犬

Bai: *qʰuaŋ²

/t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn²¹⁴/

/t͡ɕʰyɵn²¹³/

/t͡ɕʰy̯e̞⁴¹/

/t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn²¹⁴/

/t͡ɕʰyɵn²¹³/

/t͡ɕʰy̯e̞⁴¹/

Characters in the same phonetic series (犬) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Pictogram (象形) – the side view of a dog.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *d-kʷəj-n (“dog”); cognate with Tibetan ཁྱི (khyi, “dog”), Burmese ခွေး (hkwe:, “dog”).
This common Sino-Tibetan word has been replaced by 狗 (OC *koːʔ) in most topolects except Eastern Min, such as Fuzhou kēng. In other topolects, this word is mainly found in compounds and not used alone.

Han etyl

警犬

He who is presenting a horse or a sheep should lead it with his right hand. He who is presenting a dog should lead it with his left hand.

The Book of Rites, c. 4ᵗʰ – 2ⁿᵈ century BCE

Xiào mǎ xiào yáng zhě yòu qiān zhī; xiào quǎn zhě zuǒ qiān zhī.

效馬效羊者右牽之；效犬者左牽之。

效马效羊者右牵之；效犬者左牵之。

(formal or in compounds or Eastern Min, Waxiang, dialectal Wu) dog


字

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (字):
* → Japanese: 字(じ) (ji)
* → Korean: 자(字) (ja)
* → Vietnamese: tự (字)

→ Proto-Tai: *ɟɤ:ᴮ (“name”)

Lao: ຊື່ (sư̄, “name”)

Thai: ชื่อ (chʉ̂ʉ, “name”)

Zhuang: coh (“name”)

desc

→ Vietnamese: chữ (“script; letter; writing; word”), chửa (“to be pregnant”)

Characters in the same phonetic series (子) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *zlɯs): semantic 宀 (“roof”) + phonetic 子 (OC *ʔslɯʔ, “child”).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tsa ~ za (“child; to give birth; to take care; to be kind”). Related to:
* 子 (OC *ʔslɯʔ, “child, son”) (also its phonetic component)
* 慈 (OC *zɯ, “to be kind, loving”)
* 滋 (OC *ʔsɯ, “to nourish, to grow”)
* 詞 (OC *ljɯ, “word, term”)
* 辭 (OC *ljɯ, “word, from testimony”)
Original sense (1): “to become pregnant, to give birth to, to nurture, to love” has essentially become obsolete. The sense (2) “letter, character” is either from a different root or a derivation from the sense “to produce, to generate”.
Cognate with Tibetan ཚ་བོ (tsha bo, “nephew”), Tibetan ཚ་རུས (tsha rus, “descendant”), Tibetan བཙའ (btsa', “to give birth to; to guard”), Tibetan མཛའ (mdza', “kind, peaceful, friendly”) (Quan, 1996), Burmese စာ (ca, “writing, letter”).

cog

The son who does not reverently discharge his duty to his father, but greatly wounds his father's heart, and the father who can (no longer) love his son, but hates him.

The Book of Documents, circa 4ᵗʰ – 3ʳᵈ century BCE

Zǐ fú zhī fú jué fù shì, dà shāng jué kǎo xīn; yú fù bùnéng zì jué zǐ, nǎi jí jué zǐ.

子弗祗服厥父事，大傷厥考心；于父不能字厥子，乃疾厥子。

子弗祗服厥父事，大伤厥考心；于父不能字厥子，乃疾厥子。

Although Chu is great, they are not akin to us; how will they be willing to love us?

Chǔ suī dà, fēi wú zú yě, qí kěn zì wǒ hū?

楚雖大，非吾族也，其肯字我乎？

楚虽大，非吾族也，其肯字我乎？

By definition, ritual propriety means that the lesser serve the greater and the greater care for the lesser. Serving the greater consists of respecting timely commands from them. Caring for the lesser consists of showing concern about the things that they lack.

Commentary of Zuo, c. 4ᵗʰ century BCE, translation from Zuozhuan: Commentary on the "Spring and Autumn Annals" (2017), by Stephen Durrant, Wai-yee Li and David Schaberg

Lǐ yě zhě, xiǎo shì dà, dà zì xiǎo zhī wèi. Shì dà zài gōng qí shímìng, zì xiǎo zài xù qí suǒwú.

禮也者，小事大、大字小之謂。事大在共其時命，字小在恤其所無。

礼也者，小事大、大字小之谓。事大在共其时命，字小在恤其所无。

(obsolete or Guzhang Waxiang) to love; to cherish; to care very much for

(Luxi Waxiang) to envy; to be jealous of; to admire


晬

/t͡su̯eɪ̯⁵¹/

/t͡su̯eɪ̯⁵¹/

(literary or Min, Waxiang) first birthday of a child


柑

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (柑):
* → Japanese: 柑(かん) (kan)
* → Vietnamese: cam (柑)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kaːm): semantic 木 (“wood; tree”) + phonetic 甘 (OC *kaːm); however, the phonetic component coud also indicate that the mandarin fruit is sweet. Similar but unrelated to 某.
Either the same etymon as 甘 (OC *kaːm, “sweet”) (Wang, 1982), or, in light of the citrus fruit's southern origin, possibly connected with Austroasiatic; compare Proto-Austroasiatic *ŋaːm (Schuessler, 2007).

Han compound

(dialectal Hakka, Mingxi Min, Waxiang) pomelo


虺

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *hŋuːl, *hŋruːl, *hŋlulʔ): phonetic 兀 (OC *ŋuːd) + semantic 虫.
; “venomous snake”


褌

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kuːn): semantic 衤 (“clothes”) + phonetic 軍 (OC *kun).

Han compound

(dialectal Mandarin, dialectal Wu, Waxiang) trousers; pants


跟

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kɯːn): semantic 足 (“foot”) + phonetic 艮 (OC *kɯːns).
Cognate with 根 (OC *kɯːn, “root”) (Wang, 1982).

Han compound

kai⁵⁵ li²⁵ to⁵⁵ zɤ¹³

跟履端來！

kai⁵⁵ li²⁵ to⁵⁵ zɤ¹³

跟履端来！

跟門閉下。

跟门闭下。

2010, 向光训 (Xiang Guangxun), 《婚礼》, in 伍云姬 (Wu Yunji), 沈瑞清 (Shen Ruiqing), 《湘西古丈瓦乡话调查报告》, Shanghai: Shanghai Educational Publishing House, →ISBN, page 257

[tɕ͡iɛ⁴¹ tau³³ i⁴¹ xəɯ²⁵ iəɯ²⁵ kai⁵⁵ ɳiəɯ²⁵⁻¹³ ts͡a tʰau⁵⁵ sau³³ tau³³ vɤŋ¹³ la²⁵ kʰəɯ³³]

接到以後，又跟女子通送到房裡去。

接到以后，又跟女子通送到房里去。

(Waxiang) Used to introduce the direct object of a verb.


邀

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qlew, *kleːw): semantic 辶 + phonetic 敫 (OC *kleːwɢs, *ɢlewɢ, *kleːwɢ).
Note similarities with Burmese ကြို (krui, “to meet and welcome someone”).


女子

/ny²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/nɵy̯¹³ t͡siː³⁵/

/ŋ̍³¹ t͡sɨ³¹/

/lu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡su⁵³/

/lu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡su⁴¹/

/lu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡su⁵³/

/li⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡su⁴¹/

/lɯ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/ny²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/nɵy̯¹³ t͡siː³⁵/

/ŋ̍³¹ t͡sɨ³¹/

/lu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡su⁵³/

/lu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡su⁴¹/

/lu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡su⁵³/

/li⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡su⁴¹/

/lɯ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sɯ⁵⁵⁴/


好食

/ho³³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lieʔ⁵/

/ho⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siaʔ⁴/

/ho⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡siaʔ²⁴/

/ho⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siaʔ¹²¹/

/ho⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siaʔ⁴/

/hɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡siaʔ⁴/

/ho⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡siaʔ⁴/

/ho³³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lieʔ⁵/

/ho⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siaʔ⁴/

/ho⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡siaʔ²⁴/

/ho⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siaʔ¹²¹/

/ho⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siaʔ⁴/

/hɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡siaʔ⁴/

/ho⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡siaʔ⁴/

/hãũ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡siaʔ⁴/

/hãũ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡siaʔ⁴/

The food at that restaurant is excellent!

go² gaan¹ caan¹ teng¹ ge³ coi³ hou² hou² sik⁶ gaa²!

嗰間餐廳嘅菜好好食㗎！

嗰间餐厅嘅菜好好食㗎！

(Cantonese, Hakka, Min, Waxiang) delicious; delectable; tasty; scrumptious; yummy


面包

For pronunciation and definitions of 面包 – see 麵包 (“bread; baked good; roll; bun; pastry; cake; etc.”).
(This term is the simplified form of 麵包).
 Notes:
Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.
Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.


雙雙

/ʂu̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ʂu̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/ʂuɑŋ²⁴ ʂuɑŋ²⁴/

/sœːŋ⁵⁵ sœːŋ⁵⁵/

/suŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ suŋ²⁴/

/ʂu̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ʂu̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/ʂuɑŋ²⁴ ʂuɑŋ²⁴/

/sœːŋ⁵⁵ sœːŋ⁵⁵/

/suŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ suŋ²⁴/


䨨

/ʈ͡ʂu̯eɪ̯⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂu̯eɪ̯⁵⁵/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 雨 (“rain”) + phonetic 追 (OC *tul).


油蟲

/joʊ̯³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ³⁵/

/jɐu̯²¹ t͡sʰʊŋ²¹/

/joʊ̯³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ³⁵/

/jɐu̯²¹ t͡sʰʊŋ²¹/

(Ürümqi Mandarin, Huizhou, dialectal Wu, Waxiang, Dong'an Tuhua) cockroach


眼珠

/jɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂu⁵⁵/

/jɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂuɻʷ⁵⁵/

/ŋaːn¹³ t͡syː⁵⁵/

/ɡan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡su⁴⁴/

/ɡan⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡su³³/

/ɡan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡su⁴⁴/

/ɡan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡su⁴⁴/

/ɡan⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡su⁴⁴/

/ŋe²² t͡sz̩⁴⁴/

/ŋã̠⁴² t͡ɕy⁴⁴⁻³³/

/ŋan³³ t͡ɕy⁴⁴⁵/

/jɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂu⁵⁵/

/jɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂuɻʷ⁵⁵/

/ŋaːn¹³ t͡syː⁵⁵/

/ɡan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡su⁴⁴/

/ɡan⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡su³³/

/ɡan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡su⁴⁴/

/ɡan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡su⁴⁴/

/ɡan⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡su⁴⁴/

/ŋe²² t͡sz̩⁴⁴/

/ŋã̠⁴² t͡ɕy⁴⁴⁻³³/

/ŋan³³ t͡ɕy⁴⁴⁵/

(dialectal, including Gan, Hakka, Huizhou, Waxiang, Xiang) eye


鋪頭

/pʰu⁵¹ tʰoʊ̯¹/

/pʰou̯³³ tʰɐu̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/pʰou²¹³⁻⁵⁵ tʰau⁵⁵/

/pʰu⁵¹ tʰoʊ̯¹/

/pʰou̯³³ tʰɐu̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/pʰou²¹³⁻⁵⁵ tʰau⁵⁵/

/pʰu⁵⁵ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/

/pʰu⁵⁵ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/

pʰu⁵⁵ ta³³ pa¹³ yɛ⁵⁵ mai³³

pʰu⁵⁵ ta³³ pa¹³ yɛ⁵⁵ mai³³

[pʰu⁵⁵ ta³³ pa¹³ yɛ⁵⁵ mai³³]

鋪頭不煙賣。

pʰu⁵⁵ ta³³ pa¹³ yɛ⁵⁵ mai³³

pʰu⁵⁵ ta³³ pa¹³ yɛ⁵⁵ mai³³

[pʰu⁵⁵ ta³³ pa¹³ yɛ⁵⁵ mai³³]

铺头不烟卖。

(literary or Southwestern Mandarin, Cantonese, Hakka, Teochew, Hainanese, Pinghua, Jinhua Wu, Waxiang) store; shop (Classifier: 間／间 c)

GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)


睏床

/kʰun²¹⁻⁵³ t͡sʰŋ̍²⁴/

/kʰun²¹⁻⁵³ t͡sʰŋ̍²⁴/


大後日

/taːi̯²² hɐu̯²² jɐt̚²/

/ai³² heu²¹ ᵑɡit̚²¹⁻²¹⁵/

/tai⁵⁵ hɐu⁵⁵ jɐt̚⁵⁵/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ heu̯⁵⁵ ŋit̚²/

/tʰaɪ⁵³ heu⁴⁴⁻³⁵ ŋit̚¹/

/du²² ɦɤ⁵⁵ n̠ʲiɪʔ²¹/

/taːi̯²² hɐu̯²² jɐt̚²/

/ai³² heu²¹ ᵑɡit̚²¹⁻²¹⁵/

/tai⁵⁵ hɐu⁵⁵ jɐt̚⁵⁵/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ heu̯⁵⁵ ŋit̚²/

/tʰaɪ⁵³ heu⁴⁴⁻³⁵ ŋit̚¹/

/du²² ɦɤ⁵⁵ n̠ʲiɪʔ²¹/

(Cantonese, Hakka, Taiwanese Hokkien, Waxiang, Wu) three days from now


黑頭

/xeɪ̯⁵⁵ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/

/hɐk̚⁵ tʰɐu̯²¹/

/xeɪ̯⁵⁵ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/

/hɐk̚⁵ tʰɐu̯²¹/


麻雀子

/ma³⁵ t͡ɕiɔʔ² t͡sz̩¹/

/ma¹³⁻²¹ t͡sʰyɒʔ¹⁻⁴⁵ t͡si⁴⁵³/

/ma¹³⁻²¹ t͡sʰyøʔ²⁻²⁴ t͡si³³²/

/ba²³⁻³³ t͡sʰiɔk̚³²⁻⁴ zi⁴¹/

/ba²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰiɔk̚³²⁻⁴ d͡zi⁵³/

/ma̠¹³ t͡sʰi̯o²⁴ t͡sz̩³/

/ma̠¹³ t͡ɕʰi̯o²⁴ t͡sz̩³/

/mä¹¹ t͡ɕʰi̯o²² t͡sz̩³/

/ma³⁵ t͡ɕiɔʔ² t͡sz̩¹/

/ma¹³⁻²¹ t͡sʰyɒʔ¹⁻⁴⁵ t͡si⁴⁵³/

/ma¹³⁻²¹ t͡sʰyøʔ²⁻²⁴ t͡si³³²/

/ba²³⁻³³ t͡sʰiɔk̚³²⁻⁴ zi⁴¹/

/ba²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰiɔk̚³²⁻⁴ d͡zi⁵³/

/ma̠¹³ t͡sʰi̯o²⁴ t͡sz̩³/

/ma̠¹³ t͡ɕʰi̯o²⁴ t͡sz̩³/

/mä¹¹ t͡ɕʰi̯o²² t͡sz̩³/

(dialectal Mandarin, Gan, dialectal Wu, Waxiang, Xiang) sparrow (any member of the Passer genus)


煞黑

/ʃat̚²¹ hɐk̚²⁴/

/sa̠²⁴ xɤ̞²⁴/

/ʃat̚²¹ hɐk̚²⁴/

/sa̠²⁴ xɤ̞²⁴/

(Wuhan Mandarin, dialectal Cantonese, Waxiang, Xiang) nightfall; toward evening; dusk

GT - General Taiwanese (no particular region identified)


痧痱子

/sa̠³³ ɸe̞i̯⁴⁵ t͡sz̩³/

/sa̠³³ ɸe̞i̯⁴⁵ t͡sz̩³/

(Xiang, dialectal Gan, Sandu Hakka, Waxiang, medicine) prickly heat; miliaria


黃老鼠

/uɔŋ³⁵ lau² ɕy¹/

/u̯an¹³ lɒu̯⁴¹ ɕy⁴¹/

/uɔŋ³⁵ lau² ɕy¹/

/u̯an¹³ lɒu̯⁴¹ ɕy⁴¹/

The weasel goes to pay respects to the hen - not with the best of intentions.

[ŋ¹³ laɔ⁵³ su⁵³ kɛ⁵⁵ ka⁵⁵ po²² t͡sẽ⁵³, pa¹³ tə¹³ xaɔ⁵³ ɕi⁵⁵]

黃老鼠給雞拜正，不得好心。

黄老鼠给鸡拜正，不得好心。

Mustela sibirica
Mustela sibirica#Translingual

(dialectal Mandarin, Gan, Xiang, Waxiang) Siberian weasel (Mustela sibirica)


罩子

/ʈ͡ʂɑʊ̯⁵¹ d͡z̥z̩¹/

/t͡saːu̯³³ t͡siː³⁵/

/t͡sɒu̯⁴⁵ t͡sz̩³/

/ʈ͡ʂɑʊ̯⁵¹ d͡z̥z̩¹/

/t͡saːu̯³³ t͡siː³⁵/

/t͡sɒu̯⁴⁵ t͡sz̩³/


飯檯

/faːn²² tʰɔːi̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/faːn²² tʰɔːi̯²¹⁻³⁵/

(Cantonese, Waxiang) dining table (Classifier: 張／张 c)


食飯檯

/sɪk̚² faːn²² tʰɔːi̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/sɪk̚² faːn²² tʰɔːi̯²¹⁻³⁵/


戒箍子

/ka̠³⁵ ku⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sz̩³/

/ka̠³⁵ ku⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sz̩³/

(dialectal Mandarin, Gan, Waxiang, dialectal Xiang) finger ring; ring


豹虎

/pau⁵³⁻⁵⁵ fu³¹/

/pau⁵³⁻⁵⁵ fu³¹/