sorry

/sɔ²²⁻²¹ li⁴⁴/

/sɔ²²⁻²¹ li⁴⁴/

(Hong Kong Cantonese, Singapore Hokkien, Penang Hokkien, colloquial) sorry


予

與 (OC *laʔ) is often considered to be the original character (Lin, 1998, 1999; Mei, 2007); Taiwan's Ministry of Education considers the cognate 予 (OC *laʔ) to be the original character. In either case, this would be the same word as etymology 1.
Alternatively, Zhao (1991) argues that this is a Kra-Dai substrate, suggesting a borrowing from Proto-Tai *haɰꟲ (“to give”), whence Zhuang hawj (“to give; to allow”) and Bouyei haec (“to give; to allow”). Note that the Tai word has been connected to Middle Chinese 許 (MC xjoX, “to allow”) (Manomaivibool, 1975). On the other hand, Zheng (2008) considers both the Hokkien word and the Kra-Dai word to be derived from 與.
Assuming 與 to be the etymon, there are also various theories on the development of the h- initial:
* Old Chinese /*ɡl/ → /*ɡ/ → /*ɣ/ → /h/ (Mei, 2007);
* Fricativization of the /*l/ initial in Old Chinese, possibly originating in the Chu dialect (Zheng, 2008);
* /tʰ/ (Quanzhou) → /h/ (other varieties) (Lin, 1998; Zhou, 2006; Taiwan's Ministry of Education).
Sagart (2017c) considers 與 /与 to be a problematic etymon but agrees with the third theory on the development of h- above. He suggests that a possible trigger for the change from /tʰ/ to /h/ is that /tʰɔ/ is often used with 乞 /kʰit/, allowing /kʰit tʰɔ/ to be reanalysed as /kʰit hɔ/. This etymology was also independently proposed by Lien (2002).

互
乎
與
護
付
給
呼
後
候
𢗝
厚
被
讓
使
俾
度

樹頭徛予在，毋驚樹尾做風颱 / 树头徛予在，毋惊树尾做风台

chhiū-thâu khiā hō͘ chāi, m̄ kiaⁿ chhiū-bóe chò-hong-thai


字

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (字):
* → Japanese: 字(じ) (ji)
* → Korean: 자(字) (ja)
* → Vietnamese: tự (字)

→ Proto-Tai: *ɟɤ:ᴮ (“name”)

Lao: ຊື່ (sư̄, “name”)

Thai: ชื่อ (chʉ̂ʉ, “name”)

Zhuang: coh (“name”)

desc

→ Vietnamese: chữ (“script; letter; writing; word”), chửa (“to be pregnant”)

Characters in the same phonetic series (子) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *zlɯs): semantic 宀 (“roof”) + phonetic 子 (OC *ʔslɯʔ, “child”).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tsa ~ za (“child; to give birth; to take care; to be kind”). Related to:
* 子 (OC *ʔslɯʔ, “child, son”) (also its phonetic component)
* 慈 (OC *zɯ, “to be kind, loving”)
* 滋 (OC *ʔsɯ, “to nourish, to grow”)
* 詞 (OC *ljɯ, “word, term”)
* 辭 (OC *ljɯ, “word, from testimony”)
Original sense (1): “to become pregnant, to give birth to, to nurture, to love” has essentially become obsolete. The sense (2) “letter, character” is either from a different root or a derivation from the sense “to produce, to generate”.
Cognate with Tibetan ཚ་བོ (tsha bo, “nephew”), Tibetan ཚ་རུས (tsha rus, “descendant”), Tibetan བཙའ (btsa', “to give birth to; to guard”), Tibetan མཛའ (mdza', “kind, peaceful, friendly”) (Quan, 1996), Burmese စာ (ca, “writing, letter”).


崁

嵌
磡
坎
蓋
𢈈
勘
㪠
𰃴
冚

(Singapore and Penang Hokkien) to turn off (lights)

(Penang Hokkien) to close (a door, gate, etc.)


庵

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qoːm, *qoːb): semantic 广 (“house”) + phonetic 奄 (OC *qromʔ).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *k-jim ~ k-jum (“house; pit; womb”). Cognate with Tibetan ཁྱིམ (khyim, “house”) and Burmese အိမ် (im, “house”).


彎

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (彎):
* → Japanese: 彎(わん) (wan)
* → Korean: 만(彎) (man)
* → Vietnamese: loan (彎)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qroːn): semantic 弓 (“bow”) + phonetic 䜌 (OC *b·roːn, *b·ron, *b·rons).
May be cognate with 迂 (OC *qʷa, *qʷaʔ, *ɢʷa).
; “homosexual”

Han compound

(Penang Hokkien) to turn; to make a turn; to change direction


戲

→ Guiqiong: ɕi

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qʰral, *qʰrals, *qʰaː): phonetic 䖒 (xī) + semantic 戈 (“halberd”), originally referring to the wing or flank of an army.
Cognate with 嘕 (OC *qʰran, “to laugh”), Tibetan ཀྱལ་ཀ (kyal ka, “joke; jest; trick”), Mizo khâl (“to play with”), Mizo inkhêl (“to gamble; to play”) (Schuessler, 2007).

cog

(dialectal, Penang Hokkien) movie; film (Classifier: 齣／出 c; 套 c)

(Penang Hokkien) program, programme: a performance of a show or other broadcast on radio or television.


扲

(Zhangzhou, Taiwanese, Penang and Medan Hokkien) to hold; to grasp; to take in the hand


滷

(Teochew, Penang Hokkien) to dislike; to loathe; to hate


猛

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (猛):
* → Japanese: 猛(もう) (mō)

→ Vietnamese: mạnh (猛, “powerful”)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *mraːŋʔ): semantic 犬 + phonetic 孟 (OC *mraːŋs).

Han compound

(Eastern Min, Teochew, Hainanese, Zhangzhou and Penang Hokkien, dialectal Hakka) fast; quick


甌

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qoː) and ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): phonetic 區 (OC *qoː, *kʰo, “vessel”) + semantic 瓦 (“pottery”).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ʔəw-ŋ (“pot; vat; jar”) (reconstructed provisionally). Related to 椀 (OC *qoːnʔ), 碗 (OC *qoːnʔ, “bowl”), and possibly 甕 (OC *qoːŋs, “urn”). Compare Burmese အိုး (ui:, “pot”) (Schuessler, 2007).

inh

(Penang Hokkien) classifier for cups of drinks


面

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (面):
* → Japanese: 面(めん) (men)
* → Korean: 면(面) (myeon)
* → Vietnamese: diện (面)

→ Proto-Mien: *ʰmi̯enᴬ (“face”)

→ Vietnamese: miền (沔)

→ Zhuang: mienh

/ᵐben³²⁻³²⁵/

/ᵐben³²⁻³²⁵/

Characters in the same phonetic series (面) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Pictogram (象形), A man’s face, with an eye exaggerated, derived from 𦣻. The horizontal stroke was added later. Unrelated to 自.
Etymology 2: Simplified from 麵 (elimination of 麥) as adopted by the Chinese Character Simplification Scheme (《漢字簡化方案》) in 1956.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-mjal (“face”); cognate with Mizo hmêl (“face”), Jingpho man (“face”). 偭 (OC *menʔ, “to turn; to violate”) is probably cognate (Wang, 1982), perhaps its endoactive (Schuessler, 2007).

Han etyl

冇面 [Cantonese] ― mou⁵ min⁶⁻² [Jyutping] ― to lose face; to be embarrassed

(Cantonese, Singapore and Penang Hokkien) dignity; reputation; face


食

→ Indonesian: ciak

→ Thai: เจี๊ยะ (jía)

Kwok (2018) reconstructs Proto-Southern Min *tsiaʔ⁸ and tentatively reconstructs Proto-Min *dziak (in Norman's system).
While often considered as the vernacular counterpart to etymology 1, it is unlikely to be related to etymology 1 (Norman, 1991; Klöter, 2005; Fuehrer and Yang, 2014). Schuessler (2007) suggests it derives from 嚼 (“to chew”) (probably based on Norman's unpublished manuscripts).

𠊊
𩚁
𩚀
𩚃
𠋑
𨢁
𠊊
吃
𠋡
呷
噍

GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)

廣東食

广东食

红毛食 [Penang Hokkien, simp.]
From: Catherine Churchman (2021) “Chapter 5: Native Lexical Innovation in Penang Hokkien: Thinking beyond Rojak”, in Sinophone Southeast Asia: Sinitic Voices across the Southern Seas, Brill, →DOI
Âng-mô͘-chia̍h [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
Western food


部長

→ Indonesian: potia

/pu⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pou̯²² t͡sœːŋ³⁵/

/pʰu⁵⁵ t͡soŋ³¹/

/pɔ³³⁻²¹ tiũ⁴¹/

/pɔ²²⁻²¹ tiũ⁴²/

/pɔ³³⁻¹¹ tiũ⁵³/

/pɔ²²⁻²¹ tiũ⁵³/

/pɔ²²⁻²¹ tiɔ̃⁵³/

/pɔ²² tiũ⁵⁵⁴/

/pɔ²¹ tiãu⁴⁴⁵/

/pou³⁵⁻¹¹ t͡siaŋ⁵²/

/bu²² t͡sã⁴⁴/

/bu²² t͡sã¹³/

/pu⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pou̯²² t͡sœːŋ³⁵/

/pʰu⁵⁵ t͡soŋ³¹/

/pɔ³³⁻²¹ tiũ⁴¹/

/pɔ²²⁻²¹ tiũ⁴²/

/pɔ³³⁻¹¹ tiũ⁵³/

/pɔ²²⁻²¹ tiũ⁵³/

/pɔ²²⁻²¹ tiɔ̃⁵³/

/pɔ²² tiũ⁵⁵⁴/

/pɔ²¹ tiãu⁴⁴⁵/

/pou³⁵⁻¹¹ t͡siaŋ⁵²/

/bu²² t͡sã⁴⁴/

/bu²² t͡sã¹³/


馬蹄

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰi³⁵/

/maː¹³ tʰɐi̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/maː¹³ tʰɐi̯²¹/

/ma⁴⁴⁻³⁵ tʰi¹¹/

/ma⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ tʰai²³/

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰi³⁵/

/maː¹³ tʰɐi̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/maː¹³ tʰɐi̯²¹/

/ma⁴⁴⁻³⁵ tʰi¹¹/

/ma⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ tʰai²³/

Kra-Dai substrate word (Li, 2012). Compare Zhuang makdaez.

(chiefly Liangguang, Hong Kong, Penang Hokkien) water chestnut


烏龜

→ Lisu: ꓪꓴꓺ ꓗꓴꓲꓺ (wu̱ ku̱j)

/u⁵⁵ ku̯eɪ̯⁵⁵/

/wuː⁵⁵ kʷɐi̯⁵⁵/

/ʋu⁴⁴ kuɪ⁴⁴/

/u⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ui⁵⁵/

/ɔu⁵³³⁻¹¹ ku⁵³³/

/ɔu⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ku⁵⁴⁴/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻²² ku⁴⁴/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ ku⁴⁴/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ kui⁴⁴/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻²² kui⁴⁴/

/u⁵⁵ t͡ɕy²¹/

/u³³ ku̯e̞i̯³³/

/u⁵⁵ ku̯eɪ̯⁵⁵/

/wuː⁵⁵ kʷɐi̯⁵⁵/

/ʋu⁴⁴ kuɪ⁴⁴/

/u⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ui⁵⁵/

/ɔu⁵³³⁻¹¹ ku⁵³³/

/ɔu⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ku⁵⁴⁴/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻²² ku⁴⁴/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ ku⁴⁴/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ kui⁴⁴/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻²² kui⁴⁴/

/u⁵⁵ t͡ɕy²¹/

/u³³ ku̯e̞i̯³³/

(literary, Singapore, Penang, Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) male owner of a brothel


趣味

/t͡ɕʰy⁵¹⁻⁵³ weɪ̯⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɵy̯³³ mei̯²²/

/t͡ɕʰi⁵³⁻⁵⁵ mi⁵³/

/t͡sʰu²¹⁻⁵³ bi²²/

/t͡sʰu²¹⁻³³ bi²¹/

/t͡sʰu²¹⁻⁴² bi²²/

/t͡sʰu²¹⁻⁴¹ bi³³/

/t͡sʰu⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ bi⁴¹/

/t͡sʰu¹¹⁻⁵³ bi³³/

/t͡sʰi²¹⁻⁵³ bi²²/

/t͡sʰu²¹³⁻⁵⁵ bi¹¹/

/t͡ɕʰy⁵¹⁻⁵³ weɪ̯⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɵy̯³³ mei̯²²/

/t͡ɕʰi⁵³⁻⁵⁵ mi⁵³/

/t͡sʰu²¹⁻⁵³ bi²²/

/t͡sʰu²¹⁻³³ bi²¹/

/t͡sʰu²¹⁻⁴² bi²²/

/t͡sʰu²¹⁻⁴¹ bi³³/

/t͡sʰu⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ bi⁴¹/

/t͡sʰu¹¹⁻⁵³ bi³³/

/t͡sʰi²¹⁻⁵³ bi²²/

/t͡sʰu²¹³⁻⁵⁵ bi¹¹/


涼粉

→ Macanese: leong-fan

→ Zhuang: liengzfaenj

/li̯ɑŋ³⁵ fən²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/li̯ɑŋ³⁵ fəɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lœːŋ²¹ fɐn³⁵/

/liaŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ hun⁵³/

/liaŋ²⁴⁻²² hun⁵⁵⁴/

/liaŋ¹³⁻²² hun⁵³/

/liaŋ²³⁻³³ hun⁴¹/

/liaŋ²⁴⁻²² hun⁵³/

/liɔŋ²³⁻²¹ fan²³/

/liã²² fən⁴⁴/

/li̯ɑŋ³⁵ fən²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/li̯ɑŋ³⁵ fəɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lœːŋ²¹ fɐn³⁵/

/liaŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ hun⁵³/

/liaŋ²⁴⁻²² hun⁵⁵⁴/

/liaŋ¹³⁻²² hun⁵³/

/liaŋ²³⁻³³ hun⁴¹/

/liaŋ²⁴⁻²² hun⁵³/

/liɔŋ²³⁻²¹ fan²³/

/liã²² fən⁴⁴/

上面蒸鬆糕，下面賣涼粉 / 上面蒸松糕，下面卖凉粉

soeng6 min6 zing1 sung1 gou1, haa6 min6 maai6 loeng4 fan2

雞豆涼粉

鸡豆凉粉


芹菜

→ Bikol Central: kintsay

→ English: kinchay

→ Khmer: ឃិនឆាយ (khɨnchaay)

→ Tagalog: kintsay

→ Thai: ขึ้นฉ่าย (kʉ̂n-chàai)

/t͡ɕʰin³⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/t͡ɕʰin²¹ t͡sʰai²¹³/

/t͡ɕʰiẽ²⁴ t͡sʰæ/

/t͡ɕʰĩ²⁴ t͡sʰɛ⁴⁴/

/kʰɐn²¹ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/

/kʰɐn²¹ t͡sʰui³²/

/ˈt͡ɕʰin²⁴ t͡sʰai²¹³/

/keiŋ³³ t͡sʰɛ³³/

/kʰyŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ^((t͡sʰ-))ʒɑi²¹³/

/kʰun²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰai²¹/

/kʰun²⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰai²¹/

/kʰun²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰai¹¹/

/kʰun²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰai⁴¹/

/kʰin²³⁻³³ t͡sʰai²¹/

/kʰin²⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰai²¹/

/kʰin²³⁻²¹ t͡sʰai²¹/

/kʰin¹³⁻²² t͡sʰai²¹/

/kin²³⁻²¹ t͡sʰai²¹/

/kʰən²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰai⁴¹/

/kʰɯŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sʰai²¹³/

/kʰeŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sʰai²¹³/

/kʰən²¹ t͡sʰai⁵⁵/

/d͡ʑin²² t͡sʰe⁴⁴/

/d͡ʑiŋ²³ t͡sʰe⁴⁴/

/ɟiŋ²⁴ t͡sʰe³¹/

/d͡ʑin²² t͡sʰe³³/

/d͡ʑin²² t͡sʰɛ³⁴/

/d͡ʑiŋ²² t͡sʰe⁵¹/

/d͡ʑin²⁴ t͡sʰɛ³³/

/t͡ɕʰin¹³ t͡sʰai̯⁴⁵/

/t͡ɕʰin³⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/t͡ɕʰin²¹ t͡sʰai²¹³/

/t͡ɕʰiẽ²⁴ t͡sʰæ/

/t͡ɕʰĩ²⁴ t͡sʰɛ⁴⁴/

/kʰɐn²¹ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/

/kʰɐn²¹ t͡sʰui³²/

/ˈt͡ɕʰin²⁴ t͡sʰai²¹³/

/keiŋ³³ t͡sʰɛ³³/

/kʰyŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ^((t͡sʰ-))ʒɑi²¹³/

/kʰun²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰai²¹/

/kʰun²⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰai²¹/

/kʰun²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰai¹¹/

/kʰun²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰai⁴¹/

/kʰin²³⁻³³ t͡sʰai²¹/

/kʰin²⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰai²¹/

/kʰin²³⁻²¹ t͡sʰai²¹/

/kʰin¹³⁻²² t͡sʰai²¹/

/kin²³⁻²¹ t͡sʰai²¹/

/kʰən²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰai⁴¹/

/kʰɯŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sʰai²¹³/

/kʰeŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sʰai²¹³/

/kʰən²¹ t͡sʰai⁵⁵/

/d͡ʑin²² t͡sʰe⁴⁴/

/d͡ʑiŋ²³ t͡sʰe⁴⁴/

/ɟiŋ²⁴ t͡sʰe³¹/

/d͡ʑin²² t͡sʰe³³/

/d͡ʑin²² t͡sʰɛ³⁴/

/d͡ʑiŋ²² t͡sʰe⁵¹/

/d͡ʑin²⁴ t͡sʰɛ³³/

/t͡ɕʰin¹³ t͡sʰai̯⁴⁵/

(dialectal Hakka, Penang Hokkien) cilantro


戶口

/xu⁵¹ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/xu⁵¹ kʰoʊ̯¹/

/wuː²² hɐu̯³⁵/

/ˈfu¹¹ kʰiɛu²¹³/

/hɔ²² kʰau⁵⁵⁴/

/hɔ²¹ kʰau⁴⁴⁵/

/hɔ²²⁻²¹ kʰau⁵³/

/hɔ³³⁻¹¹ kʰau⁵³/

/hɔ³³⁻²¹ kʰau⁴¹/

/hɔ²² kʰio⁵⁵⁴/

/hou³⁵⁻¹¹ kʰau⁵²/

/vu²² kʰɤ⁴⁴/

/xu⁵¹ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/xu⁵¹ kʰoʊ̯¹/

/wuː²² hɐu̯³⁵/

/ˈfu¹¹ kʰiɛu²¹³/

/hɔ²² kʰau⁵⁵⁴/

/hɔ²¹ kʰau⁴⁴⁵/

/hɔ²²⁻²¹ kʰau⁵³/

/hɔ³³⁻¹¹ kʰau⁵³/

/hɔ³³⁻²¹ kʰau⁴¹/

/hɔ²² kʰio⁵⁵⁴/

/hou³⁵⁻¹¹ kʰau⁵²/

/vu²² kʰɤ⁴⁴/


誰誰

/ʂeɪ̯³⁵ ʂeɪ̯³⁵/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯³⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯³⁵/

/sɵy̯²¹ sɵy̯²¹/

/ʂeɪ̯³⁵ ʂeɪ̯³⁵/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯³⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯³⁵/

/sɵy̯²¹ sɵy̯²¹/


到了

/ka²¹⁻³³ liau⁴⁴⁵/

/ka²¹⁻³³ liau⁴⁴⁵/


到了

/ka²¹⁻³³ liau⁴⁴⁵/

/ka²¹⁻³³ liau⁴⁴⁵/

伊做的戲我到了捌看過

伊做的戏我到了捌看过


飛船

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (飛船):
* → Vietnamese: phi thuyền (飛船)

/feɪ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än³⁵/

/pui⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾luŋ⁵³/

/pe⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sun²⁴/

/pe⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sun²⁴/

/pə⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sun²⁴/

/feɪ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än³⁵/

/pui⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾luŋ⁵³/

/pe⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sun²⁴/

/pe⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sun²⁴/

/pə⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sun²⁴/

(Eastern Min, Southern Min, Puxian Min, dated, still used in Tong'an, Kinmenese and Penang Hokkien) airplane


沙律

/saː⁵⁵ lɵt̚²⁻³⁵/

/sɛ³³⁻²¹ lət̚⁴/

/saː⁵⁵ lɵt̚²⁻³⁵/

/sɛ³³⁻²¹ lət̚⁴/

(chiefly Cantonese, Hakka, Penang Hokkien) salad


傻仔

/sɔː²¹ t͡sɐi̯³⁵/

/sᵘɔ²¹ tᵘɔi⁵⁵/

/sɔ²³⁻²¹ t͡sai²³/

/sɔː²¹ t͡sɐi̯³⁵/

/sᵘɔ²¹ tᵘɔi⁵⁵/

/sɔ²³⁻²¹ t͡sai²³/

(Cantonese, Hakka, Penang Hokkien) stupid person; simpleton; fool; idiot


滷肉

→ English: loh bak, lor bak, lobak

/lu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʐoʊ̯⁵¹/

/lɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ baʔ³²/

/lɔ⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ baʔ³/

/lɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ baʔ³²/

/lɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ mãʔ⁵/

/lu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʐoʊ̯⁵¹/

/lɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ baʔ³²/

/lɔ⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ baʔ³/

/lɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ baʔ³²/

/lɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ mãʔ⁵/

(Penang Hokkien) five-spice pork roll; loh bak (the local variant of ngo hiang)


三牲

→ Malay: samseng (“gangster”) (via Hokkien)

/sän⁵⁵ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/saːm⁵⁵ saːŋ⁵⁵/

/sam⁴⁴⁻³³ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/sam⁴⁴⁻²² seŋ⁴⁴/

/sam³³⁻²¹ seŋ³³/

/sam⁴⁴⁻²² siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/sam³³ sŋ̍³³/

/sã³³⁻²³ sẽ³³/

/sän⁵⁵ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/saːm⁵⁵ saːŋ⁵⁵/

/sam⁴⁴⁻³³ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/sam⁴⁴⁻²² seŋ⁴⁴/

/sam³³⁻²¹ seŋ³³/

/sam⁴⁴⁻²² siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/sam³³ sŋ̍³³/

/sã³³⁻²³ sẽ³³/

講話莫𫝛甲三牲

讲话莫𫝛甲三牲

三牲巷


干焦

干但
*乾焦
干單
干乾
乾若
干今
干礁
干他
干踏
干那
干担
干擔

/kan⁴⁴⁻³³ ta⁴⁴/

/kan⁴⁴⁻²² ta⁴⁴/

/kan³³⁻²¹ ta³³/

/kan⁴⁴⁻²² nã⁴⁴/

/kan⁴⁴⁻³³ nã⁴⁴/

/kan⁴⁴⁻³³ tã⁴⁴/

/kan⁴⁴⁻³³ nã³³/

/kan⁴⁴⁻³³ ta⁴⁴/

/kan⁴⁴⁻²² ta⁴⁴/

/kan³³⁻²¹ ta³³/

/kan⁴⁴⁻²² nã⁴⁴/

/kan⁴⁴⁻³³ nã⁴⁴/

/kan⁴⁴⁻³³ tã⁴⁴/

/kan⁴⁴⁻³³ nã³³/

(Xiamen, Quanzhou and Penang Hokkien) in vain; for no reason; for no purpose; for nothing; unsuccessfully


病厝

/pɛ̃²¹ t͡sʰu²¹/

/pẽ²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰu²¹/

/pĩ⁴¹⁻²² t͡sʰu⁴¹/

/pĩ²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰu²¹/

/pɛ̃²¹ t͡sʰu²¹/

/pẽ²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰu²¹/

/pĩ⁴¹⁻²² t͡sʰu⁴¹/

/pĩ²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰu²¹/

(Penang, Singapore and Philippine Hokkien) hospital


相爭

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/sœːŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɐŋ⁵⁵/

/si̯oŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡saŋ²⁴/

/ɕiɔŋ⁴⁴ t͡saŋ⁴⁴/

/sã³³ t͡sĩ³³/

/sã⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sĩ⁴⁴/

/sã⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sĩ⁴⁴/

/sio³³⁻²¹ t͡sɛ̃³³/

/siɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sẽ⁴⁴/

/sio⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sɛ̃⁴⁴/

/sio⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sĩ⁴⁴/

/sio³³⁻²³ t͡sẽ³³/

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/sœːŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɐŋ⁵⁵/

/si̯oŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡saŋ²⁴/

/ɕiɔŋ⁴⁴ t͡saŋ⁴⁴/

/sã³³ t͡sĩ³³/

/sã⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sĩ⁴⁴/

/sã⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sĩ⁴⁴/

/sio³³⁻²¹ t͡sɛ̃³³/

/siɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sẽ⁴⁴/

/sio⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sɛ̃⁴⁴/

/sio⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sĩ⁴⁴/

/sio³³⁻²³ t͡sẽ³³/

(Hainanese, Leizhou Min, Penang Hokkien, dialectal Eastern Min and Wu) to quarrel; to argue; to dispute


紅毛冬節

/aŋ²³⁻²¹ mɔ²³⁻²¹ taŋ³³⁻²¹ t͡seʔ³/

/aŋ²³⁻²¹ mɔ²³⁻²¹ taŋ³³⁻²¹ t͡seʔ³/

(Malaysian Hokkien, Penang Hokkien) Christmas (Christian holiday)


老君車

/lo⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ kun³³⁻²¹ t͡sʰia³³/

/lo⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ kun³³⁻²¹ t͡sʰia³³/


霜條

/sŋ̍³³⁻²¹ tiau²³/

/sŋ̍³³⁴ tiau¹¹/

/sŋ̍⁴⁴⁻²² tiau¹³/

/sŋ̍⁴⁴⁻²² tiau²⁴/

/sŋ̍³³⁻²¹ tiau²³/

/sŋ̍³³⁴ tiau¹¹/

/sŋ̍⁴⁴⁻²² tiau¹³/

/sŋ̍⁴⁴⁻²² tiau²⁴/

(Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Tong'an Hokkien, Longyan Min, Penang Hokkien) popsicle


番葛

/hɔŋ³³⁻²¹ kuaʔ³/

/huaŋ³³⁻²³ kuaʔ²/

/hueŋ³³⁻²³ kuaʔ²/

/hɔŋ³³⁻²¹ kuaʔ³/

/huaŋ³³⁻²³ kuaʔ²/

/hueŋ³³⁻²³ kuaʔ²/

(Kaiping Cantonese, Xiamen and Penang Hokkien, Zhongshan Min) jicama


番仔正

/huan³³ a⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡siã³³/

/huan⁴⁴⁻²² a⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siã⁴⁴/

/huan⁴⁴⁻²² a³¹⁻²² t͡siã⁴⁴/

/huan³³⁻²¹ a⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ t͡siã³³/

/huan³³ a⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡siã³³/

/huan⁴⁴⁻²² a⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siã⁴⁴/

/huan⁴⁴⁻²² a³¹⁻²² t͡siã⁴⁴/

/huan³³⁻²¹ a⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ t͡siã³³/

(Penang Hokkien) Eid, especially Eid al-Fitr


寫字房

/sia⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ d͡zi²¹ paŋ²³/

/sia⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ d͡zi²¹ paŋ²³/


下斗

/e²²⁻²¹ tau⁵³/

/e²²⁻²¹ tau⁴²/

/ɛ²¹ tau⁴⁴⁵/

/ɛ²²⁻²¹ tau⁵³/

/e²²⁻²¹ tau⁵³/

/e²²⁻²¹ tau⁴²/

/ɛ²¹ tau⁴⁴⁵/

/ɛ²²⁻²¹ tau⁵³/


喙齒抿

/t͡sʰui²¹⁻³³ kʰi⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ bin⁴⁴⁵/

/t͡sʰui²¹⁻³³ kʰi⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ bin⁴⁴⁵/


喙齒膏

/t͡sʰui²¹⁻³³ kʰi⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ ko³³/

/t͡sʰui²¹⁻³³ kʰi⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ ko³³/


咕咕

/kuː⁵⁵⁻²¹ kuː⁵⁵/

/kuː⁵⁵ kuː⁵⁵/

/ku³³⁻²¹ ku³³/

/kuː⁵⁵⁻²¹ kuː⁵⁵/

/kuː⁵⁵ kuː⁵⁵/

/ku³³⁻²¹ ku³³/

(Cantonese, Huicheng dialect, Penang Hokkien, Singapore Hokkien, childish) penis (especially of a boy)


庇能

/pi⁵¹ nɤŋ³⁵/

/pei̯³³ nɐŋ²¹/

/pi²¹ nɛŋ⁴⁴⁵/

/pi⁵¹ nɤŋ³⁵/

/pei̯³³ nɐŋ²¹/

/pi²¹ nɛŋ⁴⁴⁵/

(historical or Penang Hokkien) Penang (a state of Malaysia)


鐵帽

/tʰi(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ bo²²/

/tʰi(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ bo²²/

(Penang Hokkien) safety helmet; hard hat; head protection


黃薑

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/wɔːŋ²¹ kœːŋ⁵⁵/

/uĩ²³⁻²¹ kiãu³³/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻²¹ kiũ⁴⁴/

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/wɔːŋ²¹ kœːŋ⁵⁵/

/uĩ²³⁻²¹ kiãu³³/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻²¹ kiũ⁴⁴/

(literary or Cantonese, Pinghua, Penang Hokkien, Singapore Hokkien) turmeric


桌頂

/to(ʔ)³⁻⁴ teŋ⁴⁴⁵/

/tɤ(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ tiɪŋ⁴¹/

/to(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ tiɪŋ⁵³/

/to(ʔ)³⁻⁴ teŋ⁴⁴⁵/

/tɤ(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ tiɪŋ⁴¹/

/to(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ tiɪŋ⁵³/


牛囝

/ŋu⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾iaŋ³³/

/ku¹³⁻¹¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾yɒ⁴⁵³/

/ku²⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ĩã³³²/

/ɡu²⁴⁻²² kiã⁵³/

/ɡu²³⁻²¹ kiã⁴⁴⁵/

/ɡu⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kĩã⁵²/

/ŋu⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾iaŋ³³/

/ku¹³⁻¹¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾yɒ⁴⁵³/

/ku²⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ĩã³³²/

/ɡu²⁴⁻²² kiã⁵³/

/ɡu²³⁻²¹ kiã⁴⁴⁵/

/ɡu⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kĩã⁵²/

(Eastern Min, Puxian Min, Yongchun and Penang Hokkien, Teochew, Hainanese, Leizhou Min) calf (young cow or bull) (Classifier: 隻／只 mn)


小影

/siau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ iɪŋ⁵³/

/siau⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ eŋ⁴⁴⁵/

/siou⁵²⁻³⁵ ĩã⁵²/

/siau⁵²⁻³⁵ ĩã⁵²⁻²¹/

/siau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ iɪŋ⁵³/

/siau⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ eŋ⁴⁴⁵/

/siou⁵²⁻³⁵ ĩã⁵²/

/siau⁵²⁻³⁵ ĩã⁵²⁻²¹/

(Xiamen, Penang and Medan Hokkien, Teochew) photo; photograph


粟仔鳥

/t͡sʰek̚³⁻⁴ a⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ t͡siau⁴⁴⁵/

/t͡sʰek̚³⁻⁴ a⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ t͡siau⁴⁴⁵/

(Penang Hokkien) sparrow (any member of the Passer genus)


紅青火

/aŋ²³⁻²¹ t͡sʰɛ̃³³⁻²¹ hue⁴⁴⁵/

/aŋ²³⁻²¹ t͡sʰɛ̃³³⁻²¹ hue⁴⁴⁵/


芒光

/baŋ²⁴⁻²¹ kuaŋ⁴⁴/

/baŋ²³⁻²¹ kuaŋ³³/

/baŋ²⁴⁻²¹ kuan⁴⁴/

/maŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kuaŋ³³/

/baŋ²⁴⁻²¹ kuaŋ⁴⁴/

/baŋ²³⁻²¹ kuaŋ³³/

/baŋ²⁴⁻²¹ kuan⁴⁴/

/maŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kuaŋ³³/

From Malay bengkuang, sengkuang, from Philippine Spanish síncamas or Tagalog singkamas or Tausug, from Early Modern Spanish jícamas, plural of jícama (“jicama”), from Classical Nahuatl xīcama, apocopic form of xīcamatl.

(chiefly Malaysian, Penang and Singapore Hokkien, Teochew) jicama


染霧

/liɛn⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bu²²/

/liɛn⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ bu⁴¹/

/d͡ziam⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ bu²¹/

/liɛn⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bu²²/

/liɛn⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ bu⁴¹/

/d͡ziam⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ bu²¹/


跤車

/kʰa³³⁻²¹ t͡sʰia³³/

/kʰa⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰia⁴⁴/

/kʰa³³⁻²³ t͡sʰia³³/

/kʰa³³⁻²¹ t͡sʰia³³/

/kʰa⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰia⁴⁴/

/kʰa³³⁻²³ t͡sʰia³³/

踏跤車

踏跤车

(Teochew, Singapore and Penang Hokkien, Puxian Min) bicycle


敲電

/kʰa²¹⁻³³ tiɛn²¹/

/kʰa²¹⁻⁴¹ tiɛn³³/

/kʰa¹¹⁻⁵³ tiɛn³³/

/kʰa²¹⁻³³ tiɛn²¹/

/kʰa²¹⁻⁴¹ tiɛn³³/

/kʰa¹¹⁻⁵³ tiɛn³³/

(Penang Hokkien, Singapore Hokkien, Singapore Teochew) to make a telephone call


耳仔屎

/hi²¹ a⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ sai⁴⁴⁵/

/hi²¹ a⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ sai⁴⁴⁵/

(Northern Min, Central Min, Penang Hokkien) earwax


角豆

(Penang and Singapore Hokkien) okra; ladies' fingers


耽仔

/tam²³⁻²¹ a⁴⁴⁵/

/tam²³⁻²¹ a⁴⁴⁵/

(Penang Hokkien) just; just now; a moment ago


𠢕滾

/ɡau²³⁻²¹ kun⁴⁴⁵/

/ɡau²⁴⁻²² kun⁵³/

/ɡau²⁴⁻²² kun⁵⁵⁴/

/ɡau¹³⁻²² kun⁵³/

/ɡau²³⁻²¹ kun⁴⁴⁵/

/ɡau²⁴⁻²² kun⁵³/

/ɡau²⁴⁻²² kun⁵⁵⁴/

/ɡau¹³⁻²² kun⁵³/

(Zhangzhou and Penang Hokkien) to joke; to kid; to make a joke; to joke around


翕小影

/hip̚³⁻⁴ siau⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ eŋ⁴⁴⁵/

/hip̚³⁻⁴ siau⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ eŋ⁴⁴⁵/

(Penang and Medan Hokkien) to take a picture; to photograph


小影機

/siau⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ eŋ⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ ki³³/

/siau⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ eŋ⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ ki³³/

GT - General Taiwanese (no particular region identified)


生毛蟲

/sɛ̃³³⁻²¹ mɔ²³⁻²¹ tʰaŋ²³/

/sɛ̃³³⁻²¹ mɔ²³⁻²¹ tʰaŋ²³/

(Taiwanese and Penang Hokkien) caterpillar


月內婆

月内婆
月裡婆/月裏婆/月里婆

(Penang Hokkien) woman hired to take care of a newborn baby and its mother for one month following childbirth, as is custom in traditional Chinese culture; postpartum recovery matron


霜枝

/sŋ̍³³⁻²¹ ki³³/

/sŋ̍⁴⁴⁻²² ki⁴⁴/

/sɯŋ³³⁻²³ ki³³/

/sŋ̍³³⁻²¹ ki³³/

/sŋ̍⁴⁴⁻²² ki⁴⁴/

/sɯŋ³³⁻²³ ki³³/

(Kinmenese Hokkien, Penang Hokkien, Bangkok Teochew) ice popsicle


紅毛話

/aŋ²⁴⁻²¹ mɔ²⁴⁻²¹ ue²²/

/aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ mŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ ue³³/

/aŋ²³⁻³³ mŋ̍²³⁻³³ ue³³/

/aŋ²³⁻²¹ mɔ²³⁻²¹ ua²¹/

/aŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ mo⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ue¹¹/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²¹ mɔ²⁴⁻²¹ ue²²/

/aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ mŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ ue³³/

/aŋ²³⁻³³ mŋ̍²³⁻³³ ue³³/

/aŋ²³⁻²¹ mɔ²³⁻²¹ ua²¹/

/aŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ mo⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ue¹¹/

(Malaysian, Penang and Singapore Hokkien, Singapore Teochew and Thai Teochew) English language


紅毛字

/xʊŋ³⁵ mɑʊ̯³⁵ t͡sz̩⁵¹/

ang² mung² zi⁵ [Phonetic:ang⁵ mung⁴ ni⁵]

/aŋ¹³⁻¹¹ muŋ¹³⁻⁴² ^((t͡s-))ni¹¹/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²¹ mɒ²⁴⁻⁴² ^((t͡s-))li²¹/

/aŋ²³⁻²¹ mɔ²³⁻²¹ d͡zi²¹/

/aŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ mo⁵⁵⁻¹¹ d͡zi¹¹/

/xʊŋ³⁵ mɑʊ̯³⁵ t͡sz̩⁵¹/

/aŋ¹³⁻¹¹ muŋ¹³⁻⁴² ^((t͡s-))ni¹¹/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²¹ mɒ²⁴⁻⁴² ^((t͡s-))li²¹/

/aŋ²³⁻²¹ mɔ²³⁻²¹ d͡zi²¹/

/aŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ mo⁵⁵⁻¹¹ d͡zi¹¹/


鴨囝

/aʔ²⁴⁻³⁵ kiaŋ³³/

/a(ʔ)³⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴⁵/

/aʔ²⁻⁴ kĩã⁵²⁻²¹/

/aʔ²⁴⁻³⁵ kiaŋ³³/

/a(ʔ)³⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴⁵/

/aʔ²⁻⁴ kĩã⁵²⁻²¹/

(Eastern Min, Penang Hokkien, Teochew, Leizhou Min) duckling


雞囝

鸡囝
鷄囝
雞仔/鷄仔/鸡仔

/kie⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾iaŋ³³/

/ke⁵³³⁻¹¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾yɒ⁴⁵³/

/ke⁵³³⁻¹¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾œ⁴⁵³/

/ke⁵³³⁻¹¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾a⁴⁵³/

/ke⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ã³³²/

/ke³³⁻²¹ kiã⁴⁴⁵/

/kue⁴⁴⁻²² kiã⁵³/

/koi³³⁻²³ kĩã⁵²/

/kie⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾iaŋ³³/

/ke⁵³³⁻¹¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾yɒ⁴⁵³/

/ke⁵³³⁻¹¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾œ⁴⁵³/

/ke⁵³³⁻¹¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾a⁴⁵³/

/ke⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ã³³²/

/ke⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ã³³²/

/ke³³⁻²¹ kiã⁴⁴⁵/

/kue⁴⁴⁻²² kiã⁵³/

/koi³³⁻²³ kĩã⁵²/

(Eastern Min, Puxian Min, Medan and Penang Hokkien, Teochew, Hainanese) chick


沙甸魚

/saː⁵⁵ tiːn⁵⁵ jyː²¹⁻³⁵/

/sa³³⁻²¹ din²¹ hu²³/

/saː⁵⁵ tiːn⁵⁵ jyː²¹⁻³⁵/

/sa³³⁻²¹ din²¹ hu²³/

(Cantonese, Penang Hokkien) sardine (Classifier: 條／条 c)


序大

/si³³⁻²¹ tua³³/

/si³³⁻¹¹ tua³³/

/si²²⁻²¹ tua²²/

/si³³⁻²² tua⁴¹/

/si³³⁻²¹ tua³³/

/si³³⁻¹¹ tua³³/

/si²²⁻²¹ tua²²/

/si³³⁻²² tua⁴¹/

Amoy
Fujian
Qing China
Republic of China (1912–1949)

From ellipsis of 是 (sī) + 大人 (tōa-lâng).

(Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Penang and Philippine Hokkien) eldest within the same generation (such as among siblings or cousins)


馬打厝

/ma⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ ta²³⁻²¹ t͡sʰu²¹/

/ma⁴²⁻²⁴ ta²⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰu²¹/

/ma²¹ ta²¹⁻³³ t͡sʰu²¹/

/ma³³⁻²³ ta³⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sʰu²¹³/

/ma⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ ta²³⁻²¹ t͡sʰu²¹/

/ma⁴²⁻²⁴ ta²⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰu²¹/

/ma²¹ ta²¹⁻³³ t͡sʰu²¹/

/ma³³⁻²³ ta³⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sʰu²¹³/

(Penang Hokkien, Singapore Hokkien) police station


死爸

→ English: sibeh

/si⁴²⁻²⁴ pe²²/

/si⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ pɛ²¹/

/si⁵²⁻³⁵ pe³⁵/

/si⁴²⁻²⁴ pe²²/

/si⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ pɛ²¹/

/si⁵²⁻³⁵ pe³⁵/

(Teochew, Singapore Hokkien, Penang Hokkien) very; rather; quite


豬跤醋

/tu³³⁻²¹ kʰa³³⁻²¹ t͡sʰɔ²¹/

/tɯ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰa⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰɔ²¹/

/tu³³⁻²¹ kʰa³³⁻²¹ t͡sʰɔ²¹/

/tɯ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰa⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰɔ²¹/

(Penang and Singapore Hokkien) pork knuckles and ginger stew (a Cantonese dish, traditionally eaten by new mothers to restore strength and health)


福建麵

→ English: Hokkien mee

ㄈㄨˊ ㄐㄧㄢˋ ㄇㄧㄢˋ

ㄈㄨˊ ㄐㄧㄢˋ ㄇㄧㄢˋ

/fu³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹⁻⁵³ mi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ kiɛn²¹⁻⁴² mi²²/

/hɔk̚³⁻⁴ kiɛn²¹⁻³³ mi²¹/

/fu³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹⁻⁵³ mi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ kiɛn²¹⁻⁴² mi²²/

/hɔk̚³⁻⁴ kiɛn²¹⁻³³ mi²¹/

(Malaysia, chiefly Penang Hokkien) thick egg noodles and rice vermicelli in a spicy prawn broth with prawns, pork slices, fish cake slices and sometimes other indgredients, topped with bean sprouts, fried shallots, spring onions


回教廟

ㄏㄨㄟˊ ㄐㄧㄠˋ ㄇㄧㄠˋ

ㄏㄨㄟˊ ㄐㄧㄠˋ ㄇㄧㄠˋ

/xu̯eɪ̯³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ mi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/wuːi̯²¹ kaːu̯³³ miːu̯²²⁻³⁵/

/hue²³⁻²¹ kau²¹⁻³³ bio²¹/

/xu̯eɪ̯³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ mi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/wuːi̯²¹ kaːu̯³³ miːu̯²²⁻³⁵/

/hue²³⁻²¹ kau²¹⁻³³ bio²¹/

(chiefly Hong Kong, Penang Hokkien) mosque (Classifier: 間／间 c)


序大後生

/si³³⁻²² tua⁴¹⁻²² hau³³⁻²² sĩ³³/

/si³³⁻²² tua⁴¹⁻²² hau³³⁻²² sĩ³³/

(Philippine and Penang Hokkien) eldest son


包飯

/pɑʊ̯⁵⁵ fän⁵¹/

/pau⁴⁴⁻³³ pŋ̍³³/

/pau³³⁻²¹ puĩ²¹/

/pɑʊ̯⁵⁵ fän⁵¹/

/pau⁴⁴⁻³³ pŋ̍³³/

/pau³³⁻²¹ puĩ²¹/

(Penang Hokkien) boxed meal; takeaway meal; bento


打限

/ta⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ han²¹/

/ta⁴²⁻²⁴ han²²/

/ta⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ han⁴⁴⁵/

/tã⁴²⁻²⁴ han²²/

/ta⁵²⁻³⁵ haŋ²¹³/

/ta⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ han²¹/

/ta⁴²⁻²⁴ han²²/

/ta⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ han⁴⁴⁵/

/tã⁴²⁻²⁴ han²²/

/ta⁵²⁻³⁵ haŋ²¹³/

I can't withstand the heat these days without turning on the aircon.

Chit kúi-ji̍t ū-iáⁿ joa̍h kàu bē tá-hān, bô khui léng-khì ē sí--khì.

這幾日有影熱到袂抵捍，無開冷氣會死去。

这几日有影热到袂抵捍，无开冷气会死去。

(Malaysia, Singapore) to endure; to withstand; to tolerate


晡頓

/pɔ³³⁻²¹ tuĩ²¹/

/pɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tŋ̍²¹/

/pɔ³³⁻²¹ tuĩ²¹/

/pɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tŋ̍²¹/

(Penang Hokkien, Singapore Hokkien) lunch (midday meal)


惹捚

/d͡zia⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ li⁴⁴⁵/

/d͡zia⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ li⁴⁴⁵/

I cut my finger by accident when I was chopping the vegetables.

Óa chhiat chhài bô sió-sim chhiat-tio̍h jiá-lí.

我切菜無小心切著惹𨁫。

我切菜无小心切着惹𨁫。


愣㥥

/ɡaŋ²¹ ɡu³³/

/ɡaŋ²¹ ɡu³³/

I got very disturbed by the ghost story she told me and I couldn't sleep.

Óa thiaⁿ liáu i kóng ê kúi kò͘-sū, kui-seng-khu gāng-gu, m̄-kám khùn.

我聽了伊講兮鬼故事，規身軀愣㥥，毋敢睏。

我听了伊讲兮鬼故事，规身躯愣㥥，毋敢困。

(Penang Hokkien) to be disturbed; to feel uncomfortable


若呀

/d͡ziak̚⁴⁻³ ɡa²³/

/d͡ziak̚⁴³⁻²¹ ɡa²⁴/

/d͡ziak̚⁴⁻³ ɡa²³/

/d͡ziak̚⁴³⁻²¹ ɡa²⁴/

(Penang and Singapore Hokkien, slang) security guard; watchman


導郎

/to²²⁻²¹ lɔŋ⁴⁴/

/to²¹ lɔŋ³³/

/tɔ²¹ lɔŋ²³/

/tɔ²²⁻²¹ lɔŋ²⁴/

/to³³⁻²² lɔŋ²⁴/

/to³³⁻²³ loŋ⁵⁵/

/to²²⁻²¹ lɔŋ⁴⁴/

/to²¹ lɔŋ³³/

/tɔ²¹ lɔŋ²³/

/tɔ²²⁻²¹ lɔŋ²⁴/

/to³³⁻²² lɔŋ²⁴/

/to³³⁻²³ loŋ⁵⁵/

Borrowed from Malay tolong, from Classical Malay tolong, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tuluŋ (“to help, to assist”).

der

(Indonesia Hokkien, Singapore, Malaysian and Jinjiang Hokkien) to help; to assist


睮睖

/d͡zu²³⁻²¹ liŋ³³/

/d͡zu²³⁻²¹ liŋ³³/

She looks askance at me when she passes by. Have I offended her?

I ta̍k-pái kiâⁿ kò chiū jû-ling óa chi̍t-ē, óa tek-chōe i liáu ah?

伊逐擺行過就睮睖我一下，我得罪伊了啊？

伊逐摆行过就睮睖我一下，我得罪伊了啊？


踏油

(Penang Hokkien) to step on the accelerator (when driving)


澢弆

/taŋ²¹⁻³³ ki⁴⁴⁵/

/taŋ²¹⁻³³ ki⁴⁴⁵/

Borrowed from Malay tangki, from Portuguese tanque, from Gujarati ટાંકી (ṭā̃kī), from Marathi टाकी (ṭākī), from Sanskrit तडाग (taḍāga, “pond”).

We need to get our water tank fixed because it is leaking.

Chhù-lāi ê tàng-kí lāu-chúi, ài chhōe lâng lâi siu-lí.

厝內兮澢弆漏水，愛揣人來修理。

厝内兮𭰎弆漏水，爱揣人来修理。


薄餅糋

/po(ʔ)⁴⁻³ piã⁴⁴⁵ t͡sĩ²¹/

/po(ʔ)⁴⁻³ piã⁴⁴⁵ t͡sĩ²¹/


煙爐

/iɛn³³⁻²¹ lɔ²³/

/iɛn³³⁻²¹ lɔ²³/


森妄

/sɔm³³⁻²¹ bɔŋ²¹/

/sɔm³³⁻²¹ bɔŋ²¹/

She is a very arrogant person and she never speaks politely.

I che lâng chi̍t-lō͘-lâi chiâⁿ som-bōng, kóng-ōa chiâⁿ bô khe͘h-khì.

伊這人一路來誠森妄，講話誠無客氣。

伊这人一路来诚森妄，讲话诚无客气。

(Penang Hokkien) arrogant (to feel superior)


緣投峇

/iɛn²³⁻²¹ tau²³⁻²¹ ba²³/

/iɛn²³⁻²¹ tau²³⁻²¹ ba²³/


做物

/t͡so²¹⁻³³ miʔ⁴/

/t͡so²¹³⁻⁵⁵ mueʔ⁴/

/t͡so²¹⁻³³ miʔ⁴/

/t͡so²¹³⁻⁵⁵ mueʔ⁴/


起癀

/kʰi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ hɔŋ²³/

/kʰi⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ hɔŋ²³/

/kʰi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hɔŋ²⁴/

/kʰi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ hɔŋ²³/

/kʰi⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ hɔŋ²³/

/kʰi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hɔŋ²⁴/


佇佇

(Penang Hokkien) alternative form of 直直 (tī-tī, “constantly; continuously”)


儳飽

/sam²³⁻²¹ pa⁴⁴⁵/

/sam²³⁻²¹ pa⁴⁴⁵/

(Malaysian Hokkien, Penang Hokkien) trash; rubbish; garbage


四散講

/si²¹⁻³³ suã²¹⁻³³ kɔŋ⁴⁴⁵/

/si²¹⁻⁴² suã²¹⁻⁴² kɔŋ⁴²/

/si²¹⁻³³ suã²¹⁻³³ kɔŋ⁴⁴⁵/

/si²¹⁻⁴² suã²¹⁻⁴² kɔŋ⁴²/

(Zhao'an, Singapore and Penang Hokkien, Haifeng Min) to talk nonsense


唐人字

/tŋ̍²³⁻²¹ laŋ²³⁻²¹ d͡zi²¹/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²¹ laŋ²⁴⁻²¹ d͡zi²²/

/tŋ̍²³⁻³³ laŋ²³⁻³³ zi³³/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²¹ laŋ²⁴⁻²¹ li²²/

/tŋ̍²³⁻²¹ laŋ²³⁻²¹ d͡zi²¹/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²¹ laŋ²⁴⁻²¹ d͡zi²²/

/tŋ̍²³⁻³³ laŋ²³⁻³³ zi³³/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²¹ laŋ²⁴⁻²¹ li²²/

(Hokkien, chiefly Penang, Medan and Singapore Hokkien) hanzi; Chinese character


坡底

/pʰu̯ɔ⁵⁵ ti²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pʰo³³⁻²¹ te⁴⁴⁵/

/pʰo⁴⁴⁻²² tue⁴²/

/po⁴⁴⁻²² tue⁴²/

/pɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tue⁴²/

/pʰu̯ɔ⁵⁵ ti²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pʰo³³⁻²¹ te⁴⁴⁵/

/pʰo⁴⁴⁻²² tue⁴²/

/po⁴⁴⁻²² tue⁴²/

/pɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tue⁴²/

(Singapore, Malaysia) downtown; city centre

(Penang Hokkien, specifically) George Town (a city, the state capital of Penang, Malaysia)


紙橐

/t͡sua⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ lɔk̚³/

/t͡sua⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lɔk̚³²/

/t͡sua⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lɔk̚⁵/

/t͡sua⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lɔk̚³²/

/t͡sua⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ lɔk̚³/

/t͡sua⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lɔk̚³²/

/t͡sua⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lɔk̚⁵/

/t͡sua⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lɔk̚³²/


芒吉

/maŋ²¹ ɡit̚³/

/maŋ²¹ ɡek̚³/

/baŋ²⁴⁻²¹ keʔ³²/

/baŋ²⁴⁻²¹ kit̚³²/

/baŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ŋeʔ⁴³/

/maŋ³³⁻²³ hik̚⁴/

/maŋ²¹ ɡit̚³/

/maŋ²¹ ɡek̚³/

/baŋ²⁴⁻²¹ keʔ³²/

/baŋ²⁴⁻²¹ kit̚³²/

/baŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ŋeʔ⁴³/

/maŋ³³⁻²³ hik̚⁴/

(Penang Hokkien, Singapore Hokkien, Johor Bahru Teochew, Pontianak Teochew) mangosteen


浮羅

/fu³⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵/

/pʰu²³⁻²¹ lo²³/

/fu³⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵/

/pʰu²³⁻²¹ lo²³/

(Penang Hokkien) Balik Pulau (the capital of Southwest district, Penang, Malaysia)


蘇嗎

/sɔ³³⁻²¹ ma³³/

/sɔ³³⁻²¹ ma³³/

啲嘢蘇嗎幫我執埋

啲嘢苏吗帮我执埋

Choh-mi̍h so͘-ma-lâng bô tòa chit-pêng ê?

做物蘇嗎儂無蹛這爿兮？

做物苏吗侬无𰸚这爿兮？

(Penang Hokkien, Malaysian Cantonese) all


學堂衫

/o(ʔ)⁴⁻³ tŋ̍²³⁻²¹ sã³³/

/o(ʔ)⁴⁻³ tŋ̍²³⁻²¹ sã³³/


下箸个

(Penang Hokkien) chopsticks holder; container for holding chopsticks


紅毛清明

/aŋ²³⁻²¹ mɔ²³⁻²¹ t͡sʰeŋ³³⁻²¹ beŋ²³/

/aŋ²³⁻²¹ mɔ²³⁻²¹ t͡sʰeŋ³³⁻²¹ beŋ²³/

(Penang Hokkien) All Souls' Day (Christian feast day)


紅毛號碼

/aŋ²³⁻²¹ mɔ²³⁻²¹ ho²¹ bɛ⁴⁴⁵/

/aŋ²³⁻²¹ mɔ²³⁻²¹ ho²¹ bɛ⁴⁴⁵/

(Penang Hokkien, arithmetic) Arabic numeral


紅毛花園

/aŋ²³⁻²¹ mɔ²³⁻²¹ hua³³⁻²¹ huĩ²³/

/aŋ²³⁻²¹ mɔ²³⁻²¹ hua³³⁻²¹ huĩ²³/

(Penang Hokkien) botanical garden (Classifier: 座 m)


紅毛樓

/aŋ²³⁻²¹ mɔ²³⁻²¹ lau²³/

/aŋ²³⁻²¹ mɔ²³⁻²¹ lau²³/


番仔庵

/huan³³⁻²¹ a⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ am³³/

/huan³³⁻²¹ a⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ am³³/


老君樓

/lo⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ kun³³⁻²¹ lau²³/

/lo⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ kun³³⁻²¹ lau²³/


保家衫

/po⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ kɛ³³⁻²¹ sã³³/

/po⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ kɛ³³⁻²¹ sã³³/


瓿瓵

/bɔt̚⁴⁻³ tɔi³³/

/bɔt̚⁴⁻³ tɔi³³/


做物事

/t͡so²¹⁻³³ mi(ʔ)³⁻⁴ su²¹/

/t͡so²¹⁻³³ mi(ʔ)³⁻⁴ su²¹/


何物事

/ha⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ mi(ʔ)³⁻⁴ su²¹/

/ha⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ mi(ʔ)³⁻⁴ su²¹/


做細姨

/t͡so²¹⁻³³ se²¹⁻³³ i²³/

/t͡so²¹⁻³³ se²¹⁻³³ i²³/

(Penang Hokkien, of a woman) to take a lover; to cheat; to have an affair with a man


做路

/t͡so²¹⁻³³ lɔ²¹/

/t͡so²¹⁻³³ lɔ²¹/


暹人

/siam³³⁻²¹ laŋ²³/

/siam³³⁻²¹ laŋ²³/


密查拉

/bit̚⁴⁻³ t͡sa³³⁻²¹ la³³/

/bit̚⁴⁻³ t͡sa³³⁻²¹ la³³/

(Penang Hokkien, in Singapore dated) lawsuit


原子囊

/ɡuan²³⁻²¹ t͡su⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ lɔŋ²³/

/ɡuan²³⁻²¹ t͡su⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ lɔŋ²³/

My grandma loves collecting plastic bags to be used as rubbish bags later.

Óa ê má su-kah siu goân-chú-lông lâi té sâm-pá

我兮媽舒合收原子囊來貯儳㞎

我兮妈舒合收原子囊来贮儳㞎


紙囊

/t͡sua⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ lɔŋ²³/

/t͡sua⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ lɔŋ²³/


原子袋

/jyːn²¹ t͡siː³⁵ tɔːi̯²²⁻³⁵/

/ɡuan²³⁻²¹ t͡su⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ te²¹/

/jyːn²¹ t͡siː³⁵ tɔːi̯²²⁻³⁵/

/ɡuan²³⁻²¹ t͡su⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ te²¹/

(Kuala Lumpur Cantonese, Penang Hokkien) plastic bag