一

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (一):
* → Japanese: 一(いち) (ichi); 一(いつ) (itsu)
* → Okinawan: 一(いち) (ichi)
* → Korean: 일(一) (il)
* → Jeju: 일 (il)
* → Vietnamese: nhất (一)

→ Ahom: 𑜒𑜢𑜄𑜫 (ʼit)

→ Bouyei: idt

→ Chadong: jit⁷, ji⁴

→ Lao: ເອັດ (ē ʼat)

→ Shan: ဢဵတ်း (ʼáet)

→ Tai Nüa: ᥟᥥᥖᥱ (ʼět)

→ Thai: เอ็ด (èt)

→ Zhuang: it

Standard Chinese phonology#Tones on special syllables

Ideogram (指事): a horizontal stroke, indicating the number “one”.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ʔit. Descendants from the *ʔit etymon account for the majority of the dialectal forms for “one” in Chinese (Mandarin, Jin, Gan, Hakka, Hui, Xiang, Yue, Wu groups, etc.).

(Xiamen Hokkien) extremely; very; highly


烈

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *red): phonetic 列 (OC *red) + semantic 灬 (“fire”).

Han compound

拍戰拍甲真烈。

拍战拍甲真烈。

(literary or Xiamen, Quanzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) intense; fierce


㔂

(Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien, specifically) to pare (a branch, such as sugarcane)


上

/t͡sʰuɔŋ²⁴²/

/t͡sʰuɔŋ²⁴²/

Ideogram (指事): a line above another (contrast 下 (xià)) — up. Originally written as 𠄞, but changed to this form to prevent confusion with 二 (èr).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tVŋ (“top”). Cognate with Tibetan སྟེང (steng), Tibetan ཡང་རྩེ (yang rtse, “summit; pinnacle”) (Bodman, 1980), Mizo zo (“to be high”), zah (“to respect; to revere”) (STEDT).
Shijing rimes indicate occasional level tone for pronunciation 2 (Schuessler, 2007).
Pronunciation 1 is the exopassive of pronunciation 2 with suffix *-s, literally meaning "what has been raised" (Schuessler, 2007). The rising tone in Middle Chinese words with voiced stop initials regularly evolves into departing tone in Mandarin. Pronunciation 3 results from 叶韻 (xiéyùn), i.e. its pronunciation has been artificially changed to preserve rhymes in classical poetry.

cog

GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)

上貨／上货 [Hokkien] ― chhiūⁿ-hòe [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― to pile up goods


乞

Variant of 气 (OC *kʰɯds), distinguished to indicate a phonetically borrowed meaning “to beg”.
The top component of the character is unrelated to 旅, 伤, 复, 每 as well as 人.

乞人拍死

(Eastern Min; Xiamen, Quanzhou and Zhangzhou Hokkien, Teochew) by

杯仔乞偷去

(Eastern Min; Xiamen, Quanzhou and Zhangzhou Hokkien, Teochew) Used before a verb to indicate passive voice.


云

(Quanzhou, Xiamen and Philippine Hokkien) to go on a pleasure trip; to roam around; to stroll; to saunter; to go for a walk


交

For pronunciation and definitions of 交 – see 跤 (“tumble; fall; leg; foot; lower limb; etc.”).
(This character is the second-round simplified form of 跤).
 Notes:
Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.
Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.
Compare Teochew 邀 (giao1).

zh-see

(Xiamen, Quanzhou and Philippine Hokkien) and

(Xiamen, Quanzhou and Philippine Hokkien) with; accompanying


仾

For pronunciation and definitions of 仾 – see 低 (“low; low; behind average; etc.”).
(This character is a variant form of 低).
Contraction of 予人 (hō͘-lâng).

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to give someone

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) by someone

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) Used before a verb to indicate passive voice.


伴

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (伴):
* → Japanese: 伴 (伴)
* → Vietnamese: bạn (伴)

Tai Languages

Proto-Southwestern Tai

desc

Thai: เพื่อน (pʉ̂ʉan, “companion, friend”)

→ Khmer: ភឿន (phɨən, “companion, friend”)

→ Northern Khmer: พฺืน (“companion, friend”)

Lao: ເພື່ອນ (phư̄an, “companion, friend”), ເພິ່ນ (phœn, “he, she, it, him, her”)

Isan: เพื่อน (“companion, friend”), เพิ่น (“he, she, it, him, her”)

Northern Thai: ᨻᩮᩬᩥ᩵ᩁ (“companion, friend”), ᨻᩮᩥ᩠᩵ᨶ (“he, she”)

Shan: ပိူၼ်ႈ (pōen)

Lü: ᦵᦗᦲᧃᧈ (poen¹, “he, she, friend”)

Tai Nüa: ᥙᥫᥢ (poen)

/pʰuːn¹³⁻³⁵/

/pʰuːn¹³⁻³⁵/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *baːnʔ, *baːns): semantic 亻 + phonetic 半 (OC *paːns).

Han compound

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) something attached to the main instrument


俗

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ljoɡ): semantic 亻 (“person”) + phonetic 谷 (OC *ɦkroːɡ, *kloːɡ, *ɡ·loːɡ) – customs of people.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *luk (“custom; manner”) (STEDT). Cognate with Tibetan ལུགས (lugs, “tradition; custom”).

cog

(Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) lonely; desolate; lonesome

(Xiamen Hokkien) ordinary; common; mediocre


偶

(Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) to stand side by side

一偶鱟

一偶鲎

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) Classifier for pairs of horseshoe crabs.


僻

(Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) codewords used in certain professions or gangs


冊

/t͡sʰiɪk̚³²/

/t͡sʰiɪk̚³²/

Pictogram (象形) – bamboo slips strung together. See also 侖, 扁, and 典. Similar but unrelated to 龠. The contemporary stylized form 册 is unrelated to 朋.
Etymologically the same word as 策 (OC *sʰreːɡ), with an original meaning of "bamboo slips" (Schuessler, 2007).

(Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) to organize and stack neatly


凝

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ŋrɯŋ, *ŋrɯŋs): semantic 冫 (“ice”) + phonetic 疑 (OC *ŋɯ)
Possibly related to 冰 (OC *p.rəŋ, “ice”) (Baxter & Sagart, 2014); if so, also related to 凌 (OC *[r]əŋ ~ p.rəŋ, “ice”) and from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-p(w)am (“to freeze; snow”) (provisionally reconstructed) (STEDT); other comparanda are 雱 (OC *pʰˁaŋ) "heavy snowfall", and 霙 (OC *ʔraŋ) "sleet, snowflake".

och-l

*􂀿r􂁀əŋ ~ p.rəŋ

inh

(Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien, of eyes) not moving; staring blankly


出

/t͡sʰzʷəʔ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰz̩ʷœʔ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰzʷəʔ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰz̩ʷœʔ⁵⁵/

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 止 (“foot”) + 凵 (“cave”) – to step out of a cave; to exit. Compare 各.
By the Qin dynasty, the character has lost its original shape. Based on the distorted form, Shuowen mistakenly interprets the character as a pictogram (象形) of a plant (屮) growing outwards.
STEDT derives this word as a cognate of Proto-Tibeto-Burman *s-twak (“to come or go out; to emerge”); compare Burmese ထွက် (htwak, “to go or come out; to produce or yield; to leave”), Proto-Lolo-Burmese *ʔ-twakᴴ (“to come or got out; to emerge”), Proto-Kuki-Chin *tshuak-I, *tshuaʔ-II (“to come out; to emerge; to appear”). But virtually all Old Chinese reconstructions of this word nowadays are completely phonetically incompatible with this etymon; this comparison should be rejected.
Alternatively, Sagart (1999) and Baxter and Sagart (2014) suggest that this word is related to other words that express extraction, such as 掘 (OC *[ɡ]ut, “to dig out”), and reconstruct the Old Chinese with an intransitivizing prefix *t-.

cog

This is the first time I've seen someone like this since I had eyes to see.

Chhut ba̍k-chiu thâu-chi̍t-pái tú-tio̍h chit khoán lâng.

出目睭頭一擺拄著這款人。

出目睭头一摆拄著这款人。

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) ever since


刐

(Xiamen and Taiwanese Hokkien) to chop; to hack; to hew; to lop (meat, sugarcane, bone, etc.)

(Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) to gain by cheating or other improper means; to trick someone out of their money, etc.


刜

刜樹仔／刜树仔 [Hokkien] ― phut chhiū-á [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― to chop a tree

(literary or Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) to chop

伊共財產刜了了。

伊共财产刜了了。

(Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) to squander extravagantly (money, property, etc.)

He raised the bamboo stick and wildly hit the child with force.

伊攑竹仔共囡仔亂刜。

伊𫽥竹仔共囡仔乱刜。

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to hit or strike with force


刮

(Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taiwanese and Philippine Hokkien) to shave; to scrape

(Zhangzhou Hokkien) to dig out (dirt, filth, rotting part, etc.)


削

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *slewɢ): phonetic 肖 (OC *slew, *slews) + semantic 刂.

Han compound

(Xiamen Hokkien) to remove fat, etc. from a body organ (of food or beverage)

(Xiamen Hokkien) to damage the spleen, stomach, etc. (of food or beverage)


劌

刿
刿
揆
撅
刿
刮
撅

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to rub against; to smear with (paste, etc.)


勒

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *rɯːɡ): semantic 革 + phonetic 力 (OC *rɯɡ). Bridles are made of leather.

Han compound

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to roll up one's sleeves or trousers

(Xiamen Hokkien) to use one's hand to straighten up something


匼

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to bring something closer to oneself


博

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *paːɡ): semantic 十 (“ten”) + phonetic 尃 (OC *pʰa).

Han compound

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) maybe; perhaps; probably


卬

𠨐
卭
𭅵
夘
𨙪
𠨐
卭
𭅵
夘
𨙪
愣

(Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien, Taiwanese Hokkien) to stare blankly; to be in a daze


叉

(Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) to pinch

(Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) to speak rudely


合

Sino-Xenic (合):
* → Vietnamese: hợp (合)

Burmese language
Proto-Sino-Tibetan language

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 亼 + 口 (“mouth”) : Two mouths speaking together. See also 會.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *gap ~ kap. Compare 蓋 (OC *kaːbs, *kaːb, *ɡaːb, “to cover”) and 盍 (OC *ɡaːb, “to unite”) (STEDT). Outside of Sinitic, possibly cognate with Burmese ကပ် (kap, “to approach”).

(Xiamen Hokkien) Classifier for matching sets of instruments such as teaware.


味

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (味):
* → Japanese: 味(み) (mi)
* → Korean: 미(味) (mi)
* → Vietnamese: vị (味)

desc

→ Proto-Hmong-Mien: *hmeiᴴ (“taste; to try”)

→ Vietnamese: mùi (“smell”)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *mɯds): semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 未 (OC *mɯds).
Schuessler (2007) compared this word with Proto-Monic *[ʔ]məp (“good tasting, have a pleasant flavour, be pleasant”) > Mon မိပ် (mìp, “to be happy, to enjoy”). Unger (1992) connects this with Tibetan བྲོད (brod) (< བྲོ (bro, “to taste”)). Also compare Korean 맛 (mat, “taste”), 멋 (meot, “taste; charm”).

Han compound

(Xiamen Hokkien, Puxian Min) to differentiate the flavor


咄

咄咄叫 [Hokkien] ― tu̍t tu̍t kiò [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― to speak in an unfluent manner

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to speak not in a fluent manner


咧

(Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang and Philippine Hokkien) in; at; on (placed after verbs indicating a change of location or position)

遮囥咧就好矣。

give something a try
give something a try

(Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) give something a go; give something a try


哄

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡloːŋs): semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 共 (OC *kloŋ, *ɡloŋs).

曾著賣糖君子哄，如今不信口甜人 / 曾著卖糖君子哄，如今不信口甜人

céng zhāo mài táng jūnzǐ hǒng, rújīn bùxìn kǒutián rén

(Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taiwanese and Singapore Hokkien) to frighten; to menace; to threaten; to intimidate by violent language


哈

(Xiamen, Quanzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) to drink

(Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) to drink alcohol

2007, 鄭弘, “加油 (Gan Ba-De)”, performed by 張秀卿 [Chang Hsiu Ching]:

If we don't drink alcohol, let's still drink some tea.

若沒飲酒 咱嘛來哈茶

若没饮酒 咱嘛来哈茶

2019, 郭之儀, “談天講皇帝”, in 《巷子口》, performed by 蔡秋鳳 and 陳百潭:

Let's smoke and wait to sober up, ah, drink a cup of old man's tea

tiám-hun tán chiú thòe, iah ha chi̍t poe lāu-lâng tê

點菸等酒退 呀哈一杯老人茶

点烟等酒退 呀哈一杯老人茶

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to exhale hot air to keep oneself warm


哱

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) sound of fluttering wings


唪

He was able to run ten thousand meters in the past, but now I think he's not capable anymore.

Kè-khì i ū hoat cháu bān bí, chit-chūn góa khòaⁿ bōe pn̍gh--lo͘h.

過去伊有法走萬米，這陣我看𣍐唪囉。

过去伊有法走万米，这阵我看𫧃唪啰。

(Xiamen Hokkien) capable; skillful (must be used with 會／会 (ē) and 𣍐／𫧃 (bōe))


啄

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *rtoːɡ, *toːɡ): semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 豖 (OC *tʰoɡ)
Perhaps related to 觸 (OC *tʰjoɡ, “to butt, knock against”); see there for more (STEDT).

Han compound

(Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) with a sharp nose; having a nose shaped like a beak (used especially in compounds)


嗝

嗝嗝叫

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to shout; to yell


嘓

水嘓仔／水啯仔 [Hokkien] ― chúi kho̍k á [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― water container

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) a type of container


嘞

(Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien, intransitive) to weaken (of one's intent, vigor, etc.)

(Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) underweight (of something weighed)


嚇

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qʰraːɡs, *qʰraːɡ): semantic 口 + phonetic 赫 (OC *qʰraːɡ).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s/d-krwak (“frighten”) (STEDT). Cognate with Tibetan སྐྲག་ (skrag), Burmese ကြောက် (krauk) (Hill, 2019).

Han compound

(Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) to threaten; to intimidate; to frighten

to assume an intimidating and frightening posture

嚇頭

吓头

(Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) to cow someone to submission


囊

Characters in the same phonetic series (襄) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意) – a tied bag (𣒚), with various items in it (𤕦). 𤕦 also serves as a phonetic element. There are many alternative forms. In the modern, standard form, the bottom turned into an abbreviated form of 襄, with the result that the character is a phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *naːŋ): abbreviated semantic 㯻 (“bag”) + abbreviated phonetic 襄 (OC *snaŋ).
Possibly Sino-Tibetan; compare Burmese နွှင် (hnwang, “to skin; to peel off”) (Schuessler, 2007).

cog

𬺿
嚢
𡄜
𢑿
𣡦
𣡪
𧛦
𣡏
廊

(Xiamen and Taiwanese Hokkien) to put into


堄

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ŋeːʔ, *ŋeːs): semantic 土 (“earth”) + phonetic 兒 (OC *ŋeː, *ŋje).

Han compound

(Xiamen Hokkien) to pile up; to stack up


壓

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qreːb): phonetic 厭 (OC *qemʔ, *qems, *qeb) + semantic 土 (“dust”).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *krap (“to beat, thrash, winnow”), which is distantly related (via an allofam) to Burmese ယပ် (yap, “fan”), and more directly to the following Sinitic words (STEDT):
* 躐 (OC *rab, “to tread, trample”)
* 押 (OC *kraːb, *qraːb, “to seal, stamp”)
* 臿 (OC *sʰreːb, “pestle; to husk grain with a mortar and pestle”)

och-l

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to press and draw (a line)

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to scrape or pare off horizontally


奕

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to start; to begin (in an activity)


姦

(Hokkien, chiefly Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien, vulgar) to fuck

伊著姦。

伊著奸。

(Hokkien, chiefly Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Singapore Hokkien, vulgar) to chide; to swear; to curse; to scold


媌

(Xiamen and Taiwanese Hokkien) prostitute


子

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (子):
* → Japanese: 子(し) (shi); 子(す) (su)
* → Korean: 자(子) (ja)
* → Vietnamese: tử (子)

→ Vietnamese: tí (“a little bit”)

Characters in the same phonetic series (子) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Pictogram (象形) – an image of a baby, with a large head and spread arms. The legs are wrapped in a blanket. Compare with 了, where the arms are wrapped, and 㜽, in which a lock of hair is visible on top. Compare also 棄 and 毓, in which the image of the baby is reversed upside-down.
The big seal script form is much more elaborate, showing a baby with hair on a head (囟) and arms on the two sides of the body, sitting on a stool (几).
See also the right component of 保.
;child
:From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tsa ~ za (“child, offspring, relatives; to come forth (as child at birth); to love; loving”).
:Cognate with 字 (OC *zlɯs, “character; letter”), 慈 (OC *zɯ, “loving; kind”), 滋 (OC *ʔsɯ, “to grow, to breed, to propagate, to bring about, to increase”), 孳 (OC *ʔsɯ, *zɯs, “to breed, to propagate”).
;first earthly branch
:In oracle bone and Western Zhou bronze inscriptions, 子 had been the sixth earthly branch which later supplanted the original first earthly branch, one of whose written forms – 𢀇 – survives in Shuo Wen (Matsumaru, 2015).
:Smith (2011) proposes the first earthly branch had been 甾. Observing that 甾 is closely linked with 緇 (“dark, stained”), 淄 (“murky (water)”), 菑 (zī, “field cleared by burning”) (all pronounced *tsrə), he proposes that initially the first earthly branch 甾 (OC *ts[r]əʔ) had meant "darkened, voided, the darkened stage" and had denoted the new moon phase (ibid.). Meanwhile, 子 (OC tsəʔ) had originated from a Sino-Tibetan root meaning "to come forth" and had denoted the moon's "coming forth" stage (i.e. early waning-gibbous phase) (ibid.).
:Sometime in Warring States period, a change occured that 子 became the first earthly branch and 巳 (OC *s-ləʔ) filled the void of the sixth earthly branch (Matsumaru, 2015), "due to phonological closeness (combined with the semantic opacity of the Branch terms at later eras)" (Smith, 2011).
:Association with the rat was possibly arbitrary, analogous to how 辰, the fifth earthly branch, was arbitrarily associated with the dragon (Ferlus, 2013).

och-l

㜽
𡿹
𡐫
𣕓
𰱤
𢀇
𢀈
𠙭
𢀉

(Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) Classifier for small objects.


孝

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 耂 (“an old man with long hair, bent over”) + 子 (“a child”) – an old man and a child, filial piety between generations. Compare top component to 老 (OC *ruːʔ, “old”).

孝義

devotion to one's parents and loyalty to one's friends

(Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien, vulgar, derogatory) to eat


孤

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kʷaː): semantic 子 (“child”) + phonetic 瓜 (OC *kʷraː).
Related to 寡 (OC *kʷraːʔ, “alone; widow”), 鰥 (OC *kruːn, *kruːns, “widower”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Han compound

一孤人

這孤人

这孤人

(Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) Classifier for persons.

to show respect by offerring food to lonely departed souls

孝孤

(Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) Refers to a lonesome ghost or lonely soul.


寢

Compare 這馬 /这马 (chit-má, chím-má, chím-á).

寝
㝲
寑
𡫒
𡩠
𡨦
𡨞
寝
纔
𡨞
侵

寢年／寝年 [Hokkien] ― chhím nî [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― to approach the end of the year

寢水墘／寝水墘 [Hokkien] ― chhím chúi-kîⁿ [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― approaching the edge of the water

(Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) to approach; to draw near; to imminently occur

(Xiamen, Quanzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) just; just now; a moment ago


局

Pictogram (象形). It represents the shape of a deceased person's limbs being bent and buried. This practice of burying the body in a crouched position symbolizes "to bend," and by extension, "to shrink" or "to contract."
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *N-kəwk.

(Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) interest; fun (said with 有 (ū) and 無 (bô))


巧

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴/

/t͡ɕʰiɑu⁵³⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɒu̯⁴¹/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴/

/t͡ɕʰiɑu⁵³⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɒu̯⁴¹/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kʰruːʔ, *kʰruːs): semantic 工 + phonetic 丂 (OC *kʰluːʔ)

Han compound

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) pretty; beautiful


巴

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (巴):
* → Japanese: 巴(は) (Ha)
* → Korean: 파(巴) (Pa)
* → Vietnamese: Ba (巴)

Pictogram (象形) — a huge snake. However, in 邑 and 色 (both Kangxi radicals) it represents a person kneeling.
; "huge snake"
; "bar"

(Southwestern Mandarin; Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) dried object


市

Oracle bone script and bronze inscriptions: Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *djɯʔ): semantic 兮 (“bustling”) + phonetic 之 (OC *tjɯ).
Possibly related to Proto-Tai *z.ɟɯːꟲ (“to buy”), whence Thai ซื้อ (sʉ́ʉ) (Schuessler, 2007).

cog

Thai ซื้อ (sʉ́ʉ)

(Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) business situation (buy and sell of goods)


幌

幌頭／幌头 [Hokkien] ― hāiⁿ-thâu [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― to sway one's head

幌韆鞦／幌千秋 [Taiwanese Hokkien] ― hàiⁿ chhian-chhiu [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― to sway (of a swing/hanging seat)

(Xiamen and Taiwanese Hokkien) to sway; to rock; to swing


幫

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *paːŋ): phonetic 封 (OC *poŋ, *poŋs) + semantic 帛 (“silk”) – originally, the upper part of a shoe (鞋幫).

Han compound

帮
幇
幚
鞤
縍
䩷
㿶

(Xiamen Hokkien) to participate in or to depend partially or entirely on betting, contests, etc. for profit


平

Characters in the same phonetic series (平) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Uncertain. Various explanations include:
* According to the Shuowen, 八 (“division”) + 亏 (“exhaled air”) — the smooth flow of speech.
* Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ben, *beŋ): phonetic 釆 (biàn) + semantic 二 (“two equal lines”) (Lin Yiguang, 1920)
* A pictogram (象形) of waterweed spread flat on the surface of water. Original form of 苹 (OC *beŋ, “duckweed”). (Lawrence J. Howell)
* Pictogram (象形) of a balance scale. (Karlgren, 1973)
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(p/b)ljaŋ (“plank; palm; flat surface; wing”), whence Jingpho phun-pyen (phun⁵⁵ pjen³³, “plank”) and Burmese ပျဉ် (pyany, “flat board”) (STEDT).

cog

(Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) to rectify by making it flat (of land, etc.)


彎

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (彎):
* → Japanese: 彎(わん) (wan)
* → Korean: 만(彎) (man)
* → Vietnamese: loan (彎)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qroːn): semantic 弓 (“bow”) + phonetic 䜌 (OC *b·roːn, *b·ron, *b·rons).
May be cognate with 迂 (OC *qʷa, *qʷaʔ, *ɢʷa).
; “homosexual”

Han compound

(Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) to act shamelessly and unreasonably; to be a rascal


徑

(Xiamen Hokkien) peg or stick that holds the abacus in place


徝

Aspirated causative form of 直 (ti̍t, “straight”); cognate with Eastern Min 剔 (tĭk, “to comb out straight”) (Smith, 2021).

cog

(Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) to stretch; to extend; to straighten


忌

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡɯs): phonetic 己 (OC *kɯʔ) + semantic 心 (“heart”).

Han compound

忌辰

忌日

Today, the death anniversary is being held for our paternal grandmother.

今仔咧共阮阿媽做忌。

今仔咧共阮阿妈做忌。

(literary or Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) anniversary of the death of one's elder


惡

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (惡):
* → Japanese: 悪(あく) (aku)
* → Korean: 악(惡) (ak)
* → Vietnamese: ác (惡)

desc

→ Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽰𐽲 (ʾʾq /aḳ/, “hateful, despicable”)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qaː, *qaːɡs, *qaːɡ): phonetic 亞 (OC *qraːɡs) + semantic 心 (“heart”).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ʔak (“bad”); cognate with Tibetan ཨག་པོ (ag po, “bad”) (Coblin, 1986; Schuessler, 2007). Also related to Thai ยาก (yâak, “difficult”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Han compound

恶
僫
悪
𢛫
𢝏
䜑
䛩
恶
僫
悪
𢛫
𢝏
䜑
䛩
恶
僫
悪
𢛫
𢝏
䜑
䛩
恶
污
屙
涴

(Quanzhou, Xiamen and Philippine Hokkien) to verbally abuse; to reprimand; to curse; to rebuke


慄

STEDT compared this to Tibetan བྲེད་པ་ (bred pa, “to be alarmed, scared”). If the relation is to be established, then this term is derived from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *b-ray-t (“fear”).
Hong Kong Cantonese “to be scared” is borrowed from Taishanese 慄 /栗 (nut⁵).

cog

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to be scared (of one's facial expression)

(Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) to become weak and limp (of one's arms and legs due to fear, lack of strength, etc.)


扠

(Xiamen Hokkien) to beat or hit with all one's force


扳

(Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) to grip something tightly


抉

(Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) to sweep across to knock over

(Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) to surpass; to be better than; to overtake


把

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *praːʔ): semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 巴 (OC *praː).

Han compound

一把跤踏車

一把跤踏车

(Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) Classifier for wheeled vehicles.


抑

Pictogram (象形): A hand suppressing a kneeling person. For contrast, see 印 (yìn).

(literary or Xiamen Hokkien) then; and (used to connect two clauses or adjectives)


拑

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

(Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) to look after; to sustain; to tend (a family, etc.)

(Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) continuously; all along (used before 咧 (le̍h))


拓

柝
搨
黜
托:to poke; to uncover someone's secret

(Quanzhou, Xiamen and Taiwanese Hokkien) to compete; to contend for


拔

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *bruːd, *boːd, *bod): semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 犮 (OC *boːd) – a hand pulls.
Compare perhaps Burmese ပြုတ် (prut, “to be dislocated; to lose”).

cog

(Quanzhou, Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to suck away someone else's chi (said as done by some people)


拔

(Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) Classifier for draws of water, especially each time one pulls the rope on a well.


拹

(Xiamen and Taiwanese Hokkien) to shake something vigorously (to loosen it)


挩

(Xiamen Hokkien) to spend one's days putting up with difficulty or suffering

(Zhangzhou Hokkien) to spend one's days enduring difficulty for a short period of time


挽

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *monʔ): semantic 扌 + phonetic 免 (OC *mronʔ).

Han compound

(Xiamen, Quanzhou and Philippine Hokkien) to pull a muscle; to sprain; to overstrain (e.g. the ankle, wrist, tendon, lumbar vertebrae, etc.)

(Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) to be sulkingly obstinate

(Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) to endure; to persist; to put up with (an illness, injury, etc.)

(Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) to economize; to cut back; to moderate oneself; to limit oneself; to temper oneself


捁

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴/

(Xiamen Hokkien) to roast; to bake; to toast


捍

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡaːns, *ɡraːnʔ): semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 旱 (OC *ɡaːnʔ).

Han compound

(Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) handrail; armrest; parapet


捏

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *niːɡ): semantic 扌 (“hand”) + abbreviated phonetic 涅 (OC *niːɡ).

Han compound

to press the accordion with one's fingers

捏手風琴

捏手风琴

(Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) to press down with one's fingers


捩

(Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) to pick up something with one's fingertips, especially with one's thumb and forefinger


捾

汗
扞
扛
扦
摜
提
携
倦

(Xiamen, Quanzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien, Teochew) Classifier for things in a string or bunch: string; bunch


掜

to use fingers to pick up pressing on both sides

用掌頭仔掜

用掌头仔掜

(Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) to pick up with one's fingers pressed on both sides


掮

(Xiamen and Taiwanese Hokkien) to carry something with one end of a shoulder pole


揁

揁拳頭母

𱟸拳头母

(Xiamen Hokkien) to forcefully clench (one's fist)


揲

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to reprimand and punish


揲

(Xiamen Hokkien) to make fun of; to make a fool of; to deceive


搐

(Quanzhou, Xiamen and Taiwanese Hokkien) to pull very briefly (to make level and straight)


搤

挖
抑
野
益
抉
穵
扼

(Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) to pry; to prize

(Xiamen Hokkien) to convey a big bite of food into one's mouth with chopsticks


搦

攊
拿
搙
六
𫼚
𤔨
𢾲
掠
搙
揑
搮

搦衫褲／搦衫裤 [Hokkien] ― la̍k saⁿ-khò͘ [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― rub clothes in water for washing

(Xiamen, Quanzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) to rub in water

(Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) Classifier for handfuls of something, such as grains, sand, soil.


搩

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to severely strike using one's knuckles (someone's head)

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien, by extension) to severely hit or strike

(Xiamen Hokkien) to ruthlessly criticize (someone)


摀

(Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Singapore and Taiwanese Hokkien) to dig


摃

(Xiamen, Quanzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) to rob; to snatch

(Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) to continuously add (medicine, fertilizer, etc.) to increase its effect


摔

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 率.

摔短銃／摔短铳 [Hokkien] ― sut té-chhèng [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― to quickly shoot a pistol

(Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) to quickly shoot


撆

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *pʰeːd): phonetic 敝 (OC *beds, *bed) + semantic 手 (“hand”)

Han compound

撆落去

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to slap somebody of the face


撇

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *pʰeːd): semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 敝 (OC *beds, *bed).

(Xiamen and Taiwanese Hokkien) charming; fashionable; good-looking; smart


撇

(Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) to lightly scoop from the surface of something (oil, etc.)

(Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) to cut meat with a knife


撜

你毋通撜伊的頷頸。

你毋通撜伊的颔颈。

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to tighten something firmly by using one's hands to exert pressure, etc.


撠

棘
𠽤
kick
𢲈
揭

(Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) to pick out; to pluck out

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to expose; to uncover; to reveal; to unmask


撨

Probably a causative aspiration of 齊 /齐 (chiâu, châu, “uniform; regular”) (Ong, 2023).
Alternatively, it may be from 調 (OC *dɯːw, “harmonious; to adjust”).

喬
移
超
僑
橋
撟
蹺
瞧
摷

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to transfer; to give


撬

鎖予賊仔撬開。

锁予贼仔撬开。

(Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) to pry open


擗

(Xiamen, Quanzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) to lash out or rebuke with heated words


擠

挤
㨈
𡬚
挤
績:to squeeze out
勣:to injure the bones
muscles
or joints
挤

(Xiamen, Quanzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) to injure the bones, muscles, or joints of one's arms or legs due to violent and sudden contact with a hard object


擢

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to roughly sew and mend


擳

𰓜
揤
𡁶
𰓜
㵶
唧
瀄
𰓜

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to absorb the moisture using one's hand or a tool


擵

撰匙閣予伊擵去。

撰匙阁予伊擵去。

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to secretly take away


擷

The front and back of a Chinese robe or jacket is fluttering back and forth.

衫仔裾擷來擷去。

衫仔裾撷来撷去。

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to wave; to flutter; to fly


攎

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to rub hard back and forth

(Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) to hit as punishment


攕

(Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) objects (usually food) on a skewer

(Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) Classifier for objects in a string, on a skewer, etc.


攝

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *neːb, *ʔnjeb): semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 聶 (OC *neb).
Probably from the same word family as 入 (OC *njub, “to enter”) (STEDT); see there for more.

Han compound

𣍐攝／𫧃摄 [Hokkien] ― bōe-liap [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― incapable

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to be capable; to be competent (used with 會 and 𣍐)


敢

→ Zhuang: gamj

In oracle bone script, ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): Two hands 廾 holding a weapon 干 hunting a wild boar 豕.
In the Zhou dynasty one of the hands was removed and a phonetic component 甘 (OC *kaːm) was added. The boar shape got progressively corrupted until it looked like a hand 彐, thus obtaining the very old and rather conservative variant 𢼿.
The sound component 甘 and the weapon 干 stylized and merged into 古, leading to the seal script form 𢽤. Then, the wild boar on top stylized into 爫, thus obtaining 𠭖.
Eventually, the left half corrupted further into the traditional version ⿱丅耳, which was then stylized.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s/m-wam (“to dare”), which Schuessler reconstructs as *k-wam to account for the initial velar in the Chinese form. Compare Burmese ဝံ့ (wam., “to dare”) (Schuessler, 2007; STEDT).

(archaic or Xiamen, Quanzhou and Zhangzhou Hokkien) perhaps


散

The original version visible on oracle bone script is 㪔, hence Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 林 (“trees, forest”) + 攴 (“to knock, to tap”), also written with hemp stalks 𣏟 (> 𢽳) or bamboo 竹 instead of two trees. The original meanings are "to clear a place from vegetation; to kill". The character later started meaning "to dissipate, to disperse" since bamboo in particular breaks easily into pieces; eventually, the meaning shifted to "to walk around, to stroll".
Shuowen: Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *saːnʔ, *saːns): semantic 肉 + phonetic 𢽳, written as 𣀙, in which 林 is well visible on top.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *sjwar ~ g/b-sjwa-n/t (“flow; pour; scatter; spill; sow; broadcast”). Cognate with 撒 (OC *saːd, “to cast away; to let go”), 宣 (OC *sqʰon, “to spread; to proclaim”), Tibetan འཆོར་བ ('chor ba, “to escape; to flow out”), Burmese သွန် (swan, “to pour out; to spill”), Lahu šē (“to sow; to broadcast”), Lahu šêʔ (“to pour; to spill; to disperse; to sow; to broadcast”).

cog

㪔
𢽳
𢿷
𣀙
𢿱
㪚
撒
嘇
糝
剼

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to gobble; to devour; to gorge

(Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) casually; at random; carelessly; haphazardly; randomly; as one pleases; without restraint or goal


散

㪔
𢽳
𢿷
𣀙
𢿱
㪚
撒
嘇
糝
剼

(Xiamen, Quanzhou and Philippine Hokkien) to stroll; to saunter; to go for a walk


敨

traditional Chinese medicine
traditional Chinese medicine

(Xiamen, Quanzhou and Zhangzhou Hokkien, traditional Chinese medicine) to release heat after taking diaphoretic medicine

(Xiamen, Quanzhou and Zhangzhou Hokkien, euphemistic) to use the toilet, especially to urinate; to take a leak or a dump


敱

(Xiamen Hokkien) to strike heavily with one's shoulder or body


敲

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɒu̯³³/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɒu̯³³/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kʰraːw, *kʰraːws): phonetic 高 (OC *kaːw) + semantic 攴 (“to hit lightly; to tap”).

Han compound

(Xiamen, Quanzhou and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to knock down; to remove; to demolish


斗

𤣫
𠦁
𣁬
搗
捯
啄
罩

(Xiamen, Quanzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) snare; trap (especially with a trigger)

(Xiamen, Quanzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) to snare; to catch in a trap; to ensnare

(Xiamen and Taiwanese Hokkien, possibly dated) to catch between two sticks

(Xiamen and Taiwanese Hokkien, possibly dated) to fasten a latch or small bolt


斟

(Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) to drink alcohol


晃

(Xiamen Hokkien) to flit quickly (of something)


晾

The Mandarin reading is from 涼／凉 (liàng, “to airdry”).

晾蠓罩 [Hokkien] ― nî bang-tà [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― to hang up a mosquito net

(Xiamen Hokkien) to hang up (a mosquito net, etc.)


束

Characters in the same phonetic series (束) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Ideogram (指事) – bag tied at both ends (earlier forms were often vertically symmetric). See also 東 and 柬.

Han etyl

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to cling to something and climb upwards (of a person)

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to bind or tie tightly

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to absorb (moisture, etc.)


枇

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *piʔ, *bi, *bis): semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 比 (OC *piʔ, *pis, *bi, *bis, *biɡ).

Han compound

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to capture; to seize; to catch


枴

(Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taiwanese and Philippine Hokkien) to run into obstacles; to be in an unfavorable situation; to face impediments

(Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) to sprain; to wrench

(Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Quanzhou Hokkien) to appropriate for one party what should have gone to another

(Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Quanzhou Hokkien) to hold someone's hands behind their back

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to arm-wrestle; to compare each other's wrist strength


柙

(Quanzhou, Xiamen and Taiwanese Hokkien) frame placed around the edge of an object to hold it up, mostly made of bamboo or rattan

(Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) handle of a bamboo basket, barrel, etc., made by bending bamboo


柯

(Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) copper coin

(Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) yuan (unit of currency)


核

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡuːd, *ɡrɯːɡ): semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 亥 (OC *ɡɯːʔ) – a kind of tree. Modern meanings are borrowed.
The definitions related to “to examine” come from the “kernel” sense, i.e. “to go to the core” (Schuessler, 2007).
Generally thought to be of Sino-Tibetan origin. It has been compared to Tibetan རག་ཙེ (rag tse), Karbi rak (Gong, 2002; Schuessler, 2007). However, Hill (2012) rejects the connection to the Tibetan word because most words ending with ཙེ (tse) are loanwords from Chinese words ending with the 子 suffix.
Smith (2011) groups this word with the following terms into a word family meaning “root, germ, generative core”:
* 荄 (OC *kɯː, “grassroot”) and its derivative 根 (OC *kɯːn, “root”),
* 骸 (OC *ɡrɯː, “(human) bones”) (also noted by Schuessler, 2007),
* 孩 (OC *ɡɯː, “child”),
* 亥 (OC *ɡɯːʔ, “sprouting stage”), i.e. "the moon’s first appearance" > "twelfth earthly branch".

Han compound

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) small formed lump

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) Classifier for fruits with a pit inside.


桀

(Xiamen Hokkien) hard to get along with others


桀

碗桀著壁。


桁

(Xiamen and Taiwanese Hokkien) large rod used to reinforce a door or window

(Xiamen Hokkien) to press against something to stabilize it (using a large rod)


桃

→ Thai: ท้อ (tɔ́ɔ)

/tʰou̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/tʰou̯²¹⁻³⁵/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *l'aːw): semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 兆 (OC *l'ewʔ).
Possibly borrowed from the linguistic ancestor of Proto-Hmong-Mien *glaau³ᴬ (Bodman 1980, Schuessler, 2007). The oldest-known domesticated peach stones (as of 2014) have been excavated in Zhejiang, east of the Central Plain cradle of Chinese civilization.

Han compound

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) immature poultry or livestock


楔

(Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) wedge; peg; stopper


櫼

(Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) to hit vigorously (with one's fist or feet)


欱

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) feeling tight and uncomfortably squeezed (due to a small space)

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to frighten or deceive by means of fabrication or exaggeration

(Xiamen and Taiwanese Hokkien) to eat in a big mouthful


歁

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn²¹⁴/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn²¹⁴/

Characters in the same phonetic series (甚) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

Han etyl

(Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) stupid; foolish; reckless; absurd (as if a madman)


歃

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sreːb, *sreb): phonetic 臿 (OC *sʰreːb) + semantic 欠 (“to yawn”).
Compare Khmer ស្រោប (sraop, “to plate; to cover”), Proto-Lolo-Burmese *sapᴴ (“to rub; to stroke”) (Schuessler, 2007).

cog

(Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) to eat (snacks, etc. in an undignified manner)


汁

Unclear. Schuessler (2007) lists several proposals:
* related to Tibetan ཆབ (chab, “water”) (Coblin, 1986)), yet initial velars do not palatize in Written Tibetan;
* related to Jingpho [script needed] (məgyep, “liquor”);
* related to Burmese ချိပ် (hkyip, “lac”), Proto-Loloish *C-gripᴸ (“lac; pine”) (Peiros & Starostin, 1996, STEDT), if so from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-kryap (“bug, ant, cochineal, lac insect”) (whence also 蠟 (OC *raːb) "wax");
Likely related to 湆 (OC *kʰrɯb) & 協 (OC *ɦleːb) (汁 (OC *kjub)'s dialectal synonym attested east of Tong Pass); yet not to 瀋 (OC *l̥ʰjɯmʔ) (Schuessler, 2007).
; Hong Kong Cantonese "source"

inh

(Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) very dirty to the point of oozing juice (of clothes)

(Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) unpleasant and pestering people (of someone)


汌

(Xiamen Hokkien) to bore into (a crevice, crack, etc.)

(Xiamen Hokkien) to secure personal gain


汩

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kʷɯːd, *ɡʷɯd): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 曰 (OC *ɢʷad).

Han compound

(Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) to place rice and meat in a pot and slowly simmer (to make it become mush or paste-like)


決

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (決):
* → Vietnamese: quyết (決)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kʷeːd, *qʰʷeːd): semantic 氵 + phonetic 夬 (OC *kʷraːds).
Possibly a derivative of 夬 (OC *kʷraːds, “to split”).

Han compound

决
决
𣲺
决
决
𣲺
吷
𦐍
𦐋
决
决
缺

(Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) to execute by shooting

to execute; to put to death
to execute by shooting

(Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) to duel; to fight a decisive battle or struggle


沐

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *moːɡ): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 木 (OC *moːɡ).

Han compound

(Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) to sink into; to fall into

(Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) to put in; to invest (money, etc.)

(Xiamen Hokkien) to swallow a big gulp (of liquid)

(Xiamen Hokkien) Classifier for phlegm, blood, water.


沕

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *mrɯd, *mɯd): semantic 氵 + phonetic 勿 (OC *mɯd).

Han compound

(obsolete or Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien, Puxian Min) to submerge; to inundate; to drown

(Xiamen Hokkien) to secretly embezzle; to furtively misappropriate


泏

(Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) to exude; to seep; to trickle out; to squeeze out

(Xiamen Hokkien) to sip; to slurp a small mouthful


洘

(Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien, Teochew) to dry (a body of water)

(Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien, Teochew, of a tide) to ebb; to go out

洘秫秫 [Hokkien] ― khó-chu̍t-chu̍t [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― very crowded or congested (with people)

(Xiamen, Quanzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) crowded; dense


洽

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡruːb): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 合 (OC *kuːb, *ɡuːb).
Causative of 合 (OC *kuːb, *ɡuːb, “to be together”) (Schuessler, 2007).
Alternatively, it may be related to Tibetan འགྲུབ ('grub, “to be accomplished”) (Schuessler, 2007).

cog

(Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taiwanese and Philippine Hokkien) mediocre; stupid; clumsy


浞

/t͡sʰiɔk̚²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɔk̚²⁴/

(Quanzhou, Xiamen and Taiwanese Hokkien) to trample; to pound; to step on (something muddy)

(Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) to leap; to bound; to skip

(Xiamen Hokkien) muddy; miry (of a road)


液

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *laːɡ): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 夜 (OC *laːɡs) – a liquid, like water.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-rjak (“oil; fat; grease”).

inh

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) thick broth extracted from food in slow fire


涼

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡ·raŋ, *ɡ·raŋs, *ɡ·raŋs): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 京 (OC *kraŋ).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/s-glak ~ m-glaŋ (“cold; freeze”). Cognate with 霜 (OC *sraŋ, “frost”), Tibetan གྲང་ (grang, “cold”). According to Schuessler (2007), this etymon seems to have a wider distribution: Compare Austroasiatic Kharia raŋga (“cold; freeze”), Khmer រងា (rɔɔrɔngiə, “cold”).
A derivative is probably 凔 (OC *sʰaːŋ, “cold”). A vocalic variant is 冷 (OC *raːŋʔ, *reːŋ, *reːŋʔ, “cold”).

inh

(Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) free from worry; congenial


溢

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *liɡ): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 益 (OC *qleɡ, “to increase”) – overflowing liquid.

Han compound

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to vomit due to overeating, sickness, etc.

(Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) to rock; to sway; to shake

(Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) to lightly sway

When the news of his death spread, the entire village was jolted.

I sí ê siau-sit thoân chhut-lâi, kui hiuⁿ-lí chóng ioh khí-lâi.

伊死的消息傳出來，規鄉里總溢起來。

伊死的消息传出来，规乡里总溢起来。

(Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) to be shaken, shocked, jolted (similar to lakewater)


漚

沤
吽
沤
沤
𣧥
臭
𣏓
𩈏
腐
惡

(Xiamen and Taiwanese Hokkien) to pile up together; to heap in a jumble (such as for cooking or compost or laundry)

(Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien, gambling) to stake bets with the money won and earned in the match to get double or even more


漤

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡ·ruːmʔ): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 婪 (OC *ɡ·ruːm).

Han compound

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to run through with water to make it clean (of one's body, clothes, etc.)


漩

(Xiamen Hokkien) rustic; uncouth; countrified (implying that a person lacks common sense)


潑

一潑雨

一泼雨

(Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) Classifier for short periods of an event.


澩

(Eating) the radish leaves an unusual sensation in the mouth.

菜頭真澩。

菜头真泶。

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) having an unusual sensation when eating due to unripeness or high moisture content (of radishes, sweet potatoes, taro, etc.)


濁

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *rdoːɡ): semantic 氵 + phonetic 蜀 (OC *djoɡ).

Han compound

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) thick; dense; strong (of flavor, etc.)


瀳

彼隻狗瀳過來。

彼只狗𰜨过来。

(Xiamen, Quanzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) to charge over with sudden force


灰

(Quanzhou Hokkien, dated in Xiamen Hokkien) to be fully cured (of a disease); to disappear (of a scar)


焅

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to simmer until becoming mash or paste


焟

(Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) to illuminate; to shine; to irradiate (of sunlight)


煏

爆:“to burst”
逼:“to burst; to be uncovered”

(Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) to be uncovered; to be exposed; to reveal (a mistake, flaw, issue, etc.)


煞

(Xiamen, Quanzhou and Zhangzhou Hokkien) at once; immediately


熇

(Xiamen Hokkien) to be heated through contact or radiation to produce some effect (of a person or object)


熨

手䘼熨著流瘍。

手䘼熨着流疡。

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to be stained with


熾

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *tʰjɯɡs): semantic 火 (“fire”) + phonetic 戠 (OC *tjɯɡ).

Han compound

(Xiamen Hokkien) to shine for a short while (of the sun)


燥

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (燥):
* → Japanese: 燥(そう) (sō)
* → Korean: 조(燥) (jo)
* → Vietnamese: táo (燥)

→ Vietnamese: ráo (𫧭, “be dried up”)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *saːwʔ, *saːws): semantic 火 (“fire”) + phonetic 喿 (OC *saːws).

Han compound

(Xiamen Hokkien) object that can absorb moisture


爪

/ʈ͡ʂu̯ɑɻ²¹⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂu̯ɑɻ²¹⁴/

Pictogram (象形) – a hand grabbing from above (in earlier forms from side); compare 手, 寸, 九. Even if it can indicate a claw, actually the pictogram depicts a human hand.

(Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) nail (of a person)

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) bamboo rake or harrow


爪

(Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) Classifier for claw or scratch mark.


瓤

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *naŋ, *njaŋ): phonetic 襄 (OC *snaŋ) + semantic 瓜 (“gourd”).

Han compound

(Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) layer of fat between the skin and lean meat of livestock


甲

𠇚
𡴌
𤰒
鉀
𢓜
徦
到
仔:á

今仔日寒甲。

(Xiamen, Quanzhou and Philippine Hokkien) very; really; badly


甲

𠇚
𡴌
𤰒
鉀
𢓜
徦
到
仔:á

(Can we date this quote?), “單身的演歌”, performed by 詹雅雯:

The wind at the harbourside blows my tears dry; how could the karaoke choose a happy enka?

Káng-piⁿ ê hong chiong gún ê ba̍k-sái chhoe ta, kha-lá-ó͘-khe kah tiám chi̍t tè khoài-lo̍k ê ián-kah?

港邊的風將阮的目屎吹乾，卡拉OK甲點一塊快樂的演歌？

港边的风将阮的目屎吹干，卡拉OK甲点一块快乐的演歌？

(Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) how is it that; how could


癮

(Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) to have a tendency to; to easily do something


發

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (發):
* → Vietnamese: phát (發)

Old Turkic: pat-la (explode)

desc

Turkmen: patlamak (commo), partlamak (standard)

Turkish: patlamak

Azerbaijani: partlamaq

Chagatai: پارتلماق

Uzbek: portlamoq

Uyghur: پارتىلاماق (partilamaq)

STEDT compares 發 (OC *pad) to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-p(r)ats (“to vomit”), whence Proto-Lolo-Burmese *C-pat (“to vomit”) (> Burmese ပစ် (pac, “to shoot, to throw, to eject”)) and Jingpho ǹ-phàt (“to vomit”).
According to Schuessler (2007), this is an area word; compare Proto-Vietic *ɓah (“to vomit”), Mon ပန် (“to shoot”).
A derivation is probably 廢 (OC *pads, “to cast aside”).

cog

The lime reacted with water pretty thoroughly.

灰發甲真透。

灰发甲真透。

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to have quicklime react by mixing with water


瞇

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 目 + phonetic 迷 (OC *miː).

Han compound

(Xiamen, Quanzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) to look furtively; to look stealthily


瞴

Humph! I, for one, am not scared of him.

瞴！我才無驚伊。

𱲦！我才无惊伊。

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) interjection used at the beginning of a sentence to indicate contempt or dissatisfaction


砉

(Xiamen Hokkien) to whet a knife repeatedly on cloth, leather, stone, etc.


碻

跂
架
堁
䂺
攱
支
裹
果
*藉

刀來手碻／刀来手碻 [Hokkien] ― to lâi chhiú ké [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― to block a knife with one's hand

無力通碻／无力通碻 [Hokkien] ― bô-la̍t thang ké [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― to have no power to stop

(Xiamen and Taiwanese Hokkien) to block; to stop; to ward off


穎

(Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) bud; sprout; shoot


竊

窃
𫞺
𫁝
𥨱
𥨵
𢿝
𥩓

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) seventy (used with numbers from 71 to 79)


竭

(Xiamen Hokkien) sluggish; slack (of business)


管

一管水 [Hokkien] ― chi̍t kóng chúi [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― a tube of water

(Xiamen, Quanzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) Classifier for tube; pipe.


精

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ʔsleŋ, *ʔsleŋs): semantic 米 (“rice”) + phonetic 青 (OC *sʰleːŋ) – polished rice.
Probably related to 晶 (OC *ʔsleŋ, “brilliant; crystal”).

Han compound

(Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) accurate; exact; precise


糝

糁
參
糂
糁
糁
沈
審
滲
嘇
摻
糁
嘇
摻

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to gobble; to devour; to gorge

(Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) casually; at random; carelessly; haphazardly; randomly; as one pleases; without restraint or goal


糾

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴/

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kɯw, *krɯwʔ): semantic 糹 (“silk”) + phonetic 丩 (OC *kɯw, *krɯw, “to entangle”). The phonetic component indicates two entangled ropes. Originally written 丩.
Compare possibly Burmese ကျိုး (kyui:, “result, effect, advantage”), as well as ကြိုး (krui:, “string”) (Luce, 1981).

cog

纠
丩
𠃏
𠃖
𠃚
糺
𥾆
紏
𠛩
𠞎
𠜉
𠝙
𢒥

(Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) to contract; to shrink; to tense; to taut (of muscles, etc.)

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien, specifically) to shrink due to absorbing water (of cloth, etc.)

勼

to contract, to shrink due to absorbing water, to become skinny

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien, specifically) to become skinny, contracted, or disappear (caused by some reason)


紮

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ʔsriːd): phonetic 札 (OC *sqriːd) + semantic 糸.

Han compound

(Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) to carry; to bring along (on one's person, usually concealed originally on one's waist)


結

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kiːd): semantic 糸 + phonetic 吉 (OC *klid).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kjit (“to tie; to bind”); cognate with Tibetan ཁྱིག (khyig, “to bind”), Burmese ကျစ် (kyac, “to twist”) (Schuessler, 2007; STEDT).

inh

(Xiamen, Quanzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) fine and firm (not loose); well-bound; thick and sturdy

(Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) Classifier for bundles of thread-like objects.


絕

/d͡zz̩ʷœʔ¹²/

/d͡zz̩ʷœʔ¹²/

Originally ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 刀 (“knife”) + 幺 (“silk”) or ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 刀 (“knife”) + 𢆶 (“silk”) — to cut silk threads.
Now phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 糹 (“silk”) + semantic 刀 (“knife”) + phonetic 巴 (卪).
Most likely unrelated to 色.
Compare Burmese ဆွတ် (hcwat, “to pluck”) (Hill, 2019).

Han compound

绝
絶
㔃
𢇍
𠤉
撧
𢴭

被難

to be killed in a disaster, political incident

(Xiamen Hokkien) Used at the start of a sentence to express surprise, admiration, regret, or frustration


絡

Characters in the same phonetic series (各) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡ·raːɡ): semantic 糸 (“thread”) + phonetic 各 (OC *klaːɡ) – wrapped in thread, a web of thread.

Han compound

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to slip something over like a cage


綢

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *tʰuːw, *dɯw): semantic 糸 (“silk”) + phonetic 周 (OC *tjɯw).

Han compound

(Xiamen Hokkien) to strain liquid (using silk cloth or finely woven gauze)


網

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *mlaŋʔ): semantic 糸 (“rope”) + phonetic 罔 (OC *mlaŋʔ).
Compare Thai มุ้ง (múng, “mosquito net”), มอง (mɔɔng, “a kind of fishing net”) (Manomaiviboon, 1975). Perhaps the same word as 罔 (OC *mlaŋʔ, “to deceive”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Han compound

(Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) to steal; to snatch


緝

(Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taiwanese and Philippine Hokkien) to pursue; to chase after (someone)

(Xiamen, Quanzhou and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to search and arrest (a criminal)

(Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) to go after and get something with one's best effort


縒

(Xiamen and Philippine Hokkien) to sprain (of one's muscles, etc.)


縛

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *baːɡs, *baɡ): semantic 糸 (“rope”) + phonetic 尃 (OC *pʰa).
Austroasiatic. Compare Khmer ប៉ាក់ (pak, “to embroider”), Mon ဗိုက် (“to put around esp. lower half of body”), Temiar bəg (“to bind”) (Schuessler, 2007). Alternatively, note Thai ผูก (pùuk, “to tie; to bind”) and Vietnamese buộc (“to tie; to bind”).


耳

Characters in the same phonetic series (耳) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Pictogram (象形) – an ear.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-nəʔ (“ear”).

Han etyl

(Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien, figurative) something that can be used to coerce or threaten someone


脫

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (脫):
* → Vietnamese: thoát (脫)

→ Ahom: 𑜌𑜨𑜄𑜫 (thot)

→ Lao: ຖອດ (thǭt)

desc

→ Lü: ᦏᦸᧆᧈ (ṫhoad¹)

→ Lü: ᦏᦸᧆᧈ (ṫhoad¹)

→ Northern Thai: ᨳᩬᨯ

→ Tai Dón: ꪖꪮꪒ

→ Tai Nüa: ᥗᥨᥖᥱ (thǒt)

→ Thai: ถอด (tɔ̀ɔt)

→ Shan: ထွတ်ႇ (thàut)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *l̥ʰoːd, *l'oːd): semantic ⺼ + phonetic 兌 (OC *l'oːds).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g/s-lwat (“free; release; slip; dislocate”) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007).
:Within Chinese, cognate with 蛻 (OC *l̥ʰoːds, “exuviae (skin cast off during molting)”), 愉 (OC *lo, “relax > happy, pleased”), 悅 (OC lod, “contented”), 說 (OC *hljod, “to speak, to explain”), 說 (OC *hljods, “to persuade”), 偷 (OC *l̥ʰoː, “to steal”), 奪 (OC *Cə.lˁot, “to rob, to snatch”);
:Outside Chinese, cognate with Tibetan གློད་པ (glod pa, “loosen, relax, slacken”), Tibetan ཧློད་པ (hlod pa, “loose, relaxed”), Lepcha ᰒᰤᰦᰳ (flját), ᰒᰤᰩᰳ (fljót), Burmese လွှတ် (hlwat), Burmese ချွတ် (hkywat).
In its use in Northern Wu languages, such as Shanghainese, Suzhounese, and Ningbonese, as well as Lower Yangtze Mandarin, it is likely from a grammaticalisation of the verb. Compare with 落 (Wuxi, Changzhou) and 掉 (Haining, Danyang).

cog

(Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) to collapse; to pass out; to fall in a faint


膗

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯aɪ̯³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯aɪ̯³⁵/

(Xiamen, Quanzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) to sprain (e.g. the ankle, wrist, etc.)

(Xiamen, Quanzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) to twist & turn (while walking)


花

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (花):
* → Japanese: 花(か) (ka)
* → Korean: 화(花) (hwa)
* → Vietnamese: hoa (花)

→ Ai-Cham: hwa¹

→ Zhuang: va

Han dynasty
Middle Chinese
Sinitic languages

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *hʷraː): semantic 艹 (“grass; plant”) + phonetic 化 (OC *hŋʷraːls). Originally 𠌶 or 華 before the Han dynasty.
Unclear.
Possibly of Sino-Tibetan origin. Schuessler (2007) derives it from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *baːr (“bloom, flower”) and thus an example of possible *b ~ *w variation, with final -r moved to medial position. If so, cognate with 葩 (MC phae); outside Sinitic, compare Burmese ပန်း (pan:), Lepcha ᰓᰫᰲ (búr), Mizo páar, etc. Sagart (2021) also connects it to 葩 (OC *pʰˤra), modifying Baxter and Sagart's (2014) reconstruction to *Cə-pʰˤra and proposing the sound changes *Cə-pʰ- > *Cə-ɸ- > *ɸ- > xw-.
Sagart & Baxter (2024) reconstruct 荂 (OC *pʰra) ~ 葩 (OC *pʰˤra) and 荂 (OC *X.pʰra) ~ 花 (OC *X.pʰˤra) (with unknown prefix *X turning labial stops into Middle Chinese fricative initials in 荂 (MC xju) ~ 花 (MC xwae)). Further, they propose cognacy to Proto-Karen *phɔᴬ (“flower”) and reconstruct Proto-Sino-Tibetan *p(h)a (“idem”). Outside Sino-Tibetan, they propose cognacy to Proto-Austronesian *pahpah (“flower, petal; leaf”).
Alternatively, from Austroasiatic; compare Proto-Austroasiatic *bka(ː)ʔ (“flower”) (Schuessler, 2007).
華 (OC *ɡʷraː, “to flower”) is a derivative.

cog

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to extinguish; to put out (of fire)


苒

(Xiamen Hokkien) fruit preserve; jam; jelly


落

→ Ai-Cham: lau⁵

→ Thai: โละ (ló) (via Teochew loh⁸)

→ Vietnamese: lạc

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡ·raːɡ): semantic 艹 + phonetic 洛 (OC *ɡ·raːɡ).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(k/g)la-k/y/t (“to fall”) (STEDT, Schuessler, 2007):
:within Sinitic, cognate to 露 (OC *ɡ·raːɡs) "dew", 下 (OC *ɡraːʔ, *ɡraːs, “down, below, to descend, to fall down”) , 陊 (OC *l'aːlʔ, *l'alʔ) "to collapse" and 阤 (OC *l'alʔ, *hljalʔ) "hillside, slope";
:outsides Sinitic, cognate to Mizo tla ~ tlâk (“to fall”) and thla ~ thlâk (“to drop”), Burmese ကျ (kya., “to fall”) and ချ (hkya., “to drop”).
Schuessler attributes OC *r-, instead of expected **l-, to possible Austroasiatic influence: compare Khmer [script needed] (gra'ka, “be low, debased”) < [script needed] (-ra'ka, “to fall, below, cover from above”). However, Matisoff (2003) identifies several ST etyma which display TB *(C‑)l- vs. OC *(C‑)r‑ correspondence (e.g. *l(j)a(k/ŋ) (“good, beautiful”) → 良 (OC *raŋ), *g/m-liŋ (“neck”) → 領 (OC *reŋʔ), etc.) and TB *(C‑)r- vs. OC *(C‑)l‑ (e.g. *g-rjum (“salt”) → 鹽 (OC *ɡ·lam)); so irregularities in correspondence do not necessarily indicate foreign influences.
Contemporary southern usage possibly reinforced by a Kra-Dai term. The term has been associated with Zhuang loengx (“to fall”).
Zhengzhang suggested that Pronunciation 2 was a result of loss of final consonant of the retained Old Chinese Pronunciation 1.

cog

(transitive) (to move something to a lower place)

(Xiamen and Taiwanese Hokkien) to fell; to lop; to cut down; to hew (trees)

(Hainanese, Leizhou Min, Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Singapore and Taiwanese Hokkien, Teochew) to fade (of color)

(Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) loose; about to fall off (often reduplicated)

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) Classifier for events, deals, etc..

(Xiamen Hokkien) to divide into; to split up into


著

→ English: tio

/ʈ͡ʂaʊ̯ɻʷ⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂaʊ̯ɻʷ⁵⁵/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *taʔ, *tas, *da, *taɡ, *daɡ): semantic 艸 (“grass; plant”) + phonetic 者 (OC *tjaːʔ).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-ta-t (“to put; to place”). Cognate with Tibetan སྟད (stad, “to put on; to lay on”), སྟ་གོན (sta gon, “preparation; arrangement”), Burmese ထား (hta:, “to put; to place”). See also 署 (OC *djas, “to put, place”) (STEDT).

cog

着
着
𣋐
𣥧
囉
就
着
着

揀啊揀，揀著一個賣龍眼 / 揀啊揀，揀著一个賣龍眼 / 拣啊拣，拣着一个卖龙眼

kéng--ah kéng, kéng-tio̍h chi̍t ê bē lêng-géng

(Northern Min, Eastern Min, Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien, Teochew) it's now ...'s turn


葺

Probably a causative formation related to 邑 (OC *qrɯb, “settlement, city”); see there for more (STEDT).

(Xiamen, Quanzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) dirt attached to another object


薟

→ English: hiam

(Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) pungent


藏

Departing tone derivative of etymology 1.

蔵
匨
𢧿
蔵
匨
𢧿
狀
𰹬
蔵
茺
潛
汆
葱

(Taoism) a cylindrical model of a prayer wheel used in certain Hokkien funeral rites


藏

蔵
匨
𢧿
蔵
匨
𢧿
狀
𰹬
蔵
茺
潛
汆
葱

(Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) to stuff; to cram; to squeeze into


虔

(chiefly Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) alternative form of 堅 /坚 (“to congeal; to encrust”)


蟯

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to nitpick; to probe (someone's mistakes, etc.)

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien, humorous) to pass away; to die


術

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɦljud): semantic 行 (“street, path”) + phonetic 朮 (OC *l'ud, *ɦljud).
For the “to throw” definition, from English shoot.

Han compound

術籃／术篮 [Hokkien] ― su̍t-nâ [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― to shoot

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to throw; to cast


衝

/t͡sʰɔyŋ²¹³/

/t͡sʰɔyŋ²¹³/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *tʰjoŋ): semantic 行 + phonetic 重 (OC *doŋ, *doŋʔ, *doŋs).

Han compound

(Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) to scent; to odorize; to infuse with the scent of another

(Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) to collide; to impact; to run into; to hit


袤

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) build; stature

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to hit hard; to bash; to smash; to strike heavily


褫

棉被褫开曝日 [Hokkien, simp.]
mî-phē thíⁿ-khui pha̍k-li̍t [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]

to smooth out a cotton-padded quilt to bask in the sun

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to smooth out; to extend open


覷

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): phonetic 虛 + semantic 見 (“see”).

(literary or Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to peep; to spy on


觸

/t͡sʰiɔk̚³²/

/t͡sʰiɪk̚³²/

/t͡sʰiɔk̚³²/

/t͡sʰiɪk̚³²/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *tʰjoɡ): semantic 角 + phonetic 蜀 (OC *djoɡ).
Compare Tibetan གཏུག (gtug, “to meet; to touch”) (Hill, 2019). An older theory by STEDT compares the word with Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/r-tuk (“to cut, knock, pound”), and compares the first two syllables of Burmese တောက်တောက်ကြော် (tauktaukkrau, “fried minced meat”), as well as a wide range of Sinitic words:
* 擣 (OC *tuːʔ, “to beat, pound rice”)
* 殊 (OC *to, *djo, “to cut off, die”)
* 祝 (OC *tjuɡs, *tjuɡ, “to cut off, pray”)
* 斵, 斫 (OC *tjaɡ, “to chop, carve, chisel, break open”)
* 椓 (“to beat, strike”)
* 啄 (OC *rtoːɡ, *toːɡ, “to peck”)
* 斀 (OC *rtoːɡ, “to castrate”)
* 誅 (OC *to, “to reprove, punish, kill”)
* 咮 (OC *tu, *tus, *tos, *tjo, “beak; to peck”)
* 斸 (OC *toɡ, “to cut, cut out”)
The internet slang sense is a phonetic borrowing from English true.

cog

တောက်တောက်ကြော်

och-l

(Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) to take a bit of notes (with a pen or pencil)


誰

谁
谁
倽
上
仩
谁
𪝊
𫢗
谁
谁
孰:chiâ
咜:chôa

(Hokkien, including Xiamen, Kinmenese, Magong and Singapore Hokkien; Teochew; Hainanese) who; whom


誰

谁
谁
倽
上
仩
谁
𪝊
𫢗
谁
谁
孰:chiâ
咜:chôa

(Hokkien, chiefly Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) who; whom


譀

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qʰlaːms, *qʰraːms, *qʰraːb): semantic 言 (“words; speech”) + phonetic 敢 (OC *klaːmʔ).

Han compound

(Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) exaggerated; pretentious

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to magnify; to enlarge


貓

→ English: ngeow (via Teochew)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *mreːw, *mrew): semantic 豸 + phonetic 苗 (OC *mrew). The phonetic component perhaps points to the onomatopoeic nature of this word.
Ma Xulun suggested that 豸 was the original character of 貓.
Onomatopoeic. Compare 喵 (miāo, “meow, the onomatopoeic cry of a cat”).
Schuessler (2007) minimally reconstructs Old Chinese *mau, reasoning that 貓's place among division II syllables results from its onomatopoeic nature instead of an Old Chinese medial *-r-; onomatopoeia is also responsible for the 陰平／阴平 (yīnpíng) tone instead of the expected 陽平／阳平 (yángpíng).

zh-l

陰平／阴平 (yīnpíng)

猫
猫
猫
毛
猫
猫
猫
媌

(Xiamen, Quanzhou and Singapore Hokkien; Singapore Teochew) stingy; miserly


貢

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *koːŋs): phonetic 工 (OC *koːŋ) + semantic 貝. However, the phonetic component indicates the concept of working and achievement (功), hence putting efforts to make any kind of contribute and/or reach an achievement.

Han compound

(Xiamen Hokkien, historical) a kind of high-grade cloth like silk and satin


趁

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *nlanʔ, *l̥ʰɯns, *l'ɯn): semantic 走 (“to run”) + phonetic 㐱.

Han compound

趂
𧼇
𮚶
𢌝
跈
𧽃
賺

(Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) to shoo away; to drive away (poultry or livestock)


趿

When the child saw his father, he ran over to tightly hug him.

Gín-á khòaⁿ tio̍h in lāu-pē, cháu kè-khì kap i sahⁿ tiâu-tiâu.

囡仔看著𪜶老爸，走過去佮伊趿牢牢。

囡仔看着𪜶老爸，走过去佮伊趿牢牢。

(Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) to embrace tightly and vigorously


跑

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *bruː, *bruːɡ): semantic 足 (“foot”) + phonetic 包 (OC *pruː).
Compare Proto-Loloish *paw¹ (“to flee”) (Schuessler, 2007).
The computing sense is a semantic loan from English run.

Han compound

(Xiamen, Quanzhou and Zhangzhou Hokkien) well-liked; popular


踅

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sɢʷled): phonetic 折 (OC *l'eːl, *ʔljed, *ɦljed) + semantic 足 (“foot”).

Han compound

(Xiamen Hokkien) to be tied up; to be entangled (by a matter, etc.)


踏

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *tʰuːb): semantic 足 (“foot”) + phonetic 沓 (OC *duːb).

Han compound

踏三 [Cantonese] ― daap⁶ saam¹ [Jyutping] ― quarter past

踏九 [Cantonese] ― daap⁶ gau² [Jyutping] ― three quarters past

踏正 [Cantonese] ― daap⁶ zeng³ [Jyutping] ― sharp

踏半 [Cantonese] ― daap⁶ bun³ [Jyutping] ― half past

踏七 [Cantonese] ― daap⁶ cat¹ [Jyutping] ― 35 minutes past

踏八個半字／踏八个半字 [Cantonese] ― daap⁶ baat³ go³ bun³ zi⁶ [Jyutping] ― around 42.5 minutes past

八點踏四／八点踏四 [Cantonese] ― baat³ dim² daap⁶ sei³ [Jyutping] ― twenty past eight

(Cantonese, dialectal Hakka, Teochew, Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) Used before a number to indicate time, where the number is what the minute hand is pointing to on an analog clock.


踖

(Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) to run around working hard (to procure something)


踮

店
惦
站
𫁥
*佔
𠶧
坫
匿

(Xiamen, Quanzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) at; in


蹜

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sruɡ): semantic 足 (“foot”) + phonetic 宿 (OC *suɡs, *suɡ)

Han compound

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to climb upwards following a certain body


躇

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to move slowly; to dawdle; to dillydally


軋

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qriːd): semantic 車 (“cart”) + phonetic 乙 (OC *qriɡ)

Han compound

轧
轧
轧
轧
轧
裹
輾
𩛩

伊予車軋死。

伊予车轧死。

伊駛車去軋著人。

伊驶车去轧著人。

guah³ ging¹ dua⁴ ca¹ deng³ gyor³ gih⁷ cia¹ gah⁶ si³ luei⁰.

我今旦差點囝給車軋死落尾。

我今旦差点囝给车轧死落尾。

(Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien, Teochew, Puxian Min) to crush; to run over; to roll flat (of or by a car)


軸

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *l'ɯwɢ) and ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): semantic 車 (“cart, carriage”) + phonetic 由 (OC *lɯw, “to pass through”) — the axle that passes through a cartwheel.

Han compound

(Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien, Teochew) large, oblong banner of silk carrying an appropriate message (usually for funerals) (Classifier: 幅 mn mn-t)


轉

/ʈ͡ʂu̯än²¹⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂu̯än²¹⁴/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *tonʔ, *tons): semantic 車 (“carriage”) + phonetic 專 (OC *tjon).
Possibly related to:
* Old Tibetan འདྲུལ ('drul, “to transmit; to communicate”) (Schuessler, 2007), or
* Tibetan སྲུལ (srul, “to move to and fro; to stir”), Burmese ရွေ့ (rwe., “to move; to be displaced”), ရွှေ့ (hrwe., “to move or shift something”) (Starostin).
An allofam is perhaps *don (“round”). Compare Vietnamese tròn (“round; circle; entire; whole”), trọn (“fully; completely; all”), as well as the following Chinese words:
* 團 (OC *doːn, “ball; circle; lump”),
* 摶 (OC *doːn, *doːn, *donʔ, “to roll up into a ball”).
Derivative: 傳 (OC *tons, *don, *dons, “to relay; to pass on; to transfer; relay station; biography; record”).

och-l

转
返
转
转
转
撙
捘

(Xiamen Hokkien) to mediate; to reconcile


逆

屰
𨒫
扴
桀
恝
椵
硌

(Xiamen Hokkien) unable to be harmonious


這

这
遮
者
只
拓
J
迓
邇
即
此
这
这

(Xiamen and Taiwanese Hokkien) alternative form of 遮 (chiah, “this; so; such”)


通

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *l̥ʰoːŋ): semantic 辶 + phonetic 甬 (OC *loŋʔ).

Han compound

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) very; most; clearly


遐

Possibly a contraction of 彼搭 (hit-tah). Compare 遮 (chiâ / chia / chiô / chiah).

徦
彼
靴
叱
吪
瓦
許
赫
靴
叱
吪

(Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) that; those


遐

徦
彼
靴
叱
吪
瓦
許
赫
靴
叱
吪

Hiring a special duty nurse costs two thousand a day, sixty thousand a month. How do they have that much money to hire one?

Chhiàⁿ te̍k-pia̍t hō͘-sū chi̍t ji̍t nn̄g-chheng, chi̍t kò͘ goe̍h ài la̍k-bān, in ná ū hiah chē chîⁿ lâi chhiàⁿ?

倩特別護士一日兩千，一個月愛六萬，𪜶哪有遐濟錢來倩？

倩特别护士一日两千，一个月爱六万，𪜶哪有遐济钱来倩？

(Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien, degree) so; that


遮

Compare Quanzhou Hokkien 拙 (choah, “this; so; such”).

cog

𨖥
庶
這
這
者
即
則
迹
這
者
隻
呰

(Xiamen and Taiwanese Hokkien) this; so; such


酵

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kruːs): semantic 酉 + phonetic 孝 (OC *qʰruːs) – fermenting in a vessel, making alcoholic drink. 孝 is composed of “young + old”, hence connotations of “aging (in a vase), fermentation”.
In some lects, the pronunciation of 酵 (jiào) is the same as that of 孝 (xiào). This is the result of dubanbian (讀半邊／读半边 (dúbànbiān)).

zh-l

讀半邊／读半边 (dúbànbiān)

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) dough with yeast


野

(literary or Eastern Min, Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang and Philippine Hokkien, Wu) very; quite


錄

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *roɡ): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 彔 (OC *b·roːɡ).

Han compound

錄金

录金

(Xiamen Hokkien) to gold plate (to decorate instruments)


鎙

(Xiamen Hokkien) to shovel; to scoop with a shovel

(Xiamen Hokkien) any tool resembling a shovel


鎩

鎩落去

铩落去

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to cut with a blade

鎩鎩叫

铩铩叫

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) with the sound of blade cutting


鐳

Borrowed from Malay duit, from Dutch duit.

銅鐳

铜镭

(Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Kinmenese and Penghu Hokkien; Zhongshan Min) copper cash; coin

五鐳銅鐳

五镭铜镭

(Xiamen, Quanzhou and Zhangzhou Hokkien) Classifier for copper cash.

趁鐳

趁镭

Some people foolishly act like they don't care about money, but in the end money trumps friendship and loyalty

1998, 片頭曲/Opening Theme, 錢不夠用 (Money Not Enough)

yǒu-xiē rén shuō mài kóng lúi kî-si̍t sī ké hàu-tai, yào jiǎng jiāo-qíng ia̍h-sī kóng gī-khì koh sī kóng lúi khah si̍t-chāi

有些人說莫講鐳其實是假孝呆，要講交情抑是講義氣閣是講鐳較實在

有些人说莫讲镭其实是假孝呆，要讲交情抑是讲义气阁是讲镭较实在

(Malaysian Cantonese and Singapore Cantonese, Hakka, Southern Min; Xiamen, Quanzhou and Zhangzhou Hokkien; slang in Hong Kong Cantonese) money


長

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (長):
* → Japanese: 長(ちょう) (chō); 長(じょう) (jō)
* → Korean: 장(長) (jang)
* → Vietnamese: trường (長), tràng (長)

Pictogram (象形) – an old man with long hair; an ancient variant still used is 镸 (e.g., ⾽ and 鬓).
Compare 彡 and the top component of 老 and its variant 考.
Three pronunciations below are cognate, all derived from the original root of 張 (*traŋ, “to make long; to stretch; to string a bow”).
Pronunciation 1 ("long") is the endopassive derivative ("be extended, be stretched"), with intransitive voicing. The lack of Tibeto-Burman cognates with the same meaning indicate that this is a Chinese innovation. Pronunciation 2 ("to grow") is the endoactive derivative. The different pronunciations are one of the few instances of contemporary grammatical tone in Mandarin.
See 張 for more.

l-lite

分做两长 [Hokkien, simp.]
hun chòe nn̄g tn̂g [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]

(Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) segment of time or object

(Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) regularly; often; frequently


閣

阁
阁
擱
佫
故
復
過
更
果
固
各
卻
革
阁
𡁤
咯

(Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Philippine Hokkien) Emphatic final particle used to make requests


陵

(Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) elevated area of a terrain or water surface

(Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) back (of a vertebrate)


隰

→ English: Xi

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ljɯb): semantic 阜 + phonetic 㬎.

Han compound

佯隰隰

(Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) silent and not speaking; not disclosing anything


霎

(Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) crumbs; small pieces


預

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *las): phonetic 予 (OC *la, *laʔ) + semantic 頁.

Han compound

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to participate in an activity

(Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) to play (chess, cards, mahjong, hide-and-seek, etc.)

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien, of an activity) to start


頓

edit中斷

temporarily; to be willing to give up; chiefly in the negative

(Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) to have a trial of strength or skill; to have a contest; to compete with


颺

(Xiamen, Quanzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) to wave away; to flick; to whisk


飛

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (飛):
* → Japanese: 飛(ひ) (hi)
* → Korean: 비(飛) (bi)
* → Vietnamese: phi (飛)

Characters in the same phonetic series (飛) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Pictogram (象形): a bird flying upwards.
In its modern form, resembles a tasseled 升 (shēng).
* Proto-Sino-Tibetan *bjar ~ *p(i/u)r (“to fly”) → Tibetan འཕུར ('phur), Burmese ပျံ (pyam, “to fly”).
* Proto-Mon-Khmer *par (“to fly”) → Old Mon ပဝ် (pɔ); Proto-Vietic *pər (“to fly”), whereas Vietnamese bay.
Cognate with Old Chinese 翂 (*pɯn, “appearance of birds flying slowly”) and Old Chinese 奮 (*pɯns, “spread wings and fly”).
; “fare”
; “femto-”

cog

飞
𠃧
𮨶
𩙱
𦐭
𦒮
飝

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to fizzle out; to fail; to fall through


飲

In the oracle bone script, it was an ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 酉 (“bottle (of alcoholic beverages)”) + 人 (“person”) + 口 (“mouth (occasionally with the tongue protruding)”) – a person bending over a bottle to drink the alcoholic beverage. The droplets represented drops of the drink or saliva.
In the bronze script, the mouth separated from the body and corrupted into 今 (OC *krɯm), while the rest of the body became 欠 (OC *kʰoms). These two components also acted as phonetic components. These changes were inherited in the seal script, leading Shuowen to interpret this character (㱃) as a phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qrɯmʔ, *qrɯms): phonetic 酓 (OC *qʰɯːm, *qlamʔ, *qlɯːms) + semantic 欠 (“yawn”).
In the clerical script, 酓 has been modified to 食 (“to eat”), which is inherited in the current form.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ʔam (“to eat; to drink”).

inh

饮
㱃
酓
飮
𣲎
𩚜
饮
㱃
酓
飮
𣲎
𩚜
饮

(Xiamen, Zhangping and Taiwanese Hokkien) sticky and watery


飼

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ljɯs): semantic 食 + phonetic 司 (OC *slɯ).
See 食.

Han compound

(Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) to support (a mistress)


髡

(Xiamen, Quanzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) to shave; to peel; to scrape off; to pare

(Xiamen Hokkien) to have the throat feel dry


黐

(Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) dilatory; long-winded; prolonged in time (of talking, doing things, etc.)


大人

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (大人):
* → Japanese: 大人(たいじん) (taijin); 大人(だいにん) (dainin)
* → Korean: 대인(大人) (daein)
* → Vietnamese: đại nhân (大人)

→ Amis: tayring

/tä⁵¹ ʐən³⁵/

/ta⁴⁴ ʐəŋ²⁴/

/taːi̯²² jɐn²¹/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ ŋin¹¹/

/tuai²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ iŋ⁵³/

/tai³⁵⁻¹¹ d͡ziŋ⁵⁵/

/tä⁵¹ ʐən³⁵/

/ta⁴⁴ ʐəŋ²⁴/

/taːi̯²² jɐn²¹/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ ŋin¹¹/

/tuai²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ iŋ⁵³/

/tai³⁵⁻¹¹ d͡ziŋ⁵⁵/

; address towards Japanese officials; "police officer"

(Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien, religion) paper person, used as a scapegoat


電車

/ti̯ɛn⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤ⁵⁵/

/tiːn²² t͡sʰɛː⁵⁵/

/tie⁴⁵ t͡sʰɤ¹¹/

/tiɛn²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/

/tiɛn⁴¹⁻²² t͡sʰia³³/

/tiɛn²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/

/tiɛn³³⁻¹¹ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/

/tiɛn³³⁻²¹ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/

/tiaŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sʰia³³/

/ti̯ɛn⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤ⁵⁵/

/tiːn²² t͡sʰɛː⁵⁵/

/tie⁴⁵ t͡sʰɤ¹¹/

/tiɛn²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/

/tiɛn⁴¹⁻²² t͡sʰia³³/

/tiɛn²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/

/tiɛn³³⁻¹¹ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/

/tiɛn³³⁻²¹ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/

/tiaŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sʰia³³/

The modern definitions are wasei kango (和製漢語), orthographically borrowed from Japanese 電(でん)車(しゃ) (densha), first attested in 《出使英法義比四國日記》 by Xue Fucheng in 1890.

lang

《出使英法義比四國日記》

《出使英法義比四國日記》

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien, dated) automobile; motor car; sedan


年金

/ni̯ɛn³⁵ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²² kim⁴⁴/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²² kim³³/

/liɛn¹³⁻²² kim⁴⁴/

/liɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ kim⁴⁴/

/liɛn²³⁻³³ kim⁴⁴/

/ni̯ɛn³⁵ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²² kim⁴⁴/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²² kim³³/

/liɛn¹³⁻²² kim⁴⁴/

/liɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ kim⁴⁴/

/liɛn²³⁻³³ kim⁴⁴/

/nĩ²⁴⁻²² kim⁴⁴/

/nĩ²⁴⁻²² kim⁴⁴/


光盤

/ku̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ pʰän³⁵/

/kʷɔːŋ⁵⁵ pʰuːn²¹/

/kʷɔːŋ⁵⁵ pʰuːn²¹⁻³⁵/

/kŋ̍⁴⁴⁻²² puã²⁴/

/kuĩ⁴⁴⁻²² puã¹³/

/kuɑ̃⁵⁵ bø²¹/

/ku̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ pʰän³⁵/

/kʷɔːŋ⁵⁵ pʰuːn²¹/

/kʷɔːŋ⁵⁵ pʰuːn²¹⁻³⁵/

/kŋ̍⁴⁴⁻²² puã²⁴/

/kuĩ⁴⁴⁻²² puã¹³/

/kuɑ̃⁵⁵ bø²¹/

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) negotiated price (in public)


脫箠

/tʰut̚³²⁻⁴ t͡sʰe²⁴/

/tʰut̚³²⁻⁴ t͡sʰue²³/

/tʰut̚³²⁻⁴ t͡sʰe²⁴/

/tʰut̚³²⁻⁴ t͡sʰue²³/

(Xiamen and Taiwanese Hokkien) to make a fool of oneself; to go off the rails; to screw up


正月

/ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵⁵ ɥɛ⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂəŋ²⁴ yə⁵¹/

/t͡sɪŋ⁵⁵ jyːt̚²/

/t͡saŋ⁴² n̠ʲyɵt̚²/

/t͡saŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ŋi̯et̚⁵/

/t͡saŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ŋi̯at̚⁵/

/t͡ʃaŋ⁵³ ŋiet²/

/t͡siã³³ ɡəʔ²⁴/

/t͡siã⁴⁴⁻²² ɡəʔ⁴³/

/t͡siã³³ ɡeʔ²⁴/

/t͡siã⁴⁴⁻²² ɡeʔ⁴³/

/t͡siã⁴⁴⁻²² ɡeʔ⁴/

/t͡siã⁴⁴⁻²² ɡueʔ¹²¹/

/t͡siã⁴⁴⁻²² ɡueʔ⁴³/

/t͡sĩã³³⁻²³ ɡueʔ⁴/

/t͡sən⁵⁵ ɦyɪʔ²¹/

/t͡sən⁵⁵ ɦioʔ²¹/

/t͡sən⁴⁴ ŋəʔ/

/ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵⁵ ɥɛ⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂəŋ²⁴ yə⁵¹/

/t͡sɪŋ⁵⁵ jyːt̚²/

/t͡saŋ⁴² n̠ʲyɵt̚²/

/t͡saŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ŋi̯et̚⁵/

/t͡saŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ŋi̯at̚⁵/

/t͡ʃaŋ⁵³ ŋiet²/

/t͡siã³³ ɡəʔ²⁴/

/t͡siã⁴⁴⁻²² ɡəʔ⁴³/

/t͡siã³³ ɡeʔ²⁴/

/t͡siã⁴⁴⁻²² ɡeʔ⁴³/

/t͡siã⁴⁴⁻²² ɡeʔ⁴/

/t͡siã⁴⁴⁻²² ɡueʔ¹²¹/

/t͡siã⁴⁴⁻²² ɡueʔ⁴³/

/t͡sĩã³³⁻²³ ɡueʔ⁴/

/t͡sən⁵⁵ ɦyɪʔ²¹/

/t͡sən⁵⁵ ɦioʔ²¹/

/t͡sən⁴⁴ ŋəʔ/

Guangyun
Qin Shi Huang
Zhu Xi
naming taboo

According to Guangyun (https://ctext.org/text.pl?node=296930&if=en#n296938) and Zhu Xi (朱熹) (https://ctext.org/library.pl?if=en&file=9216&page=85), the character 正 here was originally pronounced zhèng (like 政); according to Zhang Shoujie (張守節); its special pronunciation zhēng (like 征) originated from the naming taboo on Qin Shi Huang's real name 嬴政 (Yíng Zhèng) (https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&res=710475&searchu=%E6%AD%A3%E9%9F%B3%E6%94%BF%E5%91%A8%E6%AD%A3%E5%BB%BA%E5%AD%90%E4%B9%8B%E6%AD%A3%E4%B9%9F%E5%A7%8B%E7%9A%87%E4%BB%A5%E6%AD%A3%E6%9C%88%E6%97%A6%E7%94%9F%E6%96%BC%E8%B6%99%E5%9B%A0%E7%82%BA%E6%94%BF%E5%BE%8C%E4%BB%A5%E5%A7%8B%E7%9A%87%E8%AB%B1%E6%95%85%E9%9F%B3%E5%BE%81).
Sagart (2023) instead proposes that actually 正 here wrote 隻 (OC *tek, “one”), in context where the latter's coda *-k had been nasalized by the onset of 月 (OC *[ŋ]ʷat). He reconstructs underlying *tek-ŋʷat, whence *teŋ-ŋʷat, whose appropriate readable form was 正月.

(Xiamen Hokkien) first three days of the first month of the Chinese lunar calendar


火雞

/xu̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi⁵⁵/

/fɔː³⁵ kɐi̯⁵⁵/

/hui³³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ie⁵⁵/

/he⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kue⁴⁴/

/he⁴²⁻²⁴ kue⁴⁴/

/he⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kue³³/

/hə⁴²⁻²⁴ kue⁴⁴/

/hə⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kue³³/

/hə⁵⁵⁻³⁵ kue³³/

/hə⁵³⁻²⁴ kue⁴⁴/

/hue⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ ke³³/

/hue⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ke⁴⁴/

/hue⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ke⁴⁴/

/hue⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ke⁴⁴/

/he⁴²⁻²⁴ ke⁴⁴/

/huɛ³¹⁻⁵⁵ kɔi³⁵/

/xu̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi⁵⁵/

/fɔː³⁵ kɐi̯⁵⁵/

/hui³³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ie⁵⁵/

/he⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kue⁴⁴/

/he⁴²⁻²⁴ kue⁴⁴/

/he⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kue³³/

/hə⁴²⁻²⁴ kue⁴⁴/

/hə⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kue³³/

/hə⁵⁵⁻³⁵ kue³³/

/hə⁵³⁻²⁴ kue⁴⁴/

/hue⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ ke³³/

/hue⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ke⁴⁴/

/hue⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ke⁴⁴/

/hue⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ke⁴⁴/

/he⁴²⁻²⁴ ke⁴⁴/

/huɛ³¹⁻⁵⁵ kɔi³⁵/

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien, figurative) busybody; meddler

(Xiamen, Quanzhou and Zhangzhou Hokkien) soldering tool


火雞

/xu̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi⁵⁵/

/fɔː³⁵ kɐi̯⁵⁵/

/hui³³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ie⁵⁵/

/he⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kue⁴⁴/

/he⁴²⁻²⁴ kue⁴⁴/

/he⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kue³³/

/hə⁴²⁻²⁴ kue⁴⁴/

/hə⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kue³³/

/hə⁵⁵⁻³⁵ kue³³/

/hə⁵³⁻²⁴ kue⁴⁴/

/hue⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ ke³³/

/hue⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ke⁴⁴/

/hue⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ke⁴⁴/

/hue⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ke⁴⁴/

/he⁴²⁻²⁴ ke⁴⁴/

/huɛ³¹⁻⁵⁵ kɔi³⁵/

/xu̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi⁵⁵/

/fɔː³⁵ kɐi̯⁵⁵/

/hui³³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ie⁵⁵/

/he⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kue⁴⁴/

/he⁴²⁻²⁴ kue⁴⁴/

/he⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kue³³/

/hə⁴²⁻²⁴ kue⁴⁴/

/hə⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kue³³/

/hə⁵⁵⁻³⁵ kue³³/

/hə⁵³⁻²⁴ kue⁴⁴/

/hue⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ ke³³/

/hue⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ke⁴⁴/

/hue⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ke⁴⁴/

/hue⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ke⁴⁴/

/he⁴²⁻²⁴ ke⁴⁴/

/huɛ³¹⁻⁵⁵ kɔi³⁵/

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien, figurative) meddlesome


生氣

/t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰui²¹/

/t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰui¹¹/

/t͡sʰĩ³³ kʰui⁴¹/

/t͡sʰɛ̃⁴⁴⁻²² kʰui²¹/

/t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰui²¹/

/t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰui¹¹/

/t͡sʰĩ³³ kʰui⁴¹/

/t͡sʰɛ̃⁴⁴⁻²² kʰui²¹/

生气
生气
生气
生气
生气


生氣

/sĩ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰui²¹/

/sĩ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰui²¹/

生气
生气
生气
生气
生气

(Xiamen Hokkien) to make trouble; to create a disturbance


垃圾

/lap̚³²⁻⁴ sap̚³²/

/lap̚³²⁻⁵⁴ sap̚³²/

/la(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ sap̚³²/

/la(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ sap̚³²/

/la(ʔ)³²⁻⁴² sap̚³²/

/lap̚³²⁻⁴ sap̚³²/

/lap̚³²⁻⁵⁴ sap̚³²/

/la(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ sap̚³²/

/la(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ sap̚³²/

/la(ʔ)³²⁻⁴² sap̚³²/

From earlier 擸𢶍 (làsà, “to jumble; jumble; litter”). Reduplication derived from a root (*lap or *sap) meaning "untidy, unclean". The pronunciation "lèsè" is possibly influenced by Wu.
Second syllable of the Mainland Mandarin reading lājī is irregular, resulting from the incorrect association of the rare character in its obsolete form 靸 (sǎ) with the usual pronunciation of its phonetic component (及 (jí)).
Cognate with 邋遢 (lāta, “unclean, untidy, unkempt”) (> 邋邋遢遢, 邋裡邋遢／邋里邋遢).

擸𢶍
磖磼
𧞪䙣
𧙀䙣
儠㒎
𦆻颯
拉颯
垃靸
垃趿

(Hakka, Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien, Teochew) dirty; unhygienic


成人

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ ʐən³⁵/

/sɪŋ²¹ jɐn²¹/

/sɨn¹¹ ŋin¹¹/

/sən¹¹ ŋin¹¹/

/siɪŋ²³⁻³³ zin²³/

/siɪŋ¹³⁻²² d͡zin¹³/

/siɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ lin²⁴/

/siɪŋ²⁴⁻²² lin²⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ ʐən³⁵/

/sɪŋ²¹ jɐn²¹/

/sɨn¹¹ ŋin¹¹/

/sən¹¹ ŋin¹¹/

/siɪŋ²³⁻³³ zin²³/

/siɪŋ¹³⁻²² d͡zin¹³/

/siɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ lin²⁴/

/siɪŋ²⁴⁻²² lin²⁴/

/saŋ¹¹ ŋin¹¹/

/siŋ⁵³⁻³³ ^((Ø-))ŋiŋ⁵³/

/t͡siã²⁴⁻²² laŋ²⁴/

/t͡siã²⁴⁻²² laŋ²⁴/

/t͡siã¹³⁻²² laŋ¹³/

/t͡siã²⁴⁻¹¹ laŋ²⁴/

/t͡siã²³⁻³³ laŋ²³/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ ʐən³⁵/

/sɪŋ²¹ jɐn²¹/

/saŋ¹¹ ŋin¹¹/

/siŋ⁵³⁻³³ ^((Ø-))ŋiŋ⁵³/

/t͡siã²⁴⁻²² laŋ²⁴/

/t͡siã²⁴⁻²² laŋ²⁴/

/t͡siã¹³⁻²² laŋ¹³/

/t͡siã²⁴⁻¹¹ laŋ²⁴/

/t͡siã²³⁻³³ laŋ²³/


山田

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰan²⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰan¹³/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰan²⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰan¹³/

/ʂän⁵⁵ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/ʂän⁵⁵ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien, agriculture) terraced fields; terrace


物件

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (物件):
* → Japanese: 物件(ぶっけん) (bukken)
* → Korean: 물건(物件) (mulgeon)

/u⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/və²⁴ t͡ɕiæ̃²⁴/

/mɐt̚² kiːn²²⁻³⁵/

/mĩ(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ kiã²²/

/mĩ(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ kiã²²/

/mi(ʔ)⁴³⁻²¹ kiã²²/

/mĩ(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ kiã³³/

/mĩ(ʔ)⁴⁻¹ kiã³³/

/mĩ³³⁻²¹ kiã³³/

/mi(ʔ)²⁴⁻² kiã³³/

/mŋ̍(ʔ)²⁴⁻² kiã²²/

/mŋ̍(ʔ)²⁴⁻² kiã³³/

/mŋ̍(ʔ)⁵⁴⁻¹² kiã²²/

/mŋ̍(ʔ)⁴³⁻²¹ kiã²²/

/mŋ̍(ʔ)³⁵⁻² kiã³¹/

/mŋ̍³³⁻¹¹ kiã³³/

/mueʔ⁴⁻² kĩã³⁵/

/məʔ¹¹ t͡ɕi²³/

/u⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/və²⁴ t͡ɕiæ̃²⁴/

/mɐt̚² kiːn²²⁻³⁵/

/mĩ(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ kiã²²/

/mĩ(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ kiã²²/

/mi(ʔ)⁴³⁻²¹ kiã²²/

/mĩ(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ kiã³³/

/mĩ(ʔ)⁴⁻¹ kiã³³/

/mĩ³³⁻²¹ kiã³³/

/mi(ʔ)²⁴⁻² kiã³³/

/mŋ̍(ʔ)²⁴⁻² kiã²²/

/mŋ̍(ʔ)²⁴⁻² kiã³³/

/mŋ̍(ʔ)⁵⁴⁻¹² kiã²²/

/mŋ̍(ʔ)⁴³⁻²¹ kiã²²/

/mŋ̍(ʔ)³⁵⁻² kiã³¹/

/mŋ̍³³⁻¹¹ kiã³³/

/mueʔ⁴⁻² kĩã³⁵/

/məʔ¹¹ t͡ɕi²³/

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) matter; affair; something; business; thing; stuff


見面

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹⁻⁵³ mi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/kiŋ⁴²⁻⁵⁵ miŋ⁴²/

/kĩ²¹⁻⁵³ bin²²/

/kĩ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ bin⁴¹/

/kĩ²¹⁻⁵³ bin²²/

/kĩ¹¹⁻⁵³ bin³³/

/kĩ²¹⁻⁴¹ bin³³/

/kĩ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ miŋ¹¹/

/t͡ɕi³³ mi⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕi⁴⁴ mi²³/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹⁻⁵³ mi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/kiŋ⁴²⁻⁵⁵ miŋ⁴²/

/kĩ²¹⁻⁵³ bin²²/

/kĩ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ bin⁴¹/

/kĩ²¹⁻⁵³ bin²²/

/kĩ¹¹⁻⁵³ bin³³/

/kĩ²¹⁻⁴¹ bin³³/

/kĩ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ miŋ¹¹/

/t͡ɕi³³ mi⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕi⁴⁴ mi²³/

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) at first; in the beginning; initially


查某囝

/t͡sa⁴⁴⁻²² bɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiã⁵³/

/t͡sa⁴⁴⁻³³ bɔ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ kiã⁵³/

/t͡sa⁴⁴⁻³³ bɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kiã⁴¹/

/t͡sɔ³⁵ kiã⁵³/

/t͡sa³³⁻²³ bou⁵²⁻³⁵ kĩã⁵²/

/t͡sau⁵²⁻³⁵ kĩã⁵²⁻²¹/

/t͡sa⁴⁴⁻²² bɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiã⁵³/

/t͡sa⁴⁴⁻³³ bɔ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ kiã⁵³/

/t͡sa⁴⁴⁻³³ bɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kiã⁴¹/

/t͡sɔ³⁵ kiã⁵³/

/t͡sa³³⁻²³ bou⁵²⁻³⁵ kĩã⁵²/

/t͡sau⁵²⁻³⁵ kĩã⁵²⁻²¹/

(Xiamen and Taiwanese Hokkien, Teochew) daughter


燒熱

/seu̯²⁴⁻¹¹ ŋi̯et̚⁵/

/seu̯²⁴⁻¹¹ ŋi̯at̚⁵/

/siɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ zuaʔ⁴/

/sio⁴⁴⁻²² d͡zuaʔ¹²¹/

/seu̯²⁴⁻¹¹ ŋi̯et̚⁵/

/seu̯²⁴⁻¹¹ ŋi̯at̚⁵/

/siɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ zuaʔ⁴/

/sio⁴⁴⁻²² d͡zuaʔ¹²¹/

/sio⁴⁴⁻²² liɛt̚⁴/

/sio⁴⁴⁻²² d͡ziɛt̚¹²¹/

/sio⁴⁴⁻²² liɛt̚⁴/

/siɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ zuaʔ⁴/

/sio⁴⁴⁻²² d͡ziɛt̚¹²¹/

(Xiamen Hokkien) feeling difficult to bear (due to jealousy)


燒熱

/seu̯²⁴⁻¹¹ ŋi̯et̚⁵/

/seu̯²⁴⁻¹¹ ŋi̯at̚⁵/

/siɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ zuaʔ⁴/

/sio⁴⁴⁻²² d͡zuaʔ¹²¹/

/seu̯²⁴⁻¹¹ ŋi̯et̚⁵/

/seu̯²⁴⁻¹¹ ŋi̯at̚⁵/

/siɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ zuaʔ⁴/

/sio⁴⁴⁻²² d͡zuaʔ¹²¹/

/sio⁴⁴⁻²² liɛt̚⁴/

/sio⁴⁴⁻²² d͡ziɛt̚¹²¹/

/sio⁴⁴⁻²² liɛt̚⁴/

/siɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ zuaʔ⁴/

/sio⁴⁴⁻²² d͡ziɛt̚¹²¹/

(Xiamen and Taiwanese Hokkien) to feel uneasy or stinging when one is jealous or discontented


麥仔酒

/be(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ a⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siu⁵³/

/be(ʔ)⁴⁻¹ a⁵³⁻⁵⁵ t͡siu⁵³/

/be(ʔ)⁴⁻³³ a⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siu⁵³/

/be(ʔ)³⁵⁻² a⁵⁵⁻³⁵ t͡siu⁵⁵/

/be(ʔ)⁵⁴⁻¹² a⁵³⁻²⁴ t͡siu⁵³/

/be(ʔ)⁴⁻³³ a⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡siu⁴¹/

/be³³⁻²¹ a⁵³⁻⁵⁵ t͡siu⁵³/

/be(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ a⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siu⁵³/

/be(ʔ)⁴⁻¹ a⁵³⁻⁵⁵ t͡siu⁵³/

/be(ʔ)⁴⁻³³ a⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siu⁵³/

/be(ʔ)³⁵⁻² a⁵⁵⁻³⁵ t͡siu⁵⁵/

/be(ʔ)⁵⁴⁻¹² a⁵³⁻²⁴ t͡siu⁵³/

/be(ʔ)⁴⁻³³ a⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡siu⁴¹/

/be³³⁻²¹ a⁵³⁻⁵⁵ t͡siu⁵³/


尾氣

/weɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi⁵¹/

/bue⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰui²¹/

/bue⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kʰui²¹/

/be⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰui²¹/

/be⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰui¹¹/

/weɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi⁵¹/

/bue⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰui²¹/

/bue⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kʰui²¹/

/be⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰui²¹/

/be⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰui¹¹/

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) condition in one's old age

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) last or dying breath


芋頭

/y⁵¹ tʰoʊ̯¹/

/y²¹³ tʰəu²¹/

/wuː²² tʰɐu̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/ʋu⁵³⁻⁵⁵ tʰeu¹¹/

/y⁴⁵ tʰəu¹¹/

/ɔ²²⁻²¹ tʰau²⁴/

/ɔ³³⁻²¹ tʰau²³/

/ɔ²²⁻¹¹ tʰau²⁴/

/ɔ²²⁻²¹ tʰau¹³/

/ɔ³³⁻¹¹ tʰau²⁴/

/ɔ⁴¹⁻²² tʰau²⁴/

/y²¹⁻¹¹ təu̯³/

/y⁵¹ tʰoʊ̯¹/

/y²¹³ tʰəu²¹/

/wuː²² tʰɐu̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/ʋu⁵³⁻⁵⁵ tʰeu¹¹/

/y⁴⁵ tʰəu¹¹/

/ɔ²²⁻²¹ tʰau²⁴/

/ɔ³³⁻²¹ tʰau²³/

/ɔ²²⁻¹¹ tʰau²⁴/

/ɔ²²⁻²¹ tʰau¹³/

/ɔ³³⁻¹¹ tʰau²⁴/

/ɔ⁴¹⁻²² tʰau²⁴/

/y²¹⁻¹¹ təu̯³/

(Xiamen Hokkien) large, oblong (or egg-shaped) taro


四散

→ Thai: ซี้ซั้ว (síi-súua)

/sz̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ sän⁵¹/

/si²¹⁻⁴² suã²¹/

/si²¹⁻⁵³ suã²¹/

/si²¹³⁻⁵⁵ sũã²¹³/

/sz̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ sän⁵¹/

/si²¹⁻⁴² suã²¹/

/si²¹⁻⁵³ suã²¹/

/si²¹³⁻⁵⁵ sũã²¹³/

四散呾

(Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Singapore Hokkien, Teochew) carelessly; casually; at random; anyhow


白身

/paɪ̯³⁵ ʂən⁵⁵/

/pɛ(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ sin⁴⁴/

/paɪ̯³⁵ ʂən⁵⁵/

/pɛ(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ sin⁴⁴/

(literary or Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien, dated) ordinary citizen; commoner

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) lonely and impoverished person


山頭

/ʂän⁵⁵ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/

/saːn⁵⁵ tʰɐu̯²¹/

/ɬũã⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ^((tʰ-))nau²⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² tʰau²⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² tʰau¹³/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰau²⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰau²³/

/ʂän⁵⁵ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/

/saːn⁵⁵ tʰɐu̯²¹/

/ɬũã⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ^((tʰ-))nau²⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² tʰau²⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² tʰau¹³/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰau²⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰau²³/

(Xiamen, Quanzhou and Zhangzhou Hokkien) place in the remote mountains


理會

/li²¹⁴⁻²¹ xu̯eɪ̯⁵¹/

/li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hue²²/

/li⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ hue⁴¹/

/li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hue²²/

/li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hue³³/

/li⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ hue³³/

/li²¹⁴⁻²¹ xu̯eɪ̯⁵¹/

/li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hue²²/

/li⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ hue⁴¹/

/li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hue²²/

/li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hue³³/

/li⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ hue³³/

(Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) to clarify; to clear up


艱苦

Sino-Xenic (艱苦):
* → Vietnamese: gian khổ (艱苦)

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ kʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kan³³ kʰɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/kan⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰɔ⁵³/

/kan⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰɔ⁴¹/

/kan⁴⁴⁻²² kʰɔ⁵³/

/kiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² kʰɔ⁵³/

/kʰan³³⁻²¹ kʰɔ⁴⁴⁵/

/kʰan³³ kʰɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/kaŋ³³⁻²³ kʰou⁵²/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ kʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kan³³ kʰɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/kan⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰɔ⁵³/

/kan⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰɔ⁴¹/

/kan⁴⁴⁻²² kʰɔ⁵³/

/kiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² kʰɔ⁵³/

/kʰan³³⁻²¹ kʰɔ⁴⁴⁵/

/kʰan³³ kʰɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/kaŋ³³⁻²³ kʰou⁵²/

I was sick today and I did not attend class.

Góa kin-á-ji̍t kan-khó͘, bô khì siōng-khò.

我今仔日艱苦，無去上課。

我今仔日艰苦，无去上课。

(Xiamen, Quanzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) to fall ill; to be ill


掠準

(Quanzhou, Xiamen and Taiwanese Hokkien) to think that to believe that; to be of the opinion that; to hold the view that; to have thought that (can be mistakenly)


鐵甲

/tʰi̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰiə²⁴ t͡ɕia²⁴/

/tʰi(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ kaʔ³²/

/tʰi(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ kaʔ³²/

/tʰi(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ kaʔ³²/

/tʰi(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ kaʔ³²/

/tʰi̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰiə²⁴ t͡ɕia²⁴/

/tʰi(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ kaʔ³²/

/tʰi(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ kaʔ³²/

/tʰi(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ kaʔ³²/

/tʰi(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ kaʔ³²/

Megalaspis cordyla
Wikispecies:Megalaspis cordyla

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) gwelly; torpedo scad (Megalaspis cordyla)


烏龜

→ Lisu: ꓪꓴꓺ ꓗꓴꓲꓺ (wu̱ ku̱j)

/u⁵⁵ ku̯eɪ̯⁵⁵/

/wuː⁵⁵ kʷɐi̯⁵⁵/

/ʋu⁴⁴ kuɪ⁴⁴/

/u⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ui⁵⁵/

/ɔu⁵³³⁻¹¹ ku⁵³³/

/ɔu⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ku⁵⁴⁴/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻²² ku⁴⁴/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ ku⁴⁴/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ kui⁴⁴/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻²² kui⁴⁴/

/u⁵⁵ t͡ɕy²¹/

/u³³ ku̯e̞i̯³³/

/u⁵⁵ ku̯eɪ̯⁵⁵/

/wuː⁵⁵ kʷɐi̯⁵⁵/

/ʋu⁴⁴ kuɪ⁴⁴/

/u⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ui⁵⁵/

/ɔu⁵³³⁻¹¹ ku⁵³³/

/ɔu⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ku⁵⁴⁴/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻²² ku⁴⁴/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ ku⁴⁴/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ kui⁴⁴/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻²² kui⁴⁴/

/u⁵⁵ t͡ɕy²¹/

/u³³ ku̯e̞i̯³³/

(literary, Singapore, Penang, Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) male owner of a brothel


字眼

/t͡sz̩⁵¹ jɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sz̩⁵¹ jɑɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡siː²² ŋaːn¹³/

/sɨ⁵⁵ ŋi̯en³¹/

/sɨ⁵⁵ ŋi̯an³¹/

/sɨ³³ ŋan²⁴/

/li³³⁻¹¹ ɡan⁵³/

/li²²⁻²¹ ɡan⁵³/

/li⁴¹⁻²² ɡan⁵⁵⁴/

/d͡zi²²⁻²¹ ɡan⁵³/

/zi³³⁻²¹ ɡan⁴¹/

/t͡sz̩⁵¹ jɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sz̩⁵¹ jɑɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡siː²² ŋaːn¹³/

/sɨ⁵⁵ ŋi̯en³¹/

/sɨ⁵⁵ ŋi̯an³¹/

/sɨ³³ ŋan²⁴/

/li³³⁻¹¹ ɡan⁵³/

/li²²⁻²¹ ɡan⁵³/

/li⁴¹⁻²² ɡan⁵⁵⁴/

/d͡zi²²⁻²¹ ɡan⁵³/

/zi³³⁻²¹ ɡan⁴¹/

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) reason; sense (usually in the negative)


字眼

/t͡sz̩⁵¹ jɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sz̩⁵¹ jɑɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡siː²² ŋaːn¹³/

/sɨ⁵⁵ ŋi̯en³¹/

/sɨ⁵⁵ ŋi̯an³¹/

/sɨ³³ ŋan²⁴/

/li³³⁻¹¹ ɡan⁵³/

/li²²⁻²¹ ɡan⁵³/

/li⁴¹⁻²² ɡan⁵⁵⁴/

/d͡zi²²⁻²¹ ɡan⁵³/

/zi³³⁻²¹ ɡan⁴¹/

/t͡sz̩⁵¹ jɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sz̩⁵¹ jɑɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡siː²² ŋaːn¹³/

/sɨ⁵⁵ ŋi̯en³¹/

/sɨ⁵⁵ ŋi̯an³¹/

/sɨ³³ ŋan²⁴/

/li³³⁻¹¹ ɡan⁵³/

/li²²⁻²¹ ɡan⁵³/

/li⁴¹⁻²² ɡan⁵⁵⁴/

/d͡zi²²⁻²¹ ɡan⁵³/

/zi³³⁻²¹ ɡan⁴¹/

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) interesting; fascinating

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) not knowing how to behave (describing surprise or discontent in a situation)


大才

/tä⁵¹ t͡sʰaɪ̯³⁵/

/taːi̯²² t͡sʰɔːi̯²¹/

/tä⁵¹ t͡sʰaɪ̯³⁵/

/taːi̯²² t͡sʰɔːi̯²¹/

(Xiamen and Taiwanese Hokkien) upright and steady; proper and sedate (especially of a young person's bearing or expression)


鬼仔

/kʷɐi̯³⁵ t͡sɐi̯³⁵/

/ku̯i³¹ e³¹⁻¹¹/

/kui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ a⁵³/

/kui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ a⁵⁵⁴/

/kui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ a⁵³/

/kui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ a⁵³/

/kui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ a⁴¹/

/kʷɐi̯³⁵ t͡sɐi̯³⁵/

/ku̯i³¹ e³¹⁻¹¹/

/kui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ a⁵³/

/kui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ a⁵⁵⁴/

/kui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ a⁵³/

/kui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ a⁵³/

/kui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ a⁴¹/

(Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) little devil from hell

(Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien, playing cards) joker


橫流

/xɤŋ³⁵ li̯oʊ̯³⁵/

/waːŋ²² lɐu̯²¹/

/huãi²⁴⁻¹¹ liu²⁴/

/huãi²³⁻³³ liu²³/

/xɤŋ³⁵ li̯oʊ̯³⁵/

/waːŋ²² lɐu̯²¹/

/huãi²⁴⁻¹¹ liu²⁴/

/huãi²³⁻³³ liu²³/

/huãi²³⁻³³ lau²³/

/huãi²⁴⁻¹¹ lau²⁴/

/huã¹³⁻²² lau¹³/

/huãi²³⁻³³ lau²³/

/huãi²⁴⁻¹¹ lau²⁴/

/huã¹³⁻²² lau¹³/

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to go against the current


下腿

/e²²⁻²¹ tʰui⁵³/

/e²²⁻²¹ tʰui⁵³/

(Xiamen Hokkien) lower leg (part of the leg below the knee)


轉盤

/ʈ͡ʂu̯än⁵¹ pʰän³⁵/

/t͡syːn³³ pʰuːn²¹⁻³⁵/

/tŋ̍⁵³⁻⁴⁴ puã²⁴/

/tŋ̍⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ puã²⁴/

/tuĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ puã¹³/

/t͡suan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ puã²⁴/

/t͡suan⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ puã²⁴/

/t͡suan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ puã¹³/

/ʈ͡ʂu̯än⁵¹ pʰän³⁵/

/t͡syːn³³ pʰuːn²¹⁻³⁵/

/tŋ̍⁵³⁻⁴⁴ puã²⁴/

/tŋ̍⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ puã²⁴/

/tuĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ puã¹³/

/t͡suan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ puã²⁴/

/t͡suan⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ puã²⁴/

/t͡suan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ puã¹³/

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to transfer contracted shops or goods


當家

/tɑŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵/

/tɔːŋ⁵⁵ kaː⁵⁵/

/tŋ̍⁴⁴⁻³³ ke⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍⁴⁴⁻²² ke⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍³³ ke³³/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ka⁴⁴/

/tɔŋ³³ ka³³/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kɛ⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍⁴⁴⁻²² kɛ⁴⁴/

/tɑŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵/

/tɔːŋ⁵⁵ kaː⁵⁵/

/tŋ̍⁴⁴⁻³³ ke⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍⁴⁴⁻²² ke⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍³³ ke³³/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ka⁴⁴/

/tɔŋ³³ ka³³/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kɛ⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍⁴⁴⁻²² kɛ⁴⁴/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ka⁴⁴/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kɛ⁴⁴/

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) Buddhist abbot


竹馬

/ʈ͡ʂu³⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʈ͡ʂu³⁵ mɑɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʊk̚⁵ maː¹³/

/tiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ be⁴¹/

/tiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ be⁵³/

/tiɔk̚³²⁻⁴ mã⁴¹/

/tiɔk̚³²⁻⁴ mã⁵³/

/ʈ͡ʂu³⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʈ͡ʂu³⁵ mɑɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʊk̚⁵ maː¹³/

/tiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ be⁴¹/

/tiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ be⁵³/

/tiɔk̚³²⁻⁴ mã⁴¹/

/tiɔk̚³²⁻⁴ mã⁵³/

/tiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ bɛ⁵³/

/tiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ be⁴¹/

/tiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ be⁵³/

/tiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ bɛ⁵³/

(Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) bamboo shelf on both ends of a bamboo bed to support the bedboard


出面

/ʈ͡ʂʰu⁵⁵ mi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɵt̚⁵ miːn²²⁻³⁵/

/t͡sʰut̚³²⁻⁴ bin²²/

/t͡sʰut̚⁵⁻²⁴ bin⁴¹/

/t͡sʰut̚³²⁻⁵ bin²²/

/t͡sʰut̚³²⁻⁴ bin³³/

/t͡sʰut̚³²⁻⁴ bin³³/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu⁵⁵ mi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɵt̚⁵ miːn²²⁻³⁵/

/t͡sʰut̚³²⁻⁴ bin²²/

/t͡sʰut̚⁵⁻²⁴ bin⁴¹/

/t͡sʰut̚³²⁻⁵ bin²²/

/t͡sʰut̚³²⁻⁴ bin³³/

/t͡sʰut̚³²⁻⁴ bin³³/

/t͡sʰɵt̚⁵ miːn²²/

/t͡sʰɵt̚⁵ miːn²²/

(Xiamen and Taiwanese Hokkien) to appear on one's face (of a disease)


化身

/xu̯ä⁵¹ ʂən⁵⁵/

/faː³³ sɐn⁵⁵/

/hua⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ sin³³/

/hue²¹³⁻⁵⁵ siŋ³³/

/xu̯ä⁵¹ ʂən⁵⁵/

/faː³³ sɐn⁵⁵/

/hua⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ sin³³/

/hue²¹³⁻⁵⁵ siŋ³³/

Calque of Sanskrit निर्माणकाय (nirmāṇakāya, “body of transformations”). The Tibetan equivalent is སྤྲུལ་སྐུ (sprul sku).

calque

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to cremate


新人

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ laŋ²⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ laŋ²³/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² laŋ¹³/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² laŋ²⁴/

/siŋ³³⁻²³ naŋ⁵⁵/

/seŋ³³⁻²³ naŋ⁵⁵/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ laŋ²⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ laŋ²³/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² laŋ¹³/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² laŋ²⁴/

/siŋ³³⁻²³ naŋ⁵⁵/

/seŋ³³⁻²³ naŋ⁵⁵/

(Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) bridegroom (man about to be married)


雪車

/ɕy̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤ⁵⁵/

/syːt̚³ t͡sʰɛː⁵⁵/

/se(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/

/se(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/

/ɕy̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤ⁵⁵/

/syːt̚³ t͡sʰɛː⁵⁵/

/se(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/

/se(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/

(Xiamen Hokkien) ice skates with small wheels


天日

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ʐ̩⁵¹/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ jɐt̚²/

/tʰĩ³³ lit̚²⁴/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² lit̚⁴/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² d͡zit̚¹²¹/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ zit̚⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² lit̚⁴/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ʐ̩⁵¹/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ jɐt̚²/

/tʰĩ³³ lit̚²⁴/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² lit̚⁴/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² d͡zit̚¹²¹/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ zit̚⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² lit̚⁴/


萬年

/wän⁵¹ ni̯ɛn³⁵/

/ban⁴¹⁻²² nĩ²⁴/

/ban²²⁻²¹ nĩ²⁴/

/wän⁵¹ ni̯ɛn³⁵/

/ban⁴¹⁻²² nĩ²⁴/

/ban²²⁻²¹ nĩ²⁴/

(Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) very long (describing a long time period)


鼓吹

/ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯eɪ̯⁵⁵/

/kuː³⁵ t͡sʰɵy̯⁵⁵/

/kɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰui⁴⁴/

/kɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰui³³/

/kɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰui⁴⁴/

/kɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰui⁴⁴/

/kɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰui⁴⁴/

/ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯eɪ̯⁵⁵/

/kuː³⁵ t͡sʰɵy̯⁵⁵/

/kɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰui⁴⁴/

/kɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰui³³/

/kɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰui⁴⁴/

/kɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰui⁴⁴/

/kɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰui⁴⁴/

/ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯eɪ̯⁵¹/

/kuː³⁵ t͡sʰɵy̯³³/

/kɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰe⁴⁴/

/kɔ⁵⁵⁻³⁵ t͡sʰə³³/

/kɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰə³³/

/kɔ⁵³⁻²⁴ t͡sʰə⁴⁴/

/kɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰue⁴⁴/

/kɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰue⁴⁴/

/kɔ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sʰue⁴⁴/

/ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯eɪ̯⁵⁵/

/ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯eɪ̯⁵¹/

/kuː³⁵ t͡sʰɵy̯³³/

/kuː³⁵ t͡sʰɵy̯⁵⁵/

/kɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰe⁴⁴/

/kɔ⁵⁵⁻³⁵ t͡sʰə³³/

/kɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰə³³/

/kɔ⁵³⁻²⁴ t͡sʰə⁴⁴/

/kɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰue⁴⁴/

/kɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰue⁴⁴/

/kɔ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sʰue⁴⁴/

/kɔu⁴⁵³⁻¹¹ t͡sʰuei⁵³³/

/kɔu³³²⁻²¹ t͡sʰuei⁵⁴⁴/

/kɔu⁴⁵³⁻¹¹ t͡sʰuei⁵³³/

/kɔu³³²⁻²¹ t͡sʰuei⁵⁴⁴/

(Xiamen, Quanzhou and Zhangzhou Hokkien) trumpet; horn (wind instrument)


紅毛人

/hʊŋ²¹ mou̯²¹ jɐn²¹/

/aŋ²³⁻³³ mŋ̍²³⁻³³ laŋ²³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² mŋ̍²⁴⁻²² laŋ²⁴/

/aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ mŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ laŋ²⁴/

/aŋ²³⁻²¹ mɔ²³⁻²¹ laŋ²³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²¹ mɔ²⁴⁻²¹ laŋ²⁴/

/aŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ mo⁵⁵⁻¹¹ naŋ⁵⁵/

/hʊŋ²¹ mou̯²¹ jɐn²¹/

/aŋ²³⁻³³ mŋ̍²³⁻³³ laŋ²³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² mŋ̍²⁴⁻²² laŋ²⁴/

/aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ mŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ laŋ²⁴/

/aŋ²³⁻²¹ mɔ²³⁻²¹ laŋ²³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²¹ mɔ²⁴⁻²¹ laŋ²⁴/

/aŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ mo⁵⁵⁻¹¹ naŋ⁵⁵/

(Malaysian, Singapore and Taiwanese Hokkien, Teochew) Westerner; white person

(dated in Xiamen Hokkien, obsolete in Cantonese) British person; English person

Westerner; white person
British person; English person


凌遲

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (凌遲):
* → Japanese: 凌(りょう)遅(ち) (ryōchi)
* → Korean: 능지(凌遲) (neungji)
* → Vietnamese: lăng trì (凌遲)

/liŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩³⁵/

/lɪŋ²¹ t͡sʰiː²¹/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ ti²³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ti²⁴/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ti²⁴/

/leŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sʰi⁵⁵/

/liŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩³⁵/

/lɪŋ²¹ t͡sʰiː²¹/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ ti²³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ti²⁴/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ti²⁴/

/leŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sʰi⁵⁵/

(Xiamen and Taiwanese Hokkien) to abuse or bully cruelly


火大

/xu̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ tä⁵¹/

/xu̯ɔɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ tä⁵¹/

/he⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tua²²/

/he⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tua³³/

/xu̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ tä⁵¹/

/xu̯ɔɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ tä⁵¹/

/he⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tua²²/

/he⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tua³³/


陷坑

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ kʰɤŋ⁵⁵/

/haːm²² haːŋ⁵⁵/

/ham⁴¹⁻²² kʰĩ³³/

/ham³³⁻¹¹ kʰĩ⁴⁴/

/ham²²⁻²¹ kʰĩ⁴⁴/

/ham²²⁻²¹ kʰɛ̃⁴⁴/

/ham³³⁻²¹ kʰẽ⁴⁴/

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ kʰɤŋ⁵⁵/

/haːm²² haːŋ⁵⁵/

/ham⁴¹⁻²² kʰĩ³³/

/ham³³⁻¹¹ kʰĩ⁴⁴/

/ham²²⁻²¹ kʰĩ⁴⁴/

/ham²²⁻²¹ kʰɛ̃⁴⁴/

/ham³³⁻²¹ kʰẽ⁴⁴/

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) trap; snare


水貨

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ xu̯ɔ⁵¹/

/sɵy̯³⁵ fɔː³³/

/sui⁵⁵ fᵘɔ³³/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ hə⁴¹/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ he¹¹/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ he²¹/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ xu̯ɔ⁵¹/

/sɵy̯³⁵ fɔː³³/

/sui⁵⁵ fᵘɔ³³/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ hə⁴¹/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ he¹¹/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ he²¹/

(Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) female prostitute


起動

/t͡ɕʰi²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʊŋ⁵¹/

/hei̯³⁵ tʊŋ²²/

/kʰi³³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lɔyŋ²⁴²/

/kʰi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ taŋ³³/

/kʰi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ taŋ²²/

/kʰi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ taŋ³³/

/kʰi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ taŋ²²/

/kʰi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tɔŋ³³/

/kʰi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tɔŋ³³/

/t͡ɕʰi²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʊŋ⁵¹/

/hei̯³⁵ tʊŋ²²/

/kʰi³³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lɔyŋ²⁴²/

/kʰi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ taŋ³³/

/kʰi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ taŋ²²/

/kʰi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ taŋ³³/

/kʰi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ taŋ²²/

/kʰi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tɔŋ³³/

/kʰi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tɔŋ³³/

(Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) to use; to utilize; to employ; to apply (money, goods, etc.)


紙巾

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/t͡siː³⁵ kɐn⁵⁵/

/t͡sua⁵²⁻³⁵ kɯŋ³³/

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/t͡siː³⁵ kɐn⁵⁵/

/t͡sua⁵²⁻³⁵ kɯŋ³³/

(Xiamen, Quanzhou and Zhangzhou Hokkien) toilet paper


魔神

/mu̯ɔ³⁵ ʂən³⁵/

/mɔ̃²⁴⁻²² sin²⁴/

/mɔ̃²⁴⁻²² sin²⁴/

/mɔ̃¹³⁻²² sin¹³/

/mɔ̃²⁴⁻¹¹ sin²⁴/

/mɔ̃²³⁻³³ sin²³/

/mu̯ɔ³⁵ ʂən³⁵/

/mɔ̃²⁴⁻²² sin²⁴/

/mɔ̃²⁴⁻²² sin²⁴/

/mɔ̃¹³⁻²² sin¹³/

/mɔ̃²⁴⁻¹¹ sin²⁴/

/mɔ̃²³⁻³³ sin²³/

(Xiamen, Quanzhou and Zhangzhou Hokkien) rambling and unreasonable person; lunatic


價值

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/t͡ɕia⁴⁴ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁴⁴/

/kaː³³ t͡sɪk̚²/

/ka⁵⁵ t͡sʰɨt̚⁵/

/ka²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾liʔ⁵/

/ke²¹⁻⁴¹ tat̚⁴/

/ke²¹⁻⁵³ tat̚⁴/

/ke¹¹⁻⁵³ tat̚⁴/

/ke⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tat̚²⁴/

/kɛ²¹⁻⁵³ tat̚¹²¹/

/ka²¹⁻⁴¹ tit̚⁴/

/ka¹¹⁻⁵³ tit̚⁴/

/ka²¹⁻⁵³ tit̚⁴/

/ka⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tit̚²⁴/

/kɛ²¹⁻⁵³ tit̚¹²¹/

/ka⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tat̚²⁴/

/ke²¹³⁻⁵⁵ tak̚⁴/

/ka³³ zəʔ⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/t͡ɕia⁴⁴ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁴⁴/

/kaː³³ t͡sɪk̚²/

/ka⁵⁵ t͡sʰɨt̚⁵/

/ka²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾liʔ⁵/

/ke²¹⁻⁴¹ tat̚⁴/

/ke²¹⁻⁵³ tat̚⁴/

/ke¹¹⁻⁵³ tat̚⁴/

/ke⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tat̚²⁴/

/kɛ²¹⁻⁵³ tat̚¹²¹/

/ka²¹⁻⁴¹ tit̚⁴/

/ka¹¹⁻⁵³ tit̚⁴/

/ka²¹⁻⁵³ tit̚⁴/

/ka⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tit̚²⁴/

/kɛ²¹⁻⁵³ tit̚¹²¹/

/ka⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tat̚²⁴/

/ke²¹³⁻⁵⁵ tak̚⁴/

/ka³³ zəʔ⁴⁴/

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) worthwhile


酒瓶

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/t͡sɐu̯³⁵ pʰɪŋ²¹/

/t͡siu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ pan²⁴/

/t͡ɕiɤ³³ bin⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/t͡sɐu̯³⁵ pʰɪŋ²¹/

/t͡siu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ pan²⁴/

/t͡ɕiɤ³³ bin⁴⁴/

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)


水牛

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ni̯oʊ̯³⁵/

/sɵy̯³⁵ ŋɐu̯²¹/

/ˈsui²¹³⁻¹³ n̠ʲiu³⁵/

/su̯i³¹ ŋi̯u¹¹/

/ʃui²⁴⁻³³ ŋiu⁵⁵/

/suɪ³¹ ŋiu¹¹/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɡu²³/

/t͡sui⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ ɡu²³/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ɡu²⁴/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡu²⁴/

/t͡sui⁴²⁻²⁴ ɡu²⁴/

/sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡu²⁴/

/sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ɡu²⁴/

/sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɡu²³/

/suĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡu¹³/

/t͡sui⁵²⁻³⁵ ɡu⁵⁵/

/sz̩³³ niɤ⁴⁴/

/sz̩ʷ⁵² n̠ʲʏ³³/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ni̯oʊ̯³⁵/

/sɵy̯³⁵ ŋɐu̯²¹/

/ˈsui²¹³⁻¹³ n̠ʲiu³⁵/

/su̯i³¹ ŋi̯u¹¹/

/ʃui²⁴⁻³³ ŋiu⁵⁵/

/suɪ³¹ ŋiu¹¹/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɡu²³/

/t͡sui⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ ɡu²³/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ɡu²⁴/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡu²⁴/

/t͡sui⁴²⁻²⁴ ɡu²⁴/

/sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡu²⁴/

/sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ɡu²⁴/

/sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɡu²³/

/suĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡu¹³/

/t͡sui⁵²⁻³⁵ ɡu⁵⁵/

/sz̩³³ niɤ⁴⁴/

/sz̩ʷ⁵² n̠ʲʏ³³/

(Xiamen, Quanzhou and Singapore Hokkien, Huizhou) someone who drinks a lot of water


斟酌

Sino-Xenic (斟酌):
* → Japanese: 斟(しん)酌(しゃく) (shinshaku)
* → Korean: 짐작(斟酌) (jimjak)
* → Vietnamese: châm chước (斟酌)

/ʈ͡ʂən⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂu̯ɔ³⁵/

/t͡sɐm⁵⁵ t͡sœːk̚³/

/t͡siŋ⁵³³⁻¹³ t͡syɒʔ²¹/

/t͡sim⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siɔk̚³²/

/t͡sim⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siɔk̚³²/

/ʈ͡ʂən⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂu̯ɔ³⁵/

/t͡sɐm⁵⁵ t͡sœːk̚³/

/t͡siŋ⁵³³⁻¹³ t͡syɒʔ²¹/

/t͡sim⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siɔk̚³²/

/t͡sim⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siɔk̚³²/

(figurative, Xiamen, Quanzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) to be careful; to take care


加減

Sino-Xenic (加減):
* → Japanese: 加(か)減(げん) (kagen)
* → Korean: 가감(加減) (gagam)

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɛ⁴⁴⁻²² kiam⁵³/

/kɛ³³⁻²¹ kiam⁴⁴⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɛ⁴⁴⁻²² kiam⁵³/

/kɛ³³⁻²¹ kiam⁴⁴⁵/

(Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) casually; carelessly


欠缺

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵¹ t͡ɕʰy̯ɛ⁵⁵/

/kʰiam²¹⁻⁵³ kʰeʔ³²/

/kʰiam¹¹⁻⁵³ kʰeʔ³²/

/kʰiam⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kʰəʔ⁵/

/kʰiam²¹⁻⁴¹ kʰueʔ³²/

/kʰiam²¹⁻⁵³ kʰueʔ³²/

/kʰiam²¹⁻⁴¹ kʰuat̚³²/

/kʰiam¹¹⁻⁵³ kʰuat̚³²/

/kʰiam⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kʰuat̚⁵/

/kʰiam²¹⁻⁵³ kʰuat̚³²/

/kʰiam²¹³⁻⁵⁵ kʰueʔ²/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵¹ t͡ɕʰy̯ɛ⁵⁵/

/kʰiam²¹⁻⁵³ kʰeʔ³²/

/kʰiam¹¹⁻⁵³ kʰeʔ³²/

/kʰiam⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kʰəʔ⁵/

/kʰiam²¹⁻⁴¹ kʰueʔ³²/

/kʰiam²¹⁻⁵³ kʰueʔ³²/

/kʰiam²¹⁻⁴¹ kʰuat̚³²/

/kʰiam¹¹⁻⁵³ kʰuat̚³²/

/kʰiam⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kʰuat̚⁵/

/kʰiam²¹⁻⁵³ kʰuat̚³²/

/kʰiam²¹³⁻⁵⁵ kʰueʔ²/

(Mandarin, Cantonese, Hakka, Quanzhou, Xiamen and Taiwanese Hokkien) to lack; to be deficient in; to be short of


惡人

/ˀɤ⁵¹ ʐən³⁵/

/ɔːk̚³ jɐn²¹/

/ˈŋɔʔ⁵ n̠ʲin³⁵/

/ɒʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ naŋ¹³/

/ɒʔ²⁻⁴ naŋ²⁴/

/ɔk̚³²⁻⁴ laŋ²⁴/

/ɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ laŋ²⁴/

/ɔk̚³²⁻⁵ laŋ¹³/

/ɔk̚³²⁻⁴ laŋ²⁴/

/ɔk̚³²⁻⁴ laŋ²³/

/ak̚³³ ɲən²¹/

/ˀɤ⁵¹ ʐən³⁵/

/ɔːk̚³ jɐn²¹/

/ˈŋɔʔ⁵ n̠ʲin³⁵/

/ɒʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ naŋ¹³/

/ɒʔ²⁻⁴ naŋ²⁴/

/ɔk̚³²⁻⁴ laŋ²⁴/

/ɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ laŋ²⁴/

/ɔk̚³²⁻⁵ laŋ¹³/

/ɔk̚³²⁻⁴ laŋ²⁴/

/ɔk̚³²⁻⁴ laŋ²³/

/ak̚³³ ɲən²¹/

(Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) to scold someone in a brutal manner


雨笠

/hɔ²²⁻²¹ lueʔ⁴/

/hɔ³³⁻¹¹ lueʔ⁴/

/hɔ³³⁻²¹ leʔ⁴/

/hɔ³³⁻²¹ le³³/

/hɔ²²⁻²¹ lueʔ⁴/

/hɔ³³⁻¹¹ lueʔ⁴/

/hɔ³³⁻²¹ leʔ⁴/

/hɔ³³⁻²¹ le³³/

(Xiamen and Taiwanese Hokkien) conical rain hat


鮮色

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ sɤ⁵¹/

/t͡sʰĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɪk̚³²/

/t͡sʰĩ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ siɪk̚³²/

/t͡sʰĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ siak̚⁵/

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ sɤ⁵¹/

/t͡sʰĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɪk̚³²/

/t͡sʰĩ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ siɪk̚³²/

/t͡sʰĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ siak̚⁵/

(literary or Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) vivid colors


鬱屈

/ut̚³²⁻⁵ kʰut̚³²/

/ut̚³²⁻⁴ kʰut̚³²/

/ut̚³²⁻⁵ kʰut̚³²/

/ut̚³²⁻⁴ kʰut̚³²/

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to treat unjustly; to wrong; to receive unjust treatment; to aggrieve


接助

/t͡siap̚³²⁻⁴ t͡sɔ²²/

/t͡siap̚³²⁻⁴ t͡sɔ²²/

(Xiamen Hokkien) to give material assistance to; to give financial help to


道行

/tɑʊ̯⁵¹ xɤŋ³⁵/

/tɑʊ̯⁵¹ xɤŋ¹/

/tɑʊ̯⁵¹ xɑŋ³⁵/

/tɑʊ̯⁵¹ xɑŋ¹/

/tɑʊ̯⁵¹ ɕiŋ³⁵/

/tou̯²² hɐŋ²²/

/tɤ³³⁻²¹ hiɪŋ³³/

/to³³⁻¹¹ hiɪŋ³³/

/to²²⁻²¹ hiɪŋ²²/

/tau³⁵⁻¹¹ heŋ³⁵/

/tɑʊ̯⁵¹ xɤŋ³⁵/

/tɑʊ̯⁵¹ xɤŋ¹/

/tɑʊ̯⁵¹ xɑŋ³⁵/

/tɑʊ̯⁵¹ xɑŋ¹/

/tɑʊ̯⁵¹ ɕiŋ³⁵/

/tou̯²² hɐŋ²²/

/tɤ³³⁻²¹ hiɪŋ³³/

/to³³⁻¹¹ hiɪŋ³³/

/to²²⁻²¹ hiɪŋ²²/

/tau³⁵⁻¹¹ heŋ³⁵/

/to²²⁻²¹ hiɪŋ²²/

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) morals and character; morality and behavior


利口

/li⁵¹ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lei̯²² hɐu̯³⁵/

/li⁵¹ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lei̯²² hɐu̯³⁵/

/li³³⁻¹¹ kʰau⁵³/

/li³³⁻²¹ kʰau⁴¹/

/li²²⁻²¹ kʰau⁵³/

/li³³⁻¹¹ kʰau⁵³/

/li³³⁻²¹ kʰau⁴¹/

/li²²⁻²¹ kʰau⁵³/

(Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) raising one's appetite (of food)


存命

/t͡sʰun²⁴⁻²² miã²²/

/t͡sʰun²⁴⁻²² miã²²/


顛倒

/ti̯ɛn⁵⁵ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ti̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ to⁵⁵/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² tʰoʔ⁴/

/tʰiɛn³³ tʰoʔ²⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² tʰoʔ¹²¹/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰoʔ⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰɤʔ⁴/

/ti̯ɛn⁵⁵ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ti̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ to⁵⁵/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² tʰoʔ⁴/

/tʰiɛn³³ tʰoʔ²⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² tʰoʔ¹²¹/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰoʔ⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰɤʔ⁴/

/tiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² to⁵³/

/tiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ tɤ²¹/

/tiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ to¹¹/

/tiŋ³³⁻²³ to²¹³/

/teŋ³³⁻²³ to²¹³/

/ti̯ɛn⁵⁵ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ti̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ to⁵⁵/

/tiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² to⁵³/

/tiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ tɤ²¹/

/tiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ to¹¹/

/tiŋ³³⁻²³ to²¹³/

/teŋ³³⁻²³ to²¹³/

(literary or Taiwanese Hakka, Xiamen and Taiwanese Hokkien, Teochew) instead; on the contrary


目地

/bak̚¹²¹⁻²¹ te²²/

/bak̚⁴⁻³² te²²/

/bak̚¹²¹⁻²¹ te²²/

/bak̚⁴⁻³² te²²/

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) eye-catching or striking quality (used with 無／无 (bô))


目地

/bak̚¹²¹⁻²¹ te²²/

/bak̚⁴⁻³² te²²/

/bak̚¹²¹⁻²¹ te²²/

/bak̚⁴⁻³² te²²/

(Xiamen Hokkien) eye-catching; striking to the eye


熱狂

/t͡sɛʔ⁴⁻²¹ kɒŋ¹³/

/t͡sɛʔ⁴⁻² kɒŋ²⁴/

/liɛt̚⁴⁻³² kɔŋ²⁴/

/d͡ziɛt̚¹²¹⁻²¹ kɔŋ¹³/

/t͡sɛʔ⁴⁻²¹ kɒŋ¹³/

/t͡sɛʔ⁴⁻² kɒŋ²⁴/

/liɛt̚⁴⁻³² kɔŋ²⁴/

/d͡ziɛt̚¹²¹⁻²¹ kɔŋ¹³/

(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to be fanatic about; to be extremely enthusiastic about


炸彈

/ʈ͡ʂä⁵¹⁻⁵³ tän⁵¹/

/t͡sa⁴⁴ tæ̃²⁴/

/t͡saː³³ taːn²²⁻³⁵/

/t͡sa⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tan²⁴/

/t͡sa¹¹⁻⁵³ tan²⁴/

/t͡sa²¹⁻⁴² tan²⁴/

/t͡sa²¹⁻⁴¹ tan²³/

/t͡sa²¹⁻⁵³ tan²⁴/

/t͡sɛ²¹⁻⁵³ tan¹³/

/t͡sa⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tuã²⁴/

/t͡sa²¹⁻⁴¹ tuã²³/

/t͡sa¹¹⁻⁵³ tuã²⁴/

/t͡sɛ²¹⁻⁵³ tuã¹³/

/t͡sa²¹³⁻²¹ tan⁵³/

/t͡sa²¹³⁻⁵⁵ tʰaŋ⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂä⁵¹⁻⁵³ tän⁵¹/

/t͡sa⁴⁴ tæ̃²⁴/

/t͡saː³³ taːn²²⁻³⁵/

/t͡sa⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tan²⁴/

/t͡sa¹¹⁻⁵³ tan²⁴/

/t͡sa²¹⁻⁴² tan²⁴/

/t͡sa²¹⁻⁴¹ tan²³/

/t͡sa²¹⁻⁵³ tan²⁴/

/t͡sɛ²¹⁻⁵³ tan¹³/

/t͡sa⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tuã²⁴/

/t͡sa²¹⁻⁴¹ tuã²³/

/t͡sa¹¹⁻⁵³ tuã²⁴/

/t͡sɛ²¹⁻⁵³ tuã¹³/

/t͡sa²¹³⁻²¹ tan⁵³/

/t͡sa²¹³⁻⁵⁵ tʰaŋ⁵⁵/

Auxis thazard
Auxis thazard#Translingual

(Xiamen Hokkien) frigate tuna (Auxis thazard)


破格

/pʰu̯ɔ⁵¹ kɤ³⁵/

/pʰu̯ɔ⁵¹ kɤɻ³⁵/

/pʰɔː³³ kaːk̚³/

/pʰɔ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ keʔ⁵/

/pʰo²¹⁻⁵³ keʔ³²/

/pʰo²¹⁻⁵³ kɛʔ³²/

/pʰo²¹⁻⁵³ kiɪk̚³²/

/pʰu̯ɔ⁵¹ kɤ³⁵/

/pʰu̯ɔ⁵¹ kɤɻ³⁵/

/pʰɔː³³ kaːk̚³/

/pʰɔ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ keʔ⁵/

/pʰo²¹⁻⁵³ keʔ³²/

/pʰo²¹⁻⁵³ kɛʔ³²/

/pʰo²¹⁻⁵³ kiɪk̚³²/

/pʰua²¹⁻⁵³ keʔ³²/

/pʰua²¹⁻⁴¹ keʔ³²/

/pʰua¹¹⁻⁵³ keʔ³²/

/pʰua⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ keʔ⁵/

/pʰua²¹⁻⁵³ kɛʔ³²/

/pʰua²¹⁻⁵³ keʔ³²/

/pʰua²¹⁻⁴¹ keʔ³²/

/pʰua¹¹⁻⁵³ keʔ³²/

/pʰua⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ keʔ⁵/

/pʰua²¹⁻⁵³ kɛʔ³²/