄉) Taiping (a former town in Youxian district, Mianyang, Sichuan, China, formerly a township)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Zizhong, Neijiang, Sichuan, China)

Taiping (a town in Zizhong, Neijiang, Sichuan, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Huili, Liangshan prefecture, Sichuan, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Shawan district, Leshan, Yunnan, China)

Taiping (a town in Shawan district, Leshan, Yunnan, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Yao'an, Chuxiong prefecture, Yunnan, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Yingjiang, Dehong prefecture, Yunnan, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a former town in Anning, Kunming, Yunnan, China)

Taiping (a former town in Anning, Kunming, Yunnan, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Sidian, Baoshan, Yunnan, China)

Taiping (a town in Sidian, Baoshan, Yunnan, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Sihong, Suqian, Jiangsu, China)

Taiping (a town in Sihong, Suqian, Jiangsu, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Zhao'an, Zhangzhou, Fujian, China)

Taiping (a town in Zhao'an, Zhangzhou, Fujian, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Yanping district, Nanping, Fujian, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Yuanyang, Xinxiang, Henan, China)

Taiping (a town in Yuanyang, Xinxiang, Henan, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Xixia, Nanyang, Henan, China)

Taiping (a town in Xixia, Nanyang, Henan, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Zaoyang, Xiangyang, Hubei, China)

Taiping (a town in Zaoyang, Xiangyang, Hubei, China)

(～鎮, formerly ～鄉) Taiping (a town in Guangshui, Suizhou, Hubei, China, formerly a township)

(～鎮, formerly ～鄉) Taiping (a town in Hefeng, Enshi prefecture, Hubei, China, formerly a township)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Ningyuan, Yongzhou, Hunan, China)

Taiping (a town in Ningyuan, Yongzhou, Hunan, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Shimen, Changde, Hunan, China)

Taiping (a town in Shimen, Changde, Hunan, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Conghua district, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Cixing, Shaoguan, Guangdong, China)

Taiping (a town in Cixing, Shaoguan, Guangdong, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Majiang, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China)

Taiping (a town in Majiang, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Yangshan, Qingyuan, Guangdong, China)

Taiping (a town in Yangshan, Qingyuan, Guangdong, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Qingxin district, Qingyuan, Guangdong, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Luoding, Yunfou, Guangdong, China)

Taiping (a town in Luoding, Yunfou, Guangdong, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Xinxing, Yunfou, Guangdong, China)

Taiping (a town in Xinxing, Yunfou, Guangdong, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Teng, Wuzhou, Guangxi autonomous region, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Wuming district, Nanning, Guangxi autonomous region, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Jiangzhou district, Chongzuo, Guangxi autonomous region, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Liucheng, Liuzhou, Guangxi autonomous region, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Lingshan, Qinzhou, Guangxi autonomous region, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Pingguo, Baise, Guangxi autonomous region, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Juye, Heze, Shandong, China)

Taiping (a town in Juye, Heze, Shandong, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Zoucheng, Jining, Shandong, China)

Taiping (a town in Zoucheng, Jining, Shandong, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Jiyang, Jinan, Shandong, China)

Taiping (a town in Jiyang, Jinan, Shandong, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Wanli district, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China)

Taiping (a town in Wanli district, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Jingyang, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China)

Taiping (a town in Jingyang, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Zhenyuan, Qingyang, Gansu, China)

Taiping (a town in Zhenyuan, Qingyang, Gansu, China)

(～鄉) Taiping (a town in Tuquan, Xing'an, Inner Mongolia autonomous region, China)

(～里, formerly ～村) an urban village in Linkou district, New Taipei City, Taiwan, formerly a rural village

(～村) Taiping (a village in Zhonglu, Lichuan, Enshi prefecture, Hubei, China)

(～街道, formerly ～鎮) Taiping (a subdistrict of Daoli district, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China, formerly a town)


宣化

/ɕy̯ɛn⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/ɕy̯ɛn⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

(～區) Xuanhua (a district of Zhangjiakou, Hebei, China)


將軍

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕyn⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ d͡ʑ̥yn²/

/t͡ɕiaŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕyn⁵⁵/

/t͡sœːŋ⁵⁵ kʷɐn⁵⁵/

/t͡si̯oŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ki̯un²⁴/

/t͡ɕiɔŋ⁴⁴ kiun⁴⁴/

/t͡siɔŋ³³ kœyŋ⁵⁴/

/t͡siɔŋ⁵⁴ kœyŋ⁵⁴/

/t͡suoŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋuŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡syɒŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɔŋ⁵³³/

zyoeng¹ guong¹ [Phonetic:zyoeng⁵ nguong¹]

/t͡syøŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋuoŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/t͡siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kun⁴⁴/

/t͡siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kun⁴⁴/

/t͡siaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kun⁴⁴/

/t͡siaŋ³³⁻²³ kuŋ³³/

/t͡ɕiã⁵⁵ t͡ɕyn²¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕyn⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ d͡ʑ̥yn²/

/t͡ɕiaŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕyn⁵⁵/

/t͡sœːŋ⁵⁵ kʷɐn⁵⁵/

/t͡si̯oŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ki̯un²⁴/

/t͡ɕiɔŋ⁴⁴ kiun⁴⁴/

/t͡siɔŋ³³ kœyŋ⁵⁴/

/t͡siɔŋ⁵⁴ kœyŋ⁵⁴/

/t͡suoŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋuŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡syɒŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɔŋ⁵³³/

/t͡syøŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋuoŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/t͡siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kun⁴⁴/

/t͡siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kun⁴⁴/

/t͡siaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kun⁴⁴/

/t͡siaŋ³³⁻²³ kuŋ³³/

/t͡ɕiã⁵⁵ t͡ɕyn²¹/

First used in the state of Jin in Spring and Autumn period, where the army are controled by one of the leaders of six powerful vassal states (see Zhongjunjiang). Later it becomes a separate official position.

(～村) Jiangjyun, Jiangjun (a rural village in Wangan, Penghu County, Taiwan)


甲子

/t͡ɕi̯ä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kap⁵⁻² t͡sɨ²⁴/

/t͡ɕiaʔ²⁻⁴⁵ t͡sz̩⁵³/

/kaʔ²⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sy³³/

/ka(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ t͡si⁴¹/

/ka(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ t͡si⁵³/

/ka(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ t͡su⁵³/

/t͡ɕiaʔ³³ t͡sz̩⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯ä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kap⁵⁻² t͡sɨ²⁴/

/t͡ɕiaʔ²⁻⁴⁵ t͡sz̩⁵³/

/kaʔ²⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sy³³/

/ka(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ t͡si⁴¹/

/ka(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ t͡si⁵³/

/ka(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ t͡su⁵³/

/t͡ɕiaʔ³³ t͡sz̩⁴⁴/

(～鎮) Jiazi (a town in Lufeng, Shanwei, Guangdong, China)

(～鎮) Jiazi (a town in Qiongshan district, Haikou, Hainan, China)


青州

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ t͡siu³³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ t͡siu³³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

(～市) Qingzhou (a city in Shandong, China)


幽州

/joʊ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/joʊ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

(historical) Youzhou (an ancient prefecture in modern China)

(historical) Youzhou (one of the Nine Provinces of ancient China)


徐州

/ɕy³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɵy̯²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/sɯ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu³³/

/su²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/si¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/ɕy³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɵy̯²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/sɯ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu³³/

/su²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/si¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

(～市) Xuzhou (a prefecture-level city in northwestern Jiangsu, China)

(historical) Xuzhou (an ancient province, one of the Nine Provinces of ancient China)


冀州

/t͡ɕi⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kʰei̯³³ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kʰei̯³³ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

(～區, formerly ～市) Jizhou (a district and former county-level city of Hengshui, Hebei, China)


荊州

→ English: Jingzhou, Kingchow, Kin-tcheou, Ching-chou

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kɪŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ t͡sɤ²¹/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kɪŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ t͡sɤ²¹/

(～市) Jingzhou (a prefecture-level city of Hubei, China)

(～區) Jingzhou (a district of Jingzhou, Hubei, China)

經濟技術開發區 經濟技術開發區#Chinese

(～經濟技術開發區) Jingzhou (an economic and technological development zone in Jingzhou, Hubei, China)

(～鄉) Jingzhou (a township in Jixi, Xuancheng, Anhui, China)


兗州

/jɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/jiːn¹³ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/jɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/jiːn¹³ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

(～區, formerly ～市) Yanzhou (a district of Jining, Shandong, China, formerly a county-level city)


豫州

/y⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/jyː²² t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/y⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/jyː²² t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

Yuzhou (an ancient city in Henan and Anhui Provinces)


江夏

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ɕi̯ä⁵¹/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ haː²²/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ɕi̯ä⁵¹/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ haː²²/

(～郡) (historical) Jiangxia (an ancient commandery located in present-day eastern Hubei province that existed from the Han dynasty to the Tang dynasty)

(～縣) (historical) Jiangxia (a historical county that existed between 581 and 1911, located in present-day Wuhan, Hubei)

(～區) Jiangxia (a district of Wuhan, Hubei, China)


竟陵

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵¹ liŋ³⁵/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵¹ liŋ³⁵/


中山

Literally “Central Mountains”, named after a mountain in its capital.

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/t͡sɵŋ³³ san³³/

/t͡suŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ san²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/t͡sɵŋ³³ san³³/

/t͡suŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ san²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

(～國) (historical) Zhongshan (ancient feudal state in modern Dingzhou, Hebei, China)


中山

Named after Chinese president 孫中山 (Sun Yat-sen), who used the pseudonym 中(なか)山(やま)樵(きこり) (Nakayama Kikori). Ultimately from the Japanese surname 中(なか)山(やま) (Nakayama).
Zhongshan, Guangdong was renamed from 香山 (Xiāngshān); Sun Yat-sen's birthplace is in Zhongshan.

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/t͡sɵŋ³³ san³³/

/t͡suŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ san²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/t͡sɵŋ³³ san³³/

/t͡suŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ san²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

(～市, formerly ～縣) Zhongshan (a prefecture-level city and former county of Guangdong, China)

(～區) Zhongshan (a district of Dalian, Liaoning, China)

(～區) Zhongshan (a district of the city of Taipei, Taiwan)

(～區) Zhongshan (a district of the city of Keelung, Taiwan)


東南

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ nän³⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ naːm²¹/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² lam²⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² lam¹³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ lam²⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ lam²³/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ nän³⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ naːm²¹/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² lam²⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² lam¹³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ lam²⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ lam²³/

(～地區) Southeast China (a region of China, centred on Guangdong and Fujian; overlapping with the regions of South Central China and East China)


河東

/xɤ³⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/hɔː²¹ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/ho²⁴⁻²² taŋ⁴⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻²² taŋ³³/

/ho¹³⁻²² taŋ⁴⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ taŋ⁴⁴/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ taŋ⁴⁴/

/xɤ³⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/hɔː²¹ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/ho²⁴⁻²² taŋ⁴⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻²² taŋ³³/

/ho¹³⁻²² taŋ⁴⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ taŋ⁴⁴/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ taŋ⁴⁴/

(historical) Hedong Commandery (a region of Shanxi, China)

(～區) Hedong (a district of Tianjin, China)


同心

→ English: Tongxin

/tʰʊŋ³⁵ ɕin⁵⁵/

/tʰʊŋ²¹ sɐm⁵⁵/

/taŋ²⁴⁻²² sim⁴⁴/

/taŋ²⁴⁻²² sim³³/

/taŋ¹³⁻²² sim⁴⁴/

/taŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ sim⁴⁴/

/taŋ²³⁻³³ sim⁴⁴/

/tʰʊŋ³⁵ ɕin⁵⁵/

/tʰʊŋ²¹ sɐm⁵⁵/

/taŋ²⁴⁻²² sim⁴⁴/

/taŋ²⁴⁻²² sim³³/

/taŋ¹³⁻²² sim⁴⁴/

/taŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ sim⁴⁴/

/taŋ²³⁻³³ sim⁴⁴/

(～縣) Tongxin (a county of Wuzhong, Ningxia autonomous region, China)

(～村) Tongxin (a village in Caidian, Caidian district, Wuhan, Hubei, China)

(～村) Tongxin (a village in Wudian, Zaoyang, Xiangyang, Hubei, China)


金銀

/t͡ɕiŋ²⁴ iŋ²⁴/

/kɐm⁵⁵ ŋɐn²¹/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² ɡin²⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² ɡun²⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² ɡin¹³/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² ɡun¹³/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡin²⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡun²⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡin²³/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡun²³/

/t͡ɕiŋ²⁴ iŋ²⁴/

/kɐm⁵⁵ ŋɐn²¹/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² ɡin²⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² ɡun²⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² ɡin¹³/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² ɡun¹³/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡin²⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡun²⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡin²³/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡun²³/

(～村) Jinyin (a village in Zhonglu, Lichuan, Enshi prefecture, Hubei, China)


杭州

ja-r

杭(こう)州(しゅう) (Kōshū)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (杭州):
* → Japanese: 杭(こう)州(しゅう) (Kōshū)
* → Korean: 항주(杭州) (Hangju)
* → Vietnamese: Hàng Châu (杭州)

/xɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/hɔːŋ²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/hɔŋ²² t͡siu³³/

/hoŋ⁵⁵ t͡ʃiu⁵³/

/hɔŋ¹¹ t͡su⁴⁴/

/haŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/haŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu³³/

/haŋ¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/haŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/haŋ²³⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/haŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡siu³³/

/ɦɑ̃²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

/ɦɑŋ²² t͡sei³⁴/

/xɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/hɔːŋ²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/hɔŋ²² t͡siu³³/

/hoŋ⁵⁵ t͡ʃiu⁵³/

/hɔŋ¹¹ t͡su⁴⁴/

/haŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/haŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu³³/

/haŋ¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/haŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/haŋ²³⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/haŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡siu³³/

/ɦɑ̃²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

/ɦɑŋ²² t͡sei³⁴/

The province's name derived from 餘杭／余杭 (Yúháng), traditionally glossed as a mistake for 禹航 (“Yu's ferry”) but more likely a transcription into Old Chinese characters of a native Proto-Wu placename.

zh-l

餘杭／余杭 (Yúháng)

(～市) Hangzhou (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Zhejiang, China)

(historical) Hang Prefecture or Province (former division of imperial China)


前進

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵ t͡ɕin⁵¹/

/t͡sʰiːn²¹ t͡sɵn³³/

/t͡siɛn¹³⁻²² t͡sin²¹/

/t͡siɛn²⁴⁻²² t͡sin²¹/

/t͡siɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sin¹¹/

/t͡siɛn²⁴⁻²² t͡sin⁴¹/

/t͡siɛn²³⁻³³ t͡sin²¹/

/t͡siɪŋ²³⁻³³ t͡sin²¹/

/t͡siɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sin¹¹/

/t͡sõĩ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡siŋ²¹³/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵ t͡ɕin⁵¹/

/t͡sʰiːn²¹ t͡sɵn³³/

/t͡siɛn¹³⁻²² t͡sin²¹/

/t͡siɛn²⁴⁻²² t͡sin²¹/

/t͡siɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sin¹¹/

/t͡siɛn²⁴⁻²² t͡sin⁴¹/

/t͡siɛn²³⁻³³ t͡sin²¹/

/t͡siɪŋ²³⁻³³ t͡sin²¹/

/t͡siɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sin¹¹/

/t͡sõĩ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡siŋ²¹³/

(～街道) Qianjin (a subdistrict of Jianghan district, Wuhan, Hubei, China)

(～村) Qianjin (a village in Gaocheng, Sui, Suizhou, Hubei, China)

(～村) (historical) Qianjin (a village in Liushuquan, Fengnan district, Tangshan, Hebei, China)


翻身

/fän⁵⁵ ʂən⁵⁵/

/fan²⁴⁻¹¹ sɨn²⁴/

/fän⁵⁵ ʂən⁵⁵/

/fan²⁴⁻¹¹ sɨn²⁴/

(～村) Fanshen (a village in Zhonglu, Lichuan, Enshi prefecture, Hubei, China)


廣宗

/ku̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kʷɔːŋ³⁵ t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵/

/ku̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kʷɔːŋ³⁵ t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵/

(～縣) Guangzong (a county of Xingtai, Hebei, China)


潁川

/iŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/iŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

(～郡) (historical) Yingchuan (a commandery in ancient China that existed between the Qin and Tang dynasties, whose capital was located in modern day Yuzhou, Henan, China)


紅旗

/xʊŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/hʊŋ²¹ kʰei̯²¹/

/aŋ¹³⁻¹¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋi¹³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋi²⁴/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² ki²⁴/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² ki²⁴/

/aŋ¹³⁻²² ki¹³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ki²⁴/

/aŋ²³⁻³³ ki²³/

/aŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ki⁵⁵/

/xʊŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/hʊŋ²¹ kʰei̯²¹/

/aŋ¹³⁻¹¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋi¹³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋi²⁴/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² ki²⁴/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² ki²⁴/

/aŋ¹³⁻²² ki¹³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ki²⁴/

/aŋ²³⁻³³ ki²³/

/aŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ki⁵⁵/

(～村) Hongqi (a village in Yonglong, Jingshan, Jingmen, Hubei, China)

(～村) Hongqi (a village in Huilong, Fang, Shiyan, Hubei, China)

(～社區) Hongqi (a community in Zhucheng, Xinzhou district, Wuhan, Hubei, China)


吉利

/t͡ɕi³⁵ li⁵¹/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ li²²/

/kiɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ li⁴¹/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ li³³/

/kit̚³²⁻⁵ li²²/

/t͡ɕiɪʔ³³ li⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕi³⁵ li⁵¹/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ li²²/

/kiɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ li⁴¹/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ li³³/

/kit̚³²⁻⁵ li²²/

/t͡ɕiɪʔ³³ li⁴⁴/

(～區) Jili District (a district of Luoyang, Henan, China)


南陽

/nän³⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/naːm²¹ jœːŋ²¹/

/lam²⁴⁻²² iɔŋ²⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² iɔŋ²⁴/

/lam¹³⁻²² iɔŋ¹³/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ iɔŋ²⁴/

/lam²³⁻³³ iɔŋ²³/

/nän³⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/naːm²¹ jœːŋ²¹/

/lam²⁴⁻²² iɔŋ²⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² iɔŋ²⁴/

/lam¹³⁻²² iɔŋ¹³/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ iɔŋ²⁴/

/lam²³⁻³³ iɔŋ²³/

南陽漢畫像石

南阳汉画像石

(～市) Nan'yō (a city in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan)

(～鎮) Nanyang (a town in Xingshan, Yichang, Hubei, China)

勞動者區 勞動者區#Chinese

(～勞動者區) Namyang (a worker's district in Onsong, North Hamgyong Province, North Korea)


汝南

/ʐu²¹⁴⁻²¹ nän³⁵/

/ʐu²¹⁴⁻²¹ nän³⁵/

(～縣) Runan (a county of Zhumadian, Henan, China)


高岡

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ kɑŋ⁵⁵/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ kɑŋ⁵⁵/

(～市) Takaoka (a city in Toyama Prefecture, Japan)


隴西

/lʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi⁵⁵/

/lʊŋ¹³ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/lʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi⁵⁵/

/lʊŋ¹³ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

(～縣) Longxi (a county of Dingxi, Gansu, China)

(～郡) (historical) Longxi (an ancient commandery of Guanzhong, China during the Qin dynasty, in the southern part of modern Gansu)


臨洮

/lin³⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³⁵/

/lɐm²¹ tʰou̯²¹/

/lin³⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³⁵/

/lɐm²¹ tʰou̯²¹/

(～縣) Lintao (a county of Dingxi, Gansu, China)


曲陽

/t͡ɕʰy⁵⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/kʰʊk̚⁵ jœːŋ²¹/

/t͡ɕʰy⁵⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/kʰʊk̚⁵ jœːŋ²¹/

(～縣) Quyang (a county of Baoding, Hebei, China)


先鋒

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ fɤŋ⁵⁵/

/siːn⁵⁵ fʊŋ⁵⁵/

/si̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ fuŋ²⁴/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/siɛn³³ hɔŋ³³/

/siɛn⁵⁵⁻³³ hɔŋ⁵⁵/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/ɕi⁵⁵ foŋ²¹/

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ fɤŋ⁵⁵/

/siːn⁵⁵ fʊŋ⁵⁵/

/si̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ fuŋ²⁴/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/siɛn³³ hɔŋ³³/

/siɛn⁵⁵⁻³³ hɔŋ⁵⁵/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/ɕi⁵⁵ foŋ²¹/

(～區域, formerly ～郡) Sŏnbong (a ward of Rason, North Korea)


山頭

/ʂän⁵⁵ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/

/saːn⁵⁵ tʰɐu̯²¹/

/ɬũã⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ^((tʰ-))nau²⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² tʰau²⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² tʰau¹³/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰau²⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰau²³/

/ʂän⁵⁵ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/

/saːn⁵⁵ tʰɐu̯²¹/

/ɬũã⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ^((tʰ-))nau²⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² tʰau²⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² tʰau¹³/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰau²⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰau²³/

(～社區, formerly ～村) Shantou (a residential community in Dadeng, Xiang'an district, Xiamen, Fujian, China, formerly a village)


擂鼓

/leɪ̯³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lɵy̯²¹ kuː³⁵/

/leɪ̯³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lɵy̯²¹ kuː³⁵/

/lui²⁴⁻¹¹ kɔ⁵³/

/lui²³⁻³³ kɔ⁴¹/

/lui²⁴⁻¹¹ kɔ⁵³/

/lui²³⁻³³ kɔ⁴¹/

(～鎮) Leigu (a town in Zhushan, Shiyan, Hubei, China)


得勝

/tɤ³⁵ ʂɤŋ⁵¹/

/tɐk̚⁵ sɪŋ³³/

/tit̚³²⁻⁴ siɪŋ²¹/

/tit̚⁵⁻²⁴ siɪŋ⁴¹/

/tit̚³²⁻⁵ siɪŋ²¹/

/tit̚³²⁻⁴ siɪŋ¹¹/

/tit̚³²⁻⁴ siɪŋ²¹/

/tɤ³⁵ ʂɤŋ⁵¹/

/tɐk̚⁵ sɪŋ³³/

/tit̚³²⁻⁴ siɪŋ²¹/

/tit̚⁵⁻²⁴ siɪŋ⁴¹/

/tit̚³²⁻⁵ siɪŋ²¹/

/tit̚³²⁻⁴ siɪŋ¹¹/

/tit̚³²⁻⁴ siɪŋ²¹/

(～鎮) Desheng (a town in Zhushan, Shiyan, Hubei, China)


西南

/ɕi⁵⁵ nän³⁵/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ naːm²¹/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ lam²³/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ lam²⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² lam²⁴/

/ɕi⁵⁵ nän³⁵/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ naːm²¹/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ lam²³/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ lam²⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² lam²⁴/

Tibet Autonomous Region
Tibet Autonomous Region

(～地區) Southwest China (a region of China; consisting of Chongqing, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan and the Tibet Autonomous Region)

大行政區 大行政區#Chinese

(～大行政區, ～區) (historical) Southwest China (a former greater administrative region of China from 1949 to 1954, consisting of Chongqing, Sichuan, Xikang, Guizhou and Yunnan)


城中

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵/

/sɪŋ²¹ t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵/

/saŋ¹¹ t͡suŋ²⁴/

/siã²⁴⁻²² tiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/siã²⁴⁻²² tiɔŋ³³/

/siã¹³⁻²² tiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/siã²⁴⁻¹¹ tiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/siã²³⁻³³ tiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵/

/sɪŋ²¹ t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵/

/saŋ¹¹ t͡suŋ²⁴/

/siã²⁴⁻²² tiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/siã²⁴⁻²² tiɔŋ³³/

/siã¹³⁻²² tiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/siã²⁴⁻¹¹ tiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/siã²³⁻³³ tiɔŋ⁴⁴/

(～區) Chengzhong (a district of Liuzhou, Guangxi autonomous region, China)

(～區) Chengzhong (a district of Xining, Qinghai, China)

(～街道) Chengzhong (a subdistrict of Yingcheng, Xiaogan, Hubei, China)

(～街道) Chengzhong (a subdistrict of Yarkant, Kashgar prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)

(～村) Chengzhong (a village in Tancheng, Pingtan, Fuzhou, Fujian, China)


西北

/ɕi⁵⁵ peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ pɐk̚⁵/

/ɬai⁵³³⁻¹³ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾aʔ²¹/

/ɬai⁵⁴⁴⁻²⁴ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βaʔ²/

/sai⁴⁴⁻²² pak̚³²/

/sai⁴⁴⁻³³ pak̚³²/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ pak̚³²/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² pak̚³²/

/ɕi⁵⁵ peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ pɐk̚⁵/

/ɬai⁵³³⁻¹³ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾aʔ²¹/

/ɬai⁵⁴⁴⁻²⁴ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βaʔ²/

/sai⁴⁴⁻²² pak̚³²/

/sai⁴⁴⁻³³ pak̚³²/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ pak̚³²/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² pak̚³²/

(～地區) Northwest China (a region of China; consisting of Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia and Xinjiang)

大行政區 大行政區#Chinese

(～大行政區, ～區) (historical) Northwest China (a former greater administrative region of China from 1949 to 1954, consisting of Xi'an, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia and Xinjiang)


富春

/fu⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən⁵⁵/

/fu⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən⁵⁵/

(historical) Phú Xuân (an ancient name for the city of Huế, Vietnam)


錢塘

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵ tʰɑŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰiːn²¹ tʰɔːŋ²¹/

/ʑi²² dɑ̃⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵ tʰɑŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰiːn²¹ tʰɔːŋ²¹/

/ʑi²² dɑ̃⁴⁴/

Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period
Qian Liu
Tang dynasty
Wuyue

Named for the dyke constructed on the river by Qian Liu (錢鏐), ruler of Wuyue, one of the Ten Kingdoms that succeeded the Tang dynasty.

(～江) Qiantang River (a river in Zhejiang, China)

(～縣) (historical) Qiantang (a former county in ancient China; modern Hangzhou, Zhejiang)

(～區) Qiantang (a district of Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China)


知名

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ miŋ³⁵/

/t͡siː⁵⁵ mɪŋ²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ miŋ³⁵/

/t͡siː⁵⁵ mɪŋ²¹/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 知名(ちな) (China).

(～町) China (a town in Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan)


許昌

desc

→ English: Hsu-ch'ang, Hsü-ch'ang, Xuchang

/ɕy²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/hɵy̯³⁵ t͡sʰœːŋ⁵⁵/

/hi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/hi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ³³/

/hi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/hi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/hi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/ɕy³³ t͡sʰɑ̃⁴⁴/

/ɕy²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/hɵy̯³⁵ t͡sʰœːŋ⁵⁵/

/hi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/hi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ³³/

/hi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/hi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/hi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/ɕy³³ t͡sʰɑ̃⁴⁴/

(～市) Xuchang (a prefecture-level city of Henan, China)


盱眙

/hɵy̯⁵⁵ jiː²¹/

/hɵy̯⁵⁵ jiː²¹/

Possibly from a historical Kra-Dai language spoken in what was once the Kingdom of Wu, literally "good road", based on textual, grammatical, and phonetic evidences (Zhengzhang, 1990):
* 眙 (OC *lɯ) – "good": cf. Siba Mulam [Term?] (/ʔi˦˨/), Southern Kam [Term?] (/lai˥˥/), Qabiao [Term?] (/(lăŋ˥˥).ʔăj˥˥/); Thai ดี (dii), etc.;
* 盱 (OC *qʰʷa) – "road; path", < alternative transcription 緩 (OC *ɢʷaːnʔ): cf. Siba Mulam [Term?] (/kʰwən˦˨/) Southern Kam [Term?] (/kʰwən˧˥/), Qabiao [Term?] (/xɒn˥˥/); Thai หน (hǒn), Zhuang roen (/ɣon˨˦/), etc.

cog

(lăŋ˥˥).ʔăj˥˥

(～縣) Xuyi (a county of Huai'an, Jiangsu, China)


南門

/nän³⁵ mən³⁵/

/naŋ¹³⁻¹¹ muei¹³/

/naŋ²⁴⁻²¹ mui²⁴/

/lam²³⁻³³ mŋ̍²³/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ mŋ̍²⁴/

/nän³⁵ mən³⁵/

/naŋ¹³⁻¹¹ muei¹³/

/naŋ²⁴⁻²¹ mui²⁴/

/lam²³⁻³³ mŋ̍²³/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ mŋ̍²⁴/

(～鎮) Nanmen (a town in Kaizhou district, Chongqing, China)