大豆

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (大豆):
* → Japanese: 大(だい)豆(ず) (daizu)
* → Korean: 대두(大豆) (daedu)

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ toʊ̯⁵¹/

/taːi̯²² tɐu̯²²⁻³⁵/

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ toʊ̯⁵¹/

/taːi̯²² tɐu̯²²⁻³⁵/

(regional) broad bean; fava bean (Vicia faba)

Arachis hypogaea
Arachis hypogaea#Translingual

(Northern Guangdong Southern Min) peanut (Arachis hypogaea)


米

Characters in the same phonetic series (米) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Pictogram (象形) – rice kernels.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ma-j ~ mej (“rice; paddy”). Cognate with Garo mi (“rice”), Atong (India) mai (“rice”), Jingpho ma (“rice; paddy”), Rabha মাই (mai), Dimasa mai.

inh

星洲炒米

雪菜火鸭丝炆米 [Cantonese, simp.]
syut³ coi³ fo² aap³ si¹ man¹ mai⁵ [Jyutping]

braised rice vermicelli with pickled mustard and shredded roast duck

(chiefly Cantonese) Short for 米粉 (mǐfěn, “rice vermicelli”).


枲

Boehmeria nivea
Boehmeria nivea#Translingual


栐

(archaic) a kind of tree whose wood was used to make 笏 (hù) tablets


朵

Sino-Xenic (朵):
* → Vietnamese: đoá (朵)

Originally a Ideogram (指事) depicting a stalk of a plant 禾 with something drooping. The bottom part of 禾 corrupted into 木, while the extra stroke corrupted into 乃, later simplified into 几.
“Hanging from a tree” > “flower” > classifier for flowers.
Probably from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(d/n)waj (“to hang from; to cling to; creeper”); see 垂 (OC *djol, “to hang down”) for more (Schuessler, 2007; STEDT).
Also compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *kt₂uur (“ear”) (Schuessler, 2007).

一百朵玫瑰


杏

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): 木 (“wood”) + 口 (“mouth”) – perhaps referring to the tastiness of its fruit.
Shuowen considers it to be a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡraːŋʔ): semantic 木 (“wood”) + abbreviated phonetic 可 (OC *kʰaːlʔ), but this is unlikely.


柯

(Hokkien, of fruits, vegetable, etc.) fibrous; stringy; tough; withered


枝

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kje) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 支 (OC *kje, “branch”).
Originally the same word as 支 (OC *kje, “branch (of tree), limb; to support”); see there for more (STEDT).

och-l

一枝鉛筆

一枝铅笔

一枝槍

一枝枪

Classifier for long cylindrical objects (stick, pen, rod, flower with stem, etc).


楸

/t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/

Coordinate term: 梓 (zǐ)

Higher Education Press
w:Higher Education Press


槭

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔslɯwɢ): semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 戚 (OC *sʰlɯːwɢ).


棉

Variant of 綿 by replacing 糸 with 木 (裘錫圭：《文字學概要（修訂本）》, p222).
Attested late, in Tang dynasty; unless Shijing’s 綿蠻 (OC *men mroːn, “tiny, delicate”) (according to Mao Commentary) is derived from "cotton" (Schuessler, 2007).
Etymology unclear, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan (Schuessler, 2007)? Tibetan བལ། (bal) is cognate to either this or 蟠 (OC *baːn, *ban, “to coil, to curl”) (ibid.).

樹棉／树棉

棉衣

Qingyuan commandery: …, 285-li away from the Cotton-Field hamlet to the west.

Qīngyuán jùn...... Xī zhì Miántián cūn èrbǎi bāshí wǔ lǐ.

清源郡……西至棉田村二百八十五里。


椰

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *laː): semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 耶 (OC *laː).
Attested as early as the Jin dynasty (晉朝). Compare earlier form 楈枒 (OC *sŋa/sŋaʔ ŋraː/ŋraːs), 胥邪 (OC *sŋa/sŋaʔ ljaː/laː), 胥餘 (OC *sŋa/sŋaʔ la) (attested since Han dynasty).

Han compound

椰汁

(now in compounds or dialectal) coconut (Classifier: 個／个 c)


樒

Styphnolobium japonicum
Styphnolobium japonicum#Translingual

a tree resembling Chinese scholar tree (Styphnolobium japonicum) with fragrant wood


樾

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢʷad): semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 越 (OC *ɢʷaːd, *ɢʷad)


榧

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pɯlʔ): semantic 木 (“wood; tree”) + phonetic 匪 (OC *pɯlʔ).

Han compound

Torreya grandis
Torreya grandis#Translingual


李

→ English: Li, Lee

→ German: Li

→ Tagalog: Dy, Dee (via Hokkien)

Oracle bone script: Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *rɯʔ): phonetic 來 (OC *m·rɯːɡ, “wheat”) + semantic 子. The phonetic part 來 became gradually corrupted to yield 木 (“tree”).
Shuowen erroneously remarks that this is a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *rɯʔ): semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 子 (OC *ʔslɯʔ).

Han compound

李白

李連杰

李连杰

a surname, listed fourth in the Baijiaxing


椎

/ʈ͡ʂu̯eɪ̯⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂu̯eɪ̯⁵⁵/


樺

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *grwa (“birch”) (STEDT); cognate with Tibetan གྲོ་ག (gro ga, “bark of birch tree”).


棗

Sino-Xenic (棗):
* → Vietnamese: táo (棗)

/t͡saʊ̯ɻʷ²¹⁴/

/t͡saʊ̯ɻʷ²¹⁴/

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): Duplication of 朿 (“thorn”).


梨

→ Malay: lai (“pear”)

→ Proto-Hmong-Mien: *rəj (“pear”)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ril): phonetic 利 (OC *rids) + semantic 木.
Unknown. Also found in Proto-Hmong-Mien *rəj; folk etymology derives this from 利 (OC *rids, “sharp”) (Schuessler, 2007).


櫻

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qreːŋ): semantic 木 + phonetic 嬰 (OC *qeŋ).


柿

→ Proto-Mien: *djəiᴮ

/t͡sʰiː¹³⁻³⁵/

/t͡sʰiː¹³⁻³⁵/

Originally written as 柹: Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *zrɯʔ): semantic 木 + phonetic 𠂔 ().
The current form is phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *zrɯʔ): semantic 木 + phonetic 市 (OC *djɯʔ).


桃

→ Thai: ท้อ (tɔ́ɔ)

/tʰou̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/tʰou̯²¹⁻³⁵/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'aːw): semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 兆 (OC *l'ewʔ).
Possibly borrowed from the linguistic ancestor of Proto-Hmong-Mien *glaau³ᴬ (Bodman 1980, Schuessler, 2007). The oldest-known domesticated peach stones so far have been excavated in Zhejiang, east of the Central Plain cradle of Chinese civilization.

Han compound

桃花

桃樹

桃树

Young and tender is the peach tree; bright and radiant shall its blossoms be.
Going to her future home is this young lady; may her house and chamber well-ordered be!

The Classic of Poetry, c. 11ᵗʰ – 7ᵗʰ centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

Táo zhī yāoyāo, zhuózhuó qí huá.
Zhī zǐ yúguī, yí qí shìjiā.

桃之夭夭、灼灼其華。
之子于歸、宜其室家。

桃之夭夭、灼灼其华。
之子于归、宜其室家。

Prunus persica
Prunus persica#Translingual


楓

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *plum): semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 風 (OC *plum, *plums)


檜

The waters of the Qi flow smoothly; there are the oars of juniper and boats of pine.

淇水滺滺、檜楫松舟。

淇水滺滺、桧楫松舟。


檜

秦檜

秦桧


樹

/t͡sʰiɛu²¹³/

/t͡sʰiɛu²¹³/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *djoʔ, *djos) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 尌 (OC *djos, “a hand planting a tree”).
Originally written 尌, see there for more.
Area word (Schuessler, 2007): Mizo tuh (“to plant, to sow”), Khmer ដុះ (doh, “to grow, to bud”). Starostin compares it with Tibetan གདོས (gdos), གདོས་པ (gdos pa, “mast”) and Burmese ထူ (htu, “to erect (a post), to raise (a flag)”).
Related to 豎 (OC *djoʔ, “to erect; to make vertical”).

och-l

树
𣗬
尌
𡬾
𣕒
𣗳
侸
𠊪
𣚤
𢒳

盤栽

chiefly to transplant, Zhangzhou Hokkien, chiefly to transplant

See also: 豎

For one-year plans, nothing like planting grains; for ten-year plans, nothing like planting trees; for lifetime plans, nothing like planting people.
Grains, once planted, yield only one harvest; trees, once planted, yield ten times the harvest; people, once planted, yield a hundred times the harvest.

Yīnián zhī jì, mò rú shùgǔ; shínián zhī jì, mò rú shùmù; zhōngshēn zhī jì, mò rú shùrén.
Yīshù yīhuò zhě, gǔ yě; yīshù shíhuò zhě, mù yě; yīshù bǎihuò zhě, rén yě.

一年之計，莫如樹穀；十年之計，莫如樹木；終身之計，莫如樹人。
一樹一穫者，穀也；一樹十穫者，木也；一樹百穫者，人也。

一年之计，莫如树谷；十年之计，莫如树木；终身之计，莫如树人。
一树一获者，谷也；一树十获者，木也；一树百获者，人也。

to plant; to place upright; to cultivate

別樹一幟

别树一帜

楊樹

杨树

柳樹

柳树

Behind the wall of my backyard you can see two trees: one is a jujube tree, the other is also a jujube tree.

1924, Lu Xun, “Autumn Night”, in Wild Grass (English translation based on one by Yang Xianyi and Gladys Yang)

Zài wǒ de hòuyuán, kěyǐ kànjiàn qiáng wài yǒu liǎng zhū shù, yī zhū shì zǎoshù, háiyǒu yī zhū yě shì zǎoshù.

在我的後園，可以看見牆外有兩株樹，一株是棗樹，還有一株也是棗樹。

在我的后园，可以看见墙外有两株树，一株是枣树，还有一株也是枣树。

tree (Classifier: 棵 m w; 株 m; 樖 c; 叢／丛 mn; 頭／头 h; 蔸 md)

紅黑樹

红黑树

決策樹

决策树


梅

→ Malay: boi

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (梅):
* → Japanese: 梅(ばい) (bai)
* → Korean: 매(梅) (mae)
* → Vietnamese: mai (梅)

→? Old Japanese: 梅 (ume₂)

Japanese: 梅(うめ) (ume), 梅(むめ) (mume)

→ Vietnamese: mơ

/muːi̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/ᵐbᵘɔi²²⁻²²⁵/

/muːi̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/ᵐbᵘɔi²²⁻²²⁵/

Chinese civilization
Yangtze River
Zhongyuan

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mɯː): semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 每 (OC *mɯːʔ).
Seemingly related to Old Japanese 梅 (ume₂) (Shibatani, 1990; Miyake, 1997; apud Schuessler, 2007) (which was possibly borrowed from Middle Chinese). Its origin is unknown (Schuessler, 2007); its referent, Prunus mume, originated around the Yangtze River, now in south China yet initially outside the Chinese civilization's cradle in the Central Plain.

Han compound

坆
𣏁
𣐥
楳
𣒫
栂
槑
𤯏

蠟梅

蜡梅

茶梅

楊梅

杨梅

西梅

(in compounds) A plant sharing similarities with Prunus mume in habit, flowers or fruits

(obsolete) Alternative name for 楠 (nán, “Machilus nanmu”).


漆

→ Iban: chat

→ Zhuang: caet

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰiɡ) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 桼 (OC *sʰiɡ, “resin used to make varnish”). From earlier 桼 (OC *sʰiɡ, “varnish; lacquer”).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-tsəj (“medicine; juice; paint”). Cognate with Jingpho tsì (“medicine”), Tibetan རྩི (rtsi, “juice; fluid; paint”), Burmese ဆေး (hce:, “medicine; potion; poison; paint”).

cog

lacquer tree; varnish tree (Toxicodendron vernicifluum)


木

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (木):
* → Japanese: 木(もく) (moku); 木(ぼく) (boku)
* → Korean: 목(木) (mok)
* → Vietnamese: mộc (木)

→ Lü: ᦙᦴᧉ (muu²)

Characters in the same phonetic series (木) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Pictogram (象形) – a tree: branches on top, roots on the bottom (more visible in earlier forms). See also 本, 未, 末 and the top component of both 尞 and 夌 in their original version.
Unrelated to 耒, in which it represents a bifurcated plow, and 茶, in which it represents the door of a hut. Unrelated to 米 since it is the pictogram of six rice kernels. Also unrelated to 保, in which it represents the body of a newborn baby.
No known cognate exists. It can perhaps be compared with Proto-Karen *məŋᴮ (“trunk (of a tree); firewood”) (Starostin) or Proto-Lolo-Burmese *ʔmuk (“stump (of a tree)”) (Schuessler, 2007).
The common Sino-Tibetan root for “tree; wood” is *siŋ ~ sik, represented by 薪 (OC *siŋ, “firewood”).

cog

就木

to die (literally, “to enter one's coffin”)

Yuan Rang got up on the coffin [of his mother] and said, "It is long since I sang to anything."

The Book of Rites, c. 4ᵗʰ – 2ⁿᵈ century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

Yuán Rǎng dēng mù yuē: “Jiǔ yǐ yǔ zhī bù tuō yú yīn yě.”

原壤登木曰：「久矣予之不托於音也。」

原壤登木曰：「久矣予之不托于音也。」


煙

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qiːn): semantic 火 (“fire”) + phonetic 垔 (OC *qin).

Han compound

烟
菸
𠖣
𤎟
𡨾
𠖜
𤏯
烟
烟
菸

這是一種味淡的煙。

这是一种味淡的烟。

虎門銷煙

虎门销烟


煙

烟
菸
𠖣
𤎟
𡨾
𠖜
𤏯
烟
烟
菸

2003, “醉英雄”, 李岩修 (lyrics), 徐嘉良 [Galon Hsu] (music)performed by 蔡秋鳳 [Kerris Tsai]:

煙一支 檳榔一嘴

烟一支 槟榔一嘴

(Southern Min, Puxian Min) Alternative form of 薰 (“tobacco; cigarette”)


穄

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsleds): semantic 禾 + phonetic 祭 (OC *ʔsreːds, *ʔsleds).

Han compound

Panicum miliaceum
Panicum miliaceum#Translingual

non-glutinous variety of Panicum miliaceum, proso millet


筴

Alternative form of 策 (cè, “to scheme; to plan”)


筴

(archaic) tongs; chopsticks; tweezers; pincers


筍

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sqʰʷinʔ): semantic 竹 (“bamboo”) + phonetic 旬 (OC *sɢʷin).


筍

(Cantonese, slang) very good; worth it; inexpensive; less costly than its actual value


竹

Characters in the same phonetic series (竹) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Pictogram (象形) – two bamboo stalks, with leaves. Earlier forms resembled 个 + 个, current form resembles rather ケ + ケ, or 亇 + 亇.
See also the original version of 散.
Compare Proto-Tai *b.twuːkᴰ (“bamboo strip for tying or weaving”), whence Thai ตอก (dtɔ̀ɔk, “bamboo strip”).

cog

(music) musical instrument made of bamboo


芷

Angelica dahurica
Angelica dahurica#Translingual


荌

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qaːns): semantic 艹 (“grass”) + phonetic 安 (OC *qaːn).


莔

traditional Chinese medicine
traditional Chinese medicine

Fritillaria verticillata, the bulb of which is used in traditional Chinese medicine as a medicinal herb to reduce phlegm


荏

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *njɯmʔ): semantic 艹 + phonetic 任 (OC *njɯm, *njɯms).
; “a kind of big bean”
; “soft; weak”
: Possibly related to 飪 (OC *njɯmʔ, “cooked”), 腍 (OC *njɯmʔ, “cooked; delicious”) (Schuessler, 2007).
: Older theories compare the word with 柔 (OC *mlju, “soft”) (STEDT).

Han compound

Perilla frutescens
Perilla frutescens#Translingual


莠

Setaria viridis
Setaria viridis#Translingual

Setaria viridis (green foxtail, green bristlegrass, wild foxtail millet)


莽

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *maːŋʔ, *moːʔ, *maːʔ): phonetic 茻 (OC *maːŋʔ) + semantic 犬, and also ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): semantic 茻 + semantic 犬 (Li Xueqin, 2012).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-ljak ~ mrak ~ mruk.

inh

Illicium lanceolatum
Illicium lanceolatum

Illicium henryi and Illicium lanceolatum, whose fruits resemble star anise but are highly toxic


荻

Miscanthus sacchariflorus
Miscanthus sacchariflorus#Translingual

Amur silvergrass (Miscanthus sacchariflorus)


蒁

莪朮／莪术 (ézhú, “Curcuma zedoaria”)

鬱金／郁金 (yùjīn, “Curcuma aromatica”)

薑黃／姜黄 (jiānghuáng, “turmeric (Curcuma longa)”)

Used in 蒁藥／蒁药 (“herbal mix containing the following plants from the genus of Curcuma”).


萍

(Southern Min) Alternative form of 薸 (“duckweed”)


萩

/t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/


蓍

Achillea millefolium
Achillea millefolium#Translingual


茜

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/t͡sʰiaŋ²¹³/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/t͡sʰiaŋ²¹³/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰɯːns): semantic 艸 (“grass; plant”) + phonetic 西 (OC *sɯːl).

Han compound

Rubia cordifolia
Rubia cordifolia#Translingual


薹

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *dɯː): semantic 艹 (“grass”) + phonetic 臺 (OC *dɯː).


菅

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kroːn): semantic 艹 + phonetic 官 (OC *koːn) – a type of grass.


菊

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (菊):
* → Japanese: 菊(きく) (kiku)
* → Korean: 국(菊) (guk)
* → Vietnamese: cúc (菊)

Characters in the same phonetic series (匊) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kuɡ): semantic 艹 + phonetic 匊 (OC *kluɡ).

Han compound

雛菊

雏菊

松葉菊

松叶菊

(in compounds) A plant of Asteraceae or with chrysanthemum-like flowers

2021 April, 蔡戴梅, “【科普】“菊花”残，满心伤，你的痛苦我知道”, in 仁医报, number 103, page 3:

Yǔqí wèi déle zhìchuāng ér àonǎo, wèi zhìchuāng shù hòu yīcìcì huàn yào ér shāngshén, bùrú xiànzài jiù bìnqì bùliáng de shēnghuófāngshì, hǎohāo hēhù zìjǐ de “júhuā”, zuòhǎo “hù jú” kǒujué

与其为得了痔疮而懊恼，为痔疮术后一次次换药而伤神，不如现在就摈弃不良的生活方式，好好呵护自己的“菊花”，做好“护菊”口诀

與其為得了痔瘡而懊惱，為痔瘡術後一次次換藥而傷神，不如現在就擯棄不良的生活方式，好好呵護自己的“菊花”，做好“護菊”口訣

2022 July 8, 朕說·黃桑, 《朕說怪奇百科：人類篇》, Taipei: 時報文化出版, →ISBN, page 276:

Hello, is it 110? Someone is abusing their butthole!

喂，110嗎，有人虐菊！

喂，110吗，有人虐菊！


蘋

water clover, clover fern (family Marsileaceae)


艾

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋaːds, *ŋads): semantic 艸 (“grass”) + phonetic 乂 (OC *ŋads).

Han compound

There that one is gathering the mugwort! A day without seeing that one, is like three years!

Bǐ cǎi ài xī. Yīrì bùjiàn, rú sānsuì xī.

彼采艾兮。一日不見、如三歲兮。

彼采艾兮。一日不见、如三岁兮。

Artemisia argyi
Wikispecies:Artemisia argyi

mugwort, especially Chinese mugwort (Artemisia argyi)


薇

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mrɯl, *mɯl): semantic 艸 (“grass; plant”) + phonetic 微 (OC *mɯl).

Han compound

I ascended that hill in the south, and gathered the royal ferns.

陟彼南山、言采其薇。

Osmunda regalis
Osmunda regalis#Translingual

Osmunda regalis, a species of fern (also known as royal fern or flowering fern)


蒜

→ Lisu: ꓢꓪꓮꓠꓸ (swɑ́n)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sloːns): semantic 艸 + phonetic 祘 (OC *sloːns).
Matisoff considers this to be derived from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *swa-n (“garlic”), but more likely this may be a plant imported from the Western Regions in the Qin–Han era. The relatively late attestation and the earlier form of 卵蒜 (luǎnsuàn) attest to the latter theory.
Compare Sanskrit लशुन (laśuna), Pali lasuṇa, lasuna. The Old Chinese reconstruction was revised to a *-or rhyme in the Baxter–Sagart system, akin to its homophone 算 (“to calculate”). Hence compare Persian سیر (sir, “garlic”), Khotanese sārmā- (“the plant Basella cordifolia or B. lucida or B. rubra”), Hungarian sárma (“Ornithogalum sp.”), as well as Turkish sarımsak, Mongolian саримс (sarims).
Either way this word is cognate with the second syllable of Burmese ကြက်သွန် (krakswan, “onion”), ကြက်သွန်ဖြူ (krakswanhpru, “garlic”).


蓼

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *rɯːwʔ, *rɯwɢ): semantic 艹 (“grass; plant”) + phonetic 翏 (OC *ɡ·rɯːw, *ɡ·rɯws).

Han compound

knotweed; smartweed (various plants in the family Polygonaceae, especially in the genera Polygonum and Persicaria)


藍

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (藍):
* → Japanese: 藍(らん) (ran)
* → Korean: 람(藍) (ram)
* → Vietnamese: lam (藍)

desc

→ Proto-Hmong-Mien: *ŋglam ~ ŋgram (“indigo”)

White Hmong: nkaj

→ Proto-Tai: *g.raːmᴬ (“indigo”)

Thai: คราม (kraam)

Lao: ຄາມ (khām)

Zhuang: gyaemq (“purple-red”)

→ Proto-Tai: *kromꟲ (“indigo”)

Thai: ฮ่อม (hɔ̂ɔm)

Zhuang: romj, goromj

→? Proto-Vietic: *ɟaːm (“indigo”)

Muong: chàm

Vietnamese: chàm

→ Khmer: ត្រុំ (trom)

→ Zhuang: lamz

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡ·raːm): semantic 艸 (“grass”) + phonetic 監 (OC *kraːm, *kraːms).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-ram (“indigo”); cognate with Lepcha ᰛᰤᰨᰮ (ryom), Mru [script needed] (charam), Tibetan རམས (rams, “indigo”) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007; Hill, 2019). However, Laufer (1916) considers the Tibetan word to be borrowed from Chinese.
Schuessler (2007) considers this an areal word, possibly from Southeast Asia; cf. Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *taʀum (“indigo plant and dye”) (> Malay tarum).

cog

Burmese ခရမ်း (hka.ram:, “purple, violet”)

Blue is obtained from the indigo plant but is bluer than the plant itself.

青，取之於藍，而青於藍。

青，取之于蓝，而青于蓝。

Indigofera tinctoria
Indigofera tinctoria#Translingual

(HK politics) supportive of the Hong Kong Police Force and the Hong Kong government

藍絲

名藍／名蓝 ― mínglán

(literary) Short for 伽藍／伽蓝 (qiélán, “Buddhist temple”).

藍玉

蓝玉


草

/t͡sʰɑʊ̯²¹⁴/

/t͡sʰɑʊ̯²¹⁴/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 草 (kusa, “LOL”). See the Japanese entry for more information.
As an interjection, this term is easily confused with the native “fuck” sense above. To distinguish between the two senses, 中國語／中国语 (Zhōngguóyǔ, “Chinese”) and 日本語／日本语 (Rìběnyǔ, “Japanese”) are usually put in parentheses following the term to specify which sense is intended.

obor

屮
艸
𢂉
𦯑
𦯨
𦳕
𦷣
𦳱
騲

草（中日雙語）

草（中日双语）


蘭

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡ·raːn): semantic 艹 (“plant”) + phonetic 闌 (OC *ɡ·raːn).


韶

(obsolete) to carry forward; to carry on

(～州) (historical) Shao (a former prefecture of Guangdong, China)


餼

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰɯds): semantic 食 (“food”) + phonetic 氣 (OC *kʰɯds, *qʰɯds).


山葵

/ʂän⁵⁵ kʰu̯eɪ̯³⁵/

/saːn⁵⁵ kʷʰɐi̯²¹/

/ʂän⁵⁵ kʰu̯eɪ̯³⁵/

/saːn⁵⁵ kʷʰɐi̯²¹/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 山葵 (wasabi).

obor

Japanese horseradish
Japanese horseradish

wasabi: the Japanese horseradish (Eutrema japonicum, Wasabia japonica)


煙草

/jɛn⁵⁵ t͡sʰɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/iɛn⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰau⁵³/

/iɛn³³ t͡sʰau⁵⁵⁴/

/iɛn⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰau⁵³/

/iɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰau⁵³/

/iɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰau⁴¹/

/i⁵⁵ t͡sʰɔ²¹/

/jɛn⁵⁵ t͡sʰɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/iɛn⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰau⁵³/

/iɛn³³ t͡sʰau⁵⁵⁴/

/iɛn⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰau⁵³/

/iɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰau⁵³/

/iɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰau⁴¹/

/i⁵⁵ t͡sʰɔ²¹/

煙草製品

烟草制品


雪茄

/ɕy̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵/

/ɕy̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑɻ⁵⁵/

/syːt̚³ kʰaː⁵⁵/

/ɕiɪʔ³³ ɡa⁴⁴/

/ɕy̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵/

/ɕy̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑɻ⁵⁵/

/syːt̚³ kʰaː⁵⁵/

/ɕiɪʔ³³ ɡa⁴⁴/

Borrowed from English cigar via a Southern variety of Chinese.
Folk etymology commonly describes poet Xu Zhimo (1897–1931) as coining this translation in 1924, in a casual conversation with Rabindranath Tagore, on the grounds that the cigar is similar to lotus stem (茄) and the ash is similar to snow (雪). However, this term had already been used in 《出使英法義比四國日記續》, a late 19ᵗʰ century text, and Officialdom Unmasked, a 1903 novel.

lang

《出使英法義比四國日記續》

《出使英法義比四國日記續》

Officialdom Unmasked
Rabindranath Tagore
Xu Zhimo


水果

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ku̯ɔɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɵy̯³⁵ kʷɔː³⁵/

/sui²¹³⁻²⁴ ˈkuo²¹³/

/suei⁵³⁻¹¹ kuɤ⁵³/

/t͡sui³³⁻³⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾uo³³/

/t͡sui⁴⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ɒ⁴⁵³/

/t͡sui³³²⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ɒ³³²/

/t͡sui⁴⁵³⁻²¹ kɒ⁴⁵³/

/t͡sui³³²⁻²¹ kɒ³³²/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kə⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ko⁵³/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kɤ⁴¹/

/t͡sui⁵²⁻³⁵ kũẽ⁵²⁻²¹/

/sz̩ʷ⁵² ku³³/

/ɕy̯e̞i̯⁴¹ ko⁴¹/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ku̯ɔɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɵy̯³⁵ kʷɔː³⁵/

/sui²¹³⁻²⁴ ˈkuo²¹³/

/suei⁵³⁻¹¹ kuɤ⁵³/

/t͡sui³³⁻³⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾uo³³/

/t͡sui⁴⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ɒ⁴⁵³/

/t͡sui³³²⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ɒ³³²/

/t͡sui⁴⁵³⁻²¹ kɒ⁴⁵³/

/t͡sui³³²⁻²¹ kɒ³³²/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kə⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ko⁵³/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kɤ⁴¹/

/t͡sui⁵²⁻³⁵ kũẽ⁵²⁻²¹/

/sz̩ʷ⁵² ku³³/

/ɕy̯e̞i̯⁴¹ ko⁴¹/

時令水果

时令水果

水果的食用部分

fruit (a juicy or fleshy one, like an apple or banana)


西瓜

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (西瓜):
* → Japanese: 西瓜(すいか) (suika)
* → Korean: 서과(西瓜) (seogwa)

→ Brunei Malay: sikoi

→ English: xigua

→ Mongolian: шийгуа (šiigua)

→ Zhuang: sihgvah, sae'gva

/ɕi⁵⁵ ku̯ä⁵⁵/

/ɕi⁵⁵ g̊u̯ä²/

/si³¹⁻³³ kua³¹/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ kʷaː⁵⁵/

/ˈɕi⁴² kua⁴²/

/si²⁴⁻¹¹ ku̯a²⁴/

/sɛ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ua⁵⁵/

/si⁴⁴⁻²² kue⁴⁴/

/si⁴⁴⁻³³ kue⁴⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² kue⁴⁴/

/si⁴⁴⁻²² kua⁴⁴/

/si³³⁻²¹ kua³³/

/si³³⁻²³ kue³³/

/ɕi³³ ku̯a̠³³/

/ɕi⁵⁵ ku̯ä⁵⁵/

/ɕi⁵⁵ g̊u̯ä²/

/si³¹⁻³³ kua³¹/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ kʷaː⁵⁵/

/ˈɕi⁴² kua⁴²/

/si²⁴⁻¹¹ ku̯a²⁴/

/sɛ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ua⁵⁵/

/si⁴⁴⁻²² kue⁴⁴/

/si⁴⁴⁻³³ kue⁴⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² kue⁴⁴/

/si⁴⁴⁻²² kua⁴⁴/

/si³³⁻²¹ kua³³/

/si³³⁻²³ kue³³/

/ɕi³³ ku̯a̠³³/


大蒜

Sino-Xenic (大蒜):
* → Korean: 대산(大蒜) (daesan)

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ su̯än⁵¹/

/tʰaɪ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ sɔn⁵³/

/tai̯²¹⁻¹¹ sõ⁴⁵/

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ su̯än⁵¹/

/tʰaɪ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ sɔn⁵³/

/tai̯²¹⁻¹¹ sõ⁴⁵/

一瓣大蒜


蘋果

/pʰiŋ³⁵ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pʰĩ²⁴ ko¹¹/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ kʷɔː³⁵/

/pʰəŋ²¹ kɔ³⁵/

/pʰen²² kᵘɔ⁵⁵/

/pʰɪŋ⁴² kɔ²¹/

/pʰiŋ¹¹ kuɤ⁵³/

/piŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋuo³³/

/piŋ¹³⁻²¹ kɒ⁴⁵³/

/piŋ¹³⁻²¹ kɒ³³²/

/pʰeŋ²³⁻²¹ ko⁴⁴⁵/

/pʰiɪŋ²⁴⁻¹² ko⁵³/

/pʰeŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ko⁴²/

/pʰiɪŋ¹³⁻²² ko⁵³/

/pʰiɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ko⁵³/

/pʰiɪŋ²⁴⁻²² kɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/pʰiaŋ²⁴⁻²² ko⁵³/

/pʰiaŋ²⁴⁻²² kɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/pʰɔŋ³³⁻²¹ kɤ⁴¹/

/pʰɔŋ²⁴⁻²² ko⁵⁵/

/pʰɔŋ²⁴⁻³³ ko⁵³/

/pʰɔŋ²⁴⁻³³ kɤ⁵³/

/piɪŋ²³⁻³³ kɤ⁴¹/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ko⁵³/

/pin²⁴⁻¹¹ ko⁵³/

/pin²³⁻³³ kɤ⁴¹/

/pɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ko⁵³/

/pɔŋ²³⁻³³ kɤ⁴¹/

/pʰeŋ²⁴⁻²¹ kue⁴²/

/pʰeŋ²⁴⁻²¹ kə⁴²/

/pʰiŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kue⁵²/

/pʰiŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kũẽ⁵²/

/pʰeŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kue⁵²/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ ko³³/

/biŋ²² kəu⁵¹/

/piŋ³³ kuɤ⁵³⁵/

/bin¹³ kɔ⁴²⁻¹/

/pʰiŋ³⁵ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pʰĩ²⁴ ko¹¹/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ kʷɔː³⁵/

/pʰəŋ²¹ kɔ³⁵/

/pʰen²² kᵘɔ⁵⁵/

/pʰɪŋ⁴² kɔ²¹/

/pʰiŋ¹¹ kuɤ⁵³/

/piŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋuo³³/

/piŋ¹³⁻²¹ kɒ⁴⁵³/

/piŋ¹³⁻²¹ kɒ³³²/

/pʰeŋ²³⁻²¹ ko⁴⁴⁵/

/pʰiɪŋ²⁴⁻¹² ko⁵³/

/pʰeŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ko⁴²/

/pʰiɪŋ¹³⁻²² ko⁵³/

/pʰiɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ko⁵³/

/pʰiɪŋ²⁴⁻²² kɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/pʰiaŋ²⁴⁻²² ko⁵³/

/pʰiaŋ²⁴⁻²² kɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/pʰɔŋ³³⁻²¹ kɤ⁴¹/

/pʰɔŋ²⁴⁻²² ko⁵⁵/

/pʰɔŋ²⁴⁻³³ ko⁵³/

/pʰɔŋ²⁴⁻³³ kɤ⁵³/

/piɪŋ²³⁻³³ kɤ⁴¹/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ko⁵³/

/pin²⁴⁻¹¹ ko⁵³/

/pin²³⁻³³ kɤ⁴¹/

/pɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ko⁵³/

/pɔŋ²³⁻³³ kɤ⁴¹/

/pʰeŋ²⁴⁻²¹ kue⁴²/

/pʰeŋ²⁴⁻²¹ kə⁴²/

/pʰiŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kue⁵²/

/pʰiŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kũẽ⁵²/

/pʰeŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kue⁵²/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ ko³³/

/biŋ²² kəu⁵¹/

/piŋ³³ kuɤ⁵³⁵/

/bin¹³ kɔ⁴²⁻¹/

From abbreviation of the Sanskrit transcription 頻婆 + native Chinese 果 (“fruit”).
A 艹 (“grass”) radical was added to 頻 to make its meaning more apparent. See 頻婆 for more.


檸檬香茅

ㄋㄧㄥˊ ㄇㄥˊ ㄒㄧㄤ ㄇㄠˊ

нинмэн сянмао

/niŋ³⁵ mɤŋ³⁵ ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ mɑʊ̯³⁵/

/niŋ³⁵ mɤŋ³⁵ ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ mɑʊ̯³⁵/


柑橘

/kän⁵⁵ t͡ɕy³⁵/

/kɐm⁵⁵ kʷɐt̚⁵/

/kam⁴⁴⁻²² kiɛt̚³²/

/kam⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɛt̚³²/

/kam⁴⁴⁻²² kit̚³²/

/kän⁵⁵ t͡ɕy³⁵/

/kɐm⁵⁵ kʷɐt̚⁵/

/kam⁴⁴⁻²² kiɛt̚³²/

/kam⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɛt̚³²/

/kam⁴⁴⁻²² kit̚³²/


芥蘭

desc

English: kailan, gailan, gai-lan, kai-lan

Burmese: ကိုက်လန် (kuiklan)

Vietnamese: cải làn

Indonesian: kailan

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹ län³⁵/

/kaɪ̯⁵¹ län³⁵/

/kaːi̯³³ laːn²¹⁻³⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹ län³⁵/

/kaɪ̯⁵¹ län³⁵/

/kaːi̯³³ laːn²¹⁻³⁵/


金橘

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ t͡ɕy³⁵/

/kɐm⁵⁵ kʷɐt̚⁵/

/kɐm⁵⁵ kɐt̚⁵/

/t͡ɕiŋ¹¹ t͡ɕyəʔ²/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² kit̚³²/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² kit̚³²/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ kit̚³²/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ kit̚³²/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ t͡ɕy³⁵/

/kɐm⁵⁵ kʷɐt̚⁵/

/kɐm⁵⁵ kɐt̚⁵/

/t͡ɕiŋ¹¹ t͡ɕyəʔ²/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² kit̚³²/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² kit̚³²/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ kit̚³²/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ kit̚³²/


柚子

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (柚子):
* → Japanese: 柚子(ゆず) (yuzu)
* → Korean: 유자(柚子) (yuja)

/joʊ̯⁵¹ d͡z̥z̩¹/

/jɐu̯²²⁻³⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

/iəu⁴⁵ t͡səʔ⁴/

/i̯əu̯⁴⁵ t͡sz̩³/

/joʊ̯⁵¹ d͡z̥z̩¹/

/jɐu̯²²⁻³⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

/iəu⁴⁵ t͡səʔ⁴/

/i̯əu̯⁴⁵ t͡sz̩³/


桂花

/ku̯eɪ̯⁵¹ xu̯ä⁵⁵/

/kʷɐi̯³³ faː⁵⁵/

/kui⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ hue³³/

/kui²¹³⁻⁵⁵ hue³³/

/ku̯eɪ̯⁵¹ xu̯ä⁵⁵/

/kʷɐi̯³³ faː⁵⁵/

/kui⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ hue³³/

/kui²¹³⁻⁵⁵ hue³³/

Adaptation of 桂 (guì) to distinguish the osmanthus from the 肉桂 (ròuguì, “cassia; Chinese cinnamon”).

Osmanthus fragrans
Osmanthus fragrans#Translingual


菊花

Sino-Xenic (菊花):
* → Japanese: 菊(きく)花(か) (kikuka); 菊(きっ)花(か) (kikka)
* → Korean: 국화(菊花) (gukhwa)

→ Lü: ᦋᦲᧉᦩᦱᧈ (tsii²xwaa¹) (via Mandarin)

→ Malay: kékwa (via Hokkien)

→ Thai: เก๊กฮวย (géek-huai) (via Teochew)

/t͡ɕy³⁵ xu̯ä⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕy³⁵ xu̯ɑɻ⁵⁵/

/kʊk̚⁵ faː⁵⁵/

/ˈt͡ɕiuʔ⁵ fa⁴²/

/t͡ɕyəʔ²⁻⁵⁴ xua¹¹/

/kyʔ²⁴⁻²¹ hua⁵⁵/

/kiɔk̚³²⁻⁴ hue⁴⁴/

/kiɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ hue³³/

/kiɔk̚³²⁻⁵ hua⁴⁴/

/kiɔk̚³²⁻⁴ hua⁴⁴/

/kiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ hue⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕyɪʔ³³ ho⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕioʔ³³ ho⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕy²⁴ ɸa̠³³/

/t͡ɕi̯ʊ¹³ xɔ⁴⁴⁻³³/

/t͡ɕy¹¹ fä⁴⁴⁵/

/t͡ɕy³⁵ xu̯ä⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕy³⁵ xu̯ɑɻ⁵⁵/

/kʊk̚⁵ faː⁵⁵/

/ˈt͡ɕiuʔ⁵ fa⁴²/

/t͡ɕyəʔ²⁻⁵⁴ xua¹¹/

/kyʔ²⁴⁻²¹ hua⁵⁵/

/kiɔk̚³²⁻⁴ hue⁴⁴/

/kiɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ hue³³/

/kiɔk̚³²⁻⁵ hua⁴⁴/

/kiɔk̚³²⁻⁴ hua⁴⁴/

/kiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ hue⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕyɪʔ³³ ho⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕioʔ³³ ho⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕy²⁴ ɸa̠³³/

/t͡ɕi̯ʊ¹³ xɔ⁴⁴⁻³³/

/t͡ɕy¹¹ fä⁴⁴⁵/

chrysanthemum (plant or flower)
Chrysanthemum × morifolium


茄子

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛ³⁵ d͡z̥z̩³/

/kʰɛː²¹⁻³⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

/t͡ɕʰia²⁴ t͡sz̩²/

/t͡ɕʰie¹¹ t͡səʔ²/

/ɡa²² t͡sz̩⁴⁴/

/d͡ʑia²² t͡sz̩⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯e̞¹³ t͡sz̩³/

/t͡ɕi̯a̠¹³ t͡sz̩³/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛ³⁵ d͡z̥z̩³/

/kʰɛː²¹⁻³⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

/t͡ɕʰia²⁴ t͡sz̩²/

/t͡ɕʰie¹¹ t͡səʔ²/

/ɡa²² t͡sz̩⁴⁴/

/d͡ʑia²² t͡sz̩⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯e̞¹³ t͡sz̩³/

/t͡ɕi̯a̠¹³ t͡sz̩³/

eggplant; aubergine (Classifier: 根 m; 條／条 m c; 個／个 m c; 隻／只 m c)


佛手瓜

/fu̯ɔ³⁵ ʂoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ku̯ä⁵⁵/

/fɐt̚² sɐu̯³⁵ kʷaː⁵⁵/

/hut̚⁴⁻³² t͡sʰiu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kue⁴⁴/

/hut̚⁴⁻³² t͡sʰiu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kue⁴⁴/

/hut̚⁴³⁻²¹ t͡sʰiu⁴²⁻²⁴ kue⁴⁴/

/put̚⁴⁻³² t͡sʰiu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kue⁴⁴/

/put̚⁴⁻³² t͡sʰiu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kue⁴⁴/

/put̚⁴³⁻²¹ t͡sʰiu⁴²⁻²⁴ kue⁴⁴/

/hut̚⁴⁻³² siu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kue⁴⁴/

/hut̚⁴⁻³² siu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kue⁴⁴/

/hut̚⁴⁻³ t͡sʰiu⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ kua³³/

/fu̯ɔ³⁵ ʂoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ku̯ä⁵⁵/

/fɐt̚² sɐu̯³⁵ kʷaː⁵⁵/

/hut̚⁴⁻³² t͡sʰiu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kue⁴⁴/

/hut̚⁴⁻³² t͡sʰiu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kue⁴⁴/

/hut̚⁴³⁻²¹ t͡sʰiu⁴²⁻²⁴ kue⁴⁴/

/put̚⁴⁻³² t͡sʰiu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kue⁴⁴/

/put̚⁴⁻³² t͡sʰiu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kue⁴⁴/

/put̚⁴³⁻²¹ t͡sʰiu⁴²⁻²⁴ kue⁴⁴/

/hut̚⁴⁻³² siu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kue⁴⁴/

/hut̚⁴⁻³² siu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kue⁴⁴/

/hut̚⁴⁻³ t͡sʰiu⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ kua³³/


紅棗

/xʊŋ³⁵ t͡sɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hʊŋ²¹ t͡sou̯³⁵/

/hɵŋ²² tau⁵⁵/

/fʊŋ¹¹ t͡sau³¹/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²¹ t͡so⁴²/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡so⁵³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡so⁵³/

/aŋ¹³⁻²² t͡so⁵³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡so⁵⁵⁴/

/aŋ²³⁻³³ t͡sɤ⁴¹/

/aŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡so⁵²/

/ɦoŋ²² t͡sɔ⁴⁴/

/xʊŋ³⁵ t͡sɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hʊŋ²¹ t͡sou̯³⁵/

/hɵŋ²² tau⁵⁵/

/fʊŋ¹¹ t͡sau³¹/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²¹ t͡so⁴²/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡so⁵³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡so⁵³/

/aŋ¹³⁻²² t͡so⁵³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡so⁵⁵⁴/

/aŋ²³⁻³³ t͡sɤ⁴¹/

/aŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡so⁵²/

/ɦoŋ²² t͡sɔ⁴⁴/

Ziziphus jujuba
Ziziphus jujuba#Translingual


八角

/pä⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/paːt̚³ kɔːk̚³/

/pat̚⁵⁵ kɔk̚⁵⁵/

/pɛiʔ²⁴⁻⁵⁵ kɔyʔ²⁴/

/pe(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ kak̚³²/

/pe(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ kak̚³²/

/pä⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/paːt̚³ kɔːk̚³/

/pat̚⁵⁵ kɔk̚⁵⁵/

/pɛiʔ²⁴⁻⁵⁵ kɔyʔ²⁴/

/pe(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ kak̚³²/

/pe(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ kak̚³²/

Illicium verum
Illicium verum#Translingual


香蕉

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/ɕiɑŋ²⁴ t͡ɕiɔː²⁴/

/hœːŋ⁵⁵ t͡siːu̯⁵⁵/

/ɕiɔŋ⁴² ˈt͡ɕiɛu⁴²/

/ɕiɒ̃¹¹ t͡ɕiau¹¹/

/hiũ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sio⁴⁴/

/hiũ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siɤ⁴⁴/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sio⁴⁴/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siɤ⁴⁴/

/ɕiã⁵⁵ t͡ɕiɔ²¹/

/ɕi̯æn³³ t͡ɕi̯ɒu̯³³/

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/ɕiɑŋ²⁴ t͡ɕiɔː²⁴/

/hœːŋ⁵⁵ t͡siːu̯⁵⁵/

/ɕiɔŋ⁴² ˈt͡ɕiɛu⁴²/

/ɕiɒ̃¹¹ t͡ɕiau¹¹/

/hiũ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sio⁴⁴/

/hiũ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siɤ⁴⁴/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sio⁴⁴/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siɤ⁴⁴/

/ɕiã⁵⁵ t͡ɕiɔ²¹/

/ɕi̯æn³³ t͡ɕi̯ɒu̯³³/

香蕉熟了沒？

香蕉熟了没？

banana (fruit) (Classifier: 隻／只 m c; 根 m; 條／条 m c; 串 m; 梳 c)


材木

/t͡sʰaɪ̯³⁵ mu⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɔːi̯²¹ mʊk̚²/

/t͡sʰaɪ̯³⁵ mu⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɔːi̯²¹ mʊk̚²/


野菜

/jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/i̯a²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰoi̯⁵⁵/

/(j)i̯a²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰoi̯⁵⁵/

/ia⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰai⁴¹/

/ia⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰai²¹/

/jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/i̯a²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰoi̯⁵⁵/

/(j)i̯a²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰoi̯⁵⁵/

/ia⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰai⁴¹/

/ia⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰai²¹/


水稻

Sino-Xenic (水稻):
* → Japanese: 水稲(すいとう) (suitō)
* → Korean: 수도(水稻) (sudo)

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ tɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/sɵy̯³⁵ tou̯²²/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tiu⁴¹/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ tɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/sɵy̯³⁵ tou̯²²/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tiu⁴¹/

雜交水稻

杂交水稻


勿忘草

/u⁵¹⁻⁵³ wɑŋ⁵¹ t͡sʰɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mɐt̚² mɔːŋ²¹ t͡sʰou̯³⁵/

/u⁵¹⁻⁵³ wɑŋ⁵¹ t͡sʰɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mɐt̚² mɔːŋ²¹ t͡sʰou̯³⁵/


高粱

→ Russian: гаолян (gaoljan)

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ li̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ li̯ɑŋ²/

/kou̯⁵⁵ lœːŋ²¹/

/kau⁴⁴⁻³³ liaŋ²⁴/

/kau⁴⁴⁻²² liaŋ¹³/

/kau⁴⁴⁻³³ liaŋ²³/

/kau⁴⁴⁻²² liaŋ²⁴/

/kɔ³³ liɔŋ²⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² liɔŋ²⁴/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ liaŋ²³/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² liaŋ¹³/

/ko⁴⁴⁻³³ liaŋ²⁴/

/kau³³⁻²³ liaŋ⁵⁵/

/kɔ⁵⁵ liã²¹/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ li̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ li̯ɑŋ²/

/kou̯⁵⁵ lœːŋ²¹/

/kau⁴⁴⁻³³ liaŋ²⁴/

/kau⁴⁴⁻²² liaŋ¹³/

/kau⁴⁴⁻³³ liaŋ²³/

/kau⁴⁴⁻²² liaŋ²⁴/

/kɔ³³ liɔŋ²⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² liɔŋ²⁴/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ liaŋ²³/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² liaŋ¹³/

/ko⁴⁴⁻³³ liaŋ²⁴/

/kau³³⁻²³ liaŋ⁵⁵/

/kɔ⁵⁵ liã²¹/

Short for 高粱酒 (gāoliángjiǔ, “sorghum liquor; kaoliang”).


蜜柑

/mɐt̚² kɐm⁵⁵/

/bit̚¹²¹⁻²¹ kam⁴⁴/

/mɐt̚² kɐm⁵⁵/

/bit̚¹²¹⁻²¹ kam⁴⁴/


林檎

/lin²¹⁻⁴¹ ɡɔ²¹/

/lin²¹⁻⁵³ ɡɔ²¹/

/lim²³⁻³³ kʰim²³/

/lim²⁴⁻¹¹ kʰim²⁴/

/lin²¹⁻⁴¹ ɡɔ²¹/

/lin²¹⁻⁵³ ɡɔ²¹/

/lim²³⁻³³ kʰim²³/

/lim²⁴⁻¹¹ kʰim²⁴/

Borrowed from Japanese 林檎 (ringo), from Middle Chinese 林檎 (MC lim gim).


薔薇

Sino-Xenic (薔薇):
* → Japanese: 薔薇(しょうび) (shōbi); 薔薇(そうび) (sōbi)
* → Korean: 장미(薔薇) (jangmi)
* → Vietnamese: tường vi (薔薇)

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɑŋ³⁵ weɪ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɑŋ³⁵ weɪ̯³⁵/

/t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ mei̯²¹/

/t͡sʰiɔŋ²³⁻³³ bi²³/

/t͡sʰiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² bi²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ bi²⁴/

/t͡sʰiũ²⁴⁻¹¹ bi²⁴/

/t͡sʰiũ²³⁻³³ bi²³/

/ʑiã²² vi⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɑŋ³⁵ weɪ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɑŋ³⁵ weɪ̯³⁵/

/t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ mei̯²¹/

/t͡sʰiɔŋ²³⁻³³ bi²³/

/t͡sʰiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² bi²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ bi²⁴/

/t͡sʰiũ²⁴⁻¹¹ bi²⁴/

/t͡sʰiũ²³⁻³³ bi²³/

/ʑiã²² vi⁴⁴/

(botany) rose, especially multiflora rose


青花菜

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɛːŋ⁵⁵ faː⁵⁵ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/

/t͡sʰi̯aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ fa²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰoi̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰẽ⁴⁴⁻³³ hue⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰai²¹/

/t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ hue⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰai¹¹/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɛːŋ⁵⁵ faː⁵⁵ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/

/t͡sʰi̯aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ fa²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰoi̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰẽ⁴⁴⁻³³ hue⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰai²¹/

/t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ hue⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰai¹¹/


牛油果

ㄋㄧㄡˊ ㄧㄡˊ ㄍㄨㄛˇ

/ni̯oʊ̯³⁵ joʊ̯³⁵ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

ㄋㄧㄡˊ ㄧㄡˊ ㄍㄨㄛˇㄦ

/ni̯oʊ̯³⁵ joʊ̯³⁵ ku̯ɔɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ŋɐu̯²¹ jɐu̯²¹ kʷɔː³⁵/

/ni̯oʊ̯³⁵ joʊ̯³⁵ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ni̯oʊ̯³⁵ joʊ̯³⁵ ku̯ɔɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ŋɐu̯²¹ jɐu̯²¹ kʷɔː³⁵/

Possibly a calque of English butter fruit.


鱷梨

/ŋɔːk̚² lei̯²¹/

/ŋɔːk̚² lei̯²¹/

(chiefly Mainland China, Singapore) avocado


益智

/i⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/jɪk̚⁵ t͡siː³³/

/iɪk̚³²⁻⁴ ti²¹/

/iɪk̚⁵⁻²⁴ ti⁴¹/

/iɪk̚³²⁻⁵ ti²¹/

/iɪk̚³²⁻⁴ ti¹¹/

/iɪk̚³²⁻⁴ ti²¹/

/i⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/jɪk̚⁵ t͡siː³³/

/iɪk̚³²⁻⁴ ti²¹/

/iɪk̚⁵⁻²⁴ ti⁴¹/

/iɪk̚³²⁻⁵ ti²¹/

/iɪk̚³²⁻⁴ ti¹¹/

/iɪk̚³²⁻⁴ ti²¹/


仙人掌

сяньжэньчжан

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ʐən³⁵ ʈ͡ʂɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ɕiɛn⁵⁵ zən²¹ t͡saŋ⁵³/

/siːn⁵⁵ jɐn²¹ t͡sœːŋ³⁵/

/ɕiɛn⁴² lɨn² t͡sɔŋ²¹³/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻³⁵ ŋin¹¹ t͡sɔŋ³¹/

/ɕie¹¹ ʐəŋ¹¹ t͡sɒ̃⁵³/

/sieŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ^((Ø-))ŋiŋ⁵³⁻³³ ^((t͡s-))ʒuoŋ³³/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ zin²³⁻³³ t͡siɔŋ⁴¹/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻²² lin²⁴⁻²¹ t͡siɔŋ⁴²/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ lin²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siɔŋ⁵³/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ zin²³⁻³³ t͡siaŋ⁴¹/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ lin²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siaŋ⁵³/

/siaŋ³³⁻²³ naŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sĩõ⁵²/

/ɕi⁵⁵ n̠ʲin³³ t͡sɑ̃²¹/

/si̯ẽ³³ ʐən¹³ ʈ͡ʂan⁴¹/

/ɕi̯ẽ³³ ʐən¹³ t͡san⁴¹/

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ʐən³⁵ ʈ͡ʂɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ɕiɛn⁵⁵ zən²¹ t͡saŋ⁵³/

/siːn⁵⁵ jɐn²¹ t͡sœːŋ³⁵/

/ɕiɛn⁴² lɨn² t͡sɔŋ²¹³/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻³⁵ ŋin¹¹ t͡sɔŋ³¹/

/ɕie¹¹ ʐəŋ¹¹ t͡sɒ̃⁵³/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ zin²³⁻³³ t͡siɔŋ⁴¹/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻²² lin²⁴⁻²¹ t͡siɔŋ⁴²/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ lin²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siɔŋ⁵³/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ zin²³⁻³³ t͡siaŋ⁴¹/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ lin²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siaŋ⁵³/

/siaŋ³³⁻²³ naŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sĩõ⁵²/

/ɕi⁵⁵ n̠ʲin³³ t͡sɑ̃²¹/

/si̯ẽ³³ ʐən¹³ ʈ͡ʂan⁴¹/

/ɕi̯ẽ³³ ʐən¹³ t͡san⁴¹/


菠菜

/pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/pɔː⁵⁵ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/

/ˈpo⁴² t͡sʰai²¹³/

/po⁴⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sʰoɪ⁵³/

/po⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰai²¹/

/pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/pɔː⁵⁵ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/

/ˈpo⁴² t͡sʰai²¹³/

/po⁴⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sʰoɪ⁵³/

/po⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰai²¹/

From earlier 波斯菜 (bōsīcài), from 波斯 (Bōsī, “Persia”) + 菜 (cài, “greens, vegetable”). Alternatively, short for 菠薐菜 (bōléngcài). Compare the etymology of English spinach.

zh-l

波斯菜 (bōsīcài)

I never eat spinach. I just don't like the taste.

Wǒ cóngbù chī bōcài. Wǒ jiùshì bù xǐhuān nà wèir.

我從不吃菠菜。我就是不喜歡那味兒。

我从不吃菠菜。我就是不喜欢那味儿。


雪梨

/ɕy̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ li³⁵/

/ɕy̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ li³⁵/

Borrowed from English Sydney, via Cantonese.

Soat-lê sī Ò-chiu siōng tōa ê siâⁿ-chhī.

雪梨是澳洲上大的城市。

1891, 薛福成 [Xue Fucheng], 出使英法義比四國日記, volume 3, page 24:

Xuělí Yuè shāng èrshíjiǔ jiā, Huárén shāng gōng gòng sì qiān, qí zài nèidì kāi diàn jí Zhǒngzhí zhě yì liù qiān yú. Qí kēzhèng yóu wúlǐ zhě, huá shāng yóu Xuělí wǎng Měilìbīn, yòu xū zhòng shōu shēnshuì shí bàng.

雪梨粵商二十九家，華人商工共四千，其在內地開店及種植者亦六千餘。其苛政尤無理者，華商由雪梨往美利濱，又須重收身稅十磅。

雪梨粤商二十九家，华人商工共四千，其在内地开店及种植者亦六千余。其苛政尤无理者，华商由雪梨往美利滨，又须重收身税十磅。

(chiefly Taiwan, dated elsewhere) Sydney (a city in New South Wales, Australia)


大麻

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (大麻):
* → Japanese: 大(たい)麻(ま) (taima)
* → Korean: 대마(大麻) (daema)

/taːi̯²² maː²¹/

/tua²²⁻²¹ muã²⁴/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² muã²⁴/

/tua²²⁻²¹ muã¹³/

/tua³³⁻¹¹ muã²⁴/

/tua³³⁻²¹ muã²³/

/taːi̯²² maː²¹/

/tua²²⁻²¹ muã²⁴/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² muã²⁴/

/tua²²⁻²¹ muã¹³/

/tua³³⁻¹¹ muã²⁴/

/tua³³⁻²¹ muã²³/

/taːi̯²² maː²¹/

Cannabis sativa
Cannabis sativa#Translingual


大麻

/taːi̯²² maː²¹/

/tua²²⁻²¹ muã²⁴/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² muã²⁴/

/tua²²⁻²¹ muã¹³/

/tua³³⁻¹¹ muã²⁴/

/tua³³⁻²¹ muã²³/

/taːi̯²² maː²¹/

/tua²²⁻²¹ muã²⁴/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² muã²⁴/

/tua²²⁻²¹ muã¹³/

/tua³³⁻¹¹ muã²⁴/

/tua³³⁻²¹ muã²³/

/taːi̯²² maː²¹/

(～鎮) Dama (a town in Dabu, Meizhou, Guangdong)

(～鎮) Dama (a town in Tongxiang, Jiaxing, Zhejiang)


夏南瓜

ㄒㄧㄚˋ ㄋㄢˊ ㄍㄨㄚ

/ɕi̯ä⁵¹ nän³⁵ ku̯ä⁵⁵/

/haː²² naːm²¹ kʷaː⁵⁵/

/ɕi̯ä⁵¹ nän³⁵ ku̯ä⁵⁵/

/haː²² naːm²¹ kʷaː⁵⁵/


仙人掌果

ㄒㄧㄢ ㄖㄣˊ ㄓㄤˇ ㄍㄨㄛˇ

сяньжэньчжанго

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ʐən³⁵ ʈ͡ʂɑŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/siːn⁵⁵ jɐn²¹ t͡sœːŋ³⁵ kʷɔː³⁵/

/siːn⁵⁵ jɐn²¹ t͡sœːŋ³⁵ kʷɔː³⁵/


玫瑰

/meɪ̯³⁵ g̊u̯eɪ̯³/

/meɪ̯³⁵ ku̯eɪ̯⁵⁵/

/meɪ̯³⁵ ku̯eɪ̯⁵¹/

/muːi̯²¹ kʷɐi̯³³/

/mui⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ui²¹³/

/muĩ²³⁻³³ kui²¹/

/muĩ²⁴⁻²² kui²¹/

/muĩ²⁴⁻²² kui⁴¹/

/muĩ²⁴⁻¹¹ kui¹¹/

/muẽ²⁴⁻³³ kui²¹/

/buŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kui²¹³/

/meɪ̯³⁵ g̊u̯eɪ̯³/

/meɪ̯³⁵ ku̯eɪ̯⁵⁵/

/meɪ̯³⁵ ku̯eɪ̯⁵¹/

/muːi̯²¹ kʷɐi̯³³/

/mui⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ui²¹³/

/muĩ²³⁻³³ kui²¹/

/muĩ²⁴⁻²² kui²¹/

/muĩ²⁴⁻²² kui⁴¹/

/muĩ²⁴⁻¹¹ kui¹¹/

/muẽ²⁴⁻³³ kui²¹/

/buŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kui²¹³/

Appears to refer to a kind of (red) jade originally, as suggested by the semantic parts of the individual characters and the explanations in Shuowen.
Cognate with 梅槐 (“a tree similar to 薔薇”). Other potential cognates include 茅蒐 (máosōu, “a red plant dye; madder”) and 韎韐／韎𱂆 (“red madder-dyed knee covers”).


水仙

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/sɵy̯³⁵ siːn⁵⁵/

/t͡sui³³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lieŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɛn⁴⁴/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ siɛn³³/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɛn⁴⁴/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɛn⁴⁴/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ siɛn⁴⁴/

/sz̩³³ ɕi⁴⁴/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/sɵy̯³⁵ siːn⁵⁵/

/t͡sui³³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lieŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɛn⁴⁴/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ siɛn³³/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɛn⁴⁴/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɛn⁴⁴/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ siɛn⁴⁴/

/sz̩³³ ɕi⁴⁴/

(～屬) narcissus (any of several bulbous flowering plants of the genus Narcissus)


花椒

→ Manchu: ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠵᡳᠶᠣᠣ (hūwajiyoo)

/xu̯ä⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/faː⁵⁵ t͡siːu̯⁵⁵/

/ˈfa⁴² t͡ɕiɛu⁴²/

/hua⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siɤ⁴⁴/

/ho⁵⁵ t͡ɕiɔ²¹/

/ɸa̠³³ t͡si̯ɒu̯³³/

/ɸa̠³³ t͡ɕi̯ɒu̯³³/

/xu̯ä⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/faː⁵⁵ t͡siːu̯⁵⁵/

/ˈfa⁴² t͡ɕiɛu⁴²/

/hua⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siɤ⁴⁴/

/ho⁵⁵ t͡ɕiɔ²¹/

/ɸa̠³³ t͡si̯ɒu̯³³/

/ɸa̠³³ t͡ɕi̯ɒu̯³³/

Sichuan pepper; prickly ash (species in the genus Zanthoxylum)


孤挺花

/ku⁵⁵ tʰiŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ xu̯ä⁵⁵/

/ku⁵⁵ tʰiŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ xu̯ä⁵⁵/


蓮花

/li̯ɛn³⁵ xu̯ä⁵⁵/

/li̯ɛn³⁵ xu̯ɑɻ⁵⁵/

/nø¹³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ua⁵³³/

/ny¹³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ua⁵³³/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²¹ hue⁴⁴/

/liɛn²³⁻³³ hue⁴⁴/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²² hue⁴⁴/

/liɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ hue⁴⁴/

/nuĩ²⁴⁻²² hue³³/

/liɛn¹³⁻²² hua⁴⁴/

/nõĩ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hue³³/

/li̯ɛn³⁵ xu̯ä⁵⁵/

/li̯ɛn³⁵ xu̯ɑɻ⁵⁵/

/nø¹³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ua⁵³³/

/ny¹³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ua⁵³³/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²¹ hue⁴⁴/

/liɛn²³⁻³³ hue⁴⁴/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²² hue⁴⁴/

/liɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ hue⁴⁴/

/nuĩ²⁴⁻²² hue³³/

/liɛn¹³⁻²² hua⁴⁴/

/nõĩ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hue³³/

蓮花池

莲花池

Nelumbo nucifera
Nelumbo nucifera#Translingual


蓮花

/li̯ɛn³⁵ xu̯ä⁵⁵/

/li̯ɛn³⁵ xu̯ɑɻ⁵⁵/

/nø¹³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ua⁵³³/

/ny¹³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ua⁵³³/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²¹ hue⁴⁴/

/liɛn²³⁻³³ hue⁴⁴/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²² hue⁴⁴/

/liɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ hue⁴⁴/

/nuĩ²⁴⁻²² hue³³/

/liɛn¹³⁻²² hua⁴⁴/

/nõĩ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hue³³/

/li̯ɛn³⁵ xu̯ä⁵⁵/

/li̯ɛn³⁵ xu̯ɑɻ⁵⁵/

/nø¹³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ua⁵³³/

/ny¹³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ua⁵³³/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²¹ hue⁴⁴/

/liɛn²³⁻³³ hue⁴⁴/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²² hue⁴⁴/

/liɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ hue⁴⁴/

/nuĩ²⁴⁻²² hue³³/

/liɛn¹³⁻²² hua⁴⁴/

/nõĩ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hue³³/

(～縣) Lianhua (a county of Pingxiang, Jiangxi, China)

(～村) Lianhua (a village in Wenquan, Yingshan, Huanggang, Hubei, China)


黃豆

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ toʊ̯⁵¹/

/wɔːŋ²¹ tɐu̯²²⁻³⁵/

/ʋɔŋ¹¹ tʰeu⁵³/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ tau³³/

/ŋ̍²³⁻³³ tau³³/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻²² tau²²/

/ŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tau¹¹/

/ɦuɑ̃²² dɤ⁴⁴/

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ toʊ̯⁵¹/

/wɔːŋ²¹ tɐu̯²²⁻³⁵/

/ʋɔŋ¹¹ tʰeu⁵³/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ tau³³/

/ŋ̍²³⁻³³ tau³³/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻²² tau²²/

/ŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tau¹¹/

/ɦuɑ̃²² dɤ⁴⁴/


蘭花

/län³⁵ xu̯ä⁵⁵/

/l̃aŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua⁵⁵/

/laŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hue³³/

/län³⁵ xu̯ä⁵⁵/

/l̃aŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua⁵⁵/

/laŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hue³³/


茉莉花

/mu̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹ xu̯ä⁵⁵/

/mu̯ɔ⁵¹ li¹ xu̯ä⁵⁵/

/muːt̚² lei̯²²⁻³⁵ faː⁵⁵/

/møyʔ⁵⁻²¹ l̃i²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ua⁵⁵/

/mɛiʔ⁵⁻²¹ l̃i²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ua⁵⁵/

/ba²²⁻²¹ li²²⁻²¹ hue⁴⁴/

/ba⁴¹⁻²² li⁴¹⁻²² hue³³/

/bak̚⁴⁻³² nĩ³³⁻¹¹ hue⁴⁴/

/bak̚⁴⁻³² nĩ²²⁻²¹ hue⁴⁴/

/bak̚⁴⁻³² nĩ³³⁻²¹ hue⁴⁴/

/baŋ²²⁻²¹ nĩ²²⁻²¹ hue⁴⁴/

/baŋ³³⁻¹¹ nĩ³³⁻¹¹ hue⁴⁴/

/baŋ³³⁻²¹ nĩ³³⁻²¹ hue⁴⁴/

/bau²²⁻²¹ mĩ²²⁻²¹ hua⁴⁴/

/bak̚⁴⁻² li³⁵⁻¹¹ hue³³/

/mak̚⁴⁻² li³⁵⁻¹¹ hue³³/

/muek̚⁴⁻² li³⁵⁻¹¹ hue³³/

/məʔ¹¹ li²² ho²³/

/məʔ²² li⁵² ho³³/

/mo²⁴ li⁴⁵ ɸa̠³³/

/mu̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹ xu̯ä⁵⁵/

/mu̯ɔ⁵¹ li¹ xu̯ä⁵⁵/

/muːt̚² lei̯²²⁻³⁵ faː⁵⁵/

/møyʔ⁵⁻²¹ l̃i²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ua⁵⁵/

/mɛiʔ⁵⁻²¹ l̃i²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ua⁵⁵/

/ba²²⁻²¹ li²²⁻²¹ hue⁴⁴/

/ba⁴¹⁻²² li⁴¹⁻²² hue³³/

/bak̚⁴⁻³² nĩ³³⁻¹¹ hue⁴⁴/

/bak̚⁴⁻³² nĩ²²⁻²¹ hue⁴⁴/

/bak̚⁴⁻³² nĩ³³⁻²¹ hue⁴⁴/

/baŋ²²⁻²¹ nĩ²²⁻²¹ hue⁴⁴/

/baŋ³³⁻¹¹ nĩ³³⁻¹¹ hue⁴⁴/

/baŋ³³⁻²¹ nĩ³³⁻²¹ hue⁴⁴/

/bau²²⁻²¹ mĩ²²⁻²¹ hua⁴⁴/

/bak̚⁴⁻² li³⁵⁻¹¹ hue³³/

/mak̚⁴⁻² li³⁵⁻¹¹ hue³³/

/muek̚⁴⁻² li³⁵⁻¹¹ hue³³/

[with the first character as well in literary reading]

/məʔ¹¹ li²² ho²³/

/məʔ²² li⁵² ho³³/

/mo²⁴ li⁴⁵ ɸa̠³³/

好一朵美麗的茉莉花。

好一朵美丽的茉莉花。

Jasminum sambac
Jasminum sambac#Translingual

Arabian jasmine flower (Jasminum sambac)


椰子

Sino-Xenic (椰子):
* → Japanese: 椰子(やし) (yashi)
* → Korean: 야자(椰子) (yaja)

/jɛ⁵⁵ d͡z̥z̩²/

/jɛ³⁵ d͡z̥z̩³/

/jɛː²¹ t͡siː³⁵/

/ia²⁴⁻¹² t͡si⁵³/

/ia²⁴⁻³³ t͡si⁵³/

/ia²⁴⁻²² t͡si⁵⁵/

/ia²³⁻³³ t͡si⁴¹/

/ia²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡si⁵³/

/jɛ⁵⁵ d͡z̥z̩²/

/jɛ³⁵ d͡z̥z̩³/

/jɛː²¹ t͡siː³⁵/

/ia²⁴⁻¹² t͡si⁵³/

/ia²⁴⁻³³ t͡si⁵³/

/ia²⁴⁻²² t͡si⁵⁵/

/ia²³⁻³³ t͡si⁴¹/

/ia²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡si⁵³/


羅勒

/lu̯ɔ³⁵ lɤ⁵¹/

/lɔː²¹ lɐk̚²/

/lu̯ɔ³⁵ lɤ⁵¹/

/lɔː²¹ lɐk̚²/

From an aphaeretic form of Sanskrit करालक (karālaka), कराल (karāla, “a kind of Ocimum”).
Qimin Yaoshu in the sixth century records that this name (羅勒) was tabooed during the time of emperor Shi Le (石勒, 273–333), on account of the identity of the second character with that in his own name, and the name was changed into 蘭香 instead. Such taboo appears to be short-lived, as the name 羅勒 was attested again in the work of Tao Hongjing (456–536).

Ocimum basilicum
Ocimum basilicum#Translingual


洋蔥

→ Bouyei: yangfcungy

→ Zhuang: yangzcoeng

/jɑŋ³⁵ t͡sʰʊŋ⁵⁵/

/jœːŋ²¹ t͡sʰʊŋ⁵⁵/

/jiaŋ²² tʰɵŋ³³⁻²¹/

/i̯oŋ¹¹ t͡sʰuŋ²⁴/

/iɔŋ¹¹ t͡sʰʊŋ⁴⁴/

/iɒ̃¹¹ t͡sʰuŋ¹¹/

/iũ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰaŋ³³/

/iũ²³⁻³³ t͡sʰaŋ⁴⁴/

/iũ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰaŋ⁴⁴/

/iũ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰaŋ⁴⁴/

/iɔ̃¹³⁻²² t͡sʰaŋ⁴⁴/

/ɦiã²² t͡sʰoŋ⁴⁴/

/i̯æn¹³ t͡sʰʊŋ³³/

/i̯æn¹³ t͡sʰən³³/

/jɑŋ³⁵ t͡sʰʊŋ⁵⁵/

/jœːŋ²¹ t͡sʰʊŋ⁵⁵/

/jiaŋ²² tʰɵŋ³³⁻²¹/

/i̯oŋ¹¹ t͡sʰuŋ²⁴/

/iɔŋ¹¹ t͡sʰʊŋ⁴⁴/

/iɒ̃¹¹ t͡sʰuŋ¹¹/

/iũ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰaŋ³³/

/iũ²³⁻³³ t͡sʰaŋ⁴⁴/

/iũ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰaŋ⁴⁴/

/iũ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰaŋ⁴⁴/

/iɔ̃¹³⁻²² t͡sʰaŋ⁴⁴/

/ɦiã²² t͡sʰoŋ⁴⁴/

/i̯æn¹³ t͡sʰʊŋ³³/

/i̯æn¹³ t͡sʰən³³/

There is a sad story behind [this incident]

內有洋蔥

内有洋葱

(neologism, figurative) sad story; tearjerker


牛蒡

desctree

→ Middle Korean: 우워ᇰ (wuweng)
Korean: 우엉 (ueong)

/ni̯oʊ̯³⁵ pɑŋ⁵¹/

/ŋɐu̯²¹ pɔːŋ³⁵/

/ɡiu²³⁻³³ pɔŋ²³/

/ɡiu²⁴⁻¹¹ pɔŋ²⁴/

/ɡu²⁴⁻¹¹ pɔŋ²⁴/

/ɡu²³⁻³³ pɔŋ²³/

/ɡu²⁴⁻¹¹ bo³³/

/ɡu²³⁻³³ bɤ³³/

/ɡɔ³³⁻¹¹ bɔ³³/

/ɡɔ³³⁻²¹ bɔ³³/

/ɡɤ³³⁻²¹ bɤ³³/

/ɡo³³⁻¹¹ bo³³/

/ɡu⁵⁵⁻¹¹ pʰaŋ⁵⁵/

/ni̯oʊ̯³⁵ pɑŋ⁵¹/

/ŋɐu̯²¹ pɔːŋ³⁵/

/ɡiu²³⁻³³ pɔŋ²³/

/ɡiu²⁴⁻¹¹ pɔŋ²⁴/

/ɡu²⁴⁻¹¹ pɔŋ²⁴/

/ɡu²³⁻³³ pɔŋ²³/

/ɡu²⁴⁻¹¹ bo³³/

/ɡu²³⁻³³ bɤ³³/

/ɡɔ³³⁻¹¹ bɔ³³/

/ɡɔ³³⁻²¹ bɔ³³/

/ɡɤ³³⁻²¹ bɤ³³/

/ɡo³³⁻¹¹ bo³³/

/ɡu⁵⁵⁻¹¹ pʰaŋ⁵⁵/


白胡椒

/paɪ̯³⁵ xu³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/pɛ²¹ fu²¹ t͡ɕiau⁵⁵/

/paːk̚² wuː²¹ t͡siːu̯⁵⁵/

/ˈpʰaʔ² fu³⁵ t͡ɕiɛu²/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ hɔ²⁴⁻²² t͡sio⁴⁴/

/pe(ʔ)²⁴⁻² hɔ²⁴⁻²² t͡sio³³/

/pe(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ hɔ¹³⁻²² t͡sio⁴⁴/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ hɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sio⁴⁴/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ hɔ²³⁻³³ t͡siɤ⁴⁴/

/paɪ̯³⁵ xu³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/pɛ²¹ fu²¹ t͡ɕiau⁵⁵/

/paːk̚² wuː²¹ t͡siːu̯⁵⁵/

/ˈpʰaʔ² fu³⁵ t͡ɕiɛu²/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ hɔ²⁴⁻²² t͡sio⁴⁴/

/pe(ʔ)²⁴⁻² hɔ²⁴⁻²² t͡sio³³/

/pe(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ hɔ¹³⁻²² t͡sio⁴⁴/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ hɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sio⁴⁴/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ hɔ²³⁻³³ t͡siɤ⁴⁴/


土豆

/tʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ toʊ̯⁵¹/

/tʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ tɤʊ̯ɻʷ⁵¹/

/tʰou̯³⁵ tɐu̯²²/

/tʰou̯³⁵ tɐu̯²²⁻³⁵/

/tʰəu̯⁴¹ təu̯²¹⁻¹¹/

/tʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ toʊ̯⁵¹/

/tʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ tɤʊ̯ɻʷ⁵¹/

/tʰou̯³⁵ tɐu̯²²/

/tʰou̯³⁵ tɐu̯²²⁻³⁵/

/tʰəu̯⁴¹ təu̯²¹⁻¹¹/


土豆

/tʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ toʊ̯⁵¹/

/tʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ toʊ̯⁵¹/

zh-l

塗豆／涂豆 (thô͘-tāu)


土豆

/tʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ toʊ̯⁵¹/

/tʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ toʊ̯⁵¹/

Phono-semantic matching of French Trudeau.


百合

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (百合):
* → Korean: 백합(百合) (baekhap)
* → Vietnamese: bách hợp (百合)

/paɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ xɤ³⁵/

/pʰa²⁴ xɔ⁵⁵/

/piɪk̚³²⁻⁴ hap̚⁴/

/iu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liʔ³²/

/iu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ liʔ³²/

/peʔ²⁻⁴ haʔ⁴/

/paʔ³³ ɦəʔ⁴⁴/

/paɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ xɤ³⁵/

/pʰa²⁴ xɔ⁵⁵/

/piɪk̚³²⁻⁴ hap̚⁴/

/iu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liʔ³²/

/iu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ liʔ³²/

/peʔ²⁻⁴ haʔ⁴/

/paʔ³³ ɦəʔ⁴⁴/

Named “hundred-union”, for the numerous segmented and overlapping scales on the bulb of the lily. The lily is traditionally a propitious sign of a blissful, long-lasting marriage; see the idiom 百年好合 (bǎiniánhǎohé).
The sense “yuri; lesbian” is a semantic loan and an orthographic borrowing from Japanese 百合 (yuri).


胡瓜

/xu³⁵ ku̯ä⁵⁵/

/wuː²¹ kʷaː⁵⁵/

/xu³⁵ ku̯ä⁵⁵/

/wuː²¹ kʷaː⁵⁵/


白菜

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (白菜):
* → Japanese: 白菜(ハクサイ) (hakusai, “napa cabbage”)

desctree

→ Middle Korean: ᄇᆡ〯ᄎᆡ〮 (pǒychóy)
Early Modern Korean: ᄇᆡᄎᆡ (poychoy)
Korean: 배추 (baechu)
Jeju: 베치 (bechi)

→ Cebuano: petsay

desc

→ English: bok choy, pak choi, bokchoi, bok choi, baicai, petsai, pechay

→ Russian: бокчо́й (bokčój)

→ Italian: pe-tsai

→ Japanese: 白(パク)菜(チョイ) (pakuchoi, “bok choy”)

→ Mongolian: байцаа (bajcaa, “cabbage”)

→ Russian: петса́й (petsáj)

→ Tagalog: petsay

→ Tibetan: པད་ཚལ (pad tshal)

→ Uyghur: بەسەي (besey)

→ Spanish: pac-choy

/paɪ̯³⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/paɪ̯³⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯³/

/pɛ²¹ t͡sʰai²¹³/

/pei²⁴ t͡sʰɛ⁵¹/

/paːk̚² t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/

/pak̚³² tʰᵘɔi³³/

/pʰak̚⁵ t͡sʰoɪ⁵³/

/pɛ(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡sʰai²¹/

/peʔ⁴⁻² t͡sʰai²¹³/

/baʔ¹¹ t͡sʰe²³/

/paɪ̯³⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/paɪ̯³⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯³/

/pɛ²¹ t͡sʰai²¹³/

/pei²⁴ t͡sʰɛ⁵¹/

/paːk̚² t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/

/pak̚³² tʰᵘɔi³³/

/pʰak̚⁵ t͡sʰoɪ⁵³/

/pɛ(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡sʰai²¹/

/peʔ⁴⁻² t͡sʰai²¹³/

/baʔ¹¹ t͡sʰe²³/

He said, “No place [else] can match Beijing. Even Beijing’s boiled napa cabbage tastes better than [it does] elsewhere – Wuweishen is at Beijing.”

Tā shuō: “Nǎr yě bǐ bùliǎo Běijīng. Běijīng de āo báicài yě bǐ biéchù hǎochī, — Wǔwèishén zài Běijīng.”

他說：「哪兒也比不了北京。北京的熬白菜也比別處好吃，——五味神在北京。」

他说：「哪儿也比不了北京。北京的熬白菜也比别处好吃，——五味神在北京。」

Brassica rapa
Brassica rapa#Translingual

Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis
Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis#English

Various varieties of Brassica rapa, including:

napa cabbage (Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis)

With you I'm happier, everything's going as I wish, even salted fish and bok choy make a delicious meal.

jau⁵ liu⁵ nei⁵ hoi¹ sam¹ di¹, mat¹ dou¹ cing³ sam¹ mun⁵ ji³, haam⁴ jyu⁴⁻² baak⁶ coi³ jaa⁵ hou² hou² mei⁶.

有了你開心D，乜都稱心滿意，鹹魚白菜也好好味。

有了你开心D，乜都称心满意，咸鱼白菜也好好味。

Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis#Translingual

bok choy (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis)


葡萄

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (葡萄):
* → Japanese: 葡(ぶ)萄(どう) (budō)
* → Korean: 포도(葡萄) (podo)
* → Vietnamese: bồ đào (葡萄)

Borrowed from Bactrian *bādāwa (“wine”) [130 BCE]; compare Persian باده (bâde, “wine”) (Schuessler, 2007; Chmielewski, 1958). Grape was introduced in China by Zhang Qian (張騫) during the Eastern Han period.
The verb sense is from 吃不到的葡萄是酸的 (“the grapes are sour anyway”)

蒲陶
蒲萄
葡桃
蒲桃
孛萄
浮萄
孛陶

/pʰu³⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³⁵/

/pʰu³⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³/

/pʰu³⁵ tʰaʊ̯ɻʷ³⁵/

/pʰou²⁴ tʰɔ⁵¹/

/pʰou̯²¹ tʰou̯²¹/

/pʰu¹¹ tʰo¹¹/

/pʰu⁵⁵ tʰo⁵⁵/

/pʰuo⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lo⁵³/

/puo⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lo⁵³/

/pu⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lo⁵³/

/pʰu²³⁻²¹ to²³/

/pʰu²⁴⁻²² to²⁴/

/pʰu²⁴⁻¹² to²⁴/

/pʰo²³⁻²¹ to²³/

/pʰɤ²⁴⁻³³ tɤ²⁴/

/pʰo²⁴⁻¹¹ to²⁴/

/pʰo¹³⁻²² to¹³/

/pʰɤ²³⁻³³ tɤ²³/

/pʰɔ¹³⁻²² to¹³/

/po²⁴⁻³³ to²⁴/

/pʰue²⁴⁻³³ tɤ²⁴/

/pu²⁴⁻²² to²⁴/

/pɔ²³⁻³³ tɤ²³/

/pɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ to²⁴/

/pʰu⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tʰo⁵⁵/

/bəʔ¹¹ dɔ²³/

/pʰu³⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³⁵/

/pʰu³⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³/

/pʰu³⁵ tʰaʊ̯ɻʷ³⁵/

/pʰou²⁴ tʰɔ⁵¹/

/pʰou̯²¹ tʰou̯²¹/

/pʰu¹¹ tʰo¹¹/

/pʰu⁵⁵ tʰo⁵⁵/

/pʰuo⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lo⁵³/

/puo⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lo⁵³/

/pu⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lo⁵³/

/pʰu²³⁻²¹ to²³/

/pʰu²⁴⁻²² to²⁴/

/pʰu²⁴⁻¹² to²⁴/

/pʰo²³⁻²¹ to²³/

/pʰɤ²⁴⁻³³ tɤ²⁴/

/pʰo²⁴⁻¹¹ to²⁴/

/pʰo¹³⁻²² to¹³/

/pʰɤ²³⁻³³ tɤ²³/

/pʰɔ¹³⁻²² to¹³/

/po²⁴⁻³³ to²⁴/

/pʰue²⁴⁻³³ tɤ²⁴/

/pu²⁴⁻²² to²⁴/

/pɔ²³⁻³³ tɤ²³/

/pɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ to²⁴/

/pʰu⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tʰo⁵⁵/

/bəʔ¹¹ dɔ²³/

葡萄汁

grape (Classifier: 顆／颗 m; 串 m; 粒; 抽 c; 捾 mn)


石榴

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ li̯oʊ̯³⁵/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ li̯oʊ̯³/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ li̯ɤʊ̯ɻʷ³⁵/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ li̯ɤʊ̯ɻʷ³/

/ʂʐ̩²⁴ liou⁵¹/

/sɛːk̚² lɐu̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/sɛːk̚² lɐu̯²¹/

/səʔ⁵⁴ liəu²/

/sɛ²²⁻²¹ liu¹³/

/siɪk̚⁴⁻³² liu²⁴/

/siɪk̚⁴⁻³² liu²³/

/zaʔ¹¹ liɤ²³/

/ʂʐ̩²⁴ li̯əu̯³/

/sz̩²⁴ li̯əu̯³/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ li̯oʊ̯³⁵/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ li̯oʊ̯³/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ li̯ɤʊ̯ɻʷ³⁵/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ li̯ɤʊ̯ɻʷ³/

/ʂʐ̩²⁴ liou⁵¹/

/sɛːk̚² lɐu̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/sɛːk̚² lɐu̯²¹/

/səʔ⁵⁴ liəu²/

/sɛ²²⁻²¹ liu¹³/

/siɪk̚⁴⁻³² liu²⁴/

/siɪk̚⁴⁻³² liu²³/

/zaʔ¹¹ liɤ²³/

/ʂʐ̩²⁴ li̯əu̯³/

/sz̩²⁴ li̯əu̯³/

Clipping of 安石榴 (ānshíliú); see there for more.

石留
榭榴
謝榴
射榴
射留


山芋

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ ɔ³³/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ ɔ³³/

Ipomoea batatas
Ipomoea batatas#Translingual

(dialectal Mandarin, dialectal Gan, Huizhou, dialectal Jin, Wu) sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas)

(Taiwanese Hokkien) Alocasia odora (elephant ear)

Dioscorea polystachya
Dioscorea polystachya

Alternative name for 薯蕷／薯蓣 (shǔyù, “Chinese yam; Dioscorea polystachya”).


橘子

→ Uyghur: جۈزە (jüze)

/t͡ɕy³⁵ d͡z̥z̩³/

/t͡ɕy²¹ t͡sz̩⁵³/

/kʷɐt̚⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

/t͡ɕyəʔ² t͡səʔ³/

/t͡ɕyɪʔ³³ t͡sz̩⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕioʔ³³ t͡sz̩⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕy³⁵ d͡z̥z̩³/

/t͡ɕy²¹ t͡sz̩⁵³/

/kʷɐt̚⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

/t͡ɕyəʔ² t͡səʔ³/

/t͡ɕyɪʔ³³ t͡sz̩⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕioʔ³³ t͡sz̩⁴⁴/

我買幾個橘子去。

我买几个橘子去。


櫻桃

ja-r

桜桃(おうとう) (ōtō)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (櫻桃):
* → Japanese: 桜桃(おうとう) (ōtō)
* → Korean: 앵두(櫻桃) (aengdu)
* → Vietnamese: anh đào (櫻桃)

/iŋ⁵⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³⁵/

/iŋ⁵⁵ tʰɑʊ̯²/

/iŋ⁵⁵ tʰaʊ̯ɻʷ³⁵/

/jɪŋ⁵⁵ tʰou̯²¹/

/in⁴⁴⁻³⁵ tʰau¹¹/

/iŋ¹¹ tʰau¹¹/

/ɛiŋ⁵⁵ tʰo⁵³/

/iɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tʰo²⁴/

/iɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰo²⁴/

/iɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰɤ²³/

/eŋ³³⁻²³ tʰo⁵⁵/

/in³³ tɒu̯¹³/

/iŋ⁵⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³⁵/

/iŋ⁵⁵ tʰɑʊ̯²/

/iŋ⁵⁵ tʰaʊ̯ɻʷ³⁵/

/jɪŋ⁵⁵ tʰou̯²¹/

/in⁴⁴⁻³⁵ tʰau¹¹/

/iŋ¹¹ tʰau¹¹/

/ɛiŋ⁵⁵ tʰo⁵³/

/iɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tʰo²⁴/

/iɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰo²⁴/

/iɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰɤ²³/

/eŋ³³⁻²³ tʰo⁵⁵/

/in³³ tɒu̯¹³/


胡椒

/xu³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/wuː²¹ t͡siːu̯⁵⁵/

/hu⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lieu⁵⁵/

/hɔ²⁴⁻²² t͡sio⁴⁴/

/hɔ²⁴⁻²² t͡sio³³/

/hɔ¹³⁻²² t͡sio⁴⁴/

/hɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sio⁴⁴/

/hɔ²³⁻³³ t͡siɤ⁴⁴/

/ɦu²² t͡ɕiɔ⁴⁴/

/ɸu¹³ t͡si̯ɒu̯³³/

/ɸu¹³ t͡ɕi̯ɒu̯³³/

/xu³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/wuː²¹ t͡siːu̯⁵⁵/

/hu⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lieu⁵⁵/

/hɔ²⁴⁻²² t͡sio⁴⁴/

/hɔ²⁴⁻²² t͡sio³³/

/hɔ¹³⁻²² t͡sio⁴⁴/

/hɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sio⁴⁴/

/hɔ²³⁻³³ t͡siɤ⁴⁴/

/ɦu²² t͡ɕiɔ⁴⁴/

/ɸu¹³ t͡si̯ɒu̯³³/

/ɸu¹³ t͡ɕi̯ɒu̯³³/

“Foreign pepper”. The principal time of import to China was estimated to be during the Tang dynasty, and the source―per the miscellany Miscellaneous Morsels from Youyang of the 9ᵗʰ century CE―was the Magadha Kingdom of India, where it was called 昧履支 (MC mwojH lijX tsye) locally; cf. Sanskrit मरिच (marica, “black pepper”).

Short for 胡椒粉 (hújiāofěn, “pepper powder”).


蓬果

/pʰɔŋ³³⁻²¹ kɤ⁴¹/

/pʰɔŋ²⁴⁻²² ko⁵⁵/

/pʰɔŋ²⁴⁻³³ ko⁵³/

/pʰɔŋ²⁴⁻³³ kɤ⁵³/

/pʰɔŋ³³⁻²¹ kɤ⁴¹/

/pʰɔŋ²⁴⁻²² ko⁵⁵/

/pʰɔŋ²⁴⁻³³ ko⁵³/

/pʰɔŋ²⁴⁻³³ kɤ⁵³/

(Southern Min) Alternative form of 蘋果／苹果


山楂

/ʂän⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂä⁵⁵/

/san²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sa²⁴/

/san⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sa⁴⁴/

/san⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sa⁴⁴/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sa⁴⁴/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sa⁴⁴/

/san⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡se⁴⁴/

/sũã³³⁻²³ t͡sa³³/

/ʂän⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂä⁵⁵/

/san²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sa²⁴/

/san⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sa⁴⁴/

/san⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sa⁴⁴/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sa⁴⁴/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sa⁴⁴/

/san⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡se⁴⁴/

/sũã³³⁻²³ t͡sa³³/

Crataegus pinnatifida
Crataegus pinnatifida#Translingual

hawthorn, haw (Crataegus), especially Chinese hawthorn (Crataegus pinnatifida)


馬鈴薯

→ Lingao: ma⁴ liŋ¹ su⁴

→ Zhuang: majlingzsuz

ㄇㄚˇ ㄌㄧㄥˊ ㄕㄨˇ

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ liŋ³⁵ ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/maː¹³ lɪŋ²¹ syː²¹/

/ma⁵³ laŋ⁵⁵ ʃu⁵⁵/

/ma⁴⁴⁻³⁵ laŋ¹¹ su¹¹/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡su²⁴/

/mã⁵³⁻⁵⁵ liɪŋ²⁴⁻³³ t͡su²⁴/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡su²⁴/

/mã⁵⁵⁻³⁵ liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sɨ²⁴/

/mã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sɯ²⁴/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɪŋ¹³⁻²² t͡si¹³/

/mã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ liɪŋ²³⁻³³ t͡si²³/

/mã⁵³⁻⁵⁵ liɪŋ²⁴⁻³³ t͡si²⁴/

/be⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡su²⁴/

/be⁵⁵⁻³⁵ liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sɨ²⁴/

/be⁵²⁻³⁵ leŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sɯ⁵⁵/

/be⁵²⁻³⁵ leŋ³³⁻²³ t͡sɯ⁵⁵/

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ liŋ³⁵ ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/maː¹³ lɪŋ²¹ syː²¹/

/ma⁵³ laŋ⁵⁵ ʃu⁵⁵/

/ma⁴⁴⁻³⁵ laŋ¹¹ su¹¹/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡su²⁴/

/mã⁵³⁻⁵⁵ liɪŋ²⁴⁻³³ t͡su²⁴/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡su²⁴/

/mã⁵⁵⁻³⁵ liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sɨ²⁴/

/mã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sɯ²⁴/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɪŋ¹³⁻²² t͡si¹³/

/mã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ liɪŋ²³⁻³³ t͡si²³/

/mã⁵³⁻⁵⁵ liɪŋ²⁴⁻³³ t͡si²⁴/

/be⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡su²⁴/

/be⁵⁵⁻³⁵ liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sɨ²⁴/

/be⁵²⁻³⁵ leŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sɯ⁵⁵/

/be⁵²⁻³⁵ leŋ³³⁻²³ t͡sɯ⁵⁵/

Suzuki (2013) suggests that 馬鈴／马铃 (mǎlíng) may be a corruption of 馬來／马来 (Mǎlái, “Malay”), but the form 馬來薯／马来薯 has never been attested, and as Xiang (2018) points out, potato is a a temperate crop rarely cultivated in hot and humid tropical Asia.
The earliest known attestation in Chinese is found in the Kangxi edition of the Gazetteer of Songxi County (松溪縣志, 1700), but it is desribed as a tree climber with blackish tubers tasting bitterish and therefore should refer to air potato (Dioscorea bulbifera) instead of potato. The name is probably an allusion to the way the bulbils of air potato look like bells used in the tack for horses. The Japanese herbalist Ono Ranzan (小野蘭山) misapplied the name to potato in Tetsuen Shōtoku (耋筵小牘, 1808), and this altered denotation was first borrowed into Chinese by Huang Zunxian (黃遵憲) in the late 19th century (Xiang, 2018).

zh-l

馬鈴／马铃 (mǎlíng)

Solanum tuberosum
Solanum tuberosum#Translingual

Dioscorea bulbifera
Dioscorea bulbifera#Translingual

(archaic) air potato (Dioscorea bulbifera)


海草

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sʰɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ t͡sʰou̯³⁵/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰau⁵³/

/hai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰau⁵⁵⁴/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰau⁵³/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰau⁵³/

/hai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰau⁴¹/

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sʰɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ t͡sʰou̯³⁵/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰau⁵³/

/hai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰau⁵⁵⁴/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰau⁵³/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰau⁵³/

/hai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰau⁴¹/


洋薊

/jɑŋ³⁵ t͡ɕi⁵¹/

/jœːŋ²¹ kɐi̯³³/

/jɑŋ³⁵ t͡ɕi⁵¹/

/jœːŋ²¹ kɐi̯³³/


楊梅

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (楊梅):
* → Japanese: 楊梅(ようばい) (yōbai)
* → Korean: 양매(楊梅) (yangmae)
* → Vietnamese: dương mai (楊梅)

/jɑŋ³⁵ meɪ̯³⁵/

/jœːŋ²¹ muːi̯²¹/

/jœːŋ²¹ muːi̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/iɔŋ³⁵ mi³⁵/

/i̯oŋ¹¹ moi̯¹¹/

/ʒoŋ⁵⁵ moi⁵⁵/

/iɔŋ¹¹ moɪ¹¹/

/iɔŋ³³ mo³³/

/yoŋ⁵³⁻³³ mui⁵³/

/t͡sʰiũ²⁴⁻²² m̩²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɔ̃¹³⁻²² m̩¹³/

/t͡sʰiu²⁴⁻¹¹ m̩²⁴/

/t͡sʰiu²⁴⁻¹² m̩²⁴/

/t͡sʰiu²⁴⁻²² m̩²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɔ̃³³⁻¹¹ m̩²⁴/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻²² muĩ²⁴/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ muĩ²⁴/

/iɔŋ²³⁻³³ muĩ²³/

/t͡sʰiu²²⁻¹¹ m̩²⁴/

/iũ²⁴⁻²¹ mui²⁴/

/iũ²⁴⁻¹¹ muĩ²⁴/

/iũ²³⁻³³ muĩ²³/

/iũ²⁴⁻¹¹ bue²⁴/

/iũ²³⁻³³ bue²³/

/iũ²⁴⁻²¹ bue²⁴/

/iũ²⁴⁻²¹ mue²⁴/

/ĩõ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ bue⁵⁵/

/ɦiã²² me⁴⁴/

/jɑŋ³⁵ meɪ̯³⁵/

/jœːŋ²¹ muːi̯²¹/

/jœːŋ²¹ muːi̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/iɔŋ³⁵ mi³⁵/

/i̯oŋ¹¹ moi̯¹¹/

/ʒoŋ⁵⁵ moi⁵⁵/

/iɔŋ¹¹ moɪ¹¹/

/iɔŋ³³ mo³³/

/yoŋ⁵³⁻³³ mui⁵³/

/t͡sʰiũ²⁴⁻²² m̩²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɔ̃¹³⁻²² m̩¹³/

/t͡sʰiu²⁴⁻¹¹ m̩²⁴/

/t͡sʰiu²⁴⁻¹² m̩²⁴/

/t͡sʰiu²⁴⁻²² m̩²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɔ̃³³⁻¹¹ m̩²⁴/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻²² muĩ²⁴/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ muĩ²⁴/

/iɔŋ²³⁻³³ muĩ²³/

/t͡sʰiu²²⁻¹¹ m̩²⁴/

/iũ²⁴⁻²¹ mui²⁴/

/iũ²⁴⁻¹¹ muĩ²⁴/

/iũ²³⁻³³ muĩ²³/

/iũ²⁴⁻¹¹ bue²⁴/

/iũ²³⁻³³ bue²³/

/iũ²⁴⁻²¹ bue²⁴/

/iũ²⁴⁻²¹ mue²⁴/

/ĩõ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ bue⁵⁵/

/ɦiã²² me⁴⁴/

/iũ²³⁻³³ muẽ²³/

/iũ²⁴⁻¹¹ muẽ²⁴/

/jɑŋ³⁵ meɪ̯³⁵/

/jœːŋ²¹ muːi̯²¹/

/i̯oŋ¹¹ moi̯¹¹/

/iũ²³⁻³³ muĩ²³/

/iũ²⁴⁻¹¹ muĩ²⁴/

/iũ²⁴⁻¹¹ bue²⁴/

/iũ²³⁻³³ bue²³/

/iũ²³⁻³³ muẽ²³/

/iũ²⁴⁻¹¹ muẽ²⁴/

Morella rubra
Morella rubra#Translingual

yangmei, Chinese bayberry, red bayberry, yumberry, waxberry, Chinese strawberry (Myrica rubra ⇒ Morella rubra, a Chinese fruit)


鳳仙花

/fɤŋ⁵¹ ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵⁵/

ㄈㄥˋ ㄒㄧㄢ ㄏㄨㄚㄦ

/fɤŋ⁵¹ ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ xu̯ɑɻ⁵⁵/

/fʊŋ²² siːn⁵⁵ faː⁵⁵/

/fuŋ⁵⁵ si̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ fa²⁴/

/hɔŋ³³⁻²¹ siɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ hue⁴⁴/

/hɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ siɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ hue⁴⁴/

/voŋ²² ɕi⁵⁵ ho²¹/

/boŋ²² ɕi⁵⁵ ho²¹/

/fɤŋ⁵¹ ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵⁵/

/fɤŋ⁵¹ ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ xu̯ɑɻ⁵⁵/

/fʊŋ²² siːn⁵⁵ faː⁵⁵/

/fuŋ⁵⁵ si̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ fa²⁴/

/hɔŋ³³⁻²¹ siɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ hue⁴⁴/

/hɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ siɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ hue⁴⁴/

/voŋ²² ɕi⁵⁵ ho²¹/

/boŋ²² ɕi⁵⁵ ho²¹/

Impatiens balsamina
Impatiens balsamina#Translingual


枸杞

Sino-Xenic (枸杞):
* → Japanese: 枸杞(くこ) (kuko)
* → Korean: 구기(枸杞) (gugi)

→ English: goji

→ Malay: kauki, koki

→ Thai: เก๋ากี้ (gǎo-gîi)

/koʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡ɕʰi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɐu̯³⁵ kei̯³⁵/

/kɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ki⁵³/

/kɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ki⁴¹/

/kio⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ki⁵⁵⁴/

/kɤ³³ t͡ɕi⁴⁴/

/koʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡ɕʰi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɐu̯³⁵ kei̯³⁵/

/kɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ki⁵³/

/kɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ki⁴¹/

/kio⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ki⁵⁵⁴/

/kɤ³³ t͡ɕi⁴⁴/

Lycium barbarum
Lycium barbarum#Translingual


柏樹

/paɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂu⁵¹/

/pu̯ɔ³⁵ ʂu⁵¹/

/pʰaːk̚³ syː²²/

/ˈpaʔ⁵ ɕy¹¹/

/paʔ³³ zz̩⁴⁴/

/paɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂu⁵¹/

/pu̯ɔ³⁵ ʂu⁵¹/

/pʰaːk̚³ syː²²/

/ˈpaʔ⁵ ɕy¹¹/

/paʔ³³ zz̩⁴⁴/


小麥

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ maɪ̯⁵¹/

/ɕiau⁵³ mɛ²¹/

/siːu̯³⁵ mɐk̚²/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ beʔ⁴/

/sio⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ beʔ²⁴/

/siɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ beʔ⁴/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bɛʔ¹²¹/

/ɕiɔ³³ maʔ⁴⁴/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ maɪ̯⁵¹/

/ɕiau⁵³ mɛ²¹/

/siːu̯³⁵ mɐk̚²/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ beʔ⁴/

/sio⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ beʔ²⁴/

/siɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ beʔ⁴/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bɛʔ¹²¹/

/ɕiɔ³³ maʔ⁴⁴/

麵粉是小麥做的粉。

面粉是小麦做的粉。


檸檬

/niŋ³⁵ mɤŋ³⁵/

/nɪŋ²¹ mʊŋ²¹⁻⁵⁵/

/ⁿden²² ᵐbɵŋ⁵⁵/

/niŋ¹¹ məŋ¹¹/

/nˡiŋ⁵³⁻³³ muŋ⁵³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² bɔŋ²⁴/

/liɪŋ¹³⁻²² bɔŋ¹³/

/leŋ²⁴⁻²¹ bɔŋ²⁴/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ bɔŋ²³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ bɔŋ²⁴/

/le²⁴⁻¹¹ bɔŋ⁵³/

/le²³⁻³³ bɔŋ⁴¹/

/leŋ²⁴⁻²¹ mɔŋ²⁴/

/li²³⁻²¹ mɔŋ⁴⁴⁵/

/leŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ moŋ⁵⁵/

/leŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ mou⁵⁵/

/lam⁵⁵⁻¹¹ moŋ⁵²/

/nam⁵⁵⁻¹¹ moŋ⁵²/

/n̠ʲin²² moŋ⁴⁴/

/niŋ³⁵ mɤŋ³⁵/

/nɪŋ²¹ mʊŋ²¹⁻⁵⁵/

/ⁿden²² ᵐbɵŋ⁵⁵/

/niŋ¹¹ məŋ¹¹/

/nˡiŋ⁵³⁻³³ muŋ⁵³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² bɔŋ²⁴/

/liɪŋ¹³⁻²² bɔŋ¹³/

/leŋ²⁴⁻²¹ bɔŋ²⁴/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ bɔŋ²³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ bɔŋ²⁴/

/le²⁴⁻¹¹ bɔŋ⁵³/

/le²³⁻³³ bɔŋ⁴¹/

/leŋ²⁴⁻²¹ mɔŋ²⁴/

/li²³⁻²¹ mɔŋ⁴⁴⁵/

/leŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ moŋ⁵⁵/

/leŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ mou⁵⁵/

/lam⁵⁵⁻¹¹ moŋ⁵²/

/nam⁵⁵⁻¹¹ moŋ⁵²/

/n̠ʲin²² moŋ⁴⁴/

Borrowed from English lemon (Huang, 2020); first attested in Volume I of Part II of A Dictionary of the Chinese Language in Three Parts [1819] by Robert Morrison (Huang, 2009).
For Taiwanese Min Nan lê-bóng and Hakka lê-móng, via Japanese 檸檬(レモン) (remon), from English lemon.


檸檬

/niŋ³⁵ mɤŋ³⁵/

/nɪŋ²¹ mʊŋ²¹⁻⁵⁵/

/ⁿden²² ᵐbɵŋ⁵⁵/

/niŋ¹¹ məŋ¹¹/

/nˡiŋ⁵³⁻³³ muŋ⁵³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² bɔŋ²⁴/

/liɪŋ¹³⁻²² bɔŋ¹³/

/leŋ²⁴⁻²¹ bɔŋ²⁴/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ bɔŋ²³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ bɔŋ²⁴/

/le²⁴⁻¹¹ bɔŋ⁵³/

/le²³⁻³³ bɔŋ⁴¹/

/leŋ²⁴⁻²¹ mɔŋ²⁴/

/li²³⁻²¹ mɔŋ⁴⁴⁵/

/leŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ moŋ⁵⁵/

/leŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ mou⁵⁵/

/lam⁵⁵⁻¹¹ moŋ⁵²/

/nam⁵⁵⁻¹¹ moŋ⁵²/

/n̠ʲin²² moŋ⁴⁴/

/niŋ³⁵ mɤŋ³⁵/

/nɪŋ²¹ mʊŋ²¹⁻⁵⁵/

/ⁿden²² ᵐbɵŋ⁵⁵/

/niŋ¹¹ məŋ¹¹/

/nˡiŋ⁵³⁻³³ muŋ⁵³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² bɔŋ²⁴/

/liɪŋ¹³⁻²² bɔŋ¹³/

/leŋ²⁴⁻²¹ bɔŋ²⁴/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ bɔŋ²³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ bɔŋ²⁴/

/le²⁴⁻¹¹ bɔŋ⁵³/

/le²³⁻³³ bɔŋ⁴¹/

/leŋ²⁴⁻²¹ mɔŋ²⁴/

/li²³⁻²¹ mɔŋ⁴⁴⁵/

/leŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ moŋ⁵⁵/

/leŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ mou⁵⁵/

/lam⁵⁵⁻¹¹ moŋ⁵²/

/nam⁵⁵⁻¹¹ moŋ⁵²/

/n̠ʲin²² moŋ⁴⁴/

(～埠) (dated) Puerto Limón (a city, the capital city of Limón, Costa Rica)


山藥

/ʂän⁵⁵ jɑʊ̯²/

/saːn⁵⁵ jœːk̚²/

/san²⁴⁻¹¹ i̯ok̚⁵/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² ioʔ⁴/

/suã³³ ioʔ²⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² ioʔ¹²¹/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ ioʔ⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ iɤʔ⁴/

/se⁵⁵ ɦiaʔ²¹/

/ʂän⁵⁵ jɑʊ̯²/

/saːn⁵⁵ jœːk̚²/

/san²⁴⁻¹¹ i̯ok̚⁵/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² ioʔ⁴/

/suã³³ ioʔ²⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² ioʔ¹²¹/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ ioʔ⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ iɤʔ⁴/

/se⁵⁵ ɦiaʔ²¹/

Emperor Daizong of Tang
Emperor Yingzong of Song
Jin dynasty (265–420)

So named as it is produced in mountains and can be used as a medicine.
Folk etymology claims that 山藥 was renamed from 薯蕷／薯蓣 (shǔyù), to avoid the naming taboo of Emperor Daizong of Tang and Emperor Yingzong of Song; however, 山藥 has been in use since the Jin dynasty (265–420).

zh-l

薯蕷／薯蓣 (shǔyù)

Dioscorea polystachya
Dioscorea polystachya#Translingual


人參

→ English: ginseng

→ Russian: женьшень (ženʹšenʹ)

/ʐən³⁵ ʂən⁵⁵/

/jɐn²¹ sɐm⁵⁵/

/ᵑɡin²² ɬim³³/

/ˈlɨn³⁵ sɛn⁴²/

/iŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nɛiŋ⁵⁵/

/lin²⁴⁻²² sɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lin²⁴⁻²² səm³³/

/d͡zin¹³⁻²² sɔm⁴⁴/

/zin²³⁻³³ sɔm⁴⁴/

/lin²⁴⁻¹¹ sɔm⁴⁴/

/d͡ziŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ siam³³/

/n̠ʲin²² sən⁴⁴/

/n̠ʲin²² sən³³/

/ʐən³⁵ ʂən⁵⁵/

/jɐn²¹ sɐm⁵⁵/

/ᵑɡin²² ɬim³³/

/ˈlɨn³⁵ sɛn⁴²/

/iŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nɛiŋ⁵⁵/

/lin²⁴⁻²² sɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lin²⁴⁻²² səm³³/

/d͡zin¹³⁻²² sɔm⁴⁴/

/zin²³⁻³³ sɔm⁴⁴/

/lin²⁴⁻¹¹ sɔm⁴⁴/

/d͡ziŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ siam³³/

/n̠ʲin²² sən⁴⁴/

/n̠ʲin²² sən³³/

Referring to the root's characteristic forked shape, resembling the legs of a man.

ginseng (any of several plants, of the genus Panax)

藥材

medicinal materials in traditional Chinese medicine


杏仁

/ɕiŋ⁵¹ ʐən³⁵/

/ɕiŋ⁵¹ ʐəɻ³⁵/

/hɐŋ²² jɐn²¹/

/xaiŋ⁵⁵ iŋ²¹/

/hɛiŋ²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ^((Ø-))ŋiŋ⁵³/

/hiɪŋ³³⁻¹¹ lin²⁴/

/hiɪŋ²²⁻²¹ lin²⁴/

/heŋ²²⁻²¹ d͡zin²⁴/

/hiɪŋ²²⁻²¹ d͡zin¹³/

/hiɪŋ³³⁻²¹ zin²³/

/heŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ d͡ziŋ⁵⁵/

/heŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ d͡zeŋ⁵⁵/

/kʰeŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ d͡ziŋ⁵⁵/

/ɦã²² n̠ʲin⁴⁴/

/ɕiŋ⁵¹ ʐən³⁵/

/ɕiŋ⁵¹ ʐəɻ³⁵/

/hɐŋ²² jɐn²¹/

/xaiŋ⁵⁵ iŋ²¹/

/hɛiŋ²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ^((Ø-))ŋiŋ⁵³/

/hiɪŋ³³⁻¹¹ lin²⁴/

/hiɪŋ²²⁻²¹ lin²⁴/

/heŋ²²⁻²¹ d͡zin²⁴/

/hiɪŋ²²⁻²¹ d͡zin¹³/

/hiɪŋ³³⁻²¹ zin²³/

/heŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ d͡ziŋ⁵⁵/

/heŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ d͡zeŋ⁵⁵/

/kʰeŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ d͡ziŋ⁵⁵/

/ɦã²² n̠ʲin⁴⁴/

Prunus armeniaca
Prunus armeniaca#Translingual

apricot kernel (kernel of the fruit produced by Prunus armeniaca) (Classifier: 顆／颗 m; 粒 c)

Prunus amygdalus
Prunus amygdalus#Translingual

almond (nut produced by tree of species Prunus amygdalus (syn. Prunus dulcis)) (Classifier: 顆／颗 m; 粒 c)


蘿蔔

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (蘿蔔):
* → Japanese: 蘿(ら)蔔(ふく) (rafuku)
* → Korean: 나복(蘿蔔) (nabok), 라복(蘿蔔) (rabok)

→ Bouyei: laauxbag

→ Classical Mongolian: ᠯᠤᠤᠪᠠᠩ (luubang)

desc

Mongolian: ᠯᠤᠤᠪᠠᠩ (luubang), лууван (luuvan)

→ Daur: ᠯᠣᠪᠣ (lobo), loob

→ English: lo bak, lo pak

→ Green Hmong: lauj pwm, lwj pwm

→ Korean: 노배 (nobae) (dialectal)

→ Malay: lobak

Indonesian: lobak

→ Tibetan: ལ་ཕུག (la phug)

→ Japhug: lɤpɯɣ

→ Uyghur: لوبو (lobo), لوبۇ (lobu)

→ Zhuang: lauxbaeg

/lu̯ɔ³⁵ b̥u̯ɔ³/

/lɔː²¹ paːk̚²/

/lᵘɔ²² pak̚³²/

/lo¹¹ pʰɛt̚⁵/

/lo²⁴⁻²² pɔk̚⁴/

/lo¹³⁻²² pɔk̚¹²¹/

/lɤ²³⁻³³ pɔk̚⁴/

/lo²⁴⁻¹¹ pɔk̚⁴/

/lo²⁴⁻²² pɔk̚⁵/

/la²⁴⁻²² pak̚⁴/

/la²⁴⁻²² pak̚²⁴/

/la²⁴⁻²² tak̚⁴/

/lɔ²² boʔ⁴⁴/

/læ²³ boʔ¹¹/

/ləu²² boʔ⁴⁴/

/lu̯ɔ³⁵ b̥u̯ɔ³/

/lɔː²¹ paːk̚²/

/lᵘɔ²² pak̚³²/

/lo¹¹ pʰɛt̚⁵/

/lo²⁴⁻²² pɔk̚⁴/

/lo¹³⁻²² pɔk̚¹²¹/

/lɤ²³⁻³³ pɔk̚⁴/

/lo²⁴⁻¹¹ pɔk̚⁴/

/lo²⁴⁻²² pɔk̚⁵/

/la²⁴⁻²² pak̚⁴/

/la²⁴⁻²² pak̚²⁴/

/la²⁴⁻²² tak̚⁴/

/lɔ²² boʔ⁴⁴/

/læ²³ boʔ¹¹/

/ləu²² boʔ⁴⁴/

Unknown. This word has been attested in various forms since early Old Chinese, and is the source of many of the terms for "radish, turnip" in other languages in modern China. The basic form seems to be *rabuk.
Perhaps compare Proto-Indo-European *(s)rā́ps (“turnip, rape, cabbage”), Proto-Semitic *lapt- (“turnip”), Sumerian 𒇻𒂠𒊬 (LU-UB₂^(ŠAR) /lub/, “turnip”).

cog

萝卜
*蘿卜
羅卜
蘿白
蘿苩
蘿貝
蘿𦮷
老蔔

radish, especially the daikon or Chinese radish


蘿蔔

/lu̯ɔ³⁵ b̥u̯ɔ³/

/lɔː²¹ paːk̚²/

/l̃o⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βuʔ⁵/

/la²⁴⁻²² pak̚⁴/

/la²⁴⁻²² pak̚²⁴/

/la²⁴⁻²² tak̚²⁴/

/la²⁴⁻²² tak̚⁴/

/nã²³⁻³³ pɔk̚⁴/

/nã²⁴⁻²² pɔk̚⁴/

/nã²⁴⁻¹¹ pɔk̚⁴/

/nã²⁴⁻¹¹ tak̚⁴/

/nã²³⁻³³ tak̚⁴/

/nã²⁴⁻²² tak̚⁴/

/lu̯ɔ³⁵ b̥u̯ɔ³/

/lɔː²¹ paːk̚²/

/l̃o⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βuʔ⁵/

/la²⁴⁻²² pak̚⁴/

/la²⁴⁻²² pak̚²⁴/

/la²⁴⁻²² tak̚²⁴/

/la²⁴⁻²² tak̚⁴/

/nã²³⁻³³ pɔk̚⁴/

/nã²⁴⁻²² pɔk̚⁴/

/nã²⁴⁻¹¹ pɔk̚⁴/

/nã²⁴⁻¹¹ tak̚⁴/

/nã²³⁻³³ tak̚⁴/

/nã²⁴⁻²² tak̚⁴/

萝卜
*蘿卜
羅卜
蘿白
蘿苩
蘿貝
蘿𦮷
老蔔


芝麻

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ mä²/

/t͡siː⁵⁵ maː²¹/

/t͡si⁴⁴⁻²² muã²⁴/

/t͡si⁴⁴⁻²² muã¹³/

/t͡si⁴⁴⁻³³ muã²⁴/

/t͡si⁴⁴⁻³³ muã²³/

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩³³ ma̠¹³/

/t͡sz̩³³ ma̠¹³/

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ mä²/

/t͡siː⁵⁵ maː²¹/

/t͡si⁴⁴⁻²² muã²⁴/

/t͡si⁴⁴⁻²² muã¹³/

/t͡si⁴⁴⁻³³ muã²⁴/

/t͡si⁴⁴⁻³³ muã²³/

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩³³ ma̠¹³/

/t͡sz̩³³ ma̠¹³/


馬蹄

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰi³⁵/

/maː¹³ tʰɐi̯²¹/

/be⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tue²⁴/

/be⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tue²⁴/

/be⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ te²³/

/bɛ⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ te²³/

/bɛ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ te¹³/

/be⁵²⁻³⁵ toi⁵⁵/

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰi³⁵/

/maː¹³ tʰɐi̯²¹/

/be⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tue²⁴/

/be⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tue²⁴/

/be⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ te²³/

/bɛ⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ te²³/

/bɛ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ te¹³/

/be⁵²⁻³⁵ toi⁵⁵/

Alternative name for 沉香 (chénxiāng, “agarwood”).


馬蹄

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰi³⁵/

/maː¹³ tʰɐi̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/maː¹³ tʰɐi̯²¹/

/ma⁴⁴⁻³⁵ tʰi¹¹/

/ma⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ tʰai²³/

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰi³⁵/

/maː¹³ tʰɐi̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/maː¹³ tʰɐi̯²¹/

/ma⁴⁴⁻³⁵ tʰi¹¹/

/ma⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ tʰai²³/

Kra-Dai substrate word (Li, 2012). Compare Zhuang makdaez.

(chiefly Guangdong, Guangxi, Hong Kong, Penang Hokkien) water chestnut


話梅

/xu̯ä⁵¹ meɪ̯³⁵/

/waː²² muːi̯²¹/

/waː²² muːi̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/xu̯ä⁵¹ meɪ̯³⁵/

/waː²² muːi̯²¹/

/waː²² muːi̯²¹⁻³⁵/

a variety of umeboshi, usually with an off-white, brownish, or reddish exterior


芋頭

/y⁵¹ tʰoʊ̯¹/

/y²¹³ tʰəu²¹/

/wuː²² tʰɐu̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/ʋu⁵³⁻⁵⁵ tʰeu¹¹/

/y⁴⁵ tʰəu¹¹/

/ɔ²²⁻²¹ tʰau²⁴/

/ɔ³³⁻²¹ tʰau²³/

/ɔ²²⁻¹¹ tʰau²⁴/

/ɔ²²⁻²¹ tʰau¹³/

/ɔ³³⁻¹¹ tʰau²⁴/

/ɔ⁴¹⁻²² tʰau²⁴/

/y²¹⁻¹¹ təu̯³/

/y⁵¹ tʰoʊ̯¹/

/y²¹³ tʰəu²¹/

/wuː²² tʰɐu̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/ʋu⁵³⁻⁵⁵ tʰeu¹¹/

/y⁴⁵ tʰəu¹¹/

/ɔ²²⁻²¹ tʰau²⁴/

/ɔ³³⁻²¹ tʰau²³/

/ɔ²²⁻¹¹ tʰau²⁴/

/ɔ²²⁻²¹ tʰau¹³/

/ɔ³³⁻¹¹ tʰau²⁴/

/ɔ⁴¹⁻²² tʰau²⁴/

/y²¹⁻¹¹ təu̯³/

(dialectal Mandarin, including Anhui Mandarin, Shandong) sweet potato

(dialectal Mandarin, including Henan Mandarin, Yunnan Mandarin, Tong'an Hokkien) potato

(Xiamen Hokkien) large, oblong (or egg-shaped) taro


枇杷

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (枇杷):
* → Japanese: 枇杷(ビワ) (biwa)
* → Korean: 비파(枇杷) (bipa)
* → Vietnamese: tì bà (枇杷)

→ Zhuang: bizbaz

/pʰi³⁵ pʰä³⁵/

/pʰei̯²¹ pʰaː²¹/

/pʰi¹¹ pʰa¹¹/

/pi⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βa⁵³/

/pi¹³⁻²² pe¹³/

/pi²⁴⁻²² pe²⁴/

/pi²⁴⁻³³ pe²⁴/

/ɡi²⁴⁻²² pe²⁴/

/ɡi²⁴⁻¹¹ pe²⁴/

/ɡi²⁴⁻³³ pe²⁴/

/ki²⁴⁻²² pe²⁴/

/kʰi²⁴⁻²² pe²⁴/

/kʰi²⁴⁻¹² pe²⁴/

/ti²⁴⁻³³ pe²⁴/

/ti²³⁻³³ pe²³/

/pi¹³⁻²² pɛ¹³/

/ɡi¹³⁻²² pɛ¹³/

/pi⁵⁵⁻¹¹ pe⁵⁵/

/biɪʔ¹¹ boʔ²³/

/biɪʔ¹¹ bo²³/

/pʰi³⁵ pʰä³⁵/

/pʰei̯²¹ pʰaː²¹/

/pʰi¹¹ pʰa¹¹/

/pi⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βa⁵³/

/pi¹³⁻²² pe¹³/

/pi²⁴⁻²² pe²⁴/

/pi²⁴⁻³³ pe²⁴/

/ɡi²⁴⁻²² pe²⁴/

/ɡi²⁴⁻¹¹ pe²⁴/

/ɡi²⁴⁻³³ pe²⁴/

/ki²⁴⁻²² pe²⁴/

/kʰi²⁴⁻²² pe²⁴/

/kʰi²⁴⁻¹² pe²⁴/

/ti²⁴⁻³³ pe²⁴/

/ti²³⁻³³ pe²³/

/pi¹³⁻²² pɛ¹³/

/ɡi¹³⁻²² pɛ¹³/

/pi⁵⁵⁻¹¹ pe⁵⁵/

/biɪʔ¹¹ boʔ²³/

/biɪʔ¹¹ bo²³/

From 琵琶 (pípá, “pipa”). The fruit is said to resemble the musical instrument in shape.


蓮霧

/li̯ɛn³⁵ u⁵¹/

/liɛn⁵³⁻⁵⁵ bu³³/

/liɛn⁴²⁻²⁴ bu²²/

/liɛn⁵³⁻²⁴ bu²²/

/liɛn⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bu³³/

/liɛn⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ bu³³/

/liɛn⁵⁵⁻³⁵ bu³³/

/lieŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ bu¹¹/

/li̯ɛn³⁵ u⁵¹/

/liɛn⁵³⁻⁵⁵ bu³³/

/liɛn⁴²⁻²⁴ bu²²/

/liɛn⁵³⁻²⁴ bu²²/

/liɛn⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bu³³/

/liɛn⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ bu³³/

/liɛn⁵⁵⁻³⁵ bu³³/

/lieŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ bu¹¹/

Syzygium samarangense
Syzygium samarangense#Translingual


火山豆

/xu̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂän⁵⁵ toʊ̯⁵¹/

/xu̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂän⁵⁵ toʊ̯⁵¹/


童童

/tʰʊŋ³⁵ tʰʊŋ³⁵/

/tʰʊŋ³⁵ tʰʊŋ³⁵/

(archaic) describes a tree with thick foliage


桑樹

/sɑŋ⁵⁵ ʂu⁵¹/

/saŋ⁵⁵ su²¹³/

/sɔːŋ⁵⁵ syː²²/

/ɬɔŋ³³⁻²¹ si³²/

/ˈsɔŋ⁴² ɕy¹¹/

/soŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ su⁵⁵/

/sɒ̃¹¹ su⁴⁵/

/souŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ t͡sʰiɛu²¹³/

/sɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰiu²²/

/sɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰiu³³/

/sŋ̍⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰiu³³/

/sɑ̃⁵⁵ zz̩²¹/

/sɑŋ⁵⁵ ʂu⁵¹/

/saŋ⁵⁵ su²¹³/

/sɔːŋ⁵⁵ syː²²/

/ɬɔŋ³³⁻²¹ si³²/

/ˈsɔŋ⁴² ɕy¹¹/

/soŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ su⁵⁵/

/sɒ̃¹¹ su⁴⁵/

/souŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ t͡sʰiɛu²¹³/

/sɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰiu²²/

/sɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰiu³³/

/sŋ̍⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰiu³³/

/sɑ̃⁵⁵ zz̩²¹/


花生

→ Guiqiong: χuɐsəŋ

→ Macanese: façám

→ Mongolian: ᠬᠤᠸᠠᠰᠠᠩ (quwasang) / хуасан (xuasan)

→ Uyghur: خاسىڭ (xasing)

→ White Hmong: huabxeeb

/xu̯ä⁵⁵ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/faː⁵⁵ sɐŋ⁵⁵/

/fa³³ saŋ³³⁻³³⁵/

/ˈfa⁴² sɛn⁴²/

/xua¹¹ səŋ¹¹/

/hua⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɛiŋ⁵⁵/

/hua⁴⁴⁻²² siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/hua⁴⁴⁻³³ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/hua³³ sŋ̍³³/

/ɸa̠³³ sən³³/

/xu̯ä⁵⁵ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/faː⁵⁵ sɐŋ⁵⁵/

/fa³³ saŋ³³⁻³³⁵/

/ˈfa⁴² sɛn⁴²/

/xua¹¹ səŋ¹¹/

/hua⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɛiŋ⁵⁵/

/hua⁴⁴⁻²² siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/hua⁴⁴⁻³³ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/hua³³ sŋ̍³³/

/ɸa̠³³ sən³³/

Arachis hypogaea
Arachis hypogaea#Translingual

peanut (Arachis hypogaea) (Classifier: 粒 m c; 顆／颗 m)


青菜

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɛːŋ⁵⁵ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/

/t͡sʰi̯aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰoi̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰiaŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sʰoɪ⁵³/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ¹¹ t͡sʰai⁴⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi¹¹ t͡sʰai⁴⁵/

/t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰai²¹/

/t͡sʰĩ³³ t͡sʰai⁴¹/

/t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰai¹¹/

/t͡sʰɛ̃⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰai²¹/

/t͡sʰẽ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰai²¹/

/t͡sʰẽ³³⁻²³ t͡sʰai²¹³/

/t͡ɕʰin⁵⁵ t͡sʰe²¹/

/t͡ɕʰin⁴⁴ t͡sʰɛ²¹/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɛːŋ⁵⁵ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/

/t͡sʰi̯aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰoi̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰiaŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sʰoɪ⁵³/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ¹¹ t͡sʰai⁴⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi¹¹ t͡sʰai⁴⁵/

/t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰai²¹/

/t͡sʰĩ³³ t͡sʰai⁴¹/

/t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰai¹¹/

/t͡sʰɛ̃⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰai²¹/

/t͡sʰẽ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰai²¹/

/t͡sʰẽ³³⁻²³ t͡sʰai²¹³/

/t͡ɕʰin⁵⁵ t͡sʰe²¹/

/t͡ɕʰin⁴⁴ t͡sʰɛ²¹/


黃瓜

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ ku̯ä⁵⁵/

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ g̊u̯ä³/

/wɔːŋ²¹ kʷaː⁵⁵/

/uoŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋua⁵⁵/

/ŋ̍²³⁻³³ kue⁴⁴/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻²² kue³³/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻²² kue⁴⁴/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ kue⁴⁴/

/ŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kue³³/

/ɦuɑ̃²² ko⁴⁴/

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ ku̯ä⁵⁵/

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ g̊u̯ä³/

/wɔːŋ²¹ kʷaː⁵⁵/

/uoŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋua⁵⁵/

/ŋ̍²³⁻³³ kue⁴⁴/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻²² kue³³/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻²² kue⁴⁴/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ kue⁴⁴/

/ŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kue³³/

/ɦuɑ̃²² ko⁴⁴/


西紅柿

/ɕi⁵⁵ xʊŋ³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/ɕi⁵⁵ xoŋ²¹ sz̩²¹³/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ hʊŋ²¹ t͡sʰiː¹³/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ hʊŋ²¹ t͡sʰiː¹³⁻³⁵/

/ɕi¹¹ xuŋ¹¹ sz̩⁴⁵/

/sai³³⁻²³ aŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sai³⁵/

/si³³ xʊŋ¹³ ʂʐ̩²¹⁻¹¹/

/ɕi³³ xən¹³ sz̩²¹⁻¹¹/

/ɕi⁵⁵ xʊŋ³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/ɕi⁵⁵ xoŋ²¹ sz̩²¹³/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ hʊŋ²¹ t͡sʰiː¹³/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ hʊŋ²¹ t͡sʰiː¹³⁻³⁵/

/ɕi¹¹ xuŋ¹¹ sz̩⁴⁵/

/sai³³⁻²³ aŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sai³⁵/

/si³³ xʊŋ¹³ ʂʐ̩²¹⁻¹¹/

/ɕi³³ xən¹³ sz̩²¹⁻¹¹/

(chiefly Mainland China, especially Mandarin) tomato


草莓

/t͡sʰɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ meɪ̯³⁵/

/t͡sʰou̯³⁵ muːi̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/t͡sʰou̯³⁵ muːi̯²¹/

/t͡sʰo²⁴⁻³³ moi⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰau³³⁻²¹ mui⁵³/

/t͡sʰau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ m̩²⁴/

/t͡sʰau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ m̩¹³/

/t͡sʰau⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ m̩²³/

/t͡sʰau⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ muĩ²⁴/

/t͡sʰau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ muĩ²⁴/

/t͡sʰo⁵³⁻⁴⁴ m̩¹³/

/t͡sʰo⁵³⁻⁴⁴ m̩²⁴/

/t͡sʰo⁵³⁻⁴⁴ muĩ²⁴/

/t͡sʰau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ muẽ¹³/

/t͡sʰo⁵³⁻⁴⁴ muẽ¹³/

/t͡sʰau⁵²⁻³⁵ bue⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ meɪ̯³⁵/

/t͡sʰou̯³⁵ muːi̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/t͡sʰou̯³⁵ muːi̯²¹/

/t͡sʰo²⁴⁻³³ moi⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰau³³⁻²¹ mui⁵³/

/t͡sʰau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ m̩²⁴/

/t͡sʰau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ m̩¹³/

/t͡sʰau⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ m̩²³/

/t͡sʰau⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ muĩ²⁴/

/t͡sʰau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ muĩ²⁴/

/t͡sʰo⁵³⁻⁴⁴ m̩¹³/

/t͡sʰo⁵³⁻⁴⁴ m̩²⁴/

/t͡sʰo⁵³⁻⁴⁴ muĩ²⁴/

/t͡sʰau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ muẽ¹³/

/t͡sʰo⁵³⁻⁴⁴ muẽ¹³/

/t͡sʰau⁵²⁻³⁵ bue⁵⁵/

Appears in early 20th century. Probably a calque of English strawberry.

The strawberry tree won't bloom or bear fruit.

草莓不開花，也不結果。

草莓不开花，也不结果。

strawberry (fruit, or plant) (Classifier: 顆／颗 m)


荷蘭豆

/xɤ³⁵ län³⁵ toʊ̯⁵¹/

/hɔː²¹ laːn²¹⁻⁵⁵ tɐu̯²²⁻³⁵/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ lan²⁴⁻¹¹ tau³³/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ lan²³⁻³³ tau³³/

/ho¹³⁻²² lan¹³⁻²² tau²²/

/ho²⁴⁻²² lan²⁴⁻²² tau⁴¹/

/ho²⁴⁻²² lan²⁴⁻²² tau²²/

/ho¹³⁻²² liɛn¹³⁻²² tau²²/

/hue²⁴⁻³³ liɛn²⁴⁻³³ tau³³/

/hue²³⁻³³ liɛn²³⁻³³ tau³³/

/ho⁵⁵⁻¹¹ laŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tau¹¹/

/ho⁵⁵⁻¹¹ laŋ³³⁻²³ tau¹¹/

/ɦu²² le⁵⁵ dɤ²¹/

/xɤ³⁵ län³⁵ toʊ̯⁵¹/

/hɔː²¹ laːn²¹⁻⁵⁵ tɐu̯²²⁻³⁵/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ lan²⁴⁻¹¹ tau³³/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ lan²³⁻³³ tau³³/

/ho¹³⁻²² lan¹³⁻²² tau²²/

/ho²⁴⁻²² lan²⁴⁻²² tau⁴¹/

/ho²⁴⁻²² lan²⁴⁻²² tau²²/

/ho¹³⁻²² liɛn¹³⁻²² tau²²/

/hue²⁴⁻³³ liɛn²⁴⁻³³ tau³³/

/hue²³⁻³³ liɛn²³⁻³³ tau³³/

/ho⁵⁵⁻¹¹ laŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tau¹¹/

/ho⁵⁵⁻¹¹ laŋ³³⁻²³ tau¹¹/

/ɦu²² le⁵⁵ dɤ²¹/

Thus called because its seeds were first introduced to Taiwan by Dutch traders.

荷兰豆
*荷蘭荳
荷仁豆


綠豆

/ly⁵¹⁻⁵³ toʊ̯⁵¹/

/ly⁵¹⁻⁵³ tɤʊ̯ɻʷ⁵¹/

/nu²¹ təu²¹³/

/lʊk̚² tɐu̯²²⁻³⁵/

/lɵk̚³² eu³²⁻³²⁵/

/luəʔ² təu⁴⁵/

/lek̚⁴³⁻²¹ tau²²/

/liɪk̚⁴⁻³² tau²²/

/liɪk̚⁴⁻³² tau³³/

/liɪk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ tau²²/

/loʔ¹¹ dɤ²³/

/ly⁵¹⁻⁵³ toʊ̯⁵¹/

/ly⁵¹⁻⁵³ tɤʊ̯ɻʷ⁵¹/

/nu²¹ təu²¹³/

/lʊk̚² tɐu̯²²⁻³⁵/

/lɵk̚³² eu³²⁻³²⁵/

/luəʔ² təu⁴⁵/

/lek̚⁴³⁻²¹ tau²²/

/liɪk̚⁴⁻³² tau²²/

/liɪk̚⁴⁻³² tau³³/

/liɪk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ tau²²/

/loʔ¹¹ dɤ²³/


菠蘿

→ Bouyei: boylof

→ Zhuang: bohloz

/pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵/

/pə⁴⁴ luə²⁴/

/pɔː⁵⁵ lɔː²¹/

/pᵘɔ³³ lᵘɔ²²⁻²²⁵/

/po³³⁻²³ lo⁵⁵/

/pɔ³⁵⁻³³ lɔ²²/

/pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵/

/pə⁴⁴ luə²⁴/

/pɔː⁵⁵ lɔː²¹/

/pᵘɔ³³ lᵘɔ²²⁻²²⁵/

/po³³⁻²³ lo⁵⁵/

/pɔ³⁵⁻³³ lɔ²²/

Clipping of 菠蘿蜜 (“paramita; jackfruit”), possibly influenced by reanalysis of the original word as 菠蘿 + 蜜, resulting in the dropping of 蜜 (“honey”).

(Hong Kong Cantonese, slang) pineapple; hand grenade; explosive


荸薺

/pi³⁵ t͡ɕʰi³/

/pi³⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/pu̯ɔ³⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/puːt̚² t͡sʰɐi̯²¹/

/piəʔ⁵⁴⁻² t͡ɕʰi⁴⁵/

/piəʔ²⁻⁵⁴ t͡ɕʰi¹¹/

/put̚⁴⁻³² t͡se²³/

/put̚⁴⁻³² t͡se²⁴/

/bəʔ¹¹ ʑi²³/

/biɪʔ¹¹ ʑi²³/

/pu¹³ t͡ɕi⁴⁵/

/pi³⁵ t͡ɕʰi³/

/pi³⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/pu̯ɔ³⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/puːt̚² t͡sʰɐi̯²¹/

/piəʔ⁵⁴⁻² t͡ɕʰi⁴⁵/

/piəʔ²⁻⁵⁴ t͡ɕʰi¹¹/

/put̚⁴⁻³² t͡se²³/

/put̚⁴⁻³² t͡se²⁴/

/bəʔ¹¹ ʑi²³/

/biɪʔ¹¹ ʑi²³/

/pu¹³ t͡ɕi⁴⁵/

From 鳧茈 (MC bju dzje). According to the Compendium of Materia Medica:
Alternatively, it may be derived from 脖臍 (MC bwot dzej, “navel”), perhaps because its corm resembles a navel or because its stolon resembles an umbilical cord (Wei, 2004).

Mallards like to eat it, so Erya names it fúcí [lit. “mallard gromwell”], which later corrupted to fúcí and further corrupted into bíqi.

Fú xǐ shí zhī, gù “Ěryǎ” míng fúcí, hòu suì é wéi fúcí, yòu é wéi bíqi.

鳧喜食之，故《爾雅》名鳧茈，後遂訛為鳧茨，又訛為荸薺。

凫喜食之，故《尔雅》名凫茈，后遂讹为凫茨，又讹为荸荠。

Chinese water chestnut
Chinese water chestnut

Eleocharis dulcis
Eleocharis dulcis#Translingual

Chinese water chestnut (Eleocharis dulcis)


黃芪

→ English: Huang-ch'i

→ Korean: 황기 (hwanggi)

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/wɔːŋ²¹ kʰei̯²¹/

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/wɔːŋ²¹ kʰei̯²¹/

traditional Chinese medicine
traditional Chinese medicine

(traditional Chinese medicine) Astragalus propinquus


葫蘆

Sino-Xenic (葫蘆):
* → Japanese: 葫蘆(ころ) (koro)
* → Korean: 호로(葫蘆) (horo)
* → Vietnamese: hồ lô (葫蘆)

→ Mongolian: хулуу (xuluu)

/wuː²¹ lou̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/hu⁵³⁻³³ l̃u⁵³/

/hɔ²⁴⁻²² lɔ²⁴/

/hɔ²⁴⁻²² lɔ²⁴/

/hɔ¹³⁻²² lɔ¹³/

/hɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ lɔ²⁴/

/hɔ²³⁻³³ lɔ²³/

/hu⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lu⁵⁵/

/wuː²¹ lou̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/hu⁵³⁻³³ l̃u⁵³/

/hɔ²⁴⁻²² lɔ²⁴/

/hɔ²⁴⁻²² lɔ²⁴/

/hɔ¹³⁻²² lɔ¹³/

/hɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ lɔ²⁴/

/hɔ²³⁻³³ lɔ²³/

/hu⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lu⁵⁵/

Compare also 瓠 (OC *ɡʷlaː, *ɡʷlaːs, “gourd”).

葫芦
壺蘆
胡盧
胡蘆
壺盧
葫芦
夫佬
俘虜


南瓜

Sino-Xenic (南瓜):
* → Korean: 남과(南瓜) (namgwa)

→ Mongolian: ᠯᠠᠩᠭᠤᠸᠠ (langɣuwa) / лангуа (langua)

→ Zhuang: namzgva

/nän³⁵ ku̯ä⁵⁵/

/nän³⁵ g̊u̯ä³/

/næ̃²⁴ kua⁵¹/

/naːm²¹ kʷaː⁵⁵/

/næ̃¹¹ kua¹¹/

/nˡaŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋua⁵⁵/

/nẽ̞²² kua³⁴/

/nän³⁵ ku̯ä⁵⁵/

/nän³⁵ g̊u̯ä³/

/næ̃²⁴ kua⁵¹/

/naːm²¹ kʷaː⁵⁵/

/næ̃¹¹ kua¹¹/

/nˡaŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋua⁵⁵/

/nẽ̞²² kua³⁴/

pumpkin; winter squash (plant of the genus Cucurbita or its fruit)


桃花

/tʰɑʊ̯³⁵ xu̯ä⁵⁵/

/tʰɑʊ̯³⁵ xu̯ɑɻ⁵⁵/

/tʰou̯²¹ faː⁵⁵/

/tʰo²⁴⁻²² hue⁴⁴/

/tʰo²⁴⁻¹¹ hue⁴⁴/

/tʰɤ²³⁻³³ hue⁴⁴/

/tʰo²⁴⁻²² hue³³/

/tʰo¹³⁻²² hua⁴⁴/

/tʰɑʊ̯³⁵ xu̯ä⁵⁵/

/tʰɑʊ̯³⁵ xu̯ɑɻ⁵⁵/

/tʰou̯²¹ faː⁵⁵/

/tʰo²⁴⁻²² hue⁴⁴/

/tʰo²⁴⁻¹¹ hue⁴⁴/

/tʰɤ²³⁻³³ hue⁴⁴/

/tʰo²⁴⁻²² hue³³/

/tʰo¹³⁻²² hua⁴⁴/

(figurative) luck in love affairs; luck in love


苜蓿

Sino-Xenic (苜蓿):
* → Japanese: 苜蓿(もくしゅく) (mokushuku)
* → Korean: 목숙(苜蓿) (moksuk)
* → Vietnamese: mục túc (苜蓿)

/mu⁵¹⁻⁵³ su⁵¹/

/mʊk̚² sʊk̚⁵/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² siɔk̚³²/

/bɔk̚²⁴⁻² siɔk̚⁵/

/bɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ siɔk̚³²/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² siɔk̚³²/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² siɔk̚³²/

/mu⁵¹⁻⁵³ su⁵¹/

/mʊk̚² sʊk̚⁵/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² siɔk̚³²/

/bɔk̚²⁴⁻² siɔk̚⁵/

/bɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ siɔk̚³²/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² siɔk̚³²/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² siɔk̚³²/

Borrowed from a Central Asian language during the Han Dynasty (Laufer, 1967). Compare Tibetan བུག་སུག (bug sug, “alfalfa; bird's-foot trefoil”), Ladakhi [script needed] (bukhsukh, “Nepeta salviifolia, now Nepeta racemosa”).

cog

Medicago (a genus of flowering plants including alfalfa)


辣子

/lä⁵¹ d͡z̥z̩¹/

/lä⁵¹ d͡z̥z̩¹/


木樨

/mʊk̚² sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² se⁴⁴/

/bɔk̚²⁴⁻² se³³/

/bɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ se⁴⁴/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² se⁴⁴/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² se⁴⁴/

/mʊk̚² sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² se⁴⁴/

/bɔk̚²⁴⁻² se³³/

/bɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ se⁴⁴/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² se⁴⁴/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² se⁴⁴/


高麗菜

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ li³⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ li⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/kou̯⁵⁵ lɐi̯²² t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/

/ko³³ le²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰai⁴¹/

/ko³³⁻²¹ le²³⁻²¹ t͡sʰai²¹/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² le²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰai²¹/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² le²⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰai²¹/

/ko⁴⁴⁻³³ le²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰai¹¹/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² le¹³⁻²² t͡sʰai²¹/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ le²³⁻³³ t͡sʰai²¹/

/ko³³⁻²³ le³⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sʰai²¹³/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ li³⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ li⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/kou̯⁵⁵ lɐi̯²² t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/

/ko³³ le²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰai⁴¹/

/ko³³⁻²¹ le²³⁻²¹ t͡sʰai²¹/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² le²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰai²¹/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² le²⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰai²¹/

/ko⁴⁴⁻³³ le²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰai¹¹/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² le¹³⁻²² t͡sʰai²¹/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ le²³⁻³³ t͡sʰai²¹/

/ko³³⁻²³ le³⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sʰai²¹³/

From Dutch kool + 菜 (“vegetable”). Dutch kool first borrowed into Hokkien. Compare Teochew 高麗／高丽 (go¹ lê⁶).

Brassica oleracea var. capitata
Brassica oleracea var. capitata

(regional) cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) (Classifier: 顆／颗 m; 個／个 m)


草本

/t͡sʰɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ pən²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pun⁵³/

/t͡sʰo⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pun⁵³/

/t͡sʰau⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ pun⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sʰo⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ pun⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sʰau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pun⁵³/

/t͡sʰo⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pun⁵³/

/t͡sʰau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pun⁵³/

/t͡sʰo⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pun⁵³/

/t͡sʰau⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ pun⁴¹/

/t͡sʰɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ pun⁴¹/

/t͡sʰɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ pən²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pun⁵³/

/t͡sʰo⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pun⁵³/

/t͡sʰau⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ pun⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sʰo⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ pun⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sʰau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pun⁵³/

/t͡sʰo⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pun⁵³/

/t͡sʰau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pun⁵³/

/t͡sʰo⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pun⁵³/

/t͡sʰau⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ pun⁴¹/

/t͡sʰɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ pun⁴¹/


松果

/sʊŋ⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰʊŋ²¹ kʷɔː³⁵/

/sʊŋ⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰʊŋ²¹ kʷɔː³⁵/


益母草

/i⁵¹ mu²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sʰɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jɪk̚⁵ mou̯¹³ t͡sʰou̯³⁵/

/a(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰau⁵³/

/a(ʔ)⁵ bu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰau⁵⁵⁴/

/i⁵¹ mu²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sʰɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jɪk̚⁵ mou̯¹³ t͡sʰou̯³⁵/

/a(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰau⁵³/

/a(ʔ)⁵ bu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰau⁵⁵⁴/

(～屬) motherwort (Leonurus, a genus of flowering plant that is used in traditional Chinese medicine)


燕麥

/jɛn⁵¹⁻⁵³ maɪ̯⁵¹/

/iɛn²¹³ mɛ²¹/

/iɛn⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ beʔ²⁴/

/iɛn²¹⁻⁵³ beʔ⁴/

/iɛn²¹⁻⁵³ bɛʔ¹²¹/

/jɛn⁵¹⁻⁵³ maɪ̯⁵¹/

/iɛn²¹³ mɛ²¹/

/iɛn⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ beʔ²⁴/

/iɛn²¹⁻⁵³ beʔ⁴/

/iɛn²¹⁻⁵³ bɛʔ¹²¹/

鋼切燕麥

钢切燕麦


烏木

/wuː⁵⁵ mʊk̚²/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻²² bak̚⁴/

/ɔ³³ bak̚²⁴/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻²² bak̚¹²¹/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ bak̚⁴/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ bak̚⁴/

/wuː⁵⁵ mʊk̚²/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻²² bak̚⁴/

/ɔ³³ bak̚²⁴/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻²² bak̚¹²¹/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ bak̚⁴/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ bak̚⁴/


橡子

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sœːŋ²² t͡siː³⁵/

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sœːŋ²² t͡siː³⁵/


地黃

/ti⁵¹ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/tei̯²² wɔːŋ²¹/

/ti⁵¹ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/tei̯²² wɔːŋ²¹/

Rehmannia glutinosa
Rehmannia glutinosa#Translingual

traditional Chinese medicine
traditional Chinese medicine#English

Rehmannia glutinosa (a herb used in traditional Chinese medicine)


金柑

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ kän⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ kän⁵⁵/


大麥

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ maɪ̯⁵¹/

/ta²¹³ mɛ²¹/

/taːi̯²² mɐk̚²/

/tua²²⁻²¹ beʔ⁴³/

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ maɪ̯⁵¹/

/ta²¹³ mɛ²¹/

/taːi̯²² mɐk̚²/

/tua²²⁻²¹ beʔ⁴³/


無花果

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (無花果):
* → Japanese: 無花果(むかか) (mukaka)
* → Korean: 무화과(無花果) (muhwagwa)

/u³⁵ xu̯ä⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mou̯²¹ faː⁵⁵ kʷɔː³⁵/

/ᵐbu²² fa³³ kᵘɔ⁵⁵/

/u⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ua⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾uo³³/

/bu²³⁻³³ hua⁴⁴⁻³³ kɤ⁴¹/

/bu²⁴⁻²¹ hua⁴⁴⁻²² ko⁴²/

/bu²⁴⁻¹¹ hua⁴⁴⁻³³ ko⁵³/

/bo²⁴⁻²¹ hua⁴⁴⁻²² ko⁴²/

/bo²⁴⁻²¹ hue⁴⁴⁻²² ko⁴²/

/bo⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hue³³⁻²³ kue⁵²/

/ɦu²² ho⁵⁵ ku²¹/

/u³⁵ xu̯ä⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mou̯²¹ faː⁵⁵ kʷɔː³⁵/

/ᵐbu²² fa³³ kᵘɔ⁵⁵/

/u⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ua⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾uo³³/

/bu²³⁻³³ hua⁴⁴⁻³³ kɤ⁴¹/

/bu²⁴⁻²¹ hua⁴⁴⁻²² ko⁴²/

/bu²⁴⁻¹¹ hua⁴⁴⁻³³ ko⁵³/

/bo²⁴⁻²¹ hua⁴⁴⁻²² ko⁴²/

/bo²⁴⁻²¹ hue⁴⁴⁻²² ko⁴²/

/bo⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hue³³⁻²³ kue⁵²/

/ɦu²² ho⁵⁵ ku²¹/

(Can we date this quote?), 《英語撮要》, page 66:

ni¹ syu³ jau⁵ mou⁴ faa¹ gwo² saang¹ mou⁵ ne¹

呢處有無花菓生冇呢

呢处有无花果生冇呢

無花果章

The Fig, the ninety-fifth sura of the Qur'an


銀杏

→ Hawaiian: nanahana (via Cantonese ngan⁴ hang⁶)

Sino-Xenic (銀杏):
* → Japanese: 銀杏(ぎんなん) (ginnan)
* → Korean: 은행(銀杏) (eunhaeng)

/in³⁵ ɕiŋ⁵¹/

/in²¹ xən²¹³/

/ŋɐn²¹ hɐŋ²²/

/iŋ¹¹ ɕiŋ⁴⁵/

/ɡin²⁴⁻²² hiɪŋ²²/

/ɡun²⁴⁻²² hiɪŋ²²/

/ɡin²⁴⁻²² hiɪŋ⁴¹/

/ɡun²⁴⁻²² hiɪŋ⁴¹/

/ɡin¹³⁻²² hiɪŋ²²/

/ɡun¹³⁻²² hiɪŋ²²/

/ɡin²⁴⁻¹¹ hiɪŋ³³/

/ɡun²⁴⁻¹¹ hiɪŋ³³/

/ɡin²³⁻³³ hiɪŋ³³/

/ɡun²³⁻³³ hiɪŋ³³/

/n̠ʲin²² ɦã⁴⁴/

/in³⁵ ɕiŋ⁵¹/

/in²¹ xən²¹³/

/ŋɐn²¹ hɐŋ²²/

/iŋ¹¹ ɕiŋ⁴⁵/

/ɡin²⁴⁻²² hiɪŋ²²/

/ɡun²⁴⁻²² hiɪŋ²²/

/ɡin²⁴⁻²² hiɪŋ⁴¹/

/ɡun²⁴⁻²² hiɪŋ⁴¹/

/ɡin¹³⁻²² hiɪŋ²²/

/ɡun¹³⁻²² hiɪŋ²²/

/ɡin²⁴⁻¹¹ hiɪŋ³³/

/ɡun²⁴⁻¹¹ hiɪŋ³³/

/ɡin²³⁻³³ hiɪŋ³³/

/ɡun²³⁻³³ hiɪŋ³³/

/n̠ʲin²² ɦã⁴⁴/


繡球花

ㄒㄧㄡˋ ㄑㄧㄡˊ ㄏㄨㄚ

/ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯³⁵ xu̯ä⁵⁵/

/sɐu̯³³ kʰɐu̯²¹ faː⁵⁵/

/siu²¹⁻⁵³ kiu²⁴⁻²² hue⁴⁴/

/siu⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kiu²⁴⁻²² hue³³/

/siu²¹⁻⁵³ kiu¹³⁻²² hue⁴⁴/

/siu¹¹⁻⁵³ kiu²⁴⁻¹¹ hue⁴⁴/

/siu²¹⁻⁴¹ kiu²³⁻³³ hue⁴⁴/

/ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯³⁵ xu̯ä⁵⁵/

/sɐu̯³³ kʰɐu̯²¹ faː⁵⁵/

/siu²¹⁻⁵³ kiu²⁴⁻²² hue⁴⁴/

/siu⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kiu²⁴⁻²² hue³³/

/siu²¹⁻⁵³ kiu¹³⁻²² hue⁴⁴/

/siu¹¹⁻⁵³ kiu²⁴⁻¹¹ hue⁴⁴/

/siu²¹⁻⁴¹ kiu²³⁻³³ hue⁴⁴/


繡球

/ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯³⁵/

/sɐu̯³³ kʰɐu̯²¹/

/siu⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kiu²⁴/

/siu²¹³⁻⁵⁵ kiu⁵⁵/

/ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯³⁵/

/sɐu̯³³ kʰɐu̯²¹/

/siu⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kiu²⁴/

/siu²¹³⁻⁵⁵ kiu⁵⁵/

embroidered ball; ball made of rolled colored silk


茴香

ja-r

茴香(ういきょう) (uikyō)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (茴香):
* → Japanese: 茴香(ういきょう) (uikyō)
* → Korean: 회향(茴香) (hoehyang)

→ Guiqiong: χoχiɐŋ (“star anise”)

/xu̯eɪ̯³⁵ ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/xu̯eɪ̯³⁵ ɕi̯ɑŋ³/

/wuːi̯²¹ hœːŋ⁵⁵/

/vᵘɔi²² hiaŋ³³/

/fi¹¹ hiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/hui⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾yoŋ⁵⁵/

/hue²⁴⁻²² hiɔŋ³³/

/hue²⁴⁻¹¹ hiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/hue²³⁻³³ hiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/hue²⁴⁻²² hiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/hue¹³⁻²² hiɔ̃⁴⁴/

/hue²⁴⁻¹¹ hiũ⁴⁴/

/hue²³⁻³³ hiũ⁴⁴/

/hue⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hĩẽ³³/

/ɦue²² ɕiã⁴⁴/

/xu̯eɪ̯³⁵ ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/xu̯eɪ̯³⁵ ɕi̯ɑŋ³/

/wuːi̯²¹ hœːŋ⁵⁵/

/vᵘɔi²² hiaŋ³³/

/fi¹¹ hiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/hui⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾yoŋ⁵⁵/

/hue²⁴⁻²² hiɔŋ³³/

/hue²⁴⁻¹¹ hiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/hue²³⁻³³ hiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/hue²⁴⁻²² hiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/hue¹³⁻²² hiɔ̃⁴⁴/

/hue²⁴⁻¹¹ hiũ⁴⁴/

/hue²³⁻³³ hiũ⁴⁴/

/hue⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hĩẽ³³/

/ɦue²² ɕiã⁴⁴/

八角茴香 八角茴香#Chinese

Short for 八角茴香 (bājiǎo huíxiāng, “star anise; aniseed”).


菱角

/liŋ³⁵ d͡ʑ̥i̯ɑʊ̯³/

/liŋ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lɪŋ²¹ kɔːk̚³/

/lɪŋ²¹ kɔːk̚³⁻³⁵/

/len²² kɔk̚³³⁻²¹⁵/

/len²² kɔk̚³³⁻²¹/

/liŋ¹¹ t͡ɕyəʔ²/

/l̃ɛiŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɔyʔ²⁴/

/l̃iŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɔyʔ²⁴/

/leŋ²⁴⁻²¹ kak̚³²/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ kak̚³²/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kak̚³²/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² kak̚³²/

/liŋ³⁵ d͡ʑ̥i̯ɑʊ̯³/

/liŋ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lɪŋ²¹ kɔːk̚³/

/lɪŋ²¹ kɔːk̚³⁻³⁵/

/len²² kɔk̚³³⁻²¹⁵/

/len²² kɔk̚³³⁻²¹/

/liŋ¹¹ t͡ɕyəʔ²/

/l̃ɛiŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɔyʔ²⁴/

/l̃iŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɔyʔ²⁴/

/leŋ²⁴⁻²¹ kak̚³²/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ kak̚³²/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kak̚³²/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² kak̚³²/

(～鎮, formerly ～鄉) Lingjiao (a town in Wuxi, Chongqing, China, formerly a township)


橄欖

Sino-Xenic (橄欖):
* → Japanese: 橄欖(かんらん) (kanran)
* → Korean: 감람(橄欖) (gamnam)
* → Vietnamese: cảm lãm (橄欖)

desc

→ English: kana (“olives that have been dried and preserved using salt and sugar, eaten as a snack”)

Macanese: (from 欖) lám

→ Malay: kanar (“Chinese olive eaten salted or sweet”)

→ Thai: กาน้า (kānā, “Canarium album”)

/kän²¹⁴⁻³⁵ län²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kã¹¹⁻¹² lã¹¹/

/kæ̃⁵³⁻¹¹ læ̃⁵³/

/kaŋ²⁴ laŋ²¹/

/ka³³⁻³⁵ l̃aŋ³³/

/kaŋ³³⁻³⁵ ⁽ˡ⁻⁾nˡaŋ³³/

/kã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nã⁵³/

/kã⁴⁴⁻³³ nã⁴¹/

/kã³³ nã⁵⁵⁴/

/kã⁴⁴⁻³³ nã⁵³/

/kã³³ na⁵⁵⁴/

/kã⁴⁴⁻²² nã⁵³/

/kan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nã⁵³/

/kan⁴⁴⁻³³ nã⁵³/

/kan⁴⁴⁻²² nã⁵³/

/kan⁴⁴⁻³³ nã⁴¹/

/kã³³⁻²³ na⁵²/

/kän²¹⁴⁻³⁵ län²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kã¹¹⁻¹² lã¹¹/

/kæ̃⁵³⁻¹¹ læ̃⁵³/

/kaŋ²⁴ laŋ²¹/

/ka³³⁻³⁵ l̃aŋ³³/

/kaŋ³³⁻³⁵ ⁽ˡ⁻⁾nˡaŋ³³/

/kã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nã⁵³/

/kã⁴⁴⁻³³ nã⁴¹/

/kã³³ nã⁵⁵⁴/

/kã⁴⁴⁻³³ nã⁵³/

/kã³³ na⁵⁵⁴/

/kã⁴⁴⁻²² nã⁵³/

/kan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nã⁵³/

/kan⁴⁴⁻³³ nã⁵³/

/kan⁴⁴⁻²² nã⁵³/

/kan⁴⁴⁻³³ nã⁴¹/

/kã³³⁻²³ na⁵²/

Borrowed from a Kra-Dai language in ancient times.
Compare Zhuang gyamj (“olive”), Lao ເຫລືອມ (lư̄am, “Canarium kerrii”), ເກິມ (kœm, “Canarium venosum”), as well as Middle Vietnamese tlám (“olive”) (from earlier < *klam; Modern trám).


紅蘿蔔

→ Bouyei: laauxbag ndingl (“carrot”) (calque)

→ Zhuang: lauxbaeghoengz (“carrot”) (calque)

红萝卜
*紅蘿卜
紅蘿白
紅羅白

ㄏㄨㄥˊ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ˙ㄅㄛ

ㄏㄨㄥˊ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ˙ㄅㄛ

/xʊŋ³⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ b̥u̯ɔ³/

/hʊŋ²¹ lɔː²¹ paːk̚²/

/hɵŋ²² lᵘɔ²² pak̚³²/

/ˈfuŋ³⁵ lo³⁵ pʰo²/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² la²⁴⁻²² pak̚⁴/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² la²⁴⁻²² pak̚²⁴/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² la²⁴⁻²² tak̚⁴/

/aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ lo²⁴⁻¹¹ pɔk̚⁴/

/aŋ²³⁻³³ lɤ²³⁻³³ pɔk̚⁴/

/ɦoŋ²² lɔ⁵⁵ boʔ²¹/

/ɦoŋ²² lu⁵⁵ boʔ²¹/

/xʊŋ¹³ lo¹³ pu³/

/xʊŋ³⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ b̥u̯ɔ³/

/hʊŋ²¹ lɔː²¹ paːk̚²/

/hɵŋ²² lᵘɔ²² pak̚³²/

/ˈfuŋ³⁵ lo³⁵ pʰo²/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² la²⁴⁻²² pak̚⁴/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² la²⁴⁻²² pak̚²⁴/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² la²⁴⁻²² tak̚⁴/

/aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ lo²⁴⁻¹¹ pɔk̚⁴/

/aŋ²³⁻³³ lɤ²³⁻³³ pɔk̚⁴/

/ɦoŋ²² lɔ⁵⁵ boʔ²¹/

/ɦoŋ²² lu⁵⁵ boʔ²¹/

/xʊŋ¹³ lo¹³ pu³/


胡蘿蔔

胡萝卜
胡蘿卜*
胡老蔔

ㄏㄨˊ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ˙ㄅㄛ

/xu³⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ b̥u̯ɔ³/

/wuː²¹ lɔː²¹ paːk̚²/

/ɔ²³⁻³³ lɤ²³⁻³³ pɔk̚⁴/

/ɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ lo²⁴⁻¹¹ pɔk̚⁴/

/ɦu²² lɔ⁵⁵ boʔ²¹/

/ɦəu²² læ³³ boʔ/

/xu³⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ b̥u̯ɔ³/

/wuː²¹ lɔː²¹ paːk̚²/

/ɔ²³⁻³³ lɤ²³⁻³³ pɔk̚⁴/

/ɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ lo²⁴⁻¹¹ pɔk̚⁴/

/ɦu²² lɔ⁵⁵ boʔ²¹/

/ɦəu²² læ³³ boʔ/

胡蘿蔔加大棒政策

胡萝卜加大棒政策


牡丹

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (牡丹):
* → Japanese: 牡(ぼ)丹(たん) (botan)
* → Korean: 모란(牡丹) (moran)
* → Vietnamese: mẫu đơn (牡丹)

→ Lü: ᦙᦴᦑᦱᧃᧈ (muutaan¹)

→ Thai: โบตั๋น (boo-dtǎn) (via Hokkien)

/mu²¹⁴⁻²¹ tän⁵⁵/

/mu²¹⁴ d̥än⁴/

/mɐu̯¹³ taːn⁵⁵/

/bɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tan⁴⁴/

/bɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tan³³/

/bɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tan⁴⁴/

/bɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tan⁴⁴/

/bɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tan⁴⁴/

/bou⁵²⁻³⁵ tũã³³/

/mu²¹⁴⁻²¹ tän⁵⁵/

/mu²¹⁴ d̥än⁴/

/mɐu̯¹³ taːn⁵⁵/

/bɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tan⁴⁴/

/bɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tan³³/

/bɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tan⁴⁴/

/bɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tan⁴⁴/

/bɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tan⁴⁴/

/bou⁵²⁻³⁵ tũã³³/


牡丹

→ English: Mudan

→ Russian: Мудань (Mudanʹ)

/mu²¹⁴⁻²¹ tän⁵⁵/

/mu²¹⁴ d̥än⁴/

/mɐu̯¹³ taːn⁵⁵/

/bɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tan⁴⁴/

/bɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tan³³/

/bɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tan⁴⁴/

/bɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tan⁴⁴/

/bɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tan⁴⁴/

/bou⁵²⁻³⁵ tũã³³/

/mu²¹⁴⁻²¹ tän⁵⁵/

/mu²¹⁴ d̥än⁴/

/mɐu̯¹³ taːn⁵⁵/

/bɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tan⁴⁴/

/bɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tan³³/

/bɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tan⁴⁴/

/bɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tan⁴⁴/

/bɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tan⁴⁴/

/bou⁵²⁻³⁵ tũã³³/

(～區) Mudan (a district of Heze, Shandong, China)

(～鄉) Mudan (a mountain indigenous township in Pingtung County, Taiwan)


小豆

Sino-Xenic (小豆):
* → Japanese: 小豆(しょうず) (shōzu)
* → Korean: 소두(小豆) (sodu)

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ toʊ̯⁵¹/

/siːu̯³⁵ tɐu̯²²⁻³⁵/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ toʊ̯⁵¹/

/siːu̯³⁵ tɐu̯²²⁻³⁵/

Alternative name for 赤小豆 (chìxiǎodòu, “rice bean (Vigna umbellata)”).


青苔

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ tʰaɪ̯³⁵/

/t͡sʰɛːŋ⁵⁵ tʰɔːi̯²¹/

/t͡ɕʰiaŋ⁴² tʰai²/

/t͡sʰĩ³³ tʰi²⁴/

/t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰi²⁴/

/t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² tʰi²⁴/

/t͡sʰẽ⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰi²³/

/t͡sʰɛ̃⁴⁴⁻²² tʰi¹³/

/t͡sʰẽ⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰi²⁴/

/t͡sʰɛ̃³³⁻²¹ ti²³/

/t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ ti²⁴/

/t͡sʰẽ³³⁻²³ tʰi⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ tʰaɪ̯³⁵/

/t͡sʰɛːŋ⁵⁵ tʰɔːi̯²¹/

/t͡ɕʰiaŋ⁴² tʰai²/

/t͡sʰĩ³³ tʰi²⁴/

/t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰi²⁴/

/t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² tʰi²⁴/

/t͡sʰẽ⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰi²³/

/t͡sʰɛ̃⁴⁴⁻²² tʰi¹³/

/t͡sʰẽ⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰi²⁴/

/t͡sʰɛ̃³³⁻²¹ ti²³/

/t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ ti²⁴/

/t͡sʰẽ³³⁻²³ tʰi⁵⁵/


竹子

/ʈ͡ʂu³⁵ d͡z̥z̩³/

/ʈ͡ʂuʔ⁵ t͡sz̩/

/ʈ͡ʂu²⁴ t͡sz̩²⁴/

/t͡sʊk̚⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

/t͡suəʔ² t͡səʔ³/

/ʈ͡ʂəu̯²⁴ t͡sz̩³/

/t͡səu̯²⁴ t͡sz̩³/

/ʈ͡ʂu³⁵ d͡z̥z̩³/

/ʈ͡ʂuʔ⁵ t͡sz̩/

/ʈ͡ʂu²⁴ t͡sz̩²⁴/

/t͡sʊk̚⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

/t͡suəʔ² t͡səʔ³/

/ʈ͡ʂəu̯²⁴ t͡sz̩³/

/t͡səu̯²⁴ t͡sz̩³/


玉米

→ Guiqiong: yu’mɛ

/y⁵¹ mi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jʊk̚² mɐi̯¹³/

/ˈy¹¹ mi²¹³/

/ɡiɔk̚⁴⁻³² bi⁵³/

/ɡiɔk̚²⁴⁻² bi⁵⁵⁴/

/ɡiɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ bi⁵³/

/ɡiɔk̚⁴⁻³² bi⁵³/

/ɡiɔk̚⁴⁻³² bi⁴¹/

/ɡekʰ⁴⁻² bi⁵²/

/ɲy²² məi²⁴/

/n̠ʲioʔ¹¹ mi²³/

/y⁵¹ mi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jʊk̚² mɐi̯¹³/

/ˈy¹¹ mi²¹³/

/ɡiɔk̚⁴⁻³² bi⁵³/

/ɡiɔk̚²⁴⁻² bi⁵⁵⁴/

/ɡiɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ bi⁵³/

/ɡiɔk̚⁴⁻³² bi⁵³/

/ɡiɔk̚⁴⁻³² bi⁴¹/

/ɡekʰ⁴⁻² bi⁵²/

/ɲy²² məi²⁴/

/n̠ʲioʔ¹¹ mi²³/


刺五加

/t͡sʰz̩⁵¹ u²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰi²¹⁻⁵³ ŋɔ̃⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ka⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰi⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ŋɔ̃⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ka³³/

/t͡sʰi²¹⁻⁵³ ŋɔ̃⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ka⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰi¹¹⁻⁵³ ŋɔ̃⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ka⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰi²¹⁻⁴¹ ŋɔ̃⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ka⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰz̩⁵¹ u²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰi²¹⁻⁵³ ŋɔ̃⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ka⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰi⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ŋɔ̃⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ka³³/

/t͡sʰi²¹⁻⁵³ ŋɔ̃⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ka⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰi¹¹⁻⁵³ ŋɔ̃⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ka⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰi²¹⁻⁴¹ ŋɔ̃⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ka⁴⁴/

Eleutherococcus senticosus (formerly called Siberian ginseng, syn. Acanthopanax senticosus)


丁香

/tiŋ⁵⁵ ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/tɪŋ⁵⁵ hœːŋ⁵⁵/

/tiɪŋ³³ hiũ³³/

/tiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hiũ⁴⁴/

/tiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hiũ⁴⁴/

/tiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hiɔ̃⁴⁴/

/teŋ³³⁻²¹ hiãu³³/

/tiŋ⁵⁵ ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/tɪŋ⁵⁵ hœːŋ⁵⁵/

/tiɪŋ³³ hiũ³³/

/tiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hiũ⁴⁴/

/tiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hiũ⁴⁴/

/tiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hiɔ̃⁴⁴/

/teŋ³³⁻²¹ hiãu³³/


油菜

/joʊ̯³⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/jɐu̯²¹ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/

/iu²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰai²¹/

/iu²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰai⁴¹/

/iu¹³⁻²² t͡sʰai²¹/

/iu²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰai¹¹/

/iu²³⁻³³ t͡sʰai²¹/

/ɦiɤ²² t͡sʰe⁴⁴/

/joʊ̯³⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/jɐu̯²¹ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/

/iu²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰai²¹/

/iu²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰai⁴¹/

/iu¹³⁻²² t͡sʰai²¹/

/iu²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰai¹¹/

/iu²³⁻³³ t͡sʰai²¹/

/ɦiɤ²² t͡sʰe⁴⁴/

(Hong Kong) boiled greens (e.g. choy sum, kailan, lettuce), often served with oyster sauce)


木材

/mu⁵¹ t͡sʰaɪ̯³⁵/

/mʊk̚² t͡sʰɔːi̯²¹/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² t͡sai²³/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² t͡sai²⁴/

/bɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡sai¹³/

/bɔk̚²⁴⁻² t͡sai²⁴/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² t͡sʰai²⁴/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² t͡sʰai²³/

/mu⁵¹ t͡sʰaɪ̯³⁵/

/mʊk̚² t͡sʰɔːi̯²¹/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² t͡sai²³/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² t͡sai²⁴/

/bɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡sai¹³/

/bɔk̚²⁴⁻² t͡sai²⁴/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² t͡sʰai²⁴/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² t͡sʰai²³/


四君子

/sz̩⁵¹ t͡ɕyn⁵⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sz̩⁵¹ t͡ɕyn⁵⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Four Gentlemen; four plants (chrysanthemum, bamboo, orchid, and plum blossom) that are often depicted in traditional Chinese, Korean, and Japanese ink-and-brush painting


三友

/sän⁵⁵ joʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sän⁵⁵ joʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/


龍眼

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (龍眼):
* → Japanese: 竜眼(りゅうがん) (ryūgan)
* → Korean: 용안(龍眼) (yong'an), 룡안(龍眼) (ryong'an)
* → Vietnamese: long nhãn (龍眼)

→ Bunun: lingkiing

→ English: longan, longyan

→ Finnish: longaani

→ French: longane

→ Indonesian: lengkeng

→ Kanakanabu: ringking

→ Lao: ລຳໃຍ (lam nyai)

→ Malay: longan

→ Paiwan: gingging

→ Puyuma: gingging

→ Rukai: gingging

→ Saaroa: lingikingi

→ Saisiyat: lingking

→ Tagalog: gingging

→ Taroko: lingking

→ Thai: ลำไย (lam-yai)

→ Thao: lingkii

→ Uyghur: луңйән (lungyen)

/lʊŋ³⁵ jɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/noŋ²¹ iɛn⁵³/

/lʊŋ²¹ ŋaːn¹³/

/lʊŋ²¹ ŋaːn¹³⁻³⁵/

/liʊŋ¹¹ ŋian³¹/

/luŋ¹¹ ŋie⁵³/

/lœyŋ³³ ŋaiŋ²¹/

/l̃ɛiŋ⁵³⁻³³ ŋɛiŋ³³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ɡiɪŋ⁵³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ɡiɪŋ⁵⁵/

/leŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ɡeŋ⁴²/

/ɡiɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ɡiɪŋ⁵⁵/

/ɡiɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ɡiɪŋ⁵³/

/ɡiɪŋ²³⁻³³ ɡiɪŋ⁴¹/

/ɡeŋ²³⁻²¹ ɡeŋ⁴⁴⁵/

/ɡeŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ɡeŋ⁴²/

/ɡiɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ɡiɪŋ⁵³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻³³ kiɪŋ⁵³/

/leŋ²⁴⁻²¹ keŋ⁴²/

/ɡiɪŋ²⁴⁻³³ kiɪŋ⁵³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ɡan⁵³/

/ɡiɪŋ²⁴⁻¹² ŋãi⁵³/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ɡan⁴²/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² ɡan⁵⁵⁴/

/ŋui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ŋui⁵⁵⁴/

/ŋuĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ŋuĩ⁵⁵⁴/

/ŋuĩ²⁴⁻²² ŋuĩ⁵⁵⁴/

/liɔŋ¹³⁻²² kan⁵³/

/liɪŋ¹³⁻²² kan⁵³/

/lɔŋ²⁴⁻²² ɡan⁵⁵⁴/

/lɔŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ɡan⁴²/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ŋuĩ⁵⁵⁴/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ŋui⁵⁵⁴/

/leŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ŋaŋ⁵²/

/nek̚⁴⁻² õĩ⁵²/

/lʊŋ³⁵ jɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/noŋ²¹ iɛn⁵³/

/lʊŋ²¹ ŋaːn¹³/

/lʊŋ²¹ ŋaːn¹³⁻³⁵/

/liʊŋ¹¹ ŋian³¹/

/luŋ¹¹ ŋie⁵³/

/lœyŋ³³ ŋaiŋ²¹/

/l̃ɛiŋ⁵³⁻³³ ŋɛiŋ³³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ɡiɪŋ⁵³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ɡiɪŋ⁵⁵/

/leŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ɡeŋ⁴²/

/ɡiɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ɡiɪŋ⁵⁵/

/ɡiɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ɡiɪŋ⁵³/

/ɡiɪŋ²³⁻³³ ɡiɪŋ⁴¹/

/ɡeŋ²³⁻²¹ ɡeŋ⁴⁴⁵/

/ɡeŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ɡeŋ⁴²/

/ɡiɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ɡiɪŋ⁵³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻³³ kiɪŋ⁵³/

/leŋ²⁴⁻²¹ keŋ⁴²/

/ɡiɪŋ²⁴⁻³³ kiɪŋ⁵³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ɡan⁵³/

/ɡiɪŋ²⁴⁻¹² ŋãi⁵³/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ɡan⁴²/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² ɡan⁵⁵⁴/

/ŋui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ŋui⁵⁵⁴/

/ŋuĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ŋuĩ⁵⁵⁴/

/ŋuĩ²⁴⁻²² ŋuĩ⁵⁵⁴/

/liɔŋ¹³⁻²² kan⁵³/

/liɪŋ¹³⁻²² kan⁵³/

/lɔŋ²⁴⁻²² ɡan⁵⁵⁴/

/lɔŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ɡan⁴²/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ŋuĩ⁵⁵⁴/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ŋui⁵⁵⁴/

/leŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ŋaŋ⁵²/

/nek̚⁴⁻² õĩ⁵²/

揀啊揀，揀著一個賣龍眼／揀啊揀，揀著一个賣龍眼／拣啊拣，拣着一个卖龙眼

kéng--ah kéng, kéng-tio̍h chi̍t ê bē lêng-géng


杜鵑花

/tu⁵¹ t͡ɕy̯ɛn⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵⁵/

/tɔ²²⁻²¹ kuan⁴⁴⁻²² hue⁴⁴/

/tɔ⁴¹⁻²² kuan³³ hue³³/

/tɔ²²⁻²¹ kuan⁴⁴⁻²² hue⁴⁴/

/tɔ³³⁻¹¹ kuan⁴⁴⁻³³ hue⁴⁴/

/tɔ³³⁻²¹ kuan⁴⁴⁻³³ hue⁴⁴/

/du²² t͡ɕyø⁵⁵ ho²¹/

/tu⁵¹ t͡ɕy̯ɛn⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵⁵/

/tɔ²²⁻²¹ kuan⁴⁴⁻²² hue⁴⁴/

/tɔ⁴¹⁻²² kuan³³ hue³³/

/tɔ²²⁻²¹ kuan⁴⁴⁻²² hue⁴⁴/

/tɔ³³⁻¹¹ kuan⁴⁴⁻³³ hue⁴⁴/

/tɔ³³⁻²¹ kuan⁴⁴⁻³³ hue⁴⁴/

/du²² t͡ɕyø⁵⁵ ho²¹/

azalea and rhododendron, especially Rhododendron simsii


薄荷

Sino-Xenic (薄荷):
* → Japanese: 薄(はっ)荷(か) (hakka)
* → Korean: 박하(薄荷) (bakha)
* → Vietnamese: bạc hà (薄荷)

→ Zhuang: bozhoz

/pu̯ɔ⁵¹ xɤ³⁵/

/pu̯ɔ⁵¹ xə¹/

/pɔːk̚² hɔː²¹/

/pɔk̚³² hᵘɔ²²/

/pɔk̚⁴⁻³² ho²⁴/

/pɔk̚⁴⁻³² hɤ²³/

/pu̯ɔ⁵¹ xɤ³⁵/

/pu̯ɔ⁵¹ xə¹/

/pɔːk̚² hɔː²¹/

/pɔk̚³² hᵘɔ²²/

/pɔk̚⁴⁻³² ho²⁴/

/pɔk̚⁴⁻³² hɤ²³/

胡椒薄荷

貓薄荷

猫薄荷

Mentha canadensis
Wikispecies:Mentha canadensis

mint (Mentha spp., especially Mentha canadensis) or mint-like plant


楊樹

/jɑŋ³⁵ ʂu⁵¹/

/jœːŋ²¹ syː²²/

/jɑŋ³⁵ ʂu⁵¹/

/jœːŋ²¹ syː²²/

Populus tremula
Populus tremula#Translingual


穀子

/ku²¹⁴ d͡z̥z̩⁴/

/kʊk̚⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

/ku²¹⁴ d͡z̥z̩⁴/

/kʊk̚⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

(ACG, slang) goods (a phono-semantic matching of Japanese グッズ)


灌木

/ku̯än⁵¹⁻⁵³ mu⁵¹/

/kuan²¹⁻⁵³ bɔk̚⁴/

/kuan⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ bɔk̚²⁴/

/kuan²¹⁻⁵³ bɔk̚¹²¹/

/kuan¹¹⁻⁵³ bɔk̚⁴/

/kuan²¹⁻⁴¹ bɔk̚⁴/

/ku̯än⁵¹⁻⁵³ mu⁵¹/

/kuan²¹⁻⁵³ bɔk̚⁴/

/kuan⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ bɔk̚²⁴/

/kuan²¹⁻⁵³ bɔk̚¹²¹/

/kuan¹¹⁻⁵³ bɔk̚⁴/

/kuan²¹⁻⁴¹ bɔk̚⁴/


槐樹

/xu̯aɪ̯³⁵ ʂu⁵¹/

/waːi̯²¹ syː²²/

/ɦua²² zz̩⁴⁴/

/xu̯aɪ̯³⁵ ʂu⁵¹/

/waːi̯²¹ syː²²/

/ɦua²² zz̩⁴⁴/

Styphnolobium japonicum
Styphnolobium japonicum#Translingual


糧食

/li̯ɑŋ³⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/li̯ɑŋ³⁵ ʂʐ̩³/

/liɑŋ²⁴ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/lœːŋ²¹ sɪk̚²/

/li̯oŋ¹¹ sɨt̚⁵/

/liɒ̃¹¹ səʔ⁵⁴/

/niũ²³⁻³³ sit̚⁴/

/niũ²⁴⁻²² sit̚²⁴/

/niũ²⁴⁻²² sit̚⁴/

/niũ²⁴⁻¹¹ sit̚⁴/

/niɔ̃¹³⁻²² sit̚¹²¹/

/nĩõ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡siaʔ⁴/

/liã²² zəʔ⁴⁴/

/liã³¹ zəʔ⁵⁵/

/li̯ɑŋ³⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/li̯ɑŋ³⁵ ʂʐ̩³/

/liɑŋ²⁴ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/lœːŋ²¹ sɪk̚²/

/li̯oŋ¹¹ sɨt̚⁵/

/liɒ̃¹¹ səʔ⁵⁴/

/niũ²³⁻³³ sit̚⁴/

/niũ²⁴⁻²² sit̚²⁴/

/niũ²⁴⁻²² sit̚⁴/

/niũ²⁴⁻¹¹ sit̚⁴/

/niɔ̃¹³⁻²² sit̚¹²¹/

/nĩõ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡siaʔ⁴/

/liã²² zəʔ⁴⁴/

/liã³¹ zəʔ⁵⁵/


榆樹

/jyː²¹ syː²²/

/ɦy²² zz̩⁴⁴/

/jyː²¹ syː²²/

/ɦy²² zz̩⁴⁴/

(～市) Yushu (a county-level city in Changchun, Jilin, China)


梧桐

Sino-Xenic (梧桐):
* → Japanese: 梧(ご)桐(とう) (gotō)
* → Korean: 오동(梧桐) (odong)
* → Vietnamese: ngô đồng (梧桐)

/u³⁵ tʰʊŋ³⁵/

/ŋ̍²¹ tʰʊŋ²¹/

/ŋ̍¹¹ tʰuŋ¹¹/

/ŋu⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾luŋ⁵³/

/ŋɔ̃²³⁻³³ tɔŋ²³/

/ŋɔ̃²⁴⁻²² tɔŋ²⁴/

/ŋɔ̃²⁴⁻¹¹ tɔŋ²⁴/

/ɡɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ tɔŋ²⁴/

/ɡɔ²³⁻³³ tɔŋ²³/

/ɡɔ²⁴⁻²² tɔŋ²⁴/

/ɡɔ¹³⁻²² tɔŋ¹³/

/ŋo⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tʰoŋ⁵⁵/

/ŋu²² doŋ⁴⁴/

/u³⁵ tʰʊŋ³⁵/

/ŋ̍²¹ tʰʊŋ²¹/

/ŋ̍¹¹ tʰuŋ¹¹/

/ŋu⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾luŋ⁵³/

/ŋɔ̃²³⁻³³ tɔŋ²³/

/ŋɔ̃²⁴⁻²² tɔŋ²⁴/

/ŋɔ̃²⁴⁻¹¹ tɔŋ²⁴/

/ɡɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ tɔŋ²⁴/

/ɡɔ²³⁻³³ tɔŋ²³/

/ɡɔ²⁴⁻²² tɔŋ²⁴/

/ɡɔ¹³⁻²² tɔŋ¹³/

/ŋo⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tʰoŋ⁵⁵/

/ŋu²² doŋ⁴⁴/

(～科) Sterculiaceae, now Sterculioideae in Malvaceae


小米

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ mi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ miə̯ɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/siːu̯³⁵ mɐi̯¹³/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bi⁵³/

/sio⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ bi⁵⁵⁴/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bi⁵³/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bi⁵³/

/siɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ bi⁴¹/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ mi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ miə̯ɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/siːu̯³⁵ mɐi̯¹³/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bi⁵³/

/sio⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ bi⁵⁵⁴/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bi⁵³/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bi⁵³/

/siɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ bi⁴¹/

Setaria italica
Setaria italica#Translingual

hulled grain of foxtail millet (Setaria italica)

(regional) foxtail millet (the plant Setaria italica or its unhulled grain)


小米

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ mi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ miə̯ɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/siːu̯³⁵ mɐi̯¹³/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bi⁵³/

/sio⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ bi⁵⁵⁴/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bi⁵³/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bi⁵³/

/siɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ bi⁴¹/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ mi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ miə̯ɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/siːu̯³⁵ mɐi̯¹³/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bi⁵³/

/sio⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ bi⁵⁵⁴/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bi⁵³/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bi⁵³/

/siɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ bi⁴¹/


荷花

/xɤ³⁵ xu̯ä⁵⁵/

/xɤ³⁵ xu̯ɑɻ⁵⁵/

/hɔː²¹ faː⁵⁵/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ hue⁴⁴/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ hue⁴⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻²² hue³³/

/ho²⁴⁻²² hue⁴⁴/

/ho¹³⁻²² hua⁴⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ hua⁴⁴/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ hua⁴⁴/

/xo¹³ ɸa̠³³/

/xɤ³⁵ xu̯ä⁵⁵/

/xɤ³⁵ xu̯ɑɻ⁵⁵/

/hɔː²¹ faː⁵⁵/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ hue⁴⁴/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ hue⁴⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻²² hue³³/

/ho²⁴⁻²² hue⁴⁴/

/ho¹³⁻²² hua⁴⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ hua⁴⁴/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ hua⁴⁴/

/xo¹³ ɸa̠³³/

Nelumbo nucifera
Nelumbo nucifera#Translingual


棉籽

/mi̯ɛn³⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mi̯ɛn³⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/


秋葵

/t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵ kʰu̯eɪ̯³⁵/

/t͡sʰɐu̯⁵⁵ kʷʰɐi̯²¹/

/t͡sʰiu⁴⁴⁻²² kui²⁴/

/t͡sʰiu⁴⁴⁻²² kui¹³/

/t͡sʰiu⁴⁴⁻³³ kui²⁴/

/t͡sʰiu⁴⁴⁻³³ kui²³/

/t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵ kʰu̯eɪ̯³⁵/

/t͡sʰɐu̯⁵⁵ kʷʰɐi̯²¹/

/t͡sʰiu⁴⁴⁻²² kui²⁴/

/t͡sʰiu⁴⁴⁻²² kui¹³/

/t͡sʰiu⁴⁴⁻³³ kui²⁴/

/t͡sʰiu⁴⁴⁻³³ kui²³/


稻子

/tɑʊ̯⁵¹ d͡z̥z̩¹/

/tɔ⁴⁴ t͡sz̩²⁴/

/tʰau⁴⁵ t͡səʔ⁴/

/tɑʊ̯⁵¹ d͡z̥z̩¹/

/tɔ⁴⁴ t͡sz̩²⁴/

/tʰau⁴⁵ t͡səʔ⁴/


木瓜

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (木瓜):
* → Japanese: 木(ぼ)瓜(け) (boke); 木(ぼっ)瓜(か) (bokka); 木(も)瓜(け) (moke); 木(もっ)瓜(か) (mokka)
* → Korean: 목과(木瓜) (mokgwa), 모과(木瓜) (mogwa)
* → Vietnamese: mộc qua (木瓜)

→ Zhuang: moeggva

/mu⁵¹ ku̯ä⁵⁵/

/mʊk̚² kʷaː⁵⁵/

/məʔ²⁻⁵⁴ kua¹¹/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³ kua³³/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² kua⁴⁴/

/bɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ kua⁴⁴/

/bɔk̚²⁴⁻² kua³³/

/bɔk̚⁴³⁻²¹ kue⁴⁴/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² kue⁴⁴/

/mu⁵¹ ku̯ä⁵⁵/

/mʊk̚² kʷaː⁵⁵/

/məʔ²⁻⁵⁴ kua¹¹/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³ kua³³/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² kua⁴⁴/

/bɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ kua⁴⁴/

/bɔk̚²⁴⁻² kua³³/

/bɔk̚⁴³⁻²¹ kue⁴⁴/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² kue⁴⁴/

There was presented to me a quince,
And I returned for it a beautiful red-jade pendant.

投我以木瓜、
報之以瓊琚。

投我以木瓜、
报之以琼琚。

Pseudocydonia sinensis
Pseudocydonia sinensis#Translingual

Chinese quince (Pseudocydonia sinensis) or plants in the genus Chaenomeles

Chinese flowering quince (Chaenomeles speciosa)

Carica papaya
Carica papaya#Translingual

愛情木瓜

爱情木瓜

(figurative) one who is slow in understanding or reacting


甘薯

Sino-Xenic (甘藷／甘薯 (gānshǔ)):
* → Japanese: 甘藷(かんしょ) (kansho)
* → Korean: 감자(甘藷) (gamja)

/kän⁵⁵ ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɐm⁵⁵ syː²¹/

/kän⁵⁵ ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɐm⁵⁵ syː²¹/

Dioscorea esculenta
Dioscorea esculenta#Translingual


羅漢果

Sino-Xenic (羅漢果):
* → Japanese: 羅(ら)漢(かん)果(か) (rakanka)
* → Korean: 나한과(羅漢果) (nahan'gwa)
* → Vietnamese: la hán quả (羅漢果)

desc

→ English: monk fruit, monkfruit (calque)

→ Zhuang: maklozhan (partial calque)

ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄏㄢˋ ㄍㄨㄛˇ

/lu̯ɔ³⁵ xän⁵¹ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄏㄢˋ ㄍㄨㄛˇㄦ

/lu̯ɔ³⁵ xän⁵¹ ku̯ɔɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lɔː²¹ hɔːn³³ kʷɔː³⁵/

/lo²⁴⁻¹¹ han¹¹⁻⁵³ ko⁵³/

/lɤ²³⁻³³ han²¹⁻⁴¹ kɤ⁴¹/

/lo²⁴⁻²¹ han²¹⁻⁴² ko⁴²/

/lu̯ɔ³⁵ xän⁵¹ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lu̯ɔ³⁵ xän⁵¹ ku̯ɔɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lɔː²¹ hɔːn³³ kʷɔː³⁵/

/lo²⁴⁻¹¹ han¹¹⁻⁵³ ko⁵³/

/lɤ²³⁻³³ han²¹⁻⁴¹ kɤ⁴¹/

/lo²⁴⁻²¹ han²¹⁻⁴² ko⁴²/

Siraitia grosvenorii
Siraitia grosvenorii#Translingual


鷹嘴豆

/iŋ⁵⁵ t͡su̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ toʊ̯⁵¹/

/jɪŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɵy̯³⁵ tɐu̯²²⁻³⁵/

/iŋ⁵⁵ t͡su̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ toʊ̯⁵¹/

/jɪŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɵy̯³⁵ tɐu̯²²⁻³⁵/


芹菜

→ Bikol Central: kintsay

→ English: kinchay

→ Khmer: ឃិនឆាយ (khɨnchaay)

→ Tagalog: kintsay

→ Thai: ขึ้นฉ่าย (kʉ̂n-chàai)

/t͡ɕʰin³⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/t͡ɕʰin²¹ t͡sʰai²¹³/

/kʰɐn²¹ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/

/ˈt͡ɕʰin²⁴ t͡sʰai²¹³/

/keiŋ³³ t͡sʰɛ³³/

/kʰyŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ^((t͡sʰ-))ʒɑi²¹³/

/kʰun²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰai²¹/

/kʰun²⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰai²¹/

/kʰun²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰai¹¹/

/kʰun²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰai⁴¹/

/kʰin²³⁻³³ t͡sʰai²¹/

/kʰin²⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰai²¹/

/kʰin²³⁻²¹ t͡sʰai²¹/

/kʰin¹³⁻²² t͡sʰai²¹/

/kin²³⁻²¹ t͡sʰai²¹/

/kʰɯŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sʰai²¹³/

/kʰeŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sʰai²¹³/

/d͡ʑin²² t͡sʰe⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕʰin¹³ t͡sʰai̯⁴⁵/

/t͡ɕʰin³⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/t͡ɕʰin²¹ t͡sʰai²¹³/

/kʰɐn²¹ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/

/ˈt͡ɕʰin²⁴ t͡sʰai²¹³/

/keiŋ³³ t͡sʰɛ³³/

/kʰyŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ^((t͡sʰ-))ʒɑi²¹³/

/kʰun²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰai²¹/

/kʰun²⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰai²¹/

/kʰun²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰai¹¹/

/kʰun²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰai⁴¹/

/kʰin²³⁻³³ t͡sʰai²¹/

/kʰin²⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰai²¹/

/kʰin²³⁻²¹ t͡sʰai²¹/

/kʰin¹³⁻²² t͡sʰai²¹/

/kin²³⁻²¹ t͡sʰai²¹/

/kʰɯŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sʰai²¹³/

/kʰeŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sʰai²¹³/

/d͡ʑin²² t͡sʰe⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕʰin¹³ t͡sʰai̯⁴⁵/

Alternative name for 水芹 (shuǐqín, “water dropwort”).

(Zhongshan Min Hakka, Penang Hokkien) cilantro


紅豆

/xʊŋ³⁵ toʊ̯⁵¹/

/hʊŋ²¹ tɐu̯²²⁻³⁵/

/hɵŋ²² eu³²⁻³²⁵/

/fuŋ¹¹ tʰeu̯⁵⁵/

/fʊŋ¹¹ tʰeu⁵³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² tau²²/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² tau⁴¹/

/aŋ¹³⁻²² tau²²/

/aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ tau³³/

/aŋ²³⁻³³ tau³³/

/aŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tau¹¹/

/xʊŋ³⁵ toʊ̯⁵¹/

/hʊŋ²¹ tɐu̯²²⁻³⁵/

/hɵŋ²² eu³²⁻³²⁵/

/fuŋ¹¹ tʰeu̯⁵⁵/

/fʊŋ¹¹ tʰeu⁵³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² tau²²/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² tau⁴¹/

/aŋ¹³⁻²² tau²²/

/aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ tau³³/

/aŋ²³⁻³³ tau³³/

/aŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tau¹¹/

Vigna angularis
Vigna angularis#Translingual


常山

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/sœːŋ²¹ saːn⁵⁵/

/siɔŋ²⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ²⁴⁻²² san³³/

/siɔŋ¹³⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ san⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ²³⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/sœːŋ²¹ saːn⁵⁵/

/siɔŋ²⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ²⁴⁻²² san³³/

/siɔŋ¹³⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ san⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ²³⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

(～縣) Changshan (a county of Quzhou, Zhejiang, China)


龍鬚菜

/lʊŋ³⁵ ɕy⁵⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/lʊŋ²¹ sou̯⁵⁵ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰiu⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰai²¹/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰiu³³ t͡sʰai⁴¹/

/liɔŋ¹³⁻²² t͡sʰiu⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰai²¹/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰiu⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰai¹¹/

/liɔŋ²³⁻³³ t͡sʰiu⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰai²¹/

/lʊŋ³⁵ ɕy⁵⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/lʊŋ²¹ sou̯⁵⁵ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰiu⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰai²¹/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰiu³³ t͡sʰai⁴¹/

/liɔŋ¹³⁻²² t͡sʰiu⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰai²¹/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰiu⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰai¹¹/

/liɔŋ²³⁻³³ t͡sʰiu⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰai²¹/

(Taiwan) the young shoots of the chayote, eaten as a vegetable in Taiwanese cuisine


甜菜

/tʰi̯ɛn³⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/tʰiːm²¹ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/

/tʰi̯ɛn³⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/tʰiːm²¹ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/


胡麻

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (胡麻):
* → Japanese: 胡麻(ごま) (goma)
* → Korean: 호마(胡麻) (homa)

/wuː²¹ maː²¹/

/wuː²¹ maː²¹/

This word originally referred to flax (Linum usitatissimum), an import from the Western Regions, but was later confounded with sesame. For more on the background, see Laufer (1967).

Linum usitatissimum
Linum usitatissimum#Translingual

Sesamum indicum
Sesamum indicum#Translingual


慈姑

→ Macanese: chicú

/t͡sʰz̩³⁵ ku⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰz̩³⁵ g̊u³/

/t͡sʰiː²¹ kuː⁵⁵/

/t͡su²⁴⁻²² kɔ⁴⁴/

/t͡su²³⁻³³ kɔ⁴⁴/

/t͡su²⁴⁻¹¹ kɔ⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰz̩³⁵ ku⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰz̩³⁵ g̊u³/

/t͡sʰiː²¹ kuː⁵⁵/

/t͡su²⁴⁻²² kɔ⁴⁴/

/t͡su²³⁻³³ kɔ⁴⁴/

/t͡su²⁴⁻¹¹ kɔ⁴⁴/

Concerning the name of the plant, Compendium of Materia Medica says

One [arrowroot] yields twelve fruits, as a kind mother gives birth to many sons, hence it is so called.

Yī gēn suì shēng shí'èr zǐ, rú cígū zhī rǔ zhū zǐ, gù yǐ míng zhī.

一根歲生十二子，如慈姑之乳諸子，故以名之。

一根岁生十二子，如慈姑之乳诸子，故以名之。

Sagittaria sagittifolia
Sagittaria sagittifolia#Translingual

Eleocharis dulcis
Eleocharis dulcis#Translingual

(dialectal) water chestnut (Eleocharis dulcis)


香木

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ mu⁵¹/

/hœːŋ⁵⁵ mʊk̚²/

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ mu⁵¹/

/hœːŋ⁵⁵ mʊk̚²/


青江菜

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ kɔːŋ⁵⁵ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ kɔːŋ⁵⁵ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/


辣油

/lä⁵¹ joʊ̯³⁵/

/laːt̚² jɐu̯²¹/

/laʔ¹¹ ɦiɤ²³/

/lä⁵¹ joʊ̯³⁵/

/laːt̚² jɐu̯²¹/

/laʔ¹¹ ɦiɤ²³/


萊姆

/laɪ̯³⁵ mu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/laɪ̯³⁵ mu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/


番茄

→ Zhuang: fanhgez

/fän⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛ³⁵/

/fan⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰiɛ²¹/

/fã³¹ t͡ɕʰye²⁴/

/faːn⁵⁵ kʰɛː²¹⁻³⁵/

/fɛŋ²¹³ kʰø²¹⁻³⁵/

/fan³³ kʰiɛ²¹⁻²¹⁵/

/fan⁴² ˈt͡ɕʰia²⁴/

/fan⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kʰio¹¹/

/huaŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ kieu¹³/

/huoŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ kieu¹³/

/huan⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɤ²³/

/huaŋ³³⁻²³ kie⁵⁵/

/huaŋ³³⁻²³ kio⁵⁵/

/fẽ̞³³ ɡɑ³⁴/

/fɑ³³ t͡ɕiɑ⁵⁵/

/ɸan³³ t͡ɕi̯e̞¹³/

/fän⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛ³⁵/

/fan⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰiɛ²¹/

/fã³¹ t͡ɕʰye²⁴/

/faːn⁵⁵ kʰɛː²¹⁻³⁵/

/fɛŋ²¹³ kʰø²¹⁻³⁵/

/fan³³ kʰiɛ²¹⁻²¹⁵/

/fan⁴² ˈt͡ɕʰia²⁴/

/fan⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kʰio¹¹/

/huaŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ kieu¹³/

/huoŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ kieu¹³/

/huan⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɤ²³/

/huaŋ³³⁻²³ kie⁵⁵/

/huaŋ³³⁻²³ kio⁵⁵/

/fẽ̞³³ ɡɑ³⁴/

/fɑ³³ t͡ɕiɑ⁵⁵/

/ɸan³³ t͡ɕi̯e̞¹³/

Compare Thai มะเขือเทศ (má-kʉ̌ʉa-têet, “tomato”) ( < มะเขือ (má-kʉ̌ʉa, “eggplant”) + เทศ (têet, “foreign”)).

cog

(Xianyou Puxian Min, Luoyuan Shehua) chilli pepper


覆盆子

/fu⁵¹ pʰən³⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fʊk̚⁵ pʰuːn²¹ t͡siː³⁵/

/fu⁵¹ pʰən³⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fʊk̚⁵ pʰuːn²¹ t͡siː³⁵/


白芍

/paɪ̯³⁵ ʂɑʊ̯³⁵/

/paɪ̯³⁵ ʂaʊ̯ɻʷ³⁵/

/paːk̚² t͡sœːk̚³/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ t͡siɔk̚³²/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siɔk̚³²/

/piɪk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡siak̚³²/

/paɪ̯³⁵ ʂɑʊ̯³⁵/

/paɪ̯³⁵ ʂaʊ̯ɻʷ³⁵/

/paːk̚² t͡sœːk̚³/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ t͡siɔk̚³²/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siɔk̚³²/

/piɪk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡siak̚³²/

traditional Chinese medicine
traditional Chinese medicine

Paeonia lactiflora
Paeonia lactiflora#Translingual

(traditional Chinese medicine) root of the white peony (Paeonia lactiflora)


粳米

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ mi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɤŋ⁵⁵ mi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɐŋ⁵⁵ mɐi̯¹³/

/kiɪŋ³³ bi⁵⁵⁴/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² bi⁵³/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ mi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɤŋ⁵⁵ mi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɐŋ⁵⁵ mɐi̯¹³/

/kiɪŋ³³ bi⁵⁵⁴/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² bi⁵³/

polished, round-grained, non-glutinous rice; grains of japonica rice (Oryza sativa subsp. japonica)


甘草

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (甘草):
* → Japanese: 甘草(かんぞう) (kanzō)
* → Korean: 감초(甘草) (gamcho)
* → Vietnamese: cam thảo (甘草)

→ Zhuang: gamcauj

/kän⁵⁵ t͡sʰɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɐm⁵⁵ t͡sʰou̯³⁵/

/kam⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰo⁵³/

/kam⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰo⁵³/

/kam⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰo⁵³/

/kam⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰɤ⁴¹/

/kän⁵⁵ t͡sʰɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɐm⁵⁵ t͡sʰou̯³⁵/

/kam⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰo⁵³/

/kam⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰo⁵³/

/kam⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰo⁵³/

/kam⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰɤ⁴¹/

Glycyrrhiza uralensis
Wikispecies:Glycyrrhiza uralensis

licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis, whose root often used in traditional Chinese medicine to improve qi)


田七

/tʰi̯ɛn³⁵ t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵/

/tʰiːn²¹ t͡sʰɐt̚⁵/

/tʰi̯ɛn³⁵ t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵/

/tʰiːn²¹ t͡sʰɐt̚⁵/

田七粉


三七

/sän⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵/

/saːm⁵⁵ t͡sʰɐt̚⁵/

/sam⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰit̚³²/

/sam⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰit̚³²/

/sän⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵/

/saːm⁵⁵ t͡sʰɐt̚⁵/

/sam⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰit̚³²/

/sam⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰit̚³²/

From 三 (sān, “three”) + 七 (qī, “seven”), because of the plant's tendency to grow three petioles with seven leaflets each. It is also traditionally grown in 3 parts sunlight and 7 parts shade, and harvested 3 to 7 years after maturity, but these are likely traditions based on the name (Fruehauf, 2014).


海藻

Sino-Xenic (海藻):
* → Japanese: 海藻(かいそう) (kaisō)

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ t͡sou̯³⁵/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡so⁵³/

/hai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡so⁵⁵⁴/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡so⁵³/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡so⁵³/

/hai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sɤ⁴¹/

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ t͡sou̯³⁵/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡so⁵³/

/hai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡so⁵⁵⁴/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡so⁵³/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡so⁵³/

/hai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sɤ⁴¹/


佛手

→ Macanese: mám-di-buda (calque)

/fu̯ɔ³⁵ ʂoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fɐt̚² sɐu̯³⁵/

/put̚²⁴⁻² t͡sʰiu⁵⁵⁴/

/put̚⁴⁻³² t͡sʰiu⁵³/

/put̚⁴⁻³² t͡sʰiu⁴¹/

/hut̚¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡sʰiu⁵³/

/fu̯ɔ³⁵ ʂoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fɐt̚² sɐu̯³⁵/

/put̚²⁴⁻² t͡sʰiu⁵⁵⁴/

/put̚⁴⁻³² t͡sʰiu⁵³/

/put̚⁴⁻³² t͡sʰiu⁴¹/

/hut̚¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡sʰiu⁵³/

(Quanzhou Hokkien) a variety of tea leaf


防己

/fɑŋ³⁵ t͡ɕi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fɑŋ³⁵ t͡ɕi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/


沉香

Sino-Xenic (沉香):
* → Japanese: 沈香(じんこう) (jinkō)
* → Korean: 침향(沉香) (chimhyang)
* → Vietnamese: trầm hương (沉香)

/ʈ͡ʂʰən³⁵ ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɐm²¹ hœːŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɨm¹¹ hi̯oŋ²⁴/

/tim²³⁻³³ hiũ⁴⁴/

/tim²⁴⁻¹¹ hiũ⁴⁴/

/tim²⁴⁻²² hiũ⁴⁴/

/tim²⁴⁻²² hiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʰən³⁵ ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɐm²¹ hœːŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɨm¹¹ hi̯oŋ²⁴/

/tim²³⁻³³ hiũ⁴⁴/

/tim²⁴⁻¹¹ hiũ⁴⁴/

/tim²⁴⁻²² hiũ⁴⁴/

/tim²⁴⁻²² hiɔŋ⁴⁴/

So named as it sinks when placed in water.

Aquilaria malaccensis
Aquilaria malaccensis#Translingual

agarwood, aloewood; agilawood (Aquilaria malaccensis)


延胡索

⇒ Translingual: Corydalis yanhusuo

ㄧㄢˊ ㄏㄨˊ ㄙㄨㄛˇ

/jɛn³⁵ xu³⁵ su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jɛn³⁵ xu³⁵ su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

(traditional Chinese medicine) Corydalis yanhusuo


五加皮

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ pʰi³⁵/

/ŋ̍¹³ kaː⁵⁵ pʰei̯²¹/

/ŋ̍²¹³⁻¹³ ka⁴² ˈpʰi²⁴/

/ŋu³³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾a⁵⁵ pʰui⁵³/

/ŋɔ̃⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ pi²⁴/

/ŋɔ̃⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ pi²³/

/ŋɔ̃⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ pʰi²⁴/

/ŋɔ̃⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ pʰi²³/

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ pʰi³⁵/

/ŋ̍¹³ kaː⁵⁵ pʰei̯²¹/

/ŋ̍²¹³⁻¹³ ka⁴² ˈpʰi²⁴/

/ŋu³³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾a⁵⁵ pʰui⁵³/

/ŋɔ̃⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ pi²⁴/

/ŋɔ̃⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ pi²³/

/ŋɔ̃⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ pʰi²⁴/

/ŋɔ̃⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ pʰi²³/

traditional Chinese medicine
traditional Chinese medicine#English

(traditional Chinese medicine) bark of Eleutherococcus (a herb used in traditional Chinese medicine to eliminate "wind-dampness")


香薷

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ʐu³⁵/

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ʐu³⁵/