愛

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (愛):
* → Japanese: 愛(あい) (ai)
* → Korean: 애(愛) (ae)
* → Vietnamese: ái (愛)

→? Proto-Hlai: *ʔəːp (“to love”)

Originally 㤅 (xì), a phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qɯːds): phonetic 旡 (OC *kɯds) + semantic 心 (“heart”). However, the phonetic component indicates somebody kneeling with an open mouth, perhaps, trilling.
As early as the Qin dynasty, a meaningless component 夊 (suī, “foot”) was added to the bottom of the character, as with some other characters depicting people. Compare 憂 /忧 (yōu) (from 㥑). Hence, the character changed into 𢙴.
Further corruption of the top component of 𢙴 turned the original phonetic 旡 (jì) into ⿱爫冖.
Based on Baxter's (1992) Old Chinese reconstruction /*ʔɨts/, STEDT suggests that it is from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ŋ-(w)aːj (“to copulate; to love; to be gentle”). Compare Proto-Karen *ʔai (“to love”), whence Pa'o Karen [script needed] (ʔái, “to love”), S'gaw Karen အဲၣ် (ʼeh̀, “to love”); Southern Bai e⁴⁴ (“love”); Mizo hma-ngaih (“to love, to like”); Jingpho nwai (“to respect, to love”), ngwi (“to be gentle”); Burmese ငွေ့ (ngwe., “to be gentle, moderate”). The Chinese word is related to a Tibeto-Burman allofam without initial *ŋ-. STEDT states that an Old Chinese reconstruction of /*ʔɨjs/ for 愛 is also possible because Old Chinese rhyming does not provide direct evidence of contacts with *-t.
However, Baxter and Sagart (2014) reconstructs /*[q]ˁə[p]-s/, which ends in *-p-s instead. The Old Chinese contrast between *-p-s and *-t-s was lost at a late stage of Old Chinese. The final *-p is not reflected in the Tibeto-Burman comparandum provided by STEDT, making the likelihood that the Chinese form is related to the rest very low (Sagart, 2019). Behr (2016) suggests a derivation from a verbal root meaning "to draw in; to inhale; to suck in", relating it to 吸 (OC *qʰ(r)əp, “to inhale”), 欱 (OC *qʰˁ[ə]p, “to sip”), 愾 (OC *qʰəp-s, “to sigh with regret”), 僾 (OC *qˁəp-s, “to pant”), 氣 (OC *C.qʰəp-s, “vapour; breath”).
;"to maltreat, to abuse"

cog

爱
㤅
𢙴
𢛭
𢜤
𤔠
𤔤
𢟪
𢖻
要

我唔愛咁多。

我唔爱咁多。

(Can we date this quote?), “快樂希望”, 饒瑞軍 (lyrics), 織田哲郎 [Tetsurō Oda] (music), performed by 龔心怡, cover of ゆめいっぱい [Yume Ippai]:

khoai-lo̍k chhiu he sióng oi mak-ke chhiu tet-tó

快樂就係 想愛麼個就得著

快乐就系 想爱么个就得着

(Cantonese, Hakka, Wu, Hokkien, Teochew) to want (an object)


青

靑
寈
㞭
𡗡
𡴏
𡴑
𡷉
𤯝
𤯞

2014, “媽媽的菜”, 浩子 (lyrics)performed by 浩角翔起:

我欲尚青的現撈仔

我欲尚青的现捞仔

2017, “人情味 [rénqíngwèi]”, 郭之儀 (lyrics)performed by 蔡佳麟:

Chia̍h phiàn liáu san-tin-hái-bī, Pó-tó siōng chhiⁿ

After eating all kinds of delicacies, Formosa's are the freshest

吃遍了山珍海味 寶島上青

吃遍了山珍海味 宝岛上青

(Hokkien) alternative form of 鮮 /鲜 (chhiⁿ)

1991, “西北雨請你慢且落”, 李子恆 (lyrics), performed by 羅時豐 and 李芳雯:

With a pretty suit, happy to go to a date

iûⁿ-chong chhiⁿ-chhiⁿ, hoaⁿ-hí beh lâi-khì iok-hōe

洋裝青青 歡喜要來去約會

洋装青青 欢喜要来去约会

alternative form of 鮮 /鲜 (chhiⁿ)
bright; pretty; neat


赤

→ Proto-Mien: *sekᴰ (“red”)

/t͡sʰiɪk̚³²/

/t͡sʰiɪk̚³²/

Characters in the same phonetic series (赤) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 大 (“person, big”) + 火 (“fire”) – the color of fire (a person by a fire). The original version is 𤆍.
The man on top is simplified as 土 as in 去 and 走 (< 𧺆). The fire is stylized as well, but an intermediate and obsolete variant is 灻.
Perhaps from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *qrak (“blood; red”), whence Tibetan ཁྲག (khrag, “blood”) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007). Related to 赫 (OC *qʰraːɡ, “bright red”) and possibly 奭 (OC *hjaɡ, “majestic; red”).

Han compound

(Hokkien) to brown (to cook something until it becomes brown)

(Hokkien) fierce and unreasonable; tough and unable to talk sense (especially of a woman)

(Mainland China Hokkien) poor; impoverished


底

2024, “過路客”, in 蔡宜霖 (lyrics), 楊子兆 (music), 青花姐仔, performed by 黃妃 [Huang Fei]:

啊 我的心 若底落雪

(Hokkien) alternative form of 咧 (teh, “in the process of; currently”)


千

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (千):
* → Japanese: 千(せん) (sen)
* → Korean: 천(千) (cheon)
* → Vietnamese: thiên (千)

→ Old Uyghur: 𐽻𐽶𐽺 (sén)

→ Zhuang: cien (“thousand”)

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰiẽ̞³³⁴/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰiẽ̞³³⁴/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sn̥ʰiːn): semantic 一 (“one, signifying a number”) + phonetic 人 (OC *njin). The Old Chinese pronunciations of 千 (OC *sn̥ʰiːn) and 人 (OC *njin) were similar. For the component 人, compare its combining form 亻.
The traditional explanation holds that the extra line indicates an extension (see the etymologies of 年 and 延). 千 has the meaning one thousand because one thousand is a number that is reached by extending one's counting.
Unclear. Schuessler (2007) notes similar forms in Mon-Khmer, though their initials and finals do not match Old Chinese; compare Vietnamese nghìn and Old Mon lṅim (whence Mon လ္ၚီ (ŋìm)), all meaning "thousand". Also compare Proto-Hlai *C-ŋin.

cog

Mon လ္ၚီ (ŋìm)

(Hokkien) fortuitous; coincidental; opportune


入

Ideogram (指事) - an arrowhead indicating "to enter".
Compare 人 (rén).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *nup ~ nip. Cognate with Tibetan ནུབ (nub, “to fall (gradually), sink, to set; to decay, to decline”) and Burmese နိပ် (nip, “to decline (e.g. price); to be suppressed, to settle, to be quelled”).
Chinese characters belonging to the same word family include:
* 納 (OC *nuːb, “to make enter”)
* 內 (OC *nuːbs, “inside”)
* 軜 (OC *nuːb, “reins on the inside of the horse”)
* 妠 (OC *nuːms, *nuːb, *rnoːd, “to marry (a girl)”)
* 躡 (OC *neb, “to tiptoe, tread”)
* 攝 (OC *neːb, *ʔnjeb, “to take in, photograph, grasp”)
* 鑷 (OC *neb, “tweezers, forceps”)
* and potentially Cantonese 擸 (laap3, “to bring together, to collect”)
The regular Mandarin pronunciation as predicted from Middle Chinese is rì. The irregular sound change is for taboo reasons - to avoid homophony with its derived vulgar meaning "to enter > to have sexual intercourse", nowadays represented by 日 (rì).

zh-m

入信封

入袋

(Cantonese, Hokkien) to put something into


激

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kleːwɢs, *kleːwɢ): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 敫 (OC *kleːwɢs, *ɢlewɢ, *kleːwɢ) – (of water) to swash.

Han compound

(Hokkien, Teochew) to brew; to ferment; to distill; to make (alcoholic beverage, etc.)

(Hokkien) to pretend; to feign; to put on; to simulate

(Mainland China Hokkien) to suffocate; to asphyxiate


烈

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *red): phonetic 列 (OC *red) + semantic 灬 (“fire”).

Han compound

烈火

鼎火真烈。


白

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (白):
* → Japanese: 白(はく) (haku)
* → Korean: 백(白) (baek)
* → Jeju: 벡 (bek)
* → Vietnamese: bạch (白)

→ Proto-Southwestern Tai: *pʰɯəkᴰ¹ᴸ

Lao: ເຜືອກ (phư̄ak)

Thai: เผือก (pʉ̀ʉak)

→ Proto-Vietic: *baːk

Vietnamese: bạc

desc

→ Vietnamese: bệch (“chalky; sickly white”)

Characters in the same phonetic series (白) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Unclear; probably a pictogram (象形).
Guo (1954) suggests that it represents a thumb and is original form of 拇 (*mɯʔ) or, more probably, 擘 (*preːɡ).
Alternatively, Unger (apud Schuessler, 2007) suggests that it represents an acorn, noting its use in 樂 /乐 (“oak”) (= 櫟 /栎) and 皂 (zào, “acorn”). In this interpretation, the meaning of “white” is derived from the color of an acorn's inside. Unrelated to the top component of 原.
STEDT derives it from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *bawk (“white”), whence also Proto-Bodo-Garo *bok (“white”), Limbu ᤑ (phô, “white”); also compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *kɓɔɔk (“white, grey”).
However, Schuessler (2007) finds it difficult to reconcile these forms with Middle Chinese due to the lack of medial r. Instead, he proposes a derivation from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *bar (“white”) with -k extension, thus cognate with 皤 (OC *baːl, “white”) (Wang, 1982), Mizo vâr (“(to be) white”), Proto-Karen *ʔ(b)wa (“white”).

Han etyl

白䭕

白𬲕

白煠

(Hokkien) cooked with just water without adding any seasoning

白肉

(Hokkien) greasy; with a lot of fat or oil

販仔白

贩仔白

to publicly disclose and get all the words and things clear in person

跋白


上

Ideogram (指事): a line above another (contrast 下 (xià)) — up. Originally written as 𠄞, but changed to this form to prevent confusion with 二 (èr).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tVŋ (“top”). Cognate with Tibetan སྟེང (steng), Tibetan ཡང་རྩེ (yang rtse, “summit; pinnacle”) (Bodman, 1980), Mizo zo (“to be high”), zah (“to respect; to revere”) (STEDT).
Shijing rimes indicate occasional level tone for pronunciation 2 (Schuessler, 2007).
Pronunciation 1 is the exopassive of pronunciation 2 with suffix *-s, literally meaning "what has been raised" (Schuessler, 2007). The rising tone in Middle Chinese words with voiced stop initials regularly evolves into departing tone in Mandarin. Pronunciation 3 results from 叶韻 (xiéyùn), i.e. its pronunciation has been artificially changed to preserve rhymes in classical poetry.

cog

2014, “上水的花 [The Most Beautiful Flower]”, in 姚若龍 [Daryl Yao] (lyrics), 蕭煌奇 [Ricky Hsiao] (music), 上水的花 [The Most Beautiful Flower], performed by 蕭煌奇 [Ricky Hsiao]:

The most beautiful flower, if it pierced the heart, it would still bleed

siōng súi ê hoe, nā-sī chha̍k-tio̍h sim mā ē lâu-hoeh

上水的花 若是刺著心嘛會流血

上水的花 若是刺着心嘛会流血


下

Characters in the same phonetic series (下) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
In oracle bone script, it is an ideogram (指事) that shows the concept of "down" by showing one line below another (contrast 上). This form evolved into 下 in later scripts, the character used today.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(k/g)la-k/j/t (“to fall”) (STEDT):
* inside Sinitic, cognate with 落 (OC *ɡ·raːɡ, “to fall, to drop”), 露 (OC *ɡ·raːɡs, “dew”), 陊 (OC *l'aːlʔ, *l'alʔ, “to collapse”) and 阤 (OC *l'alʔ, *hljalʔ, “hillside, slope”);
* outside Sinitic, cognate with Mizo tla ~ tlâk (“to fall”), thla ~ thlâk (“to drop”), Burmese ကျ (kya., “to fall”) and ချ (hkya., “to drop”).
Schuessler (2007) instead proposed an Austroasiatic origin by comparing 下 (OC *ɡraːʔ, “to descend, down, below”) to Khmer [script needed] (gra'ka, “be low, debased”); additionally, he suggested that Sino-Tibetan influence had possibly caused the weakening of foreign final *-k to OC final *-ʔ. He derives the departing tone (去聲) pronunciation via two derivations:
* 下 (OC *ɡraːs, “to be put down”) is an exopassive derivation (ibid.);
* 下 (OC *ɡraːs, “to descend, to fall”) is a later, general departing tone derivative (ibid.).

cog

下賂

下赂

(transitive) (with limited objects, often figuratively) to put something down

下願

下愿

下神下佛


丟

2003, “爽到你艱苦到我”, in 李岩修 (lyrics), 徐嘉良 (music), 爽到你艱苦到我, performed by 蔡秋鳳 [Kerris Tsai]:

gún ná ē chhiūⁿ phòa-pò͘, hō͘ lí tàn tī-leh toh-á-kha

阮那會像破布 乎你丢置咧桌仔腳

阮那会像破布 乎你丢置咧桌仔脚

2010, “三心兩意 [Don't Think Too Much]”, 巴布 (lyrics), 林東松 (music), performed by 黃文星 [Hwang Weng-Sing] and 曾昱嘉 [Tseng Yu-Jia]:

Her photo is already thrown to my bedside, but my heart is still filled with sorrow

i ê siòng-phìⁿ í-keng tàn tī chhn̂g-piⁿ, iá-sī móa-sim pi-ai

她的相片已經丟治床邊 還是滿心悲哀

她的相片已经丢治床边 还是满心悲哀

(Hokkien) alternative form of 擲 /掷 (tàn, “to throw; to hurl”)


乎

There's so many cars on the road, right?

街路車真濟，乎？

街路车真济，乎？

Lí kin-á-li̍t beh chhut-khì chhit-thô hohⁿ?

你今仔日欲出去𨑨迌乎？

(Hokkien) Sentence-final particle expressing doubt with a question, especially to ask for confirmation: right?


乏

Possibly an ideogram (指事) generated by replacing uppermost stroke of 正 (“straight; right”) with a slanted stroke 丿 — not right; lacking.
According to Shuowen, an ideogram (指事) created from reversing 正 (“straight; right”). This is more evident in the Small Seal Script form.

(Hokkien) lacking; insufficient; inadequate

Drinking alcohol should be in moderation.

酒著乏咧啉。

酒着乏咧啉。

(Hokkien) to be moderate; to abstain; to check; to restrict oneself (in food, usage, spending, addiction, etc.)


了

According to the Shuowen Jiezi, a pictogram (象形) of a baby without arms. Compare with 子, where the arms are visible. The Shuowen defines 了 as "the crossing of lower legs".
In the Shuowen Jiezi Zhu, a commentary to the Shuowen Jiezi, it is said that the pictogram instead depicts entangled legs (了戾).
Its relation with the meaning "to finish" is likely via sound loan, but an argument can be made about "entangled legs" → "tie"→ "finish".
Unrelated to 亨.
Verb “to finish; to be completed” > perfective aspect particle (了₁, weakened form) > change-of-state modal particle (了₂). It eventually replaced classical 矣 (OC *ɢlɯʔ).
Two kinds of particle uses of 了 can be distinguished: the perfective aspect particle after verbs (conventionally written as 了₁) and the sentence-final modal particle (了₂). It is generally accepted (Wu, 1998) that these two uses of 了 are derived from the concrete verb “to finish”. The grammaticalisation of this verb had become common in the Tang Dynasty, initially in the form of ‹verb + (object) + perfective 了› to indicate the completion of an action.
The perfective particle subsequently underwent further grammaticalisation to become the sentence-final change-of-state modal particle; Liu (1985) has demonstrated that this last step may have involved the coalescence of sentence-final 了 with 也 in certain Mandarin dialects, as the pronunciations of 了₁ and 了₂ are distinct in these dialects, with 了₂ rhyming with 也.
Contrary to the suggestion in Schuessler (2007), this word is not related to Vietnamese rồi, due to the non-existent correspondence between any given phonemes. Thai แล้ว (lɛ́ɛo, “to be finished; already; then, afterwards”), Lao ແລ້ວ (lǣu, “to finish; to be completed; perfective particle”) are loans from Chinese.

(Hokkien) to use up; to lose; to waste; to squander


予

與 (OC *laʔ) is often considered to be the original character (Lin, 1998, 1999; Mei, 2007); Taiwan's Ministry of Education considers the cognate 予 (OC *laʔ) to be the original character. In either case, this would be the same word as etymology 1.
Alternatively, Zhao (1991) argues that this is a Kra-Dai substrate, suggesting a borrowing from Proto-Tai *haɰꟲ (“to give”), whence Zhuang hawj (“to give; to allow”) and Bouyei haec (“to give; to allow”). Note that the Tai word has been connected to Middle Chinese 許 (MC xjoX, “to allow”) (Manomaivibool, 1975). On the other hand, Zheng (2008) considers both the Hokkien word and the Kra-Dai word to be derived from 與.
Assuming 與 to be the etymon, there are also various theories on the development of the h- initial:
* Old Chinese /*ɡl/ → /*ɡ/ → /*ɣ/ → /h/ (Mei, 2007);
* Fricativization of the /*l/ initial in Old Chinese, possibly originating in the Chu dialect (Zheng, 2008);
* /tʰ/ (Quanzhou) → /h/ (other varieties) (Lin, 1998; Zhou, 2006; Taiwan's Ministry of Education).
Sagart (2017c) considers 與 /与 to be a problematic etymon but agrees with the third theory on the development of h- above. He suggests that a possible trigger for the change from /tʰ/ to /h/ is that /tʰɔ/ is often used with 乞 /kʰit/, allowing /kʰit tʰɔ/ to be reanalysed as /kʰit hɔ/. This etymology was also independently proposed by Lien (2002).

互
乎
與
護
付
給
呼
後
候
𢗝
厚
被
讓
使
俾
度

樹頭徛予在，毋驚樹尾做風颱 / 树头徛予在，毋惊树尾做风台

chhiū-thâu khiā hō͘ chāi, m̄ kiaⁿ chhiū-bóe chò-hong-thai

伊予我五箍。

予伊去！

伊予人拍。

(Hokkien, Teochew) by (used in constructing the passive)


交

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

Pictogram (象形) – a human with crossed legs. In today's writing, the upper part of the human is similar to 立, which in turn depicts a man standing. Unrelated to 父.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *rjaw (“mix”); cognate with Burmese ရော (rau:, “to mix”), Jingpho yau (“be mixed”), kəjau (“to mix, intermix”), compare Chepang [script needed] (ljawh-ʔo, “mixed”) and Proto-Mienic *klaau³ (Schuessler, 2007).

alt. forms: 郊 (jiāo)

(Hokkien, dated) Used to refer to a private wholesale trading company


什

(Can we date this quote?), “留戀什路用”, 葉俊麟 (lyrics), 邱芳德 (music), performed by 陳一郎:

What use is there to think with nostalgia about the horse lamp in my mind?

náu-hái tiong ê cháu-bé-teng, liû-loân siáⁿ lō͘-ēng

腦海中的走馬燈 留戀什路用

脑海中的走马灯 留恋什路用

(Can we date this quote?), “愈遥远愈想你”, 郭之仪 (lyrics), 郭之仪 (music)performed by 卓勤培:

這到底是什日子

这到底是什日子

(Hokkien) alternative form of 啥 (“what”)


伸

/t͡sʰuoŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰɯəŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰuoŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰɯəŋ⁵⁴⁴/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *hlin): semantic 亻 (“man”) + phonetic 申 (OC *hlin).
STEDT derives the word from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tsjan ~ *dzjan (“to stretch out”), and compares Burmese ဆင်း (hcang:, “idem”), though the Old Chinese reconstructions make this somewhat problematic.


佇

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *daʔ): semantic 人 (“man”) + phonetic 宁 (OC *da, *daʔ).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-ta-t (“to put; to place”). Cognate with 著 (OC *tas, *taɡ, *daɡ), 署 (OC *djas) (Schuessler, 2007).

inh

伫
竚
𡀐
𥩽
貯
在
置
㑏

(Hokkien) to be at; to be in; to be located


佗

Probably from 底 (Yang, 2002):
* tai → ta (→ taʔ);
* tue → to (→ toʔ).
For Zhangzhou Hokkien, from an ellipsis of 佗落 (tah-lo).

倒
叨
叼
搭
哪
底
兌
叨
迤

2016, 謝誌豪, “囍”, in 雙生花, performed by 黃妃 [Huang Fei]:

來問自己 還欠佗一項

来问自己 还欠佗一项

佗一個

佗一个

佗一款

佗一塊

佗一块

佗一項

佗一项

佗一間

佗一间

佗一搭

Which two articles of clothing are yours?

佗兩領衫是汝兮？

佗两领衫是汝兮？


佗

倒
叨
叼
搭
哪
底
兌
叨
迤

2011, 巫宇軒, “你置佗 [Where Are You?]”, in 思念會驚 [I Miss U So Much], performed by 蕭煌奇 [Ricky Hsiao]:

chham-tio̍h ka-pi kòe âu sio, m̄ chai lí tàu-té tī toh

參着咖啡過喉燒 不知你到底置佗

参着咖啡过喉烧 不知你到底置佗

2016, “雙生花”, in 十方 (lyrics), 方文良 [Neil Fang] (music), 雙生花, performed by 黃妃 [Huang Fei]:

夢對佗飛 未來佗位找

梦对佗飞 未来佗位找


作

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ʔsaːɡs, *ʔsaːɡs, *ʔsaːɡ): semantic 亻 (“man”) + phonetic 乍 (OC *zraːɡs).
Derivative: 做 (“to do”) (the departing-tone variant).


佮

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *tkʰuːb, *kuːb, *quːb, *quːb): semantic 人 (“person”) + phonetic 合 (OC *kuːb, *ɡuːb).
Related to 合 (OC *kuːb, *ɡuːb).

Han compound

alt. forms: 合, 甲 (jiǎ), 及 (jí), 與 /与, 共

alt. forms: 合, 甲 (jiǎ), 及 (jí), 與 /与, 共

(Hokkien, Teochew, Hakka) with; accompanying


佯

佯力 [Hokkien] ― tìⁿ-la̍t [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― to make a great effort

(Hokkien) to exert all one's strength; to do one's utmost


係

2011, 林宗興, “想起昔當時”, in 衝吧！夢想超人英雄, performed by 林宗興:

一切浮華嚨係空虛

一切浮华咙系空虚

2015, 柯大堡 [KoDaBow], “老厝邊 [Neighborhood]”, performed by 台客電力公司 [TaiKo Electro Company]:

lāu-pêng-iú lâi tàu-tīn, sī hoaⁿ-hí--ah ê tāi-chì

老朋友來逗陣 係歡喜啊的事情

老朋友来逗阵 系欢喜啊的事情

2019, 陳以恆 [Yi Heng Chen], “過路人 [Passersby]”, in 但係我袂驚惶 [When I Find My Heart Inside You], performed by 陳以恆 [Yi Heng Chen]:

注定係過路人

注定系过路人

(Hokkien) alternative form of 是 (sī, sǐ, “to be”)


促

→ Vietnamese: thúc

/t͡sʰiɔk̚³²/

/t͡sʰiɪk̚³²/

/t͡sʰiɔk̚³²/

/t͡sʰiɪk̚³²/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sʰoɡ): semantic 亻 + phonetic 足 (OC *ʔsoɡs, *ʔsoɡ).

Han compound

(Mainland China Hokkien) to limply tie a knot


俗

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ljoɡ): semantic 亻 (“person”) + phonetic 谷 (OC *ɦkroːɡ, *kloːɡ, *ɡ·loːɡ) – customs of people.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *luk (“custom; manner”) (STEDT). Cognate with Tibetan ལུགས (lugs, “tradition; custom”).

cog

(Mainland China Hokkien) boring; dull; uninteresting; drab


俺

Possibly from weakening of 阮 (goán) (Tan and Wu, 2011).

俺公

(Hokkien, honorific) Prefix for kinship terms.


俺

Late Qing/Early Republic, 《古板三合奇巧奇緣全歌》, volume 1, 潮州 [Chaozhou]: 李萬利, page 1v:

the sons and daughters of our family have already grown up to adulthood

nang² gê¹ lam⁵ ri⁵ gang⁷ neng² ze² / gu⁶ in² ziang² dai⁶ dig⁴ sêng⁵ nang⁵

俺家男兒共女子/俱已長大得成人

俺家男儿共女子/俱已长大得成人

(Hokkien, Teochew) alternative form of 咱 (“(inclusive) we; us”)


倘

2021, “心情淚”, 沈建豪 (lyrics), 沈建豪 (music)performed by 沈建豪:

Infatuation has no medicine that can cure

癡心無藥倘醫

痴心无药倘医

2022, “我有罪”, 江志豐, 周彥君 (lyrics), 江志豐 (music)performed by 江志豐:

Locked up in memories, no road to retreat to

關在記誌內底 無路倘退

关在记志内底 无路倘退

2022, “就是要幸福”, 楊惠絜 (lyrics), 楊惠絜 (music)performed by 葉冠成 and 廖鳳英:

My heart of loving you, no one can replace

我愛你的心無人倘代替

我爱你的心无人倘代替

(Hokkien) alternative form of 通 (thang, “can; may”)


倩

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/t͡sʰiɑŋ²¹³/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/t͡sʰiɑŋ²¹³/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sʰleːns, *sʰleŋs): semantic 人 + phonetic 青 (OC *sʰleːŋ).

Han compound

The candidate urged the voters to vote for their party.

Hāu-soán-jîn iang-chhiàⁿ soán-bîn kā phiò tǹg hō͘ in ê tóng.

候選人央倩選民共票頓予𪜶的黨。

候选人央倩选民共票顿予𪜶的党。


值

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *dɯɡs, *dɯɡ): semantic 亻 + phonetic 直 (OC *dɯɡ).

Han compound

The one made with crystal is no match for the one made with jade.

水晶做的毋值玉做的。

(Hokkien) to be a match for; to compare favorably with


偝

鞅
負
背
襁
映
央
擁

(Hokkien) to give a piggyback to; to carry someone on the back


傍

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *baːŋ, *baːŋs): semantic 亻 + phonetic 旁 (OC *baːŋ).

Han compound

(Hokkien) to receive benefit or evils through dependence on someone or something


傳

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (傳):
* → Korean: 전(傳) (jeon)
* → Vietnamese: truyền (傳)

→ Vietnamese: chuyền

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än³⁵/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *tons, *don, *dons): semantic 人 (“man”) + phonetic 專 (OC *tjon).
Related to 轉 (OC *tonʔ, *tons, “to turn around; to transfer”); see there for more.

och-l

(Hokkien) to pass on to the next generation; to transmit to the offspring

(Mainland China Hokkien) to give birth; to procreate; to have children


兄

→ Lao: ເຮຍ (hīa)

→ Thai: เฮีย (hiia)

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 口 + 儿 to convey the idea of giving orders. The original meaning of "elder brother" refers to the fact that the elder brother gives order to the younger brothers and his sisters. Compare 令, in which an open mouth on top of the character conveys the same idea of giving orders. Similar to 欠, in which there is a kneeling man with an open mouth.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *maŋ (“big; old; elder (brother, uncle)”) (Sagart, 1999; STEDT). Related to 孟 (OC *mraːŋs, “great; eldest brother; first”); see there for more.
Schuessler (2007), instead, connects it to Proto-Lolo-Burmese *ʔwyik (“elder sibling”), which is from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ʔik (“elder brother”).
Alternatively, Benedict (1972) relates it to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *bʷaŋ ~ *pʷaŋ (“(paternal) uncle; elder brother”), which is possibly also related to 伯 (OC *praːɡ, “paternal uncle; eldest brother”).

och-l

(Hokkien, familiar) respectful honorific used after a name for an elder brother or any male senior: Mister; Brother


光

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (光):
* → Japanese: 光(こう) (kō)
* → Korean: 광(光) (gwang)
* → Vietnamese: quang (光)

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 火 (“fire”) + 卩 (“kneeling person”) – fire over a person's head, emphasizing the shining of light (Shuowen).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *hwaŋ (“shine; bright; yellow”). Cognate with 黃 (OC *ɡʷaːŋ, “yellow”), 曠 (OC *kʰʷaːŋs, “bright; well-lit”), Burmese ဝင်း (wang:, “bright”).

inh

灮
㶢
炗
炚
炛
烡
茪
𰰬
𰭧
㫕
𣅏
𠈑
𤈈
𤉭
𤈛
𰝼
𰟎
𤎫
𤐥
𤑋

天光囉。

天光啰。


兜

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 𠑹 (“cover”) + 皃 (“head”): a helmet.
Baxter and Sagart (2014) suggests a connection to 頭 (OC *[m-t]ˤo, “head”). See there for more.

Han compound

(Can we date this quote?), “少年英雄”performed by 梁智強 and 李國煌:

Who will provide for your parents at home?

恁兜的爸母誰來飼？

恁兜的爸母谁来饲？


共

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (共):
* → Vietnamese: cộng (共)

→ Vietnamese: cùng

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 廾 (“two hands”) + 口 (“an object”) – holding up an object with two hands. Eventually 口 (not “mouth”) came to be written 廿 (niàn) (not “twenty”), which later fused with 廾 to form the modern 共.
Possibly the original form of 供 (“to provide; to offer”).
Possibly related to 廾 (OC *k(r)oŋʔ, “to fold the hands in front of the breast”), with the stativizing prefix *N- (Baxter and Sagart, 2014). Schuessler (2007) also relates this word to 供 (OC *kloŋ, *kloŋs, “to provide”) and suggests the possibility of also relating it to 恭 (OC *kloŋ, “to respect”) and 貢 (OC *koːŋs, “tribute”).
The kā reading in Hokkien is from the weakening of kāng (Wu, 2017; Chappell et al., 2011).

och-l

我共你講。

我共你讲。

1989, “千千闕歌”, 林振強 (lyrics), performed by 陳慧嫻:

because you are singing with me on this night

因你今晚共我唱

(Can we date this quote?), “全因為祢”, 西伯 (lyrics)performed by 鄧婉玲:

sei² jam³ jau¹ guk¹ zung¹, nei⁵ bun⁶ ngo⁵ gwo³ dou⁶, fun¹ jan¹ leoi⁵, fung¹ gwong¹ leoi⁵ nei⁵ gung⁶ ngo⁵ tung⁴ zoi⁶

死蔭幽谷中，祢伴我過渡，歡欣裡，風光裡祢共我同在

死荫幽谷中，祢伴我过渡，欢欣里，风光里祢共我同在

(literary or Eastern Min, Hokkien) with; to

共我開門。

共我开门。

1828, Robert Morrison, Vocabulary of the Canton Dialect, volume III, section I:

nei⁵ gung⁶ ngo⁵ giu³ go³ muk⁶ zoeng⁶⁻² lai⁴

你共我呌個木匠黎

你共我叫个木匠黎

(Eastern Min, Hokkien, dated in Cantonese) for

你共我會記咧！

你共我会记咧！

(Hokkien) Used in imperative sentences for emphasis

給

used in imperative sentences for emphasis

共伊放袂記

共伊放袂记

(Eastern Min, Hokkien) Particle introducing the object of the verb

將

particle introducing the object of the verb


兵

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 斤 (“a short axe”) + 廾 (“2 hands”) – a pair of hands holding a weapon. Unrelated to 丘.

Han compound

(Hokkien, folk religion) malicious spirit


凝

(Hokkien) alternative form of 睨 (“to glare”)


出

/t͡sʰzʷəʔ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰz̩ʷœʔ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰzʷəʔ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰz̩ʷœʔ⁵⁵/

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 止 (“foot”) + 凵 (“cave”) – to step out of a cave; to exit. Compare 各.
By the Qin dynasty, the character has lost its original shape. Based on the distorted form, Shuowen mistakenly interprets the character as a pictogram (象形) of a plant (屮) growing outwards.
STEDT derives this word as a cognate of Proto-Tibeto-Burman *s-twak (“to come or go out; to emerge”); compare Burmese ထွက် (htwak, “to go or come out; to produce or yield; to leave”), Proto-Lolo-Burmese *ʔ-twakᴴ (“to come or got out; to emerge”), Proto-Kuki-Chin *tshuak-I, *tshuaʔ-II (“to come out; to emerge; to appear”). But virtually all Old Chinese reconstructions of this word nowadays are completely phonetically incompatible with this etymon; this comparison should be rejected.
Alternatively, Sagart (1999) and Baxter and Sagart (2014) suggest that this word is related to other words that express extraction, such as 掘 (OC *[ɡ]ut, “to dig out”), and reconstruct the Old Chinese with an intransitivizing prefix *t-.

cog

這塊桌伊出偌濟錢？

这块桌伊出偌济钱？

He gave a price, you should haggle a price with him.

伊開價，你也著佮伊出。

伊开价，你也著佮伊出。

(Mainland China Hokkien) to state a price

This kind of uncooked rice seems to give a large amount of cooked rice.

這號米𠢕出飯。

这号米𠢕出饭。

(Mainland China Hokkien) to seem to give a large amount

錢我𣍐出咧開。

钱我𫧃出咧开。

(Mainland China Hokkien) to be willing to part with money (by spending, paying, etc.)

出運／出运 [Hokkien] ― chhut-ūn [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― to have good luck

(Mainland China Hokkien) to escape one's bad luck


分

→ Malay: hun

→ Indonesian: hun

desc

→ Thai: หุน (hǔn, “a unit of length and weight”)

→ Zhuang: faen

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 八 (“to separate”) + 刀 (“knife”) – to separate with a knife.

Han compound

Obsolete. 皮 is used for SI prefix pico-.


刣

Often considered a substrate word. Compare (Deng, 1994, Schuessler, 2007):
* Proto-Hmong-Mien *təjH (“to kill”) ~ Proto-Hmong-Mien *dəjH (“to die”)
** White Hmong tua (“to kill”)
** White Hmong tuag (“to die”)
* Proto-Austronesian *pa-aCay (“to kill”) ~ Proto-Austronesian *ma-aCay (“to die”)
** Amis patay (“to die; death”)
** Cebuano patay (“dead; to kill”)
** Tagalog patay (“dead; corpse; carcass”); matay (“dying”); katay (“a slaughtering; a killing”); bitay (“hanging (means of execution)”)
* Proto-Tai *p.taːjᴬ (“to die”)
** Thai ตาย (dtaai, “to die”)
Norman (1979) suggests that this derives from 治 (MC dri, “to regulate; to clean (fish)”) instead. This usage is still used in some Mandarin dialects (usually meaning “to clean (fish)”) and Hakka chhṳ̀ (“to slaughter (livestock)”), often written as 㓾.
Alternatively, some have suggested that 夷 (MC yij, “to be level; to pacify; to kill”) is the original character.

ltc-l

𠛀
殺
刏
宰
𠷂
夷
治
汰

(Hokkien) to fight a battle; to go to war

(Hokkien) to delete; to remove; to cross out


到

遘
告
至
甲
屆
各
格
𢓜
佫
徦
假
臵

(Hokkien, mahjong, playing cards) to complete a winning hand

(Hokkien) alternative form of 甲 (kah / kàu / á, “to; until; to the extent (Used after a verb or an adjective and before a degree complement.)”)

甲

(Hokkien) alternative form of 甲 (kah / kàu / á, “very; really; badly”)


刺

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sʰeɡs, *sʰeɡ): phonetic 朿 (OC *sʰeɡs) + semantic 刂 (“knife”).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-tshyar ~ *g-zyar (“thorn, nail, tack”) (provisional) (STEDT); cognate with Tibetan ཚེར་མ (tsher ma, “thorn, thorn bush”), གཟེར་བ (gzer ba, “to bore into”), and གཟེར (gzer, “nail”) (Schuessler, 2007).
刺 (OC *tsekh) "attack, satirize" (Zuozhuan) < "criticize" (Shijing) < lit. "cause to be stabbed" is exopassive/exoactive derivation of 刺 (OC *tsek) "pierce, stab" (ibid.); 朿 (OC tsʰie^C) "thorn" (SW) is Han period's general tone-C derivation of 刺 (OC *tsʰiek) (ibid.)

cog

(Hokkien, by extension) to sew; to weave; to knit; to embroider

(Mainland China Hokkien) dazzling; glaring

(Mainland China Hokkien) to pick out; to pluck out


剁

(Hokkien, Teochew) alternative form of 斲 (“to chop”)


剉

(Hokkien) to mince; to chop finely; to cut into small pieces


剉

(Hokkien) alternative form of 掣 (chhoah)


削

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *slewɢ): phonetic 肖 (OC *slew, *slews) + semantic 刂.

Han compound

(Hokkien) to mock; to ridicule; to have a dig at someone (to embarrass someone)


剝

→ Proto-Tai: *poːkᴰ (“peel”)

Lao: ປອກ (pǭk, “peel”)

desc

Lü: ᦔᦸᧅᧈ (ṗoak¹)

Lü: ᦔᦸᧅᧈ (ṗoak¹)

Shan: ပွၵ်ႇ (pàuk)

Thai: ปอก (bpɔ̀ɔk, “peel”)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *proːɡ): phonetic 彔 (OC *b·roːɡ) + semantic 刂 (“knife”).

wp

List of hexagrams of the I Ching#Hexagram 23

剥
剥
𠚩
𠚬
𠧓
𠛧
𭃄
忉
㣼

剝目鏡／剥目镜 [Hokkien] ― pak ba̍k-kiàⁿ [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― to take off one's eyeglasses

剝手指／剥手指 [Hokkien] ― pak chhiú-chí [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― to take off one's ring

(Hokkien) to take off; to remove; to take down (something attached to something else)

(now in compounds) to strip; to deprive; to exploit

(Hokkien) to snatch; to take away by force; to rob; to mug


剩

(Hakka, Hokkien) alternative form of 伸 (“to be left; to remain”)


割

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (割):
* → Japanese: 割(かち) (kachi); 割(かつ) (katsu)
* → Korean: 할(割) (hal)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kaːd): phonetic 害 (OC *ɡaːds) + semantic 刂.
According to Schuessler (2007), from Sino-Tibetan and an area word. Externally, cognate with Tibetan འགས་པ ('gas pa, “to split; to break; to burst apart”), Proto-Mon-Khmer *kat ~ *kaat (“to cut”), whence Khmer កាត់ (kat, “to cut”) and Proto-South-Bahnaric *kat ("to chop; to cut"). Within Chinese, cognate with 害 (OC *ɡaːds, “to harm; to injure”), and 犗 (OC *kraːds, “to castrate”), which is perhaps the r-causative of 割 (OC *kaːd). Note also Burmese ခတ် (hkat, “to beat, strike, paddle”) (Luce, 1981).
On the other hand, STEDT compares it to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *d-ra-t (“cut; slash”), to which 害 (OC *ɡaːds, “to harm; to injure”), 犗 (OC *kraːds, “to castrate”), 剌 (OC *raːd, “to cut; perverse”) are also compared. Descended from the Proto-Sino-Tibetan root are Tibetan དྲ་བ (dra ba, “to cut”) and Burmese ရှန (hra.na., “wounded”).

inh

(Mainland China Hokkien) to wholesale (of merchandise)


剷

(Hokkien) alternative form of 㔊 (“thóaⁿ”)


剾

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kʰoː, *qoː): phonetic 區 (OC *qoː, *kʰo) + semantic 刀 (“knife”)

Han compound

(Mainland China Hokkien) to blow; to hit (usually from the side)

(Mainland China Hokkien) to adjust a sail (to move a sea vessel forward with the wind)

(Mainland China Hokkien) to abort (a baby)

(Mainland China Hokkien) to toy maliciously with; to philander with (a woman)

(Mainland China Hokkien) Classifier for wool.


劌

刿
刿
揆
撅
刿
刮
撅

衫予釘仔劌破去。

衫予钉仔刿破去。

(Hokkien) to be cut, hooked, or scratched by a sharp object (such as a nail)


勇

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (勇):
* → Japanese: 勇(ゆう) (yū)
* → Korean: 용(勇) (yong)
* → Vietnamese: dũng (勇)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *loŋʔ): phonetic 甬 (OC *loŋʔ) + semantic 力 (“strong”) – brave and strong.


勥

(Hokkien, usually of a woman, sometimes disapproving) capable


勼

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/

(Hokkien, by extension) to recoil and withdraw; to shrink and retreat


匴

匴腰

(Hokkien) to forcefully bind, bridle, or pinch (to make tight or uncomfortable)


匼

(Hokkien) to side; to take sides (with someone)


博

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *paːɡ): semantic 十 (“ten”) + phonetic 尃 (OC *pʰa).

Han compound

(Hokkien) to try without certainty (hoping to get some benefit by chance)


占

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 卜 (“divination”) + 口 (“mouth”).


卡

(Hokkien) alternative form of 較 /较 (“more”)


卡

1994, “心愛的甭哭”, in 王月娛 (lyrics), 徐嘉良 (music), 歡喜就好, performed by 陳雷 [Chen Lei]:

[I] give you this unfated ring; thank you for being by my side all these years.

sàng lí chit kha bô-iân ê chhiú-chí, kám-siā lí pôe-phōaⁿ góa chiah chōe nî

送你這卡無緣的手指 感謝你陪伴我這多年

送你这卡无缘的手指 感谢你陪伴我这多年

2005, 郭之儀, “無緣的牽掛”, in 愛情衝衝衝, performed by 陳雷 [Chen Lei]:

A leather suitcase is filled with the gentleness of loving you

chi̍t kha phôe-siuⁿ chng-boán ài lí ê un-liû

一卡皮箱裝滿愛妳的溫柔

一卡皮箱装满爱你的温柔

(Hokkien) alternative form of 奇 (classifier)


厭

厌
猒
懕
厌
饜
𤸸
忚

GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)

(Hokkien, Teochew) to be fed up with; to grow bored of; to become tired of


厾

Semantic 去 (“to leave”) + an abstract swoosh of throwing; referring to the "to throw" sense. Also compare 丟 (Yin, 2021).

(Hokkien) to nod; to lower slightly downward (of one's head as a greeting)

(Mainland China Hokkien) to tap; to touch

(Mainland China Hokkien) slow and clumsy


叔

→ English: Ah Chek

→ Malay: encik

→ Indonesian: encik

→ Tagalog: Intsik

→ Cebuano: Insik

→ Thai: เจ๊ก (jék)

→ Khmer: ចិក (cək)

→ Vietnamese: Chệch

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *hljɯwɢ): phonetic 尗 (OC *hljɯwɢ, “wooden stake”) + semantic 又 (“hand”) – using a wooden stake to dig the ground. Later phonetically borrowed to mean "paternal uncle".
The whole character is partly related to 建 since it represents a hand planting a wooden stake in the ground.

Sagart (1999) connects it to 督 (OC *ᵃtuk, “middle”) and reconstructs the Old Chinese as *ᵇs-tuk, the prefix possibly having a nominalizing function.
Alternatively, Starostin proposes a possible derivation from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *t(h)u (~ -iw) (“nephew”) and reconstructs the Old Chinese as *tikʷ (< *tiw-k?) ~ *tu-k.

inh

尗
𠁮
𡬟
𡬧
𡭫
𭣬
𠦑
𢆑
尗
掓
𠁮
𡬟
𡬧
𡭫
𭣬
𠦑
𢆑

(Mainland China Hokkien, euphemistic) dad; father


叢

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *zloːŋ): semantic 丵 + phonetic 取 (OC *sʰloːʔ, *sʰloʔ).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *C-tsəw-k/ŋ (“to collect; to gather; to assemble”). Cognate with 聚 (OC *zloʔ, *zlos, “to collect; to store”), 族 (OC *zoːɡ, “clan”), 最 (OC *zloːds, “to collect; most”), 稯 (OC *ʔsoːŋ, “sheaf; bundle”) (Schuessler, 2007).


叨

(Hokkien) alternative form of 佗 (tó, “which”)


吃

2003, “爽到你艱苦到我”, 李岩修 (lyrics)performed by 蔡秋鳳 [Kerris Tsai]:

When I look at you living your life, you're always earning your living while sitting and eating while lying down.

khòaⁿ lí leh kòe seng-oa̍h, lóng sī chē-leh thàn tó-teh chia̍h

看你在過生活 攏是坐著賺躺著吃

看你在过生活 拢是坐著赚躺著吃


合

Sino-Xenic (合):
* → Vietnamese: hợp (合)

Burmese language
Proto-Sino-Tibetan language

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 亼 + 口 (“mouth”) : Two mouths speaking together. See also 會.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *gap ~ kap. Compare 蓋 (OC *kaːbs, *kaːb, *ɡaːb, “to cover”) and 盍 (OC *ɡaːb, “to unite”) (STEDT). Outside of Sinitic, possibly cognate with Burmese ကပ် (kap, “to approach”).


合

(Hokkien, Teochew) alternative form of 佮 (“and; with”)


合

(Hokkien, Teochew) to wrap a book (with paper, etc.)

traditional Chinese medicine
traditional Chinese medicine

(Hokkien, traditional Chinese medicine) to have a traditional Chinese medicine prescription filled (of the patient)

(Mainland China Hokkien) to embrace in one's bosom

(Mainland China Hokkien, figurative) to watch over; to look after; to take care of (a child, etc.)


向

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (向):
* → Vietnamese: hướng (向)

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 宀 (“house”) + 口 (“mouth”), echos in a place. The original form of 響. It was borrowed to represent 𠨍 (嚮) later. The mouth doesn't represent an opening (e.g., a door or a window) as in 高 and 谷. Similar to 冋.
; “ACG: for (directed at, intended to belong to)”

Han compound

(Hokkien) to lean; to slant; to tilt; to list; to slope; to incline


吮

(Hokkien) to pick off or strip off or scrape off edible food from inedible material like bone, shell, or seeds (usually with one's teeth and/or tongue)

(Hokkien) to gnaw; to nibble off causing holes (by insects)

(Hokkien) to comb; to pluck or pick off dirt (as a bird grooms itself with its beak)

(Hokkien, figurative) to nitpick; to find fault; to be fussy


吶

(Hokkien) to lick; to touch or pick up things with one's tongue


吼

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qʰloːʔ, *qʰloːs): semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 孔 (OC *kʰloːŋʔ).

Han compound

(Hokkien, Puxian Min) to cry; to sob; to weep


呰

1995, 賴漢深, “大安溪合大甲溪的故事”, in 胡萬川, 黃晴文, editors, 《大甲鎮閩南語故事集（一）》, Taichung: 台中縣立文化中心, →ISBN, page 8:

Chit-ê tē-lí chiah hó, che ū o͘-pe̍h-chôa ê chit-ê sio kau-la̍p liáu-āu, Tāi-kah ê só͘-chāi ē chhut chit-ê chin-chú.

這个地理呰好，這有烏白蛇的這个相交納了後，大甲的所在會出這个真主。

这个地理呰好，这有乌白蛇的这个相交纳了后，大甲的所在会出这个真主。

(Hokkien) alternative form of 遮 (chiah, “this; so; such”)


呷

This orthography is influenced by Mandarin 甲 (jiá).

2014, 浩子, “媽媽的菜”, in 發發發狂想曲, performed by 浩角翔起 [Plungon]:

môa-iû chhá lêng-géng-bah, chū sè-hàn tiō chia̍h kàu taⁿ

麻油炒龍眼肉 自細漢就呷到搭

麻油炒龙眼肉 自细汉就呷到搭

(chiefly Hokkien) alternative form of 食 (“to eat; to drink; to take in”)


咪

(Hokkien) sound used to call a duck, etc. (often reduplicated)

鴨咪／鸭咪 [Hokkien] ― ah-bî [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― ducky

貓咪／猫咪 [Hokkien] ― bâ-bî [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― kitty

(Hokkien, endearing) Suffix used to refer to certain poultry and livestock.


咭

(Hokkien) alternative form of 汔 (“viscous; thick”)


咯

(Mainland China Hokkien) sound of swallowing

(Mainland China Hokkien) to take a big gulp quickly


哈

desc

→? English: hah, har (Manglish and Singlish)

→? Taiwanese Mandarin: 蛤 (há)

→? Tagalog: ha

哈，啥物？

(Hokkien) Used to indicate confusion or pondering when the speaker did not hear or comprehend clearly: huh; hmm; what; pardon?; what did (they/you/he/she) say?

(Hokkien) Used to express doubt or disbelief: huh?; hmm?; what?; oh?; what do you mean?

(Hokkien) Used to express subtle surprise or amusement/astonishment: huh!; oh!; what!


哉

㦲
㢤
𠳆
者
則
再
載


唵

⇒ Cebuano: am-am


啄

drive a hard bargain
drive a hard bargain

(Hokkien, business, gambling) to drive a hard bargain; to economically take advantage of; to exploit economically; to penny-pinch; to profiteer; to swindle; to cheat; to be stingy/miserly with (such as overpricing to favor sellers or undervaluing to favor buyers)


啉

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡ·ruːm): semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 林 (OC *ɡ·rɯm).
Related to Thai ดื่ม (dʉ̀ʉm, “to drink”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Han compound

c. 1986, “免失志”, 王秀英 (lyrics), 陳宏 (music), performed by 陳小雲 [Chen Hsiao-yun]:

Keep drinking, keep on boozing; [still] sober, oh, I'm [still] not drunk

lim lo̍h-khì lim lo̍h-khì bô chùi ah góa bô chùi

啉落去啉落去無醉啊我無醉

啉落去啉落去无醉啊我无醉


喝

Compare Burmese ဟစ် (hac, “to call out loudly”) (Luce, 1981).


喬

乔
𠳮
乔
乔
乔
乔
挾
蹻
乔
乔


喬

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵/

乔
𠳮
乔
乔
乔
乔
挾
蹻
乔
乔

2016, “欢喜就好 [Happy Can Already!]”, 梁志强 [Jack Neo] (lyrics):

let the young people figure it out themselves

給少年的自己喬

给少年的自己乔

(Hokkien, Taiwanese Mandarin) to discuss; to negotiate; to coordinate


嗆

嗆嗆吼

呛呛吼

(Hokkien) to sniffle; to snuffle; to snort (especially outwards rather than inwards when the nose is stuffed)


嗊

(xiangqi, Hokkien) general or marshal; the king piece (on the black side) or the chief piece (on the red side)


嗒

(Hokkien, childish) to eat (used to speak with infants)


嘓

嘓頭／啯头 [Hokkien] ― kho̍k thâu [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]

(Mainland China Hokkien) to strike; to beat; to knock

嘓嘓叫／啯啯叫 [Hokkien] ― kho̍k kho̍k kiò [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]

(Mainland China Hokkien, onomatopoeia) the sound of sriking a hard object


嘛

If there are no fish, prawns are also good.

bô hî hê mā hó

無魚蝦嘛好

bô hî hê mā hó

无鱼虾嘛好

2014, 黃瑋傑, “阿芳仔个家族農業史”, in 《天光。日》, performed by 黃瑋傑:

恁驚嘛愛學到會

恁惊嘛爱学到会

(Hokkien, Taiwanese Hakka) still; nevertheless


嘜

唛
嚜
唛
嚜
唛
唛
mark
唛
唛

2012, “決心 [juéxīn]”performed by 許富凱 [Henry Hsu]:

嘜問多少人講閒啊話

唛问多少人讲闲啊话

Don't look for each other; we don't have a relationship anymore.

Hō͘-siong mài sio chhōe, lí lán í-keng bô koan-hē.

互相嘜相找，你咱已經無關係。

互相唛相找，你咱已经无关系。

2015, “愛我著嘜來害我”performed by 陳百潭 [Paitan Chen] and 曹雅雯 [Olivia Tsao]:

If you love me, then don't hurt me; you must not take back your promise

Ài góa tio̍h mài lâi hāi góa, sè-giân tio̍h m̄-thang tò-tōaⁿ.

愛我著嘜來害我，誓言著不通倒彈。

爱我著唛来害我，誓言著不通倒弹。

(Hokkien) alternative form of 莫 (mài, “don't”)


嘸

(chiefly Hokkien) alternative form of 無 /无 (bô, “not have”)


嘸

2011, “為你寫的詩”, 黃永發, 吳靜慧 (lyrics), 黃永發 and 吳靜慧 (music)performed by 秀蘭瑪雅 [Showlen Maya]:

我愛你 嘸願傷害著你

我爱你 呒愿伤害着你

(Hokkien) alternative form of 毋 (m̄, “not”)


嚇

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qʰraːɡs, *qʰraːɡ): semantic 口 + phonetic 赫 (OC *qʰraːɡ).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s/d-krwak (“frighten”) (STEDT). Cognate with Tibetan སྐྲག་ (skrag), Burmese ကြောက် (krauk) (Hill, 2019).

Han compound

That's right, who you're talking about is precisely me.

嚇，你講的著是我。

吓，你讲的著是我。

(Hokkien) Used to express a positive response: that's right; right

遮是恁兜嚇？

遮是恁兜吓？

(Hokkien) Placed at the end of a sentence to indicate doubt: isn’t it so?


嚼

𪚅
噍
𡁻
噭
𥬬
焦
啁

嚼嚼叫

(Hokkien) to chatter; to prattle; to talk incessantly (used mainly in compounds)

伊閣咧嚼。

伊阁咧嚼。

(Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Philippine and Taiwanese Hokkien) to be fond of talking; to chatter


囁

(Hokkien) to talk bad behind one's back; to chatter; to have words; to speak recklessly; to fabricate slander


囃

(Hokkien, figurative) to go on at length about something

(Hokkien) to make a sound of dissatisfaction or unhappiness


囉

啰
罗
啰
lor
啰
𦣇
籮
啰
啰
咯
嘍
嘮
勞
哪

我食囉。

我食啰。

時代變囉。

时代变啰。

The clothes have dried enough now, one should quickly put it away.

Saⁿ-khò͘ pha̍k kā chin ta--lo͘, tio̍h kín siu khí lâi ah.

衫褲曝共真焦囉，著緊收起來啊。

衫裤曝共真焦啰，著紧收起来啊。

You should stop quarrelling with him already.

汝著毋通佮伊冤家囉。

汝著毋通佮伊冤家啰。

(Hokkien) already; now (final perfective particle expressing completion)


囊

Characters in the same phonetic series (襄) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意) – a tied bag (𣒚), with various items in it (𤕦). 𤕦 also serves as a phonetic element. There are many alternative forms. In the modern, standard form, the bottom turned into an abbreviated form of 襄, with the result that the character is a phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *naːŋ): abbreviated semantic 㯻 (“bag”) + abbreviated phonetic 襄 (OC *snaŋ).
Possibly Sino-Tibetan; compare Burmese နွှင် (hnwang, “to skin; to peel off”) (Schuessler, 2007).

cog

𬺿
嚢
𡄜
𢑿
𣡦
𣡪
𧛦
𣡏
廊


圓

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (圓):
* → Japanese: 円(えん) (en)
* → Korean: 원(圓) (won)

⇒ Khmer: នំអ៊ី (num ʼii, “tangyuan”)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɢon): semantic 囗 + phonetic 員 (OC *ɢon, *ɢun).
Borrowed from Tocharian B wänt-, Tocharian A wänt- (“to envelop, to surround”).

bor

(Hokkien) Classifier for value of currency or denomination. (used with 大 and 細／细)


在

Sino-Xenic (在):
* → Vietnamese: tại (在)

Characters in the same phonetic series (才) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Phonetic compound (OC *zlɯːʔ, *zlɯːs): phonetic 才 (OC *zlɯː, *zlɯːs) + phonetic 士 (OC *zrɯʔ).
Now phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *zlɯːʔ, *zlɯːs): phonetic 才 (OC *zlɯː, *zlɯːs) + semantic 土 (“earth”).
在 was often visually identical to 才 (OC *zlɯː, *zlɯːs, “sprout”) in the oracle bone script and some of the bronze inscriptions. It may be either a phonetic loan or a figurative derivative.
Probably related to 栽 (OC *ʔslɯː, “to plant”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Han compound

扗
才
抂
𡉄
𡉈
𡉠
𥩴

樹頭徛予在，毋驚樹尾做風颱 / 树头徛予在，毋惊树尾做风台

chhiū-thâu khiā hō͘ chāi, m̄ kiaⁿ chhiū-bóe chò-hong-thai

坐較在咧

坐较在咧


在

扗
才
抂
𡉄
𡉈
𡉠
𥩴

(Hokkien) alternative form of 佇 (“at, in”)


地

坔
埅
埊
𡍑
𨹛
𨻐
墬
𡏇
𠏂
𡑸
𡒿
𡒴
𡒰
𡓬
嶳
𪒉
𤅴
哋

(Hokkien, Teochew) alternative form of 塊 /块 (“place”)


坑

In its current form, a phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kʰraːŋ): phonetic 亢 (OC *kaːŋ, *kʰaːŋs) + semantic 土 (“soil”). Early forms appear to be 阬.
Possibly related to 空 (OC *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs, “empty; space; air”), though the function of the *-r- in the Old Chinese reconstruction is unclear and its presence thus problematic (STEDT).

och-l

(dialectal, including Cantonese, Hakka, Hokkien, Taishanese) valley; gully; ravine


堅

(Hokkien) to become dry and form a crust; to congeal


塊

Jerry Norman reconstructs Common Min *tɔi⁵ based on the coastal Min forms; it is unclear how the Northern Min forms relate to the Coastal Min forms. Possibly from 段 (OC *doːns, “section; segment”); compare 短 (OC *toːnʔ, “short”) > Xiamen Hokkien té (Coblin, n.d.).

块
凷
墤
㙕
𠚛
𡒽
圦
𡉇
块
块

(Eastern Min, Hokkien) piece; chunk; lump; part

(Northern Min, Eastern Min, Hokkien, Leizhou Min) Classifier for piece of something (food, cloth, stone): piece; chunk; slab

(Hokkien) Classifier for songs and stories.

底塊／底块 [Eastern Min] ― diē-dó̤i / [tie³³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lɔy²¹³] [Bàng-uâ-cê / IPA] ― where

鎮塊／镇块 [Hokkien] ― tìn-tè [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― to take up space

(Eastern Min, Hokkien) Classifier for places.


塊

块
凷
墤
㙕
𠚛
𡒽
圦
𡉇
块
块

2016, 曹雅雯 [Olivia Tsao], “思念的歌”, in 思念的歌, performed by 曹雅雯 [Olivia Tsao]:

Are you like me, thinking of you everyday?

kám iā ū chhiūⁿ góa, ta̍k-kang teh siūⁿ lí

敢也有像我 逐工塊想你

敢也有像我 逐工块想你

(Hokkien) alternative form of 咧 (“in the process of; currently”)


塌

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *tʰaːb): semantic 土 (“dirt”) + phonetic 𦐇 (tà)

Han compound

(Hokkien) to fill up; to fill in; to stuff (a gap, blank, vacancy, etc.)

(Hokkien) to stack or press close together crisscrossed

(Hokkien) to become sunken; to hollow; to form a depression


壏

𰊑
𰊑
住
任
逽
那
但

(Hokkien) to stay; to reside (temporarily); to wait at a place


壽

寿
𠷎
夀
寿
𧈙
𡔽
𦓃
𠭵
𦓂
寿

(Hokkien, Teochew) alternative form of 岫 (“nest, den or lair of animals”)


外

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (外):
* → Japanese: 外(げ) (ge); 外(がい) (gai)
* → Korean: 외(外) (oe)
* → Vietnamese: ngoại (外)

→ Vietnamese: ngoài (“outside”)

→ Old Turkic: term

→ Turkmen: öweý

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ŋʷaːds): semantic 卜 + phonetic 月 (OC *ŋod).
According to 学研漢和大字典 (Kenkyūsha Kanwa Dai Jiten), it is also an ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意); 月 originally represents a crescent moon (i.e. the moon with part “missing” to the observer). The character is thus interpreted as representing divination based on the partial phase of the moon, implying the remaining visible part of the moon is the moon's ‘outside’.
In oracle bone script, 外 was written identical to 卜, but they were distinguished by the fact that 卜 has a horizontal bar extending to the inside of the tortoise shell, while 外 has a horizontal bar extending to the outside.

Han compound

二十外歲

二十外岁

(Hokkien, Teochew, after an amount but before the classifier) as much as


夷

(Hokkien) alternative form of 刣 (“to kill”)


夾

From 合 (MC kop). Compare Hokkien 佮 (“and; with”) and Teochew 佮 (“and; with”). For sound development, compare modern Cantonese 鴿／鸽 (gaap3), from 鴿 (MC kop).

夹
挾
鋏
夹
夹
佮
夹
挾
夹
夹
夹


夾

夹
挾
鋏
夹
夹
佮
夹
挾
夹
夹
夹

夾菜

夹菜

(Hokkien) to clamp; to pinch (using chopsticks, tongs, clips, pegs, etc.)

蟳仔夾人

𫊻仔夹人

(Zhangzhou Hokkien) to clamp with a chela

火夾

火夹

(Hokkien) clamp-like tool used to pick up things (such as tongs, clips, pegs, etc.)


奕

(Hokkien) to play (cards, lottery, chess, etc.)


套

(Hokkien) alternative form of 軀 /躯 (su, “Classifier for sets of clothing”)


奶

(Hokkien) to behave in a coy, childish or coquettish manner; to coax; to wheedle


她

2010, “三心兩意 [Don't Think Too Much]”, 巴布 (lyrics), 林東松 (music), performed by 黃文星 [Hwang Weng-Sing] and 曾昱嘉 [Tseng Yu-Jia]:

Her photo is already thrown to my bedside, but my heart is still filled with sorrow

i ê siòng-phìⁿ í-keng tàn tī chhn̂g-piⁿ, iá-sī móa-sim pi-ai

她的相片已經丟治床邊 還是滿心悲哀

她的相片已经丢治床边 还是满心悲哀

(Hokkien) alternative form of 伊 (i, “she, her”)


好

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (好):
* → Japanese: 好(こう) (kō)
* → Korean: 호(好) (ho)
* → Vietnamese: hảo (好)

desc

→ Vietnamese: hẩu (“kind, good, delicious”)

Characters in the same phonetic series (好) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 女 (“woman”) + 子 (“child”).
The widely accepted meaning of this character is that the characters for “female” (女) and “child” (子) were put together to form a compound because it was good for a woman to have a child. Similarly, it has been proposed that the compound originally refers to the mutual affection between the mother and child, which then extended to mean “good”. These theories are supported by the smaller 子 found in some oracle bones and bronze inscriptions. See also 保 and the original version of 乳.
However, broader interpretations of the second character 子 could lead to other theories. 子 could also mean “son”, so it may have meant two children, a boy and a girl next to each other, which is a good fortune to have a boy and a girl. 子 could also mean “man”, so it may have referred to the love between a man and a woman, which is good. Duan Yucai, in his annotated version of Shuowen, interpreted it as originally referring to the beauty of woman. Lastly, it could mean that the “attitude” of a girl was considered good.
The two pronunciations are cognate – pronunciation 2 is the *-s suffixed form, or exoactive/putative of pronunciation 1, literally “to consider good”. Compare 惡 (OC *qaːɡ, “bad; evil”) > 惡 (OC *qaːɡs, “to consider bad; to hate”).
This word has been compared with Proto-Sino-Tibetan *hu (“to raise; to rear; to nourish”): Proto-Lolo-Burmese *hu³, Abor-Miri (Tani) u, Mawo Northern Qiang χu, which is only attested in a limited number of languages. If this is correct, it may be related to 畜 (OC *l̥ʰuɡs, *l̥ʰuɡ, *hluɡ, “to raise; to rear; domesticated animal”). Alternatively, compare Tibetan མཁོ (mkho, “necessary, important”).
Cognate with Central Bai hux (“good”), which may be a loanword from Chinese.

cog

⿰女人
㚥
⿱女子
𡥃
𰠗
㝀
𡚽
𡥆
𢑒
𤫧
𩐔

(Hokkien) Particle denoting that the listener is still listening or is still interested with what the speaker is saying. (backchanneling cue)


姊

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ʔsiʔ): semantic 女 (“woman”) + phonetic 𠂔 (Middle Chinese: t͡ʃɨ^X).
From Austroasiatic; compare Old Mon kuṁci (“sister”) (Schuessler, 2007); connection with Proto-Tibeto-Burman *dzar (“sister (of man)”), from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *dzər ~ tsər (Benedict, 1974) is "phonetically less direct" (ibid.).

cog

>< - face-to-face; <> - non-face-to-face

(Hokkien, familiar) respectful honorific used after a name for an elder sister or any female senior: Miss; Sister


姣

(obsolete or Cantonese, Hakka, Hokkien, Leizhou Min, Hainanese, of a woman) lewd; flirtatious


姦

(Hokkien, chiefly Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien, vulgar) to fuck

伊著姦。

伊著奸。

(Hokkien, chiefly Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Singapore Hokkien, vulgar) to chide; to swear; to curse; to scold


威

If he does not smoke opium, his limbs are weak; without money, he does not go out for half a step. Boring holes and climbing walls, he takes [things] to pawn; with money, he smokes all night until dawn.

1933, 勸改阿片新歌

a-phiàn bô chia̍h kha-chhiú nńg, bô chîⁿ pòaⁿ pō͘ m̄ chhut-mn̂g, ui khang peh piah the̍h lâi tǹg, ū chîⁿ kui-mî sio kàu kng

阿片無食脚手軟 無錢半步不出門 威空扒壁提來當 有錢歸冥燒到光

1933, 勸改阿片新歌

阿片无食脚手软 无钱半步不出门 威空扒壁提来当 有钱归冥烧到光

2015, “天頂星”, 薇芯 (lyrics), 江紓雯 (music), performed by 秀蘭瑪雅:

It is like a needle constantly poking, constantly poking into my heart

chhin-chhiūⁿ chiam it-ti̍t ui it-ti̍t ui ji̍p gún ê sim

親像針一直威一直威入阮的心

亲像针一直威一直威入阮的心

2016, “月娘啊月娘”, 高以德 (lyrics), 吳靜慧 (music)performed by 鳳娘:

How did you abandon me? I let you leave, We were not destined to be together, my heart is aching like a needle is pricking it

chóaⁿ-iūⁿ pàng-sak góa, chòe lí lâi lī-khui, bô-iân chòe-tui, sim chhiūⁿ chiam ui

怎樣放捨我 做你來離開 無緣作堆 心像針威

怎样放舍我 做你来离开 无缘作堆 心像针威

2020, “霧中情”, 陳百潭 (lyrics), 陳百潭 (music)performed by 陳百潭 and 方千玉:

The chilly breeze from the sea is blowing at my heart, as if a needle is pricking it

hái-hong chhiⁿ-léng, chhoe-tio̍h sim ná chiam ui

海風青冷 吹著心若針威

海风青冷 吹着心若针威

2022, “落花 [luòhuā]”, 郭之儀 (lyrics), 鄭喬安 (music)performed by 林良歡:

My heart is like a needle is pricking it until it drips with blood

阮的心像針威塊滴血

阮的心像针威块滴血

(Hokkien) alternative form of 揻 (ui, “to prick; to poke; to bore”)


娎

The paint on the tabletop were all peeling off.

Toh-téng ê chhat chi̍t tè chi̍t tè lóng hiauh lo̍h-lâi.

桌頂的漆一塊一塊攏娎落來。

桌顶的漆一块一块拢娎落来。

(Hokkien) to come off and stick up; to peel off and bend upwards (due to the exterior getting wet, etc.)


嫐

(Hokkien, Leizhou Min) alternative form of 姣 (hiâu)


嬈

(Hokkien, vulgar) alternative form of 姣 (“lecherous; promiscuous; lascivious; lewd (of a woman)”)


孝

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 耂 (“an old man with long hair, bent over”) + 子 (“a child”) – an old man and a child, filial piety between generations. Compare top component to 老 (OC *ruːʔ, “old”).

孝義

devotion to one's parents and loyalty to one's friends

(Mainland China Hokkien) custom and etiquette to be observed after the death of one's seniors


孤

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kʷaː): semantic 子 (“child”) + phonetic 瓜 (OC *kʷraː).
Related to 寡 (OC *kʷraːʔ, “alone; widow”), 鰥 (OC *kruːn, *kruːns, “widower”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Han compound

He/she solely called you to go, didn't call me to go.

伊孤叫汝去,無叫我去。

伊孤叫汝去,无叫我去。


孽

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ŋred): phonetic 薛 (OC *sŋed) + semantic 子 (“child”)

Han compound

2020, “雪咧飛”, 方文良 [Neil Fang] (lyrics)performed by 黃妃 [Huang Fei]:

Who's so naughty that they locked me in a dream?

Siáng chiah gia̍t, chiong gún só tī-teh bāng lāi-té

誰遮孽 將阮鎖佇咧夢內底

谁遮孽 将阮锁伫咧梦内底


宿

In the oracle bone script, an ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 人 (“person”) + 𰴿 (“bamboo mat”) – a person resting on a mat. Sometimes a house (宀) was added.
Later the pictogram of the bamboo mat became 㐁 or 𠀬, and eventually came to be written 百.
Contrast 寒.
; “To stay overnight; lodge > night; mansion of the zodiac [i.e. the Sun's lodging stations]”

桃仔猶未夠宿。

桃仔犹未够宿。

(Hokkien) mature; ripe (of fruits, vegetables, etc.)

(Hokkien) smart and seasoned; intelligent and experienced


寡

Shuowen
Warring States period
Western Zhou period
bronze script

In the bronze script from the Western Zhou period, it was originally an ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 宀 (“house”) + 頁 (“head”) — only one person in the house; alone.
In the bronze script from the Warring States period, two decorative strokes were added around 頁. The seal script found in Shuowen adds two additional strokes, making the component under 宀 appear as 分 and 頁, leading Shuowen to erroneously interpret the character as an ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 宀 (“house”) + 頒 (“to distribute”).
Related to 鰥 (OC *kruːn, *kruːns, “widower”), 孤 (OC *kʷaː, “orphan; alone”) (Schuessler, 2007). Cognate with Tibetan དགོན་པ (dgon pa, “solitary place; desert; wilderness”), Tibetan སྒོས (sgos, “private; individual”).

cog

I'm going to the market to buy some vegetables.

Góa khì chhài-chhī-á bé kóa chheⁿ-chhài.

我去菜市仔買寡青菜。

我去菜市仔买寡青菜。


實

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 宀 (“roof”) + 周 (“carved jade”) + 貝 (“shellfish; cowrie”).
The two lower components of 周 and 貝 had combined to form 貫 (OC *koːn, *koːns, “string of cowries”), hence the incorrect analysis in Shuowen Jiezi of this character as 宀 + 貫.

och-l

實鼻

实鼻

(Hokkien) clogged; blocked (due to being stuffed, packed, etc.)

實氣

实气


導

2009, “祢是葡萄樹”, 謝鴻文 (lyrics), 謝鴻文 (music):

Praying deeply, Lead me to know You more

Chhim-chhim kî-tó, Chhōa góa kèng-ka jīn-bat Lí

深深祈禱 導我更加認識祢

深深祈祷 导我更加认识祢

(Hokkien) alternative form of 𤆬 (chhōa, “to lead; to guide”)


尚

chhiong chhiong chhiong, ta̍h piàn thian-hā góa siōng ióng

衝衝衝 踏遍天下我尚勇

冲冲冲 踏遍天下我尚勇

2014, 廖偉志, “尚痛的記誌”, in 阿宅的心聲, performed by 蔡佳麟:

That street that we're most familiar with, the place where we lived together

hit tiâu siōng se̍k-sāi ê ke-lō͘, lán tòa-kòe ê só͘-chāi

彼條尚熟悉的街路 咱住過的所在

彼条尚熟悉的街路 咱住过的所在

(Hokkien) alternative form of 上 (siōng, “most”)


就

(Hokkien) alternative form of 著 (“to need to; exactly; already; even; as soon as”)


局

Pictogram (象形). It represents the shape of a deceased person's limbs being bent and buried. This practice of burying the body in a crouched position symbolizes "to bend," and by extension, "to shrink" or "to contract."
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *N-kəwk.

(Mainland China Hokkien) without fail; certainly; surely; definitely; inevitably


屈

Characters in the same phonetic series (出) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Originally 𡲶. Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *klud, *kʰlud): phonetic 出 (OC *kʰljuds, *kʰljud) + semantic 尾 (“tail”). 尾 became 尸 in clerical script.

Han compound

(Mainland China Hokkien) to restrict; to restrain; to constrain


峇

門關無峇。

门关无峇。

We two have personalities that really match.

阮兩人個性真峇。

阮两人个性真峇。

(Hokkien) close; agreeing; matching; harmonious


崁

嵌
磡
坎
蓋
𢈈
勘
㪠
𰃴
冚


崎

(Mainland China Hokkien) step (on a flight of stairs)


巡

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sɢljun): semantic 辵 (“walk”) + phonetic 川 (OC *kʰjon).

Han compound

2017, “媽媽的皺紋”, 郭之儀 (lyrics)performed by 陳雷:

Hardhearted wrinkles, one by one. Years have dyed the hair snow-white.

bô-chêng ê liâu-hûn, chi̍t sûn iū chi̍t sûn, sòe-goa̍t ní sêng pe̍h-soat ê thâu-mn̂g

無情的皺紋 一巡又一巡 歲月染成白雪的頭毛

无情的皱纹 一巡又一巡 岁月染成白雪的头毛


巢

2017, 陳百潭 [Paitan Chen], “情難了”performed by 陳百潭 [Paitan Chen] and 陳凱欣:

lâu-tio̍h khang-siū hō͘ góa chòe ko͘-chiáu

留著空巢乎我做孤鳥

留着空巢乎我做孤鸟

(Hokkien) alternative form of 岫 (siū, “nest, den or lair of animals”)


帶

/taːi̯³³⁻³⁵/

/taːi̯³³⁻³⁵/

Pictogram (象形).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-daːj (“waist; belt; zone; flat expanse”). Cognate with Tibetan སྡེ (sde, “part; portion; district”) and Proto-Lolo-Burmese *N-day³ (“level expanse; plain”). Also compare the phonologically similar Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-taj (“naval; abdomen; center; self”).
The internet slang usage in lieu of 大 is a written rendering of internet streamer Sun Xiaochuan's Sichuan-influenced Standard Mandarin (四川普通话) accent.

inh

带
帯
带
地
塊
處
带

(Hokkien) to involve in trouble; to implicate


帶

带
帯
带
地
塊
處
带


帶

带
帯
带
地
塊
處
带

2014, 許明傑, “秋天的雨”performed by 許富凱 [Henry Hsu]:

chah-tio̍h sio-lia̍t ê su-bō͘, táⁿ-pān hó-sè ê chhiò-iông, gêng-chiap ka-tī éng-oán ê hēng-hok

帶著燒熱的思慕 打扮好勢的笑容 迎接甲己永遠的幸福

带着烧热的思慕 打扮好势的笑容 迎接甲己永远的幸福

(Hokkien) alternative form of 紮 /扎 (chah, “to carry; to bring along”)


幫

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *paːŋ): phonetic 封 (OC *poŋ, *poŋs) + semantic 帛 (“silk”) – originally, the upper part of a shoe (鞋幫).

Han compound

帮
幇
幚
鞤
縍
䩷
㿶

(Hokkien) Classifier for scheduled forms of transportation, such as flights and trains.

(Hokkien) Classifier for batches of letters, bulk deliveries, etc.

(Mainland China Hokkien) to supplement (on the side)


干

Pictogram (象形) of a shield with feather ornaments on top; in some versions in oracle bones, the central and flat part of the shield can be seen as 回.
As an alternative, it is possible 干 and 單 are variant forms of the same character in oracle bone script due to their similar shapes and its appearance in the original forms of 敢. Hence, 干 would depict a bifurcated hunting weapon, not a shield. But 單 has two dots on top that depict two stones, while these two dots are absent in 干.
Also borrowed phonetically as a simplification of 乾 (dry) and 幹. See also 盾 (the pictogram of another shield) and its possible differentiation 古.
The interpretation that links this pictogram to a pestle is folk etymology. Unrelated to 午, which however represents a pestle.
Sino-Tibetan. Cognate with 扞 (OC *ɡaːns, “to shield; to protect”), 閈 (OC *ɡaːns, “gate”), 捍 (OC *ɡaːns, *ɡraːnʔ, “to shield, ward off”). Compare Tibetan འགལ ('gal, “to go against, to violate, to contradict”), Burmese ကာ (ka, “shield; to shield; to block”).

cog

(Mainland China Hokkien) in vain; for nothing


平

Characters in the same phonetic series (平) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Uncertain. Various explanations include:
* According to the Shuowen, 八 (“division”) + 亏 (“exhaled air”) — the smooth flow of speech.
* Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ben, *beŋ): phonetic 釆 (biàn) + semantic 二 (“two equal lines”) (Lin Yiguang, 1920)
* A pictogram (象形) of waterweed spread flat on the surface of water. Original form of 苹 (OC *beŋ, “duckweed”). (Lawrence J. Howell)
* Pictogram (象形) of a balance scale. (Karlgren, 1973)
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(p/b)ljaŋ (“plank; palm; flat surface; wing”), whence Jingpho phun-pyen (phun⁵⁵ pjen³³, “plank”) and Burmese ပျဉ် (pyany, “flat board”) (STEDT).


張

desc

→ English: Chang, Zhang, Cheung, Cheong, Chong, Teo, Teoh

→ Tagalog: Chang, Tiu, Tiong

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *taŋ, *taŋs): semantic 弓 (“bow”) + phonetic 長 (OC *taŋʔ, *daŋ, *daŋs).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g/m/b-raŋ (“strong; firm; tense”) or Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(d/t)aŋ (“tense; tight”), the latter which appears to be preferred based on more current research (Hill, 2019, p. 224); compare Tibetan ཐང་པོ (thang po, “tense; tight; firm”), Burmese တင်း (tang:, “to tighten; to be tight”).
Pronunciation 2 is the exopassive of pronunciation 1, literally “to be stretched” (Schuessler, 2007).

cog

(Hokkien) to make arrangements for; to set up

(Hokkien) to get angry; to lose one's temper


張

(Hokkien, Puxian Min) to catch an animal by drawing a net, setting a trap, etc.

(Hokkien, Puxian Min, by extension) to wait for; to stalk; to watch out (in order to catch or get something)

(Hokkien, Puxian Min) implement for catching animals; trap


影

→ Zhuang: ingj (“to take (a picture)”)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qraŋʔ): phonetic 景 (OC *kraŋʔ) + semantic 彡. The original meaning is "shadow". The left component indicates both the pronunciation and the concept of image, hence the shadow is the ornament of something concrete or an ornament that shapes an image (e.g., on the ground).
Unclear. Various etymologies have been proposed:
* Cognate with 景 (OC *kraŋʔ, “image”), 鏡 (OC *kraŋs, “mirror”) (Wang, 1982; Baxter and Sagart, 2014), which STEDT compares to Proto-Kuki-Chin *klaaŋ-I, *klaan-II (“to shine; light; bright”);
* Cognate with 英 (OC *qraŋ, “brilliant; flower”) or rather its Austroasiatic comparanda, including Proto-Bahnaric *ʔaːŋ (“bright (light)”) (Schuessler, 2007);
* Related to 苑 (OC *qonʔ, *qons, “garden”) (Schuessler, 2007).


徊

For pronunciation and definitions of 徊 – see 回 (“to turn around; to return; to go back; etc.”).
(This character is a variant form of 回).
Possibly a contraction of 遐的 (hia-ê / hiah-ê).


得

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意). The ancient form of 得 is 㝵, composed of 貝 (“cowry”) + 又 (“hand”) — to pick up a cowry > to obtain valuables. A component 彳 was sometimes added to show that the cowry was picked up on the road.
In the Qin Bamboo and Slip script:
* a horizontal line was added to the 又, which means it is replaced with the related 寸. This is a feature of Qin script, and many characters that used to compound with 又 now compound with 寸.
In the Shuowen seal script:
* the 貝 corrupts into something resembling 見. However, this should be an error of Shuowen because it can only be only found in Shuowen and not in historical Qin Seal script, Qin Bamboo, and Slip script.
In the clerical script:
* the 貝 is simplified as 目 (“eye”); such simplification can be seen in its early form in Spring and Autumn and Warring States bronze inscriptions, Chu Bamboo, and Silk script, as well as other characters such as 具. Then it corrupts into 旦 (“dawn”) in later clerical script, and Regular script inherited it.
Pulleyblank (1991) relates it to Tibetan ཐུབ (thub, “to be able to; to withstand”).

cog

㝵
淂
𠭁
𧴫
䙷
㝶
𮙮

𣍐堪得／𫧃堪得 [Hokkien] ― bōe-kham-tit [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― to be unable to stand or endure or bear something

(Hokkien) placed after a verb with 會 or 𣍐 before the verb to express possibility or ability


徙

The erroneous variant form 𢓊 (left) and ancient form 𡲴 (right) in small seal script, as depicted within the Shuowen Jiezi.
During the Zhou dynasty, 徙 was represented with the phonetic borrowing 屎 (OC *hliʔ, *hri, “excrement”), with the components 辵 and 止 later being added to differentiate the character used to represent "migration". During the Warring States period, the earlier forms of 屎 consisting of 小 or 少 components (as seen in and ) had these portions transform into 米, however 徙 continued to retain the 少 form. The Chu script form of 屎 corrupted into a form with the 尸 ("body") component becoming 尾 ("tail"), while the Qin script form of 徙 omitted the 尸 component of 屎 and left only 少 remaining. Li Shoukui (2015) however argues that the Chu script ⿸尾少 may not actually be cognate to ⿸尸少 (and ergo 屎). The clerical script form inherited the Qin script form, however had the 少 component mutate into another 止, which coincidentally resulted in the clerical form matching the same character structure as 歨 (the Shang dynasty form of 步) with an additional 彳 component.
Shuowen Jiezi erroneously takes this mutated clerical script form of 徙 with two 止 components, and claims that it is a phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *selʔ): semantic 辵 (“walk”) + phonetic 止 (OC *kjɯʔ). It also omits one of the 止 components to create an alternative form 𢓊, however no such character exists in ancient writing (although coincidentally it has a similar shape to the Shang and Zhou 延). Hu Houxuan (1981) states that the "ancient script" form of 徙 in Shuowen, 𡲴, comes from a corruption of the variant form featuring 尾 in place of 尸, but with the tail portion misrepresented as 火. For this reason, the "ancient script" forms of 徙 provided in Shuowen are extremely corrupted.
Li Jiahao (2010) notes that the ancient form of 屎, namely ⿸尸少, may potentially suggest that 徙 is a phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *selʔ): semantic 辵 (“walk”) + abbreviated phonetic 沙 (OC *sraːl, *sraːls).

Han compound

𨑭
𰺵
𨗬
𡲴
𢓊
𢒲
𨖤
𨔀
𡕝
𨕄

(Hakka, Hokkien, Teochew) to move (an object)


忝

(Hokkien) alternative form of 悿 (“tired; serious”)


悿

(Hokkien, Teochew, Puxian Min) serious; severe; intense

(Hokkien, Teochew, of cooking) thorough; long (time)

1992, “無聲的所在”, 陳世杰 (lyrics), 吳俊霖 [Wu Chun-lin] (music), performed by 林強 [Lim Giong] and 侯孝賢 [Hou Hsiao-hsien]:

After going this far, don't you feel a little tired?

kiâⁿ chiah-nī kú, sī m̄-sī kám-kak ū tām-po̍h-á thiám

行這呢久 是不是感覺有淡薄仔累

行这呢久 是不是感觉有淡薄仔累

Sister Shan, recently I have been very tired. I have often dreamed about my parents and my brothers

李秀 [Louise Lee Hsiu], 《井月澎湖》 [Penghu Moon in the Well] http://www.tccs.ca/sites/default/files/files/newsletter/201904_newsletters.pdf

Sūn ché! Kīn-lâi lâng chin thiám, chi̍t ji̍p-bîn tō bāng-kìⁿ góa a-tia a-niâ kah sió-tī

順姐！近來人真悿，一入眠就夢見我阿爹阿娘和小弟

顺姐！近来人真悿，一入眠就梦见我阿爹阿娘和小弟


惜

→ Vietnamese: tiếc (“to regret”)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sjaːɡ): semantic 忄 (“heart”) + phonetic 昔 (OC *sjaːɡ) – a feeling (of the heart).
Note that 昔 has meaning of “past, ending”, hence connotations of “feelings for the past, feeling about an ending – regret, rue”.

Han compound

take into consideration
take into consideration

(Mainland China Hokkien) to take into consideration; to take into account; to give consideration to


惦

2018, 陳百潭, “冷酸風”performed by 陳百潭 and 陳凱欣:

chi̍t ê lâng tiàm chāi ī-hiong ê lō͘-piⁿ, chhoe-tio̍h léng-sng hong lóng chheng-chhíⁿ

一個人惦在異鄉的路邊 吹著冷酸風攏清醒

一个人惦在异乡的路边 吹着冷酸风拢清醒


慼

(Mainland China Hokkien) to sob; to cry softly


懦

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *noːls, *njo): semantic 忄 (“heart”) + phonetic 需 (OC *sno).
Probably cognate with 柔 (OC *mlju, “soft”), see there for more (STEDT).

Han compound

(Hokkien) sluggish; slow; spiritless; listless; timid; lazy


懸

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡʷeːn): phonetic 縣 (OC *ɡʷeːn, *ɡʷeːns) + semantic 心 (“heart”) – to be concerned (in one’s heart).

Han compound

悬
𢝝
悬
𢝝
高
峘
危


懾

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ʔnjeb): semantic 心 (“heart”) + phonetic 聶 (OC *neb).

Han compound

(literary or Hokkien) to fear; to be afraid; to be frightened; to be in awe

(literary or Cantonese, Hokkien) to frighten; to scare


成

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (成):
* → Vietnamese: thành (成)

→ Zhuang: cingz (“tenth”)

Characters in the same phonetic series (成) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *djeŋ): semantic 戊 + phonetic 丁 (OC *rteːŋ, *teːŋ). The phonetic component is not 囗 or 口, as folk etymology states. According to Ji Xusheng 季旭昇, its original meaning was "city walls", with a reference to something protected conveyed by the weapon. Its original meaning is preserved in 城.
Cognate with 盛 (OC *djeŋ, “to hold with a receptacle”), 城 (OC *djeŋ, “city wall; city”), 盛 (OC *djeŋs, “abundant; flourishing”) (Schuessler, 2007).
According to Bodman (1980), cognate with Tibetan གྱང (gyang, “wall”), Tibetan འགེངས་པ ('gengs pa, “to fill”), Tibetan བཀང (bkang, “to fill to the brim”), Tibetan སྐོང་བ (skong ba, “to fulfill”).

cog

高咗成四寸

nearly 1 o'clock, yet they won't return home

seng⁴ jat¹ dim² zung¹ zung⁶ m⁴ faan¹ uk¹ kei²

成一點鐘仲唔返屋企

成一点钟仲唔返屋企

(Cantonese, Hokkien) almost; nearly; up to


戮

剹
僇
勠
僇
勎
𠢜
𠢯
錄

(Hokkien) to use a tool to pierce an object


所

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (所):
* → Japanese: 所(しょ) (sho)
* → Korean: 소(所) (so)
* → Vietnamese: sở (所)

→ Vietnamese: thửa

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sqʰraʔ): phonetic 戶 (OC *ɡʷaːʔ) + semantic 斤 (“axe”) – the sound of logging (the definition given in Shuowen).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s/k-ra (“place”) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007). Cognate with Burmese ရာ (ra, “place”).
Baxter and Sagart (2014) relates it to 處 (OC *t.qʰaʔ, “to be at”), 處 (OC *t.qʰaʔ-s, “place”), 許 (OC *qʰ(r)aʔ, “place”).

Han compound

(Mainland China Hokkien) about; approximately; around (placed after 十 (cha̍p))


扢

扢番仔火

用拍火機扢火

用拍火机扢火

(Hokkien) to scratch the surface of; to lightly tap (to produce a flame)


扱

𢲩
吸
岌
磕
給
㝓
及
吸
掐

(Hokkien) to hold something tightly with one's five fingers


批

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *pʰiː): semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 比 (OC *piʔ, *pis, *bi, *bis, *biɡ).
; “to pare”
; “pie”
; “pipe”
; “vulva; cunt”

Han compound

1991, “故鄉一封信”, 詹雅雯 (lyrics), 潁川 (music), performed by 詹雅雯:

With paper and a pen in my hand, I hurried to write a letter, comforting Mom, saying that everything is alright away from home.

chhiú the̍h chóa-pit kóaⁿ-kín beh siá chi̍t tiuⁿ phe, an-ùi má-mah kóng gún chāi-gōa it-chhè bô būn-tê

手提紙筆趕緊要寫一張批 安慰媽媽講阮在外一切沒問題

手提纸笔赶紧要写一张批 安慰妈妈讲阮在外一切没问题

(Eastern Min, Hokkien, Puxian Min) letter (written or printed communication) (Classifier: 張／张 mn; 封 mn)


找

2010, “毒藥”, 蕭進惠 (lyrics), 小葉 (music)performed by 蕭玉芬:

By the time the fire of love was ceaselessly burning, [I still] could not find a painkilling antidote.

tán kah chêng hóe it-ti̍t sio, chhōe bô chí-thiàⁿ ê kái-io̍h

等到情火一直燒 找無止痛的解藥

等到情火一直烧 找无止痛的解药


抄

/ʈ͡ʂʰaʊ̯ɻʷ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰaːu̯⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰaʊ̯ɻʷ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰaːu̯⁵⁵/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sm̥ʰreːw, *sm̥ʰreːws): semantic 扌 + phonetic 少 (OC *hmjewʔ, *hmjews).


抉

(Hokkien) to slap; to hit with one's palm

(Hokkien) to plaster; to paint; to daub (on a wall, etc.)

(Mainland China Hokkien) to apply on one's face, hands, etc. (of powder, oil, etc.)


抌

(Hokkien) alternative form of 揕 (“to throw; to toss; to hurl; to fling”)


抐

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *nuːns, *nuːd): semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 內 (OC *nuːbs).


抔

米落甲规涂跤，赶紧抔起来。 [Hokkien, simp.]
Bí lak kah kui thô͘-kha, kóaⁿ-kín put khí-lâi. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]

The rice scattered all over the floor, quickly gather them up.

(Hokkien) to gather up; to rake up; to rake in (into a pile on the ground, etc.)

抔錢／抔钱 [Hokkien] ― put chîⁿ [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― to rake in money

(Hokkien, figurative) to rake in (to receive or to collect a large quantity of money, etc.)


投

Characters in the same phonetic series (殳) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *doː): semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 殳 (OC *djo).
Compare Tibetan འདོར་བ ('dor ba, “to throw away; to eject; to reject”), Tibetan གཏོར་བ (gtor ba, “to strew; to scatter”) (Unger, 1986).

cog

學生去共老師投。

学生去共老师投。

(Hokkien) to report; to tell on; to snitch; to inform one's superiors; to complain to one's parents or superiors


折

Characters in the same phonetic series (折) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Originally 㪿, an ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): ⿱屮屮 (“a tree 木 cut in half”) + 斤 (“axe”) – an axe cutting a tree in half.
In the current form, the left side has become 扌 (“hand”).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tset (“to cut off; to sever; to break”).

inh

(Hokkien) having more benefits than harms; worthwhile; profitable; reasonably priced


披

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *pʰral, *pʰralʔ): semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 皮 (OC *bral).
Related to Burmese ပြား (pra:, “to scatter, vary”) (Hill 2019, p. 32).

Han compound

竹披仔 [Taiwanese Hokkien] ― tek-phi-á [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― woven bamboo utensil shaped like a tray or mat

(Hokkien) wide and flat utensil woven with bamboo used for drying things


押

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kraːb, *qraːb): semantic 扌 + phonetic 甲 (OC *kraːb).
Cognate with 壓 (OC *qreːb) (Schuessler, 2007).

Han compound

(Hokkien) to force; to compel; to coerce


抾

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kʰɯ, *kʰɯ, *kʰab): semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 去 (OC *kʰaʔ, *kʰas)

Han compound

(Hokkien) to tidy up; to put in order; to straighten out

(Hokkien) to levy; to collect; to receive (money, taxes, etc.)

(Hokkien, by extension) to give birth to; to bear

(Hokkien, by extension) to assemble; to gather together


拄

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *toʔ): semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 主 (OC *tjoʔ).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *duːŋ (“post; column”). Cognate with 柱 (OC *toʔ, *doʔ, “post; column”); see there for more.

inh

(literary or Hokkien, Eastern Min) to ridicule; to retort; to talk back

(Hokkien) to equal; to be able to exchange one for another


拆

→ Thai: ฉีก (chìik, “tear”)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *tŋ̊ʰraːɡ): semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 斥 (OC *ŋ̊ʰjaːɡs, *ŋ̊ʰjaːɡ).

Han compound

(Hokkien) to purchase; to buy (tickets, medicine, etc.)


拌

(Hokkien) to pat, brush, or beat to remove dust, etc.

(Hokkien) to drive out; to chase away (insects)

(Mainland China Hokkien) to stir and mix


拍

/pʰaːk̚³⁻³⁵/

/pʰaːk̚³⁻³⁵/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *pʰraːɡ): semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 白 (OC *braːɡ).

仙人拍鼓有時錯，跤步踏差啥人無 / 仙人拍鼓有时错，跤步踏差啥人无

sian-jîn phah kó͘ iú sî chhò, kha-pō͘ ta̍h-chha siáⁿ-lâng bô

拍電報

拍电报

Used as a dummy verb to make a verbal phrase from a noun, including but not limited to:

(Mandarin, Hokkien) to send (a telegram)

拍招呼

(Hokkien) to make (a gesture, signal, etc.)

拍手銃

拍手铳

(Hokkien) to breed; to mate; to copulate

(Hokkien, music) bamboo clapper for beating time in nanyin (made of two bamboo blocks)


拑

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

拑牆𬦰壁

拑墙𬦰壁

to grab on for dear life, have a firm hold on

拑牢牢

(Hokkien) to grab; to pinch; to cling; to grip tightly


拓

柝
搨
黜
托:to poke; to uncover someone's secret

(Hokkien) to shovel; to level off; to scrape

(Hokkien) to push upward or lift with the palms of the hand

(Hokkien) to support; to prop (with a long object)

(Hokkien) to uncover someone's secret or private matter


拔

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *bruːd, *boːd, *bod): semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 犮 (OC *boːd) – a hand pulls.
Compare perhaps Burmese ပြုတ် (prut, “to be dislocated; to lose”).


拗

(Hokkien) to fold; to droop; to hem; to pleat

(Hokkien) to coerce; to force; to compel; to oppress; to treat unjustly; to make false claims or deliberately misinterpret

(Hokkien) to shortchange; to skimp; to scrimp; to give insufficiently


括

→ Thai: กวด (gùuat)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *koːd): semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 𠯑 (OC *ɡroːd).

Han compound

(Hokkien) Classifier for groups of people.


拭

(Hokkien) utensil for rubbing, wiping, or scrubbing (e.g., eraser, shoe polish)


拼

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *preːŋ): semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 并 (OC *peŋ, *peŋs).

Han compound

Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China

Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong

(Hokkien) to fight; to quarrel; to compete


拽

Possibly a contraction of 遮的 (chia-ê / chiâ-ê / chiah-ê).


拿

(Can we date this quote?), “舊相片”, 謝明訓 (lyrics), 秀蘭瑪雅 [Showlen Maya] (music)performed by 秀蘭瑪雅 [Showlen Maya]:

siang-chhiú the̍h-tio̍h chit tiuⁿ kū siòng-phìⁿ

雙手拿著這張舊相片

双手拿著这张旧相片


按

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (按):
* → Japanese: 按(あん) (an)
* → Korean: 안(按) (an)
* → Vietnamese: án (按)

→ Vietnamese: ấn (按, “to press”)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qaːns): semantic 扌 + phonetic 安 (OC *qaːn). The phonetic component however indicates the concept to be at ease, hence it is linked with the meaning "to restrain; to push down".
Exoactive of 安 (OC *qaːn, “be calm”), lit. "cause to be settled, calmed".

Han compound

(Hokkien) to estimate; to evaluate; to assess; to figure; to suppose; to reckon; to plan

(Hokkien) to pawn; to borrow money while depositing an item as collateral from a pawnshop or someone for later payment

(Hokkien) from (place or time); by; since


挔

He/she got a piece of clothing by the hand.

手挔一領衫。

手挔一领衫。

(Hokkien) to get by the hand; to carry (especially clothes)


挕

挕骰仔 [Hokkien] ― hìⁿ-tâu-á [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― to throw a die

挕韆鞦／挕千秋 [Taiwanese Hokkien] ― hìⁿ chhian-chhiu [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― to sway (of a swing/hanging seat)


挖

(Hokkien) to uncover; to unveil; to expose; to reveal


挖

(Hokkien) alternative form of 摀 /𰓆 (“to dig”)


挖

(Hokkien) alternative form of 搤 (iah, “to dig”)


挨

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qlɯːʔ, *qrɯː, *qrɯːʔ): semantic 扌 + phonetic 矣 (OC *ɢlɯʔ).

Han compound

(Can we date this quote?), “客家世界”, 黃連煜 (lyrics), 黃連煜 (music):

Grandpa's playing the huqin; grandma comes to sing hill songs.

Â-kûng â, âi hièn-é, â-phò chhiu lòi chhong sân-kô.

阿公啊，挨弦仔，阿婆就來唱山歌。

阿公啊，挨弦仔，阿婆就来唱山歌。

(Hokkien, Hakka) to play (a stringed instrument)


挩

(Taiwanese Hokkien) to pull; to drag (zippers, drawers, etc.)

(Hokkien) to zip (zippers open or close)


挽

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *monʔ): semantic 扌 + phonetic 免 (OC *mronʔ).

Han compound

one's behavior as a child will be paralleled in adulthood
'if as a child one steals via picking calabash, then as adult one will steal via leading cattle away'

sè-hàn thau bán pû, tōa-hàn thau khan gû

細漢偷挽匏，大漢偷牽牛

细汉偷挽匏，大汉偷牵牛

(Hokkien) to pluck; to pick; to pull out; to pull up

(Hokkien) to twist; to bend; to swing (one's body)

(Hokkien) to hold back; to hold down; to grab; to restrain


挾

手予門挾著。

手予门挟著。

I was caught in the middle of the elevator doors.

Góa khit hō͘ tiān-thui mn̂g nge̍h tī tèng-ng.

我乞予電梯門挾佇中央。

我乞予电梯门挟伫中央。

胳下空挾一本冊。

胳下空挟一本册。

(Hokkien) to have something caught between two things; to sandwich something between two things


捋

捋牛奶


捋

捋頭鬃

捋头鬃

(Hokkien, Puxian Min) to comb (hair, etc.)

(Mainland China Hokkien) to rub; to massage; to chafe (to console or soothe)

(Mainland China Hokkien) to rub (salt) using one's hands (on fish or other food)


捋

(Hokkien) to rub (salt) using one's hands (on fish or other food)

(Mainland China Hokkien) to wrangle; to squabble; to stir up trouble

(Mainland China Hokkien) to strike; to hit; to beat

(Mainland China Hokkien, neologism, slang) to eat


捌

Min dialectal word for "to know".
Austroasiatic substrate influence (Norman and Mei, 1976); may be related to 別 (“to split; to differentiate”). Cognate with Vietnamese biết (“to know”), Muong mắt (“to know”), Proto-Bahnaric *băt (“to remember, to know”), Proto-Hmong-Mien *pei (“to know”) (White Hmong paub (“to know, to understand”)).
Many variant written forms exist, but 捌 is recommended in the Taiwanese Hokkien Recommended Characters lists (《臺灣閩南語推薦用字》) published by Taiwan's Ministry of Education.

cog

別
八
仈
白
𧧸
識
曾

捌曾

捌做過

捌做过

我昔不識來此處 Uá tsá m̄-pat lâi--chié

1886, Lim Hiong Seng, Handbook of the Swatow Vernacular, Singapore: Koh Yew Hean Press, page 44:

(Eastern Min, Hokkien, Teochew) already; previously


捍

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡaːns, *ɡraːnʔ): semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 旱 (OC *ɡaːnʔ).

Han compound

捍脈

捍脉

(Hokkien, Teochew) to hold; to grasp; to lay the hand on steadily

捍車

捍车

捍船

(Hokkien, Singapore Teochew) to drive (a vehicle); to pilot (a ship, plane, etc.)

捍家

捍數

捍数

捍鼎

(Hokkien) to manage; to preside over; to be in charge of


捎

(Eastern Min, Hokkien) to take; to grab; to seize; to grope; to snatch


捏

捏鼻仔


捏

捏塗尪仔

捏涂尪仔

(Hokkien) to mold; to knead; to press with one's fingers into certain shapes (of soft objects)

This child was brought up by me since he/she was small.

Chit-ê kín-á tùi sòe sī góa kah i liap tōa ê.

這個囝仔對細是我甲伊捏大的。

这个囝仔对细是我甲伊捏大的。

(Hokkien, by extension) to bring up with great pains; to rear with difficulty (a child)

亂捏

乱捏

(Hokkien, figurative) to fabricate; to concoct; to make up (something false)

I don't know what he's been doing all day, not having able to get anything done.

Chi̍t-li̍t m̄ chai leh lia̍p siáⁿ-mi̍h, chòe bô siáⁿ-mi̍h khang-khè.

一日毋知咧捏啥物，做無啥物工課。

一日毋知咧捏啥物，做无啥物工课。

(Mainland China Hokkien, by extension) to do; to be engaged in (especially something negative)


捒

(Hokkien) after certain verbs to indicate removal


捷

/t͡siɛt̚¹²¹/

/t͡siɛt̚¹²¹/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *zeb): semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 疌 (OC *zeb).
Austroasiatic; compare Khmer ចាប់ (cap, “to catch, capture, seize, grasp, get”), Chong [script needed] (chap) & Pear [script needed] (chap, “catch”) (Schuessler, 2007).
Related to 妾 (OC *sʰeb, “slave woman, concubine”)


捽

(Hokkien) alternative form of 摔 (“to eat quickly”)


捾

汗
扞
扛
扦
摜
提
携
倦

1990, 蔡振南 [Tsai Chen-nan], “點一支烟”performed by 宏星特攻隊:

bô sóng-khoài ê sî-chūn, sio-chiú kōaⁿ lâi thîn

無爽快的時拵 燒酒扞來斟

无爽快的时拵 烧酒扞来斟

1994, “心愛的甭哭”, in 王月娛 (lyrics), 徐嘉良 (music), 歡喜就好, performed by 陳雷 [Chen Lei]:

Holding the luggage of sadness in my hand, I have made up my mind to leave tonight

chhiú kōaⁿ siong-sim ê hêng-lí, kim-iā koat-sim lâi lī-khui

手摜傷心的行李 今夜決心來離開

手掼伤心的行李 今夜决心来离开

(Hokkien, Teochew) to hold; to carry (with the object hanging downwards from the hand)


掉

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *deːwʔ, *deːwɢs, *rneːwɢ): semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 卓 (OC *rteːwɢ).

Han compound

(Mainland China Hokkien) to shake; to shiver


掗

挜
挜
挜
挜
揋
提
携

GT - General Taiwanese (no particular region identified)


掘

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡlod, *ɡlud): semantic 扌 (“hand; action”) + phonetic 屈 (OC *klud, *kʰlud).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-(k/g)wa-t (“to dig out; to scoop out”), cognate to Tibetan རྐོད་པ (rkod pa), རྐོ་བ (rko ba, “to dig; to hoe”) (STEDT). Possibly related to 決 (OC *kʷeːd, “to dig an outlet for water; to burst out”).

och-l

(Mainland China Hokkien) to beat; to hit; to strike (with a mallet, etc.)


掠

→ Proto-Tai: *C̬.lakᴰ (“to steal”)

Thai: ลัก (lák, “to steal”)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡ·raŋs, *ɡ·raɡ): semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 京 (OC *kraŋ).
See 略 (lüè, “to plunder, to pillage”)

Han compound

稤
剠
䅫
㔀
㨼
𢱊
𰗉
𫿀
𰔡

(Hokkien) to estimate; to evaluate; to assess; to suppose

(Hokkien) to control; to manipulate; to work out (to bring about or maintain a certain result)

(Hokkien) Classifier for lengths in spans, or the width of an open hand from the end of the thumb to the end of the middle finger: span

(Hokkien) used to introduce the target of a following verb phrase

(Mainland China Hokkien) to mend (especially by knitting)


掬

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kluɡ): semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 匊 (OC *kluɡ).

Han compound

揈
匊
𥸭
𥸶
𢱬
𡙳
𥵱

(Mainland China Hokkien) to recoil; to tighten; to draw back

(Mainland China Hokkien) to slightly wrinkle; to crease a little


提

(Hokkien, dialectal Hakka) to take; to hold in one's hand

(Hokkien) to obtain; to acquire (a degree, certificate, etc.)


插

Compare perhaps Burmese စွပ် (cwap, “to put on socks”) (Luce, 1981).

(Eastern Min, Hokkien, Singapore Teochew) to take notice of; to pay attention to; to heed

(Hokkien) to interfere; to intervene; to meddle

(Mainland China Hokkien) to pin something to one's waist, etc.

(Mainland China Hokkien) to mix up; to jumble up

(Mainland China Hokkien, card games) to shuffle


揕

(Hokkien) to throw; to toss; to hurl; to fling


揜

(Hokkien) to secretly take and conceal (something)


揲

(Hokkien) to beat, flog, or strike (especially as a punishment)


揹

背
背
把
背
背
負
背
背

2014, “溫柔的外衫”, 高以德 (lyrics), 許明傑 (music)performed by 黃妃 [Huang Fei]:

lí phi-tio̍h un-liû ê gōa-saⁿ, phāiⁿ-tio̍h bô-sim ê chōe-miâ

你披著溫柔的外衫 揹著無心的罪名

你披著温柔的外衫 背着无心的罪名

(Hokkien, figurative) to carry; to bear; to shoulder


揻

威
鑽
挖
窩
剮
錐
萎
搓
偎
煨
碨
崴
捼

1996, “陀螺”, 陳昇 (lyrics), 楊騰佑 (music)performed by 葉璦菱:

My heart feels like a needle pricking it, like an iron nail drilling into a block of wood

sim-thâu chhin-chhiūⁿ chiam tī-leh ui, koh ná chhâ-thâu lāi ū chi̍t ki thih-teng-á lè

心頭親像針在那錐 擱那柴頭內有一隻鐵釘仔哩

心头亲像针在那锥 搁那柴头内有一只铁钉仔哩

People will love give a big smile; people without love are destined to be pricked by a needle

ū ài ê lâng chhiò-iông khui, bô ài ê lâng chù-tiāⁿ siū chiam ui

有愛的人笑容開 無愛的人註定受針萎

有爱的人笑容开 无爱的人注定受针萎

1998, 伍佰, “樹枝孤鳥 [Lonely Tree, Lonely Bird]”performed by 伍佰&China Blue:

Oh, lover, without seeing your face, it is like the wind is blowing, like a needle is pricking

ah ~ ài-lîn, bô kìⁿ lí ê bīn, chhin-chhiūⁿ hong teh thàu, chhin-chhiūⁿ chiam teh ui

啊～愛人 無見妳的面 親像風在透 親像針在揻

啊～爱人 无见你的面 亲像风在透 亲像针在揻

The heart of a woman is made of tofu, broken for you, allowing a needle to prick and prod

lú-lîn ê sim, tāu-hū chòe--ê, ūi lí phò-chhùi, līm-iû chiam teh ui

女人ㄟ心 豆腐做ㄟ 為你破碎 任由針底搓

女人ㄟ心 豆腐做ㄟ 为你破碎 任由针底搓

It is like taking a needle, poking it into the bottom of my heart

chhin-chhiūⁿ the̍h chiam ui ji̍p gún sim-té

親像拿針偎入阮心底

亲像拿针偎入阮心底

2013, “愛你呀”, 李岩修 (lyrics), 徐嘉良 (music)performed by 阿吉仔:

The feeling of loving you is like a needle pricking my heart

ài lí ê kám-kak chhiūⁿ chiam ui góa sim-koaⁿ

愛你的感覺像針偎我心肝

爱你的感觉像针偎我心肝

2013, “不驚等歸年”, 黃介文 (lyrics), 李富興 (music)performed by 黃乙玲:

I'm not afraid that yearning is like a needle pricking, as long as you haven't forgotten me, I will stay here singing out my only persistence

m̄ kiaⁿ su-liām chhiūⁿ chiam ui, chí-iàu lí bô pàng bōe-kì, góa ē tiàm chia chhiùⁿ-chhut ûi-it ê kian-chhî

不驚思念像針煨 只要你沒放袂記 我會惦這唱出唯一的堅持

不惊思念像针煨 只要你没放袂记 我会惦这唱出唯一的坚持

2015, “唱乎爽”, 林孝謙 (lyrics), 秦旭章 (music)performed by 黃妃:

If a night of yearning breaks apart, the heart is like a needle is pricking it

chi̍t iā siuⁿ-si nā lâi phò-chhùi, sim-thâu chhiūⁿ chiam teh ui

一夜相思若來破碎 心頭像針在碨

一夜相思若来破碎 心头像针在碨

The yearning in the middle of the night bothers me every night, like a needle is pricking

saⁿ-kiⁿ mî-pòaⁿ ê siuⁿ-si, iā-iā tîⁿ kah chhiūⁿ chiam ui

三更暝半的相思 夜夜纏甲像針崴

三更暝半的相思 夜夜缠甲像针崴

Seeing you break your heart for him makes my heart ache as if it is pricked by a needle

khòaⁿ lí ūi i teh siong-sim, hō͘ góa sim-lāi chhiūⁿ chiam ui

看你為伊咧傷心 乎我心內像針揻

看你为伊咧伤心 乎我心内像针揻

(Hokkien, Teochew) to prick; to poke; to bore (with something sharp, like a needle, a knife, etc.)


搐

(Hokkien) to throb in pain (of an injury, inflammation, etc.)


搟

(Mainland China Hokkien) to tip over and tumble down


搢

衫裤搢入橱内。 [Hokkien, simp.]
Saⁿ-khò͘ chìⁿ li̍p tû lāi. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]

(literary or Hokkien) to stick into; to insert

(Hokkien) to squeeze one's way in; to cram in


搦

攊
拿
搙
六
𫼚
𤔨
𢾲
掠
搙
揑
搮


搦

/d͡ziɔk̚¹²¹/

/d͡ziɔk̚¹²¹/

攊
拿
搙
六
𫼚
𤔨
𢾲
掠
搙
揑
搮

(Hokkien) to rub and knead (with five fingers togethers)

搦塗糜／搦涂糜 [Hokkien] ― lio̍k thô͘-bê [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― tread on mud

(Hokkien) to tread on; to step on; to trample on


搧

(Hokkien) to scold; to reprimand; to rebuke; to reproach


搩

(Hokkien) to be antagonistic to; to be unfriendly with; to set oneself against


搭

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *tuːb, *tʰoːb): semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 荅 (OC *tkuːb).

Han compound

(Mainland China Hokkien) to support; to prop up; to bear

(Mainland China Hokkien) to press up against; to stick close to


搭

In that place, many camphor trees were planted

該搭仔種有當多个樟樹

该搭仔种有当多个樟树


摑

(Hokkien) to throw; to cast (something to hit someone)


摒

偋
㔷
偋
柄
*併
庰
屏

(Cantonese, Hokkien) to clean up; to tidy up

(Hokkien) to put in order; to sort out; to straighten out

(Hokkien, by extension) to sell at very low prices; to dump

(Mainland China Hokkien) to give (everything) to (of tasks, etc.)


摔

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 率.

My sister hasn't even taken a bite yet, and you've gorged it all up.

Sió-mōe to iáu-bōe chia̍h pòaⁿ chhùi--leh, lí tō sut liáu-liáu.

小妹都猶未食半喙咧，你就摔了了。

小妹都犹未食半喙咧，你就摔了了。

He was whipped by the police until he was bleeding.

I hō͘ kéng-chhat sut kah lâu-hoeh-lâu-tih.

伊予警察摔甲流血流滴。

(Hokkien) to whip; to flog (with a whip, rod, etc.)

蠓摔 [Hokkien] ― báng-sut [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― fly-whisk

摔目 [Hokkien] ― sut-ba̍k [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― to quickly glance at someone

(Mainland China Hokkien) to glance quickly


摔

If the bottle is thrown down forcefully on the ground, then it's done for.

Kan-á siàng lo̍h thô͘-kha, tō khì-liáu-liáu ah.

矸仔摔落塗跤，就去了了矣。

矸仔摔落涂跤，就去了了矣。

(Hokkien) to throw down forcefully on the ground


摵

/t͡sʰiɪk̚¹²¹/

/t͡sʰiɔk̚¹²¹/

/t͡sʰiɪk̚¹²¹/

/t͡sʰiɔk̚¹²¹/

(Hokkien) to toss; to bump; to be jolted around

(Mainland China Hokkien) to throw; to fling hardly (of mud, slush, mire, etc.)


摺

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g/l-t(y)ap (“fold, layer, pile up, repeat”). Cognate with 疊 (OC *l'ɯːb, “to fold, accumulate”); see there for more (STEDT).

inh

(Mainland China Hokkien) Classifier for folds of thin sheets.


撆

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *pʰeːd): phonetic 敝 (OC *beds, *bed) + semantic 手 (“hand”)

Han compound

He fanned the fan the entire night nonstop.

規暝葵扇撆無停。

规暝葵扇撆无停。


撆

(Hokkien) alternative form of 䘷 (“to roll up (a sleeve, a pant leg, etc.)”)


撇

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *pʰeːd): semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 敝 (OC *beds, *bed).

無半撇／无半撇 [Hokkien] ― bô-pòaⁿ-phiat [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― incompetent; incapable

(Mainland China Hokkien) to drift with the wind


撈

捞
𠔠
捞
捞
攎
捞
捞
葫
⿰布瓜

(Hokkien) to dredge up; to scoop out of water; to fish for


撒

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *saːd): semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 散 (OC *saːnʔ, *saːns) – to scatter with the hand.‘
Cognate with 散 (OC *saːnʔ, *saːns, “to disperse; scattered”). See there for more.

och-l

(Hokkien) to add into food (of seasoning, liquid, powder, etc.)


撟

(Hokkien) alternative form of 撨 (chhiâu)


撨

Probably a causative aspiration of 齊 /齐 (chiâu, châu, “uniform; regular”) (Ong, 2023).
Alternatively, it may be from 調 (OC *dɯːw, “harmonious; to adjust”).

喬
移
超
僑
橋
撟
蹺
瞧
摷

(Hokkien, Teochew, Leizhou Min) to adjust; to move (i.e. furniture or heavy objects)

(Hokkien) to move (a sprained bone, etc.) back to its original position

(Hokkien) to negotiate; to discuss; to adjust one's opinion to reach consensus


擉

(Hokkien) to strike with one's finger; to flick


擗

(Hokkien) to beat the mind; to grieve; to cry loudly; to wail

(Hokkien) to break open; to split open; to tear open


擗

(Hokkien) soft sound made by thin objects like cloth, paper, arrows, fire, etc. being blown or whistling through the wind: flutter; rustle; whoosh

(Hokkien) to fling or hit with sudden force

(Mainland China Hokkien) to gush out and splash everywhere (of liquid, etc.)


擠

挤
㨈
𡬚
挤
績:to squeeze out
勣:to injure the bones
muscles
or joints
挤


擢

(Mainland China Hokkien, figurative) to guide and support; to lead

(Mainland China Hokkien) to coax out of somebody; to trick somebody into telling (of a secret, information, the truth, etc.)


擲

掷
擿
掷
掟
旦
掞
丟
掷
掷


攄

He's/She's cutting hair (with a clipper).

伊當咧攄頭鬃。

伊当咧摅头鬃。


攔

(Hokkien) to shield; to alibi; to protect

(Hokkien) to seize someone else's things and taking them for oneself

(Hokkien, by extension) to take tasks to do as one's own


攝

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *neːb, *ʔnjeb): semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 聶 (OC *neb).
Probably from the same word family as 入 (OC *njub, “to enter”) (STEDT); see there for more.

Han compound

攝襇／摄裥 [Hokkien] ― liap-kéng [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― to pleat

攝屎／摄屎 [Hokkien] ― liap-sái [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― to endure a bowel movement

(Hokkien) to hold back; to endure; to restrain oneself

(Mainland China Hokkien) to save; to economize; to cut down on

(Mainland China Hokkien) to tangle up; to twist together (of rope, string, etc.)


攢

攒
攅
攒
攅
攒
攅
攒
僎
傳
拴
栓
銓
詮
川

2008, “憨阿嬤”, in 潘協慶 (lyrics), 陳冠甫 (music), 甲你攬牢牢 [Hold You Tightly], performed by 江蕙 [Jody Chiang]:

khin-pō͘ pih ńg, saⁿ-nn̄g chhiú chhoân-hó chá-tǹg

輕步挽袖 三兩手僎好早餐

轻步挽袖 三两手僎好早餐

2022, “遊臺灣”, 武雄 (lyrics), 張三 [Zion Chang] and 曹雅雯 [Olivia Tsao] (music), performed by 陳亞蘭 [Chen Ya Lan] and 曹雅雯 [Olivia Tsao]:

lí nā ū-êng kín sûi góa lâi, kok-tē bêng-sán góa lóng ū chhoân

你若有閒緊隨我來 各地名產我攏有攢

你若有闲紧随我来 各地名产我拢有攒

(Hokkien) to prepare; to arrange; to take care of

攢空／攒空 [Taiwanese Hokkien] ― chhoân-khang [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]

(Hokkien) to set up a trap to make a fool of someone


改

In the oracle bone script, a phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *klɯːʔ): phonetic 巳 (OC *ljɯʔ, *lɯs) + semantic 攴.
The interpretation linked to a child beaten or threathened by a stick in hand to indicate "correct, amend" referred to educating a child is probably folk etymology.
Since the small seal script, the phonetic component has been changed to 己 (OC *kɯʔ).
Related to 革 (OC *krɯːɡ, “to change”), 更 (OC *kraːŋ, “to change”) (Wang, 1982).

Han compound

I heard you've quit smoking and drinking

聽講你菸酒攏改啊

听讲你烟酒拢改啊

(Hokkien) to give up; to quit; to abstain from (a bad habit)


敉

(Hokkien) Classifier for small objects, such as oysters, razor clams, mushrooms, and ears.


敢

→ Zhuang: gamj

In oracle bone script, ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): Two hands 廾 holding a weapon 干 hunting a wild boar 豕.
In the Zhou dynasty one of the hands was removed and a phonetic component 甘 (OC *kaːm) was added. The boar shape got progressively corrupted until it looked like a hand 彐, thus obtaining the very old and rather conservative variant 𢼿.
The sound component 甘 and the weapon 干 stylized and merged into 古, leading to the seal script form 𢽤. Then, the wild boar on top stylized into 爫, thus obtaining 𠭖.
Eventually, the left half corrupted further into the traditional version ⿱丅耳, which was then stylized.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s/m-wam (“to dare”), which Schuessler reconstructs as *k-wam to account for the initial velar in the Chinese form. Compare Burmese ဝံ့ (wam., “to dare”) (Schuessler, 2007; STEDT).

敢通按呢？

(literary or Hokkien, Teochew, Taiwanese Hakka, rhetorical question) can it be possible that; how

你敢有閒？

你敢有闲？

(Hokkien, Taiwanese Hakka) Interrogative adverb, placed before the verb to create a yes-no question.


散

The original version visible on oracle bone script is 㪔, hence Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 林 (“trees, forest”) + 攴 (“to knock, to tap”), also written with hemp stalks 𣏟 (> 𢽳) or bamboo 竹 instead of two trees. The original meanings are "to clear a place from vegetation; to kill". The character later started meaning "to dissipate, to disperse" since bamboo in particular breaks easily into pieces; eventually, the meaning shifted to "to walk around, to stroll".
Shuowen: Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *saːnʔ, *saːns): semantic 肉 + phonetic 𢽳, written as 𣀙, in which 林 is well visible on top.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *sjwar ~ g/b-sjwa-n/t (“flow; pour; scatter; spill; sow; broadcast”). Cognate with 撒 (OC *saːd, “to cast away; to let go”), 宣 (OC *sqʰon, “to spread; to proclaim”), Tibetan འཆོར་བ ('chor ba, “to escape; to flow out”), Burmese သွန် (swan, “to pour out; to spill”), Lahu šē (“to sow; to broadcast”), Lahu šêʔ (“to pour; to spill; to disperse; to sow; to broadcast”).

cog

㪔
𢽳
𢿷
𣀙
𢿱
㪚
撒
嘇
糝
剼

(Hokkien) to sprinkle; to spread (such as salt, powder, wood, ashes, medicinal powder, sawdust, fuel, etc.)


散

㪔
𢽳
𢿷
𣀙
𢿱
㪚
撒
嘇
糝
剼

long gown and full flowing skirt (full Ming dynasty dress)

長衫散裙

长衫散裙

(Hokkien) buttoned; fastened with a Chinese button knot or button; buckled; clasped

(Mainland China Hokkien) courageous; fearless


敲

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɒu̯³³/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɒu̯³³/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kʰraːw, *kʰraːws): phonetic 高 (OC *kaːw) + semantic 攴 (“to hit lightly; to tap”).

Han compound

I called the teacher yesterday (on the phone).

我昨日敲予先生。

(Hokkien, Singapore Teochew) to call someone (by phone); to telephone


斗

Pictogram (象形) (Shuowen), indicating a ladle-shaped dou used to measure grain (see below) held by hand. See also 升.
Pronunciations 1 (“dipper, ladle”) and 2 (“water ladle”) are cognate. Variant character: 枓 (zhǔ, “ladle”). They probably belong to the same word family as 注 (OC *tjos, “to pour”), as a derived noun. Within Sino-Tibetan, compare Tibetan ཆུ (chu, “water”), འཆུ ('chu, “to scoop up, to ladle water”) and Burmese တို့ (tui., “to dip; large basket”).

cog

𤣫
𠦁
𣁬
搗
捯
啄
罩

(Hokkien) time; an instance or occurrence


斟

2003, “醉英雄”, in 李岩修 (lyrics), 徐嘉良 (music), 醉英雄, performed by 蔡秋鳳 [Kerris Tsai]:

chiú-poe thîn thîn thîn, thîn peh hun tīⁿ

酒杯斟斟斟 斟八分滿

酒杯斟斟斟 斟八分满

(Hokkien) to pour (a drink) into drinkware


斡

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qʷaːd): phonetic 倝 (OC *kaːns) + semantic 斗.

Han compound

(Hokkien) Classifier for bends, curves or turns.

彎彎斡斡

弯弯斡斡


斲

Perhaps related to 觸 (OC *tʰjoɡ, “to butt, knock against”); see there for more (STEDT).

斫
斵
剢
剁
督
㓸
𠠇
𣂪
𣂡
𣃆
𣃂
𣃃
𣃋
𣃏
𦘣
𨮕

(obsolete or Mainland China Hokkien) to carve; to engrave


斷

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 𢇍 (“to cut”) + 斤 (“axe”).
Before the Qin dynasty, this character was written as 𠸿 or 𠜷. According to Shuowen, the left component is an old form of 叀.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *dan (“cut”).

(Hokkien) to not have; to be without; there is not


暴

㫧
㬥
㬧
曓
𣉱
𣊴
𣊻
曝
虣
𣋏
𣋳
𣋴
發

(Hokkien) to sprout; to send forth (leaves, buds, beard, bubbles, etc.)


暴

㫧
㬥
㬧
曓
𣉱
𣊴
𣊻
曝
虣
𣋏
𣋳
𣋴
發

(Hokkien) to emerge; to pop up; to spring forth


晴

/t͡sʰi̯aŋ¹¹/

/t͡sʰi̯aŋ¹¹/

Written as 夝 in Shuowen and as 星 in the Classic of Poetry.
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *zleŋ): semantic 日 (“sun”) + phonetic 青 (OC *sʰleːŋ).
Baxter and Sagart (2014) propose that it is from 清 (OC *tsʰeŋ, “clear”) with the intransitivizing/stativizing prefix *N-. Compare Proto-Hmong-Mien *ntshji̯əŋ (“clear”), whence White Hmong ntshiab.
Alternatively, it is perhaps derived from 星 (OC *sleːŋ, “star”): "become starry" > "weather clearing during the night" > "clearing when the sun is coming out" (Schuessler, 2007).

Han compound

(Hokkien, obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to stop (of rain, snow, etc.)


暍

(Hokkien) to use the heat (of the sun, fire, etc.) to dry or to cause some result