愛

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (愛):
* → Japanese: 愛(あい) (ai)
* → Korean: 애(愛) (ae)
* → Vietnamese: ái (愛)

→? Proto-Hlai: *ʔəːp (“to love”)

Originally 㤅 (xì), a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qɯːds): phonetic 旡 (OC *kɯds) + semantic 心 (“heart”).
As early as the Qin dynasty, a meaningless component 夊 (suī, “foot”) was added to the bottom of the character, as with some other characters depicting people. Compare 憂／忧 (yōu) (from 㥑).
Further corruption turned the original phonetic 旡 (jì) into ⿱爫冖.
Based on Baxter's (1992) Old Chinese reconstruction /*ʔɨts/, STEDT suggests that it is from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ŋ-(w)aːj (“to copulate; to love; to be gentle”). Compare Proto-Karen *ʔai (“to love”), whence Pa'o Karen [script needed] (ʔái, “to love”), S'gaw Karen အဲၣ် (ʼeh̀, “to love”); Southern Bai e⁴⁴ (“love”); Mizo hma-ngaih (“to love, to like”); Jingpho nwai (“to respect, to love”), ngwi (“to be gentle”); Burmese ငွေ့ (ngwe., “to be gentle, moderate”). The Chinese word is related to a Tibeto-Burman allofam without initial *ŋ-. STEDT states that an Old Chinese reconstruction of /*ʔɨjs/ for 愛 is also possible because Old Chinese rhyming does not provide direct evidence of contacts with *-t.
However, Baxter and Sagart (2014) reconstructs /*[q]ˁə[p]-s/, which ends in *-p-s instead. The Old Chinese contrast between *-p-s and *-t-s was lost at a late stage of Old Chinese. The final *-p is not reflected in the Tibeto-Burman comparandum provided by STEDT, making the likelihood that the Chinese form is related to the rest very low (Sagart, 2019). Behr (2016) suggests a derivation from a verbal root meaning "to draw in; to inhale; to suck in", relating it to 吸 (OC *qʰ(r)əp, “to inhale”), 欱 (OC *qʰˁ[ə]p, “o sip”), 愾 (OC *qʰəp-s, “to sigh with regret”), 僾 (OC *qˁəp-s, “to pant”), 氣 (OC *C.qʰəp-s, “vapour; breath”).

cog

爱
㤅
𢙴
𢛭
𢜤
𤔠
𤔤
𢟪
𢖻
要

我唔愛咁多。

我唔爱咁多。

(Can we date this quote?), 饒瑞軍 (lyrics), Tetsurō Oda (music), 《快樂希望》 (Hakka version of Yume Ippai), performed by 龔心怡

khoai-lo̍k chhiu he sióng oi mak-ke chhiu tet-tó

快樂就係 想愛麼個就得著

快乐就系 想爱么个就得着

(Cantonese, Hakka, Wu, Hokkien, Teochew) to want (an object)


赤

→ Proto-Mien: *sekᴰ (“red”)

/t͡sʰiɪk̚³²/

/t͡sʰiɪk̚³²/

Characters in the same phonetic series (赤) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): 大 (“person, big”) + 火 (“fire”) – the color of fire (a person by a fire). The original version is 𤆍.
Perhaps from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *krak (“blood; red”), whence Tibetan ཁྲག (khrag, “blood”) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007). Related to 赫 (OC *qʰraːɡ, “bright red”) and possibly 奭 (OC *hjaɡ, “majestic; red”).


激

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kleːwɢs, *kleːwɢ): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 敫 (OC *kleːwɢs, *ɢlewɢ, *kleːwɢ) – (of water) to swash.

Han compound

(Hokkien, Teochew) to brew; to ferment; to distill; to make (alcoholic beverage, etc.)

(Teochew) to drown; to submerge in water; to flood


也

Pictogram (象形) — A child (子) with their mouth (口) open crying. The original form of 嗁 (OC *l'eː, “to cry”) (Ji Xusheng, 2004). The child's arms were removed during bronze inscriptions and the two components fused together in the modern form.
Other various possible explanations include:
* The traditional glyph origin given in Shuowen explains the character to be a pictogram (象形) of female genitalia.
* It is possibly a pictogram (象形) of an ancient funnel or wash basin. It may be an early form of 匜.
* It was once interchangeable with 它 and may have originated as a simplification.
* It may have been created to represent the modal particle (語氣詞／语气词 (yǔqìcí)). In some bronze inscriptions, it appears to be a mouth (口) with a curved line descending from it to represent air coming out of the mouth.
* It may have signified a big-headed scorpion with its legs flattened, signifying as something very "flat" or "stretched out".
; classical sentence-ending copulative particle, topic particle
Unclear. Possibly Sino-Tibetan, connectable to Tibetan ལ (la), which is often used as a marker (for oblique locative, dative, possessor in constructions with a copula verb, etc.) but also a topicalizer like ནི (ni, “as for”) (Schuessler, 2007).
On the other hand, Pulleyblank (1995) notes the similarity with anteclassical 唯 (OC *ɢʷi) as a copula and a topicalizer.
; also, too, as well

zh-l

語氣詞／语气词 (yǔqìcí)

𠃟
𦫴
𦬀
𠔄
𠃒
啊
叶
亦


乞

Variant of 气 (OC *kʰɯds), distinguished to indicate a phonetically borrowed meaning “to beg”.

kʰøyʔ²⁴ nˡy³³ suoʔ⁵ pa³³ pɛiʔ²⁴

ké̤ṳk nṳ̄ siŏh bā bék / [kʰøyʔ²⁴ nˡy³³ suoʔ⁵ pa³³ pɛiʔ²⁴]

乞汝一把筆

kʰøyʔ²⁴ nˡy³³ suoʔ⁵ pa³³ pɛiʔ²⁴

乞汝一把笔

伊乞我本書

伊乞我本书

Qī zìjīng sǐ, Mǎichén qì qí fū qián, lìng zàng.

妻自經死，買臣乞其夫錢，令葬。

妻自经死，买臣乞其夫钱，令葬。

(obsolete or Eastern Min, Teochew) to give

乞人拍死

(Eastern Min; Xiamen, Quanzhou and Zhangzhou Hokkien, Teochew) by

杯仔乞偷去

(Eastern Min; Xiamen, Quanzhou and Zhangzhou Hokkien, Teochew) Used before a verb to indicate passive voice.


亂

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *roːns): phonetic 𤔔 (*[r]ˁo[n]-s) + semantic 乚. The left-side component 𤔔 is itself ideogrammatic, depicting the effort to comb a tangle of threads, hence the semantic link to order and disorder.
Area word of Austroasiatic origin. Compare Khmer ប្រួល (pruəl, “changing; unstable”) < Khmer រួល (ruəl, “to cook; to grill”), and also Khmer កំរោល (kɑmraol, “to go berserk; to become excited”) < Khmer រោល (rool, “to burn; to roast”) (Schuessler, 2007). Burmese ရုန်း (run:, “to struggle, to warp, to cause chaos”) and Tibetan ཁྲལ་ཁྲུལ (khral khrul, “fragments; scattered”) are Austroasiatic loans. Compare also Vietnamese lộn (“to turn the inside out, upside down, to reverse, to return, etc.”) and trộn (“to mix; to blend; to turn upside down”).

cog

乱
乨
乿
𠃶
𠃹
𠃿
𢿢
𢿮
𤕅


予

與 (OC *laʔ) is often considered to be the original character (Lin, 1998, 1999; Mei, 2007); Taiwan's Ministry of Education considers the cognate 予 (OC *laʔ) to be the original character. In either case, this would be the same word as etymology 1.
Alternatively, Zhao (1991) argues that this is a Kra-Dai substrate, suggesting a borrowing from Proto-Tai *haɰꟲ (“to give”), whence Zhuang hawj (“to give; to allow”) and Bouyei haec (“to give; to allow”). Note that the Tai word has been connected to Middle Chinese 許 (MC xjoX, “to allow”) (Manomaivibool, 1975). On the other hand, Zheng (2008) considers both the Hokkien word and the Kra-Dai word to be derived from 與.
Assuming 與 to be the etymon, there are also various theories on the development of the h- initial:
* Old Chinese /*ɡl/ → /*ɡ/ → /*ɣ/ → /h/ (Mei, 2007);
* Fricativization of the /*l/ initial in Old Chinese, possibly originating in the Chu dialect (Zheng, 2008);
* /tʰ/ (Quanzhou) → /h/ (other varieties) (Lin, 1998; Zhou, 2006; Taiwan's Ministry of Education).
Sagart (2017c) considers 與／与 to be a problematic etymon but agrees with the third theory on the development of h- above. He suggests that a possible trigger for the change from /tʰ/ to /h/ is that /tʰɔ/ is often used with 乞 /kʰit/, allowing /kʰit tʰɔ/ to be reanalysed as /kʰit hɔ/. This etymology was also independently proposed by Lien (2002).

互
乎
與
護
付
給
呼
後
候
𢗝
厚
被
讓
使
俾
度

樹頭徛予在，毋驚樹尾做風颱／树头徛予在，毋惊树尾做风台

chhiū-thâu khiā hō͘ chāi, m̄ kiaⁿ chhiū-bóe chò-hong-thai

伊予人拍。

(Hokkien, Teochew) by (used in constructing the passive)


做

Originally a vulgar variant of 作, written ⿰作攵. The component 乍 later corrupted into 古.
Colloquial form of the departing-tone variant of 作 (MC tsaH, “to do”), to differentiate from the checked-tone variant (now represented by 作). Loss of checked codas in Mandarin has resulted in homophony of the two.


倩

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/t͡sʰiɑŋ²¹³/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/t͡sʰiɑŋ²¹³/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰleːns, *sʰleŋs): semantic 人 + phonetic 青 (OC *sʰleːŋ).

Han compound

(Teochew) to beg; to plea; to please; to excuse oneself. Example: 倩食 (ciah4 ziah8) is a very polite way of asking people to eat.


佮

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tkʰuːb, *kuːb, *quːb, *quːb): semantic 人 (“person”) + phonetic 合 (OC *kuːb, *ɡuːb).
Related to 合 (OC *kuːb, *ɡuːb).

Han compound

alt. forms: 合, 甲 (jiǎ), 及 (jí), 與／与

alt. forms: 合, 甲 (jiǎ), 及 (jí), 與／与

(Hokkien, Teochew, Hakka) with; accompanying


佮

Compare Hokkien 較／较 (khà / khah, “comparatively; relatively”).

cog

勿耍佮㩼電腦呀！

勿耍佮㩼电脑呀！

(Teochew, Singapore Hokkien) too; excessively


儉

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡramʔ): semantic 人 (“person”) + phonetic 僉 (OC *skʰlam).

Han compound

GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)

(Teochew, Singapore Hokkien) to save; to economize


剁

(Hokkien, Teochew) Alternative form of 斲 (“to chop”)


冚

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): 冖 (“cover”) + 山 (“mountain”).
Traditionally related to 𠖫 (gǎn, “to cover”) (Bai, 1980; You, 1992).
Bauer (1996) considers this to be part of an area word family in Southeast Asian languages: *khVm ~ *khVp ~ *kVm ~ *kVp ~ *k(h)l/rm/p. It is probably related to 扱 (kap1, “to cover; to imprint”). Compare Min Nan 崁 (khàm, “to cover”), Burmese ခြုံ (hkrum, “to cover; to wrap”), Proto-Tai *hɤmᴮ (“to cover (with cloth)”) (whence Zhuang hoemq and Thai ห่ม (hòm)). The root is found in many Sinitic dialects including Cantonese, Hakka, Hokkien and Wenzhounese.


東

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (東):
* → Japanese: 東(とう) (tō)
* → Korean: 동(東) (dong)
* → Vietnamese: đông (東)

Japanese: 東(トン) (ton, “east wind (mahjong tile)”)

Jiajie (假借) and Ideogram (指事): 束 (OC *hljoɡ) or 橐 (OC *tʰaːɡ) borrowed for sound 東 (OC *toːŋ), and a distinguishing mark.
Interpreted in the Shuowen Jiezi as an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): the sun (日) rising behind a tree (木). According to Allan (1991) p. 47-50, the character represents the Fu Sang tree.
Alternatively, it is also thought to be a pictogram (象形) of either a bundle of faggots tied together or a bag tied at both ends (like a cellophane-wrapped candy with the ends twisted).
Cognate with Burmese ထွန်း (htwan:, “be bright”), Chepang थोङ्सा (thoŋ‑, “lighten; be bright”) and Chepang थोङ्ह (thoŋh, “awake time (as opposed to dream time)”) (Schuessler, 2007). Perhaps related to or influenced by 暾 (OC *tʰuːn, “rising sun”).


俺

(Hokkien, Teochew) Alternative form of 咱 (“(inclusive) we; us”)


勥

(Teochew, Singapore and Philippine Hokkien) clever

(Teochew, Singapore and Philippine Hokkien) good at


個

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (個):
* → Japanese: 個(こ) (ko)
* → Korean: 개(個) (gae)
* → Vietnamese: cá (個)

Wutunhua: -ge

→? Baba Malay: punya (semantic loan)

→? Vietnamese: cái

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kaːls): semantic 亻 (“person”) + phonetic 固 (OC *kaːs).
The semantics may have developed along the grammaticalisation process "bamboo stalk" (箇) > "piece, item" > "classifier for every category of noun" > "possessive particle, generic particle". If so, it would then possibly be cognate with 竿 (OC *kaːn, “bamboo, rod”). Compare Tibetan མཁར་བ (mkhar ba), འཁར་བ ('khar ba, “walking stick, staff”) and Thai ก้าน (gâan, “stem, stalk”).
; Southern Min classifier and possessive particle
; Wu classifier and possessive particle

Han compound

个
箇
个
的
亓
ㄟ
兮
ケ
亇

揀啊揀，揀著一個賣龍眼／揀啊揀，揀著一个賣龍眼／拣啊拣，拣着一个卖龙眼

kéng--ah kéng, kéng-tio̍h chi̍t ê bē lêng-géng

三個九毫九

三个九毫九

八個六

八个六

個半十隻檸檬

个半十只柠檬

三個銀

三个银

兩斤五個

两斤五个

個銀三粒

个银三粒

(Cantonese, Hakka, Teochew, Puxian Min, Wenzhounese) Classifier for money: yuan, dollar; buck

I am a student. My birthday is 3rd October.

ua² gai⁵ hag⁸ sêng¹, ua² gai⁷ sên¹ rig⁸ gai⁵ zab⁸ ghuêh⁸ san¹ ho⁷.

我個學生，我個生日個十月三號。

我个学生，我个生日个十月三号。

Kansai ("west of the pass") is in Japan; Guanzhong ("within the pass") is in Shaanxi.

guang¹ sai¹ gai⁵ rig⁸ bung² gai⁷, guang¹ dong¹ si⁶ siam² sai¹.

關西個日本個，關中是陝西。

关西个日本个，关中是陕西。

I come from Chaozhou. (i.e., It is Chaozhou that I come from.)

Based on 2011, Hui Ling Xu; Stephen Matthews, On the polyfunctionality and grammaticalization of the morpheme kai in the Chaozhou dialect, in Foong Ha Yap; Karen Grunow-Hårsta; Janick Wrona (eds.), Nominalization in Asian Languages: Diachronic and typological perspectives, page 121

我個潮州來個。

我个潮州来个。


凝

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋrɯŋ, *ŋrɯŋs): semantic 冫 (“ice”) + phonetic 疑 (OC *ŋɯ)
Possibly related to 冰 (OC *p.rəŋ, “ice”) (Baxter & Sagart, 2014); if so, also related to 凌 (OC *[r]əŋ ~ p.rəŋ, “ice”) and from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-p(w)am (“to freeze; snow”) (provisionally reconstructed) (STEDT); other comparanda are 雱 (OC *pʰˁaŋ) "heavy snowfall", and 霙 (OC *ʔraŋ) "sleet, snowflake".

och-l

*􂀿r􂁀əŋ ~ p.rəŋ

inh

凝死 [Teochew] ― ngang⁵ si² [Peng'im] ― very cold


咊

For pronunciation and definitions of 咊 – see 和 (“peaceful; harmonious; gentle; kind; etc.”).
(This character is a variant form of 和).

zh-see

(Teochew) Alternative form of 今 (“now; then; in that case”)


內

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (內):
* → Japanese: 内(ない) (nai)
* → Korean: 내(內) (nae)
* → Vietnamese: nội (內)

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): 冂 (“city outskirts”) + 入 (“to enter”) – entering the city through its outskirts - inside, within.
Related to 入 (OC *njub, “to enter”); see there for more.

Han compound

伊無在內。

伊无在内。


叻

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声): semantic 口 (“mouth; colloquial”) + phonetic 力 (OC *rɯɡ).
Uncertain. Various theories exist:
* From 㔹 (MC lok, “having the talent and power of ten people”).
* From 頔 (MC dek, “good”).
* From 犖 (MC laewk), as in 犖犖 (MC laewk laewk, “clear; evident”), 卓犖 (MC traewk laewk, “outstanding; extraordinary”).
* From 𥌮 (MC lek), as in 𥌮𥉶 (MC lek luwk, “to see clearly”).

ltc-l

佢好叻㗎。

佢唱歌好叻㗎。

(Cantonese, Hakka, Teochew) smart; clever; capable; good (at something)


厭

厌
猒
懕
厌
饜
𤸸
忚

(Hokkien, Teochew) to be fed up with; to grow bored of; to become tired of


呾

呾話

呾话

(Southern Min, chiefly Teochew, Zhao'an Hokkien) to say; to speak

Do you think Teochew language should be preserved in Singapore or is Mandarin good enough?

2015, Li Wei, Multilingualism in the Chinese Diaspora Worldwide: Transnational Connections and Local Social Realities, Routledge →ISBN, page 209

汝覺得呾潮州話在新加坡應唔應該流傳下去？啊是華人呾華語就夠了？

汝觉得呾潮州话在新加坡应唔应该流传下去？啊是华人呾华语就够了？

(Teochew, Zhao'an Hokkien) to speak a certain language

and [I] know that no matter how firm the conviction is, the road of relationships still has its low times.

2018, 潘琼林, 八字唔合

也知呾感情路無論是若堅定個信念也有低落個時期

2018, 潘琼林, 八字唔合

也知呾感情路无论是若坚定个信念也有低落个时期

(Teochew) Used after a verb to introduce a clause that is the object of the verb: that


半

一半 [Teochew] ― zêg⁸ uê⁵ [Peng'im] ― half


噲

1894, James Dyer Ball, Readings in Cantonese Colloquial, page 2:

Can you reach up so high? No. (literally, Can you raise that hand to as high as the sun? [You] cannot.)

nei⁵ wui⁵ geoi² go³ zek³ sau² dou³ jit⁶ tau⁴⁻² gam³ gou¹ m⁴ ni¹, m⁴ wui⁵ aa³.

你噲舉個隻手到熱頭咁高唔呢、唔噲呀。

你哙举个只手到热头咁高唔呢、唔哙呀。

(Can we date this quote?), “潮汕女孩”, 李立群 (lyrics), 徐曉穎 (music)performed by 徐曉穎:

She will cause you to pretend to be a good man and not dare play tricks all your life.

i¹ oi⁶ hai⁷ le² zêg⁸ buê³ ze² long² diêh⁸ gê² ho² nang⁵ m⁶ gan² sai² huai⁶

伊噲害你一輩子攏著假好人唔敢使坏

伊哙害你一辈子拢着假好人唔敢使坏

(dated in Cantonese, Hakka, still used in Teochew) Alternative form of 會／会 (“can; will”)


唔

Belongs to the *m- series of negatives; see 無 (OC *ma, “no”) for more. Cognate with the syllabic negative 毋 (m̄, m̀) in Hokkien and Hakka.

唔好意思，我唔記得。

唔好意思，我唔记得。

nei⁵ zi¹ m⁴ zi¹ dou³ jau⁴ seoi² ci⁴ hai² bin¹ dou⁶ aa³?

你知唔知道游水池喺邊度呀？

你知唔知道游水池喺边度呀？

(Cantonese, Teochew, Hakka) not (negator)


合

(Hokkien, Teochew) Alternative form of 佮 (“and; with”)


合

(Hokkien, Teochew) to wrap a book (with paper, etc.)

(Teochew) to concoct (to make medicine, etc.)


困

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): 囗 (“surround”) + 木 (“wood”). Probably the original form of 梱 (OC *ŋɡuːn, *kʰuːnʔ, “doorsill”) and 閫 (OC *kʰuːnʔ, “doorsill”).


垂

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯eɪ̯³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯eɪ̯³⁵/

Originally 𡍮. Pictogram (象形): 𠂹 + 土, flowers hanging from a plant.
May be from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(d/n)waj (“to hang from; to cling to; creeper”) (STEDT), whence Burmese တွယ် (twai, “to cling”). May be related to 睡 (OC *djols, “to sleep”), 朵 (OC *toːlʔ, “to hang from a tree; classifier for blossoms”), 橢 (OC *l̥ʰoːlʔ, “oblong; oval”), 惰 (OC *l'oːlʔ, *l'oːls, “lazy”) and 蕊 (OC *ŋljolʔ, *ŋljulʔ, “reproductive organ of flower”).

och-l

𡸁
埀
𡍮
𠂹
𠄒
𠣔
𠃀


分

desc

→ Thai: หุน (hǔn, “a unit of length and weight”)

→ Zhuang: faen

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): 八 (“to separate”) + 刀 (“knife”) – to separate with a knife.

Han compound

Obsolete. 皮 is used for SI prefix pico-.

分人罵／分人骂 [Sixian Hakka] ― pûn ngìn ma [Pha̍k-fa-sṳ] ― to be scolded (by people)


喝

(Zhangzhou Hokkien, Teochew) to brag; to boast; to bluff


圓

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (圓):
* → Japanese: 円(えん) (en)
* → Korean: 원(圓) (won)

⇒ Khmer: នំអ៊ី (num ʼii, “tangyuan”)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢon): semantic 囗 + phonetic 員 (OC *ɢon, *ɢun).
Borrowed from Tocharian B wänt-, Tocharian A wänt- (“to envelop, to surround”).

bor

(dialectal Cantonese, Teochew, Singapore Hokkien) glutinous rice ball


壏

𰊑
𰊑
住
任
逽
那
但


夠

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *koː, *koːs, *kʰoː): semantic 多 + phonetic 句 (OC *koː, *koːs, *kos, *ɡo).

Han compound

夠日／够日 [Teochew] ― gao³ rig⁸ [Peng'im] ― whole day


夗

夘
睡
臥
*⿰目鬱:ug⁸


壽

寿
𠷎
夀
寿
𧈙
𡔽
𦓃
𠭵
𦓂
寿

(Hokkien, Teochew) Alternative form of 岫 (“nest, den or lair of animals”)


堵

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tjaːʔ, *taːʔ): semantic 土 + phonetic 者 (OC *tjaːʔ).


孬

好抑是孬

孬人

孬食死

(Teochew, Zhao'an Hokkien) not good; bad; poor


塊

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰuːls, *kʰruːds): semantic 土 (“earth; dust”) + phonetic 鬼 (OC *kulʔ) – clod of dirt.
Unknown (Schuessler, 2007).

Han compound

块
凷
墤
㙕
𠚛
𡒽
圦
𡉇

1883, Adele Marion Fielde, “無”, in A Pronouncing and Defining Dictionary of the Swatow Dialect, Arranged According to Syllables and Tones, Shanghai: American Presbyterian Mission Press, page 16:

無處好歇

无处好歇

無處好放

无处好放


塊

Jerry Norman reconstructs Common Min *tɔi⁵ based on the coastal Min forms; it is unclear how the Northern Min forms relate to the Coastal Min forms. Possibly from 段 (OC *doːns, “section; segment”); compare 短 (OC *toːnʔ, “short”) > Xiamen Hokkien té (Coblin, n.d.).

块
凷
墤
㙕
𠚛
𡒽
圦
𡉇

alt. forms: 地, 帶／带 (dài), 處／处

底塊／底块 [Eastern Min] ― diē-dó̤i / [tie³³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lɔy²¹³] [Bàng-uâ-cê / IPA] ― where

鎮塊／镇块 [Hokkien] ― tìn-tè [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― to take up space


地

坔
埅
埊
𡍑
𨹛
𨻐
墬
𡏇
𠏂
𡑸
𡒿
𡒴
𡒰
𡓬
嶳
𪒉
𤅴
哋

(Hokkien, Teochew) Alternative form of 塊／块 (“place”)


專

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (專):
* → Vietnamese: chuyên (專)

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tjon): phonetic 叀 (, “spindle”) + semantic 又 (“hand”) – a hand turning a spindle or spinning wheel. Originally also written 叀.
The 又 was later replaced by related 寸.


外

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (外):
* → Japanese: 外(げ) (ge); 外(がい) (gai)
* → Korean: 외(外) (oe)
* → Vietnamese: ngoại (外)

→ Vietnamese: ngoài (“outside”)

→ Old Turkic: term

→ Turkmen: öweý

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋʷaːds): semantic 卜 + phonetic 月 (OC *ŋod).
According to 学研漢和大字典 (Kenkyūsha Kanwa Dai Jiten), it is also an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意); 月 originally represents a crescent moon (i.e. the moon with part “missing” to the observer). The character is thus interpreted as representing divination based on the partial phase of the moon, implying the remaining visible part of the moon is the moon's ‘outside’.

Han compound

二十外歲

二十外岁

(Hokkien, Teochew, after an amount but before the classifier) as much as


徙

The erroneous variant form 𢓊 (left) and ancient form 𡲴 (right) in small seal script, as depicted within the Shuowen Jiezi.
During the Zhou dynasty, 徙 was represented with the phonetic borrowing 屎 (OC *hliʔ, *hri, “excrement”), with the components 辵 and 止 later being added to differentiate the character used to represent "migration". During the Warring States period, the earlier forms of 屎 consisting of 小 or 少 components (as seen in and ) had these portions transform into 米, however 徙 continued to retain the 少 form. The Chu script form of 屎 corrupted into a form with the 尸 ("body") component becoming 尾 ("tail"), while the Qin script form of 徙 omitted the 尸 component of 屎 and left only 少 remaining. Li Shoukui (2015) however argues that the Chu script ⿸尾少 may not actually be cognate to ⿸尸少 (and ergo 屎). The clerical script form inherited the Qin script form, however had the 少 component mutate into another 止, which coincidentally resulted in the clerical form matching the same character structure as 歨 (the Shang dynasty form of 步) with an additional 彳 component.
Shuowen Jiezi erroneously takes this mutated clerical script form of 徙 with two 止 components, and claims that it is a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *selʔ): semantic 辵 (“walk”) + phonetic 止 (OC *kjɯʔ). It also omits one of the 止 components to create an alternative form 𢓊, however no such character exists in ancient writing (although coincidentally it has a similar shape to the Shang and Zhou 延). Hu Houxuan (1981) states that the "ancient script" form of 徙 in Shuowen, 𡲴, comes from a corruption of the variant form featuring 尾 in place of 尸, but with the tail portion misrepresented as 火. For this reason, the "ancient script" forms of 徙 provided in Shuowen are extremely corrupted.
Li Jiahao (2010) notes that the ancient form of 屎, namely ⿸尸少, may potentially suggest that 徙 is a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *selʔ): semantic 辵 (“walk”) + abbreviated phonetic 沙 (OC *sraːl, *sraːls).

Han compound

𨑭
𰺵
𨗬
𡲴
𢓊
𢒲
𨖤
𨔀
𡕝
𨕄

(Hakka, Hokkien, Teochew) to move (an object)


悇

(Singapore Hokkien and Teochew) stupid; foolish


必

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (必):
* → Japanese: 必(ひつ) (hitsu)
* → Korean: 필(必) (pil)
* → Vietnamese: tất (必)

Characters in the same phonetic series (必) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Likely a pictogram (象形) – weapon handle made of bamboo strips; the original character for 柲 (OC *priɡs, *bliːɡ, *priɡ, *bliɡ). The character was phonetically borrowed for the senses of "certainly" and "must".
Unrelated to 心, as bronze script makes clear, but in current form very similar.
Unclear (Schuessler, 2007).


好

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (好):
* → Japanese: 好(こう) (kō)
* → Korean: 호(好) (ho)
* → Vietnamese: hiếu (好)

Characters in the same phonetic series (好) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): 女 (“woman”) + 子 (“child”).
The widely accepted meaning of this character is that the characters for “female” (女) and “child” (子) were put together to form a compound because it was good for a woman to have a child. Similarly, it has been proposed that the compound originally refers to the mutual affection between the mother and child, which then extended to mean “good”. These theories are supported by the smaller 子 found in some oracle bones and bronze inscriptions.
However, broader interpretations of the second character 子 could lead to other theories. 子 could also mean “son”, so it may have meant two children, a boy and a girl next to each other, which is a good fortune to have a boy and a girl. 子 could also mean “man”, so it may have referred to the love between a man and a woman, which is good. Duan Yucai, in his annotated version of Shuowen, interpreted it as originally referring to the beauty of woman. Lastly, it could mean that the “attitude” of a girl was considered good.
The two pronunciations are cognate – pronunciation 2 is the *-s suffixed form, or exoactive/putative of pronunciation 1, literally “to consider good”. Compare 惡 (OC *qaːɡ, “bad; evil”) > 惡 (OC *qaːɡs, “to consider bad; to hate”).
This word has been compared with Proto-Sino-Tibetan *hu (“to raise; to rear; to nourish”): Proto-Lolo-Burmese *hu³, Abor-Miri (Tani) u, Mawo Northern Qiang χu, which is only attested in a limited number of languages. If this is correct, it may be related to 畜 (OC *l̥ʰuɡs, *l̥ʰuɡ, *hluɡ, “to raise; to rear; domesticated animal”). Alternatively, compare Tibetan མཁོ (mkho, “necessary, important”).
Cognate with Central Bai hux (“good”), which may be a loanword from Chinese.

cog

⿰女人
㚥
⿱女子
𡥃
𰠗
㝀
𡚽
𡥆
𢑒
𤫧
𩐔


悿

alt. forms: 忝 (tiǎn), 謟／𰵽 (tāo)

(Hokkien, Teochew) serious; severe; intense

alt. forms: 忝 (tiǎn)

(Hokkien, Teochew, of cooking) thorough; long (time)

alt. forms: 忝 (tiǎn)


抌

Resemblance to English dump is likely coincidential.

(Cantonese, Teochew) to throw something small and heavy downwards


捍

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡaːns, *ɡraːnʔ): semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 旱 (OC *ɡaːnʔ).


慢

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mroːns): semantic 忄 (“heart”) + phonetic 曼 (OC *moːn, *mons) – a character trait or behavior (of the heart), sluggish. Note that 曼 also means “long, extended”, so connotations of “take a long time, leisurely, sluggish”.


床

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (床):
* → Japanese: 床(しょう) (shō)
* → Korean: 상(床) (sang)

→ Bouyei: xaangz (“bed”)

→ Zhuang: congz (“bed”)

→ Proto-Vietic: *k-ɟəːŋ (“bed”)

Vietnamese: giường

Chut: kəcɨːŋ²

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ɑŋ³⁵/

Originally an unorthodox variant of 牀. Now made up of 广 (“house”) + 木 (“tree”), an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) representing a wooden furniture item (a bed) in a house.
Schuessler (2007) suggests that it may be related to Khmer រង (rɔɔng, “to support from below”), Old Mon [script needed] (joṅ, “couch; bedstead”).

cog

(Teochew, Leizhou Min, Hainanese, Puxian Min, Zhongshan Min) table


捾

汗
扞
扛
扦
摜
提
携
倦
串

1990, 蔡振南 [Tsai Chen-nan] (lyrics and music), “點一支烟”performed by 宏星特攻隊:

bô sóng-khoài ê sî-chūn, sio-chiú kōaⁿ lâi thîn

無爽快的時拵 燒酒扞來斟

无爽快的时拵 烧酒扞来斟

(Hokkien, Teochew) to hold; to carry (with the object hanging downwards from the hand)

(Xiamen, Quanzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien, Teochew) Classifier for things in a string or bunch: string; bunch


挈

Probably a variant of 提 (the̍h, “to take”).

1841, William Dean, First Lessons in the Tie-chiw Dialect, “Words and Phrases”

走去挈雨傘。

走去挈雨伞。

只物挈去樓頂。

只物挈去楼顶。

(Taiwanese Hokkien, Teochew) to take; to retrieve; to fetch; to get; to bring; to carry

GT - General Taiwanese (no particular region identified)


揻

威
鑽
挖
窩
剮
錐
萎
搓
偎
煨
碨
崴
捼

1996, “陀螺”, 陳昇 (lyrics), 楊騰佑 (music)performed by 葉璦菱:

My heart feels like a needle pricking it, like an iron nail drilling into a block of wood

sim-thâu chhin-chhiūⁿ chiam tī-leh ui, koh ná chhâ-thâu lāi ū chi̍t ki thih-teng-á lè

心頭親像針在那錐 擱那柴頭內有一隻鐵釘仔哩

心头亲像针在那锥 搁那柴头内有一只铁钉仔哩

1997, 潘芳烈 (lyrics and music), “無情風雨寂寞暝”performed by 孫淑媚:

People will love give a big smile; people without love are destined to be pricked by a needle

ū ài ê lâng chhiò-iông khui, bô ài ê lâng chù-tiāⁿ siū chiam ui

有愛的人笑容開 無愛的人註定受針萎

有爱的人笑容开 无爱的人注定受针萎

1998, 伍佰 (lyrics and music), “樹枝孤鳥 [Lonely Tree, Lonely Bird]”performed by 伍佰&China Blue:

Oh, lover, without seeing your face, it is like the wind is blowing, like a needle is pricking

ah ~ ài-lîn, bô kìⁿ lí ê bīn, chhin-chhiūⁿ hong teh thàu, chhin-chhiūⁿ chiam teh ui

啊～愛人 無見妳的面 親像風在透 親像針在揻

啊～爱人 无见你的面 亲像风在透 亲像针在揻

2000, 陳明章 (lyrics and music), “追追追”performed by 黃妃:

The heart of a woman is made of tofu, broken for you, allowing a needle to prick and prod

lú-lîn ê sim, tāu-hū chòe--ê, ūi lí phò-chhùi, līm-iû chiam teh ui

女人ㄟ心 豆腐做ㄟ 為你破碎 任由針底搓

女人ㄟ心 豆腐做ㄟ 为你破碎 任由针底搓

2010, 蕭進惠, 尤景仰 (lyrics and music), “一去不回”performed by 小辣椒:

It is like taking a needle, poking it into the bottom of my heart

chhin-chhiūⁿ the̍h chiam ui ji̍p gún sim-té

親像拿針偎入阮心底

亲像拿针偎入阮心底

2013, “愛你呀”, 李岩修 (lyrics), 徐嘉良 (music)performed by 阿吉仔:

The feeling of loving you is like a needle pricking my heart

ài lí ê kám-kak chhiūⁿ chiam ui góa sim-koaⁿ

愛你的感覺像針偎我心肝

爱你的感觉像针偎我心肝

2013, “不驚等歸年”, 黃介文 (lyrics), 李富興 (music)performed by 黃乙玲:

I'm not afraid that yearning is like a needle pricking, as long as you haven't forgotten me, I will stay here singing out my only persistence

m̄ kiaⁿ su-liām chhiūⁿ chiam ui, chí-iàu lí bô pàng bōe-kì, góa ē tiàm chia chhiùⁿ-chhut ûi-it ê kian-chhî

不驚思念像針煨 只要你沒放袂記 我會惦這唱出唯一的堅持

不惊思念像针煨 只要你没放袂记 我会惦这唱出唯一的坚持

2015, “唱乎爽”, 林孝謙 (lyrics), 秦旭章 (music)performed by 黃妃:

If a night of yearning breaks apart, the heart is like a needle is pricking it

chi̍t iā siuⁿ-si nā lâi phò-chhùi, sim-thâu chhiūⁿ chiam teh ui

一夜相思若來破碎 心頭像針在碨

一夜相思若来破碎 心头像针在碨

2016, 郭之儀 (lyrics and music), “十全十美”performed by 蔡秋鳳:

The yearning in the middle of the night bothers me every night, like a needle is pricking

saⁿ-kiⁿ mî-pòaⁿ ê siuⁿ-si, iā-iā tîⁿ kah chhiūⁿ chiam ui

三更暝半的相思 夜夜纏甲像針崴

三更暝半的相思 夜夜缠甲像针崴

2017, 陳偉強 (lyrics and music), “心離開”performed by 蔡佳麟:

Seeing you break your heart for him makes my heart ache as if it is pricked by a needle

khòaⁿ lí ūi i teh siong-sim, hō͘ góa sim-lāi chhiūⁿ chiam ui

看你為伊咧傷心 乎我心內像針揻

看你为伊咧伤心 乎我心内像针揻

(Hokkien, Teochew) to prick; to poke; to bore (with something sharp, like a needle, a knife, etc.)


捏

捏鼻仔


撨

Probably a causative aspiration of 齊／齐 (chiâu, châu, “uniform; regular”) (Ong, 2023).
Alternatively, it may be from 調 (OC *dɯːw, “harmonious; to adjust”).

喬
移
超
僑
橋
撟
蹺
瞧
摷

(Hokkien, Teochew, Leizhou Min) to adjust; to move (i.e. furniture or heavy objects)


批

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pʰiː): semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 比 (OC *piʔ, *pis, *bi, *bis, *biɡ).
; “to pare”
; “pie”
; “pipe”
; “vulva; cunt”


掉

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *deːwʔ, *deːwɢs, *rneːwɢ): semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 卓 (OC *rteːwɢ).

Han compound

to throw a watermelon into the ocean (superstition in Hong Kong that it will aid in the recovery of people lost at sea)

掉西瓜落海

threw away a lot of things that one shouldn't have

deu⁶ zo² hou² do¹ m⁴ jing¹ goi¹ deu⁶ ge³ je⁵

掉咗好多唔應該掉嘅嘢

掉咗好多唔应该掉嘅嘢

(Cantonese, Teochew) to toss out; to dispose of; to discard


掌

→ Mongolian: зан (zan, “sole”)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tjaŋʔ): phonetic 尚 (OC *djaŋ, *djaŋs) + semantic 手.

Han compound

(Hakka, Teochew) to watch over; to look after


敨

敨啖氣

敨啖气


撮

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsoːd, *sʰoːd): semantic 扌 + phonetic 最 (OC *zloːds).

Han compound

一撮人 [Teochew] ― zêg⁸ choh⁴ nang⁵ [Peng'im] ― some people; a bunch of people

(Teochew) Classifier for an indefinite amount: bunch; group


暢

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l̥ʰaŋs): semantic 申 + phonetic 昜 (OC *laŋ).


敢

In oracle bone script, ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): Two hands 廾 holding a weapon 干 hunting a wild boar 豕.
In the Zhou dynasty one of the hands was removed and a phonetic component 甘 (OC *kaːm) was added. The boar shape got progressively corrupted until it looked like a hand 爫, making the character look like a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *klaːmʔ): semantic 爭 (“fight”) + phonetic 甘 (OC *kaːm).
The sound component 甘 and the weapon 干 merged into 古, leading to the seal script form 𠭖. Afterwards, the right half corrupted further into the modern ⿱𠃍耳.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s/m-wam (“to dare”) (Schuessler, 2007; STEDT).

Han compound

alt. forms: 豈／岂 (qǐ)

敢通按呢？

(literary or Hokkien, Teochew, Taiwanese Hakka, rhetorical question) can it be possible that; how


擇

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *rlaːɡ): semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 睪 (OC *neb, *laːɡ, *kuː).


挨

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qlɯːʔ, *qrɯː, *qrɯːʔ): semantic 扌 + phonetic 矣 (OC *ɢlɯʔ).


女

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (女):
* → Japanese: 女(じょ) (jo)
* → Korean: 여(女) (yeo)
* → Vietnamese: nữ (女)

Pictogram (象形): a woman with breasts kneeling or standing. In modern form turned on left side: enclosed area is remnant of left breast (character's left, depicted woman's right), while right breast has disappeared. Graphically cognate to 母 (mǔ, “mother”), which has developed similarly, but also includes dots for nipples and has retained both breasts. Compare Egyptian 𓁐.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *nja-ŋ/k (“woman”). Compare Tibetan ཉག་མོ (nyag mo, “woman”) (Hill, 2019).
Pronunciation 2 is an exoactive derivation of pronunciation 1 (Schuessler, 2007).

(Can we date this quote?), “脚车破尼”, performed by 郑小锴:

想起昨年我許粒妮 騙我感情詐我個錢

想起昨年我许粒妮 骗我感情诈我个钱

(Cantonese, Teochew, slang) girlfriend (Classifier: 條／条 c; 粒 mn-t)


擲

掷
擿
掷
掟
旦
掞
掷
掷


杵

(Singapore Hokkien and Teochew) Alternative form of 悇


梟

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(g/k)u (“owl”), which is also compared to 鴞 (OC *ɦraw, “owl”), 鵂 (OC *qʰu, “owl”), 舊 (OC *ɡʷɯs, “owl”) (STEDT). Compare Japhug pɣɤkhɯ (“owl”) (Zhang, Jacques and Lai, 2019).

父母嚴條，仔弟粗梟

父母严条，仔弟粗枭

海水迢迢，父母真梟 [Teochew, trad.]
海水迢迢，父母真枭 [Teochew, simp.]

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

(Teochew) indifferent, insensitive, indolent


放

Sino-Xenic (放):
* → Vietnamese: phóng (放)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *paŋʔ, *paŋs): phonetic 方 (OC *paŋ, *baŋ) + semantic 攵 (“hand, action”) – an action, release.

Han compound

2016, 夏友庆 [Ivan Ho], 10:05 from the start, in 颜美琴 [Gan Bee Khim], director, 《欢喜就好》 [Happy Can Already!], episode 2, spoken by 梁细妹 [Liang Xi Mei] (梁志强 [Jack Neo]):

When she is [home], she's usually asleep in their room (literally, When at home, [she] is closed up in the room sleeping)

tī chhù chiū-sī kuiⁿ pàng pâng-keng tī-leh khùn--lah

佇厝就是關放房間佇咧睏啦

伫厝就是关放房间伫咧困啦

(Teochew, Singapore Hokkien) at (used after a verb)


氈

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tjan): phonetic 亶 (OC *taːnʔ) + semantic 毛 (“hair, fur”).
In some fonts, the lower left is 且 (instead of 旦).

Han compound

A person and a blanket, how can one hug?

2020, 馮允謙 (Jay Fung), 愛斯基摩人之吻 (Eskimo Kiss)

jat¹ go³ jan⁴ jat¹ zoeng¹ zin¹ zam² soeng¹ jung²

一個人一張氈怎相擁

一个人一张毡怎相拥

(Cantonese, Pinghua, Eastern Min, Teochew) blanket; rug; carpet (Classifier: 張／张 c)


歇

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰad): phonetic 曷 (OC *ɡaːd) + semantic 欠.
Related to 愒 (OC *kʰrad) (Sagart, 2007) and 憩 (OC *kʰrads) (Wang, 1982).


毫

→ Classical Mongolian: ᠬᠣᠤ (qou)

Mongolian: ᠬᠣᠤ (qou)

→ Thai: เครา (krao)

九蚊九毫九

六毫幾

六毫几

(Cantonese, Hakka, Teochew) one tenth of a yuan or dollar; 10 cents; dime


欲

𡟔
俗
覓
卜
發
勃
剝
憋

(Eastern Min, Southern Min) Alternative form of 愛／爱

Alternative form of 愛／爱
to want (an object)

(Eastern Min, Hokkien, Teochew) to want (to do); to wish

Alternative form of 愛／爱
to want (to do); to wish

Alternative form of 愛／爱
to need to; must


樽

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (樽):
* → Japanese: 樽(そん) (son)

/t͡sɐn²¹³⁻⁵⁵/

/t͡sɐn²¹³⁻⁵⁵/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsuːn): semantic 木 (“wood”) + phonetic 尊 (OC *ʔsuːn).
Specialised orthographic form of 尊 (OC *ʔsuːn, “zun, a kind of vessel”) that inherited the noun sense for "vessel", as 尊 became chiefly used for the more abstract senses (Duan Yucai's analysis of the Shuowen).

Han compound

玻璃樽 [Cantonese] ― bo¹ lei⁴⁻¹ zeon¹ [Jyutping] ― glass bottle

(Cantonese, Hakka, Teochew, Leizhou Min, Zhongshan Min) bottle; vase (Classifier: 個／个 c)

一樽酒 [Cantonese] ― jat¹ zeon¹ zau² [Jyutping] ― a bottle of wine

The bottle of soy sauce we bought yesterday is already used up today?

kam⁴ jat⁶ maai⁵ go² zeon¹ si⁶ jau⁴, gam¹ jat⁶ zau⁶ jung⁶ saai³ laa⁴?

琴日買嗰樽豉油，今日就用嗮嗱？

琴日买嗰樽豉油，今日就用嗮嗱？

(Cantonese, Hakka, Teochew) Classifier for bottles.


洘

(Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien, Teochew) to dry (a body of water)

(Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien, Teochew, of a tide) to ebb; to go out

(Teochew) to lack; to be short; to be missing


歹

Unclear. It has been suggested that it could be related to 否 (pǐ, “evil”) or 痞 (pǐ, “rascal; evil”).

歺
𣦵
𡰮
𣦶
䚟
否
壞
痞

歹勢

歹势


滘

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/


歪

(Teochew, Leizhou Min, Hainanese) slanted; inclined; askew; awry; crooked; lopsided


漤

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡ·ruːmʔ): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 婪 (OC *ɡ·ruːm).

Han compound

(Hokkien, Teochew) pulpy; mushy; muddy; miry


滷

(Teochew, Penang Hokkien) to dislike; to loathe; to hate


潲

捎
韶
精
𪷰
洨
佋
溲
屑
邵
哨
梢
稍
消
肖
紹
𩩓
㞞
嬲
漦


煏

爆:“to burst”
逼:“to burst; to be uncovered”


混

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡuːnʔ): semantic 氵 + phonetic 昆 (OC *kuːn).


漸

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsam, *zamʔ): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 斬 (OC *ʔsreːmʔ).
Compare Khmer ជាំ (cŏəm, “wet; soaked; steeped”) (Schuessler, 2007).


有

desc

→ English: got (Singapore English) (semantic loan)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (有):
* → Japanese: 有(う) (u); 有(ゆう) (yū)
* → Vietnamese: hữu (有)

Characters in the same phonetic series (又) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢʷɯʔ): phonetic 又 (OC *ɢʷɯs, “hand”) + semantic ⺼ (“meat”) – a hand holding meat, hence “in possession of”. The hand shape has been significantly abstracted; compare 右 (OC *ɢʷɯʔ, *ɢʷɯs).
Alternatively, the graph was perhaps originally intended for the word 醢 (OC *qʰɯːʔ, “minced pickled meat”), which also has the 又 (OC *ɢʷɯs) element as phonetic.
Shuowen Jiezi and other ancient sources have erroneously analyzed the character as a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢʷɯʔ): phonetic 又 (OC *ɢʷɯs) + semantic 月 (“moon”). Shuowen Jiezi defines 有 as "不宜有也" ("[to have something that] not should be had"), citing the Spring and Autumn Annals (春秋傳): "日月有食之" ("There are solar and lunar eclipses"). As eclipses were not auspicious to the Chinese, they were "something that should not be happening". The 月 component alludes to the inauspicious lunar eclipse.
Possibly Sino-Tibetan. Compare Tibetan ཡོད (yod, “to be; to have”). Related to:
* 侑 (OC *ɢʷɯs, “to offer, to sacrifice”) [causative, i.e. “to cause to have”]
* 又 (OC *ɢʷɯs, “again”) [adverbial]
* 或 (OC *ɡʷɯːɡ, “some; or”) [indefinite]

och-l

右 (OC *ɢʷɯʔ, *ɢʷɯs)

害人之心不可有，防人之心不可無／害人之心不可有，防人之心不可无

hàirén zhī xīn bùkě yǒu, fángrén zhī xīn bùkě wú

明知山有虎，偏向虎山行

míngzhī shān yǒu hǔ, piān xiàng hǔ shān xíng

to understand (when listening); to be able to hear

聽有

听有

揣有

(Hokkien, Teochew) Particle used after a verb to indicate accomplishment or accomplishability of a goal.


煲

A Dictionary of the Chinese Language
Robert Morrison (missionary)
Zhang Taiyan

The earliest attestation is found in Robert Morrison's A Dictionary of the Chinese Language (1815-1823) (Zhang, 2016).
There are various proposals regarding the etymology of the word:
* From Old Chinese:
** From 釜 (OC *baʔ, “pot; cauldron”) (Chan, 1995; Xu, 2002);
** From 鍑 (OC *puɡs, *puɡ, “pot; cauldron”) (Zhang Taiyan's Xin Fangyan);
** From 缶 (OC *puʔ, “earthen jar”) (Pan, 2016);
** From 缹 (OC *puʔ, “to cook”) (Kong, 1933).
* From a word in the language of the natives in Lingnan, recorded in 《北戶錄》 as 褒 (MC paw) (as in 褒牛頭) (Luo, 1960; Huang, 2011).
* From English boil (Zhang, 2016).
* From Hlai ʔbou¹¹ “to cook” (Zhan, 2002).

The ability to automatically remind people to add more water may result in electric household steamers no longer carrying the risk of triggering fire alarms when they become empty.

zi⁶ dung⁶ tai⁴ si⁶ bou² seoi² gung¹ nang⁴ ho² ling⁶ gaa¹ jung⁶ din⁶ zing¹ lou⁴ jaa⁵ bat¹ wui⁵ jau⁵ bou¹ gon¹ seoi² jan⁵ faat³ fo² ging² dik¹ ngai⁴ him².

自動提示補水功能可令家用電蒸爐也不會有煲乾水引發火警的危險。

自动提示补水功能可令家用电蒸炉也不会有煲干水引发火警的危险。

(chiefly Cantonese, Teochew) to boil; to cook


春

Possibly from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *d(w)əj (“egg; testicle”) (Baxter and Sagart, 2014). Sagart (2023b) reconstructs Old Chinese *tʰu[n] ~ *tʰu[r] from tentative Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tʰur, some of whose other descendants are Bodo (India) dəy, Mizo tui, Proto-Karen *ʔdejᴮ, etc.; he also relates it to 春 (chūn) "springtime" after noting a connection between eggs and Chinese new year season, as birds generally nest and lay eggs in the warmer months in the north (ibid.).

inh

水蛇春咁長

水蛇春咁长


燃

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *njen): semantic 火 (“fire”) + phonetic 然 (OC *njen) – burn with fire. Originally 然 (OC *njen), but because it was phonetically borrowed for abstract senses, 火 (huǒ) was added for differentiation.
Probably Sino-Tibetan; compare Jingpho nan (“to light”), shanan (“torch”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Han compound

(Hokkien, Teochew, Hainanese) to burn (wood, coal, etc.)

燃水

(Hokkien, Teochew) to heat up; to boil (a liquid)


牯

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kaːʔ): semantic 牛 (“cow”) + phonetic 古 (OC *kaːʔ)
Wang (1982) related this word to 羖 (OC *klaːʔ, “(black) ram”) and 豭 (OC *kraː, “boar”).
However, Schuessler (2007) suggested an Austroasiatic origin: compare these Bahnaric lexical items Koho klaw, Chrau klo:, Bulo Stieng klaw "male" (all from Proto-Bahnaric *kləw < Proto-Mon-Khmer *t₁l(ə)w(ʔ) (“male”)), as well as Khmer ខ្លោះ (khlɑh, “male, virile”), កំលោះ (kɑmlɑh, “young man”).

Han compound

(Hakka)

狗牯

賊牯

贼牯


然

Characters in the same phonetic series (肰) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *njen): phonetic 肰 (OC *njen, “dog meat”) + semantic 火 (“fire”) – to burn. Also ideogrammic compound (會意／会意). The derivative 燃 (OC *njen) stands for the original word in Modern Chinese.
Note that the upper left component is analyzed as 肉 (meat), and in the component 肰 it is drawn as a tilted 月 (“moon”), appearing more like 夕 (“evening”) with an extra stroke (𱼀); compare 祭, 將.
A fusion of 如 (OC *nja, *njas) with an element *-n which has a demonstrative meaning (Schuessler, 2007).


照

燳
曌
瞾
炤*
耀
炤

(Teochew) this; so; such (modifies adjectives)


片

→ Proto-Southwestern Tai: *pʰɛːnᴮ¹

Ahom: 𑜇𑜢𑜐𑜫 (phiñ)

Lao: ແຜ່ນ (phǣn)

Northern Thai: ᨹᩯ᩠᩵ᨶ

Shan: ၽႅၼ်ႇ (phèn)

Tai Dam: ꪵꪠ꪿ꪙ

Tai Nüa: ᥚᥦᥢᥱ (phǎen)

Thai: แผ่น (pɛ̀n)

/pʰiːn³³⁻³⁵/

/pʰen³³⁻³³⁵/

/pʰiːn³³⁻³⁵/

/pʰen³³⁻³³⁵/

Mirror image of 爿 (OC *braːn, “piece”), which is the pictogram of a bed.
Shuowen: half of 木 (“wood; tree”) to denote “to pare; to slice”; but this interpretation is not based on oracle bones and bronzes.

(Teochew) Classifier for doors and windows.

東片／东片 [Teochew]

許片／许片 [Teochew]


猛

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (猛):
* → Japanese: 猛(もう) (mō)

→ Vietnamese: mạnh (猛, “powerful”)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mraːŋʔ): semantic 犬 + phonetic 孟 (OC *mraːŋs).

Han compound

(Eastern Min, Teochew, Hainanese, Zhangzhou and Penang Hokkien, dialectal Hakka) fast; quick


球

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (球):
* → Japanese: 球(きゅう) (kyū)
* → Korean: 구(球) (gu)
* → Vietnamese: cầu (球)

→ Zhuang: giuz

/t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯³⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɤʊ̯ɻʷ³⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi̯əu̯¹³/

/t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯³⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɤʊ̯ɻʷ³⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi̯əu̯¹³/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡu): semantic 玉 (“jade”) + phonetic 求 (OC *ɡu).
"Ball", earlier some "kind of jade". Bodman (1980) relates this to Wuming Zhuang klauᴬ² (“ball”), and relates 俅 (qiú, “gem-adorned”) to Tibetan གྲུ (gru, “lustre of gems”). This character had a softened initial in Proto-Min.
Originally written as 毬 (since Tang dynasty). The form 球 (since Qing dynasty) is now more common.

Han compound

一球毛線

一球毛线

(Teochew, Xiang) Classifier for spherical objects, such as balls of string


無

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (無):
* → Japanese: 無(む) (mu); 無(ぶ) (bu)
* → Korean: 무(無) (mu)
* → Vietnamese: vô (無)

→ Peranakan Indonesian: bo

Characters in the same phonetic series (無) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Pictogram (象形). A man dancing with something long held in both hands.
This character is borrowed for “have no”, and the character 舞 (wǔ) is used for the original sense.
Core Sino–Tibetan. From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ma (“no, not”); cognate with Tibetan མ་ (ma, “not”) and Burmese မ (ma., “not”).
Cognate with:
* 微 (OC *mɯl, “not, no”)
* 毋 (OC *ma, “do not”)
* 勿 (OC *mɯd, “not, don't”)
* 未 (OC *mɯds, “not yet, haven't”)
* 靡 (OC *mralʔ, “not, no”)
* 亡 (OC *maŋ, “not have; to flee, to disappear, to die”)
* 沒 (OC *mɯːd, “to end, to disappear, to drown”)
* 莫 (OC *maːɡ, “none, nobody, nothing; do not; can not”)
Attested profusely in Classical Chinese, this word is the prototypical negation particle in the *m- series of Chinese negatives. In the oracle bone script, however, 無 is not frequently used, and its homophone (or near-homophone) 毋 (OC *ma) is used instead.
See 不 (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ', “not”) for more on negative particles in Old Chinese.

och-l

无
𭴿
橆
𣞤
𣟒
𬻜
𬻝
𭴾
𤍍
𣞣
𫡟
𣠮
𡙻
𤀢
𰙄
𰙈
𣑨
𣚨
𠘩
㷻
无
嘸

仙人拍鼓有時錯，跤步踏差啥人無／仙人拍鼓有时错，跤步踏差啥人无

sian-jîn phah kó͘ iú sî chhò, kha-pō͘ ta̍h-chha siáⁿ-lâng bô

to not understand (when reading or viewing); to be unable to see

看無

看无

You can't find this word in the dictionary.

只個字在字典揣無。

只个字在字典揣无。

(Hokkien, Teochew) Particle used after a verb to indicate that a goal has not or cannot been accomplished.


瞇

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声): semantic 目 + phonetic 迷 (OC *miː).

Han compound

alt. forms: 𥅽, 瞑

贱妾死了目不𥅽 [Teochew, simp.]

《古板新造蘇六娘金釵羅帕記全歌》 賤妾死了目不𥅽 [Teochew, trad.]

蚶蚝店𥅽难寻觅 [Teochew, simp.]

1883, Adele Marion Fielde, “瞑”, in A Pronouncing and Defining Dictionary of the Swatow Dialect, Arranged According to Syllables and Tones, Shanghai: American Presbyterian Mission Press, page 377:

After he was dead, his eyes would not remain closed.

伊死了目合不瞑。


瞌

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰaːb): semantic 目 (“eye”) + phonetic 盍 (OC *ɡaːb).

Han compound

(Hokkien, Teochew, Leizhou Min) to close (one's eyes)


磽

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋ̊ʰreːw, *ŋreːws, *ŋ̊ʰeːwʔ): semantic 石 (“stone”) + phonetic 堯 (OC *ŋeːw).


正

Burmese language
Chepang language
Jingpho language
Khmer language
Mizo language
Proto-Sino-Tibetan language
Thai language
Tibetan language

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tjeŋ, *tjeŋs): phonetic 丁 (OC *rteːŋ, *teːŋ) + semantic 止 (“foot”) – to go on a long journey. Original form of 征 (OC *tjeŋ, “to go on long campaign”).
Sino-Tibetan or area word: “centre; target; first (month); straight; correct”.
Compare Mizo dîng (“to go straight or direct (as person, arrow etc.); to go straight through without breaking the journey; straight; direct”). Matisoff sets up Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-tjak/ŋ ~ tik/ŋ (“good; very; real; straight”) for this, which includes 正, 直 (OC *dɯɡ, “straight; right”) and 實 (OC *ɦliɡ, “solid; true”).
Additionally, Matisoff has Proto-Sino-Tibetan *t(r)waŋ (“straight; straighten”), whence Chepang धेङ्सा (dʰeŋ-, “straight”), Jingpho ding (“straight”), Tibetan དྲང་པོ (drang po, “straight; correct; upright; just; fair”), Burmese တန်း (tan:, “straight; to head straight for”). Also compare Khmer ទៀង (tiĕng, “accurate; correct; exact; precise; honest”) and Thai ดิ่ง (dìng, “vertically; straight; to plummet”).
Derivatives:
* 征 (OC *tjeŋ, “to go straight > to go on a journey”)
* 政 (OC *tjeŋs, “correct; to govern; government; to determine”)
* 整 (OC *tjeŋʔ, “orderly; to arrange; to dispose”)
For etymology of pronunciation 正 (zhĕng) in the month 正月 (zhēngyuè)'s name, see there.

och-l

(Hakka, Teochew) Used to emphasize that something is/is not.


睇

Related to Chepang धय्सा (dhəy-, “to concentrate; look at (especially when aiming)”), धेस्सा (dhes-, “to see clearly; to sight clearly (when aiming)”) (Schuessler, 2007).
Also compare Vietnamese thấy (“to see, to look, to find, to feel”).

cog

睇電視／睇电视 [Cantonese] ― tai² din⁶ si⁶ [Jyutping] ― to watch TV

睇電視／睇电视 [Teochew] ― toin² diang⁶ si⁶ [Peng'im] ― to watch TV

睇雜誌／睇杂志 [Cantonese] ― tai² zaap⁶ zi³ [Jyutping] ― to read a magazine

ua² gian⁵ cug⁴ goi¹ lou⁷ koin² dioh⁸ zêg⁸ ziah⁴ bu¹ bu¹ cia¹

我行出街路睇着一隻一隻噗噗車

我行出街路睇着一只一只噗噗车

(Cantonese, Teochew, dialectal Hakka, Shehua) to look; to see; to view; to watch


硩

Cognate with Eastern Min 矺 (dáh, “to press down on”). Possibly cognate with Cantonese 矺 (zaak3, “to press down on”) and Hakka 矺 (chak, “to press down on”) (Li, 2002).


硬

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋɡraːŋs, *ŋɡraːŋs): semantic 石 + phonetic 更 (OC *kraːŋ, *kraːŋs).

Han compound

(Cantonese, Teochew) certainly; definitely; of course


甫

(Teochew) to fuck; to have sexual intercourse with


秮

Setaria italica
Setaria italica#Translingual

(Teochew) foxtail millet (Setaria italica)

(Eastern Min, Teochew) hulled grain of foxtail millet (Setaria italica)


竇

老鼠竇

老鼠窦

雀竇

雀窦

1883, Adele Marion Fielde, “巢”, in A Pronouncing and Defining Dictionary of the Swatow Dialect, Arranged According to Syllables and Tones, Shanghai: American Presbyterian Mission Press, page 527:

客鳥巢

客鸟巢

打破伊個賊巢

打破伊个贼巢

(Cantonese, Hakka, Teochew, colloquial) hideout


禾

(Teochew, Leizhou Min) grain; cereal; crop


磨

Possibly from 摩 (OC *maːl, “to approach; to touch; to draw near”); cognate with Cantonese 埋 (maai4, “to approach”) (Yan et al., 2016).

och-l

[He] quickly drew in closer to ask, “tell me who you are.”

late Qing/early Republic, anonymous, 古板秦世美全歌 book 3

kuai³ kuai³ gian⁵ bhua⁵ mung⁷ zêg⁸ sian¹, le² si⁶ ho⁵ nang⁵ dan³ ua² tian¹

快々行庅问一声 尔是何人呾吾听


粕

(Hokkien, Teochew) dregs; residue; dross


物

Sino-Xenic (物):
* → Vietnamese: vật (物)

Characters in the same phonetic series (勿) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mɯd): semantic 牛 + phonetic 勿 (OC *mɯd).
Compare Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(m/b)rəw (“grain; seed; lineage”) (STEDT), whence Tibetan འབྲུ ('bru, “seed; grain”), Jingpho amyu (ə myú, “kind; sort”), Burmese မျိုး (myui:, “seed”). Within Sinitic, compare 苗 (OC *mrew, “seedling, sprout”), 麰 (OC *mu, “barley”).

inh

家己物


箍

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʷaː): semantic 竹 (“bamboo”) + phonetic 㧜 ()

Han compound

Kho͘ saⁿ tō sī sì kho͘ saⁿ kiám saⁿ kho͘.

箍三就是四箍三減三箍。

箍三就是四箍三减三箍。

(Hakka, Hokkien, Teochew, Malaysian Cantonese) Classifier for money: yuan; dollar; buck; peso; ringgit; rupiah


筷

2007, “紅線情”, 盧和生 (lyrics), 陳偉強 (music)performed by 甲子慧 and 王中平:

If I were chopsticks, you'd be willing to be a bowl.

我那是筷 你甘願做碗

我那是筷 你甘愿做碗

2016, 元朝 (lyrics and music), “囍珍时”performed by 元朝:

zêg⁸ gai⁵ uan² gong¹, zêg⁸ sang¹ ca⁵ de⁷

一个碗公 一双柴筷

一個碗公 一雙柴筷

2018, 鄭喬安 (lyrics and music), “一双筷”performed by 陳淑萍 and 吳俊宏:

Do you know that our love is like a pair of chopsticks, holding sourness, sweetness, bitterness and tastelessness?

lí kám chai lán ê ài-chêng chhin-chhiūⁿ chi̍t siang tī, ngeh-tio̍h sng-kam-khó͘-chiáⁿ ê chu-bī

妳甘知咱的愛情親像一双筷 挾著酸甘苦淡的滋味

你甘知咱的爱情亲像一双筷 挟著酸甘苦淡的滋味

(Hokkien, Teochew) Alternative form of 箸 (“chopstick”)


紲

Possibly from 世 (OC *hljebs) (Lin, 1999; Yang, 2000).

(Can we date this quote?), “唔棚樣（不一樣）”, 林雲 (lyrics)performed by 林雲, 華聲泰國唱片公司:

da¹ bou¹ gio³ zo³ nam⁵, za¹ bhou² gio³ zo³ neng², mai³ seng², mai³ seng², mai³ seng², sua³ u⁶ lang⁵ gai⁵ si⁶ buan³ nam⁵ neng²

禾埠叫做男 楂畝叫做女 勿耍 勿耍 勿耍 沙有難個是半男女

禾埠叫做男 楂亩叫做女 勿耍 勿耍 勿耍 沙有难个是半男女

(Teochew) unexpectedly; to one's surprise; surprisingly


緝

(Teochew) to fish for and catch (fish, prawns, etc. in rivers or paddy fields)


管

(Hokkien, Teochew) pipe; tube; short cylinder


膫

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *rews, *reːw): semantic 肉 (“body”) + phonetic 尞 ().


索

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): 糸 (“thread”) + 𣎳 (“strip fibres off a hemp stalk”). Threads (rope) being removed from a fabric.
糸 visually represents the middle interior of the small seal script form, whereas 𣎳 is the three-pointed top part and the left and right lines.
From Austroasiatic; compare Proto-Vietic *ɟaːk (“rope”) (> Vietnamese chạc), Mon ဇုက် (“string; cord; rope; lashing; creeper”) (Schuessler, 2007).

cog

General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)


舒

phonetic 舍 (OC *hljaːʔ, *hljaːs) + phonetic 予 (OC *la, *laʔ)
Possibly connected to 紓 (OC *hlja, *ɦljaʔ, “to loosen, relax”).

och-l

舒棉被 [Hokkien] ― chhu mî-phōe [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― to spread a quilt

(Eastern Min, Puxian Min, Hokkien, Teochew) to spread (a mat, a blanket, etc.)


肏

(Teochew) Alternative form of 甫 (pu², “to fuck”)


萎

(Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien, Teochew) to wear; to erode


茨

(Teochew) Alternative form of 薯 (“potato, sweet potato and yam”)


薟

→ English: hiam

(Taiwanese, Malaysian and Singapore Hokkien; Teochew; Zhao'an Hakka) spicy


翼

(Teochew) moth (insect of the order Lepidoptera)


蕊

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋljolʔ, *ŋljulʔ): semantic 艸 + phonetic 惢 (OC *sqʰloːlʔ, *sklol, *sɡlolʔ)
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(d/n)waj (“to hang from; to cling to; creeper”), whence Burmese နွယ် (nwai, “creeper”), Jingpho noi (“to hang”). Possibly related to 垂 (OC *djol, “to hang down”), 朵 (OC *toːlʔ, “hanging from a tree > flower”).

och-l

惢
橤
繠
蕋
蘂
蘃
𣛚
𥳝
𧄜

一蕊目睭

(Hokkien, Teochew, Taiwanese Hakka) Classifier for flowers and eyes.


興

→ Thai: เฮง (heng) (via Teochew)

→ Khmer: ហេង (heng)

Characters in the same phonetic series (興) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): 舁 (“to raise”) + 同 (“together”) – to hold up together.


裇

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声): semantic 衤 (“clothing”) + phonetic 血 (OC *qʰʷiːɡ), derived within Cantonese by replacing the radical of 恤 (seot¹).
Borrowed from English shirt, via Cantonese.

(chiefly Cantonese, Teochew, Hainanese) Short for 裇衫 (shirt).


落

→ Ai-Cham: lau⁵

→ Thai: โละ (ló) (via Teochew loh⁸)

→ Vietnamese: lạc

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡ·raːɡ): semantic 艹 + phonetic 洛 (OC *ɡ·raːɡ).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(k/g)la-k/y/t (“to fall”) (STEDT, Schuessler, 2007):
:within Sinitic, cognate to 露 (OC *ɡ·raːɡs) "dew", 下 (OC *ɡraːʔ, *ɡraːs, “down, below, to descend, to fall down”) , 陊 (OC *l'aːlʔ, *l'alʔ) "to collapse" and 阤 (OC *l'alʔ, *hljalʔ) "hillside, slope";
:outsides Sinitic, cognate to Mizo tla ~ tlâk (“to fall”) and thla ~ thlâk (“to drop”), Burmese ကျ (kya., “to fall”) and ချ (hkya., “to drop”).
Schuessler attributes OC *r-, instead of expected **l-, to possible Austroasiatic influence: compare Khmer [script needed] (gra'ka, “be low, debased”) < [script needed] (-ra'ka, “to fall, below, cover from above”). However, Matisoff (2003) identifies several ST etyma which display TB *(C‑)l- vs. OC *(C‑)r‑ correspondence (e.g. *l(j)a(k/ŋ) (“good, beautiful”) → 良 (OC *raŋ), *g/m-liŋ (“neck”) → 領 (OC *reŋʔ), etc.) and TB *(C‑)r- vs. OC *(C‑)l‑ (e.g. *g-rjum (“salt”) → 鹽 (OC *ɡ·lam)); so irregularities in correspondence do not necessarily indicate foreign influences.
Contemporary southern usage possibly reinforced by a Kra-Dai term. The term has been associated with Zhuang loengx (“to fall”).
Zhengzhang suggested that Pronunciation 2 was a result of loss of final consonant of the retained Old Chinese Pronunciation 1.

cog

to hit something and cause it to fall to the ground

打落地下度

(Cantonese, Hokkien, Teochew) down [[[onto]]; to]

(to go to a lower place)
down [[[onto]]; to]

(Hainanese, Leizhou Min, Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Singapore and Taiwanese Hokkien, Teochew) to fade (of color)


詏

(Cantonese, Hakka, Teochew) to argue; to contend; to dispute; to debate


覓

觅
覔
觅
𥌚
覔
觅
觅

(Teochew) Alternative form of 揣 (“to look for; to seek”)


踏

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tʰuːb): semantic 足 (“foot”) + phonetic 沓 (OC *duːb).

Han compound

踏三 [Cantonese] ― daap⁶ saam¹ [Jyutping] ― quarter past

踏九 [Cantonese] ― daap⁶ gau² [Jyutping] ― three quarters past

踏正 [Cantonese] ― daap⁶ zeng³ [Jyutping] ― sharp

踏半 [Cantonese] ― daap⁶ bun³ [Jyutping] ― half past

踏七 [Cantonese] ― daap⁶ cat¹ [Jyutping] ― 35 minutes past

踏八個半字／踏八个半字 [Cantonese] ― daap⁶ baat³ go³ bun³ zi⁶ [Jyutping] ― around 42.5 minutes past

八點踏四／八点踏四 [Cantonese] ― baat³ dim² daap⁶ sei³ [Jyutping] ― twenty past eight

(Cantonese, dialectal Hakka, Teochew, Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) Used before a number to indicate time, where the number is what the minute hand is pointing to on an analog clock.

踏跤踏車

踏跤踏车

(Hokkien, Teochew, Northern Wu) to ride (a bicycle)


踮

店
惦
站
𫁥
*佔
𠶧
坫
匿


識

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tjɯɡs, *hljɯɡ): semantic 言 (“say”) + phonetic 戠 (OC *tjɯɡ).


起

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰɯʔ): semantic 走 + phonetic 巳 (OC *ljɯʔ, *lɯs).

Han compound

(Hokkien, Teochew) to board; to get on (a vehicle)


著

→ English: tio

/ʈ͡ʂaʊ̯ɻʷ⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂaʊ̯ɻʷ⁵⁵/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *taʔ, *tas, *da, *taɡ, *daɡ): semantic 艸 (“grass; plant”) + phonetic 者 (OC *tjaːʔ).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-ta-t (“to put; to place”). Cognate with Tibetan སྟད (stad, “to put on; to lay on”), སྟ་གོན (sta gon, “preparation; arrangement”), Burmese ထား (hta:, “to put; to place”). See also 署 (OC *djas, “to put, place”) (STEDT).

cog

着
着
𣋐
𣥧
囉
就
着
着

揀啊揀，揀著一個賣龍眼／揀啊揀，揀著一个賣龍眼／拣啊拣，拣着一个卖龙眼

kéng--ah kéng, kéng-tio̍h chi̍t ê bē lêng-géng

(Northern Min, Eastern Min, Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien, Teochew) it's now ...'s turn

著棋

着棋

(chiefly dialectal Hakka, Teochew, Wu) To play (chess)


誰

谁
谁
倽
上
仩
谁
𪝊
𫢗
谁
谁
孰:chiâ
咜:chôa

(Hokkien, including Xiamen, Kinmenese, Magong and Singapore Hokkien; Teochew; Hainanese) who; whom


軸

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'ɯwɢ) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): semantic 車 (“cart, carriage”) + phonetic 由 (OC *lɯw, “to pass through”) — the axle that passes through a cartwheel.

Han compound

(Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien, Teochew) large, oblong banner of silk carrying an appropriate message (usually for funerals) (Classifier: 幅 mn mn-t)


速

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sloːɡ): semantic 辵 + phonetic 束 (OC *hljoɡ).
Compare Proto-Tibeto-Burman *m-sow (“to arise; to awake; to awaken”) (STEDT). Related to 促 (OC *sʰoɡ, “to urge”) (Schuessler, 2007).

欲速則不達

yù sù zé bù dá

欲速则不达

yù sù zé bù dá

The speed limit on this road is 50 km/h.

只條路限五十速。

只条路限五十速。


逆

屰
𨒫
扴
桀
恝
椵
硌

(Hokkien, Teochew) to oppose; to go against


鎮

desc

→ Lü: ᦵᦈᦲᧃᧈ (ṫsoen¹)

→ Lü: ᦵᦈᦲᧃᧈ (ṫsoen¹)

→ Zhuang: cin

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tin, *tins): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 真 (OC *ʔljin) – to press down on (with a metal weight).

Han compound

鎮塊／镇块 [Hokkien] ― tìn-tè [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― to block the way

(Hokkien, Teochew) to block; to impede; to be a hindrance


銀

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (銀):
* → Japanese: 銀(ぎん) (gin)
* → Okinawan: 銀(じん) (jin)
* → Korean: 은(銀) (eun)
* → Vietnamese: ngân (銀)

→ Proto-Hmong-Mien: *ɲʷi̯ən (“silver”)

White Hmong: nyiaj (“silver, money”)

→ Lao: ເງິນ (ngœn, “silver, money”)

→ Thai: เงิน (ngən, “silver, money”)

desc

→ Vietnamese: ngần (“silvery white; very white”)

→ Zhuang: ngaenz (“silver, money”)

/ᵑɡan²²⁻²²⁵/

/ᵑɡan²²⁻²²⁵/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋrɯn): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 艮 (OC *kɯːns).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ŋul ~ (d-)ŋur. Cognate with Tibetan དངུལ (dngul), Burmese ငွေ (ngwe).

Han compound

幾千銀

几千银

1969, 潘藩, directed by 陸邦, 相思甜如蜜 [My Sweetheart], spoken by 陳維才 (高魯泉 [Ko Lo Chuen]):

These two Qianlong-era vases of mine are worth ten grand.

ngo⁵ ni¹ loeng⁵ go³ kin⁴ lung⁴⁻² faa¹ zeon¹ aa³ zik⁶ sing⁴ maan⁶ ngan⁴ gaa³.

我呢兩個乾隆花樽啊值成萬銀㗎。

我呢两个乾隆花樽啊值成万银㗎。

一件五個銀，三件十五銀 [Teochew, trad.]
一件五个银，三件十五银 [Teochew, simp.]
zêg⁸ gian⁶ ngou⁶ gai⁵ ngêng⁵, san¹ gian⁶ zab⁸ ngou⁶ ngêng⁵ [Peng'im]

蔡俊明 [Cai Junming], editor (1991), “銀／银 (yín) ngeng˥”, in 潮州方言詞滙／潮州方言词滙 (Cháozhōu fāngyán cíhuì), 香港 [Hong Kong]: 香港中文大學／香港中文大学 [The Chinese University of Hong Kong]

five bucks for one, fifteen bucks for three

(Cantonese, Teochew, Hainanese, Zhao'an Hakka) Classifier for money: yuan; dollar; buck


雅

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (雅):
* → Japanese: 雅(が) (ga)
* → Korean: 아(雅) (a)
* → Vietnamese: nhã (雅)


預

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *las): phonetic 予 (OC *la, *laʔ) + semantic 頁.

Han compound

ngo⁵ jyu⁶ zo² keoi⁵ wui⁵ ci⁴ dou³ gaa³ laa¹.

我預咗佢會遲到㗎啦。

我预咗佢会迟到㗎啦。

(Cantonese, Teochew) to foresee; to expect; to anticipate

A friend is coming over for dinner tonight, so prepare more food.

gam¹ maan⁵⁻¹ jau⁵ pang⁴ jau⁵ soeng⁶ lai⁴ sik⁶ faan⁶, nei⁵ jyu⁶ do¹ di¹ faan⁶ sung³ laa³ wo³.

今晚有朋友上嚟食飯，你預多啲飯餸喇喎。

今晚有朋友上嚟食饭，你预多啲饭𩠌喇㖞。

(Cantonese, Teochew) to prepare; to plan for; to estimate


霧

雾
雺
霚
霿
雾
潕
𫝞
雾

含血雾天 [Taiwanese Hokkien, simp.]
kâm hoeh bū thiⁿ [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]

to slander people with false accusations

(Hokkien, Teochew) to spray; to spit (a liquid, often after keeping the liquid in one's mouth)


餃

→ Thai: เกี๊ยว (gíao)

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯ɒu̯⁴¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯ɒu̯⁴¹/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声): semantic 飠 (“food, eat”) + phonetic 交 (OC *kreːw) – a kind of food.
From 角 (jiǎo, “horn”), named for its horn-like shape (Norman, 1988).


鬃

Zhuang: coeng

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *zuːŋ, *ʔsoːŋ, *zuːŋ): semantic 髟 (“appearance of long hair”) + phonetic 宗 (OC *ʔsuːŋ)

Han compound

騌/骔
𤙷
𥪗
𨲇
𣮤
騣

(Teochew, Leizhou Min, Hainanese) hair worn in a bun or coil; bun


齪

(Teochew) to distract or disturb someone by being noisy


鹹

→ Proto-Southwestern Tai: *ɡemᴬ

→ Zhuang: hamz

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡrɯːm): semantic 鹵 (“salt”) + phonetic 咸 (OC *ɡrɯːm).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *hjam (“salty”) or *g-rjum (“salt”); compare Chepang ल्हाम्सा (hlam‑, “salty (not excessively)”), Jingpho jum (“salt”) (STEDT).


黑

(Hokkien, Teochew, Hainanese) Alternative form of 烏／乌 (“black”)


食

→ Indonesian: ciak

→ Thai: เจี๊ยะ (jía)

Kwok (2018) reconstructs Proto-Southern Min *tsiaʔ⁸ and tentatively reconstructs Proto-Min *dziak (in Norman's system).
While often considered as the vernacular counterpart to etymology 1, it is unlikely to be related to etymology 1 (Norman, 1991; Klöter, 2005; Fuehrer and Yang, 2014). Schuessler (2007) suggests it derives from 嚼 (“to chew”) (probably based on Norman's unpublished manuscripts).

𠊊
𩚁
𩚀
𩚃
𠋑
𨢁
𠊊
吃
𠋡
呷
噍

廣東食

广东食

红毛食 [Penang Hokkien, simp.]
From: Catherine Churchman (2021) “Chapter 5: Native Lexical Innovation in Penang Hokkien: Thinking beyond Rojak”, in Sinophone Southeast Asia: Sinitic Voices across the Southern Seas, Brill, →DOI
Âng-mô͘-chia̍h [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
Western food


頭

/tʰɐu̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/tʰɐu̯²¹⁻³⁵/

Burmese language
French language
German language
Khmer language
Latin language
Middle High German language
Nuosu language
Proto-Loloish language
Proto-Mon-Khmer language
Proto-Sino-Tibetan language
Tibetan language

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *doː): phonetic 豆 (OC *doːs) + semantic 頁 (“head”).
Replaced earlier 首 (MC syuwX, “head”) due to homophony with 手 (ɕɨuX, “hand”) (Sagart, 1999).
Several etymologies have been proposed:
* From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *d-bu-s (“head”) or its allofam *du (“head”); compare Tibetan དབུ (dbu, “head”), Burmese ဦး (u:, “head”), Nuosu ꀑ (o, “head”), Proto-Loloish *ʔ-du² (“head”) (Benedict, 1972; Schuessler, 2007; STEDT; Starostin).
* Contraction of 髑髏 (OC *doːɡ roː, “skull”) (Wu, 2006).
* From Proto-Mon-Khmer *duul() (“to carry on one's head”), whence Khmer ទូល (tul); this is phonologically plausible since final consonants are often lost after a long vowel in loanwords (Schuessler, 2007).
* A variant of 豆 (OC *doːs, “a kind of vessel”), as skulls could have been used as drinking recipients; compare French tête (“head”) from Latin testa (“pot; jug”) and German Kopf (“head”) from Middle High German kopf (“drinking vessel”) (Maréchal, 1994; Sagart, 1999). However, Schuessler (2007) notes that 豆 (*doːs) seems like a tone C (去聲) derivation from 頭 (*doː), which may have originally meant “skull”.
* Baxter and Sagart (2014) reconstructs the Old Chinese with a *m- prefix for human body parts, deriving it from 兜 (*toː, “helmet; hood”).

cog-lite

While searching and shouting [he] went outdoors.

late Qing/early Republic, anonymous, 古板一世報全歌, book 3 page 6

头尋头呌门外来

头寻头呌门外来

(Teochew) at the same time; simultaneously


大人

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (大人):
* → Japanese: 大人(たいじん) (taijin); 大人(だいにん) (dainin)
* → Korean: 대인(大人) (daein)
* → Vietnamese: đại nhân (大人)

/tä⁵¹ ʐən³⁵/

/ta⁴⁴ ʐəŋ²⁴/

/taːi̯²² jɐn²¹/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ ŋin¹¹/

/tai³⁵⁻¹¹ d͡ziŋ⁵⁵/

/tä⁵¹ ʐən³⁵/

/ta⁴⁴ ʐəŋ²⁴/

/taːi̯²² jɐn²¹/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ ŋin¹¹/

/tai³⁵⁻¹¹ d͡ziŋ⁵⁵/

; address towards Japanese officials; "police officer"

(historical, Taiwanese Hokkien and Japanese-occupied Shantou Teochew) An address used by ordinary citizens to address Japanese occupation officials: sir


一日

/i⁵⁵⁻³⁵ ʐ̩⁵¹/

/jɐt̚⁵ jɐt̚²/

/suoʔ⁵⁻³³ nˡiʔ⁵/

/iʔ²⁴⁻²¹ nˡiʔ⁵/

/t͡sit̚¹²¹⁻²¹ d͡zit̚¹²¹/

/t͡sit̚²⁴⁻² lit̚²⁴/

/t͡sit̚³⁵⁻² lit̚³⁵/

/t͡sit̚⁵⁴⁻³² lit̚⁵⁴/

/iɪʔ³³ n̠ʲiɪʔ⁴⁴/

/iɪʔ⁴⁴ n̠ʲiɪʔ⁴⁴/

/i⁵⁵⁻³⁵ ʐ̩⁵¹/

/jɐt̚⁵ jɐt̚²/

/suoʔ⁵⁻³³ nˡiʔ⁵/

/iʔ²⁴⁻²¹ nˡiʔ⁵/

/t͡sit̚¹²¹⁻²¹ d͡zit̚¹²¹/

/t͡sit̚²⁴⁻² lit̚²⁴/

/t͡sit̚³⁵⁻² lit̚³⁵/

/t͡sit̚⁵⁴⁻³² lit̚⁵⁴/

/iɪʔ³³ n̠ʲiɪʔ⁴⁴/

/iɪʔ⁴⁴ n̠ʲiɪʔ⁴⁴/


林檎

Sino-Xenic (林檎):
* → Korean: 임금(林檎) (imgeum)

ja-r

林(りゅう)檎(ごう) (ryūgō)

→ Japanese: 林(りん)檎(ご) (ringo), (obsolete) 林(りゅう)檎(ごう) (ryūgō), (obsolete) 林(りん)檎(き) (rinki)

→ Ainu: リンゴ

desc

Hakka: → 林檎 (lin-kó; lin-ngò), ⇒ 林檎 (lìm-khìm)

→ Marshallese: diin̄ko

Min Nan: → 林檎 (lìn-gò͘), ⇒ 林檎 (lîm-khîm)

→ Korean: 능금 (neunggeum)

/lɐm²¹ kʰɐm²¹/

/lim²⁴⁻²² kʰim²⁴/

/leŋ²⁴⁻²¹ kʰim²⁴/

/lim⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kʰim⁵⁵/

/lɐm²¹ kʰɐm²¹/

/lim²⁴⁻²² kʰim²⁴/

/leŋ²⁴⁻²¹ kʰim²⁴/

/lim⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kʰim⁵⁵/

Cao Wei
Jin dynasty (265–420)
Western Regions

First attested during the Wei–Jin era.
Likely a loanword from a language in the Western Regions, apples also being a common produce of Central Asia.

(Teochew, Zhao'an and Singapore Hokkien) sugar apple


垃圾

/lap̚³²⁻⁴ sap̚³²/

/lap̚³²⁻⁵⁴ sap̚³²/

/la(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ sap̚³²/

/la(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ sap̚³²/

/la(ʔ)³²⁻⁴² sap̚³²/

/lap̚³²⁻⁴ sap̚³²/

/lap̚³²⁻⁵⁴ sap̚³²/

/la(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ sap̚³²/

/la(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ sap̚³²/

/la(ʔ)³²⁻⁴² sap̚³²/

From earlier 擸𢶍 (làsà, “to jumble; jumble; litter”). Reduplication derived from a root (*lap or *sap) meaning "untidy, unclean". The pronunciation "lèsè" is possibly influenced by Wu.
Second syllable of the Mainland Mandarin reading lājī is irregular, resulting from the incorrect association of the rare character in its obsolete form 靸 (sǎ) with the usual pronunciation of its phonetic component (及 (jí)).
Cognate with 邋遢 (lāta, “unclean, untidy, unkempt”) (> 邋邋遢遢, 邋裡邋遢／邋里邋遢).

擸𢶍
磖磼
𧞪䙣
𧙀䙣
儠㒎
𦆻颯
拉颯
垃靸
垃趿

(Hakka, Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien, Teochew) dirty; unhygienic


水生

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/sɵy̯³⁵ sɐŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sui⁵²⁻³⁵ sẽ³³/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/sɵy̯³⁵ sɐŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sui⁵²⁻³⁵ sẽ³³/


好食

/ho³³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lieʔ⁵/

/ho⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siaʔ⁴/

/ho⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡siaʔ²⁴/

/ho⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siaʔ¹²¹/

/ho⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siaʔ⁴/

/hɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡siaʔ⁴/

/ho⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡siaʔ⁴/

/ho³³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lieʔ⁵/

/ho⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siaʔ⁴/

/ho⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡siaʔ²⁴/

/ho⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siaʔ¹²¹/

/ho⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siaʔ⁴/

/hɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡siaʔ⁴/

/ho⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡siaʔ⁴/

/hãũ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡siaʔ⁴/

/hãũ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡siaʔ⁴/

(Cantonese, Teochew, Hakka) fond of eating; gluttonous


雞蛋

/koi³³⁻²³ tũã³³/

/koi³³⁻²³ tũã³³/

(Teochew) unlaid chicken egg (Classifier: 粒)


查某囝

/t͡sa⁴⁴⁻²² bɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiã⁵³/

/t͡sa⁴⁴⁻³³ bɔ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ kiã⁵³/

/t͡sa⁴⁴⁻³³ bɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kiã⁴¹/

/t͡sɔ³⁵ kiã⁵³/

/t͡sa³³⁻²³ bou⁵²⁻³⁵ kĩã⁵²/

/t͡sau⁵²⁻³⁵ kĩã⁵²⁻²¹/

/t͡sa⁴⁴⁻²² bɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiã⁵³/

/t͡sa⁴⁴⁻³³ bɔ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ kiã⁵³/

/t͡sa⁴⁴⁻³³ bɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kiã⁴¹/

/t͡sɔ³⁵ kiã⁵³/

/t͡sa³³⁻²³ bou⁵²⁻³⁵ kĩã⁵²/

/t͡sau⁵²⁻³⁵ kĩã⁵²⁻²¹/

(Xiamen and Taiwanese Hokkien, Teochew) daughter


老公

/lɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/lou̯¹³ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/lau²¹³⁻²¹ kuŋ¹/

/lau³¹ kʊŋ⁴⁴/

/se⁵⁵ œyŋ⁵⁴/

/l̃au²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾uŋ⁵⁵/

/lau²²⁻²¹ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lau⁴¹⁻²² kɔŋ³³/

/lau²²⁻²¹ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lau³³⁻¹¹ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lau³³⁻²¹ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lɔ²² koŋ⁴⁴/

/lɑʊ̯³³ kɤŋ⁴⁴⁵/

/lɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/lou̯¹³ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/lau²¹³⁻²¹ kuŋ¹/

/lau³¹ kʊŋ⁴⁴/

/se⁵⁵ œyŋ⁵⁴/

/l̃au²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾uŋ⁵⁵/

/lau²²⁻²¹ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lau⁴¹⁻²² kɔŋ³³/

/lau²²⁻²¹ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lau³³⁻¹¹ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lau³³⁻²¹ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lɔ²² koŋ⁴⁴/

/lɑʊ̯³³ kɤŋ⁴⁴⁵/

/lɑʊ̯²¹⁴ g̊ʊŋ⁴/

/lɑʊ̯²¹⁴ g̊ʊŋ⁴/

/lou̯¹³ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/lau³⁵⁻¹¹ koŋ³³/

/lau³⁵⁻¹¹ koŋ³³/


日頭

Wutunhua: raitek

/ʐ̩⁵¹ tʰoʊ̯¹/

/ʐ̩⁵¹ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/

/ʐ̩ʔ⁵ tʰəɯ²⁴/

/ə²⁴ tʰou²⁴/

/ɛɻ²⁴ tʰou²⁴/

/jɐt̚² tʰɐu̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/jɐt̚² tʰɐu̯²¹/

/ᵑɡit̚³² heu²²⁻²¹/

/ᵑɡit̚³² heu²²⁻²¹⁵/

/jɐt̚⁵⁵ tʰɐu⁴²/

/n̠ʲit̚⁵ tʰɛu²/

/ŋit̚² tʰeu̯¹¹/

/ʐəʔ²⁻⁵⁴ təu¹¹/

/nˡiʔ⁵⁻³³ tʰau⁵³/

/lit̚²⁴⁻²¹ tʰau²⁴/

/lit̚⁴⁻³² tʰau²⁴/

/lit̚³²⁻²¹ tʰau¹¹/

/lit̚⁵⁴⁻³² tʰau²⁴/

/lit̚³⁵⁻² tʰau²⁴/

/lit̚²⁴⁻² tʰau²⁴/

/lit̚⁴³⁻²¹ tʰau²⁴/

/lit̚²³⁻² tʰau²⁴/

/lit̚⁵³⁻¹ tʰau²⁴/

/d͡zit̚⁴⁻³² tʰau²⁴/

/d͡zit̚³⁻³² tʰau²⁴/

/d͡zit̚⁴³⁻²¹ tʰau²⁴/

/zit̚⁴⁻³² tʰau²³/

/d͡zit̚¹⁴⁻³³ tʰau²¹³/

/d͡zit̚¹²¹⁻²¹ tʰau¹³/

/let̚²³⁻² tʰau²⁴/

/n̠ʲiɪʔ¹¹ dɤ²³/

/n̠ʲiɪʔ¹¹ dø²⁴/

/n̠ʲiɪʔ²² dɯ⁵³/

/ɦn̠ʲiəʔ²² dɵ⁵⁵/

/n̠ʲieʔ¹¹ dɤ⁵²/

/n̠ʲiɪʔ²² dœʏ³⁵/

/n̠ʲiɪʔ³³ døy/

/n̠ʲiəʔ²¹ diu¹⁴/

/ʐ̩²⁴ təu̯³/

/ni³⁵ di̯ɤ¹³⁻³³/

/ʑ̊i¹¹ d̥ɘu̯¹¹/

/ʐ̩⁵¹ tʰoʊ̯¹/

/ʐ̩⁵¹ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/

/ʐ̩ʔ⁵ tʰəɯ²⁴/

/ə²⁴ tʰou²⁴/

/ɛɻ²⁴ tʰou²⁴/

/jɐt̚² tʰɐu̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/jɐt̚² tʰɐu̯²¹/

/ᵑɡit̚³² heu²²⁻²¹/

/ᵑɡit̚³² heu²²⁻²¹⁵/

/jɐt̚⁵⁵ tʰɐu⁴²/

/n̠ʲit̚⁵ tʰɛu²/

/ŋit̚² tʰeu̯¹¹/

/ʐəʔ²⁻⁵⁴ təu¹¹/

/nˡiʔ⁵⁻³³ tʰau⁵³/

/lit̚²⁴⁻²¹ tʰau²⁴/

/lit̚⁴⁻³² tʰau²⁴/

/lit̚³²⁻²¹ tʰau¹¹/

/lit̚⁵⁴⁻³² tʰau²⁴/

/lit̚³⁵⁻² tʰau²⁴/

/lit̚²⁴⁻² tʰau²⁴/

/lit̚⁴³⁻²¹ tʰau²⁴/

/lit̚²³⁻² tʰau²⁴/

/lit̚⁵³⁻¹ tʰau²⁴/

/d͡zit̚⁴⁻³² tʰau²⁴/

/d͡zit̚³⁻³² tʰau²⁴/

/d͡zit̚⁴³⁻²¹ tʰau²⁴/

/zit̚⁴⁻³² tʰau²³/

/d͡zit̚¹⁴⁻³³ tʰau²¹³/

/d͡zit̚¹²¹⁻²¹ tʰau¹³/

/let̚²³⁻² tʰau²⁴/

/n̠ʲiɪʔ¹¹ dɤ²³/

/n̠ʲiɪʔ¹¹ dø²⁴/

/n̠ʲiɪʔ²² dɯ⁵³/

/ɦn̠ʲiəʔ²² dɵ⁵⁵/

/n̠ʲieʔ¹¹ dɤ⁵²/

/n̠ʲiɪʔ²² dœʏ³⁵/

/n̠ʲiɪʔ³³ døy/

/n̠ʲiəʔ²¹ diu¹⁴/

/ʐ̩²⁴ təu̯³/

/ni³⁵ di̯ɤ¹³⁻³³/

/ʑ̊i¹¹ d̥ɘu̯¹¹/

He is present with us at night the same as during the day. Whether at home or abroad, it is all the same: his eye does not sleep.

1894, James Dyer Ball, Readings in Cantonese Colloquial, page 62

keoi⁵ je⁶ maan⁵ tung⁴ maai⁴ ngo⁵ dei⁶ hai⁶ hou² ci⁵ jat⁶ tau⁴⁻² jat¹ joeng⁶, ngo⁵ dei⁶ ceot¹ ngoi⁶ hou² ci⁵ hai² uk¹ kei² jat¹ joeng⁶, keoi⁵ ge³ ngaan⁵ m⁴ fan³.

佢夜晚同埋我哋係好似日頭一樣、我哋出外好似喺屋𨀣一樣、佢嘅眼唔瞓。

佢夜晚同埋我哋系好似日头一样、我哋出外好似喺屋𨀣一样、佢嘅眼唔𰥛。

And should sleep, and rise night and day, and the seed should spring and grow up, he knoweth not how.

2006, 聖經——新廣東話 (The Holy Bible—New Cantonese Bible), 馬可福音 (Mark) 4:27

keoi⁵ je⁶ maan⁵ fan³ gaau³, jat⁶ tau⁴⁻² hei² san¹, zung² zi² faat³ ngaa⁴ sang¹ zoeng², dim² gaai² wui⁵ gam² joeng⁶⁻², keoi⁵ m⁴ zi¹.

佢夜晚瞓覺，日頭起身，種子發芽生長，點解會噉樣，佢唔知。

佢夜晚𰥛觉，日头起身，种子发芽生长，点解会噉样，佢唔知。

(Central Plains Mandarin, Cantonese, Longyan Min, Teochew, Zhongshan Min, Leizhou Min, Hainanese, dialectal Wu) daytime


生理

/ʂɤŋ⁵⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɐŋ⁵⁵ lei̯¹³/

/sen²⁴⁻¹¹ li²⁴/

/sɛiŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ˡ⁻⁾nˡi³³/

/siɪŋ³³ li⁵⁵⁴/

/siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² li⁵³/

/siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁴¹/

/siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁵³/

/sŋ̍³³ li⁵⁵⁴/

/seŋ³³⁻²³ li⁵²/

/ʂɤŋ⁵⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɐŋ⁵⁵ lei̯¹³/

/sen²⁴⁻¹¹ li²⁴/

/sɛiŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ˡ⁻⁾nˡi³³/

/siɪŋ³³ li⁵⁵⁴/

/siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² li⁵³/

/siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁴¹/

/siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁵³/

/sŋ̍³³ li⁵⁵⁴/

/seŋ³³⁻²³ li⁵²/

阮阿舅佮阿妗咧做生理。

(literary or Hakka, Eastern Min, Hokkien, Teochew) business; trade; buying and selling


阿父

/aː³³ fuː²²/

/aː³³ fuː²²/

/a³³⁻²³ pe³⁵/

/a³³⁻²³ pe³⁵/


四散

→ Thai: ซี้ซั้ว (síi-súua)

/sz̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ sän⁵¹/

/si²¹⁻⁴² suã²¹/

/si²¹⁻⁵³ suã²¹/

/si²¹³⁻⁵⁵ sũã²¹³/

/sz̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ sän⁵¹/

/si²¹⁻⁴² suã²¹/

/si²¹⁻⁵³ suã²¹/

/si²¹³⁻⁵⁵ sũã²¹³/

四散呾

(Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Singapore Hokkien, Teochew) carelessly; casually; at random; anyhow


閒行

/ɕi̯ɛn³⁵ ɕiŋ³⁵/

/haːn²¹ hɐŋ²¹/

/ãĩ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kĩã⁵⁵/

/ɕi̯ɛn³⁵ ɕiŋ³⁵/

/haːn²¹ hɐŋ²¹/

/ãĩ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kĩã⁵⁵/

(Teochew) to take a walk; to go for a stroll


雷霆

/lui⁵⁵⁻¹¹ taŋ⁵⁵/

/lui⁵⁵⁻¹¹ taŋ⁵⁵/


艱苦

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ kʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kan³³ kʰɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/kan⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰɔ⁵³/

/kan⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰɔ⁴¹/

/kan⁴⁴⁻²² kʰɔ⁵³/

/kiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² kʰɔ⁵³/

/kʰan³³⁻²¹ kʰɔ⁴⁴⁵/

/kʰan³³ kʰɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/kaŋ³³⁻²³ kʰou⁵²/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ kʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kan³³ kʰɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/kan⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰɔ⁵³/

/kan⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰɔ⁴¹/

/kan⁴⁴⁻²² kʰɔ⁵³/

/kiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² kʰɔ⁵³/

/kʰan³³⁻²¹ kʰɔ⁴⁴⁵/

/kʰan³³ kʰɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/kaŋ³³⁻²³ kʰou⁵²/

(Hokkien, Teochew) agonizing; hard to bear; unwell


目睭

/mɛiʔ⁵⁻⁵⁵ t͡sieu⁵⁵/

/møyʔ⁵⁻⁵⁵ t͡sieu⁵⁵/

/bak̚²⁴⁻²¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/bak̚¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/bak̚⁴³⁻²¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/mɛiʔ⁵⁻⁵⁵ t͡sieu⁵⁵/

/møyʔ⁵⁻⁵⁵ t͡sieu⁵⁵/

/bak̚²⁴⁻²¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/bak̚¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/bak̚⁴³⁻²¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

(Teochew, Hainanese, Leizhou Min) eyeball


街市

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/kaːi̯⁵⁵ siː¹³/

/kai⁵⁵ si²¹⁻²¹⁵/

/ki̯e²⁴⁻¹¹ sɨ⁵⁵/

/ki̯ai̯²⁴⁻¹¹ sɨ⁵⁵/

/kue⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰi³³/

/kue⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰi²²/

/ke⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰi²²/

/ke⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰi³³/

/koi³³⁻²³ t͡sʰi³⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/kaːi̯⁵⁵ siː¹³/

/kai⁵⁵ si²¹⁻²¹⁵/

/ki̯e²⁴⁻¹¹ sɨ⁵⁵/

/ki̯ai̯²⁴⁻¹¹ sɨ⁵⁵/

/kue⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰi³³/

/kue⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰi²²/

/ke⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰi²²/

/ke⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰi³³/

/koi³³⁻²³ t͡sʰi³⁵/

(Cantonese, Teochew) food market; street market; wet market


濟囝餓死爸

济囝饿死爸
濟囝餓死父
儕囝餓死父
儕囝餓死爸
多子餓死父
多囝餓死父
多囝餓死爸

many children will make a father starve to death

/t͡sue³³⁻¹¹ kiã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡo³³⁻¹¹ si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pe³³/

/t͡sue²²⁻²¹ kiã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡo²²⁻²¹ si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pe²²/

/t͡sue⁴¹⁻²² kã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ɡo⁴¹⁻²² si⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ pe²²/

/t͡se³³⁻²¹ kiã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɡɤ³³⁻²¹ si⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ pe³³/

/t͡se²²⁻²¹ kiã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡo²²⁻²¹ si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pɛ²²/

/t͡soi¹¹ kĩã⁵²⁻³⁵ ɡo¹¹ si⁵²⁻³⁵ pe³⁵/

/t͡soi¹¹ kĩã⁵²⁻³⁵ ɡo¹¹ si⁵²⁻³⁵ pe³⁵/

(Hokkien, Teochew) unable to make ends meet; in dire financial circumstances


高麗

/ko³³⁻²³ lɯ³⁵/

/ko³³⁻²³ lɯ³⁵/

Brassica oleracea var. capitata
Brassica oleracea var. capitata

(Teochew) cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata)


塗炭

/tʰɔ²⁴⁻²² tʰuã⁴¹/

/tʰɔ²⁴⁻²² tʰuã²¹/

/tʰɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰuã¹¹/

/tʰɔ²³⁻³³ tʰuã²¹/

/tʰɔ¹³⁻²² tʰuã²¹/

/tʰou⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tʰũã²¹³/

/tʰɔ²⁴⁻²² tʰuã⁴¹/

/tʰɔ²⁴⁻²² tʰuã²¹/

/tʰɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰuã¹¹/

/tʰɔ²³⁻³³ tʰuã²¹/

/tʰɔ¹³⁻²² tʰuã²¹/

/tʰou⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tʰũã²¹³/


朱古力

/ʈ͡ʂu⁵⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ li⁵¹/

ju¹ gu²⁻¹ lig⁶⁻¹

/t͡syː⁵⁵ kuː³⁵⁻⁵⁵ lɪk̚²⁻⁵/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻³⁵ ku³¹ lit̚⁵/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lat̚⁴/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lat̚⁴/

/t͡su³³⁻²³ kou⁵²⁻³⁵ lak̚⁴/

/t͡su³³⁻²³ ku⁵²⁻³⁵ lek̚⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂu⁵⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ li⁵¹/

/t͡syː⁵⁵ kuː³⁵⁻⁵⁵ lɪk̚²⁻⁵/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻³⁵ ku³¹ lit̚⁵/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lat̚⁴/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lat̚⁴/

/t͡su³³⁻²³ kou⁵²⁻³⁵ lak̚⁴/

/t͡su³³⁻²³ ku⁵²⁻³⁵ lek̚⁴/

Borrowed from English chocolate, originally used in Cantonese. Doublet of 巧克力 (qiǎokèlì).

(chiefly Cantonese, Hakka, Teochew, Zhongshan Min) chocolate


探聽

/tʰän⁵¹ tʰiŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰaːm³³ tʰɪŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰam²¹⁻⁵³ tʰiã⁴⁴/

/tʰam⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tʰiã³³/

/tʰam²¹⁻⁵³ tʰiã⁴⁴/

/tʰam¹¹⁻⁵³ tʰiã⁴⁴/

/tʰam²¹⁻⁴¹ tʰiã⁴⁴/

/tʰam²¹³⁻⁵⁵ tʰĩã³³/

/tʰän⁵¹ tʰiŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰaːm³³ tʰɪŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰam²¹⁻⁵³ tʰiã⁴⁴/

/tʰam⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tʰiã³³/

/tʰam²¹⁻⁵³ tʰiã⁴⁴/

/tʰam¹¹⁻⁵³ tʰiã⁴⁴/

/tʰam²¹⁻⁴¹ tʰiã⁴⁴/

/tʰam²¹³⁻⁵⁵ tʰĩã³³/


說話

/ʂu̯ɔ⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/ʂə²⁴ xua⁴⁴/

/se(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ ue³³/

/se(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ ue²²/

/səʔ⁴⁴ ɦo²³/

/ʂu̯ɔ⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/ʂə²⁴ xua⁴⁴/

/se(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ ue³³/

/se(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ ue²²/

/səʔ⁴⁴ ɦo²³/

/səʔ³³ ɦo⁴⁴/

/ʂu̯ɔ⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/ʂə²⁴ xua⁴⁴/

/se(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ ue³³/

/se(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ ue²²/

/səʔ³³ ɦo⁴⁴/


赤色

/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ sɤ⁵¹/

/t͡sʰia(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ siɪk̚³²/

/t͡sʰia(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ siɪk̚³²/

/t͡sʰia(ʔ)³²⁻⁴² sek̚³²/

/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ sɤ⁵¹/

/t͡sʰia(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ siɪk̚³²/

/t͡sʰia(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ siɪk̚³²/

/t͡sʰia(ʔ)³²⁻⁴² sek̚³²/

(Teochew and Singapore, dated in Philippine Hokkien) brown


風琴

/fɤŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰin³⁵/

/fʊŋ⁵⁵ kʰɐm²¹/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰim²⁴/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰim²⁴/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰim²³/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰim¹³/

/huaŋ³³⁻²³ kʰim⁵⁵/

/foŋ⁵⁵ d͡ʑin²¹/

/fɤŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰin³⁵/

/fʊŋ⁵⁵ kʰɐm²¹/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰim²⁴/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰim²⁴/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰim²³/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰim¹³/

/huaŋ³³⁻²³ kʰim⁵⁵/

/foŋ⁵⁵ d͡ʑin²¹/

(Teochew) Alternative form of 風禽／风禽 (fēngqín, “kite”)


Benz

/pɛːn⁵⁵ siː³⁵/

/peŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ si³⁵/

/pɛːn⁵⁵ siː³⁵/

/peŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ si³⁵/

(Cantonese, Teochew) Mercedes-Benz (brand and car)


蛺蝶

/t͡ɕi̯ä³⁵ ti̯ɛ³⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ä³⁵ ti̯ɛ³⁵/

Prefixed form of 蝶 (dié); see 蝴蝶 (húdié) for more.


肉眼

/nek̚⁴⁻² õĩ⁵²/

/nek̚⁴⁻² ãĩ⁵²/

/nek̚⁴⁻² õĩ⁵²/

/nek̚⁴⁻² ãĩ⁵²/


上山

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

/sœːŋ¹³ saːn⁵⁵/

/soŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ san²⁴/

/t͡siũ³³⁻²¹ suã⁴⁴/

/t͡siũ³³⁻¹¹ suã⁴⁴/

/t͡siũ²²⁻²¹ suã⁴⁴/

/t͡siɔ̃²²⁻²¹ suã⁴⁴/

/t͡siũ²² suã³³/

/t͡sĩẽ³⁵⁻¹¹ sũã³³/

/zɑ̃²² se⁴⁴/

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

/sœːŋ¹³ saːn⁵⁵/

/soŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ san²⁴/

/t͡siũ³³⁻²¹ suã⁴⁴/

/t͡siũ³³⁻¹¹ suã⁴⁴/

/t͡siũ²²⁻²¹ suã⁴⁴/

/t͡siɔ̃²²⁻²¹ suã⁴⁴/

/t͡siũ²² suã³³/

/t͡sĩẽ³⁵⁻¹¹ sũã³³/

/zɑ̃²² se⁴⁴/

(Teochew) to pay respects to a dead person at their grave


大圓

/tä⁵¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

/tä⁵¹ ɥɛn³⁵/


紅毛人

/hʊŋ²¹ mou̯²¹ jɐn²¹/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² mŋ̍²⁴⁻²² laŋ²⁴/

/aŋ²³⁻²¹ mɔ²³⁻²¹ laŋ²³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²¹ mɔ²⁴⁻²¹ laŋ²⁴/

/aŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ mo⁵⁵⁻¹¹ naŋ⁵⁵/

/hʊŋ²¹ mou̯²¹ jɐn²¹/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² mŋ̍²⁴⁻²² laŋ²⁴/

/aŋ²³⁻²¹ mɔ²³⁻²¹ laŋ²³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²¹ mɔ²⁴⁻²¹ laŋ²⁴/

/aŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ mo⁵⁵⁻¹¹ naŋ⁵⁵/

(Malaysian Hokkien, Singapore Hokkien, Teochew) Westerner; white person


輕鬆

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ sʊŋ⁵⁵/

/hɪŋ⁵⁵ sʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kʰi̯aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ suŋ²⁴/

/kʰin⁴⁴⁻²² saŋ⁴⁴/

/kʰin⁴⁴⁻²² saŋ⁴⁴/

/kʰin⁴⁴⁻³³ saŋ⁴⁴/

/kʰin⁴⁴⁻³³ saŋ⁴⁴/

/kʰiŋ³³⁻²³ saŋ³³/

/kʰeŋ³³⁻²³ saŋ³³/

/t͡ɕʰin⁵⁵ soŋ²¹/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ sʊŋ⁵⁵/

/hɪŋ⁵⁵ sʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kʰi̯aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ suŋ²⁴/

/kʰin⁴⁴⁻²² saŋ⁴⁴/

/kʰin⁴⁴⁻²² saŋ⁴⁴/

/kʰin⁴⁴⁻³³ saŋ⁴⁴/

/kʰin⁴⁴⁻³³ saŋ⁴⁴/

/kʰiŋ³³⁻²³ saŋ³³/

/kʰeŋ³³⁻²³ saŋ³³/

/t͡ɕʰin⁵⁵ soŋ²¹/

(Teochew, of an elderly person) healthy; disease-free


煙塵

/eŋ³³⁻²³ teŋ⁵⁵/

/eŋ³³⁻²³ teŋ⁵⁵/

(Teochew) Alternative form of 塕塵／塕尘 (“dust; cobweb”)


知影

/t͡sai⁴⁴⁻²² iã⁴²/

/t͡sai⁴⁴⁻³³ iã⁵³/

/t͡sai³³ iã⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sai⁴⁴⁻³³ iã⁴¹/

/t͡sai⁴⁴⁻²² iã⁵³/

/t͡sai³³⁻²³ ĩã⁵²/

/t͡sai⁴⁴⁻²² iã⁴²/

/t͡sai⁴⁴⁻³³ iã⁵³/

/t͡sai³³ iã⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sai⁴⁴⁻³³ iã⁴¹/

/t͡sai⁴⁴⁻²² iã⁵³/

/t͡sai³³⁻²³ ĩã⁵²/

All the pain that you are going through; mum understands it all.

2016, 黃明志和他媽 (Namewee ft. His Mom), 《老母》 ("Mother")

Sim-lāi kan-khó͘ kah sim-sng, a-bú lóng chai-iáⁿ.

心內艱苦跟辛酸，阿母攏知影。

心内艰苦跟辛酸，阿母拢知影。


睇見

/tʰɐi̯³⁵ kiːn³³/

/tʰõĩ⁵²⁻³⁵ kĩ²¹³/

/tʰõĩ⁵²⁻³⁵ kiaŋ²¹³/

/tʰɐi̯³⁵ kiːn³³/

/tʰõĩ⁵²⁻³⁵ kĩ²¹³/

/tʰõĩ⁵²⁻³⁵ kiaŋ²¹³/

(Cantonese, Teochew) to see, to catch sight of


糯米

(Teochew) Alternative form of 秫米 (“glutinous rice; sticky rice”)


健身

/kiã³³⁻¹¹ sin⁴⁴/

/kiã³³⁻²¹ sin⁴⁴/

/kiã²²⁻²¹ sin⁴⁴/

/kĩã¹¹ siŋ³³/

/kiã³³⁻¹¹ sin⁴⁴/

/kiã³³⁻²¹ sin⁴⁴/

/kiã²²⁻²¹ sin⁴⁴/

/kĩã¹¹ siŋ³³/

(Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien, Teochew) burly; well-built; strong and healthy; robust


真實

/ʈ͡ʂən⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂəŋ²⁴ ʂʐ̩²⁴/

/t͡sɐn⁵⁵ sɐt̚²/

/t͡sɨn²⁴⁻¹¹ sɨt̚⁵/

/t͡siŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾niʔ⁵/

/t͡sin⁴⁴⁻²² sit̚¹²¹/

/t͡siŋ³³⁻²³ sik̚⁴/

/t͡seŋ³³⁻²³ sek̚⁴/

/t͡sən⁵⁵ zəʔ²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂən⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂəŋ²⁴ ʂʐ̩²⁴/

/t͡sɐn⁵⁵ sɐt̚²/

/t͡sɨn²⁴⁻¹¹ sɨt̚⁵/

/t͡siŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾niʔ⁵/

/t͡sin⁴⁴⁻²² sit̚¹²¹/

/t͡siŋ³³⁻²³ sik̚⁴/

/t͡seŋ³³⁻²³ sek̚⁴/

/t͡sən⁵⁵ zəʔ²¹/


迫切

/pʰu̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛ⁵¹/

/pɪk̚⁵ t͡sʰiːt̚³/

/piak̚⁵⁻²⁴ t͡sʰiɛt̚⁵/

/piɪk̚³²⁻⁵ t͡sʰiɛt̚³²/

/piɪk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡sʰiɛt̚³²/

/pʰu̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛ⁵¹/

/pɪk̚⁵ t͡sʰiːt̚³/

/piak̚⁵⁻²⁴ t͡sʰiɛt̚⁵/

/piɪk̚³²⁻⁵ t͡sʰiɛt̚³²/

/piɪk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡sʰiɛt̚³²/

(Teochew) agitated; troubled; annoyed; vexed


切要

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛ⁵¹⁻⁵³ jɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/t͡sʰiːt̚³ jiːu̯³³/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛ⁵¹⁻⁵³ jɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/t͡sʰiːt̚³ jiːu̯³³/

(literary or Teochew) important; pressing; urgent


船頭

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än³⁵ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/

/syːn²¹ tʰɐu̯²¹/

/t͡sun²⁴⁻²² tʰau²⁴/

/t͡sun²⁴⁻²² tʰau²⁴/

/t͡sun¹³⁻²² tʰau¹³/

/t͡sun²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰau²⁴/

/t͡sun²³⁻³³ tʰau²³/

/t͡suŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tʰau⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än³⁵ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/

/syːn²¹ tʰɐu̯²¹/

/t͡sun²⁴⁻²² tʰau²⁴/

/t͡sun²⁴⁻²² tʰau²⁴/

/t͡sun¹³⁻²² tʰau¹³/

/t͡sun²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰau²⁴/

/t͡sun²³⁻³³ tʰau²³/

/t͡suŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tʰau⁵⁵/


五行

→ English: wuxing

→ Thai: โหงวเฮ้ง

→ Thai: โหงวเฮ้ง (via Teochew)

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕiŋ³⁵/

/ŋ̍¹³ hɐŋ²¹/

/m̩⁵⁵ haŋ²²/

/ŋ̍³¹ haŋ¹¹/

/ŋu³³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ɛiŋ⁵³/

/ŋɔ⁴²⁻²⁴ heŋ²⁴/

/ŋɔ̃⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ hiɪŋ²³/

/ŋɔ̃⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hiɪŋ²⁴/

/ŋɔ̃⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hiɪŋ¹³/

/ŋɔ⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ heŋ²³/

/ɡɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ hiɪŋ²⁴/

/ŋou³⁵⁻¹¹ heŋ⁵⁵/

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕiŋ³⁵/

/ŋ̍¹³ hɐŋ²¹/

/m̩⁵⁵ haŋ²²/

/ŋ̍³¹ haŋ¹¹/

/ŋu³³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ɛiŋ⁵³/

/ŋɔ⁴²⁻²⁴ heŋ²⁴/

/ŋɔ̃⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ hiɪŋ²³/

/ŋɔ̃⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hiɪŋ²⁴/

/ŋɔ̃⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hiɪŋ¹³/

/ŋɔ⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ heŋ²³/

/ɡɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ hiɪŋ²⁴/

/ŋou³⁵⁻¹¹ heŋ⁵⁵/

(Teochew) looks; appearance (of a person)


豆油

→ Bikol Central: tawyo

→ Kanakanabu: tau'iu

→ Malay: tauyu, toyu

→ Tagalog: toyo

/toʊ̯⁵¹ joʊ̯³⁵/

/təu²¹³ iəu²¹/

/tɐu̯²² jɐu̯²¹/

/tʰeu̯⁵⁵ i̯u¹¹/

/tau²²⁻²¹ iu¹³/

/tau³¹⁻²² iu²⁴/

/tau³³⁻²¹ iu²⁴/

/tau³³⁻¹¹ iu²⁴/

/tau³³⁻²¹ iu²³/

/tau⁴¹⁻²² iu²⁴/

/tau²²⁻²¹ iu²⁴/

/dɤ²² ɦiɤ⁴⁴/

/toʊ̯⁵¹ joʊ̯³⁵/

/təu²¹³ iəu²¹/

/tɐu̯²² jɐu̯²¹/

/tʰeu̯⁵⁵ i̯u¹¹/

/tau²²⁻²¹ iu¹³/

/tau³¹⁻²² iu²⁴/

/tau³³⁻²¹ iu²⁴/

/tau³³⁻¹¹ iu²⁴/

/tau³³⁻²¹ iu²³/

/tau⁴¹⁻²² iu²⁴/

/tau²²⁻²¹ iu²⁴/

/dɤ²² ɦiɤ⁴⁴/


酒樽

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡su̯ən⁵⁵/

/t͡sɐu̯³⁵ t͡sɵn⁵⁵/

/t͡siu⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡suŋ³³/

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡su̯ən⁵⁵/

/t͡sɐu̯³⁵ t͡sɵn⁵⁵/

/t͡siu⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡suŋ³³/

(Cantonese, Teochew) bottle for any kind of alcoholic beverage


顛倒

/ti̯ɛn⁵⁵ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ti̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ to⁵⁵/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² tʰoʔ⁴/

/tʰiɛn³³ tʰoʔ²⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² tʰoʔ¹²¹/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰoʔ⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰɤʔ⁴/

/ti̯ɛn⁵⁵ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ti̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ to⁵⁵/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² tʰoʔ⁴/

/tʰiɛn³³ tʰoʔ²⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² tʰoʔ¹²¹/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰoʔ⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰɤʔ⁴/

/tiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² to⁵³/

/tiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ tɤ²¹/

/tiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ to¹¹/

/tiŋ³³⁻²³ to²¹³/

/teŋ³³⁻²³ to²¹³/

/ti̯ɛn⁵⁵ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² to⁵³/

/tiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ tɤ²¹/

/tiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ to¹¹/

/tiŋ³³⁻²³ to²¹³/

/teŋ³³⁻²³ to²¹³/

(literary or Taiwanese Hakka, Xiamen and Taiwanese Hokkien, Teochew) instead; on the contrary


手目

/t͡sʰiu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ bak̚⁴/

/t͡sʰiu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bak̚⁴/

/t͡sʰiu⁵²⁻³⁵ mak̚⁴/

/t͡sʰiu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ bak̚⁴/

/t͡sʰiu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bak̚⁴/

/t͡sʰiu⁵²⁻³⁵ mak̚⁴/

(Hainanese, Taiwanese Hokkien, Teochew) protrusion at the wrist


伊人

/jiː⁵⁵ jɐn²¹/

/i⁴⁴⁻²² laŋ²⁴/

/i⁴⁴⁻²² laŋ¹³/

/i⁴⁴⁻³³ laŋ²⁴/

/i⁴⁴⁻³³ laŋ²³/

/i³³⁻²³ naŋ⁵⁵/

/jiː⁵⁵ jɐn²¹/

/i⁴⁴⁻²² laŋ²⁴/

/i⁴⁴⁻²² laŋ¹³/

/i⁴⁴⁻³³ laŋ²⁴/

/i⁴⁴⁻³³ laŋ²³/

/i³³⁻²³ naŋ⁵⁵/

(Teochew, Malaysian and Singapore Hokkien) they; them


長短

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ tu̯än²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ tyːn³⁵/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²² tə⁵⁵⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²² te⁵³/

/tŋ̍²³⁻³³ te⁴¹/

/tŋ̍¹³⁻²² te⁵³/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ te⁵³/

/tɯŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ to⁵²/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ tu̯än²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ tyːn³⁵/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²² tə⁵⁵⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²² te⁵³/

/tŋ̍²³⁻³³ te⁴¹/

/tŋ̍¹³⁻²² te⁵³/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ te⁵³/

/tɯŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ to⁵²/

(literary or Teochew) in any case; at any rate; whatever happens; no matter what


青果

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡ɕʰin⁵⁵ ko⁵³/

/ˈt͡ɕʰin⁴² kuo²¹³/

/t͡sʰiaŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kuo³¹/

/t͡sʰaŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋuo³³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ko⁵³/

/t͡sʰẽ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɤ⁴¹/

/t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ ko⁵³/

/t͡sʰẽ³³⁻²³ kue⁵²/

/t͡sʰẽ³³⁻²³ kũẽ⁵²/

/t͡sʰẽ³³⁻²³ kũãĩ⁵²/

/t͡ɕʰin³³ ko⁴¹/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡ɕʰin⁵⁵ ko⁵³/

/ˈt͡ɕʰin⁴² kuo²¹³/

/t͡sʰiaŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kuo³¹/

/t͡sʰaŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋuo³³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ko⁵³/

/t͡sʰẽ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɤ⁴¹/

/t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ ko⁵³/

/t͡sʰẽ³³⁻²³ kue⁵²/

/t͡sʰẽ³³⁻²³ kũẽ⁵²/

/t͡sʰẽ³³⁻²³ kũãĩ⁵²/

/t͡ɕʰin³³ ko⁴¹/


㦙

(Teochew) stupid; foolish; silly; insane


㨮

(Teochew) to box someone's ears; to slap someone on the face


利市

→ English: lai see

→ Macanese: laissí

→ Vietnamese: lì xì

→ Zhuang: leixseih (“red envelope”)

/li⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/lɐi̯²² siː²²/

/li⁵³⁻⁵⁵ sz̩⁵³/

/li³³⁻¹¹ t͡sʰi³³/

/li²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰi²²/

/li³³⁻²¹ t͡sʰi³³/

/li⁴¹⁻²² t͡sʰi²²/

/li⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/lɐi̯²² siː²²/

/li⁵³⁻⁵⁵ sz̩⁵³/

/li³³⁻¹¹ t͡sʰi³³/

/li²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰi²²/

/li³³⁻²¹ t͡sʰi³³/

/li⁴¹⁻²² t͡sʰi²²/

(Cantonese, Hakka, Nanning Pinghua, Guangxi Mandarin, Teochew) red envelope; red packet; lai see (a monetary gift which is given during holidays or special occasions) (Classifier: 封)


亞鉛

/jä⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/aː³³ jyːn²¹/

/a³³⁻²¹ yoŋ⁵³/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² iɛn²⁴/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² iɛn¹³/

/a⁴⁴⁻³³ iɛn²⁴/

/a⁴⁴⁻³³ iɛn²³/

/a³³⁻²³ iŋ⁵⁵/

/a³³⁻²³ eŋ⁵⁵/

/a³³⁻²³ iaŋ⁵⁵/

/jä⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/aː³³ jyːn²¹/

/a³³⁻²¹ yoŋ⁵³/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² iɛn²⁴/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² iɛn¹³/

/a⁴⁴⁻³³ iɛn²⁴/

/a⁴⁴⁻³³ iɛn²³/

/a³³⁻²³ iŋ⁵⁵/

/a³³⁻²³ eŋ⁵⁵/

/a³³⁻²³ iaŋ⁵⁵/

Wasei kango (和製漢語), orthographically borrowed from Japanese 亜鉛(あえん) (aen)


紅毛

→ English: ang moh, angmoh, ang mo

desc

→ Thai: อั้งม้อ (âng-mɔ́ɔ), อั้งม่อ (âng-mɔ̂ɔ), อั้งหม้อ (âng-mɔ̂ɔ)

/xʊŋ³⁵ mɑʊ̯³⁵/

/hʊŋ²¹ mou̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/hʊŋ²¹ mou̯²¹/

/hɵŋ²² ᵐbau²²/

/hɵŋ²² ᵐbau²²⁻²²⁵/

/øyŋ⁵³⁻³³ mo⁵³/

/aŋ²³⁻³³ mŋ̍²³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² mŋ̍²⁴/

/aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ mŋ̍²⁴/

/aŋ²³⁻²¹ mɔ²³/

/aŋ¹³⁻²² mɔ̃¹³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²¹ mɔ²⁴/

/aŋ¹³⁻²² mɔ̃⁴⁴/

/aŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ mo⁵⁵/

/xʊŋ³⁵ mɑʊ̯³⁵/

/hʊŋ²¹ mou̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/hʊŋ²¹ mou̯²¹/

/hɵŋ²² ᵐbau²²/

/hɵŋ²² ᵐbau²²⁻²²⁵/

/øyŋ⁵³⁻³³ mo⁵³/

/aŋ²³⁻³³ mŋ̍²³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² mŋ̍²⁴/

/aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ mŋ̍²⁴/

/aŋ²³⁻²¹ mɔ²³/

/aŋ¹³⁻²² mɔ̃¹³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²¹ mɔ²⁴/

/aŋ¹³⁻²² mɔ̃⁴⁴/

/aŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ mo⁵⁵/

(Singapore, Malaysia, Taiwan, chiefly Hokkien and Teochew, derogatory) red-haired person; (by extension) Caucasian person; white person; ang moh


破相

/pʰu̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹/

/pʰu̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕi̯ɑ̃ɻ⁵¹/

/pʰɔː³³ sœːŋ³³/

/pʰo²¹⁻⁵³ siɔŋ²¹/

/pʰua²¹⁻⁵³ siɔ̃²¹/

/pʰua²¹³⁻⁵⁵ sĩõ²¹³/

/pʰua²¹³⁻⁵⁵ sĩẽ²¹³/

/pʰu̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹/

/pʰu̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕi̯ɑ̃ɻ⁵¹/

/pʰɔː³³ sœːŋ³³/

/pʰo²¹⁻⁵³ siɔŋ²¹/

/pʰua²¹⁻⁵³ siɔ̃²¹/

/pʰua²¹³⁻⁵⁵ sĩõ²¹³/

/pʰua²¹³⁻⁵⁵ sĩẽ²¹³/

/pʰua²¹⁻⁴¹ siũ²¹/

/pʰua¹¹⁻⁵³ siũ¹¹/

/pʰua⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ siũ⁴¹/

/pʰua²¹⁻⁴² siũ²¹/

/pʰua²¹⁻⁵³ siũ²¹/

/pʰua²¹⁻⁴¹ siũ²¹/

/pʰua¹¹⁻⁵³ siũ¹¹/

/pʰua⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ siũ⁴¹/

/pʰua²¹⁻⁴² siũ²¹/

/pʰua²¹⁻⁵³ siũ²¹/

/pʰua²¹⁻⁵³ siɔ̃²¹/


坐船

/t͡su̯ɔ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än³⁵/

/t͡sʰɔː¹³ syːn²¹/

/tʰᵘɔ³³ sᵘɔn²²/

/t͡sʰo¹¹ sɵn³⁵/

/t͡se²²⁻²¹ t͡sun¹³/

/t͡se²²⁻²¹ t͡sun²⁴/

/t͡se³³⁻¹¹ t͡sun²⁴/

/t͡se³³⁻²¹ t͡sun²³/

/t͡se³³⁻²² t͡sun²⁴/

/t͡su̯ɔ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än³⁵/

/t͡sʰɔː¹³ syːn²¹/

/tʰᵘɔ³³ sᵘɔn²²/

/t͡sʰo¹¹ sɵn³⁵/

/t͡se²²⁻²¹ t͡sun¹³/

/t͡se²²⁻²¹ t͡sun²⁴/

/t͡se³³⁻¹¹ t͡sun²⁴/

/t͡se³³⁻²¹ t͡sun²³/

/t͡se³³⁻²² t͡sun²⁴/

(Liuzhou Mandarin, Hakka, Teochew) The Chinese character component 辶.


後生仔

后生仔
後生欸
後生兒
後生囝

/hɐu̯²² saːŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɐi̯³⁵/

/heu̯⁵⁵ saŋ²⁴ e³¹/

/hau³⁵⁻¹¹ sẽ³³⁻²³ kĩã⁵²/

/hɐu̯²² saːŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɐi̯³⁵/

/heu̯⁵⁵ saŋ²⁴ e³¹/

/hau³⁵⁻¹¹ sẽ³³⁻²³ kĩã⁵²/

† - young male; GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)

(Cantonese, Hakka, Northern Min, Eastern Min, Teochew, Datian Min, Zhongshan Min) young person (Classifier: 個／个)


對唔住

/tɵy̯³³ m̩²¹ t͡syː²²/

/ui³³ m̩²² t͡si³²/

/tuɪ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ m̩¹¹ t͡sʰu⁵³/

/tui²¹³⁻⁵⁵ m³⁵⁻¹¹ t͡su³⁵/

/tɵy̯³³ m̩²¹ t͡syː²²/

/ui³³ m̩²² t͡si³²/

/tuɪ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ m̩¹¹ t͡sʰu⁵³/

/tui²¹³⁻⁵⁵ m³⁵⁻¹¹ t͡su³⁵/

My subordinates did not do a good job, so sorry.

ngo⁵ di¹ sau² haa⁶ baan⁶ si⁶ bat¹ lik⁶, hou² deoi³ m⁴ zyu⁶.

我啲手下辦事不力，好對唔住。

我啲手下办事不力，好对唔住。

2002 December 12, Alan Mak, Felix Chong, 無間道 [Infernal Affairs], spoken by 陳永仁 [Chen Wing Yan] (Tony Leung Chiu-wai), Media Asia Entertainment Group, Basic Pictures:

對唔住，我係差人！

对唔住，我系差人！

(Cantonese, Hakka, Teochew) sorry; excuse me


阿姐

/ˀä⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/aː³³ t͡sɛː³⁵⁻⁵⁵/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sia⁵³/

/a⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sia⁴¹/

/a⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sia⁵³/

/a³³⁻²³ t͡se⁵²/

/aʔ³³ t͡ɕia⁴⁴/

/aʔ³³ t͡ɕi⁴⁴/

/aʔ⁵⁵ t͡siɑ⁵¹/

/ˀä⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/aː³³ t͡sɛː³⁵⁻⁵⁵/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sia⁵³/

/a⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sia⁴¹/

/a⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sia⁵³/

/a³³⁻²³ t͡se⁵²/

/aʔ³³ t͡ɕia⁴⁴/

/aʔ³³ t͡ɕi⁴⁴/

/aʔ⁵⁵ t͡siɑ⁵¹/

/aː³³ t͡sɛː³⁵/

/aː³³ t͡sɛː³⁵/

>< - face-to-face; <> - non-face-to-face

(chiefly Cantonese, Teochew, Wu) elder sister


雪櫃

/ɕy̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ku̯eɪ̯⁵¹/

/syːt̚³ kʷɐi̯²²/

/siɛt̚¹ kʰuɪ⁵³/

/soʔ²⁻⁴ kũĩ¹¹/

/ɕy̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ku̯eɪ̯⁵¹/

/syːt̚³ kʷɐi̯²²/

/siɛt̚¹ kʰuɪ⁵³/

/soʔ²⁻⁴ kũĩ¹¹/

(chiefly Cantonese, Hakka, Teochew) refrigerator; fridge


頭先

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (頭先):
* → Vietnamese: đầu tiên (頭先)

/tʰoʊ̯³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/tʰɐu̯²¹ siːn⁵⁵/

/heu²² ɬen³³⁻³³⁵/

/tʰɐu⁴² ɬin³³/

/tʰa⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɛiŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰau²³⁻³³ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/tʰau²⁴⁻¹¹ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/tʰau²⁴⁻²¹ seŋ⁴⁴/

/tʰau²⁴⁻²² siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/tʰau¹³⁻²² siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/tʰau²⁴⁻²² suĩ³³/

/tʰau⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sõĩ³³/

/tʰau⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sãĩ³³/

/tʰoʊ̯³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/tʰɐu̯²¹ siːn⁵⁵/

/heu²² ɬen³³⁻³³⁵/

/tʰɐu⁴² ɬin³³/

/tʰa⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɛiŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰau²³⁻³³ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/tʰau²⁴⁻¹¹ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/tʰau²⁴⁻²¹ seŋ⁴⁴/

/tʰau²⁴⁻²² siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/tʰau¹³⁻²² siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/tʰau²⁴⁻²² suĩ³³/

/tʰau⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sõĩ³³/

/tʰau⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sãĩ³³/


開工

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/hɔːi̯⁵⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/hoɪ⁴⁴ kʊŋ⁴⁴/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴⁴/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/kʰui⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴⁴/

/kʰui³³⁻²³ kaŋ³³/

/kʰai³³⁻²³ kaŋ³³/

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/hɔːi̯⁵⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/hoɪ⁴⁴ kʊŋ⁴⁴/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴⁴/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/kʰui⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴⁴/

/kʰui³³⁻²³ kaŋ³³/

/kʰai³³⁻²³ kaŋ³³/

(Cantonese, Hakka, Teochew) to start work; to go to work


失掉

/ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ ti̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/sɐt̚⁵ tiːu̯²²/

/ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ ti̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/sɐt̚⁵ tiːu̯²²/

(Teochew) to break down; to be stop working


老媽

→ French: vieille mère (calque)

/lɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ mä⁵⁵/

/lɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ mɑɻ⁵⁵/

/l̃au²⁴²⁻⁵³ ma³³/

/lau³³⁻¹¹ mã⁵³/

/lau³³⁻²¹ mã⁴¹/

/lau³⁵⁻¹¹ ma⁵²/

/lɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ mä⁵⁵/

/lɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ mɑɻ⁵⁵/

/l̃au²⁴²⁻⁵³ ma³³/

/lau³³⁻¹¹ mã⁵³/

/lau³³⁻²¹ mã⁴¹/

/lau³⁵⁻¹¹ ma⁵²/


滿人

/mua⁵²⁻³⁵ naŋ⁵⁵/

/mua⁵²⁻³⁵ naŋ⁵⁵/


墨斗

→ Tagalog: baktaw

/mu̯ɔ⁵¹ toʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mu̯ɔ⁵¹ tɤʊ̯ɻʷ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mɐk̚² tɐu̯³⁵/

/mɛt̚⁵ tɛu²¹³/

/miəʔ²⁻⁴⁵ təu⁵³/

/møyʔ⁵⁻³³ tau³³/

/bak̚²⁴⁻² tau⁵⁵⁴/

/bak̚¹²¹⁻²¹ tau⁵³/

/məʔ¹¹ tɤ²³/

/mɤ̞²⁴ təu̯⁴¹/

/mu̯ɔ⁵¹ toʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mu̯ɔ⁵¹ tɤʊ̯ɻʷ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mɐk̚² tɐu̯³⁵/

/mɛt̚⁵ tɛu²¹³/

/miəʔ²⁻⁴⁵ təu⁵³/

/møyʔ⁵⁻³³ tau³³/

/bak̚²⁴⁻² tau⁵⁵⁴/

/bak̚¹²¹⁻²¹ tau⁵³/

/məʔ¹¹ tɤ²³/

/mɤ̞²⁴ təu̯⁴¹/

墨斗圓

墨斗圆

(Teochew, Singapore Hokkien, Hailu Hakka) cuttlefish


畚箕

/pun²¹⁻⁵³ ki⁴⁴/

/pun⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ki³³/

/pun²¹⁻⁵³ ki⁴⁴/

/pun¹¹⁻⁵³ ki⁴⁴/

/pun²¹⁻⁴¹ ki⁴⁴/

/puŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ki³³/

/pun²¹⁻⁵³ ki⁴⁴/

/pun⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ki³³/

/pun²¹⁻⁵³ ki⁴⁴/

/pun¹¹⁻⁵³ ki⁴⁴/

/pun²¹⁻⁴¹ ki⁴⁴/

/puŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ki³³/

(Hakka, Hokkien, Teochew) Alternative form of 糞箕／粪箕 (fènjī, “dustpan”)


先回

/sõĩ³³⁻²³ hue⁵⁵/

/sãĩ³³⁻²³ hue⁵⁵/

/sõĩ³³⁻²³ hue⁵⁵/

/sãĩ³³⁻²³ hue⁵⁵/


暖爐

/nu̯än²¹⁴⁻²¹ lu³⁵/

/luan⁴²⁻²⁴ lɔ²⁴/

/luan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lɔ²⁴/

/luan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lɔ¹³/

/luan⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lɔ²³/

/luan⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lɔ²⁴/

/d͡zueŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ lou⁵⁵/

/d͡zuaŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ lou⁵⁵/

/nu̯än²¹⁴⁻²¹ lu³⁵/

/luan⁴²⁻²⁴ lɔ²⁴/

/luan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lɔ²⁴/

/luan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lɔ¹³/

/luan⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lɔ²³/

/luan⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lɔ²⁴/

/d͡zueŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ lou⁵⁵/

/d͡zuaŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ lou⁵⁵/


生果

/ʂɤŋ⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/saːŋ⁵⁵ kʷɔː³⁵/

/saŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kuo³¹/

/t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² kə⁴²/

/t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² kue⁴²/

/t͡sʰẽ³³⁻²³ kue⁵²/

/t͡sʰẽ³³⁻²³ kũẽ⁵²/

/t͡sʰẽ³³⁻²³ kũãĩ⁵²/

/ʂɤŋ⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/saːŋ⁵⁵ kʷɔː³⁵/

/saŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kuo³¹/

/t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² kə⁴²/

/t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² kue⁴²/

/t͡sʰẽ³³⁻²³ kue⁵²/

/t͡sʰẽ³³⁻²³ kũẽ⁵²/

/t͡sʰẽ³³⁻²³ kũãĩ⁵²/

hou² leng³ saang¹ gwo². maai⁵ di¹ laa¹, siu² ze².

好靚生果。買啲啦，小姐。

好靓生果。买啲啦，小姐。

(literary or Cantonese, Hakka, Teochew, Singapore Hokkien) fruit (as food)


耳聾

/ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ lʊŋ³⁵/

/jiː¹³ lʊŋ²¹/

/ᵑɡi⁵⁵ lɵŋ³³/

/ŋi³¹ luŋ²⁴/

/ŋi³¹ luŋ²⁴/

/ŋi³¹ nuŋ²⁴/

/ŋi²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ l̃øyŋ⁵³/

/hĩ³⁵⁻¹¹ laŋ⁵⁵/

/ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ lʊŋ³⁵/

/jiː¹³ lʊŋ²¹/

/ᵑɡi⁵⁵ lɵŋ³³/

/ŋi³¹ luŋ²⁴/

/ŋi³¹ luŋ²⁴/

/ŋi³¹ nuŋ²⁴/

/ŋi²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ l̃øyŋ⁵³/

/hĩ³⁵⁻¹¹ laŋ⁵⁵/


孥囝

/nou³³⁻²³ kĩã⁵²/

/nau³³⁻²³ kĩã⁵²/

/nou³³⁻²³ kĩã⁵²/

/nau³³⁻²³ kĩã⁵²/


著火

/ʈ͡ʂɑʊ̯³⁵ xu̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sœːk̚² fɔː³⁵/

/t͡sʰɔk̚⁵ fo³¹/

/to(ʔ)²⁴⁻² he⁵⁵⁴/

/to(ʔ)²⁴⁻² hə⁵⁵⁴/

/tɤ(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ hue⁴¹/

/to(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ hue⁵³/

/tio(ʔ)²⁴⁻² hə⁵⁵⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂɑʊ̯³⁵ xu̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sœːk̚² fɔː³⁵/

/t͡sʰɔk̚⁵ fo³¹/

/to(ʔ)²⁴⁻² he⁵⁵⁴/

/to(ʔ)²⁴⁻² hə⁵⁵⁴/

/tɤ(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ hue⁴¹/

/to(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ hue⁵³/

/tio(ʔ)²⁴⁻² hə⁵⁵⁴/

今日凝到著火！

今日凝到着火！

只隻手機貴到著火！

只只手机贵到着火！

(Teochew, colloquial) to be in an extreme degree


藕節

/ˀoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵/

/ŋɐu̯¹³ t͡siːt̚³/

/ɡio⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sat̚⁵/

/ŋãu³³⁻¹¹ t͡sat̚³²/

/ŋãu²²⁻²¹ t͡sat̚³²/

/ŋãu³³⁻²¹ t͡sat̚³²/

/ŋou⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡sak̚²/

/ˀoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵/

/ŋɐu̯¹³ t͡siːt̚³/

/ɡio⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sat̚⁵/

/ŋãu³³⁻¹¹ t͡sat̚³²/

/ŋãu²²⁻²¹ t͡sat̚³²/

/ŋãu³³⁻²¹ t͡sat̚³²/

/ŋou⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡sak̚²/


使錢

/ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/sɐi̯³⁵ t͡sʰiːn²¹⁻³⁵/

/sᵘɔi⁵⁵ tʰen²²⁻²²⁵/

/sɨ³¹ t͡sʰi̯en¹¹/

/sz̩³¹ t͡sʰiɛn¹¹/

/sai⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡sĩ⁵⁵/

/ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/sɐi̯³⁵ t͡sʰiːn²¹⁻³⁵/

/sᵘɔi⁵⁵ tʰen²²⁻²²⁵/

/sɨ³¹ t͡sʰi̯en¹¹/

/sz̩³¹ t͡sʰiɛn¹¹/

/sai⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡sĩ⁵⁵/

Don't spend your money on me this Christmas!

ni¹ go³ sing³ daan³ m⁴ hou² wai⁶ zo² ngo⁵ sai² cin⁴⁻²!

呢個聖誕唔好為咗我使錢！

呢个圣诞唔好为咗我使钱！

[…]常到婊子家裏去 胡使錢

after 1795, 李洙 (Lǐ Zhū) [Lee Soo] et al., chapter 93, in 重刊老乞大諺解／重刊老乞大谚解 (Chóngkān Lǎoqǐdà Yànjiě) [Reprinted Nogeoldae, with Korean Interpretation]^(Ogura Coll. Asami Coll.), volume 2, page 91:

[…] always entering the houses of prostitutes, spending money with wild abandon

챵ᄃᅶᄇᅸ즈쟈리ᄎᆔ 후시쳔
ciaq dao biao jy jia li ciui; hu si cien
쨩다ᇢ뱌ᇢ즈ᇫ갸례큐 ᅘᅮ시ᇫ쪈
jjiaq daw biaw jyz gia liei kiu; hhu siz jjien

(literary or Cantonese, Hakka, Teochew) to spend money


花名

/xu̯ä⁵⁵ miŋ³⁵/

/faː⁵⁵ mɛːŋ²¹⁻³⁵/

/fa³³ ᵐbiaŋ²²⁻²²⁵/

/fa⁴⁴⁻³⁵ miaŋ¹¹/

/xu̯ä⁵⁵ miŋ³⁵/

/faː⁵⁵ mɛːŋ²¹⁻³⁵/

/fa³³ ᵐbiaŋ²²⁻²²⁵/

/fa⁴⁴⁻³⁵ miaŋ¹¹/

The students like to make nicknames for their teachers.

di¹ hok⁶ saang¹ hou² zung¹ ji³ goi² lou⁵ si¹ faa¹ meng⁴⁻².

啲學生好中意改老師花名。

啲学生好中意改老师花名。

(Cantonese, Hakka, Nanning Pinghua, Leizhou Min, Teochew) pseudonym; nickname; unofficial name


唔住

/m̩²¹ t͡syː²²/

/m³⁵⁻¹¹ t͡su³⁵/

/m̩²¹ t͡syː²²/

/m³⁵⁻¹¹ t͡su³⁵/

我頂唔住喇

我顶唔住喇

我對你唔住

我对你唔住

unable to remember even one's own birthday

lin⁴ zi⁶ gei² ge³ saang¹ jat⁶ dou¹ gei³ m⁴ zyu⁶

連自己嘅生日都記唔住

连自己嘅生日都记唔住

(not productive, Cantonese, Teochew) cannot


菲林

/fei̯⁵⁵ lɐm²¹⁻³⁵/

/fei⁵⁵ lim²²⁻²²⁵/

/fi⁴⁴⁻³⁵ lim¹¹/

/fei̯⁵⁵ lɐm²¹⁻³⁵/

/fei⁵⁵ lim²²⁻²²⁵/

/fi⁴⁴⁻³⁵ lim¹¹/

沖洗菲林

冲洗菲林

沖曬菲林

冲晒菲林

(photography, chiefly Cantonese, Hainanese, Hakka, Singapore Hokkien, Teochew, dated in Mandarin) film (Classifier: 捲／卷 c; 筒 c; 格 c)


大肚婆

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ tu⁵¹ pʰu̯ɔ³⁵/

/taːi̯²² tʰou̯¹³ pʰɔː²¹⁻³⁵/

/ai³² u⁵⁵ pʰᵘɔ²²⁻²¹⁵/

/tʰaɪ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ tu³¹ pʰo¹¹/

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ tu⁵¹ pʰu̯ɔ³⁵/

/taːi̯²² tʰou̯¹³ pʰɔː²¹⁻³⁵/

/ai³² u⁵⁵ pʰᵘɔ²²⁻²¹⁵/

/tʰaɪ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ tu³¹ pʰo¹¹/

(chiefly Guangxi Mandarin, Cantonese, Hakka, Pinghua, Teochew, idiomatic) pregnant woman


𨑨

(Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien, Teochew) Used in 𨑨迌.


查某

→ English: zha bo

→ English: chabor

desc

→ Indonesian: cabo (“prostitute; whore”)

/t͡sa³³ bɔ⁵⁴/

/t͡sa³³ bɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sa³³⁻²¹ bɔ⁴⁴⁵/

/t͡sa⁴⁴⁻²² bɔ⁴²/

/t͡sa⁴⁴⁻³³ bɔ⁵³/

/t͡sa⁴⁴⁻³³ bɔ⁴¹/

/t͡sa⁴⁴⁻²² beu⁵³/

/t͡sa⁴⁴⁻²² bɔ⁵³/

/t͡sa³³⁻²³ bou⁵²/

/t͡sa³³⁻²³ mou⁵²/

/t͡sa³³ bɔ⁵⁴/

/t͡sa³³ bɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sa³³⁻²¹ bɔ⁴⁴⁵/

/t͡sa⁴⁴⁻²² bɔ⁴²/

/t͡sa⁴⁴⁻³³ bɔ⁵³/

/t͡sa⁴⁴⁻³³ bɔ⁴¹/

/t͡sa⁴⁴⁻²² beu⁵³/

/t͡sa⁴⁴⁻²² bɔ⁵³/

/t͡sa³³⁻²³ bou⁵²/

/t͡sa³³⁻²³ mou⁵²/

Tu (2018) suggests the compound is from 諸母.

諸母
多母
諸姆
查娒
查厶
珠母
諸婦
諸妹
㜁𡚸
妰娝
妰𡜵

(Teochew, euphemistic) female prostitute


敨氣

敨⫽氣 (canonical)
敨气
㪗氣
透氣
唞氣
抖氣
敨气
㪗氣
敨喟
㪗喟
敁氣
解氣
敨气
㪗氣
敁氣
通氣

/tʰɐu̯³⁵ hei̯³³/

/tʰau⁵²⁻³⁵ kʰui²¹³/

/tʰɐu̯³⁵ hei̯³³/

/tʰau⁵²⁻³⁵ kʰui²¹³/

/tʰau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰui¹¹/

/tʰau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰui²¹/

/tʰau⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kʰui⁴¹/

/tʰau⁴²⁻²⁴ kʰui²¹/

/tʰau⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kʰui²¹/

/tʰau⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kʰi⁴¹/

/tʰau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰi¹¹/

/tʰau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰi²¹/

/tʰau⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kʰi²¹/

/tʰau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰui¹¹/

/tʰau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰui²¹/

/tʰau⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kʰui⁴¹/

/tʰau⁴²⁻²⁴ kʰui²¹/

/tʰau⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kʰui²¹/

/tʰau⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kʰi⁴¹/

/tʰau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰi¹¹/

/tʰau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰi²¹/

/tʰau⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kʰi²¹/

/tʰau⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kʰi⁴¹/

/tʰau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰi¹¹/

/tʰau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰi²¹/

/tʰau⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kʰi²¹/

/tʰau⁴²⁻²⁴ kʰui²¹/

gam¹ jat⁶ jit⁶ dou³ tau² m⁴ dou³⁻² hei³.

今日熱到敨唔到氣。

今日热到敨唔到气。


零下

/laŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ e¹¹/

/laŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ e¹¹/


唔三唔四

/m̩²¹ saːm⁵⁵ m̩²¹ sei̯³³/

/m̩²² ɬam³³ m̩²² ɬei³³/

/m¹¹ sã³³⁻²³ m¹¹ si²¹³/

/m̩²¹ saːm⁵⁵ m̩²¹ sei̯³³/

/m̩²² ɬam³³ m̩²² ɬei³³/

/m¹¹ sã³³⁻²³ m¹¹ si²¹³/

(Cantonese, Teochew) dubious; questionable; shady

neither fish nor fowl
neither fish nor fowl

(Cantonese, Teochew) neither one thing nor the other; neither fish nor fowl; unsatisfactory intermediate


𤆬

Created for Hokkien. Ngô͘ Siú-lé (吳守禮) suggests that it is an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): 毛 (“feathers (representing the feathers of a mother hen)”) + 灬 (“four dots (representing four chicks)”) — a mother hen leading and protecting four chicks under her feathers.
Possibly from 曳 (OC *leds, “to drag”) (Lin, 1999; Yang, 2000; Tu, 2019) or 抴 (OC *lebs, “to pull”) (Tu, 2019).
Also compare 逝 (chōa, “path”) (Ong, 2023).

Han compound

𢯁
導
曳
帶
𡥘
抴
娶

(Southern Min, chiefly Teochew, Leizhou Min) to cause; to lead someone to do something

You and I have had our hearts set upon [our son] bringing a daughter-in-law across the threshold

Late Qing/early Republic, anonymous, 古板三合奇巧奇緣全歌 book 1 page 4

le² ua² hui³ liou² he² do¹ sim¹, siên⁶ cua⁷ sêg⁴ hu⁶ guê³ mung⁵ têng⁵

爾我費了許多心 想𡥘媳婦過門庭

尔我费了许多心 想𡥘媳妇过门庭

(Hokkien, Teochew, of a man) to marry; to take a wife


𠢕

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声): phonetic 敖 (OC *ŋaːw) + semantic 力 (“strength”).


味素

/weɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ su⁵¹/

/i²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lou²¹³/

/bi³³⁻²¹ sɔ²¹/

/bi³³⁻¹¹ sɔ¹¹/

/bi²²⁻²¹ sɔ²¹/

/weɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ su⁵¹/

/i²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lou²¹³/

/bi³³⁻²¹ sɔ²¹/

/bi³³⁻¹¹ sɔ¹¹/

/bi²²⁻²¹ sɔ²¹/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 味の素 (Ajinomoto).

obor

monosodium glutamate
monosodium glutamate

(chiefly Hakka, Eastern Min, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien, Teochew) monosodium glutamate


味素

/bi⁴¹⁻²² sɔ⁴¹/

/bi²²⁻²¹ sɔ²¹/

/bi⁴¹⁻²² sɔ⁴¹/

/bi²²⁻²¹ sɔ²¹/

(dialectal Mandarin, Jin, Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien, Teochew) smell


散紙

/sũã²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sua⁵²⁻²¹/

/sũã²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sua⁵²⁻²¹/

(Liuzhou Mandarin, Cantonese, Hakka, Teochew, Leizhou Min, Zhongshan Min, Pinghua) change (small denominations of money given in exchange for a larger denomination.)


小食

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/siːu̯³⁵ sɪk̚²/

/sio⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡siaʔ²⁴/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siaʔ¹²¹/

/siɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡siaʔ⁴/

/ɕiɔ³³ zəʔ⁴⁴/

/ɕiɔ⁴⁴ zəʔ⁵⁵/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/siːu̯³⁵ sɪk̚²/

/sio⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡siaʔ²⁴/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siaʔ¹²¹/

/siɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡siaʔ⁴/

/ɕiɔ³³ zəʔ⁴⁴/

/ɕiɔ⁴⁴ zəʔ⁵⁵/


落屎星

/lau²¹⁻⁵³ sai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴/

/lau¹¹⁻⁵³ sai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴/

/lau²¹⁻⁵³ sai⁵³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sʰẽ⁴⁴/

/lau²¹⁻³³ sai⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ t͡sʰɛ̃³³/

/lau²¹⁻⁴¹ sai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰẽ⁴⁴/

/lau²¹⁻⁵³ sai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰɛ̃⁴⁴/

/lau²¹³⁻⁵⁵ sai⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡sʰẽ³³/

/lau²¹⁻⁵³ sai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴/

/lau¹¹⁻⁵³ sai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴/

/lau²¹⁻⁵³ sai⁵³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sʰẽ⁴⁴/

/lau²¹⁻³³ sai⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ t͡sʰɛ̃³³/

/lau²¹⁻⁴¹ sai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰẽ⁴⁴/

/lau²¹⁻⁵³ sai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰɛ̃⁴⁴/

/lau²¹³⁻⁵⁵ sai⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡sʰẽ³³/

Fireflies fly back and forth, just like shooting stars falling down.

2009, 黃添盛, 阮兜兮熱天暝, in 《第五屆雲林文化藝術獎文學獎得獎作品輯》

Hóe-kim-ko͘, poe--kòe-khì, poe--kòe-lâi; ná-chhin-chhiūⁿ, làu-sái-chheⁿ, <?>--lo̍h-lâi.

火金姑，飛過去，飛過來；若親像，落屎星，趴落來。

火金姑，飞过去，飞过来；若亲像，落屎星，趴落来。

They made a wish to the shooting stars that they've sowed themselves
Saying that in your mouths that can no longer say Daddy
Artillery shells will blossom into flowers of justice here

2018, 慧子, 炮彈佮玫瑰——予佇戰火中受苦的囡仔, in 《時差》 (Time Difference)

In hiòng ka-kī iā--lo̍h ê làu-sái-chheⁿ hē-goān
Kóng lí bô-hoat-tō͘ koh kiò pá-pah ê chhùi--lí
Phàu-tôaⁿ ē tī hia khui kong-gī ê hoe

𪜶向家己掖落的落屎星下願
講你無法度閣叫爸爸的喙裡
炮彈會佇遐開公義的花

𪜶向家己掖落的落屎星下愿
讲你无法度阁叫爸爸的喙里
炮弹会伫遐开公义的花

(Xiamen, Malaysian and Taiwanese Hokkien, Zhao'an Hakka, Teochew) shooting star


肚困

/tou⁵²⁻³⁵ kʰuŋ²¹³/

/tou⁵²⁻³⁵ kʰuŋ²¹³/


著棋

/ʈ͡ʂu̯ɔ³⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/t͡saʔ⁴⁴ d͡ʑi²³/

/t͡saʔ³³ d͡ʑi⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂu̯ɔ³⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/t͡saʔ⁴⁴ d͡ʑi²³/

/t͡saʔ³³ d͡ʑi⁴⁴/

(chiefly dialectal Hakka, Teochew, Wu) to play chess


番鹼

/hueŋ³³⁻²³ kaŋ⁵²/

/huaŋ³³⁻²³ kaŋ⁵²/

/hueŋ³³⁻²³ kaŋ⁵²/

/huaŋ³³⁻²³ kaŋ⁵²/

(Cantonese, Hakka, Zhongshan Min, Teochew) soap (Classifier: 嚿 c; 垤 h)


餅藥

/piã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ioʔ²⁴/

/piã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ioʔ⁴/

/pĩã⁵²⁻³⁵ ioʔ⁴/

/pĩã⁵²⁻³⁵ ieʔ⁴/

/piã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ioʔ²⁴/

/piã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ioʔ⁴/

/pĩã⁵²⁻³⁵ ioʔ⁴/

/pĩã⁵²⁻³⁵ ieʔ⁴/


交落

下落
加落
加樓
加摟
加老
加咾
加轆
加漏
加流
加瀏
加留
交流
揭落:Quanzhou Hokkien

/ka⁴⁴⁻²² lauʔ⁴/

/ka⁴⁴⁻³³ lauʔ⁴/

/ka⁴⁴⁻²² lauʔ¹²¹/

/ka⁴⁴⁻²² lak̚⁴/

/ka⁴⁴⁻³³ lak̚⁴/

/ka(ʔ)²⁴⁻² niãuʔ²⁴/

/ka³³⁻²³ lauʔ⁴/

/ka³³⁻²³ lau⁵⁵/

/ka⁴⁴⁻²² lauʔ⁴/

/ka⁴⁴⁻³³ lauʔ⁴/

/ka⁴⁴⁻²² lauʔ¹²¹/

/ka⁴⁴⁻²² lak̚⁴/

/ka⁴⁴⁻³³ lak̚⁴/

/ka(ʔ)²⁴⁻² niãuʔ²⁴/

/ka³³⁻²³ lauʔ⁴/

/ka³³⁻²³ lau⁵⁵/

(Xiamen and Taiwanese Hokkien, Teochew) to lose (to cause something to cease to be in one's possession)


蘇古

/su⁵⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/suː⁵⁵ kuː³⁵/

/su³³⁻²¹ ku⁴⁴⁵/

/su⁴⁴⁻²² ku⁴²/

/su³³⁻²³ ku⁵²/

/su⁵⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/suː⁵⁵ kuː³⁵/

/su³³⁻²¹ ku⁴⁴⁵/

/su⁴⁴⁻²² ku⁴²/

/su³³⁻²³ ku⁵²/

(Singapore Hokkien, Teochew) silly, foolish


惜惜

(Teochew) to love dearly; to love tenderly


金塔

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ tʰä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɐm⁵⁵ tʰaːp̚³/

/kim³³⁻²³ tʰaʔ²/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ tʰä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɐm⁵⁵ tʰaːp̚³/

/kim³³⁻²³ tʰaʔ²/

(Teochew) Phnom Penh (a city, the capital city of Cambodia)


羅里

/lu̯ɔ³⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lo³³⁻²³ li⁵⁵/

/lu̯ɔ³⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lo³³⁻²³ li⁵⁵/


尻川

腳川
脚川
腳倉
腳穿
尻倉
膠村

/kʰa⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰŋ̍⁴⁴/

/kʰa³³ t͡sʰŋ̍³³/

/kʰa⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰŋ̍⁴⁴/

/kʰa⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰuĩ⁴⁴/

/kʰa³³⁻²¹ t͡sʰuĩ³³/

/kʰa⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰuĩ⁴⁴/

/kʰa⁵⁵⁻³³ suĩ⁵⁵/

/kʰa³³⁻²³ t͡sʰɯŋ³³/

/ka³³⁻²³ t͡sʰɯŋ³³/

/ka³⁵⁻³³ t͡sʰui³⁵/

/kʰa⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰŋ̍⁴⁴/

/kʰa³³ t͡sʰŋ̍³³/

/kʰa⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰŋ̍⁴⁴/

/kʰa⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰuĩ⁴⁴/

/kʰa³³⁻²¹ t͡sʰuĩ³³/

/kʰa⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰuĩ⁴⁴/

/kʰa⁵⁵⁻³³ suĩ⁵⁵/

/kʰa³³⁻²³ t͡sʰɯŋ³³/

/ka³³⁻²³ t͡sʰɯŋ³³/

/ka³⁵⁻³³ t͡sʰui³⁵/


果隻

/kũẽ⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡si⁵²⁻²¹/

/kũẽ⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡si⁵²⁻²¹/


紅柿囝

/aŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sai³⁵⁻¹¹ kĩã⁵²/

/aŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sai³⁵⁻¹¹ kĩã⁵²/


乜個

我聽唔著汝呾乜個。

我听唔着汝呾乜个。


雪條

/syːt̚³ tʰiːu̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/ɬut̚⁵⁵ hiau²²⁻²²⁵/

/syːt̚³ tʰiːu̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/ɬut̚⁵⁵ hiau²²⁻²²⁵/

雪條棍／雪条棍 [Cantonese] ― syut³ tiu⁴⁻² gwan³ [Jyutping] ― popsicle stick

(Cantonese, dialectal Hakka, Teochew, Leizhou Min, Zhongshan Min, Pinghua, Liuzhou Mandarin) ice popsicle


諸娘囝

诸娘囝
諸儂囝
姿娘囝
諸娘仔
姿娘仔

/t͡sy⁵⁵⁻⁵³ nˡøyŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋiaŋ³³/

/t͡sɯ³³⁻²³ nie⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kĩã⁵²/

/t͡sɯ³³⁻²³ nio⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kĩã⁵²/

/t͡sy⁵⁵⁻⁵³ nˡøyŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋiaŋ³³/

/t͡sɯ³³⁻²³ nie⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kĩã⁵²/

/t͡sɯ³³⁻²³ nio⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kĩã⁵²/


地豆

/ti⁵¹⁻⁵³ toʊ̯⁵¹/

/ti⁵¹⁻⁵³ tɤʊ̯ɻʷ⁵¹/

/ti⁵¹⁻⁵³ toʊ̯⁵¹/

/ti⁵¹⁻⁵³ tɤʊ̯ɻʷ⁵¹/

(dialectal Cantonese, Hakka, Teochew) peanut


丈夫囝

唐晡囝
查埔囝
打埠囝
逗囝

/touŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾muo⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾iaŋ³³/

/ta⁴⁴⁻³³ pɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ kiã⁴¹/

/ta⁴⁴⁻³³ pɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ kiã⁵³/

/ta⁴⁴⁻²² pɔ⁴⁴⁻²² kiã⁵³/

/ta³³ pɔ³³ kã⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sa⁴⁴⁻²² pɔ⁴⁴⁻²² kiã⁵³/

/t͡sa⁴⁴⁻³³ pɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ kiã⁵³/

/t͡sa⁴⁴⁻³³ pɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ kiã⁴¹/

/ta³³⁻²³ pou³³⁻²³ kĩã⁵²/

/tau³³⁻²³ kĩã⁵²/

/touŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾muo⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾iaŋ³³/

/ta⁴⁴⁻³³ pɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ kiã⁴¹/

/ta⁴⁴⁻³³ pɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ kiã⁵³/

/ta⁴⁴⁻²² pɔ⁴⁴⁻²² kiã⁵³/

/ta³³ pɔ³³ kã⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sa⁴⁴⁻²² pɔ⁴⁴⁻²² kiã⁵³/

/t͡sa⁴⁴⁻³³ pɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ kiã⁵³/

/t͡sa⁴⁴⁻³³ pɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ kiã⁴¹/

/ta³³⁻²³ pou³³⁻²³ kĩã⁵²/

/tau³³⁻²³ kĩã⁵²/

(Eastern Min, Teochew, Singapore Hokkien, Hainanese) son


波鞋

/pɔː⁵⁵ haːi̯²¹/

/pᵘɔ³³ hai²²/

/po³³⁻²³ oi⁵⁵/

/pɔː⁵⁵ haːi̯²¹/

/pᵘɔ³³ hai²²/

/po³³⁻²³ oi⁵⁵/

(Cantonese, dialectal Hakka, Pinghua, Hainanese, Teochew, Zhongshan Min) sneakers; trainers; athletic shoes (Classifier: 隻／只 c; 對／对 c)


目汁

He will come to wipe away our tears and remove our sorrows.

Kì oi lòi chhu̍t-thet ên ke muk-chṳp, sêu-thet ên ke pî-ôi.

𥘹愛來捽忒𫣆个目汁，消忒𫣆个悲哀。

𥘹爱来捽忒𫣆个目汁，消忒𫣆个悲哀。

As I speak with you, the tears fall [official translation]
Speaking halfway, two or three streams of tears fall down [literal translation]

2020, 羅文裕 (Wing Lo), 南下列車 (Train to the South), English translation by Josh Edbrooke

fa kóng yit-pan muk-chṳp tiet-lo̍k lióng sâm hòng

話講一半目汁滴落兩三行

话讲一半目汁滴落两三行

(Hakka, Zhao'an and Dongshan Hokkien, Teochew, Hainanese, Leizhou Min, Zhongshan Min, Shaojiang Min) tears


平樣

/pẽ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ĩõ¹¹/

/pẽ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ĩẽ¹¹/

/pẽ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ĩõ¹¹/

/pẽ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ĩẽ¹¹/

Do you think Teochew language should be preserved in Singapore or is Mandarin good enough? ^([sic]) The Speak Mandarin Campaign replaces dialects with Mandarin, are they the same?

2015, Li Wei, Multilingualism in the Chinese Diaspora Worldwide: Transnational Connections and Local Social Realities, Routledge →ISBN, page 209

汝覺得呾潮州話在新加坡應唔應該流傳下去？啊是華人呾華語就夠了？汝知這個 Speak Mandarin Campaign to replace dialect 嗎，汝覺得呾是唔是平樣？

汝觉得呾潮州话在新加坡应唔应该流传下去？啊是华人呾华语就够了？汝知这个 Speak Mandarin Campaign to replace dialect 吗，汝觉得呾是唔是平样？