犬

Bai: *qʰuaŋ²

/t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn²¹⁴/

/t͡ɕʰyɵn²¹³/

/t͡ɕʰy̯e̞⁴¹/

/t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn²¹⁴/

/t͡ɕʰyɵn²¹³/

/t͡ɕʰy̯e̞⁴¹/

Characters in the same phonetic series (犬) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Pictogram (象形) – the side view of a dog.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *d-kʷəj-n (“dog”); cognate with Tibetan ཁྱི (khyi, “dog”), Burmese ခွေး (hkwe:, “dog”).
This common Sino-Tibetan word has been replaced by 狗 (OC *koːʔ) in most topolects except Eastern Min, such as Fuzhou kēng. In other topolects, this word is mainly found in compounds and not used alone.

Han etyl

警犬

He who is presenting a horse or a sheep should lead it with his right hand. He who is presenting a dog should lead it with his left hand.

The Book of Rites, c. 4ᵗʰ – 2ⁿᵈ century BCE

Xiào mǎ xiào yáng zhě yòu qiān zhī; xiào quǎn zhě zuǒ qiān zhī.

效馬效羊者右牽之；效犬者左牽之。

效马效羊者右牵之；效犬者左牵之。

(formal or in compounds or Eastern Min, Waxiang, dialectal Wu) dog


車

/t͡sʰø²¹³⁻⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰø²¹³⁻⁵⁵/

Pictogram (象形) – originally a carriage seen from above. In the oracle bone script, there were large wheels on both sides and a sun shade on the top. Later, when Chinese characters were written vertically, the wheels on both sides were simply drawn in strokes and the loading area was marked with a 田 (OC *l'iːŋ). Therefore, it is important to understand that the current character, 車 (OC *kʰlja, *kla) is a vertical depiction of a carriage.
Note that 倝 (OC *kaːns) and 朝 (OC *ʔr'ew, *r'ew) are not derived from 車 (OC *kʰlja, *kla).
Perhaps a loan from an Indo-European language because the horse and chariot were introduced into China around 1200 BC from Inner Asia; compare Tocharian A kukäl, Tocharian B kokale (“wagon; cart”) (Mair, 1990, Bauer, 1994), from Proto-Tocharian *kuk(ä)le, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷékʷlos, a form of *kʷel- (“to turn”). Cognate with English wheel, Ancient Greek κύκλος (kúklos), Lithuanian kaklas (“neck”), etc.
Baxter and Sagart specifically pinpoint descent from some reflex of Proto-Indo-Iranian *čakrám. They also suppose that the variation of pronunciations could be attributed to separate borrowing events from Indo-Aryan and Iranian.
An older variant survives in Mandarin 軲轆／轱辘 (gūlu, “wheel”) (Bauer, 1994). Alternatively, the word is a derivation by k-prefix from 舁 (OC *la, “to lift”) (Baxter and Sagart, 1998); compare the semantic parallel in Tibetan ཐེག་པ (theg pa, “vehicle; carriage”) (OC *kʰljaʔ, *kʰljas) and 居 (OC *kas) (Schuessler, 2007). Pronunciation 2 is traditionally regarded as the older pronunciation.
The sense of lewd content is derived from 老司機 /老司机 (lǎosījī).

cog

nei⁵ ho² m⁴ ho² ji⁵ ce¹ ngo⁵ heoi³ dei⁶ tit³ zaam⁶ aa³?

你可唔可以車我去地鐵站呀？

你可唔可以车我去地铁站呀？

(dialectal, including Cantonese, Wu, Northern Min, Southern Min, Liuzhou Mandarin) to transport using a vehicle


愛

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (愛):
* → Japanese: 愛(あい) (ai)
* → Korean: 애(愛) (ae)
* → Vietnamese: ái (愛)

→? Proto-Hlai: *ʔəːp (“to love”)

Originally 㤅 (xì), a phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qɯːds): phonetic 旡 (OC *kɯds) + semantic 心 (“heart”). However, the phonetic component indicates somebody kneeling with an open mouth perhaps while panting.
As early as the Qin dynasty, a meaningless component 夊 (suī, “foot”) was added to the bottom of the character, as with some other characters depicting people. Compare 憂 /忧 (yōu) (from 㥑). Hence, the character changed into 𢙴.
Further corruption of the top component of 𢙴 turned the original phonetic 旡 (jì) into ⿱爫冖.
Based on Baxter's (1992) Old Chinese reconstruction /*ʔɨts/, STEDT suggests that it is from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ŋ-(w)aːj (“to copulate; to love; to be gentle”). Compare Proto-Karen *ʔai (“to love”), whence Pa'o Karen [script needed] (ʔái, “to love”), S'gaw Karen အဲၣ် (ʼeh̀, “to love”); Southern Bai e⁴⁴ (“love”); Mizo hma-ngaih (“to love, to like”); Jingpho nwai (“to respect, to love”), ngwi (“to be gentle”); Burmese ငွေ့ (ngwe., “to be gentle, moderate”). The Chinese word is related to a Tibeto-Burman allofam without initial *ŋ-. STEDT states that an Old Chinese reconstruction of /*ʔɨjs/ for 愛 is also possible because Old Chinese rhyming does not provide direct evidence of contacts with *-t.
However, Baxter and Sagart (2014) reconstructs /*[q]ˁə[p]-s/, which ends in *-p-s instead. The Old Chinese contrast between *-p-s and *-t-s was lost at a late stage of Old Chinese. The final *-p is not reflected in the Tibeto-Burman comparandum provided by STEDT, making the likelihood that the Chinese form is related to the rest very low (Sagart, 2019). Behr (2016) suggests a derivation from a verbal root meaning "to draw in; to inhale; to suck in", relating it to 吸 (OC *qʰ(r)əp, “to inhale”), 欱 (OC *qʰˁ[ə]p, “o sip”), 愾 (OC *qʰəp-s, “to sigh with regret”), 僾 (OC *qˁəp-s, “to pant”), 氣 (OC *C.qʰəp-s, “vapour; breath”).

cog

爱
㤅
𢙴
𢛭
𢜤
𤔠
𤔤
𢟪
𢖻
要

我唔愛咁多。

我唔爱咁多。

(Can we date this quote?), 饒瑞軍 (lyrics), Tetsurō Oda (music), 《快樂希望》 (Hakka version of Yume Ippai), performed by 龔心怡

khoai-lo̍k chhiu he sióng oi mak-ke chhiu tet-tó

快樂就係 想愛麼個就得著

快乐就系 想爱么个就得着

(Cantonese, Hakka, Wu, Hokkien, Teochew) to want (an object)


入

Ideogram (指事) - an arrowhead indicating "to enter".
Compare 人 (rén).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *nup ~ nip. Cognate with Tibetan ནུབ (nub, “to fall (gradually), sink, to set; to decay, to decline”) and Burmese နိပ် (nip, “to decline (e.g. price); to be suppressed, to settle, to be quelled”).
Chinese characters belonging to the same word family include:
* 納 (OC *nuːb, “to make enter”)
* 內 (OC *nuːbs, “inside”)
* 軜 (OC *nuːb, “reins on the inside of the horse”)
* 妠 (OC *nuːms, *nuːb, *rnoːd, “to marry (a girl)”)
* 躡 (OC *neb, “to tiptoe, tread”)
* 攝 (OC *neːb, *ʔnjeb, “to take in, photograph, grasp”)
* 鑷 (OC *neb, “tweezers, forceps”)
* and potentially Cantonese 擸 (laap3, “to bring together, to collect”)
The regular Mandarin pronunciation as predicted from Middle Chinese is rì. The irregular sound change is for taboo reasons - to avoid homophony with its derived vulgar meaning "to enter > to have sexual intercourse", nowadays represented by 日 (rì).

zh-m

(literary, dialectal Mandarin, dialectal Wu, vulgar) to fuck; to have sexual intercourse


日

Essentially a substitute character for 入 (MC nyip, “to enter”) that preserves the expected modern pronunciation of 入; see the etymology there for more.

囸
𡆠
𡇁
𡆸
𡇗
𡈎
入
㒲
肏

狗日

Screw their ancestors to the eighteenth generation!

1944, 老舍 (Lao She), 《惶惑》 (Bewilderment), in 《四世同堂》 (Four Generations Under One Roof)

我日他們十八輩兒的祖宗！

我日他们十八辈儿的祖宗！

In one sentence ― Yu the Lame fucked mum's youngest sister.

一句話，于瘸子把小姨日了。

一句话，于瘸子把小姨日了。

At others' instigation, (he would) even say to Su Jie's face that “I want to fuck you”.

Shènzhì zài biérén de sǒngyǒng xià, duì zhe Sū Jié shuō, wǒ xiǎng rì nǐ

甚至在別人的慫恿下，對着蘇婕說，我想日你。

甚至在别人的怂恿下，对着苏婕说，我想日你。

2005, CCTV-1, Drawing Sword, episode 13, spoken by Li Yunlong (Li Youbin):

Yamamoto — fuck your ancestors! Give me a quick response: surrender or not?

Shānběn, wǒ rì nǐ xiānrén! Gěi jù tòngkuài huà, tóujiàng bù tóujiàng?

山本，我日你先人！給句痛快話，投降不投降？

山本，我日你先人！给句痛快话，投降不投降？

(dialectal Mandarin, dialectal Jin, dialectal Wu, dialectal Xiang, vulgar, often in abuses) to fuck; to have sexual intercourse with


亮

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *raŋs): semantic 人 (“person”) + phonetic 京 (OC *kraŋ, “building; tower”). In the variant 𠅙, the body of the tower is more recognizable.
Part of an Austroasiatic word family; compare Khmer [script needed] (-rāṃṅa, “to be light; to be bright”) (Schuessler, 2007), from Proto-Mon-Khmer *raaŋʔ (“light; to shine”); as well as:
:* ស្រាំង (srang, “to be pale; to be colourless”) with 爽 (OC *sraŋʔ),
:* [script needed] (brāṅa, “to grow light (after dark)”) with 炳 (OC *praŋʔ).
:* បំព្រាង (bɑmpriəng, “to shed a pale light”) with 明 (OC *mraŋ).
Alternatively, STEDT compares it to Proto-Kuki-Chin *klaaŋ-I, *klaan-II (“to shine; light; bright”).

cog

(dialectal Mandarin, dialectal Wu, Xiang) lamp; light


他

Wutunhua: ta (“he; she; it”)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *l̥ʰaːl): semantic 亻 (“man”) + phonetic 也 (OC *laːlʔ).
Corrupted form of 佗 (OC *l̥ʰaːl, *l'aːl), which is found in Zuozhuan.
Etymology not clear (Schuessler, 2007). Perhaps cognate with 誃 (OC *l'al, *l̥ʰjalʔ, “to separate”).
The modern sense of "he, she, it" only emerged after the Han period in colloquial passages, and displaced classical 其 (OC *ɡɯ) and 之 (OC *tjɯ) in mandarin dialects. (Pulleyblank, 1995)
The phonological development from Middle Chinese was irregular. The expected reflex is tuō, which is sometimes used in literary contexts for the classical "other" sense, but in most Mandarin dialects it is read like tā.

Han compound

while 渠 is more common in other varieties

Chinese varieties in general do not distinguish gender

distinctions are only sometimes made in writing.佢 is commonly used in Yue

他去了。

我認識他。

我认识他。

All things were made by him; and without him was not any thing made that was made.

新標點和合本 (Chinese Union Version with New Punctuation), 約翰福音 (John) 1:3

Wànwù shì jièzhe tā zào de; fán bèi zào de, méiyǒu yī yàng bùshì jièzhe tā zào de.

萬物是藉著他造的；凡被造的，沒有一樣不是藉著他造的。

万物是借着他造的；凡被造的，没有一样不是借着他造的。

Since he was afraid neither of wolves and lizards nor of tigers and leopards, [he] went straight to the mountaintop to look around.

Wu Cheng'en, Journey to the West, 16ᵗʰ century CE, translation from The Journey to the West (2012), by Anthony C. Yu

Tā yě bù pà lángchóng, bù jù hǔbào, dēng shàng shāndǐng shàng guānkàn.

他也不怕狼蟲，不懼虎豹，登上山頂上觀看。

他也不怕狼虫，不惧虎豹，登上山顶上观看。

My current girl-pupil – named Daiyu, whenever she reads, she pronounces every character mǐn (敏 "hasty") as mì (密 "honey"); whenever [she] writes, [she] lessens every character 敏's number of strokes by one or two.

Cao Xueqin, Dream of the Red Chamber, mid-18ᵗʰ century CE

Wǒ zhè nǚxuéshēng míng jiào Dàiyù. Tā dú shū, fán ‘mǐn’ zì, tā jiē niàn zuò ‘mì’ zì; xiě zì, yù zhù ‘mǐn’ zì yì jiǎn yī'èr bǐ.

我這女學生名叫黛玉。他讀書，凡『敏』字，他皆念作『密』字；寫字，遇著『敏』字亦減一二筆。

我这女学生名叫黛玉。他读书，凡『敏』字，他皆念作『密』字；写字，遇著『敏』字亦减一二笔。

(chiefly Mandarin, Jin, Xiang, dialectal Wu, originally gender-neutral; nowadays usually referring to males) he; him; she; her


伊

From 渠 (MC gjo, “he; she; it”).
In Southern Sixian Hakka: /ki/ → /i/.
In Wu (You, 1995): /ɡ-/ → /dʑ-/ → /ɦ-/ ( → /ʔ-/).

𠁼
𰁢
𠈽
𦯴
𠜧
𠜰
佢
渠
夷

You came to see my son, but he happens to not be here right now, sorry.

⁶non ⁶le ⁶zhin ⁶ngu ⁶gni-tsy ⁶yi ⁵tsen-hau ⁸veq-laq-he ⁵te-veq-chi

儂來尋我兒子，伊正好勿辣海，對勿起。

侬来寻我儿子，伊正好勿辣海，对勿起。

(Southern Sixian Hakka, Wu) he, him; she, her; it


伐

Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China

Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong

(Wu) Alternative form of 𠲎 (⁰va, “final interrogative particle on a yes/no question”)


伯

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (伯):
* → Japanese: 伯(はく) (haku, “count”)
* → Korean: 백(伯) (baek, “count”)
* → Vietnamese: bá (伯, “count”)

→? Proto-Turkic: *bēg (see there for further descendants)

→ Manchu: ᠪᡝ (be)

desc

→ Thai: แปะ (bpɛ̀), แป๊ะ (bpɛ́, “old Chinese man”) (via Teochew)

→ Vietnamese: bác (“uncle, aunt”)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *praːɡ): semantic 人 (“person”) + phonetic 白 (OC *braːɡ).
Unclear. Possibly an areal word (Schuessler, 2007). Compare Mru [script needed] (rak, “eldest brother”) and Kukish prak (“eldest brother”) (Löffler, 1966), as well as Lahu phâ (“god; lord”) < Thai พระ (prá) < Old Khmer bra or Angkorian Old Khmer braḥ, braḥh, brah (“distinguished; divine; excellent; holy; sacred; superior; etc.”) (see Khmer ព្រះ (preăh) for more).
Possibly related to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *bʷaŋ ~ *pʷaŋ (“(paternal) uncle; elder brother”), in turn possibly related to 兄 (OC *hmraŋ, “elder brother”) (Benedict, 1972).
Alternatively, from 白 (OC *braːɡ, “white”); compare 皤 (OC *paːl, *baːl, “white”), which underwent parallel semantic shift to "white-haired", though this is possibly folk etymology (Schuessler, 2007).
Pronunciation 3 is the exoactive/transitive of pronunciation 1 (ibid.).

沙烏地阿拉伯

Shāwūdì Ālābó

沙乌地阿拉伯

Shāwūdì Ālābó


佬

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 亻 (“man; person”) + phonetic 老 (OC *ruːʔ).
Found in certain southern dialects (chiefly Cantonese) as the colloquial word for “man” (for example, in the term 肥佬). Probably related to Zhuang raeuz ~ laeuz (“we; also a demonym: Rau peoples”), a widespread Tai word meaning “we; people” (Proto-Tai *rawᴬ).
First attested in 1678 in the following passage from Guangdong Xinyu:
Also compare Proto-Hmong *ʔljuwᴮ (“male”) (White Hmong lau (“male”)), Proto-Katuic *-law (“man”), as well as Lao ລາວ (lāo, “Lao < people”), Thai ลาว (laao).

cog

People in Guangzhou call “common people” lau or leu (derogatory).

Guǎngzhōu wèi píngrén yuē lǎo, yì yuē liáo, jiànchēng yě.

廣州謂平人曰佬，亦曰獠，賤稱也。

广州谓平人曰佬，亦曰獠，贱称也。

差佬

鄉巴佬

乡巴佬

Heaven above [has] nine-headed birds, [but] Earth below [has] Hubei folk (meaning Hubei people are clever/crafty)

天上九頭鳥，地上湖北佬

天上九头鸟，地上湖北佬

Once upon a time, there was a prince who was a fool. One day, he became a middle-aged guy.

2004, 《麥兜菠蘿油王子》 (McDull, Prince de la Bun)

cung⁴ cin⁴ jau⁵ go³ wong⁴ zi² keoi⁵ mung² mung² haa⁵, jau⁵ jat¹ jat⁶, keoi⁵ bin³ zo² go³ lou².

從前有個王子佢懵懵下，有一日，佢變咗個佬。

从前有个王子佢懵懵下，有一日，佢变咗个佬。

2020 December 1, 千叶真名 (username), answer to the question “如何看待山东一成年公民疑似被亲属雇佣「假警察」强制送到戒网瘾机构，进行非法拘禁和强制「医疗」？”, on Zhihu

Suǒyǐ wǒ yīzhí juéde duì zhèxiē fēngjiànlǎo zhǐnéng zhòngquánchūjī.

所以我一直覺得對這些封建佬只能重拳出擊。

所以我一直觉得对这些封建佬只能重拳出击。

(chiefly Cantonese, dialectal Wu, often slightly derogatory) (adult) man; guy; fellow; chap (Classifier: 個／个 c)


個

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (個):
* → Japanese: 個(こ) (ko)
* → Korean: 개(個) (gae)
* → Vietnamese: cá (個)

Wutunhua: -ge

→? Baba Malay: punya (semantic loan)

desc

→? Vietnamese: cái (possibly some contamination)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kaːls): semantic 亻 (“person”) + phonetic 固 (OC *kaːs).
The semantics may have developed along the grammaticalisation process "bamboo stalk" (箇) > "piece, item" > "classifier for every category of noun" > "possessive particle, generic particle". If so, it would then possibly be cognate with 竿 (OC *kaːn, “bamboo, rod”). Compare Tibetan མཁར་བ (mkhar ba), འཁར་བ ('khar ba, “walking stick, staff”) and Thai ก้าน (gâan, “stem, stalk”).
; Southern Min classifier and possessive particle
; Wu classifier and possessive particle

Han compound

个
箇
个
的
亓
ㄟ
兮
ケ
亇

may use corresponding classifier in certain contexts

(dialectal Hakka, dialectal Min, dialectal Wu) one

個個人

个个人

This duck hasn't been cooked long enough for it to become tender.

個隻鴨子勿大酥

个只鸭子勿大酥

(literary or Wu, Xiang, Gan, dialectal Cantonese, dialectal Min) (= 搿 (Northern Wu)) this; that

→ 嘅 (ge3) (Cantonese); 格 (kaq), 額／额 (gheq) (Shanghainese) (Mandarin influenced); 噶, 葛 (Suzhounese); 的 (ê) (Hokkien)

我個冊

我个册

我個書

我个书

我個小囡

我个小囡

客家個精神

客家个精神

(dialectal Cantonese, Hakka, Southern Min, Wu) Possessive particle. Equivalent to Mandarin 的 (de).


倪

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ŋeː): semantic 亻 + phonetic 兒 (OC *ŋeː, *ŋje).

Han compound

alt. forms: 伲 (nǐ)


儂

Cantonese: 冷 (laang⁵⁻¹) (via Teochew)

Baiyue
Changshu
Fenghua
Fuding
Lanxi
Longyan
Ningbo
Nong Zhigao
Nùng
Shanghai
Shanghainese
Shengze
Six Dynasties
Suzhou
Tangxi
Xiamen
Xianyou
Yuyao

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *nuːŋ): semantic 亻 + phonetic 農 (OC *nuːŋ).
; “Person; I; me > suffix for pronouns” in southeastern varieties
Its senses of “person; human being” and “pronoun suffix” are well-attested in the classical literature, dating back to the Six Dynasties. At the present time, traces of this word are found in various Southern regions such as Fujian, Jiangxi and Zhejiang, in Wu, Min, Hui and Gan.
; “Person; human”
; “I”
; “Pronoun suffix”
:
: A similar chain of changes happened in the Wu varieties to arrive at the modern divergent dialectal forms for “you (singular)”.
:
: Some lects, such as Shanghainese, have merged the two syllables into one, leaving 儂／侬 to mean “you (singular)”.
With regard to the etymology of this word, Huang (1980), Norman (1983) and Zhou (1986) hypothesised that this is the same as 農 (OC *nuːŋ, “farmer; peasant”). The use of this word as a pronoun may have originated as a form of personal deprecation and then come to be used as a full-fledged pronoun. Pan and Chen (1995) disagree, proposing that nong was originally a Baiyue substrate word possibly of Kra-Dai origin, and possibly an original clan name later developing to mean “person; I”. Compare Zhuang Nungz (surname) and name of the 11ᵗʰ century Zhuang leader Nong Zhigao, as well as the name of the Nùng people in Vietnam.

Han compound

used without 的; GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)

(coastal Min, dialectal Wu) person; human being (Classifier: 隻／只 md; 個／个 mn)

儂叫啥名字啊？

侬叫啥名字啊？

How come you speak Shanghainese so well?

⁶na-nen ⁶non ⁶yi-ze ⁶zaon-he ⁶ghe-gho ⁵kaon ⁸leq ⁵ka ⁵hau

哪能儂現在上海閒話講了介好？

哪能侬现在上海闲话讲了介好？

(Min, Wu) Suffix for pronouns, functioning as a meaningless particle or a pluralising particle.


冇

From the removal of the two inner strokes from 有 (“to have”).
Attested at least since 1672, in 《星餘筆記》 by 王鉞:
From 無 (MC mju, “to not have”). In some varieties, such as Cantonese and Xiang, there seems to be fusion or analogy with 有 (MC hjuwX, “to have”) (Chan, 1998; Schuessler, 2007).

When filing pleas, peasants in the Ning county (西寧縣, modern 鬱南縣) often use the local popular writing, it is peculiar when first seen, but when accustomed, each has its meaning, for example: … 冇, sounds like 茂, means "to not have".

Níng sú pǔbǐ suǒ chén diésù duō yòng tǔsú shū, chūjiàn hài'è, xíxián yì gè yǒu yìyì, lìng lüèjì shùzì:...... 冇, yīn mào, wèi wúyǒu yě.

寧俗樸鄙所陳牒訴多用土俗書，初見駭愕，習閒亦各有義意，令略記數字：……冇，音茂，謂無有也。

宁俗朴鄙所陈牒诉多用土俗书，初见骇愕，习闲亦各有义意，令略记数字：……冇，音茂，谓无有也。

You don't have a girlfriend? Of course I don't believe you! ... Maybe you do have one, but you just don't know it.

nei⁵ mou⁵ neoi⁵ pang⁴ jau⁵? gang² hai⁶ m⁴ seon³ laa¹!...... waak⁶ ze² jau⁵. nei⁵ m⁴ zi¹ ze¹.

你冇女朋友？梗係唔信啦！……或者有。你唔知啫。

你冇女朋友？梗系唔信啦！……或者有。你唔知啫。

冇理由㗎。

(dialectal Mandarin, Cantonese, dialectal Gan, Hakka, dialectal Wu, Xiang) to not have; to not exist


冒

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *muːɡs, *mɯːɡ): phonetic 冃 (OC *muːɡs, “hat”) + semantic 目 (“eyes”).
See also 敖, 免, and 美.
Original meaning was “to cover”.
Sino-Tibetan. Schuessler (2007) connects it with Proto-Sino-Tibetan *muːŋ ~ r/s-muːk (“sky, clouds, fog, dark, covered”), whence Burmese မိုး (mui:, “sky; rain; to hold something over the head; roof”), Tibetan མུ (mu), དམུ (dmu), རྨུ (rmu), སྨུ (smu, “(archaic) sky”).
Derivative: 帽 (OC *muːɡs, “hat”).

cog

(dialectal Mandarin, Wu) to vomit or to have diarrhoea


別

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (別):
* → Korean: 별(別) (byeol)
* → Vietnamese: biệt (別)

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 冎 (“bone”) + 刂 (“knife”), hence 𠛰 – to cut up bone and flesh. Later, the character was stylized as 別. See also 另.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *brat (“cut apart, cut open”). Cognate to 八 (OC *preːd, “to divide; to differentiate”), 列 (OC *red), 裂 (OC *red).
Mei (2008) proposes that the intransitive sense "to leave, to part" (with voiced initial *b- in Middle Chinese) is primary and that the transitive sense "to discriminate, to discriminate" (with voiceless initial *p-) is derived from the intransitive sense with the Old Chinese causative prefix *s-, resulting in a devoicing effect: *s-b- > *s-p- > *p-; compare 黑 (OC *s-mək, “black”) from 墨 (OC *mək, “ink”). On the other hand, Sagart and Baxter (2012) consider the intransitive sense to be derived from the transitive sense (*pret) by prefixation of *N-, resulting in a voicing effect: *N-p- > *N-b- > *b-; compare 敗 (OC *N-pˤrat-s, “to suffer defeat”) from 敗 (OC *pˤrat-s, “to defeat”).

och-l

Worrying if someone might be listening, he turned his head and went towards the door.

Kǒngpà yǒurén tīngjiàn, bǎ tóu bié zhuǎnlái wàng zhe ménwài.

恐怕有人聽見，把頭別轉來望著門外。

恐怕有人听见，把头别转来望著门外。

(Wu, dialectal Mandarin) to turn; to change


劗

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴/

/t͡sʰu̯än³⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴/

/t͡sʰu̯än³⁵/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ʔsoːn, *zoːn): phonetic 贊 (OC *ʔsaːns) + semantic 刀 (“knife”).
Possibly cognate with 剪 (OC *ʔslenʔ, “to cut”) (Wang, 1982).

Han compound

(Jianghuai Mandarin, Wu) to chop; to cut (meat)


勿

According to Pan (2002), developed from a labiodentalized and checked variant of 不 (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ').
In certain varieties the initial has gained voicing and in some cases caused the word shifted to yang tones, either restricted to specific syntactical positions or in all contexts. See also 弗 (feq).

對勿起

对勿起

This type of unholy delinquent language - don't you go on imitating all that!

⁸geq-tson₅ ⁶veq₈-gni₆-veq₆-se₁-gheq₈ ⁶ghe-gho₆ ⁶non ⁶veq₈-iau₅ ⁵chi ⁸ghoq-yi₆

搿種勿二勿三個閒話儂勿要去學伊！

搿种勿二勿三个闲话侬勿要去学伊！


厭

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qemʔ, *qems, *qeb): semantic 厂 + phonetic 猒 (OC *qem, *qems).

Han compound

厌
猒
懕
厌
饜
𤸸
忚

GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)


叉

(Wu) to push something away; to move something away


吃

Wutunhua: qe

→ Japanese: 吃(チー) (chī)

/t͡ɕʰi̯a̠²⁴/

/t͡ɕʰi̯a̠²⁴/

Phono-semantic compound 形聲 /形声 (xíngshēng): semantic 口 (kǒu) + phonetic 乞 (OC *kʰɯds, *kʰɯd).
Its original meaning is "to stutter", hence, the phonetic component could add part of the meaning since it has the phonetically borrowed meaning of "begging" (i.e., trying to talk but with difficulties).
According to folk etymologies, 乞 in this character indicates that, while stuttering, less air comes from the mouth (compare 气, which has more traits). However, 乞 is simply a variant of 气, it originally meant "air" and was later borrowed to indicate "begging", therefore it didn't mean "less air; to stutter" or similar words and expressions.

吃得苦中苦，方為人上人 / 吃得苦中苦，方为人上人

chī de kǔ zhōng kǔ, fāng wéi rén shàng rén


呴

(Wu) remorseful; troubled; emotionally congested


啥

Probably a fusion of 什麼／什么 (shénme) (Lü, 1985).

煞
𠍽
什
甚
省
薩
撒

這是啥物件？

这是啥物件？

儂辣做啥？

侬辣做啥？

吃啥飯？

吃啥饭？

你說啥來著？

你说啥来着？

(colloquial, dialectal Mandarin, Southern Min, Wu) what


囡

Pan (2015) proposes that it is a contraction of 女兒／女儿, comparing it to 蝦／虾 (¹ho; ¹hoe), where ¹hoe is a contraction of 蝦兒／虾儿, and noting that some Wu dialects pronounce 女 (⁶gniu) with a 麻 (MC mae)-final (/o/).


囥

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 囗 (“enclosure”) + phonetic 亢 (OC *kaːŋ, *kʰaːŋs).
Compare Proto-Tai *k.raŋᴬ, whence Thai ขัง (kǎng, “to confine; to imprison”) (Manomaivibool, 1976).

cog

Mâ-hoân lí kā chheh khǹg tī kè-á téng-bīn.

麻煩汝共冊囥佇架仔頂面。

麻烦汝共册囥伫架仔顶面。

(Taiwanese Hokkien, Taiwanese Hakka, Wu) to put; to place


圈

/t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰy̯ɑɻ⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰy̯ɑɻ⁵⁵/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kʰron, *ɡronʔ, *kʰon, *ɡlonʔ, *ɡlons): semantic 囗 + phonetic 卷 (OC *ɡron, *kronʔ, *krons, *ɡonʔ).


壯

/ʈ͡ʂu̯ɑŋ²¹⁴/

/t͡sʰuɑŋ²¹³/

/ʈ͡ʂu̯ɑŋ²¹⁴/

/t͡sʰuɑŋ²¹³/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ʔsraŋs): phonetic 爿 (OC *braːn, *zaŋ) + semantic 士.

Han compound

Fame portends trouble for men just as fattening does for pigs.

人怕出名豬怕壯

人怕出名猪怕壮

(colloquial or dialectal, chiefly Hakka or Wu, of a person or an animal) fat


壽

These forms are seen in bronze inscriptions:
# Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *djuʔ, *djus): semantic 耂 (“old”) + phonetic 𢏚 (OC *du).
# Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *djuʔ, *djus): semantic 耂 (“old”) + phonetic 𠷎 (chóu) (𦓃).
# Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *djuʔ, *djus): semantic 耂 (“old”) + phonetic 𠼡.
The current traditional glyph is from the composition #3, with 又 (yòu) becoming 寸 (cùn) (耂 + 𠾉).

Han compound

寿
𠷎
夀
寿
𧈙
𡔽
𦓃
𠭵
𦓂
寿

壽頭

寿头

(Wu, Cantonese) foolish; stupid; cloddish


奓

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ʔr'aːl, *ʔr'aːls) and ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): semantic 大 (“person; big”) + phonetic 多 (OC *ʔl'aːl, “many”).

Han compound

(dialectal Mandarin, Jin, dialectal Wu, dialectal Xiang) to open; to spread; to splay


好

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (好):
* → Japanese: 好(こう) (kō)
* → Korean: 호(好) (ho)
* → Vietnamese: hiếu (好)

Characters in the same phonetic series (好) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 女 (“woman”) + 子 (“child”).
The widely accepted meaning of this character is that the characters for “female” (女) and “child” (子) were put together to form a compound because it was good for a woman to have a child. Similarly, it has been proposed that the compound originally refers to the mutual affection between the mother and child, which then extended to mean “good”. These theories are supported by the smaller 子 found in some oracle bones and bronze inscriptions. See also 保 and the original version of 乳.
However, broader interpretations of the second character 子 could lead to other theories. 子 could also mean “son”, so it may have meant two children, a boy and a girl next to each other, which is a good fortune to have a boy and a girl. 子 could also mean “man”, so it may have referred to the love between a man and a woman, which is good. Duan Yucai, in his annotated version of Shuowen, interpreted it as originally referring to the beauty of woman. Lastly, it could mean that the “attitude” of a girl was considered good.
The two pronunciations are cognate – pronunciation 2 is the *-s suffixed form, or exoactive/putative of pronunciation 1, literally “to consider good”. Compare 惡 (OC *qaːɡ, “bad; evil”) > 惡 (OC *qaːɡs, “to consider bad; to hate”).
This word has been compared with Proto-Sino-Tibetan *hu (“to raise; to rear; to nourish”): Proto-Lolo-Burmese *hu³, Abor-Miri (Tani) u, Mawo Northern Qiang χu, which is only attested in a limited number of languages. If this is correct, it may be related to 畜 (OC *l̥ʰuɡs, *l̥ʰuɡ, *hluɡ, “to raise; to rear; domesticated animal”). Alternatively, compare Tibetan མཁོ (mkho, “necessary, important”).
Cognate with Central Bai hux (“good”), which may be a loanword from Chinese.

cog

⿰女人
㚥
⿱女子
𡥃
𰠗
㝀
𡚽
𡥆
𢑒
𤫧
𩐔

⁶non ⁵hau ⁶lieu-li ⁸geq ⁵kaon ⁶zaon-he-ghe-gho ⁰vaq

儂好流利個講上海閒話𠲎？

侬好流利个讲上海闲话𠲎？

Could you not just ask if you don't know the way?

弗認得路末倷弗好問訊個？

弗认得路末倷弗好问讯个？

Have I not said before that if I don't respond after you knock, you cannot enter?

弗是說歇，倷敲門之後我要是弗答應，倷是弗好進來個嗎？

弗是说歇，倷敲门之后我要是弗答应，倷是弗好进来个吗？

(dialectal Mandarin, Wu) can; to be able to


巴

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (巴):
* → Japanese: 巴(は) (Ha)
* → Korean: 파(巴) (Pa)
* → Vietnamese: Ba (巴)

Pictogram (象形) — a huge snake. However, in 邑 and 色 (both Kangxi radicals) it represents a person kneeling.
; "huge snake"
; "bar"

(Jilu Mandarin, Sichuanese, dialectal Wu) to be close to; to be next to


弗

According to Pan (2002), a labiodentalized and checked variant of 不 (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ').
In certain varieties the initial has gained voicing and in some cases caused the word shifted to yang tones, either restricted to specific syntactical positions or in all contexts.
See also 勿 (veq).

我弗要搭伊去！

對弗起

对弗起


往

徃
𢓸
㞷
𢔎
迬
𨓹
徍
𧗧
矼


徛

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *krals, *ɡralʔ): semantic 彳 (“to walk with small steps”) + phonetic 奇 (OC *kral, *ɡral).

Han compound

企
倚
跂
隑
戤
坚
立
笠

樹頭徛予在，毋驚樹尾做風颱 / 树头徛予在，毋惊树尾做风台

chhiū-thâu khiā hō͘ chāi, m̄ kiaⁿ chhiū-bóe chò-hong-thai

(Southern Min, Wu, Cantonese) to stand; to set upright

(Northern Min, Datian Min, Chuqu Wu) to build (a house)


恘

/t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/

It's a bad opera that's ridden with banging gongs; it's a bad person who chatters on and on.

¹chieu-shi₅ ²lou-kou₃ ¹tou ¹chieu-gnin₂ ²ghe-gho₆ ¹tou

恘戲鑼鼓多，恘人閒話多。

恘戏锣鼓多，恘人闲话多。


惡

For pronunciation and definitions of 惡 – see 噁.
(This character is a variant traditional form of 噁).
Probably related to etymologies 1 and 2 (Zhengzhang, 2011b; Xiang, 2019). Alternatively, 涴 (MC 'waH, “to soil; to stain”) has been proposed to be the etymon (Cao, 2008).

zh-see

恶
僫
悪
𢛫
𢝏
䜑
䛩
恶
僫
悪
𢛫
𢝏
䜑
䛩
恶
僫
悪
𢛫
𢝏
䜑
䛩
恶
污
屙
涴


戇

Dialectally preserved word for “stupid”, attested since Middle Chinese. Relationship to Etymology 1 is unknown.
Compare Proto-Central Chin *ŋoŋ (“dull, stupid”) > Mizo ngawng (“dull, stupid”), Proto-Tai-Kadai *ŋV:ŋ.T (“stupid”) > Zhuang nguengh (“stupid”), as well as Old Khmer lṅaṅya (“stupid, obtuse, ignorant”) > Khmer ល្ងង់ (lngŭəng)).
Bauer (1996) suggests that this root may have entered Old Southern Chinese during the period of its early contact with Tai-speaking peoples in southern China.

cog

戆
戅
𢥹
𢦀
贛
戆
戅
怣
憨
慐
惷

戇大

戆大

戇居

戆居

My kid is very stupid; they don't even know where the capital of America is.

⁷aq-la ⁵shiau-noe ⁶lau ⁶gaon ⁰gheq ⁶li ⁵me-koq ⁵seu-tu ⁸laq ⁵sa-di-faon ⁶gha ⁸veq-shiau-teq

阿拉小囡老戇個，連美國首都辣啥地方也勿曉得。

阿拉小囡老戆个，连美国首都辣啥地方也勿晓得。

(Cantonese, Hakka, Min, Wu) stupid; foolish; simple; simple-minded


抲

Getting by every day capturing snakes; wanting but a sip of wine in his bowl.

2019, 還潮 (lyrics and music), 舊社會頂窮的人 ("The Poorest Ones in the Olden Days")

⁶mei-gniq₈ ⁵khau ⁵kho ²dzo ⁵kou ⁸gniq-ciaq₇ ⁷ciq-shian₃ ³tshen ³un-tsae₃ ⁶yeu ³kheu ³cieu

每日靠抲蛇過日節 只想忖碗盞有口酒

每日靠抲蛇过日节 只想忖碗盏有口酒


拷

(Wu) to scoop up (liquids) into a container or utensil

拷醬油

拷酱油

(Wu) to scoop out; to throw out (liquids)


捉

/t͡sʰiɔk̚³²/

/t͡sʰiɔk̚³²/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ʔsoːɡ): semantic 扌 + phonetic 足 (OC *ʔsoɡs, *ʔsoɡ).

Han compound

捉花

to pick up cigarette butts (figuratively)

捉蹔𧉆

捉𫏐𧉆

to pick up leftover small fish on shores, after the main round of fishing

捉灘頭

捉滩头


捘

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ʔsluːls, *ʔsluːns, *sʰlun): semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 夋 (OC *sʰlun).

Han compound

捘牙膏


揸

(dialectal, including Wu) to pick up or seize with one's fingers


搲

𫽼
wea
nonstandard
wear
nonstandard
握
wea
wear

(Cantonese, Hakka, Wu) to clutch; to grab


摜

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kroːns): semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 貫 (OC *koːn, *koːns)

Han compound

拿搿垃圾摜脫伊。

拿搿垃圾掼脱伊。

¹i-zaon ⁶gue ⁵ka-tsy-kau-deu ⁷peq-yi ⁶laon-laq-he

衣裳摜架子高頭撥伊㫰垃海。

衣裳掼架子高头拨伊㫰垃海。

(Wu) to rest something on a surface or pole

(Wu, figurative) to set aside; to ignore; to leave behind

摜一個跟多

掼一个跟多

摜派頭

掼派头

摜派頭浪

掼派头浪

(Wu, figurative) to flaunt; to ostensibly display; to flash; to whip out


撳

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kʰrɯms): semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 欽 (OC *kʰrɯm).
Probably a Kra-Dai substrate word. Compare Thai ข่ม (kòm, “to press something down”), Zhuang gaemh (“to press downwards”), Lingao xɔm⁴ (“to press”). This word is found in many languages and dialects used by people in southern China, including Yue, Hakka, Wu, and Southwestern Mandarin.

cog

enter the laboratory and press the emergency stop button (tongue-twister)

入實驗室撳緊急掣

入实验室揿紧急掣

(Cantonese, Hakka, Wu) to press (with one's hand or finger); to push down


望

→ Thai: มอง (mɔɔng, “watch, look”)

Burmese language
Proto-Sino-Tibetan language

Originally written 𦣠, an ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 臣 (“eye”) + 𡈼 (“person standing on the ground”) – a person standing up and looking off into the distance. Later 月 (“moon”) was added to produce 朢.
The 臣 component is now written 亡, making the current form a phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *maŋ, *maŋs): phonetic 亡 (OC *maŋ) + semantic 月 + semantic 𡈼.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *mraŋ (“to see”). Cognate with Burmese မြင် (mrang).

Han compound

朢
𣈂
𦣠
𥩿
𣍢
𥪛
𢾘
𭱗

alt. forms: 往

望前頭跑

望前头跑


極

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡɯɡ): semantic 木 (“tree, wood”) + phonetic 亟 (OC *kʰɯɡs, *kɯɡ) – originally meaning a crossbeam rafter.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kak (“expensive; at its peak”) (STEDT). Cognate with 亟 (OC *kɯɡ, “urgent”), 殛 (OC *kɯɡ, “to kill”) (Schuessler, 2007).

inh

(Wu) to be anxious; to worry; to disturb oneself

cheater in games (who e.g. objects to losing, being thrown out of the game, or who denies having cheated)

賴極皮

赖极皮


橫

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡʷraːŋ, *ɡʷraːŋs, *kʷaːŋ): semantic 木 (“wood”) + phonetic 黃 (OC *ɡʷaːŋ).
; “crosswise > door rail; side; cross-grained; unrestrained”
* Related to 衡 (OC *ɡraːŋ, “crossbar”), 桁 (OC *ɡaːŋ, *ɡraːŋ, “purlin”), 珩 (OC *ɡraːŋ, “top horizontal gem of a girdle-pendant”) and 璜 (OC *ɡʷaːŋ, “jade pendant”) (Wang, 1982), and possibly 樑 (OC *raŋ, “roof beam”) (Schuessler, 2007).
* Schuessler (2007) connects these with Khmer ខ្វែង (khvaeng, “to cross; to intersect; to crisscross; diagonal; etc.”) < Old Khmer khveṅ (“to go far around; to encircle; to enclose”). Compare Thai ขวาง (kwǎang, “to lie across; to bar; to obstruct; to thwart”) and the Khmer derivatives កំពែង (kɑmpɛɛng, “enclosing wall; rampart”), កំពង់ (kɑmpŭəng, “crossing-place; ford; port; shore”) (cf. Malay kampung).

cog

(Beijing Mandarin, dialectal Wu) anyway; anyhow; in any case


汏

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-labs (“wave”) (provisional); cognate with Tibetan རླབས (rlabs) (STEDT; Bodman, 1980; Schuessler, 2007).
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *daːds, *tʰaːd): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 大 (OC *daːds, *daːds)

Han compound

汏手

(Wu, including Shanghainese and Suzhounese) to rinse; to wash


污

(Wu) Alternative form of 惡 /恶 (“excrement; faeces; dung”)


潽

(Wu, of liquids) to overflow; to spill from being too full

Do steep these tea leaves with water a few more times.

⁸geq-gheq ⁶zo-yiq ⁵hau ⁷peq-yi ¹tu-phau-lian-phu-leq ⁰ia

搿個茶葉好撥伊多泡兩潽了呀。

搿个茶叶好拨伊多泡两潽了呀。

Rinse once again with fresh water after washing with soapy water.

⁶bi-zau-sy ⁶da-ku-tsy ¹i ⁶gheu ¹tse ⁶yon ¹chin-sy ⁵ku-iq-phu

肥皂水汏過仔以後再用清水過一潽。

肥皂水汏过仔以后再用清水过一潽。

(Wu) Classifier for an unspecified amount of liquid collectively used for a certain application.


瀴

天瀴得來，當心眼。

天𰜳得来，当心眼。


煠

煠菜 [Cantonese] ― saap⁶ coi³ [Jyutping] ― to blanch vegetables

Be patient when having hot pot. You must keep the food in the boiling water a little longer before eating.

daa² bin¹ lou⁴ m⁴ hou² sam¹ gap¹, di¹ sung³ jiu³ saap⁶ noi⁶ di¹ sin¹ hou² sik⁶.

打邊爐唔好心急，啲餸要煠耐啲先好食。

打边炉唔好心急，啲𩠌要煠耐啲先好食。

(dialectal, including Cantonese, Hakka, Eastern Min, Southern Min, Wu, Xiang, cooking) to boil; to blanch (cook by immersing in boiling water)


爿

Pictogram (象形) – a bed. The original form of 牀 (OC *zraŋ). In the character 臧, it appears as a contracted form.

東爿

东爿

這爿

这爿

後爿

后爿


狠

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 犭 + phonetic 艮 (OC *kɯːns).

(Wu) fierce; ferocious; threatening; unreasonable

Out of all the classmates, she's one of the most capable.

同學裡向，渠算狠𡀂。

同学里向，渠算狠𡀂。

She is extremely deft at brush calligraphy.

渠毛筆字寫得危險狠。

渠毛笔字写得危险狠。

(Wu) impressive; skilled; wise; deft; capable


甩

This is a late character, and the divergent readings in various topolects may or may not be cognate.
The Mandarin reading came from 摔 (shuāi, “to fling, to throw, to fall down”), which can be traced to *srut in Old Chinese. It can be compared with Tibetan རུད (rud, “slip, that which has slipped down, falling mass, landslides”), རུད་རུད་པོ (rud rud po, “loosened, disintegrated, rough”).
The Cantonese reading is probably unrelated, though it may reflect a descendant of the archaic pronunciation *rut and hence be cognate with Mandarin. Either way, it is evidently from the same source as Min Nan 甪 (lut, “to come off, to slip loose”), Zhuang lot (“to come loose and drop off (due to loose tying)”), and Vietnamese lột (“to peel, to strip off”). May be compared with Tibetan ལོད་པོ (lod po, “relaxed, careless”), ལྷོད་པོ (lhod po, “relaxed, loose, lax”), and the Chinese word family of 兌 (*lot, > 脫 (“to come off”), 蛻 (“exuviae”)). Unlikely to be related to 落 (luò, “to fall, to drop off”).

cog

把石子甩出去

(Mandarin, Hokkien, Wu) to toss; to throw; to fling


畀

畁
𢌿
𢍁
𢍉
𢮅
𢮧
俾
比
捭

(Wu) Alternative form of 撥 /拨 (“to give; to allow; for; to; by”)


瞎

瞎快


短

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *toːnʔ): semantic 矢 + phonetic 豆 (OC *doːs).
The Proto-Min reconstructed form is *toiᴮ (Bodman, 1980). The relationship of this to the -n forms in other dialects is unclear and two theories exist:
* Old Chinese *tˤorʔ divergently developed into (1) *toj in southeastern China, and (2) *ton elsewhere (Baxter and Sagart, 2014). Compare also:
** 端 (OC *tˤor) vs 瑞 (OC *[d]or-s)
** 算 (OC *[s]ˤorʔ-s)
** 卵 (OC *k.rˤorʔ).
* Proto-Min may represent the original Old Chinese form, and the forms in other Chinese varieties are due to confusion with 斷 (OC *toːnʔ, *toːns, *doːnʔ, “to cut”) (Schuessler, 2007).
STEDT sets up two roots for this: Proto-Sino-Tibetan *t(j)u(ŋ/n) (“short”), whence Burmese တောင်း (taung:, “short (as in garment)”), and *dəw (“short”), whence Burmese တို (tui, “short”), Mizo tawi (“short”).

cog

Emperor Yao was tall, but Emperor Shun was short; King Wen was tall, but the Duke of Zhou was short; Confucius was tall, but Zigong was short.

Gài Dì Yáo cháng, Dì Shùn duǎn; Wénwáng cháng, Zhōugōng duǎn; Zhòngní cháng, Zǐgōng duǎn.

蓋帝堯長，帝舜短；文王長，周公短；仲尼長，子弓短。

盖帝尧长，帝舜短；文王长，周公短；仲尼长，子弓短。


童

In oracle bone inscriptions, ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 䇂 (“chisel”) + 見 (“kneeling person with a huge eye”). It depicts a person getting their eye (目) gouged out, a common punishment for slaves in ancient China. Compare 民, 臧.
In bronze inscriptions, the phonetic component 東 (OC *toːŋ) was added, making the character phono-semantic (形聲 /形声).
In the modern form 䇂 has corrupted into 立. The bottom 里 derives from 東 combining with 土, similar to 重.
; “child; servant boy; virgin; bare”
; “shaman”

Han compound

(Min, dialectal Mandarin, dialectal Wu) shaman


筷

/faːi̯³³⁻³⁵/

/faːi̯³³⁻³⁵/

From 快 (kuài), originally euphemistic for 箸 (zhù), homophonous to 住 (zhù, “to stay; to stop”). See 筷子 (kuàizi) for more.

(Wu) Classifier for an amount of food held with a pair of chopsticks.


篤

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *tuːɡ): phonetic 竹 (OC *tuɡ) + semantic 馬 (“horse”).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tuːk (“deep; thick”) (STEDT). Cognate with Tibetan འཐུག་པ ('thug pa, “thick; deep”).

cog

笃
竺
䈞
笃
督
厾
𧰵
㧻
笃
䐁
㞘
𡰪
笃
涿
笃
笃


繃

Some compounds are attested at least since Ming dynasty. May be related to 綁／绑 (bǎng) (in 緊綁綁／紧绑绑) used in Yuan era plays.
Mandarin dialects generally use reduplicated 邦 (bāng) instead (e.g. in 硬邦邦 (yìngbāngbāng)), also spelled 梆 (bāng) or 幫／帮 (bāng). See also Hokkien 迸 (piàng) (in 硬迸迸 (ngē-piàng-piàng), 緊迸迸／紧迸迸 (kín-piàng-piàng), etc.).
;very; terribly

绷
綳
䙖
絣
䙀:sling
绷
綳
掹
绷
綳
迸
绷
綳
崩
嘣

(chiefly Wu, Cantonese, dialectal Mandarin, in reduplication) intensifier used in ideophones

(Wu, Xiang, dialectal Mandarin) very; terribly


翻

→ Lü: ᦝᦱᧃᧈ (faan¹, “to translate”)

→ Thai: พัน (pan, “fasten around”)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *pʰan): phonetic 番 (OC *paːl, *paːls, *pʰaːn, *pʰan, *ban) + semantic 羽 (“wings”) – to flutter.

Han compound

Careful and don't spill the hot water/hot tea.

¹taon-shin ⁷iq-ti ⁸gniq-zo ⁸veq-iau ¹fe-tsheq-le

當心一點熱茶覅翻出來。

当心一点热茶覅翻出来。


茶

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (茶):
* → Japanese: 茶(ちゃ) (cha) (see there for further descendants)
* → Okinawan: 茶(ちゃー) (chā)
* → Korean: 차(茶) (cha)
* → Vietnamese: trà (茶)

desc

→ Cantonese: 嗲 (de¹, “to chat”) (via Teochew)

→? Cebuano: tsa (via Cantonese)

→ Classical Persian: چَا (čā) (via Mandarin), چَای (čāy) (via Mandarin, with Persian suffix -y(i) added) (see there for further descendants)

→ Drung: cha

→ Dutch: thee (via Hokkien) (see there for further descendants)

→ English: cha, char (via Cantonese)

→ Hlai: dhe (via Hainanese)

→ Khmer: តែ (tae)

→ Malay: ca (via Cantonese)

desctree

→ Malay: teh (via Hokkien)
Indonesian: teh

desc

→ Mongolian: цай (caj), ᠴᠠᠢ (čai) (via Mandarin)

desctree

→ Portuguese: chá (via Cantonese)
→ Apalaí: xa
→ Gujarati: ચા (cā)
→ Hunsrik: Scha
→ Nheengatu: xaa
→ Spanish: cha / chá (Philippine Spanish)
→? Tagalog: tsa, sa — obsolete, cha, saa, tsaa, chaa
→? Cebuano: tsa
→ Tetum: xá

→ Punjabi: (via Mandarin)

Gurmukhi script: ਚਾਹ (cāh)

Shahmukhi script: چاہ (cāh)

→ Spanish: té (via Hokkien)
→ Asturian: té
→ Basque: te
→ Catalan: te
→ Galician: té
→ Navajo: dééh
→ Occitan: tè

→ Proto-Tai: *ɟaːᴬ

Bouyei: xaz

Lao: ຊາ (sā)

Thai: ชา (chaa)

Zhuang: caz

→? Tagalog: tsa (via Cantonese)

→ Tibetan: ཇ (ja)

→ Vietnamese: chè (茶, 𦷨)

→ Yonaguni: さー

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *rlaː): semantic 艹 + phonetic 余 (OC *la).
茶, then slightly modified into a more conservative 茶, originates as a graphical modification of archaic 荼 (*rlaː, “bitter plant”), used for “tea” in classical sources. The modern version is unrelated to the bottom component of 條.
As tea may have originated from Sichuan, where the native Yi people speak Loloish languages, Sagart (1999) suggests that the Old Chinese item was possibly originally borrowed from Proto-Loloish *la¹ (“tea”), from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-la (“leaf; tea”). Schuessler (2007) traces its ultimate origin to Proto-Austroasiatic *slaʔ (“leaf”) (in Sidwell's 2024 reconstruction).
Alternatively, Qiu (1988) suggests that it might be a semantic extension of 荼 (*rlaː, “bitter plant”).

茶滷

tea left out overnight, stain on teaware

吃茶

(dialectal Mandarin, Cantonese, Gan, Xiang, Wu) boiled or boiling water


落

→ Ai-Cham: lau⁵

→ Thai: โละ (ló) (via Teochew loh⁸)

→ Vietnamese: lạc

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡ·raːɡ): semantic 艹 + phonetic 洛 (OC *ɡ·raːɡ).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(k/g)la-k/y/t (“to fall”) (STEDT, Schuessler, 2007):
:within Sinitic, cognate to 露 (OC *ɡ·raːɡs) "dew", 下 (OC *ɡraːʔ, *ɡraːs, “down, below, to descend, to fall down”) , 陊 (OC *l'aːlʔ, *l'alʔ) "to collapse" and 阤 (OC *l'alʔ, *hljalʔ) "hillside, slope";
:outsides Sinitic, cognate to Mizo tla ~ tlâk (“to fall”) and thla ~ thlâk (“to drop”), Burmese ကျ (kya., “to fall”) and ချ (hkya., “to drop”).
Schuessler attributes OC *r-, instead of expected **l-, to possible Austroasiatic influence: compare Khmer [script needed] (gra'ka, “be low, debased”) < [script needed] (-ra'ka, “to fall, below, cover from above”). However, Matisoff (2003) identifies several ST etyma which display TB *(C‑)l- vs. OC *(C‑)r‑ correspondence (e.g. *l(j)a(k/ŋ) (“good, beautiful”) → 良 (OC *raŋ), *g/m-liŋ (“neck”) → 領 (OC *reŋʔ), etc.) and TB *(C‑)r- vs. OC *(C‑)l‑ (e.g. *g-rjum (“salt”) → 鹽 (OC *ɡ·lam)); so irregularities in correspondence do not necessarily indicate foreign influences.
Contemporary southern usage possibly reinforced by a Kra-Dai term. The term has been associated with Zhuang loengx (“to fall”).
Zhengzhang suggested that Pronunciation 2 was a result of loss of final consonant of the retained Old Chinese Pronunciation 1.

cog

落船 [Guangzhou Cantonese] ― lok⁶ syun⁴ [Jyutping] ― to disembark from a boat

落車／落车 [Guangzhou Cantonese] ― lok⁶ ce¹ [Jyutping] ― to alight; to exit a car

落車／落车 [Hokkien] ― lo̍h-chhia [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― to alight; to exit a car

(Cantonese, Southern Min, Wu) to get off; to alight; to exit; to disembark (a vehicle)

落課／落课

(Cantonese, Eastern Min, Southern Min, dialectal Wu) to finish; to complete (class or work)

(to go to a lower place)
to finish; to complete (class or work)

He had already started to carry an umbrella before the rain even began to fall.

di¹ jyu⁵ jat¹ dik¹ dou¹ mei⁶ lok⁶ keoi⁵ ji⁵ ging¹ hai² dou⁶ lo² zyu⁶ baa² ze¹ haang⁴.

啲雨一滴都未落佢已經喺度攞住把遮行。

啲雨一滴都未落佢已经喺度𫽋住把遮行。

(transitive) (to move something to a lower place)

(Cantonese, Gan, Hakka, Huizhou, Min, Southern Pinghua, Wu, Xiang) to fall down; to rain or snow

(to move something to a lower place)
to fall down; to rain or snow


著

→ English: tio

/ʈ͡ʂaʊ̯ɻʷ⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂaʊ̯ɻʷ⁵⁵/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *taʔ, *tas, *da, *taɡ, *daɡ): semantic 艸 (“grass; plant”) + phonetic 者 (OC *tjaːʔ).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-ta-t (“to put; to place”). Cognate with Tibetan སྟད (stad, “to put on; to lay on”), སྟ་གོན (sta gon, “preparation; arrangement”), Burmese ထား (hta:, “to put; to place”). See also 署 (OC *djas, “to put, place”) (STEDT).

cog

着
着
𣋐
𣥧
囉
就
着
着

揀啊揀，揀著一個賣龍眼 / 揀啊揀，揀著一个賣龍眼 / 拣啊拣，拣着一个卖龙眼

kéng--ah kéng, kéng-tio̍h chi̍t ê bē lêng-géng

(literary or dialectal Mandarin, Jin, Wu) to put; to place

(obsolete or Min, Wu) to need to; to ought to; should

He falls asleep as soon as his head hits the pillow.

他頭一沾枕頭就著。

他头一沾枕头就着。

著棋

着棋

(chiefly dialectal Hakka, Teochew, Wu) To play (chess)


蝕

He lost some twenty-odd thousand doing business five years ago.

keoi⁵ ng⁵ nin⁴ cin⁴ zou⁶ saang¹ ji³ sit⁶ zo² jaa⁶ gei² maan⁶.

佢五年前做生意蝕咗廿幾萬。

佢五年前做生意蚀咗廿几万。

(Cantonese, Hakka, Southern Min, Wu) to lose money


衫

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sroːm): semantic 衣 + phonetic 彡 (OC *sroːm, *slom).


褌

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kuːn): semantic 衤 (“clothes”) + phonetic 軍 (OC *kun).

Han compound

(dialectal Mandarin, dialectal Wu, Waxiang) trousers; pants


許

Zheng (2017) suggests that it is from 爾 (OC *njelʔ, “that”). Compare 耳 (OC *njɯʔ, “ear”) > Min Nan hī.


話

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (話):
* → Japanese: 話(わ) (wa)
* → Korean: 화(話) (hwa)
* → Vietnamese: thoại (話)

→ Lao: ວ່າ (wā)

→ Lü: ᦞᦱᧈ (vaa¹)

→ Shan: ဝႃႈ (wāa)

→ Thai: ว่า (wâa)

→ Zhuang: vah

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡroːds): semantic 言 (“word”) + phonetic 𠯑 (OC *ɡroːd). The right component is not related to 舌 (OC *ɦbljed, “tongue”).
Cognate with 曰 (OC *ɢʷad) according to Sagart (1999); if so, it is from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *grwas (“to speak; word”), whence Tibetan གྲོས་སྡུར་བྱེད་པ (gros sdur byed pa, “to consult; to discuss”) (STEDT).
; "episode"

cog

གྲོས་སྡུར་བྱེད་པ

使乜話俾佢聽呢。

使乜话俾佢听呢。

話緊佢自己

话紧佢自己

nei⁵ faai³ di¹ waa⁶ ngo⁵ zi¹ faat³ sang¹ me¹ si⁶.

你快啲話我知發生咩事。

你快啲话我知发生咩事。

都話啦！

都话啦！

I'm not saying that you're ugly, only that you're disgusting.

ngo⁵ m⁴ hai⁶ waa⁶ nei⁵ cau² joeng⁶⁻², zi² hai⁶ nei⁵ wat⁶ dat⁶.

我唔係話你醜樣，只係你核突。

我唔系话你丑样，只系你核突。

Oi, I already said, don't try to come up here any further. Go back down; what are you filming for?

wai³, waa⁶ zo², m⁴ hou² zoi³ soeng⁶ lei⁴ aa³. lok⁶ faan¹ heoi³ laa¹, jing² mat¹ je⁵.

喂，話咗，唔好再上嚟呀。落番去啦，影乜嘢。

喂，话咗，唔好再上嚟呀。落番去啦，影乜嘢。

(Cantonese, Gan, Hakka, Northern Min, Wu) to say; to refer to; to talk about

If you don't tell him off, he will continue to do it.

m⁴ waa⁶ keoi⁵ ne¹, keoi⁵ zau⁶ wui⁵ gai³ zuk⁶ zou⁶ lok⁶ heoi³.

唔話佢呢，佢就會繼續做落去。

唔话佢呢，佢就会继续做落去。

Don't complain (that I'm telling you that), ghosts are real.

nei⁵ m⁴ hou² waa⁶ aa³, zan¹ hai⁶ jau⁵ gwai² gaa³.

你唔好話呀，真係有鬼㗎。

你唔好话呀，真系有鬼㗎。

(Cantonese, Hakka, Gan, Wu) to tell someone off; to scold


識

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *tjɯɡs, *hljɯɡ): semantic 言 (“say”) + phonetic 戠 (OC *tjɯɡ).

Han compound

I don't know Mandarin. I don't know how to speak Mandarin.

ngo⁵ m⁴ sik¹ pou² tung¹ waa⁶⁻². ngo⁵ m⁴ sik¹ gong² pou² tung¹ waa⁶⁻².

我唔識普通話。我唔識講普通話。

我唔识普通话。我唔识讲普通话。

Chinese people really know how to eat (to appreciate, to be discerning, to enjoy, to be skilled, to savor). Chinese are good at business.

zung¹ gwok³ jan⁴ hou² sik¹ sik⁶. zung¹ gwok³ jan⁴ hou² sik¹ zou⁶ saang¹ ji³.

中國人好識食。中國人好識做生意。

中国人好识食。中国人好识做生意。

(Cantonese, Hakka, dialectal Wu) to recognise; to be familiar with; to know (especially someone or how to do something)


費

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *prɯds, *pʰɯds, *bɯds): phonetic 弗 (OC *pɯd) + semantic 貝 (“cowry”).

Han compound

(Jilu, Lanyin, Jianghuai and Southwestern Mandarin, dialectal Jin, dialectal Wu) naughty; mischievous


賺

赚
𧸖
赚
赚
𧸖
誕
綻
鄭

(Eastern Min, Southern Min, dialectal Wu) wrong; erroneous


走

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 夭 (“young, running man”) + 止 (“foot”) – a running man. The original version is 𧺆.
The top component (夭) is simplified to the unrelated 土. See also the top component of 去 and 赤.
As with 圭, there are two separate vertical strokes, not a single one.
Schuessler (2007) considers this to be part of a large Sino-Tibetan word family, including 搜 (OC *sru, “to move”), 速 (OC *sloːɡ, “quick”), 夙 (OC *suɡ, “morning”), 聳 (OC *sloŋʔ, “to excite”), 蔌 (OC *sloːɡ, “vegetables”), which derive from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-sow (“to arise; to awake”).

被難

to be killed in a disaster, political incident

(figurative) to learn to run before one can walk

未學行，先學走

未学行，先学走

c. 3rd century BCE, 韓非 [Han Fei], 韓非子 [Han Feizi]:

(literary or dialectal Mandarin, Cantonese, Hakka, Min, Wu) to run; to jog


起

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kʰɯʔ): semantic 走 + phonetic 巳 (OC *ljɯʔ, *lɯs).
Perhaps from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kyi (“to lift, raise, awake”); cognate with Burmese ချီ (hkyi, “to lift”) (STEDT).

inh

起緊嘅線路

起紧嘅线路

呢棟樓係新起嘅。

呢栋楼系新起嘅。

(dialectal Mandarin, Cantonese, Gan, Hakka, Min, Pinghua, Wu, Xiang) to construct; to build


跋

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *boːd): semantic 足 (“foot”) + phonetic 犮 (OC *boːd).
Cognate with 茇 (OC *poːd, “roots of grass”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Han compound

(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese, Zhangzhou Hokkien, Wu) to turn around


跍

(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese, Jilu, Jianghuai and Southwestern Mandarin, Hakka, Gan, Min, Wu, Xiang) to squat

obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese; Jianghuai and Southwestern Mandarin; obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese; Jianghuai and Southwestern Mandarin


轉

/ʈ͡ʂu̯än²¹⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂu̯än²¹⁴/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *tonʔ, *tons): semantic 車 (“carriage”) + phonetic 專 (OC *tjon).
Possibly related to:
* Old Tibetan འདྲུལ ('drul, “to transmit; to communicate”) (Schuessler, 2007), or
* Tibetan སྲུལ (srul, “to move to and fro; to stir”), Burmese ရွေ့ (rwe., “to move; to be displaced”), ရွှေ့ (hrwe., “to move or shift something”) (Starostin).
An allofam is perhaps *don (“round”). Compare Vietnamese tròn (“round; circle; entire; whole”), trọn (“fully; completely; all”), as well as the following Chinese words:
* 團 (OC *doːn, “ball; circle; lump”),
* 摶 (OC *doːn, *doːn, *donʔ, “to roll up into a ball”).
Derivative: 傳 (OC *tons, *don, *dons, “to relay; to pass on; to transfer; relay station; biography; record”).

och-l

转
返
转
转
转
撙
捘

轉來

转来

轉去

转去

(Southwestern Mandarin, dialectal Cantonese, Hakka, Min, Wu) to return; to come or go back

(Wu) to think; to contemplate; to turn over in one's mind


轉

转
返
转
转
转
撙
捘

(Cantonese, dialectal Hakka, dialectal Min, dialectal Wu) hair whorl


野

(literary or Eastern Min, Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien, Wu) very; quite


隑

Many Wu lects pronounce this term as /ŋe/, which is derived from lenition of 徛 (/ɡe/)

(Wu, chiefly Southern, Western and Linshao Wu) to stand


香

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (香):
* → Vietnamese: hương (香)

desc

→ Indonesian: hio (“joss stick, incense”)

Characters in the same phonetic series (香) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
In the oracle bone script, it was ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 黍 (“glutinous millet”) + 口 (“mouth”). The whole character perhaps indicate that millet was used to produce liquor from fermentation which could be drank and/or sacrificed.
In the seal script, the 口 was replaced with the related 甘 (“sweet”). Hence, the most conservative variant is 𪏽.
Currently, the 黍 has simplified into 禾 and the form of the bottom component 甘 has become akin to the unrelated 曰.

Han compound

† - euphemistic; ‡ - usually of the elderly; ¤ - humorous; § - derogatory/disrespectful


鱟

鲎
鲎
𧊛
𧉔
吼
𩄬
㖃


鹽

Characters in the same phonetic series (監) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡ·lam, *ɡ·lams): phonetic 監 (OC *kraːm, *kraːms) + semantic 鹵 (“salt”).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-rjum (“salt”). The Min forms point to a fricative initial in Proto-Min *ziem (“a white encrustation formed from saltwater or brine”).

cog

盐
䀋
𪉹
𪉩
塩
𥂁
𪉟
盐
醃:Wu

…, sprinkled on it pieces of cinnamon and ginger, and added salt. It could be eaten thus when dried.

Xiè guì yǔ jiāng yǐ sǎ zhū shàng ér yàn zhī, qián ér shí zhī.

屑桂與薑以灑諸上而鹽之，乾而食之。

屑桂与姜以洒诸上而盐之，干而食之。

(Classical, Min or Wu) to salt; to lay in brine; to pickle; to marinate


姑娘

→ Japanese: 姑娘 (kūnyan)

→ Korean: 꾸냥 (kkunyang), 쿠냥 (kunyang)

→ Russian: ку́ня (kúnja)

/ku⁵⁵ ni̯ɑŋ²/

/ku⁵⁵ ni̯ɑ̃ɻ²/

/ku⁵⁵ ni̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/ku²⁴ niɑŋ²⁴/

/kuː⁵⁵ nœːŋ²¹/

/kuː⁵⁵ nœːŋ²¹⁻³⁵/

/ku⁴² n̠ʲiɔŋ²/

/ku²⁴ ŋi̯oŋ¹¹/

/ku¹¹ niɒ̃⁴⁵/

/kɔ³³ niũ²⁴/

/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ niũ²³/

/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² niũ²⁴/

/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ niũ²⁴/

/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ niɔ̃²⁴/

/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² niɔ̃¹³/

/ku⁵⁵ n̠ʲiã²¹/

/ku⁵⁵ ni̯ɑŋ²/

/ku⁵⁵ ni̯ɑ̃ɻ²/

/ku⁵⁵ ni̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/ku²⁴ niɑŋ²⁴/

/kuː⁵⁵ nœːŋ²¹/

/kuː⁵⁵ nœːŋ²¹⁻³⁵/

/ku⁴² n̠ʲiɔŋ²/

/ku²⁴ ŋi̯oŋ¹¹/

/ku¹¹ niɒ̃⁴⁵/

/kɔ³³ niũ²⁴/

/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ niũ²³/

/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² niũ²⁴/

/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ niũ²⁴/

/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ niɔ̃²⁴/

/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² niɔ̃¹³/

/ku⁵⁵ n̠ʲiã²¹/

(Jilu, Central Plains, Jianghuai and Southwestern Mandarin, Gan, Huizhou, Shaowu Min, Wu) paternal aunt (father's sister)

Central Plains; Jianghuai and Southwestern Mandarin; Central Plains; Jianghuai and Southwestern Mandarin

(Jianghuai Mandarin, Yangjiang Yue, Wu) sister-in-law (husband's sister)


人工

/ʐən³⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/jɐn²¹ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/ŋin¹¹ kuŋ²⁴/

/ŋin⁵⁵ kuŋ⁵³/

/zin²³⁻³³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/d͡zin¹³⁻²² kaŋ⁴⁴/

/lin²⁴⁻²² kaŋ³³/

/lin²⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴⁴/

/lin²⁴⁻¹¹ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/d͡zin¹³⁻²² kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lin²⁴⁻²² kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lin²⁴⁻²² kɔŋ³³/

/naŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kaŋ³³/

/n̠ʲin²² koŋ⁴⁴/

/ʐən³⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/jɐn²¹ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/ŋin¹¹ kuŋ²⁴/

/ŋin⁵⁵ kuŋ⁵³/

/zin²³⁻³³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/d͡zin¹³⁻²² kaŋ⁴⁴/

/lin²⁴⁻²² kaŋ³³/

/lin²⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴⁴/

/lin²⁴⁻¹¹ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/d͡zin¹³⁻²² kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lin²⁴⁻²² kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lin²⁴⁻²² kɔŋ³³/

/naŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kaŋ³³/

/n̠ʲin²² koŋ⁴⁴/

/laŋ²⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴⁴/

/laŋ²⁴⁻²² kaŋ³³/

/laŋ¹³⁻²² kaŋ⁴⁴/

/laŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/laŋ²³⁻³³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/ʐən³⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/jɐn²¹ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/laŋ²⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴⁴/

/laŋ²⁴⁻²² kaŋ³³/

/laŋ¹³⁻²² kaŋ⁴⁴/

/laŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/laŋ²³⁻³³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/n̠ʲin²² koŋ⁴⁴/

(Southern Min, Wu) worker; labourer; coolie


人家

/ʐən³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵/

/ʐəŋ²⁴ t͡ɕia⁵¹/

/jɐn²¹ kaː⁵⁵/

/zin²³⁻³³ ke⁴⁴/

/lin²⁴⁻¹¹ ke⁴⁴/

/lin²⁴⁻²² ke³³/

/lin²⁴⁻²² ke⁴⁴/

/lin²⁴⁻²² ka³³/

/lin²⁴⁻²² ka⁴⁴/

/d͡zin¹³⁻²² kɛ⁴⁴/

/naŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ke³³/

/n̠ʲin²³ kɑ¹¹/

/ʐən³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵/

/ʐəŋ²⁴ t͡ɕia⁵¹/

/jɐn²¹ kaː⁵⁵/

/zin²³⁻³³ ke⁴⁴/

/lin²⁴⁻¹¹ ke⁴⁴/

/lin²⁴⁻²² ke³³/

/lin²⁴⁻²² ke⁴⁴/

/lin²⁴⁻²² ka³³/

/lin²⁴⁻²² ka⁴⁴/

/d͡zin¹³⁻²² kɛ⁴⁴/

/naŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ke³³/

/n̠ʲin²³ kɑ¹¹/

/ʐən³⁵ d͡ʑ̥i̯ä³/

/ʐən³⁵ d͡ʑ̥i̯ä³/

/jɐn²¹ kaː⁵⁵/

吃人家的嘴軟，拿人家的手軟 / 吃人家的嘴软，拿人家的手软

chī rénjia de zuǐ ruǎn, nà rénjia de shǒu ruǎn

Look at how other people's children are all not only pretty, but also talented. And you? Scored zero on your exam. (mother to child)

Nǐ kàn rénjia de háizi yòu piàoliàng yòu yǒucái, nǐ què kǎo ge língfēn.

你看人家的孩子又漂亮又有才，你卻考個零分。

你看人家的孩子又漂亮又有才，你却考个零分。

(chiefly Mandarin, Wu) others (i.e. besides the speaker and the listener); everybody else

Don't say bad stuff about him. He can understand Chinese.

Bié shuō rénjia de huàihuà, rénjia tīng de dǒng zhōngwén.

別說人家的壞話，人家聽得懂中文。

别说人家的坏话，人家听得懂中文。

(chiefly Mandarin, Wu) someone specific that the speaker does not wish to name explicitly: he; she; they


清爽

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (清爽):
* → Japanese: 清爽(せいそう) (seisō)

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ʂu̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ sɔːŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sɔŋ⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ sɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sɔŋ⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sɔŋ⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sɔŋ⁴¹/

/t͡sʰeŋ³³⁻²³ suaŋ⁵²/

/t͡ɕʰin⁵⁵ sɑ̃²¹/

/t͡ɕʰin³³ szʷæ̃³⁴/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ʂu̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ sɔːŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sɔŋ⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ sɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sɔŋ⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sɔŋ⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sɔŋ⁴¹/

/t͡sʰeŋ³³⁻²³ suaŋ⁵²/

/t͡ɕʰin⁵⁵ sɑ̃²¹/

/t͡ɕʰin³³ szʷæ̃³⁴/

⁶ngu ¹thin-veq₈ ¹chin-saon₅ ⁶yi ⁸laq-ke₁ ⁵kaon ⁵sa

我聽勿清爽伊垃該講啥。

我听勿清爽伊垃该讲啥。

At a time when it wasn't clear who was superior, along came a man on the road, wearing a thick coat.

1998, 现代汉语方言音库 上海话音档（第二版） 北風與太陽 (The North Wind and the Sun)

¹tsan-le₆ ¹tsan-chi₅ ¹tsan-veq₈-chin₁-saon₅-gheq ⁶zen-kuaon₁ ⁶lu-laon₆-shian₅ ⁵tseu-ku₅-le₆ ⁷iq-gheq ⁶gnin ¹sen ⁶laon ⁷tsaq ⁸leq ⁷iq-ji₆ ⁶gheu-da₆-i₁

爭來爭去爭勿清爽個辰光，路浪向走過來一個人，身浪着了一件厚大衣。

争来争去争勿清爽个辰光，路浪向走过来一个人，身浪着了一件厚大衣。


太太

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ tʰaɪ̯¹/

/tʰɛ⁴⁴ tʰɛ²⁴/

/tʰaːi̯³³ tʰaːi̯³³⁻³⁵/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ tʰai̯⁵⁵/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ tʰai²¹/

/tʰai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tʰai⁴¹/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ tʰai²¹/

/tʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ tʰai¹¹/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ tʰai²¹/

/tʰa⁵⁵ tʰa²¹/

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ tʰaɪ̯¹/

/tʰɛ⁴⁴ tʰɛ²⁴/

/tʰaːi̯³³ tʰaːi̯³³⁻³⁵/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ tʰai̯⁵⁵/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ tʰai²¹/

/tʰai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tʰai⁴¹/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ tʰai²¹/

/tʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ tʰai¹¹/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ tʰai²¹/

/tʰa⁵⁵ tʰa²¹/

(dialectal Mandarin, Wu) great-grandmother


猴子

/xoʊ̯³⁵ d͡z̥z̩³/

/xəu²¹ t͡sz̩⁵³/

/hɐu̯²¹ t͡siː³⁵/

/xəu̯¹³ t͡sz̩³/

/ɣ̊ɘu̯¹¹ t͡sz̩³/

/xoʊ̯³⁵ d͡z̥z̩³/

/xəu²¹ t͡sz̩⁵³/

/hɐu̯²¹ t͡siː³⁵/

/xəu̯¹³ t͡sz̩³/

/ɣ̊ɘu̯¹¹ t͡sz̩³/

(dialectal Mandarin, dialectal Jin, dialectal Wu) die (cube used in games of chance)


兄弟

/ɕi̯ʊŋ⁵⁵ d̥i²/

/ɕyŋ²⁴ ti²⁴/

/hɪŋ⁵⁵ tɐi̯²²/

/ˈɕiaŋ⁴² tʰi¹¹/

/hi̯uŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰi⁵⁵/

/ɕyŋ¹¹ ti⁴⁵/

/hiã⁴⁴⁻³³ ti³³/

/hiã⁴⁴⁻²² ti²²/

/ɕioŋ⁵⁵ di²¹/

/ɕi̯ʊŋ⁵⁵ d̥i²/

/ɕyŋ²⁴ ti²⁴/

/hɪŋ⁵⁵ tɐi̯²²/

/ˈɕiaŋ⁴² tʰi¹¹/

/hi̯uŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰi⁵⁵/

/ɕyŋ¹¹ ti⁴⁵/

/hiã⁴⁴⁻³³ ti³³/

/hiã⁴⁴⁻²² ti²²/

/ɕioŋ⁵⁵ di²¹/

Dvandva of 兄 (xiōng, “older brother”) + 弟 (dì, “younger brother”)

(Mandarin, Gan, Jin, dialectal Wu, colloquial) younger brother


先生

He Xiangning
Soong Ching-ling
Yang Jiang

Sino-Xenic (先生):
* → Japanese: 先生(せんせい) (sensei) (see there for further descendants)
* → Okinawan: 先生(しんしー) (shinshī)
* → Korean: 선생(先生) (seonsaeng)
* → Jeju: 선싕 (seonsuing) ; 선셍 (seonseng); 선승 (seonseung)
* → Vietnamese: tiên sinh (先生)

→ English: sinseh (via Hokkien)

→ Indonesian: sinse, singse, sengsai (via Hokkien)

→ Khmer: ស៊ិនសែ (sɨnsae) (via Teochew)

desc

→ Thai: ซินแส (sin-sɛ̌ɛ), จีนแส (jiin-sɛ̌ɛ) (via Teochew)

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ʂɤŋ²/

/ɕiɛn⁵⁵ sən⁵⁵/

/ɕiæ̃²⁴ səŋ²⁴/

/siːn⁵⁵ saːŋ⁵⁵/

/ɕiɛn⁴² sɛn²/

/sin²⁴⁻¹¹ saŋ²⁴/

/ɕie¹¹ səŋ¹¹/

/siŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾naŋ⁵⁵/

/ɬɛŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ ^((ɬ-))na⁵³³/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻²² sĩ⁴⁴/

/siɛn³³ sĩ³³/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ sĩ⁴⁴/

/sin³³⁻²¹ sɛ̃³³/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² sẽ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ sẽ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² sɛ̃⁴⁴/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻²² sẽ⁴⁴/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ sẽ⁴⁴/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻²² siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/siŋ³³⁻²³ sẽ³³/

/seŋ³³⁻²³ sẽ³³/

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ʂɤŋ²/

/ɕiɛn⁵⁵ sən⁵⁵/

/ɕiæ̃²⁴ səŋ²⁴/

/siːn⁵⁵ saːŋ⁵⁵/

/ɕiɛn⁴² sɛn²/

/sin²⁴⁻¹¹ saŋ²⁴/

/ɕie¹¹ səŋ¹¹/

/siŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾naŋ⁵⁵/

/ɬɛŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ ^((ɬ-))na⁵³³/

/ɬɛŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ ^((ɬ-))na⁵³³/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻²² sĩ⁴⁴/

/siɛn³³ sĩ³³/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ sĩ⁴⁴/

/sin³³⁻²¹ sɛ̃³³/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² sẽ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ sẽ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² sɛ̃⁴⁴/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻²² sẽ⁴⁴/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ sẽ⁴⁴/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻²² siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/siŋ³³⁻²³ sẽ³³/

/seŋ³³⁻²³ sẽ³³/

The specific pronunciation of Taiwanese Hokkien 先生 (siăn-sé) is from Japanese 先生(せんせい) (sensei) as evidenced by its pitch accent pronunciation.


勿論

/u⁵¹⁻⁵³ lu̯ən⁵¹/

/mɐt̚² lɵn²²/

/vəʔ¹¹ lən²³/

/u⁵¹⁻⁵³ lu̯ən⁵¹/

/mɐt̚² lɵn²²/

/vəʔ¹¹ lən²³/

(Wu) no matter (what, how, etc.); regardless of; whether


六月

/li̯oʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɥɛ⁵¹/

/ly⁴² ŋyɛ⁴²/

/l̃øyʔ⁵⁻³³ ŋuoʔ⁵/

/laʔ²⁴⁻² ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾uei¹³/

/lak̚⁴³⁻²¹ ɡəʔ⁴³/

/lak̚³⁵⁻² ɡəʔ³⁵/

/lak̚⁵⁴⁻³² ɡəʔ⁵⁴/

/lak̚²⁴⁻² ɡəʔ²⁴/

/lak̚⁴³⁻²¹ ɡeʔ⁴³/

/lak̚²⁴⁻² ɡeʔ²⁴/

/lak̚⁴⁻³² ɡeʔ⁴/

/lak̚⁴⁻³ ɡueʔ⁴/

/lak̚¹²¹⁻²¹ ɡueʔ¹²¹/

/lak̚⁴³⁻²¹ ɡueʔ⁴³/

/lak̚⁴⁻³² ɡueʔ⁴/

/lak̚⁴⁻¹ ɡueʔ⁴/

/lak̚⁵⁻² ɡue³³/

/lak̚⁴⁻² ɡueʔ⁴/

/loʔ¹¹ ɦyɪʔ²³/

/li̯oʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɥɛ⁵¹/

/ly⁴² ŋyɛ⁴²/

/l̃øyʔ⁵⁻³³ ŋuoʔ⁵/

/laʔ²⁴⁻² ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾uei¹³/

/lak̚⁴³⁻²¹ ɡəʔ⁴³/

/lak̚³⁵⁻² ɡəʔ³⁵/

/lak̚⁵⁴⁻³² ɡəʔ⁵⁴/

/lak̚²⁴⁻² ɡəʔ²⁴/

/lak̚⁴³⁻²¹ ɡeʔ⁴³/

/lak̚²⁴⁻² ɡeʔ²⁴/

/lak̚⁴⁻³² ɡeʔ⁴/

/lak̚⁴⁻³ ɡueʔ⁴/

/lak̚¹²¹⁻²¹ ɡueʔ¹²¹/

/lak̚⁴³⁻²¹ ɡueʔ⁴³/

/lak̚⁴⁻³² ɡueʔ⁴/

/lak̚⁴⁻¹ ɡueʔ⁴/

/lak̚⁵⁻² ɡue³³/

/lak̚⁴⁻² ɡueʔ⁴/

/loʔ¹¹ ɦyɪʔ²³/


點心

/ti̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕin⁵⁵/

/ti̯ɛn²¹⁴ ɕin⁴/

/tiɛn²¹³⁻²¹ ɕin¹/

/tiɛn²¹³⁻¹³ ɕin⁴²/

/tie⁵³ ɕiŋ¹¹/

/tieŋ³³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾niŋ⁵⁵/

/tɛŋ⁴⁵³⁻²¹ ^((ɬ-))niŋ⁵³³/

/tɛŋ³³²⁻²¹ ^((ɬ-))niŋ⁵³³/

/ti³³ ɕiŋ⁵¹/

/te³³ ɕiŋ⁵¹/

/ti̯ɛn³³ ɕin⁴⁴⁵/

/ti̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕin⁵⁵/

/ti̯ɛn²¹⁴ ɕin⁴/

/tiɛn²¹³⁻²¹ ɕin¹/

/tiɛn²¹³⁻¹³ ɕin⁴²/

/tie⁵³ ɕiŋ¹¹/

/tieŋ³³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾niŋ⁵⁵/

/tɛŋ⁴⁵³⁻²¹ ^((ɬ-))niŋ⁵³³/

/tɛŋ³³²⁻²¹ ^((ɬ-))niŋ⁵³³/

/ti³³ ɕiŋ⁵¹/

/te³³ ɕiŋ⁵¹/

/ti̯ɛn³³ ɕin⁴⁴⁵/

First appeared during the Tang dynasty, e.g. from the Book of Tang:
:
「唐鄭為江淮留侯，家人備夫人晨饌，夫人謂其弟曰：『治妝未畢，我未及餐，爾且可點心。』」
Tang Zheng was the official for the Jianghuai region. (One day), after the servants prepared the morning meal, Tang's wife said to his brother, 'I have not finished doing my makeup. You can have some snacks (lit. refresh your hearts) before I am ready to eat.


還是

/xaɪ̯³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/xaɪ̯³⁵ ʂʐ̩³/

/hai²⁴⁻²² si²²/

/hai²⁴⁻²² si²²/

/hai¹³⁻²² si²²/

/hũã⁵⁵⁻¹¹ si³⁵/

/ɦe²² zz̩⁴⁴/

/ɦue²² zz̩⁴⁴/

/xaɪ̯³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/xaɪ̯³⁵ ʂʐ̩³/

/hai²⁴⁻²² si²²/

/hai²⁴⁻²² si²²/

/hai¹³⁻²² si²²/

/hũã⁵⁵⁻¹¹ si³⁵/

/ɦe²² zz̩⁴⁴/

/ɦue²² zz̩⁴⁴/

儂還是伊長。

侬还是伊长。

(chiefly Wu) used to form comparative structures; -er than


火藥

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (火藥):
* → Japanese: 火(か)薬(やく) (kayaku)
* → Korean: 화약(火藥) (hwayak)

/xu̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ jɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/fɔː³⁵ jœːk̚²/

/he⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ioʔ⁴/

/hə⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ioʔ²⁴/

/hue⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ iɤʔ⁴/

/hue⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ioʔ¹²¹/

/hue⁵²⁻³⁵ ieʔ⁴/

/hu³³ ɦiaʔ⁴⁴/

/xu̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ jɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/fɔː³⁵ jœːk̚²/

/he⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ioʔ⁴/

/hə⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ioʔ²⁴/

/hue⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ iɤʔ⁴/

/hue⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ioʔ¹²¹/

/hue⁵²⁻³⁵ ieʔ⁴/

/hu³³ ɦiaʔ⁴⁴/

(dialectal Hakka, dialectal Wu) match (for lighting candles, cigars, etc.)


唱歌

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵¹ kɤ⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵¹ kɤɻ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰœːŋ³³ kɔː⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰoŋ⁵⁵ ko²⁴/

/t͡ʃʰoŋ¹¹ ko⁵³/

/t͡sʰieu⁴²⁻⁵⁵ kɒ⁵³³/

/t͡sʰĩũ⁴²⁻⁵⁵ kɒ⁵³³/

/t͡sʰiũ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kua³³/

/t͡sʰiũ²¹⁻⁵³ kua⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiũ²¹⁻⁴¹ kua⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiũ²¹⁻⁴² kua⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiũ¹¹⁻⁵³ kua⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiɔ̃²¹⁻⁵³ kua⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiɤ²¹⁻⁴¹ kua⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰio²¹⁻⁵³ kua⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiaŋ²¹⁻⁵³ ko⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiãu²¹⁻³³ kua³³/

/t͡sʰiaŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ko³³/

/t͡sʰio²¹³⁻⁵⁵ kua³³/

/t͡sʰɑ̃³³ ku⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰɑ̃⁴⁴ ku⁵³/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵¹ kɤ⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵¹ kɤɻ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰœːŋ³³ kɔː⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰoŋ⁵⁵ ko²⁴/

/t͡ʃʰoŋ¹¹ ko⁵³/

/t͡sʰieu⁴²⁻⁵⁵ kɒ⁵³³/

/t͡sʰĩũ⁴²⁻⁵⁵ kɒ⁵³³/

/t͡sʰiũ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kua³³/

/t͡sʰiũ²¹⁻⁵³ kua⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiũ²¹⁻⁴¹ kua⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiũ²¹⁻⁴² kua⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiũ¹¹⁻⁵³ kua⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiɔ̃²¹⁻⁵³ kua⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiɤ²¹⁻⁴¹ kua⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰio²¹⁻⁵³ kua⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiaŋ²¹⁻⁵³ ko⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiãu²¹⁻³³ kua³³/

/t͡sʰiaŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ko³³/

/t͡sʰio²¹³⁻⁵⁵ kua³³/

/t͡sʰɑ̃³³ ku⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰɑ̃⁴⁴ ku⁵³/


媽媽

妈妈
馬麻
妈妈
嫲嫲
妈妈

paternal grandmother
paternal grandmother

(Northern Min, Ninghua Hakka, dialectal Wu, Fuliang Huizhou) paternal grandmother


寒天

/xän³⁵ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/xän³⁵ tʰi̯ɑɻ⁵⁵/

/hɔːn²¹ tʰiːn⁵⁵/

/hɔn¹¹ tʰiɛn⁴⁴/

/kuã²⁴⁻²² tʰĩ⁴⁴/

/kuã²⁴⁻²² tʰĩ³³/

/kuã¹³⁻²² tʰĩ⁴⁴/

/kuã²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰĩ⁴⁴/

/kuã²³⁻³³ tʰĩ⁴⁴/

/kũã⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tʰĩ³³/

/xän³⁵ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/xän³⁵ tʰi̯ɑɻ⁵⁵/

/hɔːn²¹ tʰiːn⁵⁵/

/hɔn¹¹ tʰiɛn⁴⁴/

/kuã²⁴⁻²² tʰĩ⁴⁴/

/kuã²⁴⁻²² tʰĩ³³/

/kuã¹³⁻²² tʰĩ⁴⁴/

/kuã²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰĩ⁴⁴/

/kuã²³⁻³³ tʰĩ⁴⁴/

/kũã⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tʰĩ³³/

(Hakka, Eastern Min, Southern Min, Puxian Min, Wu) winter


後生

/xoʊ̯⁵¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/hɐu̯²² saːŋ⁵⁵/

/heu²² saŋ³³⁻²¹⁵/

/hau²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾laŋ⁵⁵/

/hɛu²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɛiŋ⁵⁵/

/hau³³⁻¹¹ sĩ⁴⁴/

/hau²²⁻²¹ sĩ⁴⁴/

/hau²²⁻¹² sĩ⁴⁴/

/hau³³⁻²² sĩ³³/

/hau²²⁻²¹ sɛ̃⁴⁴/

/hau³³⁻¹¹ sɛ̃⁵⁵/

/hau³³⁻²¹ sẽ⁴⁴/

/hau²²⁻²¹ sẽ⁴⁴/

/hau²¹ sɛ̃³³/

/hau³³⁻¹¹ sẽ⁴⁴/

/hau¹¹ siɛ̃³³⁴/

/hau³⁵⁻¹¹ sẽ³³/

/xoʊ̯⁵¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/hɐu̯²² saːŋ⁵⁵/

/heu²² saŋ³³⁻²¹⁵/

/hau²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾laŋ⁵⁵/

/hɛu²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɛiŋ⁵⁵/

/hau³³⁻¹¹ sĩ⁴⁴/

/hau²²⁻²¹ sĩ⁴⁴/

/hau²²⁻¹² sĩ⁴⁴/

/hau³³⁻²² sĩ³³/

/hau²²⁻²¹ sɛ̃⁴⁴/

/hau³³⁻¹¹ sɛ̃⁵⁵/

/hau³³⁻²¹ sẽ⁴⁴/

/hau²²⁻²¹ sẽ⁴⁴/

/hau²¹ sɛ̃³³/

/hau³³⁻¹¹ sẽ⁴⁴/

/hau¹¹ siɛ̃³³⁴/

/hau³⁵⁻¹¹ sẽ³³/

(chiefly Cantonese, Gan, Hakka, Min, Wu) young


歡喜

/xu̯än⁵⁵ ɕi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/xuæ̃²⁴ ɕi⁵¹/

/fɔn⁴⁴⁻³⁵ hi³¹/

/huaŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋi³³/

/huã⁴⁴⁻³³ hi⁴¹/

/huã³³ hi⁵⁵⁴/

/huã⁴⁴⁻³³ hi⁵³/

/huã⁴⁴⁻²² hi⁵³/

/hũã³³⁻²³ hi⁵²/

/huø⁵⁵ ɕi²¹/

/huõ³³ ɕi³⁴/

/huã³³ ɕi⁵³⁵/

/xu̯än⁵⁵ ɕi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/xuæ̃²⁴ ɕi⁵¹/

/fɔn⁴⁴⁻³⁵ hi³¹/

/huaŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋi³³/

/huã⁴⁴⁻³³ hi⁴¹/

/huã³³ hi⁵⁵⁴/

/huã⁴⁴⁻³³ hi⁵³/

/huã⁴⁴⁻²² hi⁵³/

/hũã³³⁻²³ hi⁵²/

/huø⁵⁵ ɕi²¹/

/huõ³³ ɕi³⁴/

/huã³³ ɕi⁵³⁵/

我老歡喜儂個！

我老欢喜侬个！

And he said unto them in his doctrine, Beware of the scribes, which love to go in long clothing, and love salutations in the marketplaces

1872, 《馬可傳福音書（廣東土白）》 (The Gospel of Mark: Cantonese Vernacular) 12:38

je⁴ sou¹ gaau³ fan³ zung³ jan⁴ zi¹ si⁴ jau⁶ waa⁶, tai⁴ fong⁴ go³ dik¹ duk⁶ syu¹ jan⁴ aa³, keoi⁵ dei⁶ hou³ zoek³ coeng⁴ saam¹ hang⁴ jau⁴, fun¹ hei² hai² si⁵ soeng⁶ jan⁴ dei⁶ cing² keoi⁵ on¹

耶穌教訓衆人之時又話、提防個的讀書人呀、佢地好着長衫行遊、歡喜喺市上人地請佢安

耶稣教训众人之时又话、提防个的读书人呀、佢地好着长衫行游、欢喜喺市上人地请佢安

1958, 李鐵, director, 橫刀奪愛 [The Love Thief], spoken by 施月影 (胡笳):

nei⁵ hai⁶ m⁴ hai⁶ hou² m⁴ fun¹ hei² keoi⁵ aa¹?

你係唔係好唔歡喜佢吖？

你系唔系好唔欢喜佢吖？

(literary or regional, including Cantonese, Gan, Eastern Min, Southern Min, Sichuanese, Wu) to like; to be fond of


弟子

Sino-Xenic (弟子):
* → Japanese: 弟子(でし) (deshi)
* → Korean: 제자(弟子) (jeja)
* → Vietnamese: đệ tử (弟子)

/ti⁵¹ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tɐi̯²² t͡siː³⁵/

/tʰi⁵⁵ t͡sɨ³¹/

/te³³⁻²¹ t͡su⁴¹/

/te³³⁻¹¹ t͡su⁵³/

/te²²⁻²¹ t͡su⁵³/

/te²² t͡sɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/ti³⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sɯ⁵²/

/ti⁵¹ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tɐi̯²² t͡siː³⁵/

/tʰi⁵⁵ t͡sɨ³¹/

/te³³⁻²¹ t͡su⁴¹/

/te³³⁻¹¹ t͡su⁵³/

/te²²⁻²¹ t͡su⁵³/

/te²² t͡sɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/ti³⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sɯ⁵²/

(dialectal Mandarin, Northern Min, dialectal Wu) younger brother


保姆

/pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ mu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/po⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bu⁵³/

/po⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ bu⁵⁵⁴/

/po⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bo⁵³/

/po⁵²⁻³⁵ m⁵²⁻²¹/

/pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ mu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/po⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bu⁵³/

/po⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ bu⁵⁵⁴/

/po⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bo⁵³/

/po⁵²⁻³⁵ m⁵²⁻²¹/


山芋

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ ɔ³³/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ ɔ³³/

Ipomoea batatas
Ipomoea batatas#Translingual

(dialectal Mandarin, dialectal Gan, Huizhou, dialectal Jin, Wu) sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas)


雞卵

/t͡ɕi⁵⁵ lu̯än²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɐi̯⁵⁵ lɵn³⁵/

/kɐi̯⁵⁵ lɵn¹³/

/ke⁴⁴⁻³⁵ lɔn³¹/

/kai⁵⁴ sɔŋ⁵⁵/

/kie⁵⁵⁻⁵³ l̃ɑuŋ²⁴²/

/ke⁵³³⁻¹³ nø²¹/

/ke⁵³³⁻¹³ ny²¹/

/kue⁴⁴⁻²² nŋ̍²²/

/kue⁴⁴⁻³³ nŋ̍³³/

/ke⁴⁴⁻³³ nŋ̍³³/

/ke⁴⁴⁻²² nŋ̍²²/

/kue³³ nŋ̍³³/

/kue³³ nŋ̍²²/

/ke³³⁻²¹ nui²¹/

/ke⁴⁴⁻²² nuĩ²²/

/koi³³⁻²³ nɯŋ³⁵/

/t͡ɕie³³ ləŋ⁵³⁵/

/t͡ɕi⁵⁵ lu̯än²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɐi̯⁵⁵ lɵn³⁵/

/kɐi̯⁵⁵ lɵn¹³/

/ke⁴⁴⁻³⁵ lɔn³¹/

/kai⁵⁴ sɔŋ⁵⁵/

/kie⁵⁵⁻⁵³ l̃ɑuŋ²⁴²/

/ke⁵³³⁻¹³ nø²¹/

/ke⁵³³⁻¹³ ny²¹/

/kue⁴⁴⁻²² nŋ̍²²/

/kue⁴⁴⁻³³ nŋ̍³³/

/ke⁴⁴⁻³³ nŋ̍³³/

/ke⁴⁴⁻²² nŋ̍²²/

/kue³³ nŋ̍³³/

/kue³³ nŋ̍²²/

/ke³³⁻²¹ nui²¹/

/ke⁴⁴⁻²² nuĩ²²/

/koi³³⁻²³ nɯŋ³⁵/

/t͡ɕie³³ ləŋ⁵³⁵/

(literary or Hakka, Min, dialectal Wu) chicken egg


麻將

→ English: mahjong

→ Japanese: 麻(マー)雀(ジャン) (mājan)

/mä³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹/

/maː²¹ t͡sœːŋ³³/

/ma³⁵ ˈt͡ɕiɔŋ³⁵/

/ma¹¹ t͡ɕiɒ̃⁴⁵/

/mo²² t͡ɕiã⁴⁴/

/ma̠¹³ t͡si̯æn⁴⁵/

/ma̠¹³ t͡ɕi̯æn⁴⁵/

/mä³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹/

/maː²¹ t͡sœːŋ³³/

/ma³⁵ ˈt͡ɕiɔŋ³⁵/

/ma¹¹ t͡ɕiɒ̃⁴⁵/

/mo²² t͡ɕiã⁴⁴/

/ma̠¹³ t͡si̯æn⁴⁵/

/ma̠¹³ t͡ɕi̯æn⁴⁵/

From 麻雀 (máquè, “sparrow”), with a Wu diminutive suffix /ŋ̍/ (syllabic velar nasal), retained in some Wu languages (compare Wenzhounese /ŋ̍/). This suffix then fused with the preceding syllable, and was conserved in the form of a nasal coda /-ŋ/. As an example compare Shanghainese 雀 (old pron.: /t͡ɕia̠ʔ⁵/) + /-ŋ̍/ → 將 /t͡ɕiã⁵³/.
The game of mahjong was called 馬吊／马吊 (mǎdiào) during the Ming and Qing dynasties, where the second syllable presumably represented a Wu pronunciation of 鳥／鸟 (niǎo) ("bird", see there for more).

zh-l

馬吊／马吊 (mǎdiào)

(chiefly Wu, dated in Shanghainese) sparrow


核子

/xɤ³⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɐt̚² t͡siː³⁵/

/hut̚⁴⁻³² t͡su⁵³/

/hut̚⁴⁻³² t͡su⁴¹/

/hiɪk̚⁴⁻³² t͡su⁴¹/

/hiɪk̚⁴⁻³² t͡su⁵³/

/ɦuəʔ¹¹ t͡sz̩²³/

/xɤ³⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɐt̚² t͡siː³⁵/

/hut̚⁴⁻³² t͡su⁵³/

/hut̚⁴⁻³² t͡su⁴¹/

/hiɪk̚⁴⁻³² t͡su⁴¹/

/hiɪk̚⁴⁻³² t͡su⁵³/

/ɦuəʔ¹¹ t͡sz̩²³/


小妹

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ meɪ̯⁵¹/

/siːu̯³⁵ muːi̯²²⁻³⁵/

/siːu̯³⁵ muːi̯²²/

/sio⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ be⁴¹/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ be²²/

/sio⁴²⁻²⁴ be²²/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ be³³/

/sio⁴²⁻²⁴ bə²²/

/sio⁵³⁻²⁴ bə²²/

/sio⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ bə⁴¹/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ mãi²²/

/siɤ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ muãi³³/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ muãi²²/

/sio⁵³⁻⁵⁵ muẽ³³/

/siɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ muẽ³³/

/sio⁵⁵⁻³⁵ bə³³/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ meɪ̯⁵¹/

/siːu̯³⁵ muːi̯²²⁻³⁵/

/siːu̯³⁵ muːi̯²²/

/sio⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ be⁴¹/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ be²²/

/sio⁴²⁻²⁴ be²²/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ be³³/

/sio⁴²⁻²⁴ bə²²/

/sio⁵³⁻²⁴ bə²²/

/sio⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ bə⁴¹/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ mãi²²/

/siɤ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ muãi³³/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ muãi²²/

/sio⁵³⁻⁵⁵ muẽ³³/

/siɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ muẽ³³/

/sio⁵⁵⁻³⁵ bə³³/

(Yangjiang Yue, Hokkien, Xianyou Puxian Min, dialectal Wu) younger sister


舊年

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵¹ ni̯ɛn³⁵/

/kɐu̯²² niːn²¹⁻³⁵/

/kɐu̯²² niːn²¹/

/kiu³² ⁿden²²⁻²²⁵/

/ˈt͡ɕʰiu¹¹ n̠ʲiɛn³⁵/

/kʰi̯u⁵⁵ ŋi̯en¹¹/

/kʰi̯u⁵⁵ ŋi̯an¹¹/

/kʰiu⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ŋian¹¹/

/ku³³⁻¹¹ nĩ²⁴/

/ku³³⁻²¹ nĩ²³/

/ku²²⁻²¹ nĩ²⁴/

/ku⁴¹⁻²² ni²⁴/

/ku⁴¹⁻²² nĩ²⁴/

/ku²²⁻²¹ nĩ¹³/

/ku²¹⁻²² lin²⁴/

/d͡ʑiɤ²² n̠ʲi⁴⁴/

/d͡ʑi̯ɔ¹¹ ni¹³⁻³³/

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵¹ ni̯ɛn³⁵/

/kɐu̯²² niːn²¹⁻³⁵/

/kɐu̯²² niːn²¹/

/kiu³² ⁿden²²⁻²²⁵/

/ˈt͡ɕʰiu¹¹ n̠ʲiɛn³⁵/

/kʰi̯u⁵⁵ ŋi̯en¹¹/

/kʰi̯u⁵⁵ ŋi̯an¹¹/

/kʰiu⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ŋian¹¹/

/ku³³⁻¹¹ nĩ²⁴/

/ku³³⁻²¹ nĩ²³/

/ku²²⁻²¹ nĩ²⁴/

/ku⁴¹⁻²² ni²⁴/

/ku⁴¹⁻²² nĩ²⁴/

/ku²²⁻²¹ nĩ¹³/

/ku²¹⁻²² lin²⁴/

/d͡ʑiɤ²² n̠ʲi⁴⁴/

/d͡ʑi̯ɔ¹¹ ni¹³⁻³³/

(dialectal Mandarin, Cantonese, Gan, Hakka, Southern Min, Puxian Min, Wu or literary) last year


日頭

Wutunhua: raitek

/ʐ̩⁵¹ tʰoʊ̯¹/

/ʐ̩⁵¹ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/

/ʐ̩ʔ⁵ tʰəɯ²⁴/

/ə²⁴ tʰou²⁴/

/ɛɻ²⁴ tʰou²⁴/

/jɐt̚² tʰɐu̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/jɐt̚² tʰɐu̯²¹/

/zɐk̚²² tʰau²¹⁻³⁵/

/ᵑɡit̚³² heu²²⁻²¹/

/ᵑɡit̚³² heu²²⁻²¹⁵/

/jɐt̚⁵⁵ tʰɐu⁴²/

/n̠ʲit̚⁵ tʰɛu²/

/ŋit̚² tʰeu̯¹¹/

/ŋit⁵⁻² tʰeu⁵⁵/

/ʐəʔ²⁻⁵⁴ təu¹¹/

/nˡiʔ⁵⁻³³ tʰau⁵³/

/tiʔ⁴⁻¹ tʰau¹³/

/lit̚²⁴⁻²¹ tʰau²⁴/

/lit̚⁴⁻³² tʰau²⁴/

/lit̚³²⁻²¹ tʰau¹¹/

/lit̚⁵⁴⁻³² tʰau²⁴/

/lit̚³⁵⁻² tʰau²⁴/

/lit̚²⁴⁻² tʰau²⁴/

/lit̚⁴³⁻²¹ tʰau²⁴/

/lit̚²³⁻² tʰau²⁴/

/lit̚⁵³⁻¹ tʰau²⁴/

/d͡zit̚⁴⁻³² tʰau²⁴/

/d͡zit̚³⁻³² tʰau²⁴/

/d͡zit̚⁴³⁻²¹ tʰau²⁴/

/zit̚⁴⁻³² tʰau²³/

/d͡zit̚¹⁴⁻³³ tʰau²¹³/

/d͡zit̚¹²¹⁻²¹ tʰau¹³/

/let̚²³⁻² tʰau²⁴/

/ɲət̚²⁴ tʰəu²¹/

/n̠ʲiɪʔ¹¹ dɤ²³/

/n̠ʲiɪʔ¹¹ dø²⁴/

/n̠ʲiɪʔ²² dɯ⁵³/

/ɦn̠ʲiəʔ²² dɵ⁵⁵/

/n̠ʲieʔ¹¹ dɤ⁵²/

/n̠ʲiɪʔ²² dœʏ³⁵/

/n̠ʲiɪʔ³³ døy/

/n̠ʲiəʔ²¹ diu¹⁴/

/ʐ̩²⁴ təu̯³/

/ni³⁵ di̯ɤ¹³⁻³³/

/ʑ̊i¹¹ d̥ɘu̯¹¹/

/ʐ̩⁵¹ tʰoʊ̯¹/

/ʐ̩⁵¹ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/

/ʐ̩ʔ⁵ tʰəɯ²⁴/

/ə²⁴ tʰou²⁴/

/ɛɻ²⁴ tʰou²⁴/

/jɐt̚² tʰɐu̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/jɐt̚² tʰɐu̯²¹/

/zɐk̚²² tʰau²¹⁻³⁵/

/ᵑɡit̚³² heu²²⁻²¹/

/ᵑɡit̚³² heu²²⁻²¹⁵/

/jɐt̚⁵⁵ tʰɐu⁴²/

/n̠ʲit̚⁵ tʰɛu²/

/ŋit̚² tʰeu̯¹¹/

/ŋit⁵⁻² tʰeu⁵⁵/

/ʐəʔ²⁻⁵⁴ təu¹¹/

/nˡiʔ⁵⁻³³ tʰau⁵³/

/tiʔ⁴⁻¹ tʰau¹³/

/lit̚²⁴⁻²¹ tʰau²⁴/

/lit̚⁴⁻³² tʰau²⁴/

/lit̚³²⁻²¹ tʰau¹¹/

/lit̚⁵⁴⁻³² tʰau²⁴/

/lit̚³⁵⁻² tʰau²⁴/

/lit̚²⁴⁻² tʰau²⁴/

/lit̚⁴³⁻²¹ tʰau²⁴/

/lit̚²³⁻² tʰau²⁴/

/lit̚⁵³⁻¹ tʰau²⁴/

/d͡zit̚⁴⁻³² tʰau²⁴/

/d͡zit̚³⁻³² tʰau²⁴/

/d͡zit̚⁴³⁻²¹ tʰau²⁴/

/zit̚⁴⁻³² tʰau²³/

/d͡zit̚¹⁴⁻³³ tʰau²¹³/

/d͡zit̚¹²¹⁻²¹ tʰau¹³/

/let̚²³⁻² tʰau²⁴/

/ɲət̚²⁴ tʰəu²¹/

/n̠ʲiɪʔ¹¹ dɤ²³/

/n̠ʲiɪʔ¹¹ dø²⁴/

/n̠ʲiɪʔ²² dɯ⁵³/

/ɦn̠ʲiəʔ²² dɵ⁵⁵/

/n̠ʲieʔ¹¹ dɤ⁵²/

/n̠ʲiɪʔ²² dœʏ³⁵/

/n̠ʲiɪʔ³³ døy/

/n̠ʲiəʔ²¹ diu¹⁴/

/ʐ̩²⁴ təu̯³/

/ni³⁵ di̯ɤ¹³⁻³³/

/ʑ̊i¹¹ d̥ɘu̯¹¹/

(dialectal Hakka, Huizhou, Puxian Min, dialectal Wu) sunlight

He is present with us at night the same as during the day. Whether at home or abroad, it is all the same: his eye does not sleep.

1894, James Dyer Ball, Readings in Cantonese Colloquial, page 62

keoi⁵ je⁶ maan⁵ tung⁴ maai⁴ ngo⁵ dei⁶ hai⁶ hou² ci⁵ jat⁶ tau⁴⁻² jat¹ joeng⁶, ngo⁵ dei⁶ ceot¹ ngoi⁶ hou² ci⁵ hai² uk¹ kei² jat¹ joeng⁶, keoi⁵ ge³ ngaan⁵ m⁴ fan³.

佢夜晚同埋我哋係好似日頭一樣、我哋出外好似喺屋𨀣一樣、佢嘅眼唔瞓。

佢夜晚同埋我哋系好似日头一样、我哋出外好似喺屋𨀣一样、佢嘅眼唔𰥛。

And should sleep, and rise night and day, and the seed should spring and grow up, he knoweth not how.

2006, 聖經——新廣東話 (The Holy Bible—New Cantonese Bible), 馬可福音 (Mark) 4:27

keoi⁵ je⁶ maan⁵ fan³ gaau³, jat⁶ tau⁴⁻² hei² san¹, zung² zi² faat³ ngaa⁴ sang¹ zoeng², dim² gaai² wui⁵ gam² joeng⁶⁻², keoi⁵ m⁴ zi¹.

佢夜晚瞓覺，日頭起身，種子發芽生長，點解會噉樣，佢唔知。

佢夜晚𰥛觉，日头起身，种子发芽生长，点解会噉样，佢唔知。

(Central Plains Mandarin, Cantonese, Longyan Min, Teochew, Zhongshan Min, Leizhou Min, Hainanese, dialectal Wu) daytime


聽講

/tʰiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰɛːŋ⁵⁵ kɔːŋ³⁵/

/tʰɪŋ⁵⁵ kɔːŋ³⁵/

/tʰɪŋ³³ kɔːŋ³⁵/

/tʰiã⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁵³/

/tʰiã³³ kaŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/tʰiã⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁵³/

/tʰiã⁴⁴⁻³³ kaŋ⁵³/

/tʰiã⁴⁴⁻³³ kaŋ⁴¹/

/tʰin⁵⁵ kɑ̃²¹/

/tʰiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰɛːŋ⁵⁵ kɔːŋ³⁵/

/tʰɪŋ⁵⁵ kɔːŋ³⁵/

/tʰɪŋ³³ kɔːŋ³⁵/

/tʰiã⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁵³/

/tʰiã³³ kaŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/tʰiã⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁵³/

/tʰiã⁴⁴⁻³³ kaŋ⁵³/

/tʰiã⁴⁴⁻³³ kaŋ⁴¹/

/tʰin⁵⁵ kɑ̃²¹/

/hiaŋ³³ kɔŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰaŋ²⁴ koŋ³¹/

/tʰaŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kɔŋ³¹/

/tʰiã³³ kɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/tʰiã⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔŋ⁴¹/

/tʰiã⁴⁴⁻²² kɔŋ⁴²/

/tʰiã⁴⁴⁻²² kɔŋ⁵³/

/tʰiã⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔŋ⁵³/

/tʰiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰɛːŋ⁵⁵ kɔːŋ³⁵/

/hiaŋ³³ kɔŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰaŋ²⁴ koŋ³¹/

/tʰaŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kɔŋ³¹/

/tʰiã³³ kɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/tʰiã⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔŋ⁴¹/

/tʰiã⁴⁴⁻²² kɔŋ⁴²/

/tʰiã⁴⁴⁻²² kɔŋ⁵³/

/tʰiã⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔŋ⁵³/

/tʰin⁵⁵ kɑ̃²¹/

(dialectal Mandarin, Cantonese, Hakka, Hokkien, Wu) to hear it said that; to hear tell


玄孫

/ɕy̯ɛn³⁵ su̯ən⁵⁵/

/ˈɕyɵn³⁵ sun⁴²/

/hiɛn¹³⁻²² sun⁴⁴/

/hiɛn²⁴⁻²² sun³³/

/hiɛn²⁴⁻²² sun⁴⁴/

/ɡuan²⁴⁻¹¹ sun⁴⁴/

/ɡuan²⁴⁻²² sun⁴⁴/

/ɡuan²³⁻³³ sun⁴⁴/

/hiaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ suŋ³³/

/ɦi²² sən⁴⁴/

/ɕy̯ɛn³⁵ su̯ən⁵⁵/

/ˈɕyɵn³⁵ sun⁴²/

/hiɛn¹³⁻²² sun⁴⁴/

/hiɛn²⁴⁻²² sun³³/

/hiɛn²⁴⁻²² sun⁴⁴/

/ɡuan²⁴⁻¹¹ sun⁴⁴/

/ɡuan²⁴⁻²² sun⁴⁴/

/ɡuan²³⁻³³ sun⁴⁴/

/hiaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ suŋ³³/

/ɦi²² sən⁴⁴/

† - distinguishes male gender from gender-neutral term


蠟燭

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (蠟燭):
* → Japanese: 蝋(ろう)燭(そく) (rōsoku)
* → Korean: 납촉(蠟燭) (napchok)

/lä⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂu³⁵/

/lɒʔ⁴⁻⁴² t͡sɒʔ¹/

/lɒʔ²⁴ t͡sɒʔ²/

/la(ʔ)⁴³⁻²¹ t͡sek̚³²/

/la(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siɪk̚³²/

/la(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ t͡siɪk̚³²/

/la(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡siɪk̚³²/

/laʔ¹¹ t͡soʔ²³/

/laʔ³³ t͡soʔ⁴⁴/

/lä⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂu³⁵/

/lɒʔ⁴⁻⁴² t͡sɒʔ¹/

/lɒʔ²⁴ t͡sɒʔ²/

/la(ʔ)⁴³⁻²¹ t͡sek̚³²/

/la(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siɪk̚³²/

/la(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ t͡siɪk̚³²/

/la(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡siɪk̚³²/

/laʔ¹¹ t͡soʔ²³/

/laʔ³³ t͡soʔ⁴⁴/

(Wu, figurative) someone slow to pick up on hints; someone passive and imprudent


造反

/t͡sɑʊ̯⁵¹ fän²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sɔ⁴⁴ fæ̃⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɒ⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾uaŋ⁴⁵³/

/t͡sʰɒ⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾uoŋ³³²/

/t͡sɤ³³⁻²¹ huan⁴¹/

/t͡sau³⁵⁻¹¹ hueŋ⁵²/

/t͡sɑʊ̯⁵¹ fän²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sɔ⁴⁴ fæ̃⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɒ⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾uaŋ⁴⁵³/

/t͡sʰɒ⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾uoŋ³³²/

/t͡sɤ³³⁻²¹ huan⁴¹/

/t͡sau³⁵⁻¹¹ hueŋ⁵²/


摩登

/mu̯ɔ³⁵ tɤŋ⁵⁵/

/mɔː⁵⁵ tɐŋ⁵⁵/

/mɔ̃²⁴⁻²² tiɪŋ³³/

/mɔ̃¹³⁻²² tiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/mɔ̃²⁴⁻²² tiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/mu̯ɔ³⁵ tɤŋ⁵⁵/

/mɔː⁵⁵ tɐŋ⁵⁵/

/mɔ̃²⁴⁻²² tiɪŋ³³/

/mɔ̃¹³⁻²² tiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/mɔ̃²⁴⁻²² tiɪŋ⁴⁴/

(Cantonese, Gan, Wu) fashionable; popular


吃醋

/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩⁵⁵ t͡sʰu⁵¹/

/hɛːk̚³ t͡sʰou̯³³/

/t͡ɕʰiaʔ⁵ t͡sʰu²¹³/

/t͡sʰəʔ² t͡sʰu⁴⁵/

/t͡ɕʰiɪʔ⁴⁴ t͡sʰu³⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩⁵⁵ t͡sʰu⁵¹/

/hɛːk̚³ t͡sʰou̯³³/

/t͡ɕʰiaʔ⁵ t͡sʰu²¹³/

/t͡sʰəʔ² t͡sʰu⁴⁵/

/t͡ɕʰiɪʔ⁴⁴ t͡sʰu³⁴/

(Mandarin, Gan, Jin, Wu, colloquial) to feel jealous (usually of a rival in love)


照相

/ʈ͡ʂɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹/

/t͡sau²¹³ ɕiaŋ²¹³/

/t͡siːu̯³³ sœːŋ³³⁻³⁵/

/t͡sɛu³⁵ ɕiɔŋ³⁵/

/t͡sau⁵³⁻⁵⁵ siɔŋ⁵³/

/t͡sau⁴⁵ ɕiɒ̃⁴⁵/

/t͡sio¹¹⁻⁵³ siɔŋ³³/

/t͡siɤ²¹⁻⁴¹ siɔŋ³³/

/t͡sio²¹⁻⁵³ siɔŋ²²/

/t͡sio⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ siɔŋ²²/

/t͡sio²¹³⁻⁵⁵ sĩõ²¹³/

/t͡sɔ³³ ɕiã⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹/

/t͡sau²¹³ ɕiaŋ²¹³/

/t͡siːu̯³³ sœːŋ³³⁻³⁵/

/t͡sɛu³⁵ ɕiɔŋ³⁵/

/t͡sau⁵³⁻⁵⁵ siɔŋ⁵³/

/t͡sau⁴⁵ ɕiɒ̃⁴⁵/

/t͡sio¹¹⁻⁵³ siɔŋ³³/

/t͡siɤ²¹⁻⁴¹ siɔŋ³³/

/t͡sio²¹⁻⁵³ siɔŋ²²/

/t͡sio⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ siɔŋ²²/

/t͡sio²¹³⁻⁵⁵ sĩõ²¹³/

/t͡sɔ³³ ɕiã⁴⁴/


真正

/ʈ͡ʂən⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹/

/t͡sɐn⁵⁵ t͡sɪŋ³³/

/t͡sɨn²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sɨn⁵⁵/

/t͡sən⁴⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sən⁵³/

/t͡sin⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siã²¹/

/t͡sin⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siã¹¹/

/t͡sin⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siã²¹/

/t͡siŋ³³⁻²³ t͡sĩã²¹³/

/t͡sən⁵⁵ t͡sən²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂən⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹/

/t͡sɐn⁵⁵ t͡sɪŋ³³/

/t͡sɨn²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sɨn⁵⁵/

/t͡sən⁴⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sən⁵³/

/t͡sin⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siã²¹/

/t͡sin⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siã¹¹/

/t͡sin⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siã²¹/

/t͡siŋ³³⁻²³ t͡sĩã²¹³/

/t͡sən⁵⁵ t͡sən²¹/

真正趣味

真正一眼眼

(Wu) only; no more than; merely; scarcely; meagerly


胡琴

/xu³⁵ t͡ɕʰin³⁵/

/wuː²¹ kʰɐm²¹/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² kʰim²⁴/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² kʰim²⁴/

/ɔ¹³⁻²² kʰim¹³/

/ɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ kʰim²⁴/

/ɔ²³⁻³³ kʰim²³/

/ɦu²² d͡ʑin⁴⁴/

/xu³⁵ t͡ɕʰin³⁵/

/wuː²¹ kʰɐm²¹/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² kʰim²⁴/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² kʰim²⁴/

/ɔ¹³⁻²² kʰim¹³/

/ɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ kʰim²⁴/

/ɔ²³⁻³³ kʰim²³/

/ɦu²² d͡ʑin⁴⁴/


小人

君子

antonym(s) of “scoundrel, villain, small-minded person”

Sino-Xenic (小人):
* → Japanese: 小(しょう)人(にん) (shōnin); 小(しょう)人(じん) (shōjin)
* → Korean: 소인(小人) (soin)
* → Vietnamese: tiểu nhân (小人)

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʐən³⁵/

/siːu̯³⁵ jɐn²¹/

/siːu̯³⁵ jɐn²¹⁻³⁵/

/ɬiau⁵⁵ ᵑɡin²²⁻²²⁵/

/sieu³³⁻²¹ iŋ⁵³/

/siau⁵²⁻³⁵ d͡zeŋ⁵⁵/

/ɕiɔ³³ n̠ʲin⁴⁴/

/ɕiɔ³³ zən⁴⁴/

/siæ⁵² n̠ʲin³³/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʐən³⁵/

/siːu̯³⁵ jɐn²¹/

/siːu̯³⁵ jɐn²¹⁻³⁵/

/ɬiau⁵⁵ ᵑɡin²²⁻²²⁵/

/sieu³³⁻²¹ iŋ⁵³/

/siau⁵²⁻³⁵ d͡zeŋ⁵⁵/

/ɕiɔ³³ n̠ʲin⁴⁴/

/ɕiɔ³³ zən⁴⁴/

/siæ⁵² n̠ʲin³³/


說話

/ʂu̯ɔ⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/ʂə²⁴ xua⁴⁴/

/se(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ ue³³/

/se(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ ue²²/

/səʔ⁴⁴ ɦo²³/

/ʂu̯ɔ⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/ʂə²⁴ xua⁴⁴/

/se(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ ue³³/

/se(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ ue²²/

/səʔ⁴⁴ ɦo²³/

/səʔ³³ ɦo⁴⁴/

/ʂu̯ɔ⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/ʂə²⁴ xua⁴⁴/

/se(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ ue³³/

/se(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ ue²²/

/səʔ³³ ɦo⁴⁴/

崇明說話

崇明说话

(Linshao Wu, Nantong Wu and Quzhou Wu) language; dialect


饅頭

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (饅頭):
* → Japanese: 饅(まん)頭(じゅう) (manjū, “a type of bun typically with bean paste filling”) (see there for further descendants)
* → Korean: 만두(饅頭) (mandu, “Korean dumpling”) (see there for further descendants)

→ Amis: manto

→ Bunun: mantu

→ English: mantou

→ French: mantou

→ Manchu: ᠮᡝᠨᡨᡠ (mentu)

→ Mongolian: мантуу (mantuu)

desctree

→? Ottoman Turkish: مانطی (mantı)
Turkish: mantı
→ Armenian: մանթի (mantʻi)
→ English: manti

→ Paiwan: mantu

→ Russian: маньтоу (manʹtou)

→ Sakizaya: mantu

→ Taroko: manto

→ Thai: หมั่นโถว (màn-tǒow)

→ Vietnamese: màn thầu

→ Zhuang: manzdouz

/män³⁵ tʰoʊ̯³/

/män³⁵ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/

/mã²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰəɯ/

/maːn²² tʰɐu̯²¹/

/maːn²¹ tʰɐu̯²¹/

/mɛŋ³² tʰau²¹/

/maŋ⁵³⁻³³ tʰau⁵³/

/maŋ¹³⁻²¹ tʰau¹³/

/ban⁴¹⁻²² tʰau²⁴/

/ban²²⁻²¹ tʰau²⁴/

/ban²²⁻²¹ tʰau¹³/

/ban⁵³⁻⁵⁵ tʰo²⁴/

/ban⁵³⁻⁵⁵ tʰɤ²⁴/

/ban⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tʰɤ²³/

/ban⁵⁵⁻³⁵ tʰo²⁴/

/ban⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰo²⁴/

/bueŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ tʰau⁵⁵/

/maŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ tʰau⁵⁵/

/ɦmie²⁴ dɵ⁵⁵/

/mø²² døy³³/

/mũ²² dœʏ⁵¹/

/mõ¹³ təu̯³/

/man¹¹ d̥ɘu̯¹¹/

/män³⁵ tʰoʊ̯³/

/män³⁵ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/

/mã²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰəɯ/

/maːn²² tʰɐu̯²¹/

/maːn²¹ tʰɐu̯²¹/

/mɛŋ³² tʰau²¹/

/maŋ⁵³⁻³³ tʰau⁵³/

/maŋ¹³⁻²¹ tʰau¹³/

/ban⁴¹⁻²² tʰau²⁴/

/ban²²⁻²¹ tʰau²⁴/

/ban²²⁻²¹ tʰau¹³/

/ban⁵³⁻⁵⁵ tʰo²⁴/

/ban⁵³⁻⁵⁵ tʰɤ²⁴/

/ban⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tʰɤ²³/

/ban⁵⁵⁻³⁵ tʰo²⁴/

/ban⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰo²⁴/

/bueŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ tʰau⁵⁵/

/maŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ tʰau⁵⁵/

/ɦmie²⁴ dɵ⁵⁵/

/mø²² døy³³/

/mũ²² dœʏ⁵¹/

/mõ¹³ təu̯³/

/man¹¹ d̥ɘu̯¹¹/

小籠饅頭／小笼馒头 [Shanghainese] ― ⁵shiau-lon ⁶moe-deu [Wugniu] ― xiaolongbao

生煎饅頭

生煎馒头


月白

/ɥɛ⁵¹ paɪ̯³⁵/

/ɡue(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ peʔ⁴/

/ɡe(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ peʔ⁴/

/ɦyɪʔ¹¹ baʔ²³/

/ɦioʔ¹¹ baʔ²³/

/ɥɛ⁵¹ paɪ̯³⁵/

/ɡue(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ peʔ⁴/

/ɡe(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ peʔ⁴/

/ɦyɪʔ¹¹ baʔ²³/

/ɦioʔ¹¹ baʔ²³/


西頭

/ɕi⁵⁵ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ tʰɐu̯²¹/

/ɕi⁵⁵ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ tʰɐu̯²¹/


辦公

/pän⁵¹ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/paːn²² kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/pɛiŋ²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋuŋ⁵⁵/

/pan²²⁻²¹ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/pan⁴¹⁻²² kɔŋ³³/

/pan²²⁻²¹ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/pan³³⁻¹¹ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/pan³³⁻²¹ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/pan²¹⁻¹¹ kʊŋ³³/

/pan²¹⁻¹¹ kən³³/

/pän⁵¹ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/paːn²² kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/pɛiŋ²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋuŋ⁵⁵/

/pan²²⁻²¹ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/pan⁴¹⁻²² kɔŋ³³/

/pan²²⁻²¹ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/pan³³⁻¹¹ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/pan³³⁻²¹ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/pan²¹⁻¹¹ kʊŋ³³/

/pan²¹⁻¹¹ kən³³/

(Wu, slang, humorous) to defecate; to empty one's bowels


婆婆

/pʰu̯ɔ³⁵ pʰu̯ɔ³/

/pʰo²¹ pʰo²¹⁻⁵⁵/

/pʰo²¹ pʰo²¹/

/pʰɔː²¹ pʰɔː²¹⁻³⁵/

/pʰɔː²¹ pʰɔː²¹/

/pᵘɔ²² pᵘɔ²²/

/pʰɤ¹¹ pʰɤ¹¹⁻⁴⁵/

/po¹³⁻²² po¹³/

/po²⁴⁻²² po²⁴/

/pʰua⁵⁵⁻¹¹ pʰua⁵⁵/

/pʰu̯ɔ³⁵ pʰu̯ɔ³/

/pʰo²¹ pʰo²¹⁻⁵⁵/

/pʰo²¹ pʰo²¹/

/pʰɔː²¹ pʰɔː²¹⁻³⁵/

/pʰɔː²¹ pʰɔː²¹/

/pᵘɔ²² pᵘɔ²²/

/pʰɤ¹¹ pʰɤ¹¹⁻⁴⁵/

/po¹³⁻²² po¹³/

/po²⁴⁻²² po²⁴/

/pʰua⁵⁵⁻¹¹ pʰua⁵⁵/

maternal grandmother
maternal grandmother

(Cantonese, dialectal Mandarin, dialectal Hakka, dialectal Jin, dialectal Wu, Taining Gan, Jianyang Northern Min, Shaowu Min) maternal grandmother

(Gan, dialectal Mandarin, dialectal Xiang, dialectal Wu) paternal grandmother


光棍

/ku̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ku̯ən⁵¹/

/ku̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ku̯əɻ⁵¹/

/kuɑŋ²⁴ kuŋ²⁴/

/kʷɔːŋ⁵⁵ kʷɐn³³/

/kuɒ̃¹¹ kuŋ⁴⁵/

/kuaŋ⁵⁴ kɔŋ³³/

/kuoŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋouŋ²¹³/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kun²¹/

/kɔŋ³³ kun⁴¹/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kun²¹/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kun¹¹/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kun²¹/

/kuɑ̃⁵⁵ kuən²¹/

/ku̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ku̯ən⁵¹/

/ku̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ku̯əɻ⁵¹/

/kuɑŋ²⁴ kuŋ²⁴/

/kʷɔːŋ⁵⁵ kʷɐn³³/

/kuɒ̃¹¹ kuŋ⁴⁵/

/kuaŋ⁵⁴ kɔŋ³³/

/kuoŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋouŋ²¹³/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kun²¹/

/kɔŋ³³ kun⁴¹/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kun²¹/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kun¹¹/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kun²¹/

/kuɑ̃⁵⁵ kuən²¹/

(Mandarin, Wu) smart person; astute person; smart cookie


落水

/lu̯ɔ⁵¹ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lɔːk̚² sɵy̯³⁵/

/lɔk̚⁵ suɪ³¹/

/lo(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡sui⁵³/

/lɤ(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ t͡sui⁴¹/

/lu̯ɔ⁵¹ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lɔːk̚² sɵy̯³⁵/

/lɔk̚⁵ suɪ³¹/

/lo(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡sui⁵³/

/lɤ(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ t͡sui⁴¹/

/lau⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡sui⁵⁵⁴/

/lau⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡sui⁵⁵⁴/

The sound of the rain outside does not stop; do you hear it?

2007, performed by 鄭朝方, lyrics by 葉國居 and 鄭朝方, 你聽到了嗎？

ngo⁺ boiˇ geˇ log` shui´ shang` m ton`, ngi tangˇ doˇ le` mo

外背介落水聲不斷 你聽到咧麼

外背介落水声不断 你听到咧么

[I said:] when it was dark, it rained. You asked me what on earth is that?

2013, 黃明志 (Namewee), 學廣東話 (Learn Cantonese)

tin¹ hak¹ lok⁶ seoi² zo², nei⁵ man⁶ ngo⁵ hai⁶ mat¹ seoi² aa³?

天黑落水咗 妳問我係麼水啊？

天黑落水咗 你问我系么水啊？

(dialectal, including Cantonese, Hakka, Gan, Shehua, Wu) to rain


公公

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ g̊ʊŋ²/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kuŋ¹¹ kuŋ¹¹⁻⁴⁵/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kɔŋ³³ kɔŋ³³/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/koŋ⁵⁵ koŋ²¹/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ g̊ʊŋ²/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kuŋ¹¹ kuŋ¹¹⁻⁴⁵/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kɔŋ³³ kɔŋ³³/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/koŋ⁵⁵ koŋ²¹/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵⁻²¹ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kʊŋ³³ kʊŋ³/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ g̊ʊŋ²/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵⁻²¹ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kɔŋ³³ kɔŋ³³/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kʊŋ³³ kʊŋ³/

(Mandarin, Gan, Jin, Wu) father-in-law (husband's father)


公公

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ g̊ʊŋ²/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kuŋ¹¹ kuŋ¹¹⁻⁴⁵/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kɔŋ³³ kɔŋ³³/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/koŋ⁵⁵ koŋ²¹/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ g̊ʊŋ²/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kuŋ¹¹ kuŋ¹¹⁻⁴⁵/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kɔŋ³³ kɔŋ³³/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/koŋ⁵⁵ koŋ²¹/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵⁻²¹ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kʊŋ³³ kʊŋ³/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ g̊ʊŋ²/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵⁻²¹ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kɔŋ³³ kɔŋ³³/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kʊŋ³³ kʊŋ³/

GT - General Taiwanese (no particular region identified)

maternal grandfather
maternal grandfather

(dialectal Mandarin, Cantonese, dialectal Gan, dialectal Wu) maternal grandfather

paternal grandfather
paternal grandfather

(dialectal Mandarin, Gan, dialectal Hakka, Huizhou, Handan Jin, Northern Min, Xiang, dialectal Wu) paternal grandfather


奶奶

/naɪ̯²¹⁴ naɪ̯⁴/

/naɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ naɪ̯³⁵/

nai⁵⁻⁴ nai⁵⁻²

/naːi̯¹³⁻²¹ naːi̯¹³⁻³⁵/

/nãi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nãi⁵³/

/nãi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ nãi⁵⁵⁴/

/nãi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nãi⁵³/

/nãi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nãi⁵³/

/nãi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ nãi⁴¹/

/naɪ̯²¹⁴ naɪ̯⁴/

/naɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ naɪ̯³⁵/

/naːi̯¹³⁻²¹ naːi̯¹³⁻³⁵/

/nãi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nãi⁵³/

/nãi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ nãi⁵⁵⁴/

/nãi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nãi⁵³/

/nãi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nãi⁵³/

/nãi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ nãi⁴¹/

nai⁵⁻¹ nai⁵⁻¹

/naːi̯¹³⁻⁵⁵ naːi̯¹³⁻⁵⁵/

/nˡɛiŋ⁵⁵ nˡɛiŋ⁵⁵/

/ne⁴⁴⁻²² ne⁴⁴/

/naːi̯¹³⁻⁵⁵ naːi̯¹³⁻⁵⁵/

/nˡɛiŋ⁵⁵ nˡɛiŋ⁵⁵/

/ne⁴⁴⁻²² ne⁴⁴/

(Sichuanese, childish in Cantonese, Wu) milk; breast milk


家主

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kaː⁵⁵ t͡syː³⁵/

/ke⁴⁴⁻²² t͡su⁵³/

/ke⁴⁴⁻²² t͡su⁵³/

/ke⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡su⁵³/

/ke⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡su⁴¹/

/ke³³⁻²³ t͡su⁵²/

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kaː⁵⁵ t͡syː³⁵/

/ke⁴⁴⁻²² t͡su⁵³/

/ke⁴⁴⁻²² t͡su⁵³/

/ke⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡su⁵³/

/ke⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡su⁴¹/

/ke³³⁻²³ t͡su⁵²/

(literary, dated in Wu) master of a household; head of a family; patriarch


大米

/tä⁵¹ mi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/taːi̯²² mɐi̯¹³/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² bi⁵⁵⁴/

/tua²²⁻²¹ bi⁵³/

/tä⁵¹ mi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/taːi̯²² mɐi̯¹³/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² bi⁵⁵⁴/

/tua²²⁻²¹ bi⁵³/


新婦

新妇
新抱
心抱
新袍
新府
新𡜵

/sɐn⁵⁵ fuː¹³/

/sɐn⁵⁵ pʰou̯¹³/

/sɐm⁵⁵ pʰou̯¹³/

/siŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾mou²⁴²/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ pu³³/

/sin³³⁻²¹ pu²¹/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² pu²²/

/sim⁴⁴⁻²² pu²²/

/siŋ³³⁻²³ pu³⁵/

/sim³³⁻²³ pu³⁵/

/seŋ³³⁻²³ pu³⁵/

/ɕiŋ³³ vu⁵¹/

/siŋ⁵⁵ βu³¹/

/sɐn⁵⁵ fuː¹³/

/sɐn⁵⁵ pʰou̯¹³/

/sɐm⁵⁵ pʰou̯¹³/

/siŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾mou²⁴²/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ pu³³/

/sin³³⁻²¹ pu²¹/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² pu²²/

/sim⁴⁴⁻²² pu²²/

/siŋ³³⁻²³ pu³⁵/

/sim³³⁻²³ pu³⁵/

/seŋ³³⁻²³ pu³⁵/

/ɕiŋ³³ vu⁵¹/

/siŋ⁵⁵ βu³¹/

(literary or Cantonese, Gan, Hakka, Min, Pinghua, Wu) daughter-in-law


面丈魚

/mi²² zã⁵⁵ ŋ̍²¹/

/mi²² zã⁵⁵ ŋ̍²¹/

(Wu) A fish of the family Salangidae, commonly known as icefish or noodlefish.


大路

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ lu⁵¹/

/tua²²⁻²¹ lɔ²²/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² lɔ⁴¹/

/tua²²⁻²¹ lɔ²²/

/tua³³⁻¹¹ lɔ³³/

/tua³³⁻²¹ lɔ³³/

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ lu⁵¹/

/tua²²⁻²¹ lɔ²²/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² lɔ⁴¹/

/tua²²⁻²¹ lɔ²²/

/tua³³⁻¹¹ lɔ³³/

/tua³³⁻²¹ lɔ³³/


閒話

/ɕi̯ɛn³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/haːn²¹ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/iɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ue³³/

/iɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ue²²/

/iɪŋ²³⁻³³ ue³³/

/uĩ²⁴⁻²² ue⁴¹/

/iɪŋ¹³⁻²² ua²²/

/ɦiẽ̞²² ɦua³⁴/

/ɦɛ²² ɦuo⁴⁴/

/ɕi̯ɛn³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/haːn²¹ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/iɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ue³³/

/iɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ue²²/

/iɪŋ²³⁻³³ ue³³/

/uĩ²⁴⁻²² ue⁴¹/

/iɪŋ¹³⁻²² ua²²/

/ɦiẽ̞²² ɦua³⁴/

/ɦɛ²² ɦuo⁴⁴/

講閒話

讲闲话

an instant response (lit. a single utterance)

閒話一句

闲话一句

You have to listen to all the words they have to say, be it good or not.

³hau-ghe₂-gho₆ ¹chieu-ghe₂-gho₆ ²ze ⁵iau ¹thin-keq

好閒話恘閒話才要聽葛。

好闲话恘闲话才要听葛。

(Sujiahu Wu, Tiaoxi Wu and Yongjiang Wu) words; speech

上海閒話

上海闲话

蘇州閒話

苏州闲话

法國閒話

法国闲话

(Sujiahu Wu, Tiaoxi Wu and Yongjiang Wu) language; dialect


放鴿子

/fɑŋ⁵¹ kɤ⁵⁵ d͡z̥z̩²/

/fɔːŋ³³ kɐp̚³ t͡siː³⁵/

/paŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ kap̚²⁻⁴ t͡sɯ⁵²⁻²¹/

/fɑ̃⁴⁴ kəʔ³³ t͡sz̩⁴⁴/

/fɑŋ⁵¹ kɤ⁵⁵ d͡z̥z̩²/

/fɔːŋ³³ kɐp̚³ t͡siː³⁵/

/paŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ kap̚²⁻⁴ t͡sɯ⁵²⁻²¹/

/fɑ̃⁴⁴ kəʔ³³ t͡sz̩⁴⁴/

(Wu) to speak idly; to go back on one's words


趁錢

/ʈ͡ʂʰən⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/tʰeiŋ³³ t͡siŋ³³/

/tʰiŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sieŋ⁵³/

/tʰan⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡sĩ²⁴/

/tʰan²¹⁻⁴² t͡sĩ²⁴/

/tʰan²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡sĩ²³/

/tʰan¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡sĩ²⁴/

/tʰan²¹⁻⁵³ t͡sĩ²⁴/

/tʰan²¹⁻⁵³ t͡sĩ¹³/

/tʰaŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sĩ⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰən⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/tʰeiŋ³³ t͡siŋ³³/

/tʰiŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sieŋ⁵³/

/tʰan⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡sĩ²⁴/

/tʰan²¹⁻⁴² t͡sĩ²⁴/

/tʰan²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡sĩ²³/

/tʰan¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡sĩ²⁴/

/tʰan²¹⁻⁵³ t͡sĩ²⁴/

/tʰan²¹⁻⁵³ t͡sĩ¹³/

/tʰaŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sĩ⁵⁵/

kó̤ nguôi-dê tíng-*cièng / [kʰɔ²¹³ ŋui²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lɛi²⁴² tʰiŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sieŋ⁵³]

去外地趁錢

去外地趁钱

(obsolete or Min, dialectal Wu) to earn money; to make money


再會

/t͡saɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ xu̯eɪ̯⁵¹/

/t͡sɔːi̯³³ wuːi̯²²/

/t͡saɪ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ fi⁵³/

/t͡sai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ hue⁴¹/

/t͡sai²¹³⁻⁵⁵ hue³⁵/

/t͡saɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ xu̯eɪ̯⁵¹/

/t͡sɔːi̯³³ wuːi̯²²/

/t͡saɪ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ fi⁵³/

/t͡sai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ hue⁴¹/

/t͡sai²¹³⁻⁵⁵ hue³⁵/

(polite, Wu) goodbye; bye-bye; see you later


為此

/weɪ̯⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/wɐi̯²² t͡sʰiː³⁵/

/ɦue²² t͡sʰz̩⁴⁴/

/weɪ̯⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/wɐi̯²² t͡sʰiː³⁵/

/ɦue²² t͡sʰz̩⁴⁴/

I'll say! / Exactly! / That's what I'm talking about!

為此講呀。

为此讲呀。

You see how the team leader's having an intervention for you now, and all just because you didn't show up to the meeting!

為此儂開會勿去，隊長拉批評儂。

为此侬开会勿去，队长拉批评侬。

(dialectal Wu, including Shanghainese) Used to express strong evidentiality for the occurrence of an event.


能幹

/nɤŋ³⁵ kän⁵¹/

/nɐŋ²¹ kɔːn³³/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ kan²¹/

/liɪŋ¹³⁻²² kan²¹/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kan¹¹/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² kan²¹/

/nŋ̍²⁴⁻²² kan⁴¹/

/nən²² kø⁴⁴/

/nɤŋ³⁵ kän⁵¹/

/nɐŋ²¹ kɔːn³³/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ kan²¹/

/liɪŋ¹³⁻²² kan²¹/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kan¹¹/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² kan²¹/

/nŋ̍²⁴⁻²² kan⁴¹/

/nən²² kø⁴⁴/

因為國份，能幹，榮華，世世代代都是爾个。

For the kingdom, the power, and the glory are yours, now and for ever.

因为国份，能干，荣华，世世代代都是尔个。

1897, DA-ING PENG-KOH TEH NGA-KOH SING-SHÜ WE 大英本國搭外國聖書會, editor, SING-IAH SHÜ 新約書:

因為國份，能幹，榮華，世世代代都是爾个。

因为国份，能干，荣华，世世代代都是尔个。

(Wu, Christianity, dated) power; authority


米醋

/mi²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰu⁵¹/

/mɐi̯¹³ t͡sʰou̯³³/

/bi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰɔ¹¹/

/bi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰɔ²¹/

/mi²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰu⁵¹/

/mɐi̯¹³ t͡sʰou̯³³/

/bi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰɔ¹¹/

/bi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰɔ²¹/


專門

/ʈ͡ʂu̯än⁵⁵ mən³⁵/

/t͡sᵘɔn³³ ᵐbᵘɔn²²/

/t͡sɔn⁴⁴⁻³⁵ mun¹¹/

/t͡suan⁴⁴⁻³³ mŋ̍²³/

/t͡suan⁴⁴⁻²² mŋ̍²⁴/

/t͡suan⁴⁴⁻³³ mŋ̍²⁴/

/t͡suan⁴⁴⁻²² muĩ¹³/

/t͡sø⁵⁵ mən²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂu̯än⁵⁵ mən³⁵/

/t͡sᵘɔn³³ ᵐbᵘɔn²²/

/t͡sɔn⁴⁴⁻³⁵ mun¹¹/

/t͡suan⁴⁴⁻³³ mŋ̍²³/

/t͡suan⁴⁴⁻²² mŋ̍²⁴/

/t͡suan⁴⁴⁻³³ mŋ̍²⁴/

/t͡suan⁴⁴⁻²² muĩ¹³/

/t͡sø⁵⁵ mən²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂu̯än⁵⁵ məɻ³⁵/

/t͡syːn⁵⁵ muːn²¹⁻³⁵/

/t͡ɕy̯ẽ³³ mən¹³/

/ʈ͡ʂu̯än⁵⁵ mən³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂu̯än⁵⁵ məɻ³⁵/

/t͡syːn⁵⁵ muːn²¹⁻³⁵/

/t͡sᵘɔn³³ ᵐbᵘɔn²²/

/t͡suan⁴⁴⁻³³ mŋ̍²³/

/t͡suan⁴⁴⁻²² mŋ̍²⁴/

/t͡suan⁴⁴⁻³³ mŋ̍²⁴/

/t͡suan⁴⁴⁻²² muĩ¹³/

/t͡sø⁵⁵ mən²¹/

/t͡ɕy̯ẽ³³ mən¹³/


娘老子

/ni̯ɑŋ³⁵ lɑʊ̯²¹⁴ d͡z̥z̩⁴/

/n̠ʲiæ̃²² lɔ⁵⁵ t͡sz̩²¹/

/n̠ʲi̯æn¹³ lɒu̯⁴¹ t͡sz̩³/

/ni̯ɔŋ¹³ lɤ⁴²⁻¹ t͡sz̩³/

/ni̯ɑŋ³⁵ lɑʊ̯²¹⁴ d͡z̥z̩⁴/

/n̠ʲiæ̃²² lɔ⁵⁵ t͡sz̩²¹/

/n̠ʲi̯æn¹³ lɒu̯⁴¹ t͡sz̩³/

/ni̯ɔŋ¹³ lɤ⁴²⁻¹ t͡sz̩³/

(Jianghuai, Lanyin and Southwestern Mandarin, Huizhou, dialectal Jin, dialectal Wu) mother and father; parents


細佬

/sɐi̯³³ lou̯³⁵/

/sɐi̯³³ lou̯³⁵/


放尿

/paŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ lio³³/

/paŋ²¹⁻⁴² lio²²/

/paŋ²¹⁻⁵³ lio²²/

/paŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ lio⁴¹/

/paŋ²¹⁻⁴² d͡zio²²/

/paŋ²¹⁻⁵³ d͡zio²²/

/paŋ²¹⁻³³ d͡zio²¹/

/paŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ ziɤ³³/

/paŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ d͡zie¹¹/

/paŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ d͡zio¹¹/

/paŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ lio³³/

/paŋ²¹⁻⁴² lio²²/

/paŋ²¹⁻⁵³ lio²²/

/paŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ lio⁴¹/

/paŋ²¹⁻⁴² d͡zio²²/

/paŋ²¹⁻⁵³ d͡zio²²/

/paŋ²¹⁻³³ d͡zio²¹/

/paŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ ziɤ³³/

/paŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ d͡zie¹¹/

/paŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ d͡zio¹¹/


嗣子

/sz̩⁵¹ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡siː²² t͡siː³⁵/

/zz̩²² t͡sz̩⁴⁴/

/sz̩⁵¹ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡siː²² t͡siː³⁵/

/zz̩²² t͡sz̩⁴⁴/


阿娘

/ˀä⁵⁵ ni̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/a²⁴ niɑŋ²⁴/

/aː³³ nœːŋ²¹/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² niã²⁴/

/a⁴⁴⁻³³ niã²⁴/

/a⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ niã²⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ niã²⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ niã²³/

/an⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ niã²⁴/

/a³³⁻²³ nie⁵⁵/

/a³³⁻²³ nio⁵⁵/

/a⁵⁵ n̠ʲiã²¹/

/aʔ³³ n̠ʲiã⁴⁴/

/ˀä⁵⁵ ni̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/a²⁴ niɑŋ²⁴/

/aː³³ nœːŋ²¹/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² niã²⁴/

/a⁴⁴⁻³³ niã²⁴/

/a⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ niã²⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ niã²⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ niã²³/

/an⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ niã²⁴/

/a³³⁻²³ nie⁵⁵/

/a³³⁻²³ nio⁵⁵/

/a⁵⁵ n̠ʲiã²¹/

/aʔ³³ n̠ʲiã⁴⁴/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² niũ²⁴/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² niɔ̃¹³/

/a⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ niũ²⁴/

/an⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ niũ²⁴/

/a³³⁻²³ nia⁵⁵/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² niũ²⁴/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² niɔ̃¹³/

/a⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ niũ²⁴/

/an⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ niũ²⁴/

/a³³⁻²³ nia⁵⁵/

† - father's elder sister; ‡ - father's younger sister; § - married; ≠ - unmarried; ¶ - face-to-face; ∅ - non-face-to-face

§ - married; > - mother's elder sister; < - mother's younger sister

After eating all sorts of exotic delicacies, Mom’s food is still more tasty.

Chia̍h phiàn liáu san-tin-hái-bī, iá-sī a-niâ chú ê khah ū chu-bī

吃遍了山珍海味 也是阿娘煮的卡有滋味

吃遍了山珍海味 也是阿娘煮的卡有滋味

(dialectal Mandarin, dialectal Cantonese, Huaining Gan, Xiayang Northern Min, Southern Min, Jinxiang Wu, Chenxi Xiang) mother

Xiayang Northern Min; Chenxi Xiang; Xiayang Northern Min; Chenxi Xiang

(dialectal Mandarin, Conghua Cantonese, Wu) paternal aunt (father's sister)


妹子

/meɪ̯⁵¹ d͡z̥z̩¹/

/muːi̯²² t͡siː³⁵/

/moi̯⁵⁵ t͡sɨ³¹/

/mɛ⁵⁵ t͡siɛ²¹/

/me̞i̯²¹⁻¹¹ t͡sz̩³/

/mai̯²¹⁻¹¹ t͡sz̩³/

/meɪ̯⁵¹ d͡z̥z̩¹/

/muːi̯²² t͡siː³⁵/

/moi̯⁵⁵ t͡sɨ³¹/

/mɛ⁵⁵ t͡siɛ²¹/

/me̞i̯²¹⁻¹¹ t͡sz̩³/

/mai̯²¹⁻¹¹ t͡sz̩³/

/meɪ̯⁵¹ d͡z̥z̩¹/

/muːi̯²² t͡siː³⁵/

Què shuō Chūnqiū shí, Zhèng guó yǒu yī ge dàfū, jiào zuò Xú Wúfàn. Fùmǔ yǐ wáng, zhǐ yǒu yī tóngbāo mèizi.

卻說春秋時，鄭國有一個大夫，叫做徐吾犯。父母已亡，止有一同胞妹子。

却说春秋时，郑国有一个大夫，叫做徐吾犯。父母已亡，止有一同胞妹子。

(dialectal Mandarin, dialectal Cantonese, Gan, Jin, Northern Min, Wu, Xiang) younger sister


爺娘

/jɛ³⁵ ni̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/jɛː²¹ nœːŋ²¹/

/ia³⁵ n̠ʲiɔŋ²/

/i̯a¹¹ ŋi̯oŋ¹¹/

/ʒa⁵⁵ ŋioŋ⁵⁵/

/ɦia²² n̠ʲiã⁴⁴/

/ɦia²² n̠ʲiã²²/

/i̯a̠¹³ n̠ʲi̯æn¹³/

/jɛ³⁵ ni̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/jɛː²¹ nœːŋ²¹/

/ia³⁵ n̠ʲiɔŋ²/

/i̯a¹¹ ŋi̯oŋ¹¹/

/ʒa⁵⁵ ŋioŋ⁵⁵/

/ɦia²² n̠ʲiã⁴⁴/

/ɦia²² n̠ʲiã²²/

/i̯a̠¹³ n̠ʲi̯æn¹³/

No sound of her parents hailing their girl, just the rumbling waters of the Yellow River.

bù wén yéniáng huàn nǚ shēng, dàn wén Huánghé liúshuǐ míng jiànjiàn

不聞爺娘喚女聲，但聞黃河流水鳴濺濺

不闻爷娘唤女声，但闻黄河流水鸣溅溅

(literary or Gan, Hakka, Xiang, Wu) parents

毋識字怨爺娘，毋會賺錢怨屋場 / 毋识字怨爷娘，毋会赚钱怨屋场

m̀ sṳt-sṳ yen yà-ngiòng, m̀-voi chhon-chhièn yen vuk-chhòng

爺娘想子長江水，子想爺娘擔竿長 / 爷娘想子长江水，子想爷娘担竿长

yà-ngiòng sióng chṳ́ chhòng-kông súi, chṳ́ sióng yà-ngiòng tam-kôn chhòng


棒冰

/pɑŋ⁵¹ piŋ⁵⁵/

/pʰaːŋ¹³ pɪŋ⁵⁵/

/bɑ̃²² pin⁴⁴/

/pɑŋ⁵¹ piŋ⁵⁵/

/pʰaːŋ¹³ pɪŋ⁵⁵/

/bɑ̃²² pin⁴⁴/


風潮

/fɤŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵/

/fʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡sʰiːu̯²¹/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tiau¹³/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tiau²⁴/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tiau²⁴/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tiau²³/

/huaŋ³³⁻²³ tio⁵⁵/

/foŋ⁵⁵ zɔ²¹/

/fɤŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵/

/fʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡sʰiːu̯²¹/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tiau¹³/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tiau²⁴/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tiau²⁴/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tiau²³/

/huaŋ³³⁻²³ tio⁵⁵/

/foŋ⁵⁵ zɔ²¹/


夾肢窩

/kä⁵⁵ ɖ͡ʐ̥ʐ̩² wɔ⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ä³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ wɔ⁵⁵/

/kaːp̚³ t͡siː⁵⁵ wɔː⁵⁵/

/ka̠²⁴ t͡ɕi³³ o³³/

/kä⁵⁵ ɖ͡ʐ̥ʐ̩² wɔ⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ä³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ wɔ⁵⁵/

/kaːp̚³ t͡siː⁵⁵ wɔː⁵⁵/

/ka̠²⁴ t͡ɕi³³ o³³/

(chiefly Mandarin, Xiang, Wu, colloquial) armpit


筆劃

/pit̚³²⁻⁵ uiʔ¹²¹/

/pit̚³²⁻⁴ uiʔ⁴/

/pit̚³²⁻⁴ ueʔ⁴/

/pit̚⁵⁻²⁴ ueʔ²⁴/

/pit̚³²⁻⁵ uaʔ¹²¹/

/piɪʔ³³ ɦuaʔ⁴⁴/

/piɪʔ⁵⁵ ɦuɐʔ³³/

/piəʔ⁴⁴ uəʔ²¹²/

/pit̚³²⁻⁵ uiʔ¹²¹/

/pit̚³²⁻⁴ uiʔ⁴/

/pit̚³²⁻⁴ ueʔ⁴/

/pit̚⁵⁻²⁴ ueʔ²⁴/

/pit̚³²⁻⁵ uaʔ¹²¹/

/piɪʔ³³ ɦuaʔ⁴⁴/

/piɪʔ⁵⁵ ɦuɐʔ³³/

/piəʔ⁴⁴ uəʔ²¹²/

For pronunciation and definitions of 筆劃 – see 筆畫 (“stroke; number of strokes”).
(This term is a variant form of 筆畫).

zh-see

(Hokkien, Wu) stroke (of a Chinese character)


先頭

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/

/ɕiɛn⁵⁵ tʰəu²¹/

/ɕiæ̃²⁴ tʰou²⁴/

/siːn⁵⁵ tʰɐu̯²¹/

/siːn⁵⁵ tʰɐu̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻²² tʰau²⁴/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻²² tʰau¹³/

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/

/ɕiɛn⁵⁵ tʰəu²¹/

/ɕiæ̃²⁴ tʰou²⁴/

/siːn⁵⁵ tʰɐu̯²¹/

/siːn⁵⁵ tʰɐu̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻²² tʰau²⁴/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻²² tʰau¹³/


談話

/tʰän³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/tʰæ̃²⁴ xua⁴⁴/

/tʰaːm²¹ waː²²/

/tam²⁴⁻²² ue²²/

/tam²⁴⁻¹¹ ue³³/

/tam²³⁻³³ ue³³/

/tam²⁴⁻²² ue⁴¹/

/tam¹³⁻²² ua²²/

/tʰän³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/tʰæ̃²⁴ xua⁴⁴/

/tʰaːm²¹ waː²²/

/tam²⁴⁻²² ue²²/

/tam²⁴⁻¹¹ ue³³/

/tam²³⁻³³ ue³³/

/tam²⁴⁻²² ue⁴¹/

/tam¹³⁻²² ua²²/

(dialectal Wu) speech; language; dialect


冷飲

/lɤŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ in²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/laːŋ¹³ jɐm³⁵/

/liɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ im⁵³/

/liɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ im⁵⁵⁴/

/lɤŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ in²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/laːŋ¹³ jɐm³⁵/

/liɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ im⁵³/

/liɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ im⁵⁵⁴/


㜆

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 女 (“woman”) + phonetic 迷.


長遠

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ɥɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ jyːn¹³/

/t͡sʰoŋ¹¹ i̯en³¹/

/t͡ʃʰoŋ⁵⁵ ʒan²⁴/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² uan⁵⁵⁴/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² uan⁵³/

/tiaŋ¹³⁻²² uan⁵³/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²² uan⁵³/

/t͡sʰiaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ iaŋ⁵²/

/zã²² ɦyø⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ɥɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ jyːn¹³/

/t͡sʰoŋ¹¹ i̯en³¹/

/t͡ʃʰoŋ⁵⁵ ʒan²⁴/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² uan⁵⁵⁴/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² uan⁵³/

/tiaŋ¹³⁻²² uan⁵³/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²² uan⁵³/

/t͡sʰiaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ iaŋ⁵²/

/zã²² ɦyø⁴⁴/


㞞

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 尸 (“body”) + phonetic 從.

c. 1610, 蘭陵笑笑生, 《金瓶梅》 [The Plum in the Golden Vase], chapter 50:

You rascal, only today have you started eating cum, but who knows how much cum you've consumed before.

zéi cūn shúshú nǐ jīnrì cái chī sóng, nǐ cóngqián yǐhòu, bǎ sóng bùzhī chīle duōshǎo

賊村秫秫你今日纔吃㞞、你從前已後、把㞞不知吃了多少

贼村秫秫你今日才吃𪨊、你从前已后、把𪨊不知吃了多少

(Mandarin, Jin, Huizhou, Wu, colloquial) semen


㫰

Possibly from etymology 1.
Alternatively, possibly from alternative MC Reading of 晾 having went through voiced shang merger into qu. However, most Wu cognates demonstrate voiced qu tone, even in Southern Wu varieties that do not observed voiced shang merger into qu.
Compare Cantonese 晾 (long6).

(Wu) to let dry; to dry under the sun; to air-dry


㽱

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/

(Eastern Min, Wu) to have colic or sudden abdominal pain


小籠包

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (小籠包):
* → Vietnamese: tiểu long bao (小籠包)

→ English: xiaolongbao

→ Japanese: 小(しょう)籠(ろん)包(ぽう) (shōronpō)

→ Korean: 샤오룽바오 (syaorungbao)

ㄒㄧㄠˇ ㄌㄨㄥˊ ㄅㄠ

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ lʊŋ³⁵ pɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/siːu̯³⁵ lʊŋ²¹ paːu̯⁵⁵/

/ɕiɔ³³ loŋ⁵⁵ pɔ²¹/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ lʊŋ³⁵ pɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/siːu̯³⁵ lʊŋ²¹ paːu̯⁵⁵/

/ɕiɔ³³ loŋ⁵⁵ pɔ²¹/

(Wu, figurative) someone who pretends to be cute


老酒

/lɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lɔ¹¹⁻¹² t͡siəɯ¹¹/

/lou̯¹³ t͡sɐu̯³⁵/

/lɔ²² t͡ɕiɤ⁴⁴/

/lɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lɔ¹¹⁻¹² t͡siəɯ¹¹/

/lou̯¹³ t͡sɐu̯³⁵/

/lɔ²² t͡ɕiɤ⁴⁴/

(Nanjing Mandarin, Wu) any alcoholic drink

(Wu) huangjiu (especially from Shaoxing)


秦始皇

ㄑㄧㄣˊ ㄕˇ ㄏㄨㄤˊ

ㄑㄧㄣˊ ㄕˇ ㄏㄨㄤˊ

/t͡ɕʰin³⁵ ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ²⁴ ʂʐ̩²⁴ xuɑŋ²⁴/

/t͡sʰɵn²¹ t͡sʰiː³⁵ wɔːŋ²¹/

/t͡sin²⁴⁻²² si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hɔŋ²⁴/

/t͡sin²⁴⁻²² si⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ hɔŋ²⁴/

/t͡sin¹³⁻²² si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hɔŋ¹³/

/t͡sin²⁴⁻¹¹ si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hɔŋ²⁴/

/t͡sin²³⁻³³ si⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ hɔŋ²³/

/t͡sʰiŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ si⁵²⁻³⁵ huaŋ⁵⁵/

/ʑin²² sz̩⁵⁵ ɦuɑ̃²¹/

/t͡ɕʰin³⁵ ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ²⁴ ʂʐ̩²⁴ xuɑŋ²⁴/

/t͡sʰɵn²¹ t͡sʰiː³⁵ wɔːŋ²¹/

/t͡sin²⁴⁻²² si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hɔŋ²⁴/

/t͡sin²⁴⁻²² si⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ hɔŋ²⁴/

/t͡sin¹³⁻²² si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hɔŋ¹³/

/t͡sin²⁴⁻¹¹ si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hɔŋ²⁴/

/t͡sin²³⁻³³ si⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ hɔŋ²³/

/t͡sʰiŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ si⁵²⁻³⁵ huaŋ⁵⁵/

/ʑin²² sz̩⁵⁵ ɦuɑ̃²¹/


雪糕

desc

→ Early Modern Korean: 셜교 (syelkywo, “white rice cake”)

Korean: 설기 (seolgi, “white rice cake”)

/ɕy̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ kɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/suat̚³²⁻⁴ kɤ⁴⁴/

/soʔ²⁻⁴ ko³³/

/ɕiɪʔ³³ kɔ⁴⁴/

/ɕy̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ kɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/suat̚³²⁻⁴ kɤ⁴⁴/

/soʔ²⁻⁴ ko³³/

/ɕiɪʔ³³ kɔ⁴⁴/

(Mandarin, Hokkien, Wu) ice cream popsicle


圖書

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (圖書):
* → Japanese: 図(と)書(しょ) (tosho)
* → Korean: 도서(圖書) (doseo)

/tʰu³⁵ ʂu⁵⁵/

/tʰou̯²¹ syː⁵⁵/

/tɔ²⁴⁻²² su⁴⁴/

/tɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ su⁴⁴/

/tɔ²³⁻³³ su⁴⁴/

/tɔ²⁴⁻²² t͡sɯ³³/

/tɔ¹³⁻²² si⁴⁴/

/tou⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sɯ³³/

/tʰu³⁵ ʂu⁵⁵/

/tʰou̯²¹ syː⁵⁵/

/tɔ²⁴⁻²² su⁴⁴/

/tɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ su⁴⁴/

/tɔ²³⁻³³ su⁴⁴/

/tɔ²⁴⁻²² t͡sɯ³³/

/tɔ¹³⁻²² si⁴⁴/

/tou⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sɯ³³/

(Wu, dated) seal; chop; stamp (device for stamping designs, or indentation or imprint made by stamping)


我儂

→ Malay: kita orang, kitorang (calque)

/wɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ nʊŋ³⁵/

/kuaʔ³²⁻⁴ naŋ¹³/

/kuaʔ³²⁻²⁴ naŋ¹³/

/ɡua⁴²⁻²⁴ laŋ²⁴/

/ua⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ laŋ²³/

/ua⁴²⁻²⁴ laŋ²⁴/

/ŋu²² noŋ⁴⁴/

/ɦu²² noŋ⁴⁴/

/wɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ nʊŋ³⁵/

/kuaʔ³²⁻⁴ naŋ¹³/

/kuaʔ³²⁻²⁴ naŋ¹³/

/ɡua⁴²⁻²⁴ laŋ²⁴/

/ua⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ laŋ²³/

/ua⁴²⁻²⁴ laŋ²⁴/

/ŋu²² noŋ⁴⁴/

/ɦu²² noŋ⁴⁴/

(dialectal, chiefly Wu, Gan, Puxian Min) I; me


燒飯

/ʂɑʊ̯⁵⁵ fän⁵¹/

/sæ⁴⁴ ve²³¹/

/ʂɑʊ̯⁵⁵ fän⁵¹/

/sæ⁴⁴ ve²³¹/

(originally Wu) to cook food; to do the cooking


老伯伯

/lɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ pu̯ɔ³⁵ b̥u̯ɔ³/

/lɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ pu̯ɔ³⁵ b̥u̯ɔ³/

(Wu) paternal uncle (father's elder brother)


伊面

† - there (close to audience); ‡ - over there


污糟

/u⁵⁵ t͡sɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/u⁵⁵ t͡sɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

dim² gaai² nei⁵ faai³ min⁶ gam³ wu¹ zou¹ ge²?

點解你塊面咁污糟嘅？

点解你块面咁污糟嘅？

(chiefly Liuzhou Mandarin, Cantonese, Wu) dirty


長遠勿見

/zã²² ɦyø⁵⁵ vəʔ³³ t͡ɕi²¹/

/zã²² ɦyø³³ fəʔ⁴⁴ t͡ɕɪ/

/zã²² ɦyø⁵⁵ vəʔ³³ t͡ɕi²¹/

/zã²² ɦyø³³ fəʔ⁴⁴ t͡ɕɪ/


交關

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ku̯än⁵⁵/

/kaːu̯⁵⁵ kʷaːn⁵⁵/

/kau̯²⁴⁻¹¹ kon²⁴/

/t͡ɕiɔ⁵⁵ kue²¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ku̯än⁵⁵/

/kaːu̯⁵⁵ kʷaːn⁵⁵/

/kau̯²⁴⁻¹¹ kon²⁴/

/t͡ɕiɔ⁵⁵ kue²¹/

交關物事

交关物事


交關

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ku̯än⁵⁵/

/kaːu̯⁵⁵ kʷaːn⁵⁵/

/kau̯²⁴⁻¹¹ kon²⁴/

/t͡ɕiɔ⁵⁵ kue²¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ku̯än⁵⁵/

/kaːu̯⁵⁵ kʷaːn⁵⁵/

/kau̯²⁴⁻¹¹ kon²⁴/

/t͡ɕiɔ⁵⁵ kue²¹/

(literary, Southern Min, Hakka, Wu) to do business


交關

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ku̯än⁵⁵/

/kaːu̯⁵⁵ kʷaːn⁵⁵/

/kau̯²⁴⁻¹¹ kon²⁴/

/t͡ɕiɔ⁵⁵ kue²¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ku̯än⁵⁵/

/kaːu̯⁵⁵ kʷaːn⁵⁵/

/kau̯²⁴⁻¹¹ kon²⁴/

/t͡ɕiɔ⁵⁵ kue²¹/

交關漂亮／交关漂亮 [Shanghainese] ― ¹ciau-kue ⁵phiau-lian [Wugniu] ― extremely pretty

It gets very hot here when the sun comes out.

⁸geq-taq ⁵tha-yan ⁷iq-tsheq ⁶zhieu ¹ciau-kue-gniq-gheq

搿搭太陽一出就會交關熱個。

搿搭太阳一出就会交关热个。

Official Wei said, “he’s fifty-something years old. The old man really likes to play.”

渭臣道：「有五十幾歲哉。老老頭交關歡喜白相。」

渭臣道：「有五十几岁哉。老老头交关欢喜白相。」

(Wu) very; quite; seriously; tremendously; terribly; extremely


辰光

/ʈ͡ʂʰən³⁵ ku̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/sɐn²¹ kʷɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/sin²⁴⁻²² kɔŋ³³/

/sin¹³⁻²² kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/sin²⁴⁻²² kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/zən²² kuɑ̃⁴⁴/

/zən²² kuɑ̃³³/

/ʈ͡ʂʰən³⁵ ku̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/sɐn²¹ kʷɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/sin²⁴⁻²² kɔŋ³³/

/sin¹³⁻²² kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/sin²⁴⁻²² kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/zən²² kuɑ̃⁴⁴/

/zən²² kuɑ̃³³/

啥辰光


我伲

/ŋu²² n̠ʲi⁴⁴/

/ŋəu²³ n̠ʲi¹¹/

/ŋu²² n̠ʲi⁴⁴/

/ŋəu²³ n̠ʲi¹¹/

Cedao Ngunik Dungc Lu Sin Siensang k Si, Nguni iao Huonzen Hi lag Venz Kekeg Fangmien Peg Nguni k Ig'cig Kiaoxyn! (original Sin Wenz)
追悼我伲格同志魯迅先生格死，我伲要完成伊勒文字改革方面撥我伲格一切教訓！ [Wu, trad.]
追悼我伲格同志鲁迅先生格死，我伲要完成伊勒文字改革方面拨我伲格一切教训！ [Wu, simp.]

1938 October 19, 上海新文字研究會, quoted in 1987, 倪海曙, 拉丁化新文字運動的始末和編年紀事, item 320

Mourning our comrade Lu Xun, we need to accomplish his teachings he has given us in script reform!


屋裡向

/oʔ³³ li⁵⁵ ɕiã²¹/

/oʔ³³ li⁵⁵ ɕiã²¹/


事體

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹ tʰi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/siː²² tʰɐi̯³⁵/

/zz̩²² tʰi⁴⁴/

/zz̩²³ tʰi¹¹/

/zz̩²² tʰi¹³/

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹ tʰi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/siː²² tʰɐi̯³⁵/

/zz̩²² tʰi⁴⁴/

/zz̩²³ tʰi¹¹/

/zz̩²² tʰi⁴⁴/

/zz̩²² tʰi¹³/

⁸geq-tsaon ⁶zy-thi ⁶non ⁶zhieu ⁶viau ⁵kaon ⁰leq

搿樁事體儂就覅講了！

搿桩事体侬就覅讲了！

Xuē Pán biàn bǎ Xiānglián qiánhòu shìtǐ shuō le yī biàn.

薛蟠便把湘蓮前後事體說了一遍。

薛蟠便把湘莲前后事体说了一遍。

Tīng shuō fǔ lǐ dàrén bù jiàn tā fùqīn, yǐ dào yámén lǐtóu qiú shīyé qù le, Wú shì biàn zhī shìtǐ bùhǎo, lìkè jiào rén bǎ sān bān tóu'ér qǐng lái.

聽說府裡大人不見他父親，已到衙門裡頭求師爺去了，吳氏便知事體不好，立刻叫人把三班頭兒請來。

听说府里大人不见他父亲，已到衙门里头求师爷去了，吴氏便知事体不好，立刻叫人把三班头儿请来。

¹au-fen-gheq ⁶zy-thi-meq ⁶zan-tsaon ⁶yeu

拗分個事體末常莊有。

拗分个事体末常庄有。

That's not ok! If I keep thinking like this, the thing about me being an assassin would be known to everyone!

2022, 上海话阿尼亚这么可爱？？沪语配音【间谍过家家】！

⁶veq₈-le-se ⁰gheq ⁰ya ⁷iq-jiq ⁸diq-nen ⁵shian ⁰gheq ⁶ghe-gho ⁶wu ⁶zy ⁷saq-seu ⁸geq-tsaon ⁶zy-thi ⁶veq₈-jieu ⁷peq ⁶gnin-ka ⁵shiau-teq-leq

勿來三個呀！一直迭能想個閒話，我是殺手搿樁事體勿就撥人家曉得了。

2022, 上海话阿尼亚这么可爱？？沪语配音【间谍过家家】！

勿来三个呀！一直迭能想个闲话，我是杀手搿桩事体勿就拨人家晓得了。

(literary or Puxian Min, Wu) thing; matter


戇大

/ɡɑ̃²² du⁴⁴/

/ɡɑŋ¹¹ du⁵³/

/ɡɑ̃²² du⁴⁴/

/ɡɑŋ¹¹ du⁵³/

From 戇／戆 + 大, though a common folk etymology states that this is from English gander.

⁶non ⁶na-nen ¹ka ⁶deu-ng-deu-loq ⁰gheq ⁰la ⁶gaon-du

儂哪能投五投六個啦？戇大！

侬哪能投五投六个啦？戆大！

Idiot, we call it something else in Shanghainese.

2022, 上海话阿尼亚这么可爱？？沪语配音【间谍过家家】！

⁵shiau-gaon-du ⁶zaon-he ⁶ghe-gho ⁸geq-gheq ⁵ciau ⁸gnioq-moe-deu

小戇大，上海閒話搿個叫「肉饅頭」。

2022, 上海话阿尼亚这么可爱？？沪语配音【间谍过家家】！

小戆大，上海闲话搿个叫「肉馒头」。


小囡

/ɕiɔ³³ nø⁴⁴/

/siæ⁵² nø³³/

/ɕiɔ³³ nø⁴⁴/

/siæ⁵² nø³³/


號頭

/xɑʊ̯⁵¹ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/

/xɑʊ̯⁵¹ tʰɤʊ̯ɻʷ³⁵/

/hou̯²² tʰɐu̯²¹/

/ho²²⁻²¹ tʰau²⁴/

/ho⁴¹⁻²² tʰau²⁴/

/xɑʊ̯⁵¹ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/

/xɑʊ̯⁵¹ tʰɤʊ̯ɻʷ³⁵/

/hou̯²² tʰɐu̯²¹/

/ho²²⁻²¹ tʰau²⁴/

/ho⁴¹⁻²² tʰau²⁴/


姆媽

/m̩⁵³⁻⁴⁴ mã⁵³/

/m̩³³ ma̠³³/

/m̩³³ mä⁴⁴⁵/

/m̩⁵³⁻⁴⁴ mã⁵³/

/m̩³³ ma̠³³/

/m̩³³ mä⁴⁴⁵/

(dialectal, chiefly Gan, Wu, Xiang) mother


儂早

/noŋ³³ t͡sɔ³⁴/

/noŋ³³ t͡sɔ³⁴/


兩家頭

/liã²² ka⁵⁵ dɤ²¹/

/liã²² kɑ³³ døy/

/liã²² ka⁵⁵ dɤ²¹/

/liã²² kɑ³³ døy/

(Wu) the two of them in a couple, a pair


對勿起

/te³³ vəʔ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi²¹/

/te⁵² fəʔ³³ t͡ɕʰi/

/te³³ vəʔ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi²¹/

/te⁵² fəʔ³³ t͡ɕʰi/

You came to see my son, but he happens to not be here right now, sorry.

⁶non ⁶le ⁶zhin ⁶ngu ⁶gni-tsy ⁶yi ⁵tsen-hau ⁶veq₈-laq-he ⁵te-veq-chi

儂來尋我兒子，伊正好勿辣海，對勿起。

侬来寻我儿子，伊正好勿辣海，对勿起。


搿搶

/ɡəʔ¹¹ t͡ɕʰiã²³/

/ɡəʔ¹¹ t͡ɕʰiã²³/

搿搶儂身體好𠲎？

搿抢侬身体好𠲎？


𠲎

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 伐 (Shanghainese: vaq).
Contraction of 勿啊, literally "or not".

Han compound

搿搶儂身體好𠲎？

搿抢侬身体好𠲎？

(Wu, including Shanghainese) final interrogative particle on a yes/no question.


勿要緊

/vəʔ²² iɔ⁵⁵ t͡ɕin²¹/

/vəʔ²² iɔ⁴⁴ t͡ɕin⁵¹/

/fəʔ⁵⁵ iæ⁵¹ t͡ɕin/

/fəʔ⁵⁵ iɔ³³⁴ t͡ɕin⁵³/

/fəʔ⁵⁵ iɔ³³ t͡ɕin²¹/

/fəʔ⁵⁵ iɔ⁵⁵ t͡ɕiən³¹/

/veʔ¹ ɦiɒ⁵⁵ t͡ɕiŋ⁵²/

/fəʔ⁴⁴ iɑu³³ t͡ɕiŋ⁵³⁵/

/vəʔ²² iɔ⁵⁵ t͡ɕin²¹/

/vəʔ²² iɔ⁴⁴ t͡ɕin⁵¹/

/fəʔ⁵⁵ iæ⁵¹ t͡ɕin/

/fəʔ⁵⁵ iɔ³³⁴ t͡ɕin⁵³/

/fəʔ⁵⁵ iɔ³³ t͡ɕin²¹/

/fəʔ⁵⁵ iɔ⁵⁵ t͡ɕiən³¹/

/veʔ¹ ɦiɒ⁵⁵ t͡ɕiŋ⁵²/

/fəʔ⁴⁴ iɑu³³ t͡ɕiŋ⁵³⁵/

(Wu) no problem; it doesn't matter; you're welcome


勿好意思

/vəʔ¹¹ hɔ²² i²² sz̩²³/

/vəʔ¹¹ hɔ²² i²² sz̩²³/

⁶veq₈-hau-i-sy ⁸geq-taq ⁵i-cin ⁶yeu ⁶gnin ⁶zu-leq

勿好意思，搿搭已經有人坐了。

勿好意思，搿搭已经有人坐了。


窗口頭

/t͡sʰɑ̃⁵⁵ kʰɤ³³ dɤ²¹/

/t͡sʰɑ̃⁵⁵ kʰɤ³³ dɤ²¹/


嘸沒關係

/m̩²² məʔ³³ kue⁵⁵ ɕi²¹/

/m̩²² məʔ³³ kue⁵⁵ ɕi²¹/