土豆

/tʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ toʊ̯⁵¹/

/tʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ tɤʊ̯ɻʷ⁵¹/

/tʰou̯³⁵ tɐu̯²²/

/tʰou̯³⁵ tɐu̯²²⁻³⁵/

/tʰəu̯⁴¹ təu̯²¹⁻¹¹/

/tʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ toʊ̯⁵¹/

/tʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ tɤʊ̯ɻʷ⁵¹/

/tʰou̯³⁵ tɐu̯²²/

/tʰou̯³⁵ tɐu̯²²⁻³⁵/

/tʰəu̯⁴¹ təu̯²¹⁻¹¹/


土豆

/tʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ toʊ̯⁵¹/

/tʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ toʊ̯⁵¹/

zh-l

塗豆／涂豆 (thô͘-tāu)


土豆

/tʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ toʊ̯⁵¹/

/tʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ toʊ̯⁵¹/

Phono-semantic matching of French Trudeau.


馬鈴薯

→ Lingao: ma⁴ liŋ¹ su⁴

→ Zhuang: majlingzsuz

ㄇㄚˇ ㄌㄧㄥˊ ㄕㄨˇ

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ liŋ³⁵ ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/maː¹³ lɪŋ²¹ syː²¹/

/ma⁵³ laŋ⁵⁵ ʃu⁵⁵/

/ma⁴⁴⁻³⁵ laŋ¹¹ su¹¹/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡su²⁴/

/mã⁵³⁻⁵⁵ liɪŋ²⁴⁻³³ t͡su²⁴/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡su²⁴/

/mã⁵⁵⁻³⁵ liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sɨ²⁴/

/mã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sɯ²⁴/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɪŋ¹³⁻²² t͡si¹³/

/mã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ liɪŋ²³⁻³³ t͡si²³/

/mã⁵³⁻⁵⁵ liɪŋ²⁴⁻³³ t͡si²⁴/

/be⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡su²⁴/

/be⁵⁵⁻³⁵ liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sɨ²⁴/

/be⁵²⁻³⁵ leŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sɯ⁵⁵/

/be⁵²⁻³⁵ leŋ³³⁻²³ t͡sɯ⁵⁵/

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ liŋ³⁵ ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/maː¹³ lɪŋ²¹ syː²¹/

/ma⁵³ laŋ⁵⁵ ʃu⁵⁵/

/ma⁴⁴⁻³⁵ laŋ¹¹ su¹¹/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡su²⁴/

/mã⁵³⁻⁵⁵ liɪŋ²⁴⁻³³ t͡su²⁴/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡su²⁴/

/mã⁵⁵⁻³⁵ liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sɨ²⁴/

/mã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sɯ²⁴/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɪŋ¹³⁻²² t͡si¹³/

/mã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ liɪŋ²³⁻³³ t͡si²³/

/mã⁵³⁻⁵⁵ liɪŋ²⁴⁻³³ t͡si²⁴/

/be⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡su²⁴/

/be⁵⁵⁻³⁵ liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sɨ²⁴/

/be⁵²⁻³⁵ leŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sɯ⁵⁵/

/be⁵²⁻³⁵ leŋ³³⁻²³ t͡sɯ⁵⁵/

Suzuki (2013) suggests that 馬鈴／马铃 (mǎlíng) may be a corruption of 馬來／马来 (Mǎlái, “Malay”), but the form 馬來薯／马来薯 has never been attested, and as Xiang (2018) points out, potato is a a temperate crop rarely cultivated in hot and humid tropical Asia.
The earliest known attestation in Chinese is found in the Kangxi edition of the Gazetteer of Songxi County (松溪縣志, 1700), but it is desribed as a tree climber with blackish tubers tasting bitterish and therefore should refer to air potato (Dioscorea bulbifera) instead of potato. The name is probably an allusion to the way the bulbils of air potato look like bells used in the tack for horses. The Japanese herbalist Ono Ranzan (小野蘭山) misapplied the name to potato in Tetsuen Shōtoku (耋筵小牘, 1808), and this altered denotation was first borrowed into Chinese by Huang Zunxian (黃遵憲) in the late 19th century (Xiang, 2018).

zh-l

馬鈴／马铃 (mǎlíng)

Solanum tuberosum
Solanum tuberosum#Translingual

Dioscorea bulbifera
Dioscorea bulbifera#Translingual

(archaic) air potato (Dioscorea bulbifera)


山藥

/ʂän⁵⁵ jɑʊ̯²/

/saːn⁵⁵ jœːk̚²/

/san²⁴⁻¹¹ i̯ok̚⁵/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² ioʔ⁴/

/suã³³ ioʔ²⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² ioʔ¹²¹/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ ioʔ⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ iɤʔ⁴/

/se⁵⁵ ɦiaʔ²¹/

/ʂän⁵⁵ jɑʊ̯²/

/saːn⁵⁵ jœːk̚²/

/san²⁴⁻¹¹ i̯ok̚⁵/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² ioʔ⁴/

/suã³³ ioʔ²⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² ioʔ¹²¹/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ ioʔ⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ iɤʔ⁴/

/se⁵⁵ ɦiaʔ²¹/

Emperor Daizong of Tang
Emperor Yingzong of Song
Jin dynasty (265–420)

So named as it is produced in mountains and can be used as a medicine.
Folk etymology claims that 山藥 was renamed from 薯蕷／薯蓣 (shǔyù), to avoid the naming taboo of Emperor Daizong of Tang and Emperor Yingzong of Song; however, 山藥 has been in use since the Jin dynasty (265–420).

薯蕷／薯蓣 (shǔyù)

Dioscorea polystachya
Dioscorea polystachya#Translingual


洋山芋

/jɑŋ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵ y⁵¹/

/ɦiã²² se⁵⁵ ɦy²¹/

/jɑŋ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵ y⁵¹/

/ɦiã²² se⁵⁵ ɦy²¹/


洋芋

→ Lü: ᦍᧂᦊᦲᧈ (yangẏii¹)

→ Uyghur: ياڭيۇ (yangyu)

→ Salar: yañyu

/iaŋ²¹ y²¹³/

/jœːŋ²¹ wuː²²/

/i̯æn¹³ y²¹⁻¹¹/

/iaŋ²¹ y²¹³/

/jœːŋ²¹ wuː²²/

/i̯æn¹³ y²¹⁻¹¹/


番囝薯

/huaŋ⁵⁵⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋiaŋ³³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾ny⁵³/

/huaŋ⁵⁵⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋiaŋ³³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾ny⁵³/


山藥蛋

/ʂän⁵⁵ jɑʊ̯² tän⁵¹/

/sæ̃¹¹ iəʔ² tæ̃⁴⁵/

/ʂän⁵⁵ jɑʊ̯² tän⁵¹/

/sæ̃¹¹ iəʔ² tæ̃⁴⁵/

(Beijing Mandarin, dated, derogatory) someone from northeastern China


山藥豆

/ʂän⁵⁵ jɑʊ̯² toʊ̯⁵¹/

/ʂän⁵⁵ jɑʊ̯² toʊ̯⁵¹/