或

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (或):
* → Vietnamese: hoặc (或)

Characters in the same phonetic series (或) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 戈 (“dagger-axe (used to defend the territory)”) + 囗 (“city wall”) + 一, “territory”. The most ancient version is 戓, then modified into 或; the stroke was added perhaps when the pronunciation of the character evolved.
Borrowed for abstract meanings. The derivative 國 (OC *kʷɯːɡ), 域 (OC *ɢʷrɯɡ), and perhaps 淢 refer to the original word. The last character can be seen in the ancient name of the Han river, 㵄.
或 (OC *ɡʷɯːɡ, “someone; some”) is the result of the distributive suffix *-k being added to 有 (OC *ɢʷɯʔ, “there is”).
Cognate with 又 (OC *ɢʷɯs, “again”) (Schuessler, 2007).


與

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *la, *laʔ, *las): phonetic 舁 (OC *la, “raised hands”) + phonetic 牙 (OC *ŋraː). Both components are phonetic. The closest version to the original is 𦥸.
; "to be with; to associate with"
; "to give"

Han compound

与
𠔔
𠔜
𦥸
𦦲
𫝌
𫟋
𫤰
𭁇
𭁈
𭁉
𭁕
𮍫
𮍬
𮍭
𮍰


門

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (門):
* → Japanese: 門(もん) (mon)
* → Korean: 문(門) (mun)
* → Vietnamese: môn (門)

Wutunhua: men

Characters in the same phonetic series (門) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Pictogram (象形): a gate. Compare 戶 (OC *ɡʷaːʔ, “(one) door”), which is half of this character (𠁣).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *mur (“mouth; lip; to hold in mouth; to chew; face; gills”) (STEDT). Cognate with Tibetan མུར་བ (mur ba, “to masticate”), Tibetan མུར་འགྲམ (mur 'gram, “jawbone; cheek”), Mizo hmûi (“lips; upper lip”) and 吻 (OC *mɯnʔ, “lips; corner of the lips”).
; “-gate”


非

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (非):
* → Japanese: 非(ひ) (hi)
* → Korean: 비(非) (bi)
* → Vietnamese: phi (非)

Characters in the same phonetic series (非) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Pictogram (象形) - two wings facing opposite directions. Originally, it represented wings; then, according to Xu Shen, its meaning changed into "leave; disobey" (違). Eventually, it was used perhaps as a phonetic loan to mean "not to be".
Unrelated to the Kangxi radical 韭.
非 (OC *pɯj) is the fusion of the negation particle 不 (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ', “not”) and the copula 惟 (OC *ɢʷi, “to be”), attested in oracle bone inscriptions.


ZF

(Mainland China, Internet slang) initialism of 政府 (zhèngfǔ)


量詞

/li̯ɑŋ⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/lœːŋ²² t͡sʰiː²¹/

/lyɒŋ¹¹ ɬo¹³/

/lyøŋ²¹ ɬo²⁴/

/liɔŋ²²⁻²¹ su²⁴/

/liɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² sɯ²⁴/

/liaŋ²²⁻²¹ su¹³/

/liaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sɯ⁵⁵/

/li̯ɑŋ⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/lœːŋ²² t͡sʰiː²¹/

/lyɒŋ¹¹ ɬo¹³/

/lyøŋ²¹ ɬo²⁴/

/liɔŋ²²⁻²¹ su²⁴/

/liɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² sɯ²⁴/

/liaŋ²²⁻²¹ su¹³/

/liaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sɯ⁵⁵/

專用動量詞

動量詞／动量词 (dòngliàngcí)

专用动量词

動量詞／动量词 (dòngliàngcí)

借用動量詞

動量詞／动量词 (dòngliàngcí)

借用动量词

動量詞／动量词 (dòngliàngcí)


異或

/i⁵¹⁻⁵³ xu̯ɔ⁵¹/

/i⁵¹⁻⁵³ xu̯ɔ⁵¹/


前提

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵ tʰi³⁵/

/t͡sʰiːn²¹ tʰɐi̯²¹/

/t͡siɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰe²⁴/

/t͡siɛn²³⁻³³ tʰe²³/

/t͡siɛn¹³⁻²² tʰe¹³/

/t͡siɛn²⁴⁻²² tʰe²⁴/

/t͡siɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ te²⁴/

/t͡siɛn²³⁻³³ te²³/

/t͡sõĩ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tʰi⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵ tʰi³⁵/

/t͡sʰiːn²¹ tʰɐi̯²¹/

/t͡siɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰe²⁴/

/t͡siɛn²³⁻³³ tʰe²³/

/t͡siɛn¹³⁻²² tʰe¹³/

/t͡siɛn²⁴⁻²² tʰe²⁴/

/t͡siɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ te²⁴/

/t͡siɛn²³⁻³³ te²³/

/t͡sõĩ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tʰi⁵⁵/


矛盾

/mɑʊ̯³⁵ tu̯ən⁵¹/

/mɑʊ̯³⁵ ʂu̯ən²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/maːu̯²¹ tʰɵn¹³/

/mau⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾louŋ³³/

/bau²⁴⁻²² tun⁵⁵⁴/

/mãu¹³⁻²² tun⁵³/

/mãu²⁴⁻²² tun⁵³/

/mau²⁴⁻²² tun⁵⁵⁴/

/mãu²⁴⁻¹¹ tun⁵³/

/mãu²³⁻³³ tun⁴¹/

/mɔ̃²⁴⁻²² tun⁵³/

/mɔ̃²⁴⁻²² tun⁵⁵⁴/

/mɔ²² dən⁴⁴/

/mɤ²² dən⁴⁴/

/møy²³ dən¹¹/

/mæ²³ dən¹¹/

/mɑʊ̯³⁵ tu̯ən⁵¹/

/mɑʊ̯³⁵ ʂu̯ən²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/maːu̯²¹ tʰɵn¹³/

/mau⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾louŋ³³/

/bau²⁴⁻²² tun⁵⁵⁴/

/mãu¹³⁻²² tun⁵³/

/mãu²⁴⁻²² tun⁵³/

/mau²⁴⁻²² tun⁵⁵⁴/

/mãu²⁴⁻¹¹ tun⁵³/

/mãu²³⁻³³ tun⁴¹/

/mɔ̃²⁴⁻²² tun⁵³/

/mɔ̃²⁴⁻²² tun⁵⁵⁴/

/mɔ²² dən⁴⁴/

/mɤ²² dən⁴⁴/

/møy²³ dən¹¹/

/mæ²³ dən¹¹/

From a tale in Han Feizi first attested in c. 2nd century BCE.

There was once a man in the state of Chu, who was selling shields and lances. He was praising them saying: “My shields are so firm, that there is nothing that can pierce them.” He praised his lances saying: “My lances are so sharp, that there is nothing that they cannot pierce.” Someone asked: “What if you used your lances to pierce your shields?” The man could not answer. A shield that cannot be pierced and a lance that can pierce everything cannot exist in the same world.

Chǔ rén yǒu yù dùn yǔ máo zhě, yù zhī yuē: “Wú dùn zhī jiān, wù mò néng xiàn zhī.” Yǐ yù qí máo yuē: “Wú máo zhī lì, yú wù wú bù xiàn yě.” Huò yuē: “Yǐ zǐ zhī máo xiàn zǐ zhī dùn, hérú?” Qí rén fú néng yìng yě. Fú bùkě xiàn zhī dùn yǔ wú bù xiàn zhī máo, bùkě tóng shì ér lì.

楚人有鬻盾與矛者，譽之曰：「吾盾之堅，物莫能陷之。」以譽其矛曰：「吾矛之利，於物無不陷也。」或曰：「以子之矛陷子之盾，何如？」其人弗能應也。夫不可陷之盾與無不陷之矛，不可同世而立。

楚人有鬻盾与矛者，誉之曰：「吾盾之坚，物莫能陷之。」以誉其矛曰：「吾矛之利，于物无不陷也。」或曰：「以子之矛陷子之盾，何如？」其人弗能应也。夫不可陷之盾与无不陷之矛，不可同世而立。


內涵

/neɪ̯⁵¹ xän³⁵/

/nɔːi̯²² haːm²¹/

/neɪ̯⁵¹ xän³⁵/

/nɔːi̯²² haːm²¹/

connotation; implication; intention; significance


結論

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵ lu̯ən⁵¹/

/kɛʔ²¹⁻⁴² lɔŋ¹¹/

/kɛʔ²⁻⁴ luoŋ²¹/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ lun²²/

/kiɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ lun⁴¹/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁵ lun²²/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ lun³³/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ lun³³/

/kak̚²⁻⁴ luŋ³⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵ lu̯ən⁵¹/

/kɛʔ²¹⁻⁴² lɔŋ¹¹/

/kɛʔ²⁻⁴ luoŋ²¹/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ lun²²/

/kiɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ lun⁴¹/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁵ lun²²/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ lun³³/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ lun³³/

/kak̚²⁻⁴ luŋ³⁵/


推理

/tʰu̯eɪ̯⁵⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰɵy̯⁵⁵ lei̯¹³/

/tʰui⁴⁴⁻²² li⁵³/

/tʰui⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁵³/

/tʰui⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁴¹/

/t͡sʰui⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁴¹/

/tʰu̯eɪ̯⁵⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰɵy̯⁵⁵ lei̯¹³/

/tʰui⁴⁴⁻²² li⁵³/

/tʰui⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁵³/

/tʰui⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁴¹/

/t͡sʰui⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁴¹/

法律推理


命題

/miŋ⁵¹ tʰi³⁵/

/mɪŋ²² tʰɐi̯²¹/

/biɪŋ⁴¹⁻²² tue²⁴/

/biɪŋ³³⁻¹¹ tue²⁴/

/biɪŋ²²⁻²¹ tue²⁴/

/biɪŋ²²⁻²¹ te¹³/

/biɪŋ³³⁻²¹ te²³/

/miŋ⁵¹ tʰi³⁵/

/mɪŋ²² tʰɐi̯²¹/

/biɪŋ⁴¹⁻²² tue²⁴/

/biɪŋ³³⁻¹¹ tue²⁴/

/biɪŋ²²⁻²¹ tue²⁴/

/biɪŋ²²⁻²¹ te¹³/

/biɪŋ³³⁻²¹ te²³/


邏輯

→ Bouyei: lofjif

→ Zhuang: lozciz

/lu̯ɔ³⁵ t͡ɕi³⁵/

/lu̯ɔ³⁵ d͡ʑ̥i³/

/lɔː²¹ t͡sʰɐp̚⁵/

/lo¹³⁻²² t͡sʰip̚³²/

/lo²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰip̚³²/

/lo²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰip̚⁵/

/lo²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sip̚⁴/

/lɤ²³⁻³³ t͡sip̚⁴/

/lo²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sip̚³²/

/lɤ²³⁻³³ t͡sip̚³²/

/lo⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sʰip̚²/

/lu̯ɔ³⁵ t͡ɕi³⁵/

/lu̯ɔ³⁵ d͡ʑ̥i³/

/lɔː²¹ t͡sʰɐp̚⁵/

/lo¹³⁻²² t͡sʰip̚³²/

/lo²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰip̚³²/

/lo²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰip̚⁵/

/lo²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sip̚⁴/

/lɤ²³⁻³³ t͡sip̚⁴/

/lo²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sip̚³²/

/lɤ²³⁻³³ t͡sip̚³²/

/lo⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sʰip̚²/

Phono-semantic matching of English logic. Coined by Chinese translator Yan Fu.

psm

條件邏輯／条件逻辑 ― tiáojiàn luójí ― conditional logic

內在邏輯／内在逻辑

底層邏輯／底层逻辑

投資邏輯／投资逻辑 ― tóuzī luójí ― investment logic

不合邏輯／不合逻辑

這是什麼邏輯？

这是什么逻辑？

logic; reason; reasoning; law; rationale


形上

/ɕiŋ³⁵ ʂɑŋ⁵¹/

/jɪŋ²¹ sœːŋ²²/

/ɕiŋ³⁵ ʂɑŋ⁵¹/

/jɪŋ²¹ sœːŋ²²/


形而上學

ㄒㄧㄥˊ ㄦˊ ㄕㄤˋ ㄒㄩㄝˊ

ㄒㄧㄥˊ ㄦˊ ㄕㄤˋ ㄒㄩㄝˊ

синъэршансюэ

/ɕiŋ³⁵ ˀɤɻ³⁵ ʂɑŋ⁵¹ ɕy̯ɛ³⁵/

/jɪŋ²¹ jiː²¹ sœːŋ²² hɔːk̚²/

/ɕiŋ³⁵ ˀɤɻ³⁵ ʂɑŋ⁵¹ ɕy̯ɛ³⁵/

/jɪŋ²¹ jiː²¹ sœːŋ²² hɔːk̚²/

The 形而上 (xíng'érshàng) part is from I Ching

Hence that which is antecedent to the material form exists, we say, as an ideal method, and that which is subsequent to the material form exists, we say, as a definite thing.

I Ching, 11ᵗʰ – 8ᵗʰ century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

Shìgù, xíng'érshàng zhě wèi zhī dào, xíng'érxià zhě wèi zhī qì.

是故，形而上者謂之道，形而下者謂之器。

是故，形而上者谓之道，形而下者谓之器。

Adhere to dialectical materialism and oppose metaphysics.

Jiānchí wéiwù biànzhèngfǎ, fǎnduì xíng'érshàngxué.

堅持唯物辯證法，反對形而上學。

坚持唯物辩证法，反对形而上学。

metaphysics (the world outlook and methodology opposed to dialectics)


公理

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ lei̯¹³/

/kuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ li²⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² li⁵³/

/kɔŋ³³ li⁵⁵⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² li⁵³/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁵³/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁴¹/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ lei̯¹³/

/kuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ li²⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² li⁵³/

/kɔŋ³³ li⁵⁵⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² li⁵³/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁵³/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁴¹/


悖論

/peɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ lu̯ən⁵¹/

/puːi̯²² lɵn²²/

/peɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ lu̯ən⁵¹/

/puːi̯²² lɵn²²/

(logic, philosophy, mathematics) paradox; antinomy


論域

/lu̯ən⁵¹⁻⁵³ y⁵¹/

/lu̯ən⁵¹⁻⁵³ y⁵¹/


論題

/lu̯ən⁵¹ tʰi³⁵/

/lɵn²² tʰɐi̯²¹/

/lun²²⁻²¹ te¹³/

/lun³³⁻²¹ te²³/

/lu̯ən⁵¹ tʰi³⁵/

/lɵn²² tʰɐi̯²¹/

/lun²²⁻²¹ te¹³/

/lun³³⁻²¹ te²³/


公設

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ ʂɤ⁵¹/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡sʰiːt̚³/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² siɛt̚³²/

/kɔŋ³³ siɛt̚⁵/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² siɛt̚³²/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ siɛt̚³²/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ siɛt̚³²/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ ʂɤ⁵¹/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡sʰiːt̚³/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² siɛt̚³²/

/kɔŋ³³ siɛt̚⁵/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² siɛt̚³²/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ siɛt̚³²/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ siɛt̚³²/


蘊含

/wɐn¹³ hɐm²¹/

/uŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ ham⁵⁵/

/wɐn¹³ hɐm²¹/

/uŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ ham⁵⁵/


不周

/pu⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/pɐt̚⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/pu⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/pɐt̚⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

中項不周

中项不周


歸納法

/ku̯eɪ̯⁵⁵ nä⁵¹ fä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʷɐi̯⁵⁵ naːp̚² faːt̚³/

/kui⁴⁴⁻²² lap̚⁴⁻³² huat̚³²/

/kui⁴⁴⁻²² lap̚¹²¹⁻²¹ huat̚³²/

/kui⁴⁴⁻³³ lap̚⁴⁻³² huat̚³²/

/kui⁴⁴⁻³³ lap̚⁴⁻³² huat̚³²/

/ku̯eɪ̯⁵⁵ nä⁵¹ fä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʷɐi̯⁵⁵ naːp̚² faːt̚³/

/kui⁴⁴⁻²² lap̚⁴⁻³² huat̚³²/

/kui⁴⁴⁻²² lap̚¹²¹⁻²¹ huat̚³²/

/kui⁴⁴⁻³³ lap̚⁴⁻³² huat̚³²/

/kui⁴⁴⁻³³ lap̚⁴⁻³² huat̚³²/

(logic, mathematics) inductive reasoning


充分條件

ㄔㄨㄥ ㄈㄣˋ ㄊㄧㄠˊ ㄐㄧㄢˋ

ㄔㄨㄥ ㄈㄣˋ ㄊㄧㄠˊ ㄐㄧㄢˋ

чунфэнь тяоцзянь

/ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ⁵⁵ fən⁵¹ tʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/t͡sʰʊŋ⁵⁵ fɐn²² tʰiːu̯²¹ kiːn²²⁻³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ⁵⁵ fən⁵¹ tʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/t͡sʰʊŋ⁵⁵ fɐn²² tʰiːu̯²¹ kiːn²²⁻³⁵/

sufficient condition
sufficient condition


全稱

/t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ⁵⁵/

universal quantifier
universal quantifier

(logic) universal; pertaining to the universal quantifier


形式邏輯

ㄒㄧㄥˊ ㄕˋ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄐㄧˊ

ㄒㄧㄥˊ ㄕˋ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄐㄧˊ

ㄒㄧㄥˊ ㄕˋ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ˙ㄐㄧ

/ɕiŋ³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹ lu̯ɔ³⁵ t͡ɕi³⁵/

/ɕiŋ³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹ lu̯ɔ³⁵ d͡ʑ̥i³/

/jɪŋ²¹ sɪk̚⁵ lɔː²¹ t͡sʰɐp̚⁵/

/ɕiŋ³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹ lu̯ɔ³⁵ t͡ɕi³⁵/

/ɕiŋ³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹ lu̯ɔ³⁵ d͡ʑ̥i³/

/jɪŋ²¹ sɪk̚⁵ lɔː²¹ t͡sʰɐp̚⁵/


黑格爾

/xeɪ̯⁵⁵ kɤ³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɐk̚⁵ kaːk̚³ jiː¹³/

/xeɪ̯⁵⁵ kɤ³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɐk̚⁵ kaːk̚³ jiː¹³/

(logic, philosophy) Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel


斷案

/tu̯än⁵¹⁻⁵³ ˀän⁵¹/

/tyːn³³ ɔːn³³/

/tu̯än⁵¹⁻⁵³ ˀän⁵¹/

/tyːn³³ ɔːn³³/


充分必要條件

ㄔㄨㄥ ㄈㄣˋ ㄅㄧˋ ㄧㄠˋ ㄊㄧㄠˊ ㄐㄧㄢˋ

ㄔㄨㄥ ㄈㄣˋ ㄅㄧˋ ㄧㄠˋ ㄊㄧㄠˊ ㄐㄧㄢˋ

чунфэнь бияо тяоцзянь

/ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ⁵⁵ fən⁵¹⁻⁵³ pi⁵¹⁻⁵³ jɑʊ̯⁵¹ tʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

sufficient and necessary condition
sufficient and necessary condition

(logic) sufficient and necessary condition


必要條件

ㄅㄧˋ ㄧㄠˋ ㄊㄧㄠˊ ㄐㄧㄢˋ

ㄅㄧˋ ㄧㄠˋ ㄊㄧㄠˊ ㄐㄧㄢˋ

бияо тяоцзянь

/pi⁵¹⁻⁵³ jɑʊ̯⁵¹ tʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/piːt̚⁵ jiːu̯³³ tʰiːu̯²¹ kiːn²²⁻³⁵/

/pi⁵¹⁻⁵³ jɑʊ̯⁵¹ tʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/piːt̚⁵ jiːu̯³³ tʰiːu̯²¹ kiːn²²⁻³⁵/


充要條件

ㄔㄨㄥ ㄧㄠˋ ㄊㄧㄠˊ ㄐㄧㄢˋ

ㄔㄨㄥ ㄧㄠˋ ㄊㄧㄠˊ ㄐㄧㄢˋ

чунъяо тяоцзянь

/ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ⁵⁵ jɑʊ̯⁵¹ tʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ⁵⁵ jɑʊ̯⁵¹ tʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

充分必要條件 充分必要條件#Chinese

充分必要条件 充分必要条件#Chinese

(logic) short for 充分必要條件／充分必要条件 (chōngfèn bìyào tiáojiàn)


當且僅當

ㄉㄤ ㄑㄧㄝˇ ㄐㄧㄣˇ ㄉㄤ

ㄉㄤ ㄑㄧㄝˇ ㄐㄧㄣˇ ㄉㄤ

данцецзиньдан

/tɑŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡ɕin²¹⁴⁻²¹ tɑŋ⁵⁵/

/tɔːŋ⁵⁵ t͡sʰɛː³⁵ kɐn³⁵ tɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/tɑŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡ɕin²¹⁴⁻²¹ tɑŋ⁵⁵/

/tɔːŋ⁵⁵ t͡sʰɛː³⁵ kɐn³⁵ tɔːŋ⁵⁵/

(Mainland China, mathematics, logic) if and only if


若且唯若

ㄖㄨㄛˋ ㄑㄧㄝˇ ㄨㄟˊ ㄖㄨㄛˋ

ㄖㄨㄛˋ ㄑㄧㄝˇ ㄨㄟˊ ㄖㄨㄛˋ

/ʐu̯ɔ⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ weɪ̯³⁵ ʐu̯ɔ⁵¹/

/jœːk̚² t͡sʰɛː³⁵ wɐi̯²¹ jœːk̚²/

/ʐu̯ɔ⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ weɪ̯³⁵ ʐu̯ɔ⁵¹/

/jœːk̚² t͡sʰɛː³⁵ wɐi̯²¹ jœːk̚²/

(Taiwan, mathematics, logic) if and only if


自洽

/t͡sz̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕʰi̯ä⁵¹/

/t͡sz̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕʰi̯ä⁵¹/


自洽性

ㄗˋ ㄑㄧㄚˋ ㄒㄧㄥˋ

ㄗˋ ㄑㄧㄚˋ ㄒㄧㄥˋ

/t͡sz̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕʰi̯ä⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕiŋ⁵¹/

/t͡sz̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕʰi̯ä⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕiŋ⁵¹/

諾維科夫自洽性原則

诺维科夫自洽性原则


中項

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹/


演繹法

/jɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹ i⁵¹ fä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹ i⁵¹ fä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/


套套邏輯

ㄊㄠˋ ˙ㄊㄠ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ˙ㄐㄧ

ㄊㄠˋ ˙ㄊㄠ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄐㄧˊ

таотао лоцзи

/tʰɑʊ̯⁵¹ tʰɑʊ̯¹ lu̯ɔ³⁵ d͡ʑ̥i³/

/tʰɑʊ̯⁵¹ tʰɑʊ̯¹ lu̯ɔ³⁵ t͡ɕi³⁵/

/tʰou̯³³ tʰou̯³³ lɔː²¹ t͡sʰɐp̚⁵/

/tʰɑʊ̯⁵¹ tʰɑʊ̯¹ lu̯ɔ³⁵ d͡ʑ̥i³/

/tʰɑʊ̯⁵¹ tʰɑʊ̯¹ lu̯ɔ³⁵ t͡ɕi³⁵/

/tʰou̯³³ tʰou̯³³ lɔː²¹ t͡sʰɐp̚⁵/

Phono-semantic matching of English tautology.

Speaking of this, I thought another similar scientific system—Darwin's theory of the origin of the species. Many people have criticized the so-called "survival of the fittest" for being a tautology because any biological trait can be explained as adaptation to the environment.

2012, 辉格, 《自私的皮球：我们的日子为什么是这样过的》, page 268

Shuō dào zhèlǐ, wǒ xiǎngqǐ lìng yī ge lèisì de kēxué tǐxì — Dá'ěrwén de wùzhǒng qǐyuán xuéshuō, xǔduō rén céng zhǐzé suǒwèi “shìzhě shēngcún” bùguò shì yī zhǒng tàotao luóji, yīnwèi rènhé shēngwù xìngzhuàng dōu kěyǐ bèi jiěshì wéi duì huánjìng de shìyìng.

說到這裡，我想起另一個類似的科學體系——達爾文的物種起源學說，許多人曾指責所謂「適者生存」不過是一種套套邏輯，因為任何生物性狀都可以被解釋為對環境的適應。

说到这里，我想起另一个类似的科学体系——达尔文的物种起源学说，许多人曾指责所谓「适者生存」不过是一种套套逻辑，因为任何生物性状都可以被解释为对环境的适应。


二進

/ˀɤɻ⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕin⁵¹/

/jiː²² t͡sɵn³³/

/ˀɤɻ⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕin⁵¹/

/jiː²² t͡sɵn³³/


大前提

ㄉㄚˋ ㄑㄧㄢˊ ㄊㄧˊ

ㄉㄚˋ ㄑㄧㄢˊ ㄊㄧˊ

/tä⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵ tʰi³⁵/

/taːi̯²² t͡sʰiːn²¹ tʰɐi̯²¹/

/tä⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵ tʰi³⁵/

/taːi̯²² t͡sʰiːn²¹ tʰɐi̯²¹/


小前提

ㄒㄧㄠˇ ㄑㄧㄢˊ ㄊㄧˊ

ㄒㄧㄠˇ ㄑㄧㄢˊ ㄊㄧˊ

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵ tʰi³⁵/

/siːu̯³⁵ t͡sʰiːn²¹ tʰɐi̯²¹/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵ tʰi³⁵/

/siːu̯³⁵ t͡sʰiːn²¹ tʰɐi̯²¹/


三段論

ㄙㄢ ㄉㄨㄢˋ ㄌㄨㄣˋ

ㄙㄢ ㄉㄨㄢˋ ㄌㄨㄣˋ

саньдуаньлунь

/sän⁵⁵ tu̯än⁵¹⁻⁵³ lu̯ən⁵¹/

/sän⁵⁵ tu̯än⁵¹⁻⁵³ lu̯ən⁵¹/


交換性

ㄐㄧㄠ ㄏㄨㄢˋ ㄒㄧㄥˋ

ㄐㄧㄠ ㄏㄨㄢˋ ㄒㄧㄥˋ

цзяохуаньсин

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵ xu̯än⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕiŋ⁵¹/

/kaːu̯⁵⁵ wuːn²² sɪŋ³³/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵ xu̯än⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕiŋ⁵¹/

/kaːu̯⁵⁵ wuːn²² sɪŋ³³/


傳遞性

ㄔㄨㄢˊ ㄉㄧˋ ㄒㄧㄥˋ

ㄔㄨㄢˊ ㄉㄧˋ ㄒㄧㄥˋ

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än³⁵ ti⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕiŋ⁵¹/

/t͡sʰyːn²¹ tɐi̯²² sɪŋ³³/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än³⁵ ti⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕiŋ⁵¹/

/t͡sʰyːn²¹ tɐi̯²² sɪŋ³³/


自反性

/t͡sz̩⁵¹ fän²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕiŋ⁵¹/

/t͡siː²² faːn³⁵ sɪŋ³³/

/t͡sz̩⁵¹ fän²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕiŋ⁵¹/

/t͡siː²² faːn³⁵ sɪŋ³³/


反對稱性

ㄈㄢˇ ㄉㄨㄟˋ ㄔㄣˋ ㄒㄧㄥˋ

ㄈㄢˇ ㄉㄨㄟˋ ㄔㄥˋ ㄒㄧㄥˋ

фаньдуйчэньсин

/fän²¹⁴⁻²¹ tu̯eɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂʰən⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕiŋ⁵¹/

фаньдуйчэнсин

/fän²¹⁴⁻²¹ tu̯eɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕiŋ⁵¹/

/faːn³⁵ tɵy̯³³ t͡sʰɪŋ³³ sɪŋ³³/

/faːn³⁵ tɵy̯³³ t͡sʰɪŋ³³ sɪŋ³³/


結合性

ㄐㄧㄝˊ ㄏㄜˊ ㄒㄧㄥˋ

ㄐㄧㄝˊ ㄏㄜˊ ㄒㄧㄥˋ

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵ xɤ³⁵ ɕiŋ⁵¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵ xɤ³⁵ ɕiŋ⁵¹/

(mathematics, logic) associativity; (attributive) associative


偽命題

ㄨㄟˇ ㄇㄧㄥˋ ㄊㄧˊ

ㄨㄟˋ ㄇㄧㄥˋ ㄊㄧˊ

/weɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ miŋ⁵¹ tʰi³⁵/

/weɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ miŋ⁵¹ tʰi³⁵/

/weɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ miŋ⁵¹ tʰi³⁵/

/weɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ miŋ⁵¹ tʰi³⁵/

(mathematics, logic) false proposition; false premise


與非

/y²¹⁴⁻²¹ feɪ̯⁵⁵/

/y²¹⁴⁻²¹ feɪ̯⁵⁵/


或非

/xu̯ɔ⁵¹ feɪ̯⁵⁵/

/xu̯ɔ⁵¹ feɪ̯⁵⁵/


謂詞

/weɪ̯⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/weɪ̯⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

(mathematics, logic, computer science) predicate


外延

/waɪ̯⁵¹ jɛn³⁵/

/waɪ̯⁵¹ jɛn³⁵/


周延

/ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵ jɛn³⁵/

/t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵ jiːn²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵ jɛn³⁵/

/t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵ jiːn²¹/


特稱

tʻê⁴-chʻêng¹

/tʰɤ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰɤ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ⁵⁵/

existential quantifier
existential quantifier

(logic) existential; pertaining to the existential quantifier


排中律

/pʰaɪ̯³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ly⁵¹/

/pʰaːi̯²¹ t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ lɵt̚²/

/pʰaɪ̯³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ly⁵¹/

/pʰaːi̯²¹ t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ lɵt̚²/

law of excluded middle
law of excluded middle


矛盾律

ㄇㄠˊ ㄉㄨㄣˋ ㄌㄩˋ

ㄇㄠˊ ㄉㄨㄣˋ ㄌㄩˋ

/mɑʊ̯³⁵ tu̯ən⁵¹⁻⁵³ ly⁵¹/

/maːu̯²¹ tʰɵn¹³ lɵt̚²/

/mɑʊ̯³⁵ tu̯ən⁵¹⁻⁵³ ly⁵¹/

/maːu̯²¹ tʰɵn¹³ lɵt̚²/

law of contradiction
law of contradiction

law of non-contradiction
law of non-contradiction

(logic) law of contradiction; law of non-contradiction


同一律

/tʰʊŋ³⁵ i⁵⁵ ly⁵¹/

/tʰʊŋ²¹ jɐt̚⁵ lɵt̚²/

/tʰʊŋ³⁵ i⁵⁵ ly⁵¹/

/tʰʊŋ²¹ jɐt̚⁵ lɵt̚²/


真值表

čžɛnʹčžibjao

/ʈ͡ʂən⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩³⁵ pi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sɐn⁵⁵ t͡sɪk̚² piːu̯³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂən⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩³⁵ pi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sɐn⁵⁵ t͡sɪk̚² piːu̯³⁵/


模態邏輯

ㄇㄛˊ ㄊㄞˋ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄐㄧˊ

ㄇㄛˊ ㄊㄞˋ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄐㄧˊ

ㄇㄛˊ ㄊㄞˋ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ˙ㄐㄧ

/mu̯ɔ³⁵ tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ lu̯ɔ³⁵ t͡ɕi³⁵/

/mu̯ɔ³⁵ tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ lu̯ɔ³⁵ d͡ʑ̥i³/

/mu̯ɔ³⁵ tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ lu̯ɔ³⁵ t͡ɕi³⁵/

/mu̯ɔ³⁵ tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ lu̯ɔ³⁵ d͡ʑ̥i³/


道義邏輯

ㄉㄠˋ ㄧˋ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄐㄧˊ

ㄉㄠˋ ㄧˋ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄐㄧˊ

ㄉㄠˋ ㄧˋ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ˙ㄐㄧ

/tɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ i⁵¹ lu̯ɔ³⁵ t͡ɕi³⁵/

/tɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ i⁵¹ lu̯ɔ³⁵ d͡ʑ̥i³/

/tɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ i⁵¹ lu̯ɔ³⁵ t͡ɕi³⁵/

/tɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ i⁵¹ lu̯ɔ³⁵ d͡ʑ̥i³/


模態

/mu̯ɔ³⁵ tʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/mou̯²¹ tʰaːi̯³³/

/mu̯ɔ³⁵ tʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/mou̯²¹ tʰaːi̯³³/


一階邏輯

ㄧ ㄐㄧㄝ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄐㄧˊ

ㄧ ㄐㄧㄝ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄐㄧˊ

ㄧ ㄐㄧㄝ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ˙ㄐㄧ

/i⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ t͡ɕi³⁵/

/i⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ d͡ʑ̥i³/

/i⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ t͡ɕi³⁵/

/i⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ d͡ʑ̥i³/


數理邏輯

ㄕㄨˋ ㄌㄧˇ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄐㄧˊ

ㄕㄨˋ ㄌㄧˇ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄐㄧˊ

ㄕㄨˋ ㄌㄧˇ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ˙ㄐㄧ

/ʂu⁵¹ li²¹⁴⁻²¹ lu̯ɔ³⁵ t͡ɕi³⁵/

/ʂu⁵¹ li²¹⁴⁻²¹ lu̯ɔ³⁵ d͡ʑ̥i³/

/sou̯³³ lei̯¹³ lɔː²¹ t͡sʰɐp̚⁵/

/ʂu⁵¹ li²¹⁴⁻²¹ lu̯ɔ³⁵ t͡ɕi³⁵/

/ʂu⁵¹ li²¹⁴⁻²¹ lu̯ɔ³⁵ d͡ʑ̥i³/

/sou̯³³ lei̯¹³ lɔː²¹ t͡sʰɐp̚⁵/


符號邏輯

ㄈㄨˊ ㄏㄠˋ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄐㄧˊ

ㄈㄨˊ ㄏㄠˋ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄐㄧˊ

ㄈㄨˊ ㄏㄠˋ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ˙ㄐㄧ

/fu³⁵ xɑʊ̯⁵¹ lu̯ɔ³⁵ t͡ɕi³⁵/

/fu³⁵ xɑʊ̯⁵¹ lu̯ɔ³⁵ d͡ʑ̥i³/

/fu³⁵ xɑʊ̯⁵¹ lu̯ɔ³⁵ t͡ɕi³⁵/

/fu³⁵ xɑʊ̯⁵¹ lu̯ɔ³⁵ d͡ʑ̥i³/


模糊邏輯

ㄇㄛˊ ㄏㄨˊ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄐㄧˊ

ㄇㄛˊ ㄏㄨˊ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄐㄧˊ

ㄇㄛˊ ㄏㄨˊ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ˙ㄐㄧ

/mu̯ɔ³⁵ xu³⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ t͡ɕi³⁵/

/mu̯ɔ³⁵ xu³⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ d͡ʑ̥i³/

/mou̯²¹ wuː²¹ lɔː²¹ t͡sʰɐp̚⁵/

/mu̯ɔ³⁵ xu³⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ t͡ɕi³⁵/

/mu̯ɔ³⁵ xu³⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ d͡ʑ̥i³/

/mou̯²¹ wuː²¹ lɔː²¹ t͡sʰɐp̚⁵/


實然

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ ʐän³⁵/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ ʐän³⁵/


應然

/iŋ⁵⁵ ʐän³⁵/

/jɪŋ⁵⁵ jiːn²¹/

/iŋ⁵⁵ ʐän³⁵/

/jɪŋ⁵⁵ jiːn²¹/

(philosophy, logic) normative; prescriptive


扣帽子

/kʰoʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ mɑʊ̯⁵¹ d͡z̥z̩¹/

/kʰoʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ mɑʊ̯⁵¹ d͡z̥z̩¹/


布爾函數

ㄅㄨˋ ㄦˇ ㄏㄢˊ ㄕㄨˋ

ㄅㄨˋ ㄦˇ ㄏㄢˊ ㄕㄨˋ

/pu⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ xän³⁵ ʂu⁵¹/

/pu⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ xän³⁵ ʂu⁵¹/

(algebra, logic, computing) Boolean function


重言式

/ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ³⁵ jɛn³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/t͡sʰʊŋ²¹ jiːn²¹ sɪk̚⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ³⁵ jɛn³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/t͡sʰʊŋ²¹ jiːn²¹ sɪk̚⁵/


矛盾式

/mɑʊ̯³⁵ tu̯ən⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/mɑʊ̯³⁵ tu̯ən⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/


賓詞

/pɐn⁵⁵ t͡sʰiː²¹/

/pɐn⁵⁵ t͡sʰiː²¹/


不周延

/pu⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵ jɛn³⁵/

/pɐt̚⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵ jiːn²¹/

/pu⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵ jɛn³⁵/

/pɐt̚⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵ jiːn²¹/


背理法

/peɪ̯⁵¹ li²¹⁴⁻³⁵ fä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/peɪ̯⁵¹ li²¹⁴⁻³⁵ fä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

proof by contradiction
proof by contradiction


直言三段論

ㄓˊ ㄧㄢˊ ㄙㄢ ㄉㄨㄢˋ ㄌㄨㄣˋ

ㄓˊ ㄧㄢˊ ㄙㄢ ㄉㄨㄢˋ ㄌㄨㄣˋ

чжияньсаньдуаньлунь

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩³⁵ jɛn³⁵ sän⁵⁵ tu̯än⁵¹⁻⁵³ lu̯ən⁵¹/


歸謬法

ㄍㄨㄟ ㄇㄧㄡˋ ㄈㄚˇ

ㄍㄨㄟ ㄇㄧㄡˋ ㄈㄚˇ

/ku̯eɪ̯⁵⁵ mi̯oʊ̯⁵¹ fä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ku̯eɪ̯⁵⁵ mi̯oʊ̯⁵¹ fä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

reductio ad absurdum
reductio ad absurdum