米

Characters in the same phonetic series (米) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Pictogram (象形) – rice kernels without husk. The character 粟, by contrast, refers to rice kernels with husk. According to Li Xiaoding (李孝定), the horizontal stroke is a bamboo sieve (籭 or 篩子). See also the bottom component of 暴 in its original form.
Unrelated to 木, 禾, and 来.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ma-j ~ mej (“rice; paddy”). Cognate with Garo mi (“rice”), Atong (India) mai (“rice”), Jingpho ma (“rice; paddy”), Rabha মাই (mai), Dimasa mai.

inh

星洲炒米

雪菜火鸭丝炆米 [Cantonese, simp.]
syut³ coi³ fo² aap³ si¹ man¹ mai⁵ [Jyutping]

braised rice vermicelli with pickled mustard and shredded roast duck

(chiefly Cantonese) Short for 米粉 (mǐfěn, “rice vermicelli”).


大豆

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (大豆):
* → Japanese: 大(だい)豆(ず) (daizu)
* → Korean: 대두(大豆) (daedu)

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ toʊ̯⁵¹/

/taːi̯²² tɐu̯²²⁻³⁵/

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ toʊ̯⁵¹/

/taːi̯²² tɐu̯²²⁻³⁵/


李

→ English: Li, Lee

→ German: Li

→ Tagalog: Dy, Dee (via Hokkien)

Oracle bone script: Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *rɯʔ): phonetic 來 (OC *m·rɯːɡ, “wheat”) + semantic 子. The phonetic part 來 became gradually corrupted to yield 木 (“tree”).
Shuowen erroneously remarks that this is a phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *rɯʔ): semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 子 (OC *ʔslɯʔ).

Han compound

李白

李連杰

李连杰

a surname, listed fourth in the Baijiaxing


杏

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 木 (“wood”) + 口 (“mouth”) – perhaps referring to the tastiness of its fruit.
Shuowen considers it to be a phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡraːŋʔ): semantic 木 (“wood”) + abbreviated phonetic 可 (OC *kʰaːlʔ), but this is unlikely.


柯

(Hokkien, of fruits, vegetable, etc.) fibrous; stringy; tough; withered


柿

→ Proto-Mien: *djəiᴮ

/t͡sʰiː¹³⁻³⁵/

/t͡sʰiː¹³⁻³⁵/

Originally written as 柹: Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *zrɯʔ): semantic 木 + phonetic 𠂔 (zǐ).
The current form is phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *zrɯʔ): semantic 木 + phonetic 市 (OC *djɯʔ).


桃

→ Thai: ท้อ (tɔ́ɔ)

/tʰou̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/tʰou̯²¹⁻³⁵/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *l'aːw): semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 兆 (OC *l'ewʔ).
Possibly borrowed from the linguistic ancestor of Proto-Hmong-Mien *glaau³ᴬ (Bodman 1980, Schuessler, 2007). The oldest-known domesticated peach stones so far have been excavated in Zhejiang, east of the Central Plain cradle of Chinese civilization.

Han compound

桃花

桃樹

桃树

Young and tender is the peach tree; bright and radiant shall its blossoms be.
Going to her future home is this young lady; may her house and chamber well-ordered be!

The Classic of Poetry, c. 11ᵗʰ – 7ᵗʰ centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

Táo zhī yāoyāo, zhuózhuó qí huá.
Zhī zǐ yúguī, yí qí shìjiā.

桃之夭夭、灼灼其華。
之子于歸、宜其室家。

桃之夭夭、灼灼其华。
之子于归、宜其室家。

Prunus persica
Prunus persica#Translingual


梅

→ Malay: boi

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (梅):
* → Japanese: 梅(ばい) (bai)
* → Korean: 매(梅) (mae)
* → Vietnamese: mai (梅)

→? Old Japanese: 梅 (ume₂)

Japanese: 梅(うめ) (ume), 梅(むめ) (mume)

→ Vietnamese: mơ

/muːi̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/ᵐbᵘɔi²²⁻²²⁵/

/muːi̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/ᵐbᵘɔi²²⁻²²⁵/

Chinese civilization
Yangtze River
Zhongyuan

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *mɯː): semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 每 (OC *mɯːʔ).
Seemingly related to Old Japanese 梅 (ume₂) (Shibatani, 1990; Miyake, 1997; apud Schuessler, 2007) (which was possibly borrowed from Middle Chinese). Its origin is unknown (Schuessler, 2007); its referent, Prunus mume, originated around the Yangtze River, now in south China yet initially outside the Chinese civilization's cradle in the Central Plain.

Han compound

坆
𣏁
𣐥
楳
𣒫
栂
槑
𤯏

蠟梅

蜡梅

茶梅

楊梅

杨梅

西梅

(in compounds) A plant sharing similarities with Prunus mume in habit, flowers or fruits


梨

→ Malay: lai (“pear”)

→ Proto-Hmong-Mien: *rəj (“pear”)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ril): phonetic 利 (OC *rids) + semantic 木.
Unknown. Also found in Proto-Hmong-Mien *rəj; folk etymology derives this from 利 (OC *rids, “sharp”) (Schuessler, 2007).


棗

Sino-Xenic (棗):
* → Vietnamese: táo (棗)

/t͡saʊ̯ɻʷ²¹⁴/

/t͡saʊ̯ɻʷ²¹⁴/

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): Duplication of 朿 (“thorn”).


椰

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *laː): semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 耶 (OC *laː).
Attested as early as the Jin dynasty (晉朝). Compare earlier form 楈枒 (OC *sŋa/sŋaʔ ŋraː/ŋraːs), 胥邪 (OC *sŋa/sŋaʔ ljaː/laː), 胥餘 (OC *sŋa/sŋaʔ la) (attested since Han dynasty).

Han compound

椰汁

(now in compounds or dialectal) coconut (Classifier: 個／个 c)


檨

→ Tsou: suai

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 羨.
An Austroasiatic substrate loanword; compare Khmer ស្វាយ (svaay, “mango”), Vietnamese xoài (“mango”).


櫻

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qreːŋ): semantic 木 + phonetic 嬰 (OC *qeŋ).


穄

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ʔsleds): semantic 禾 + phonetic 祭 (OC *ʔsreːds, *ʔsleds).

Han compound

Panicum miliaceum
Panicum miliaceum#Translingual

non-glutinous variety of Panicum miliaceum, proso millet


筍

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sqʰʷinʔ): semantic 竹 (“bamboo”) + phonetic 旬 (OC *sɢʷin).


筍

(Cantonese, slang) very good; worth it; inexpensive; less costly than its actual value


艾

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ŋaːds, *ŋads): semantic 艸 (“grass”) + phonetic 乂 (OC *ŋads).

Han compound

There that one is gathering the mugwort! A day without seeing that one, is like three years!

Bǐ cǎi ài xī. Yīrì bùjiàn, rú sānsuì xī.

彼采艾兮。一日不見、如三歲兮。

彼采艾兮。一日不见、如三岁兮。

Artemisia argyi
Wikispecies:Artemisia argyi

mugwort, especially Chinese mugwort (Artemisia argyi)


芷

Angelica dahurica
Angelica dahurica#Translingual


荏

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *njɯmʔ): semantic 艹 + phonetic 任 (OC *njɯm, *njɯms).
; “a kind of big bean”
; “soft; weak”
: Possibly related to 飪 (OC *njɯmʔ, “cooked”), 腍 (OC *njɯmʔ, “cooked; delicious”) (Schuessler, 2007).
: Older theories compare the word with 柔 (OC *mlju, “soft”) (STEDT).

Han compound

Perilla frutescens
Perilla frutescens#Translingual

(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) perilla (Perilla frutescens)


萩

/t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

Synonym of 梓 (zǐ, “Chinese catalpa (Catalpa ovata)”)


蒜

→ Lisu: ꓢꓪꓮꓠꓸ (swɑ́n)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sloːns): semantic 艸 + phonetic 祘 (OC *sloːns).
Matisoff considers this to be derived from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *swa-n (“garlic”), but more likely this may be a plant imported from the Western Regions in the Qin–Han era. The relatively late attestation and the earlier form of 卵蒜 (luǎnsuàn) attest to the latter theory.
Compare Sanskrit लशुन (laśuna), Pali lasuṇa, lasuna. The Old Chinese reconstruction was revised to a *-or rhyme in the Baxter–Sagart system, akin to its homophone 算 (“to calculate”). Hence compare Persian سیر (sir, “garlic”), Khotanese sārmā- (“the plant Basella cordifolia or B. lucida or B. rubra”), Hungarian sárma (“Ornithogalum sp.”), as well as Turkish sarımsak, Mongolian саримс (sarims).
Either way this word is cognate with the second syllable of Burmese ကြက်သွန် (krakswan, “onion”), ကြက်သွန်ဖြူ (krakswanhpru, “garlic”).


韶

(obsolete) to carry forward; to carry on

(～州) (historical) Shao (a former prefecture of Guangdong, China)


餼

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qʰɯds): semantic 食 (“food”) + phonetic 氣 (OC *kʰɯds, *qʰɯds).


水果

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ku̯ɔɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʂuəi¹¹⁻¹² ko¹¹/

/sɵy̯³⁵ kʷɔː³⁵/

/sui²¹³⁻²⁴ ˈkuo²¹³/

/suei⁵³⁻¹¹ kuɤ⁵³/

/t͡sui³³⁻³⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾uo³³/

/t͡sui⁴⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ɒ⁴⁵³/

/t͡sui³³²⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ɒ³³²/

/t͡sui⁴⁵³⁻²¹ kɒ⁴⁵³/

/t͡sui³³²⁻²¹ kɒ³³²/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kə⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ko⁵³/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kɤ⁴¹/

/t͡sui⁵²⁻³⁵ kũẽ⁵²⁻²¹/

/t͡sui³¹⁻⁵⁵ kuɛ³¹/

/sz̩ʷ⁵² ku³³/

/sz̩ʷ³³ kəu³⁵/

/ɕy⁵³ kuɤ⁵³⁵/

/ɕy̯e̞i̯⁴¹ ko⁴¹/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ku̯ɔɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʂuəi¹¹⁻¹² ko¹¹/

/sɵy̯³⁵ kʷɔː³⁵/

/sui²¹³⁻²⁴ ˈkuo²¹³/

/suei⁵³⁻¹¹ kuɤ⁵³/

/t͡sui³³⁻³⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾uo³³/

/t͡sui⁴⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ɒ⁴⁵³/

/t͡sui³³²⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ɒ³³²/

/t͡sui⁴⁵³⁻²¹ kɒ⁴⁵³/

/t͡sui³³²⁻²¹ kɒ³³²/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kə⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ko⁵³/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kɤ⁴¹/

/t͡sui⁵²⁻³⁵ kũẽ⁵²⁻²¹/

/t͡sui³¹⁻⁵⁵ kuɛ³¹/

/sz̩ʷ⁵² ku³³/

/sz̩ʷ³³ kəu³⁵/

/ɕy⁵³ kuɤ⁵³⁵/

/ɕy̯e̞i̯⁴¹ ko⁴¹/

時令水果

时令水果

水果的食用部分

fruit (a juicy or fleshy one, like an apple or banana)


西瓜

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (西瓜):
* → Japanese: 西瓜(すいか) (suika)
* → Korean: 서과(西瓜) (seogwa)

→ Brunei Malay: sikoi

→ English: xigua

→ Mongolian: шийгуа (šiigua)

→ Zhuang: sihgvah, sae'gva

/ɕi⁵⁵ ku̯ä⁵⁵/

/ɕi⁵⁵ g̊u̯ä²/

/si³¹⁻³³ kua³¹/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ kʷaː⁵⁵/

/ˈɕi⁴² kua⁴²/

/si²⁴⁻¹¹ ku̯a²⁴/

/sɛ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ua⁵⁵/

/si⁴⁴⁻²² kue⁴⁴/

/si⁴⁴⁻³³ kue⁴⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² kue⁴⁴/

/si⁴⁴⁻²² kua⁴⁴/

/si³³⁻²¹ kua³³/

/si³³⁻²³ kue³³/

/ɕi³³ ku̯a̠³³/

/ɕi⁵⁵ ku̯ä⁵⁵/

/ɕi⁵⁵ g̊u̯ä²/

/si³¹⁻³³ kua³¹/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ kʷaː⁵⁵/

/ˈɕi⁴² kua⁴²/

/si²⁴⁻¹¹ ku̯a²⁴/

/sɛ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ua⁵⁵/

/si⁴⁴⁻²² kue⁴⁴/

/si⁴⁴⁻³³ kue⁴⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² kue⁴⁴/

/si⁴⁴⁻²² kua⁴⁴/

/si³³⁻²¹ kua³³/

/si³³⁻²³ kue³³/

/ɕi³³ ku̯a̠³³/


大蒜

Sino-Xenic (大蒜):
* → Korean: 대산(大蒜) (daesan)

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ su̯än⁵¹/

/tʰaɪ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ sɔn⁵³/

/tai̯²¹⁻¹¹ sõ⁴⁵/

/d̥ai̯²¹³ su̯ən³/

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ su̯än⁵¹/

/tʰaɪ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ sɔn⁵³/

/tai̯²¹⁻¹¹ sõ⁴⁵/

/d̥ai̯²¹³ su̯ən³/

一瓣大蒜


金橘

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ t͡ɕy³⁵/

/kɐm⁵⁵ kʷɐt̚⁵/

/kɐm⁵⁵ kɐt̚⁵/

/t͡ɕiŋ¹¹ t͡ɕyəʔ²/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² kit̚³²/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² kit̚³²/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ kit̚³²/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ kit̚³²/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ t͡ɕy³⁵/

/kɐm⁵⁵ kʷɐt̚⁵/

/kɐm⁵⁵ kɐt̚⁵/

/t͡ɕiŋ¹¹ t͡ɕyəʔ²/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² kit̚³²/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² kit̚³²/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ kit̚³²/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ kit̚³²/


柑橘

/kän⁵⁵ t͡ɕy³⁵/

/kɐm⁵⁵ kʷɐt̚⁵/

/kam⁴⁴⁻²² kiɛt̚³²/

/kam⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɛt̚³²/

/kam⁴⁴⁻²² kit̚³²/

/kän⁵⁵ t͡ɕy³⁵/

/kɐm⁵⁵ kʷɐt̚⁵/

/kam⁴⁴⁻²² kiɛt̚³²/

/kam⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɛt̚³²/

/kam⁴⁴⁻²² kit̚³²/


茄子

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛ³⁵ d͡z̥z̩³/

/kʰɛː²¹⁻³⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

/t͡ɕʰia²⁴ t͡sz̩²/

/t͡ɕʰie¹¹ t͡səʔ²/

/ɡa²² t͡sz̩⁴⁴/

/d͡ʑia²² t͡sz̩⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯e̞¹³ t͡sz̩³/

/t͡ɕi̯a̠¹³ t͡sz̩³/

/t͡ɕi̯ä¹¹ t͡sz̩³/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛ³⁵ d͡z̥z̩³/

/kʰɛː²¹⁻³⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

/t͡ɕʰia²⁴ t͡sz̩²/

/t͡ɕʰie¹¹ t͡səʔ²/

/ɡa²² t͡sz̩⁴⁴/

/d͡ʑia²² t͡sz̩⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯e̞¹³ t͡sz̩³/

/t͡ɕi̯a̠¹³ t͡sz̩³/

/t͡ɕi̯ä¹¹ t͡sz̩³/


柚子

Sino-Xenic (柚子):
* → Japanese: 柚子(ゆず) (yuzu)
* → Korean: 유자(柚子) (yuja)

/joʊ̯⁵¹ d͡z̥z̩¹/

/jɐu̯²²⁻³⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

/iəu⁴⁵ t͡səʔ⁴/

/i̯əu̯⁴⁵ t͡sz̩³/

/joʊ̯⁵¹ d͡z̥z̩¹/

/jɐu̯²²⁻³⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

/iəu⁴⁵ t͡səʔ⁴/

/i̯əu̯⁴⁵ t͡sz̩³/


芥蘭

desc

English: kailan, gailan, gai-lan, kai-lan

Burmese: ကိုက်လန် (kuiklan)

Vietnamese: cải làn

Indonesian: kailan

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹ län³⁵/

/kaɪ̯⁵¹ län³⁵/

/kaːi̯³³ laːn²¹⁻³⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹ län³⁵/

/kaɪ̯⁵¹ län³⁵/

/kaːi̯³³ laːn²¹⁻³⁵/


卵白

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (卵白):
* → Japanese: 卵白(らんぱく) (ranpaku)

/lu̯än²¹⁴⁻²¹ paɪ̯³⁵/

/nŋ̍²²⁻²¹ peʔ⁴/

/nŋ̍³³⁻²¹ peʔ⁴/

/nŋ̍³³⁻¹¹ peʔ⁴/

/lu̯än²¹⁴⁻²¹ paɪ̯³⁵/

/nŋ̍²²⁻²¹ peʔ⁴/

/nŋ̍³³⁻²¹ peʔ⁴/

/nŋ̍³³⁻¹¹ peʔ⁴/


佛手瓜

/fu̯ɔ³⁵ ʂoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ku̯ä⁵⁵/

/fɐt̚² sɐu̯³⁵ kʷaː⁵⁵/

/hut̚⁴⁻³² t͡sʰiu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kue⁴⁴/

/hut̚⁴⁻³² t͡sʰiu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kue⁴⁴/

/hut̚⁴³⁻²¹ t͡sʰiu⁴²⁻²⁴ kue⁴⁴/

/put̚⁴⁻³² t͡sʰiu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kue⁴⁴/

/put̚⁴⁻³² t͡sʰiu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kue⁴⁴/

/put̚⁴³⁻²¹ t͡sʰiu⁴²⁻²⁴ kue⁴⁴/

/hut̚⁴⁻³² siu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kue⁴⁴/

/hut̚⁴⁻³² siu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kue⁴⁴/

/hut̚⁴⁻³ t͡sʰiu⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ kua³³/

/fu̯ɔ³⁵ ʂoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ku̯ä⁵⁵/

/fɐt̚² sɐu̯³⁵ kʷaː⁵⁵/

/hut̚⁴⁻³² t͡sʰiu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kue⁴⁴/

/hut̚⁴⁻³² t͡sʰiu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kue⁴⁴/

/hut̚⁴³⁻²¹ t͡sʰiu⁴²⁻²⁴ kue⁴⁴/

/put̚⁴⁻³² t͡sʰiu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kue⁴⁴/

/put̚⁴⁻³² t͡sʰiu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kue⁴⁴/

/put̚⁴³⁻²¹ t͡sʰiu⁴²⁻²⁴ kue⁴⁴/

/hut̚⁴⁻³² siu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kue⁴⁴/

/hut̚⁴⁻³² siu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kue⁴⁴/

/hut̚⁴⁻³ t͡sʰiu⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ kua³³/


紅棗

/xʊŋ³⁵ t͡sɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hʊŋ²¹ t͡sou̯³⁵/

/hɵŋ²² tau⁵⁵/

/fʊŋ¹¹ t͡sau³¹/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²¹ t͡so⁴²/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡so⁵³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡so⁵³/

/aŋ¹³⁻²² t͡so⁵³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡so⁵⁵⁴/

/aŋ²³⁻³³ t͡sɤ⁴¹/

/aŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡so⁵²/

/ɦoŋ²² t͡sɔ⁴⁴/

/xʊŋ³⁵ t͡sɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hʊŋ²¹ t͡sou̯³⁵/

/hɵŋ²² tau⁵⁵/

/fʊŋ¹¹ t͡sau³¹/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²¹ t͡so⁴²/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡so⁵³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡so⁵³/

/aŋ¹³⁻²² t͡so⁵³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡so⁵⁵⁴/

/aŋ²³⁻³³ t͡sɤ⁴¹/

/aŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡so⁵²/

/ɦoŋ²² t͡sɔ⁴⁴/

Ziziphus jujuba
Ziziphus jujuba#Translingual


香蕉

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/ɕiɑŋ²⁴ t͡ɕiɔː²⁴/

/hœːŋ⁵⁵ t͡siːu̯⁵⁵/

/ɕiɔŋ⁴² ˈt͡ɕiɛu⁴²/

/ɕiɒ̃¹¹ t͡ɕiau¹¹/

/hiũ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sio⁴⁴/

/hiũ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siɤ⁴⁴/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sio⁴⁴/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siɤ⁴⁴/

/ɕiã⁵⁵ t͡ɕiɔ²¹/

/ɕi̯æn³³ t͡ɕi̯ɒu̯³³/

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/ɕiɑŋ²⁴ t͡ɕiɔː²⁴/

/hœːŋ⁵⁵ t͡siːu̯⁵⁵/

/ɕiɔŋ⁴² ˈt͡ɕiɛu⁴²/

/ɕiɒ̃¹¹ t͡ɕiau¹¹/

/hiũ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sio⁴⁴/

/hiũ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siɤ⁴⁴/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sio⁴⁴/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siɤ⁴⁴/

/ɕiã⁵⁵ t͡ɕiɔ²¹/

/ɕi̯æn³³ t͡ɕi̯ɒu̯³³/

香蕉熟了沒？

香蕉熟了没？

banana (fruit) (Classifier: 隻／只 m c; 根 m; 條／条 m c; 串 m; 梳 c)


野菜

/jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/i̯a²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰoi̯⁵⁵/

/(j)i̯a²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰoi̯⁵⁵/

/ia⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰai⁴¹/

/ia⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰai²¹/

/jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/i̯a²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰoi̯⁵⁵/

/(j)i̯a²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰoi̯⁵⁵/

/ia⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰai⁴¹/

/ia⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰai²¹/


水稻

Sino-Xenic (水稻):
* → Japanese: 水稲(すいとう) (suitō)
* → Korean: 수도(水稻) (sudo)

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ tɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/sɵy̯³⁵ tou̯²²/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tiu⁴¹/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ tɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/sɵy̯³⁵ tou̯²²/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tiu⁴¹/

雜交水稻

杂交水稻


高粱

→ Russian: гаолян (gaoljan)

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ li̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ li̯ɑŋ²/

/kou̯⁵⁵ lœːŋ²¹/

/kau⁴⁴⁻³³ liaŋ²⁴/

/kau⁴⁴⁻²² liaŋ¹³/

/kau⁴⁴⁻³³ liaŋ²³/

/kau⁴⁴⁻²² liaŋ²⁴/

/kɔ³³ liɔŋ²⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² liɔŋ²⁴/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ liaŋ²³/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² liaŋ¹³/

/ko⁴⁴⁻³³ liaŋ²⁴/

/kau³³⁻²³ liaŋ⁵⁵/

/kɔ⁵⁵ liã²¹/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ li̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ li̯ɑŋ²/

/kou̯⁵⁵ lœːŋ²¹/

/kau⁴⁴⁻³³ liaŋ²⁴/

/kau⁴⁴⁻²² liaŋ¹³/

/kau⁴⁴⁻³³ liaŋ²³/

/kau⁴⁴⁻²² liaŋ²⁴/

/kɔ³³ liɔŋ²⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² liɔŋ²⁴/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ liaŋ²³/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² liaŋ¹³/

/ko⁴⁴⁻³³ liaŋ²⁴/

/kau³³⁻²³ liaŋ⁵⁵/

/kɔ⁵⁵ liã²¹/

Short for 高粱酒 (gāoliángjiǔ, “sorghum liquor; kaoliang”).


林檎

/lin²¹⁻⁴¹ ɡɔ²¹/

/lin²¹⁻⁵³ ɡɔ²¹/

/lim²³⁻³³ kʰim²³/

/lim²⁴⁻¹¹ kʰim²⁴/

/lin²¹⁻⁴¹ ɡɔ²¹/

/lin²¹⁻⁵³ ɡɔ²¹/

/lim²³⁻³³ kʰim²³/

/lim²⁴⁻¹¹ kʰim²⁴/

Borrowed from Japanese 林檎 (ringo), from Middle Chinese 林檎 (MC lim gim).


青花菜

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɛːŋ⁵⁵ faː⁵⁵ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/

/t͡sʰi̯aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ fa²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰoi̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰẽ⁴⁴⁻³³ hue⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰai²¹/

/t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ hue⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰai¹¹/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɛːŋ⁵⁵ faː⁵⁵ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/

/t͡sʰi̯aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ fa²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰoi̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰẽ⁴⁴⁻³³ hue⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰai²¹/

/t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ hue⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰai¹¹/


鱷梨

/ŋɔːk̚² lei̯²¹/

/ŋɔːk̚² lei̯²¹/

(chiefly Mainland China, Singapore) avocado


牛油果

ㄋㄧㄡˊ ㄧㄡˊ ㄍㄨㄛˇ

/ni̯oʊ̯³⁵ joʊ̯³⁵ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

ㄋㄧㄡˊ ㄧㄡˊ ㄍㄨㄛˇㄦ

/ni̯oʊ̯³⁵ joʊ̯³⁵ ku̯ɔɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ŋɐu̯²¹ jɐu̯²¹ kʷɔː³⁵/

/ni̯oʊ̯³⁵ joʊ̯³⁵ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ni̯oʊ̯³⁵ joʊ̯³⁵ ku̯ɔɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ŋɐu̯²¹ jɐu̯²¹ kʷɔː³⁵/

Possibly a calque of English butter fruit.


益智

/i⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/jɪk̚⁵ t͡siː³³/

/iɪk̚³²⁻⁴ ti²¹/

/iɪk̚⁵⁻²⁴ ti⁴¹/

/iɪk̚³²⁻⁵ ti²¹/

/iɪk̚³²⁻⁴ ti¹¹/

/iɪk̚³²⁻⁴ ti²¹/

/i⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/jɪk̚⁵ t͡siː³³/

/iɪk̚³²⁻⁴ ti²¹/

/iɪk̚⁵⁻²⁴ ti⁴¹/

/iɪk̚³²⁻⁵ ti²¹/

/iɪk̚³²⁻⁴ ti¹¹/

/iɪk̚³²⁻⁴ ti²¹/


菠菜

/pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/pɔː⁵⁵ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/

/ˈpo⁴² t͡sʰai²¹³/

/po⁴⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sʰoɪ⁵³/

/po⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰai²¹/

/pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/pɔː⁵⁵ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/

/ˈpo⁴² t͡sʰai²¹³/

/po⁴⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sʰoɪ⁵³/

/po⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰai²¹/

From earlier 波斯菜 (bōsīcài), from 波斯 (Bōsī, “Persia”) + 菜 (cài, “greens, vegetable”). Alternatively, short for 菠薐菜 (bōléngcài). Compare the etymology of English spinach.

zh-l

波斯菜 (bōsīcài)

I never eat spinach. I just don't like the taste.

Wǒ cóngbù chī bōcài. Wǒ jiùshì bù xǐhuān nà wèir.

我從不吃菠菜。我就是不喜歡那味兒。

我从不吃菠菜。我就是不喜欢那味儿。


雪梨

/ɕy̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ li³⁵/

/ɕy̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ li³⁵/

Borrowed from English Sydney, via Cantonese.

Soat-lê sī Ò-chiu siōng tōa ê siâⁿ-chhī.

雪梨是澳洲上大的城市。

1891, 薛福成 [Xue Fucheng], 出使英法義比四國日記, volume 3, page 24:

Xuělí Yuè shāng èrshíjiǔ jiā, Huárén shāng gōng gòng sì qiān, qí zài nèidì kāi diàn jí Zhǒngzhí zhě yì liù qiān yú. Qí kēzhèng yóu wúlǐ zhě, huá shāng yóu Xuělí wǎng Měilìbīn, yòu xū zhòng shōu shēnshuì shí bàng.

雪梨粵商二十九家，華人商工共四千，其在內地開店及種植者亦六千餘。其苛政尤無理者，華商由雪梨往美利濱，又須重收身稅十磅。

雪梨粤商二十九家，华人商工共四千，其在内地开店及种植者亦六千余。其苛政尤无理者，华商由雪梨往美利滨，又须重收身税十磅。

(chiefly Taiwan, dated elsewhere) Sydney (a city in New South Wales, Australia)


夏南瓜

ㄒㄧㄚˋ ㄋㄢˊ ㄍㄨㄚ

/ɕi̯ä⁵¹ nän³⁵ ku̯ä⁵⁵/

/haː²² naːm²¹ kʷaː⁵⁵/

/ɕi̯ä⁵¹ nän³⁵ ku̯ä⁵⁵/

/haː²² naːm²¹ kʷaː⁵⁵/


仙人掌果

ㄒㄧㄢ ㄖㄣˊ ㄓㄤˇ ㄍㄨㄛˇ

сяньжэньчжанго

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ʐən³⁵ ʈ͡ʂɑŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/siːn⁵⁵ jɐn²¹ t͡sœːŋ³⁵ kʷɔː³⁵/

/siːn⁵⁵ jɐn²¹ t͡sœːŋ³⁵ kʷɔː³⁵/


黃豆

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ toʊ̯⁵¹/

/wɔːŋ²¹ tɐu̯²²⁻³⁵/

/ʋɔŋ¹¹ tʰeu⁵³/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ tau³³/

/ŋ̍²³⁻³³ tau³³/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻²² tau²²/

/ŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tau¹¹/

/ɦuɑ̃²² dɤ⁴⁴/

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ toʊ̯⁵¹/

/wɔːŋ²¹ tɐu̯²²⁻³⁵/

/ʋɔŋ¹¹ tʰeu⁵³/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ tau³³/

/ŋ̍²³⁻³³ tau³³/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻²² tau²²/

/ŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tau¹¹/

/ɦuɑ̃²² dɤ⁴⁴/


椰子

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (椰子):
* → Japanese: 椰子(やし) (yashi)
* → Korean: 야자(椰子) (yaja)

/jɛ⁵⁵ d͡z̥z̩²/

/jɛ³⁵ d͡z̥z̩³/

/jɛː²¹ t͡siː³⁵/

/ia²⁴⁻¹² t͡si⁵³/

/ia²⁴⁻³³ t͡si⁵³/

/ia²⁴⁻²² t͡si⁵⁵/

/ia²³⁻³³ t͡si⁴¹/

/ia²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡si⁵³/

/jɛ⁵⁵ d͡z̥z̩²/

/jɛ³⁵ d͡z̥z̩³/

/jɛː²¹ t͡siː³⁵/

/ia²⁴⁻¹² t͡si⁵³/

/ia²⁴⁻³³ t͡si⁵³/

/ia²⁴⁻²² t͡si⁵⁵/

/ia²³⁻³³ t͡si⁴¹/

/ia²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡si⁵³/


羅勒

/lu̯ɔ³⁵ lɤ⁵¹/

/lɔː²¹ lɐk̚²/

/lu̯ɔ³⁵ lɤ⁵¹/

/lɔː²¹ lɐk̚²/

From an aphaeretic form of Sanskrit करालक (karālaka), कराल (karāla, “a kind of Ocimum”).
Qimin Yaoshu in the sixth century records that this name (羅勒) was tabooed during the time of emperor Shi Le (石勒, 273–333), on account of the identity of the second character with that in his own name, and the name was changed into 蘭香 instead. Such taboo appears to be short-lived, as the name 羅勒 was attested again in the work of Tao Hongjing (456–536).

Ocimum basilicum
Ocimum basilicum#Translingual


洋蔥

→ Bouyei: yangfcungy

→ Zhuang: yangzcoeng

/jɑŋ³⁵ t͡sʰʊŋ⁵⁵/

/jœːŋ²¹ t͡sʰʊŋ⁵⁵/

/jiaŋ²² tʰɵŋ³³⁻²¹/

/i̯oŋ¹¹ t͡sʰuŋ²⁴/

/iɔŋ¹¹ t͡sʰʊŋ⁴⁴/

/iɒ̃¹¹ t͡sʰuŋ¹¹/

/iũ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰaŋ³³/

/iũ²³⁻³³ t͡sʰaŋ⁴⁴/

/iũ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰaŋ⁴⁴/

/iũ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰaŋ⁴⁴/

/iɔ̃¹³⁻²² t͡sʰaŋ⁴⁴/

/ɦiã²² t͡sʰoŋ⁴⁴/

/i̯æn¹³ t͡sʰʊŋ³³/

/i̯æn¹³ t͡sʰən³³/

/i̯an¹¹ t͡sʰɤŋ⁴⁴⁵/

/jɑŋ³⁵ t͡sʰʊŋ⁵⁵/

/jœːŋ²¹ t͡sʰʊŋ⁵⁵/

/jiaŋ²² tʰɵŋ³³⁻²¹/

/i̯oŋ¹¹ t͡sʰuŋ²⁴/

/iɔŋ¹¹ t͡sʰʊŋ⁴⁴/

/iɒ̃¹¹ t͡sʰuŋ¹¹/

/iũ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰaŋ³³/

/iũ²³⁻³³ t͡sʰaŋ⁴⁴/

/iũ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰaŋ⁴⁴/

/iũ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰaŋ⁴⁴/

/iɔ̃¹³⁻²² t͡sʰaŋ⁴⁴/

/ɦiã²² t͡sʰoŋ⁴⁴/

/i̯æn¹³ t͡sʰʊŋ³³/

/i̯æn¹³ t͡sʰən³³/

/i̯an¹¹ t͡sʰɤŋ⁴⁴⁵/

There is a sad story behind [this incident]

內有洋蔥

内有洋葱

(neologism, figurative) sad story; tearjerker


土豆

/tʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ toʊ̯⁵¹/

/tʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ tɤʊ̯ɻʷ⁵¹/

/tʰou̯³⁵ tɐu̯²²/

/tʰou̯³⁵ tɐu̯²²⁻³⁵/

/tʰəu̯⁴¹ təu̯²¹⁻¹¹/

/tʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ toʊ̯⁵¹/

/tʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ tɤʊ̯ɻʷ⁵¹/

/tʰou̯³⁵ tɐu̯²²/

/tʰou̯³⁵ tɐu̯²²⁻³⁵/

/tʰəu̯⁴¹ təu̯²¹⁻¹¹/

(Internet slang, sometimes offensive) often part of the term 南方小土豆 (Nánfāng xiǎo tǔdòu), a nickname for tourists from southern China, especially when visiting northeastern China, often used in a lighthearted or affectionate way due to perceived smaller stature.


土豆

/tʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ toʊ̯⁵¹/

/tʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ toʊ̯⁵¹/

zh-l

塗豆／涂豆 (thô͘-tāu)


土豆

/tʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ toʊ̯⁵¹/

/tʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ toʊ̯⁵¹/

Phono-semantic matching of French Trudeau.


白菜

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (白菜):
* → Japanese: 白菜(ハクサイ) (hakusai, “napa cabbage”)
* → Korean: 백채(白菜) (baekchae, “napa cabbage”)

desctree

→ Middle Korean: ᄇᆡ〯ᄎᆡ〮 (pǒychóy)
Early Modern Korean: ᄇᆡᄎᆡ (poychoy)
Korean: 배추 (baechu)
Jeju: 베치 (bechi)

→ Cebuano: petsay

desc

→ English: bok choy, pak choi, bokchoi, bok choi, baicai, petsai, pechay

→ Russian: бокчо́й (bokčój)

→ Italian: pe-tsai

→ Japanese: 白(パク)菜(チョイ) (pakuchoi, “bok choy”)

→ Mongolian:

Cyrillic script: байцаа (bajcaa, “cabbage”)

Mongolian script: ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠴᠠᠭᠠ (bayičag-a, “cabbage”)

→ Russian: петса́й (petsáj)

→ Tagalog: petsay

→ Tibetan: པད་ཚལ (pad tshal)

→ Uyghur: بەسەي (besey)

→ Spanish: pac-choy

/paɪ̯³⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/paɪ̯³⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯³/

/pɛ²¹ t͡sʰai²¹³/

/pei²⁴ t͡sʰɛ⁵¹/

/paːk̚² t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/

/pak̚³² tʰᵘɔi³³/

/pʰak̚⁵ t͡sʰoɪ⁵³/

/pɛ(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡sʰai²¹/

/peʔ⁴⁻² t͡sʰai²¹³/

/baʔ¹¹ t͡sʰe²³/

/paɪ̯³⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/paɪ̯³⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯³/

/pɛ²¹ t͡sʰai²¹³/

/pei²⁴ t͡sʰɛ⁵¹/

/paːk̚² t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/

/pak̚³² tʰᵘɔi³³/

/pʰak̚⁵ t͡sʰoɪ⁵³/

/pɛ(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡sʰai²¹/

/peʔ⁴⁻² t͡sʰai²¹³/

/baʔ¹¹ t͡sʰe²³/

He said, “No place [else] can match Beijing. Even Beijing’s boiled napa cabbage tastes better than [it does] elsewhere – Wuweishen is at Beijing.”

Tā shuō: “Nǎr yě bǐ bùliǎo Běijīng. Běijīng de āo báicài yě bǐ biéchù hǎochī, — Wǔwèishén zài Běijīng.”

他說：「哪兒也比不了北京。北京的熬白菜也比別處好吃，——五味神在北京。」

他说：「哪儿也比不了北京。北京的熬白菜也比别处好吃，——五味神在北京。」

Brassica rapa
Brassica rapa#Translingual

Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis
Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis#English

Various varieties of Brassica rapa, including:

napa cabbage (Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis)


胡瓜

/xu³⁵ ku̯ä⁵⁵/

/wuː²¹ kʷaː⁵⁵/

/xu³⁵ ku̯ä⁵⁵/

/wuː²¹ kʷaː⁵⁵/


山芋

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ ɔ³³/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ ɔ³³/

Ipomoea batatas
Ipomoea batatas#Translingual

(dialectal Mandarin, dialectal Gan, Huizhou, dialectal Jin, Wu) sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas)

(Taiwanese Hokkien) Alocasia odora (elephant ear)

Dioscorea polystachya
Dioscorea polystachya

Alternative name for 薯蕷／薯蓣 (shǔyù, “Chinese yam; Dioscorea polystachya”).


石榴

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ li̯oʊ̯³⁵/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ li̯oʊ̯³/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ li̯ɤʊ̯ɻʷ³⁵/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ li̯ɤʊ̯ɻʷ³/

/ʂʐ̩²⁴ liou⁵¹/

/sɛːk̚² lɐu̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/sɛːk̚² lɐu̯²¹/

/səʔ⁵⁴ liəu²/

/sɛ²²⁻²¹ liu¹³/

/siɪk̚⁴⁻³² liu²⁴/

/siɪk̚⁴⁻³² liu²³/

/zaʔ¹¹ liɤ²³/

/ʂʐ̩²⁴ li̯əu̯³/

/sz̩²⁴ li̯əu̯³/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ li̯oʊ̯³⁵/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ li̯oʊ̯³/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ li̯ɤʊ̯ɻʷ³⁵/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ li̯ɤʊ̯ɻʷ³/

/ʂʐ̩²⁴ liou⁵¹/

/sɛːk̚² lɐu̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/sɛːk̚² lɐu̯²¹/

/səʔ⁵⁴ liəu²/

/sɛ²²⁻²¹ liu¹³/

/siɪk̚⁴⁻³² liu²⁴/

/siɪk̚⁴⁻³² liu²³/

/zaʔ¹¹ liɤ²³/

/ʂʐ̩²⁴ li̯əu̯³/

/sz̩²⁴ li̯əu̯³/

Clipping of 安石榴 (ānshíliú); see there for more.

石留
榭榴
謝榴
射榴
射留


葡萄

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (葡萄):
* → Japanese: 葡(ぶ)萄(どう) (budō)
* → Korean: 포도(葡萄) (podo)
* → Vietnamese: bồ đào (葡萄)

Borrowed from Bactrian *bādāwa (“wine”) [130 BCE]; compare Persian باده (bâde, “wine”) (Schuessler, 2007; Chmielewski, 1958). Grape was introduced in China by Zhang Qian (張騫) during the Eastern Han period.
The verb sense is from 吃不到的葡萄是酸的 (“the grapes are sour anyway”)

蒲陶
蒲萄
葡桃
蒲桃
孛萄
浮萄
孛陶

/pʰu³⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³⁵/

/pʰu³⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³/

/pʰu³⁵ tʰaʊ̯ɻʷ³⁵/

/pʰou²⁴ tʰɔ⁵¹/

/pʰou̯²¹ tʰou̯²¹/

/pʰu¹¹ tʰo¹¹/

/pʰu⁵⁵ tʰo⁵⁵/

/pʰuo⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lo⁵³/

/puo⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lo⁵³/

/pu⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lo⁵³/

/pʰu²³⁻²¹ to²³/

/pʰu²⁴⁻²² to²⁴/

/pʰu²⁴⁻¹² to²⁴/

/pʰo²³⁻²¹ to²³/

/pʰɤ²⁴⁻³³ tɤ²⁴/

/pʰo²⁴⁻¹¹ to²⁴/

/pʰo¹³⁻²² to¹³/

/pʰɤ²³⁻³³ tɤ²³/

/pʰɔ¹³⁻²² to¹³/

/po²⁴⁻³³ to²⁴/

/pʰue²⁴⁻³³ tɤ²⁴/

/pu²⁴⁻²² to²⁴/

/pɔ²³⁻³³ tɤ²³/

/pɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ to²⁴/

/pʰu⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tʰo⁵⁵/

/bəʔ¹¹ dɔ²³/

/pʰu³⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³⁵/

/pʰu³⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³/

/pʰu³⁵ tʰaʊ̯ɻʷ³⁵/

/pʰou²⁴ tʰɔ⁵¹/

/pʰou̯²¹ tʰou̯²¹/

/pʰu¹¹ tʰo¹¹/

/pʰu⁵⁵ tʰo⁵⁵/

/pʰuo⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lo⁵³/

/puo⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lo⁵³/

/pu⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lo⁵³/

/pʰu²³⁻²¹ to²³/

/pʰu²⁴⁻²² to²⁴/

/pʰu²⁴⁻¹² to²⁴/

/pʰo²³⁻²¹ to²³/

/pʰɤ²⁴⁻³³ tɤ²⁴/

/pʰo²⁴⁻¹¹ to²⁴/

/pʰo¹³⁻²² to¹³/

/pʰɤ²³⁻³³ tɤ²³/

/pʰɔ¹³⁻²² to¹³/

/po²⁴⁻³³ to²⁴/

/pʰue²⁴⁻³³ tɤ²⁴/

/pu²⁴⁻²² to²⁴/

/pɔ²³⁻³³ tɤ²³/

/pɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ to²⁴/

/pʰu⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tʰo⁵⁵/

/bəʔ¹¹ dɔ²³/

葡萄汁

grape (Classifier: 顆／颗 m; 串 m; 粒; 抽 c; 捾 mn)


雞蛋

/t͡ɕi⁵⁵ tän⁵¹/

/t͡ɕi⁵⁵ tan²¹³/

/t͡ɕi²⁴ tæ̃²⁴/

/t͡ɕi²⁴ tæ̃⁴⁴/

/kɐi̯⁵⁵ taːn²²⁻³⁵/

/kai³³ an³²⁻³²⁵/

/t͡ɕi⁴² ˈtʰan¹¹/

/t͡ɕi¹¹ tæ̃⁴⁵/

/koi³³⁻²³ taŋ²¹³/

/t͡ɕi⁵⁵ de²¹/

/t͡ɕi³³ dẽ̞³⁴/

/t͡ɕi³³ dɛ⁵¹/

/t͡ɕi³³ tan²¹⁻¹¹/

/t͡ɕi⁴⁴ tã̠¹¹/

/t͡ɕi⁵⁵ tän⁵¹/

/t͡ɕi⁵⁵ tan²¹³/

/t͡ɕi²⁴ tæ̃²⁴/

/t͡ɕi²⁴ tæ̃⁴⁴/

/kɐi̯⁵⁵ taːn²²⁻³⁵/

/kai³³ an³²⁻³²⁵/

/t͡ɕi⁴² ˈtʰan¹¹/

/t͡ɕi¹¹ tæ̃⁴⁵/

/koi³³⁻²³ taŋ²¹³/

/t͡ɕi⁵⁵ de²¹/

/t͡ɕi³³ dẽ̞³⁴/

/t͡ɕi³³ dɛ⁵¹/

/t͡ɕi³³ tan²¹⁻¹¹/

/t͡ɕi⁴⁴ tã̠¹¹/

chicken egg (Classifier: 個／个 m; 顆／颗 m; 枚 m; 隻／只 c)

食雞蛋

食鸡蛋


雞蛋

/koi³³⁻²³ tũã³³/

/koi³³⁻²³ tũã³³/

(Teochew) unlaid chicken egg (Classifier: 粒)


櫻桃

ja-r

桜桃(おうとう) (ōtō)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (櫻桃):
* → Japanese: 桜桃(おうとう) (ōtō)
* → Korean: 앵두(櫻桃) (aengdu)
* → Vietnamese: anh đào (櫻桃)

→ Mongolian: интоор (intoor)

→ Manchu: ᡳᠩᡨᠣᡵᡳ (ingtori)

/iŋ⁵⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³⁵/

/iŋ⁵⁵ tʰɑʊ̯²/

/iŋ⁵⁵ tʰaʊ̯ɻʷ³⁵/

/jɪŋ⁵⁵ tʰou̯²¹/

/in⁴⁴⁻³⁵ tʰau¹¹/

/iŋ¹¹ tʰau¹¹/

/ɛiŋ⁵⁵ tʰo⁵³/

/iɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tʰo²⁴/

/iɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰo²⁴/

/iɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰɤ²³/

/eŋ³³⁻²³ tʰo⁵⁵/

/in³³ tɒu̯¹³/

/iŋ⁵⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³⁵/

/iŋ⁵⁵ tʰɑʊ̯²/

/iŋ⁵⁵ tʰaʊ̯ɻʷ³⁵/

/jɪŋ⁵⁵ tʰou̯²¹/

/in⁴⁴⁻³⁵ tʰau¹¹/

/iŋ¹¹ tʰau¹¹/

/ɛiŋ⁵⁵ tʰo⁵³/

/iɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tʰo²⁴/

/iɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰo²⁴/

/iɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰɤ²³/

/eŋ³³⁻²³ tʰo⁵⁵/

/in³³ tɒu̯¹³/


蓬果

/pʰɔŋ³³⁻²¹ kɤ⁴¹/

/pʰɔŋ²⁴⁻²² ko⁵⁵/

/pʰɔŋ²⁴⁻³³ ko⁵³/

/pʰɔŋ²⁴⁻³³ kɤ⁵³/

/pʰɔŋ³³⁻²¹ kɤ⁴¹/

/pʰɔŋ²⁴⁻²² ko⁵⁵/

/pʰɔŋ²⁴⁻³³ ko⁵³/

/pʰɔŋ²⁴⁻³³ kɤ⁵³/

(Southern Min) Alternative form of 蘋果 /苹果


馬鈴薯

→ Lingao: ma⁴ liŋ¹ su⁴

→ Zhuang: majlingzsuz

ㄇㄚˇ ㄌㄧㄥˊ ㄕㄨˇ

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ liŋ³⁵ ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/maː¹³ lɪŋ²¹ syː²¹/

/ma⁵³ laŋ⁵⁵ ʃu⁵⁵/

/ma⁴⁴⁻³⁵ laŋ¹¹ su¹¹/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡su²⁴/

/mã⁵³⁻⁵⁵ liɪŋ²⁴⁻³³ t͡su²⁴/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡su²⁴/

/mã⁵⁵⁻³⁵ liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sɨ²⁴/

/mã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sɯ²⁴/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɪŋ¹³⁻²² t͡si¹³/

/mã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ liɪŋ²³⁻³³ t͡si²³/

/mã⁵³⁻⁵⁵ liɪŋ²⁴⁻³³ t͡si²⁴/

/be⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡su²⁴/

/be⁵⁵⁻³⁵ liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sɨ²⁴/

/be⁵²⁻³⁵ leŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sɯ⁵⁵/

/be⁵²⁻³⁵ leŋ³³⁻²³ t͡sɯ⁵⁵/

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ liŋ³⁵ ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/maː¹³ lɪŋ²¹ syː²¹/

/ma⁵³ laŋ⁵⁵ ʃu⁵⁵/

/ma⁴⁴⁻³⁵ laŋ¹¹ su¹¹/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡su²⁴/

/mã⁵³⁻⁵⁵ liɪŋ²⁴⁻³³ t͡su²⁴/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡su²⁴/

/mã⁵⁵⁻³⁵ liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sɨ²⁴/

/mã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sɯ²⁴/

/mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɪŋ¹³⁻²² t͡si¹³/

/mã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ liɪŋ²³⁻³³ t͡si²³/

/mã⁵³⁻⁵⁵ liɪŋ²⁴⁻³³ t͡si²⁴/

/be⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡su²⁴/

/be⁵⁵⁻³⁵ liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sɨ²⁴/

/be⁵²⁻³⁵ leŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sɯ⁵⁵/

/be⁵²⁻³⁵ leŋ³³⁻²³ t͡sɯ⁵⁵/

Suzuki (2013) suggests that 馬鈴／马铃 (mǎlíng) may be a corruption of 馬來／马来 (Mǎlái, “Malay”), but the form 馬來薯／马来薯 has never been attested, and as Xiang (2018) points out, potato is a a temperate crop rarely cultivated in hot and humid tropical Asia.
The earliest known attestation in Chinese is found in the Kangxi edition of the Gazetteer of Songxi County (松溪縣志, 1700), but it is desribed as a tree climber with blackish tubers tasting bitterish and therefore should refer to air potato (Dioscorea bulbifera) instead of potato. The name is probably an allusion to the way the bulbils of air potato look like bells used in the tack for horses. The Japanese herbalist Ono Ranzan (小野蘭山) misapplied the name to potato in Tetsuen Shōtoku (耋筵小牘, 1808), and this altered denotation was first borrowed into Chinese by Huang Zunxian (黃遵憲) in the late 19th century (Xiang, 2018).

zh-l

馬鈴／马铃 (mǎlíng)

Solanum tuberosum
Solanum tuberosum#Translingual

Dioscorea bulbifera
Dioscorea bulbifera#Translingual

(archaic) air potato (Dioscorea bulbifera)


洋薊

/jɑŋ³⁵ t͡ɕi⁵¹/

/jœːŋ²¹ kɐi̯³³/

/jɑŋ³⁵ t͡ɕi⁵¹/

/jœːŋ²¹ kɐi̯³³/


楊梅

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (楊梅):
* → Japanese: 楊梅(ようばい) (yōbai)
* → Korean: 양매(楊梅) (yangmae)
* → Vietnamese: dương mai (楊梅)

/jɑŋ³⁵ meɪ̯³⁵/

/jœːŋ²¹ muːi̯²¹/

/jœːŋ²¹ muːi̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/iɔŋ³⁵ mi³⁵/

/i̯oŋ¹¹ moi̯¹¹/

/ʒoŋ⁵⁵ moi⁵⁵/

/iɔŋ¹¹ moɪ¹¹/

/iɔŋ³³ mo³³/

/yoŋ⁵³⁻³³ mui⁵³/

/t͡sʰiũ²⁴⁻²² m̩²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɔ̃¹³⁻²² m̩¹³/

/t͡sʰiu²⁴⁻¹¹ m̩²⁴/

/t͡sʰiu²⁴⁻¹² m̩²⁴/

/t͡sʰiu²⁴⁻²² m̩²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɔ̃³³⁻¹¹ m̩²⁴/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻²² muĩ²⁴/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ muĩ²⁴/

/iɔŋ²³⁻³³ muĩ²³/

/t͡sʰiu²²⁻¹¹ m̩²⁴/

/iũ²⁴⁻²¹ mui²⁴/

/iũ²⁴⁻¹¹ muĩ²⁴/

/iũ²³⁻³³ muĩ²³/

/iũ²⁴⁻¹¹ bue²⁴/

/iũ²³⁻³³ bue²³/

/iũ²⁴⁻²¹ bue²⁴/

/iũ²⁴⁻²¹ mue²⁴/

/ĩõ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ bue⁵⁵/

/ɦiã²² me⁴⁴/

/jɑŋ³⁵ meɪ̯³⁵/

/jœːŋ²¹ muːi̯²¹/

/jœːŋ²¹ muːi̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/iɔŋ³⁵ mi³⁵/

/i̯oŋ¹¹ moi̯¹¹/

/ʒoŋ⁵⁵ moi⁵⁵/

/iɔŋ¹¹ moɪ¹¹/

/iɔŋ³³ mo³³/

/yoŋ⁵³⁻³³ mui⁵³/

/t͡sʰiũ²⁴⁻²² m̩²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɔ̃¹³⁻²² m̩¹³/

/t͡sʰiu²⁴⁻¹¹ m̩²⁴/

/t͡sʰiu²⁴⁻¹² m̩²⁴/

/t͡sʰiu²⁴⁻²² m̩²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɔ̃³³⁻¹¹ m̩²⁴/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻²² muĩ²⁴/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ muĩ²⁴/

/iɔŋ²³⁻³³ muĩ²³/

/t͡sʰiu²²⁻¹¹ m̩²⁴/

/iũ²⁴⁻²¹ mui²⁴/

/iũ²⁴⁻¹¹ muĩ²⁴/

/iũ²³⁻³³ muĩ²³/

/iũ²⁴⁻¹¹ bue²⁴/

/iũ²³⁻³³ bue²³/

/iũ²⁴⁻²¹ bue²⁴/

/iũ²⁴⁻²¹ mue²⁴/

/ĩõ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ bue⁵⁵/

/ɦiã²² me⁴⁴/

/iũ²³⁻³³ muẽ²³/

/iũ²⁴⁻¹¹ muẽ²⁴/

/jɑŋ³⁵ meɪ̯³⁵/

/jœːŋ²¹ muːi̯²¹/

/i̯oŋ¹¹ moi̯¹¹/

/iũ²³⁻³³ muĩ²³/

/iũ²⁴⁻¹¹ muĩ²⁴/

/iũ²⁴⁻¹¹ bue²⁴/

/iũ²³⁻³³ bue²³/

/iũ²³⁻³³ muẽ²³/

/iũ²⁴⁻¹¹ muẽ²⁴/

Morella rubra
Morella rubra#Translingual

yangmei, Chinese bayberry, red bayberry, yumberry, waxberry, Chinese strawberry (Myrica rubra ⇒ Morella rubra, a Chinese fruit)


枸杞

Sino-Xenic (枸杞):
* → Japanese: 枸杞(くこ) (kuko)
* → Korean: 구기(枸杞) (gugi)

→ English: goji

→ Malay: kauki, koki

→ Thai: เก๋ากี้ (gǎo-gîi)

/koʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡ɕʰi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɐu̯³⁵ kei̯³⁵/

/kɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ki⁵³/

/kɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ki⁴¹/

/kio⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ki⁵⁵⁴/

/kɤ³³ t͡ɕi⁴⁴/

/koʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡ɕʰi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɐu̯³⁵ kei̯³⁵/

/kɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ki⁵³/

/kɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ki⁴¹/

/kio⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ki⁵⁵⁴/

/kɤ³³ t͡ɕi⁴⁴/

Lycium barbarum
Lycium barbarum#Translingual


山藥

/ʂän⁵⁵ jɑʊ̯²/

/saːn⁵⁵ jœːk̚²/

/san²⁴⁻¹¹ i̯ok̚⁵/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² ioʔ⁴/

/suã³³ ioʔ²⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² ioʔ¹²¹/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ ioʔ⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ iɤʔ⁴/

/se⁵⁵ ɦiaʔ²¹/

/ʂän⁵⁵ jɑʊ̯²/

/saːn⁵⁵ jœːk̚²/

/san²⁴⁻¹¹ i̯ok̚⁵/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² ioʔ⁴/

/suã³³ ioʔ²⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² ioʔ¹²¹/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ ioʔ⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ iɤʔ⁴/

/se⁵⁵ ɦiaʔ²¹/

Emperor Daizong of Tang
Emperor Yingzong of Song
Jin dynasty (265–420)

So named as it is produced in mountains and can be used as a medicine.
Folk etymology claims that 山藥 was renamed from 薯蕷／薯蓣 (shǔyù), to avoid the naming taboo of Emperor Daizong of Tang and Emperor Yingzong of Song; however, 山藥 has been in use since the Jin dynasty (265–420).

zh-l

薯蕷／薯蓣 (shǔyù)

Dioscorea polystachya
Dioscorea polystachya#Translingual


檸檬

/niŋ³⁵ mɤŋ³⁵/

/nɪŋ²¹ mʊŋ²¹⁻⁵⁵/

/ⁿden²² ᵐbɵŋ⁵⁵/

/niŋ¹¹ məŋ¹¹/

/nˡiŋ⁵³⁻³³ muŋ⁵³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² bɔŋ²⁴/

/liɪŋ¹³⁻²² bɔŋ¹³/

/leŋ²⁴⁻²¹ bɔŋ²⁴/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ bɔŋ²³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ bɔŋ²⁴/

/le²³⁻³³ bɔŋ⁴¹/

/le²⁴⁻¹² bɔŋ⁵³/

/le²⁴⁻¹¹ bɔŋ⁵³/

/leŋ²⁴⁻²¹ mɔŋ²⁴/

/li²³⁻²¹ mɔŋ⁴⁴⁵/

/leŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ moŋ⁵⁵/

/leŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ mou⁵⁵/

/lam⁵⁵⁻¹¹ moŋ⁵²/

/nam⁵⁵⁻¹¹ moŋ⁵²/

/n̠ʲin²² moŋ⁴⁴/

/niŋ³⁵ mɤŋ³⁵/

/nɪŋ²¹ mʊŋ²¹⁻⁵⁵/

/ⁿden²² ᵐbɵŋ⁵⁵/

/niŋ¹¹ məŋ¹¹/

/nˡiŋ⁵³⁻³³ muŋ⁵³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² bɔŋ²⁴/

/liɪŋ¹³⁻²² bɔŋ¹³/

/leŋ²⁴⁻²¹ bɔŋ²⁴/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ bɔŋ²³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ bɔŋ²⁴/

/le²³⁻³³ bɔŋ⁴¹/

/le²⁴⁻¹² bɔŋ⁵³/

/le²⁴⁻¹¹ bɔŋ⁵³/

/leŋ²⁴⁻²¹ mɔŋ²⁴/

/li²³⁻²¹ mɔŋ⁴⁴⁵/

/leŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ moŋ⁵⁵/

/leŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ mou⁵⁵/

/lam⁵⁵⁻¹¹ moŋ⁵²/

/nam⁵⁵⁻¹¹ moŋ⁵²/

/n̠ʲin²² moŋ⁴⁴/

Borrowed from English lemon (Huang, 2020); first attested in Volume I of Part II of A Dictionary of the Chinese Language in Three Parts [1819] by Robert Morrison (Huang, 2009).
For Taiwanese Min Nan lê-bóng and Hakka lê-móng, via Japanese 檸檬(レモン) (remon), from English lemon.


檸檬

/niŋ³⁵ mɤŋ³⁵/

/nɪŋ²¹ mʊŋ²¹⁻⁵⁵/

/ⁿden²² ᵐbɵŋ⁵⁵/

/niŋ¹¹ məŋ¹¹/

/nˡiŋ⁵³⁻³³ muŋ⁵³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² bɔŋ²⁴/

/liɪŋ¹³⁻²² bɔŋ¹³/

/leŋ²⁴⁻²¹ bɔŋ²⁴/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ bɔŋ²³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ bɔŋ²⁴/

/le²³⁻³³ bɔŋ⁴¹/

/le²⁴⁻¹² bɔŋ⁵³/

/le²⁴⁻¹¹ bɔŋ⁵³/

/leŋ²⁴⁻²¹ mɔŋ²⁴/

/li²³⁻²¹ mɔŋ⁴⁴⁵/

/leŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ moŋ⁵⁵/

/leŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ mou⁵⁵/

/lam⁵⁵⁻¹¹ moŋ⁵²/

/nam⁵⁵⁻¹¹ moŋ⁵²/

/n̠ʲin²² moŋ⁴⁴/

/niŋ³⁵ mɤŋ³⁵/

/nɪŋ²¹ mʊŋ²¹⁻⁵⁵/

/ⁿden²² ᵐbɵŋ⁵⁵/

/niŋ¹¹ məŋ¹¹/

/nˡiŋ⁵³⁻³³ muŋ⁵³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² bɔŋ²⁴/

/liɪŋ¹³⁻²² bɔŋ¹³/

/leŋ²⁴⁻²¹ bɔŋ²⁴/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ bɔŋ²³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ bɔŋ²⁴/

/le²³⁻³³ bɔŋ⁴¹/

/le²⁴⁻¹² bɔŋ⁵³/

/le²⁴⁻¹¹ bɔŋ⁵³/

/leŋ²⁴⁻²¹ mɔŋ²⁴/

/li²³⁻²¹ mɔŋ⁴⁴⁵/

/leŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ moŋ⁵⁵/

/leŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ mou⁵⁵/

/lam⁵⁵⁻¹¹ moŋ⁵²/

/nam⁵⁵⁻¹¹ moŋ⁵²/

/n̠ʲin²² moŋ⁴⁴/

(～埠) (dated) Puerto Limón (a city, the capital city of Limón, Costa Rica)


小麥

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ maɪ̯⁵¹/

/ɕiau⁵³ mɛ²¹/

/siːu̯³⁵ mɐk̚²/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ beʔ⁴/

/sio⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ beʔ²⁴/

/siɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ beʔ⁴/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bɛʔ¹²¹/

/ɕiɔ³³ maʔ⁴⁴/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ maɪ̯⁵¹/

/ɕiau⁵³ mɛ²¹/

/siːu̯³⁵ mɐk̚²/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ beʔ⁴/

/sio⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ beʔ²⁴/

/siɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ beʔ⁴/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bɛʔ¹²¹/

/ɕiɔ³³ maʔ⁴⁴/

麵粉是小麥做的粉。

面粉是小麦做的粉。


人參

→ English: ginseng

→ Russian: женьшень (ženʹšenʹ)

/ʐən³⁵ ʂən⁵⁵/

/jɐn²¹ sɐm⁵⁵/

/ᵑɡin²² ɬim³³/

/ˈlɨn³⁵ sɛn⁴²/

/iŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nɛiŋ⁵⁵/

/lin²⁴⁻²² sɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lin²⁴⁻²² səm³³/

/d͡zin¹³⁻²² sɔm⁴⁴/

/zin²³⁻³³ sɔm⁴⁴/

/lin²⁴⁻¹¹ sɔm⁴⁴/

/d͡ziŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ siam³³/

/n̠ʲin²² sən⁴⁴/

/n̠ʲin²² sən³³/

/ʐən³⁵ ʂən⁵⁵/

/jɐn²¹ sɐm⁵⁵/

/ᵑɡin²² ɬim³³/

/ˈlɨn³⁵ sɛn⁴²/

/iŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nɛiŋ⁵⁵/

/lin²⁴⁻²² sɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lin²⁴⁻²² səm³³/

/d͡zin¹³⁻²² sɔm⁴⁴/

/zin²³⁻³³ sɔm⁴⁴/

/lin²⁴⁻¹¹ sɔm⁴⁴/

/d͡ziŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ siam³³/

/n̠ʲin²² sən⁴⁴/

/n̠ʲin²² sən³³/

Referring to the root's characteristic forked shape, resembling the legs of a man.

ginseng (any of several plants, of the genus Panax)

藥材

medicinal materials in traditional Chinese medicine


杏仁

/ɕiŋ⁵¹ ʐən³⁵/

/ɕiŋ⁵¹ ʐəɻ³⁵/

/hɐŋ²² jɐn²¹/

/xaiŋ⁵⁵ iŋ²¹/

/hɛiŋ²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ^((Ø-))ŋiŋ⁵³/

/hiɪŋ³³⁻¹¹ lin²⁴/

/hiɪŋ²²⁻²¹ lin²⁴/

/heŋ²²⁻²¹ d͡zin²⁴/

/hiɪŋ²²⁻²¹ d͡zin¹³/

/hiɪŋ³³⁻²¹ zin²³/

/heŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ d͡ziŋ⁵⁵/

/heŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ d͡zeŋ⁵⁵/

/kʰeŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ d͡ziŋ⁵⁵/

/ɦã²² n̠ʲin⁴⁴/

/ɕiŋ⁵¹ ʐən³⁵/

/ɕiŋ⁵¹ ʐəɻ³⁵/

/hɐŋ²² jɐn²¹/

/xaiŋ⁵⁵ iŋ²¹/

/hɛiŋ²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ^((Ø-))ŋiŋ⁵³/

/hiɪŋ³³⁻¹¹ lin²⁴/

/hiɪŋ²²⁻²¹ lin²⁴/

/heŋ²²⁻²¹ d͡zin²⁴/

/hiɪŋ²²⁻²¹ d͡zin¹³/

/hiɪŋ³³⁻²¹ zin²³/

/heŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ d͡ziŋ⁵⁵/

/heŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ d͡zeŋ⁵⁵/

/kʰeŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ d͡ziŋ⁵⁵/

/ɦã²² n̠ʲin⁴⁴/

Prunus armeniaca
Prunus armeniaca#Translingual

apricot kernel (kernel of the fruit produced by Prunus armeniaca) (Classifier: 顆／颗 m; 粒 c)

Prunus amygdalus
Prunus amygdalus#Translingual

almond (nut produced by tree of species Prunus amygdalus (syn. Prunus dulcis)) (Classifier: 顆／颗 m; 粒 c)


蘿蔔

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (蘿蔔):
* → Japanese: 蘿(ら)蔔(ふく) (rafuku)
* → Korean: 나복(蘿蔔) (nabok), 라복(蘿蔔) (rabok)

→ Bouyei: laauxbag

→ Classical Mongolian: ᠯᠤᠤᠪᠠᠩ (luubang)

desc

Mongolian: ᠯᠤᠤᠪᠠᠩ (luubang), лууван (luuvan)

→ Daur: ᠯᠣᠪᠣ (lobo), loob

→ English: lo bak, lo pak

→ Green Hmong: lauj pwm, lwj pwm

→ Korean: 노배 (nobae) (dialectal)

→ Malay: lobak

Indonesian: lobak

→ Tibetan: ལ་ཕུག (la phug)

→ Japhug: lɤpɯɣ

→ Uyghur: لوبو (lobo), لوبۇ (lobu)

→ Zhuang: lauxbaeg

/lu̯ɔ³⁵ b̥u̯ɔ³/

/lɔː²¹ paːk̚²/

/lᵘɔ²² pak̚³²/

/lo¹¹ pʰɛt̚⁵/

/lo²⁴⁻²² pɔk̚⁴/

/lo¹³⁻²² pɔk̚¹²¹/

/lɤ²³⁻³³ pɔk̚⁴/

/lo²⁴⁻¹¹ pɔk̚⁴/

/lo²⁴⁻²² pɔk̚⁵/

/la²⁴⁻²² pak̚⁴/

/la²⁴⁻²² pak̚²⁴/

/la²⁴⁻²² tak̚⁴/

/lɔ²² boʔ⁴⁴/

/læ²³ boʔ¹¹/

/ləu²² boʔ⁴⁴/

/lu̯ɔ³⁵ b̥u̯ɔ³/

/lɔː²¹ paːk̚²/

/lᵘɔ²² pak̚³²/

/lo¹¹ pʰɛt̚⁵/

/lo²⁴⁻²² pɔk̚⁴/

/lo¹³⁻²² pɔk̚¹²¹/

/lɤ²³⁻³³ pɔk̚⁴/

/lo²⁴⁻¹¹ pɔk̚⁴/

/lo²⁴⁻²² pɔk̚⁵/

/la²⁴⁻²² pak̚⁴/

/la²⁴⁻²² pak̚²⁴/

/la²⁴⁻²² tak̚⁴/

/lɔ²² boʔ⁴⁴/

/læ²³ boʔ¹¹/

/ləu²² boʔ⁴⁴/

Unknown. This word has been attested in various forms since early Old Chinese, and is the source of many of the terms for "radish, turnip" in other languages in modern China. The basic form seems to be *rabuk.
Perhaps compare Proto-Indo-European *(s)rā́ps (“turnip, rape, cabbage”), Proto-Semitic *lapt- (“turnip”), Sumerian 𒇻𒂠𒊬 (LU-UB₂^(ŠAR) /lub/, “turnip”).

cog

萝卜
*蘿卜
羅卜
蘿白
蘿苩
蘿貝
蘿𦮷
老蔔

radish, especially the daikon or Chinese radish


蘿蔔

/lu̯ɔ³⁵ b̥u̯ɔ³/

/lɔː²¹ paːk̚²/

/l̃o⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βuʔ⁵/

/la²⁴⁻²² pak̚⁴/

/la²⁴⁻²² pak̚²⁴/

/la²⁴⁻²² tak̚²⁴/

/la²⁴⁻²² tak̚⁴/

/nã²³⁻³³ pɔk̚⁴/

/nã²⁴⁻²² pɔk̚⁴/

/nã²⁴⁻¹¹ pɔk̚⁴/

/nã²⁴⁻¹¹ tak̚⁴/

/nã²³⁻³³ tak̚⁴/

/nã²⁴⁻²² tak̚⁴/

/lu̯ɔ³⁵ b̥u̯ɔ³/

/lɔː²¹ paːk̚²/

/l̃o⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βuʔ⁵/

/la²⁴⁻²² pak̚⁴/

/la²⁴⁻²² pak̚²⁴/

/la²⁴⁻²² tak̚²⁴/

/la²⁴⁻²² tak̚⁴/

/nã²³⁻³³ pɔk̚⁴/

/nã²⁴⁻²² pɔk̚⁴/

/nã²⁴⁻¹¹ pɔk̚⁴/

/nã²⁴⁻¹¹ tak̚⁴/

/nã²³⁻³³ tak̚⁴/

/nã²⁴⁻²² tak̚⁴/

萝卜
*蘿卜
羅卜
蘿白
蘿苩
蘿貝
蘿𦮷
老蔔


話梅

/xu̯ä⁵¹ meɪ̯³⁵/

/waː²² muːi̯²¹/

/waː²² muːi̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/xu̯ä⁵¹ meɪ̯³⁵/

/waː²² muːi̯²¹/

/waː²² muːi̯²¹⁻³⁵/

a variety of umeboshi, usually with an off-white, brownish, or reddish exterior


枇杷

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (枇杷):
* → Japanese: 枇杷(ビワ) (biwa)
* → Korean: 비파(枇杷) (bipa)
* → Vietnamese: tì bà (枇杷)

→ Zhuang: bizbaz

/pʰi³⁵ pʰä³⁵/

/pʰei̯²¹ pʰaː²¹/

/pʰi¹¹ pʰa¹¹/

/pi⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βa⁵³/

/pi¹³⁻²² pe¹³/

/pi²⁴⁻²² pe²⁴/

/pi²⁴⁻³³ pe²⁴/

/ɡi²⁴⁻²² pe²⁴/

/ɡi²⁴⁻¹¹ pe²⁴/

/ɡi²⁴⁻³³ pe²⁴/

/ki²⁴⁻²² pe²⁴/

/kʰi²⁴⁻²² pe²⁴/

/kʰi²⁴⁻¹² pe²⁴/

/ti²⁴⁻³³ pe²⁴/

/ti²³⁻³³ pe²³/

/pi¹³⁻²² pɛ¹³/

/ɡi¹³⁻²² pɛ¹³/

/pi⁵⁵⁻¹¹ pe⁵⁵/

/biɪʔ¹¹ boʔ²³/

/biɪʔ¹¹ bo²³/

/pʰi³⁵ pʰä³⁵/

/pʰei̯²¹ pʰaː²¹/

/pʰi¹¹ pʰa¹¹/

/pi⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βa⁵³/

/pi¹³⁻²² pe¹³/

/pi²⁴⁻²² pe²⁴/

/pi²⁴⁻³³ pe²⁴/

/ɡi²⁴⁻²² pe²⁴/

/ɡi²⁴⁻¹¹ pe²⁴/

/ɡi²⁴⁻³³ pe²⁴/

/ki²⁴⁻²² pe²⁴/

/kʰi²⁴⁻²² pe²⁴/

/kʰi²⁴⁻¹² pe²⁴/

/ti²⁴⁻³³ pe²⁴/

/ti²³⁻³³ pe²³/

/pi¹³⁻²² pɛ¹³/

/ɡi¹³⁻²² pɛ¹³/

/pi⁵⁵⁻¹¹ pe⁵⁵/

/biɪʔ¹¹ boʔ²³/

/biɪʔ¹¹ bo²³/

From 琵琶 (pípá, “pipa”). The fruit is said to resemble the musical instrument in shape.


蓮霧

/li̯ɛn³⁵ u⁵¹/

/liɛn⁵³⁻⁵⁵ bu³³/

/liɛn⁴²⁻²⁴ bu²²/

/liɛn⁵³⁻²⁴ bu²²/

/liɛn⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bu³³/

/liɛn⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ bu³³/

/liɛn⁵⁵⁻³⁵ bu³³/

/lieŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ bu¹¹/

/li̯ɛn³⁵ u⁵¹/

/liɛn⁵³⁻⁵⁵ bu³³/

/liɛn⁴²⁻²⁴ bu²²/

/liɛn⁵³⁻²⁴ bu²²/

/liɛn⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bu³³/

/liɛn⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ bu³³/

/liɛn⁵⁵⁻³⁵ bu³³/

/lieŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ bu¹¹/

Syzygium samarangense
Syzygium samarangense#Translingual


火山豆

/xu̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂän⁵⁵ toʊ̯⁵¹/

/xu̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂän⁵⁵ toʊ̯⁵¹/


青菜

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɛːŋ⁵⁵ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/

/t͡sʰi̯aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰoi̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰiaŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sʰoɪ⁵³/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ¹¹ t͡sʰai⁴⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi¹¹ t͡sʰai⁴⁵/

/t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰai²¹/

/t͡sʰĩ³³ t͡sʰai⁴¹/

/t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰai¹¹/

/t͡sʰɛ̃⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰai²¹/

/t͡sʰẽ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰai²¹/

/t͡sʰẽ³³⁻²³ t͡sʰai²¹³/

/t͡ɕʰin⁵⁵ t͡sʰe²¹/

/t͡ɕʰin⁴⁴ t͡sʰɛ²¹/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɛːŋ⁵⁵ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/

/t͡sʰi̯aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰoi̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰiaŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sʰoɪ⁵³/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ¹¹ t͡sʰai⁴⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi¹¹ t͡sʰai⁴⁵/

/t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰai²¹/

/t͡sʰĩ³³ t͡sʰai⁴¹/

/t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰai¹¹/

/t͡sʰɛ̃⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰai²¹/

/t͡sʰẽ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰai²¹/

/t͡sʰẽ³³⁻²³ t͡sʰai²¹³/

/t͡ɕʰin⁵⁵ t͡sʰe²¹/

/t͡ɕʰin⁴⁴ t͡sʰɛ²¹/


黃瓜

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ ku̯ä⁵⁵/

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ g̊u̯ä³/

/wɔːŋ²¹ kʷaː⁵⁵/

/uoŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋua⁵⁵/

/ŋ̍²³⁻³³ kue⁴⁴/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻²² kue³³/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻²² kue⁴⁴/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ kue⁴⁴/

/ŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kue³³/

/ɦuɑ̃²² ko⁴⁴/

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ ku̯ä⁵⁵/

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ g̊u̯ä³/

/wɔːŋ²¹ kʷaː⁵⁵/

/uoŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋua⁵⁵/

/ŋ̍²³⁻³³ kue⁴⁴/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻²² kue³³/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻²² kue⁴⁴/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ kue⁴⁴/

/ŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kue³³/

/ɦuɑ̃²² ko⁴⁴/


西紅柿

/ɕi⁵⁵ xʊŋ³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/ɕi⁵⁵ xoŋ²¹ sz̩²¹³/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ hʊŋ²¹ t͡sʰiː¹³/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ hʊŋ²¹ t͡sʰiː¹³⁻³⁵/

/ɕi¹¹ xuŋ¹¹ sz̩⁴⁵/

/sai³³⁻²³ aŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sai³⁵/

/si³³ xʊŋ¹³ ʂʐ̩²¹⁻¹¹/

/ɕi³³ xən¹³ sz̩²¹⁻¹¹/

/ɕi⁵⁵ xʊŋ³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/ɕi⁵⁵ xoŋ²¹ sz̩²¹³/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ hʊŋ²¹ t͡sʰiː¹³/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ hʊŋ²¹ t͡sʰiː¹³⁻³⁵/

/ɕi¹¹ xuŋ¹¹ sz̩⁴⁵/

/sai³³⁻²³ aŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sai³⁵/

/si³³ xʊŋ¹³ ʂʐ̩²¹⁻¹¹/

/ɕi³³ xən¹³ sz̩²¹⁻¹¹/

(chiefly Mainland China, especially Mandarin) tomato


草莓

/t͡sʰɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ meɪ̯³⁵/

/t͡sʰou̯³⁵ muːi̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/t͡sʰou̯³⁵ muːi̯²¹/

/t͡sʰo²⁴⁻³³ moi⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰau³³⁻²¹ mui⁵³/

/t͡sʰau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ m̩²⁴/

/t͡sʰau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ m̩¹³/

/t͡sʰau⁵³⁻²⁴ m̩²⁴/

/t͡sʰau⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ m̩²³/

/t͡sʰau⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ muĩ²⁴/

/t͡sʰau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ muĩ²⁴/

/t͡sʰo⁵³⁻⁴⁴ m̩¹³/

/t͡sʰo⁵³⁻⁴⁴ m̩²⁴/

/t͡sʰo⁵³⁻⁴⁴ muĩ²⁴/

/t͡sʰau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ muẽ¹³/

/t͡sʰo⁵³⁻⁴⁴ muẽ¹³/

/t͡sʰau⁵²⁻³⁵ bue⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ meɪ̯³⁵/

/t͡sʰou̯³⁵ muːi̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/t͡sʰou̯³⁵ muːi̯²¹/

/t͡sʰo²⁴⁻³³ moi⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰau³³⁻²¹ mui⁵³/

/t͡sʰau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ m̩²⁴/

/t͡sʰau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ m̩¹³/

/t͡sʰau⁵³⁻²⁴ m̩²⁴/

/t͡sʰau⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ m̩²³/

/t͡sʰau⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ muĩ²⁴/

/t͡sʰau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ muĩ²⁴/

/t͡sʰo⁵³⁻⁴⁴ m̩¹³/

/t͡sʰo⁵³⁻⁴⁴ m̩²⁴/

/t͡sʰo⁵³⁻⁴⁴ muĩ²⁴/

/t͡sʰau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ muẽ¹³/

/t͡sʰo⁵³⁻⁴⁴ muẽ¹³/

/t͡sʰau⁵²⁻³⁵ bue⁵⁵/

Appears in early 20th century. Probably a calque of English strawberry.

The strawberry tree won't bloom or bear fruit.

草莓不開花，也不結果。

草莓不开花，也不结果。

strawberry (fruit, or plant) (Classifier: 顆／颗 m)


綠豆

/ly⁵¹⁻⁵³ toʊ̯⁵¹/

/ly⁵¹⁻⁵³ tɤʊ̯ɻʷ⁵¹/

/nu²¹ təu²¹³/

/lʊk̚² tɐu̯²²⁻³⁵/

/lɵk̚³² eu³²⁻³²⁵/

/luəʔ² təu⁴⁵/

/lek̚⁴³⁻²¹ tau²²/

/liɪk̚⁴⁻³² tau²²/

/liɪk̚⁴⁻³² tau³³/

/liɪk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ tau²²/

/loʔ¹¹ dɤ²³/

/ly⁵¹⁻⁵³ toʊ̯⁵¹/

/ly⁵¹⁻⁵³ tɤʊ̯ɻʷ⁵¹/

/nu²¹ təu²¹³/

/lʊk̚² tɐu̯²²⁻³⁵/

/lɵk̚³² eu³²⁻³²⁵/

/luəʔ² təu⁴⁵/

/lek̚⁴³⁻²¹ tau²²/

/liɪk̚⁴⁻³² tau²²/

/liɪk̚⁴⁻³² tau³³/

/liɪk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ tau²²/

/loʔ¹¹ dɤ²³/


菠蘿

→ Bouyei: boylof

→ Zhuang: bohloz

/pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵/

/pə⁴⁴ luə²⁴/

/pɔː⁵⁵ lɔː²¹/

/pᵘɔ³³ lᵘɔ²²⁻²²⁵/

/po³³⁻²³ lo⁵⁵/

/pɔ³⁵⁻³³ lɔ²²/

/pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵/

/pə⁴⁴ luə²⁴/

/pɔː⁵⁵ lɔː²¹/

/pᵘɔ³³ lᵘɔ²²⁻²²⁵/

/po³³⁻²³ lo⁵⁵/

/pɔ³⁵⁻³³ lɔ²²/

Clipping of 菠蘿蜜 (“paramita; jackfruit”), possibly influenced by reanalysis of the original word as 菠蘿 + 蜜, resulting in the dropping of 蜜 (“honey”).

(Hong Kong Cantonese, slang) pineapple; hand grenade; explosive


荷蘭豆

/xɤ³⁵ län³⁵ toʊ̯⁵¹/

/hɔː²¹ laːn²¹⁻⁵⁵ tɐu̯²²⁻³⁵/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ lan²⁴⁻¹¹ tau³³/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ lan²³⁻³³ tau³³/

/ho¹³⁻²² lan¹³⁻²² tau²²/

/ho²⁴⁻²² lan²⁴⁻²² tau⁴¹/

/ho²⁴⁻²² lan²⁴⁻²² tau²²/

/ho¹³⁻²² liɛn¹³⁻²² tau²²/

/hue²⁴⁻³³ liɛn²⁴⁻³³ tau³³/

/hue²³⁻³³ liɛn²³⁻³³ tau³³/

/ho⁵⁵⁻¹¹ laŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tau¹¹/

/ho⁵⁵⁻¹¹ laŋ³³⁻²³ tau¹¹/

/ɦu²² le⁵⁵ dɤ²¹/

/xɤ³⁵ län³⁵ toʊ̯⁵¹/

/hɔː²¹ laːn²¹⁻⁵⁵ tɐu̯²²⁻³⁵/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ lan²⁴⁻¹¹ tau³³/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ lan²³⁻³³ tau³³/

/ho¹³⁻²² lan¹³⁻²² tau²²/

/ho²⁴⁻²² lan²⁴⁻²² tau⁴¹/

/ho²⁴⁻²² lan²⁴⁻²² tau²²/

/ho¹³⁻²² liɛn¹³⁻²² tau²²/

/hue²⁴⁻³³ liɛn²⁴⁻³³ tau³³/

/hue²³⁻³³ liɛn²³⁻³³ tau³³/

/ho⁵⁵⁻¹¹ laŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tau¹¹/

/ho⁵⁵⁻¹¹ laŋ³³⁻²³ tau¹¹/

/ɦu²² le⁵⁵ dɤ²¹/

Thus called because its seeds were first introduced to Taiwan by Dutch traders.

荷兰豆
*荷蘭荳
荷仁豆


南瓜

Sino-Xenic (南瓜):
* → Korean: 남과(南瓜) (namgwa)

→ Mongolian: ᠯᠠᠩᠭᠤᠸᠠ (langɣuwa) / лангуа (langua)

→ Zhuang: namzgva

/nän³⁵ ku̯ä⁵⁵/

/nän³⁵ g̊u̯ä³/

/næ̃²⁴ kua⁵¹/

/naːm²¹ kʷaː⁵⁵/

/næ̃¹¹ kua¹¹/

/nˡaŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋua⁵⁵/

/nẽ̞²² kua³⁴/

/nän³⁵ ku̯ä⁵⁵/

/nän³⁵ g̊u̯ä³/

/næ̃²⁴ kua⁵¹/

/naːm²¹ kʷaː⁵⁵/

/næ̃¹¹ kua¹¹/

/nˡaŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋua⁵⁵/

/nẽ̞²² kua³⁴/

pumpkin; winter squash (plant of the genus Cucurbita or its fruit)


辣子

/lä⁵¹ d͡z̥z̩¹/

/lä⁵¹ d͡z̥z̩¹/


高麗菜

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ li³⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ li⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/kou̯⁵⁵ lɐi̯²² t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/

/ko³³ le²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰai⁴¹/

/ko³³⁻²¹ le²³⁻²¹ t͡sʰai²¹/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² le²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰai²¹/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² le²⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰai²¹/

/ko⁴⁴⁻³³ le²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰai¹¹/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² le¹³⁻²² t͡sʰai²¹/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ le²³⁻³³ t͡sʰai²¹/

/ko³³⁻²³ le³⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sʰai²¹³/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ li³⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ li⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/kou̯⁵⁵ lɐi̯²² t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/

/ko³³ le²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰai⁴¹/

/ko³³⁻²¹ le²³⁻²¹ t͡sʰai²¹/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² le²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰai²¹/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² le²⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰai²¹/

/ko⁴⁴⁻³³ le²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰai¹¹/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² le¹³⁻²² t͡sʰai²¹/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ le²³⁻³³ t͡sʰai²¹/

/ko³³⁻²³ le³⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sʰai²¹³/

From Dutch kool + 個 /个 + 菜 (“vegetable”). Dutch kool first borrowed into Hokkien as Dutch kool + 個 /个 (ê) + 菜 (chhài, “vegetable”). Compare Teochew 高麗 /高丽 (go¹ lê⁶).

Brassica oleracea var. capitata
Brassica oleracea var. capitata

(regional) cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) (Classifier: 顆／颗 m; 個／个 m)


益母草

/i⁵¹ mu²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sʰɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jɪk̚⁵ mou̯¹³ t͡sʰou̯³⁵/

/a(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰau⁵³/

/a(ʔ)⁵ bu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰau⁵⁵⁴/

/i⁵¹ mu²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sʰɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jɪk̚⁵ mou̯¹³ t͡sʰou̯³⁵/

/a(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰau⁵³/

/a(ʔ)⁵ bu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰau⁵⁵⁴/

traditional Chinese medicine
traditional Chinese medicine

(～屬) motherwort (Leonurus, a genus of flowering plant that is used in traditional Chinese medicine)


燕麥

/jɛn⁵¹⁻⁵³ maɪ̯⁵¹/

/iɛn²¹³ mɛ²¹/

/iɛn⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ beʔ²⁴/

/iɛn²¹⁻⁵³ beʔ⁴/

/iɛn²¹⁻⁵³ bɛʔ¹²¹/

/jɛn⁵¹⁻⁵³ maɪ̯⁵¹/

/iɛn²¹³ mɛ²¹/

/iɛn⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ beʔ²⁴/

/iɛn²¹⁻⁵³ beʔ⁴/

/iɛn²¹⁻⁵³ bɛʔ¹²¹/

鋼切燕麥

钢切燕麦


橡子

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sœːŋ²² t͡siː³⁵/

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sœːŋ²² t͡siː³⁵/


地黃

/ti⁵¹ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/tei̯²² wɔːŋ²¹/

/ti⁵¹ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/tei̯²² wɔːŋ²¹/

Rehmannia glutinosa
Rehmannia glutinosa#Translingual

traditional Chinese medicine
traditional Chinese medicine#English

Rehmannia glutinosa (a herb used in traditional Chinese medicine)


金柑

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ kän⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ kän⁵⁵/


銀杏

→ Hawaiian: nanahana (via Cantonese ngan⁴ hang⁶)

Sino-Xenic (銀杏):
* → Japanese: 銀杏(ぎんなん) (ginnan)
* → Korean: 은행(銀杏) (eunhaeng)

/in³⁵ ɕiŋ⁵¹/

/in²¹ xən²¹³/

/ŋɐn²¹ hɐŋ²²/

/iŋ¹¹ ɕiŋ⁴⁵/

/ɡin²⁴⁻²² hiɪŋ²²/

/ɡun²⁴⁻²² hiɪŋ²²/

/ɡin²⁴⁻²² hiɪŋ⁴¹/

/ɡun²⁴⁻²² hiɪŋ⁴¹/

/ɡin¹³⁻²² hiɪŋ²²/

/ɡun¹³⁻²² hiɪŋ²²/

/ɡin²⁴⁻¹¹ hiɪŋ³³/

/ɡun²⁴⁻¹¹ hiɪŋ³³/

/ɡin²³⁻³³ hiɪŋ³³/

/ɡun²³⁻³³ hiɪŋ³³/

/n̠ʲin²² ɦã⁴⁴/

/in³⁵ ɕiŋ⁵¹/

/in²¹ xən²¹³/

/ŋɐn²¹ hɐŋ²²/

/iŋ¹¹ ɕiŋ⁴⁵/

/ɡin²⁴⁻²² hiɪŋ²²/

/ɡun²⁴⁻²² hiɪŋ²²/

/ɡin²⁴⁻²² hiɪŋ⁴¹/

/ɡun²⁴⁻²² hiɪŋ⁴¹/

/ɡin¹³⁻²² hiɪŋ²²/

/ɡun¹³⁻²² hiɪŋ²²/

/ɡin²⁴⁻¹¹ hiɪŋ³³/

/ɡun²⁴⁻¹¹ hiɪŋ³³/

/ɡin²³⁻³³ hiɪŋ³³/

/ɡun²³⁻³³ hiɪŋ³³/

/n̠ʲin²² ɦã⁴⁴/


無花果

Sino-Xenic (無花果):
* → Japanese: 無花果(むかか) (mukaka)
* → Korean: 무화과(無花果) (muhwagwa)

/u³⁵ xu̯ä⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mou̯²¹ faː⁵⁵ kʷɔː³⁵/

/ᵐbu²² fa³³ kᵘɔ⁵⁵/

/u⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ua⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾uo³³/

/bu²³⁻³³ hua⁴⁴⁻³³ kɤ⁴¹/

/bu²⁴⁻²¹ hua⁴⁴⁻²² ko⁴²/

/bu²⁴⁻¹¹ hua⁴⁴⁻³³ ko⁵³/

/bo²⁴⁻²¹ hua⁴⁴⁻²² ko⁴²/

/bo²⁴⁻²¹ hue⁴⁴⁻²² ko⁴²/

/bo⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hue³³⁻²³ kue⁵²/

/ɦu²² ho⁵⁵ ku²¹/

/u³⁵ xu̯ä⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mou̯²¹ faː⁵⁵ kʷɔː³⁵/

/ᵐbu²² fa³³ kᵘɔ⁵⁵/

/u⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ua⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾uo³³/

/bu²³⁻³³ hua⁴⁴⁻³³ kɤ⁴¹/

/bu²⁴⁻²¹ hua⁴⁴⁻²² ko⁴²/

/bu²⁴⁻¹¹ hua⁴⁴⁻³³ ko⁵³/

/bo²⁴⁻²¹ hua⁴⁴⁻²² ko⁴²/

/bo²⁴⁻²¹ hue⁴⁴⁻²² ko⁴²/

/bo⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hue³³⁻²³ kue⁵²/

/ɦu²² ho⁵⁵ ku²¹/

(Can we date this quote?), 《英語撮要》, page 66:

ni¹ syu³ jau⁵ mou⁴ faa¹ gwo² saang¹ mou⁵ ne¹

呢處有無花菓生冇呢

呢处有无花果生冇呢

無花果章

The Fig, the ninety-fifth sura of the Qur'an


大麥

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ maɪ̯⁵¹/

/ta²¹³ mɛ²¹/

/taːi̯²² mɐk̚²/

/tua²²⁻²¹ beʔ⁴³/

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ maɪ̯⁵¹/

/ta²¹³ mɛ²¹/

/taːi̯²² mɐk̚²/

/tua²²⁻²¹ beʔ⁴³/


茴香

ja-r

茴香(ういきょう) (uikyō)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (茴香):
* → Japanese: 茴香(ういきょう) (uikyō)
* → Korean: 회향(茴香) (hoehyang)

→ Guiqiong: χoχiɐŋ (“star anise”)

/xu̯eɪ̯³⁵ ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/xu̯eɪ̯³⁵ ɕi̯ɑŋ³/

/wuːi̯²¹ hœːŋ⁵⁵/

/vᵘɔi²² hiaŋ³³/

/fi¹¹ hiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/hui⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾yoŋ⁵⁵/

/hue²⁴⁻²² hiɔŋ³³/

/hue²⁴⁻¹¹ hiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/hue²³⁻³³ hiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/hue²⁴⁻²² hiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/hue¹³⁻²² hiɔ̃⁴⁴/

/hue²⁴⁻¹¹ hiũ⁴⁴/

/hue²³⁻³³ hiũ⁴⁴/

/hue⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hĩẽ³³/

/ɦue²² ɕiã⁴⁴/

/xu̯eɪ̯³⁵ ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/xu̯eɪ̯³⁵ ɕi̯ɑŋ³/

/wuːi̯²¹ hœːŋ⁵⁵/

/vᵘɔi²² hiaŋ³³/

/fi¹¹ hiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/hui⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾yoŋ⁵⁵/

/hue²⁴⁻²² hiɔŋ³³/

/hue²⁴⁻¹¹ hiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/hue²³⁻³³ hiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/hue²⁴⁻²² hiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/hue¹³⁻²² hiɔ̃⁴⁴/

/hue²⁴⁻¹¹ hiũ⁴⁴/

/hue²³⁻³³ hiũ⁴⁴/

/hue⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hĩẽ³³/

/ɦue²² ɕiã⁴⁴/

八角茴香 八角茴香#Chinese

Short for 八角茴香 (bājiǎo huíxiāng, “star anise; aniseed”).


菱角

/liŋ³⁵ d͡ʑ̥i̯ɑʊ̯³/

/liŋ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lɪŋ²¹ kɔːk̚³/

/lɪŋ²¹ kɔːk̚³⁻³⁵/

/len²² kɔk̚³³⁻²¹⁵/

/len²² kɔk̚³³⁻²¹/

/liŋ¹¹ t͡ɕyəʔ²/

/l̃ɛiŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɔyʔ²⁴/

/l̃iŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɔyʔ²⁴/

/leŋ²⁴⁻²¹ kak̚³²/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ kak̚³²/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kak̚³²/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² kak̚³²/

/liŋ³⁵ d͡ʑ̥i̯ɑʊ̯³/

/liŋ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lɪŋ²¹ kɔːk̚³/

/lɪŋ²¹ kɔːk̚³⁻³⁵/

/len²² kɔk̚³³⁻²¹⁵/

/len²² kɔk̚³³⁻²¹/

/liŋ¹¹ t͡ɕyəʔ²/

/l̃ɛiŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɔyʔ²⁴/

/l̃iŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɔyʔ²⁴/

/leŋ²⁴⁻²¹ kak̚³²/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ kak̚³²/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kak̚³²/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² kak̚³²/

(～鎮, formerly ～鄉) Lingjiao (a town in Wuxi, Chongqing, China, formerly a township)


胡蘿蔔

胡萝卜
胡蘿卜*
胡老蔔

ㄏㄨˊ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ˙ㄅㄛ

/xu³⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ b̥u̯ɔ³/

/wuː²¹ lɔː²¹ paːk̚²/

/ɔ²³⁻³³ lɤ²³⁻³³ pɔk̚⁴/

/ɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ lo²⁴⁻¹¹ pɔk̚⁴/

/ɦu²² lɔ⁵⁵ boʔ²¹/

/ɦəu²² læ³³ boʔ/

/xu³⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ b̥u̯ɔ³/

/wuː²¹ lɔː²¹ paːk̚²/

/ɔ²³⁻³³ lɤ²³⁻³³ pɔk̚⁴/

/ɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ lo²⁴⁻¹¹ pɔk̚⁴/

/ɦu²² lɔ⁵⁵ boʔ²¹/

/ɦəu²² læ³³ boʔ/

胡蘿蔔加大棒政策

胡萝卜加大棒政策


紅蘿蔔

desc

→ Bouyei: laauxbag ndingl (“carrot”) (calque)

→ Zhuang: lauxbaeghoengz (“carrot”) (calque)

红萝卜
*紅蘿卜
紅蘿白
紅羅白

ㄏㄨㄥˊ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ˙ㄅㄛ

ㄏㄨㄥˊ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ˙ㄅㄛ

/xʊŋ³⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ b̥u̯ɔ³/

/hʊŋ²¹ lɔː²¹ paːk̚²/

/hɵŋ²² lᵘɔ²² pak̚³²/

/ˈfuŋ³⁵ lo³⁵ pʰo²/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² la²⁴⁻²² pak̚⁴/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² la²⁴⁻²² pak̚²⁴/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² la²⁴⁻²² tak̚⁴/

/aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ lo²⁴⁻¹¹ pɔk̚⁴/

/aŋ²³⁻³³ lɤ²³⁻³³ pɔk̚⁴/

/ɦoŋ²² lɔ⁵⁵ boʔ²¹/

/ɦoŋ²² lu⁵⁵ boʔ²¹/

/xʊŋ¹³ lo¹³ pu³/

/xʊŋ³⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ b̥u̯ɔ³/

/hʊŋ²¹ lɔː²¹ paːk̚²/

/hɵŋ²² lᵘɔ²² pak̚³²/

/ˈfuŋ³⁵ lo³⁵ pʰo²/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² la²⁴⁻²² pak̚⁴/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² la²⁴⁻²² pak̚²⁴/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² la²⁴⁻²² tak̚⁴/

/aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ lo²⁴⁻¹¹ pɔk̚⁴/

/aŋ²³⁻³³ lɤ²³⁻³³ pɔk̚⁴/

/ɦoŋ²² lɔ⁵⁵ boʔ²¹/

/ɦoŋ²² lu⁵⁵ boʔ²¹/

/xʊŋ¹³ lo¹³ pu³/


橄欖

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (橄欖):
* → Japanese: 橄欖(かんらん) (kanran)
* → Korean: 감람(橄欖) (gamnam)
* → Vietnamese: cảm lãm (橄欖)

desc

→ English: kana (“olives that have been dried and preserved using salt and sugar, eaten as a snack”)

Macanese: (from 欖) lám

→ Malay: kanar (“Chinese olive eaten salted or sweet”)

→ Thai: กาน้า (kānā, “Canarium album”)

/kän²¹⁴⁻³⁵ län²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kã¹¹⁻¹² lã¹¹/

/kæ̃⁵³⁻¹¹ læ̃⁵³/

/kaŋ²⁴ laŋ²¹/

/ka³³⁻³⁵ l̃aŋ³³/

/kaŋ³³⁻³⁵ ⁽ˡ⁻⁾nˡaŋ³³/

/kã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nã⁵³/

/kã⁴⁴⁻³³ nã⁴¹/

/kã³³ nã⁵⁵⁴/

/kã⁴⁴⁻³³ nã⁵³/

/kã³³ na⁵⁵⁴/

/kã⁴⁴⁻²² nã⁵³/

/kan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nã⁵³/

/kan⁴⁴⁻³³ nã⁵³/

/kan⁴⁴⁻²² nã⁵³/

/kan⁴⁴⁻³³ nã⁴¹/

/kã³³⁻²³ na⁵²/

/kän²¹⁴⁻³⁵ län²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kã¹¹⁻¹² lã¹¹/

/kæ̃⁵³⁻¹¹ læ̃⁵³/

/kaŋ²⁴ laŋ²¹/

/ka³³⁻³⁵ l̃aŋ³³/

/kaŋ³³⁻³⁵ ⁽ˡ⁻⁾nˡaŋ³³/

/kã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nã⁵³/

/kã⁴⁴⁻³³ nã⁴¹/

/kã³³ nã⁵⁵⁴/

/kã⁴⁴⁻³³ nã⁵³/

/kã³³ na⁵⁵⁴/

/kã⁴⁴⁻²² nã⁵³/

/kan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nã⁵³/

/kan⁴⁴⁻³³ nã⁵³/

/kan⁴⁴⁻²² nã⁵³/

/kan⁴⁴⁻³³ nã⁴¹/

/kã³³⁻²³ na⁵²/

Borrowed from a Kra-Dai language in ancient times.
Compare Zhuang gyamj (“olive”), Lao ເຫລືອມ (lư̄am, “Canarium kerrii”), ເກິມ (kœm, “Canarium venosum”), as well as Middle Vietnamese tlám (“olive”) (from earlier < *klam; Modern trám).


小豆

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (小豆):
* → Japanese: 小豆(しょうず) (shōzu)
* → Korean: 소두(小豆) (sodu)

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ toʊ̯⁵¹/

/siːu̯³⁵ tɐu̯²²⁻³⁵/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ toʊ̯⁵¹/

/siːu̯³⁵ tɐu̯²²⁻³⁵/

Alternative name for 赤小豆 (chìxiǎodòu, “rice bean (Vigna umbellata)”).


玉米

→ Guiqiong: yu’mɛ

/y⁵¹ mi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jʊk̚² mɐi̯¹³/

/ˈy¹¹ mi²¹³/

/ɡiɔk̚⁴⁻³² bi⁵³/

/ɡiɔk̚²⁴⁻² bi⁵⁵⁴/

/ɡiɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ bi⁵³/

/ɡiɔk̚⁴⁻³² bi⁵³/

/ɡiɔk̚⁴⁻³² bi⁴¹/

/ɡekʰ⁴⁻² bi⁵²/

/ɲy²² məi²⁴/

/n̠ʲioʔ¹¹ mi²³/

/y⁵¹ mi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jʊk̚² mɐi̯¹³/

/ˈy¹¹ mi²¹³/

/ɡiɔk̚⁴⁻³² bi⁵³/

/ɡiɔk̚²⁴⁻² bi⁵⁵⁴/

/ɡiɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ bi⁵³/

/ɡiɔk̚⁴⁻³² bi⁵³/

/ɡiɔk̚⁴⁻³² bi⁴¹/

/ɡekʰ⁴⁻² bi⁵²/

/ɲy²² məi²⁴/

/n̠ʲioʔ¹¹ mi²³/


刺五加

/t͡sʰz̩⁵¹ u²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰi²¹⁻⁵³ ŋɔ̃⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ka⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰi⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ŋɔ̃⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ka³³/

/t͡sʰi²¹⁻⁵³ ŋɔ̃⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ka⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰi¹¹⁻⁵³ ŋɔ̃⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ka⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰi²¹⁻⁴¹ ŋɔ̃⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ka⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰz̩⁵¹ u²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰi²¹⁻⁵³ ŋɔ̃⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ka⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰi⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ŋɔ̃⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ka³³/

/t͡sʰi²¹⁻⁵³ ŋɔ̃⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ka⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰi¹¹⁻⁵³ ŋɔ̃⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ka⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰi²¹⁻⁴¹ ŋɔ̃⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ka⁴⁴/

Eleutherococcus senticosus (formerly called Siberian ginseng, syn. Acanthopanax senticosus)


龍眼

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (龍眼):
* → Japanese: 竜眼(りゅうがん) (ryūgan)
* → Korean: 용안(龍眼) (yong'an), 룡안(龍眼) (ryong'an)
* → Vietnamese: long nhãn (龍眼)

→ Bunun: lingkiing

→ English: longan, longyan

→ Finnish: longaani

→ French: longane

→ Indonesian: lengkeng

→ Kanakanabu: ringking

→ Lao: ລຳໃຍ (lam nyai)

→ Malay: longan

→ Paiwan: gingging

→ Puyuma: gingging

→ Rukai: gingging

→ Saaroa: lingikingi

→ Saisiyat: lingking

→ Tagalog: gingging

→ Taroko: lingking

→ Thai: ลำไย (lam-yai)

→ Thao: lingkii

→ Uyghur: луңйән (lungyen)

/lʊŋ³⁵ jɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/noŋ²¹ iɛn⁵³/

/lʊŋ²¹ ŋaːn¹³/

/lʊŋ²¹ ŋaːn¹³⁻³⁵/

/liʊŋ¹¹ ŋian³¹/

/luŋ¹¹ ŋie⁵³/

/lœyŋ³³ ŋaiŋ²¹/

/l̃ɛiŋ⁵³⁻³³ ŋɛiŋ³³/

/lœŋ¹³⁻²¹ ŋe⁴⁵³/

/lyøŋ¹³⁻²¹ ŋi³³²/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ɡiɪŋ⁵³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ɡiɪŋ⁵⁵/

/leŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ɡeŋ⁴²/

/ɡiɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ɡiɪŋ⁵⁵/

/ɡiɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ɡiɪŋ⁵³/

/ɡiɪŋ²³⁻³³ ɡiɪŋ⁴¹/

/ɡeŋ²³⁻²¹ ɡeŋ⁴⁴⁵/

/ɡeŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ɡeŋ⁴²/

/ɡiɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ɡiɪŋ⁵³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻³³ kiɪŋ⁵³/

/leŋ²⁴⁻²¹ keŋ⁴²/

/ɡiɪŋ²⁴⁻³³ kiɪŋ⁵³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ɡan⁵³/

/ɡiɪŋ²⁴⁻¹² ŋãi⁵³/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ɡan⁴²/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² ɡan⁵⁵⁴/

/ŋui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ŋui⁵⁵⁴/

/ŋuĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ŋuĩ⁵⁵⁴/

/ŋuĩ²⁴⁻²² ŋuĩ⁵⁵⁴/

/liɔŋ¹³⁻²² kan⁵³/

/liɪŋ¹³⁻²² kan⁵³/

/lɔŋ²⁴⁻²² ɡan⁵⁵⁴/

/lɔŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ɡan⁴²/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ŋuĩ⁵⁵⁴/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ŋui⁵⁵⁴/

/leŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ŋaŋ⁵²/

/nek̚⁴⁻² õĩ⁵²/

/lʊŋ³⁵ jɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/noŋ²¹ iɛn⁵³/

/lʊŋ²¹ ŋaːn¹³/

/lʊŋ²¹ ŋaːn¹³⁻³⁵/

/liʊŋ¹¹ ŋian³¹/

/luŋ¹¹ ŋie⁵³/

/lœyŋ³³ ŋaiŋ²¹/

/l̃ɛiŋ⁵³⁻³³ ŋɛiŋ³³/

/lœŋ¹³⁻²¹ ŋe⁴⁵³/

/lyøŋ¹³⁻²¹ ŋi³³²/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ɡiɪŋ⁵³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ɡiɪŋ⁵⁵/

/leŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ɡeŋ⁴²/

/ɡiɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ɡiɪŋ⁵⁵/

/ɡiɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ɡiɪŋ⁵³/

/ɡiɪŋ²³⁻³³ ɡiɪŋ⁴¹/

/ɡeŋ²³⁻²¹ ɡeŋ⁴⁴⁵/

/ɡeŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ɡeŋ⁴²/

/ɡiɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ɡiɪŋ⁵³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻³³ kiɪŋ⁵³/

/leŋ²⁴⁻²¹ keŋ⁴²/

/ɡiɪŋ²⁴⁻³³ kiɪŋ⁵³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ɡan⁵³/

/ɡiɪŋ²⁴⁻¹² ŋãi⁵³/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ɡan⁴²/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² ɡan⁵⁵⁴/

/ŋui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ŋui⁵⁵⁴/

/ŋuĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ŋuĩ⁵⁵⁴/

/ŋuĩ²⁴⁻²² ŋuĩ⁵⁵⁴/

/liɔŋ¹³⁻²² kan⁵³/

/liɪŋ¹³⁻²² kan⁵³/

/lɔŋ²⁴⁻²² ɡan⁵⁵⁴/

/lɔŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ɡan⁴²/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ŋuĩ⁵⁵⁴/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ŋui⁵⁵⁴/

/leŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ŋaŋ⁵²/

/nek̚⁴⁻² õĩ⁵²/

揀啊揀，揀著一個賣龍眼 / 揀啊揀，揀著一个賣龍眼 / 拣啊拣，拣着一个卖龙眼

kéng--ah kéng, kéng-tio̍h chi̍t ê bē lêng-géng

The kids use longans for the snowman’s eyeballs and put some rouge snitched from a make-up case of someone’s mother on its lips.

1925 January 18, 魯迅 (Lu Xun),《雪》, based on Xu Yingcai's translation

Háizǐmen yòng lóngyǎn hé gěi tā zuò yǎnzhū, yòu cóng shéi de mǔqīn de zhīfěnlián zhōng tōu dé yānzhi lái tú zài zuǐchún shàng.

孩子們用龍眼核給他做眼珠，又從誰的母親的脂粉奩中偷得胭脂來塗在嘴脣上。

孩子们用龙眼核给他做眼珠，又从谁的母亲的脂粉奁中偷得胭脂来涂在嘴唇上。


薄荷

Sino-Xenic (薄荷):
* → Japanese: 薄(はっ)荷(か) (hakka)
* → Korean: 박하(薄荷) (bakha)
* → Vietnamese: bạc hà (薄荷)

→ Zhuang: bozhoz

/pu̯ɔ⁵¹ xɤ³⁵/

/pu̯ɔ⁵¹ xə¹/

/pɔːk̚² hɔː²¹/

/pɔk̚³² hᵘɔ²²/

/pɔk̚⁴⁻³² ho²⁴/

/pɔk̚⁴⁻³² hɤ²³/

/pu̯ɔ⁵¹ xɤ³⁵/

/pu̯ɔ⁵¹ xə¹/

/pɔːk̚² hɔː²¹/

/pɔk̚³² hᵘɔ²²/

/pɔk̚⁴⁻³² ho²⁴/

/pɔk̚⁴⁻³² hɤ²³/

胡椒薄荷

貓薄荷

猫薄荷

Mentha canadensis
Wikispecies:Mentha canadensis

mint (Mentha spp., especially Mentha canadensis) or mint-like plant


穀子

/ku²¹⁴ d͡z̥z̩⁴/

/kʊk̚⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

/ku²¹⁴ d͡z̥z̩⁴/

/kʊk̚⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

2024 August 15, 梁家僖, “北京中軸線：AI 與二次元下的歷史重現”, in 文匯報 [Wen Wei Po], page B7:

zoi⁶ jat¹ se¹ soeng¹ coeng⁴, guk¹ zi² dim³ dik¹ hing¹ hei² sam⁶ zi³ sing⁴ wai⁴ liu⁵ soeng¹ coeng⁴ “hei² sei² wui⁴ sang¹” dik¹ gwaan¹ gin⁶ jan¹ sou³, wai⁶ soeng¹ coeng⁴ daai³ loi⁴ liu⁵ san¹ sin¹ gam² wo⁴ san¹ dik¹ lau⁴ loeng⁶. guk¹ zi² dik¹ siu¹ fai³ bun² zat¹ soeng⁶ si⁶ jat¹ zung² fan² si¹ ging¹ zai³, taa¹ mun⁴ bat¹ zi² si⁶ soeng¹ ban², gang³ si⁶ cing⁴ gam² dik¹ zoi³ tai² wo⁴ jin⁶ sat⁶ jyu⁵ heoi¹ ji⁴ sai³ gaai³ dik¹ nau² daai³. mui⁵ jat¹ go³ guk¹ zi² dou¹ sing⁴ zoi³ zoek⁶ fan² si¹ deoi³ mau⁵ go³ gok³ sik¹ waak⁶ zok³ ban² dik¹ hei² oi³ jyu⁵ jing⁶ tung⁴, geoi⁶ jau⁵ jat¹ ding⁶ dik¹ pui⁴ bun⁶ gaa³ zik⁶, zoi⁶ sau¹ zaap⁶ wo⁴ wok⁶ dak¹ gwo³ cing⁴ zung¹ nang⁴ gau³ daai³ loi⁴ sam¹ lei⁵ mun⁵ zuk¹ gam².

在一些商場，穀子店的興起甚至成為了商場「起死回生」的關鍵因素，為商場帶來了新鮮感和新的流量。穀子的消費本質上是一種粉絲經濟，它們不只是商品，更是情感的載體和現實與虛擬世界的紐帶。每一個穀子都承載着粉絲對某個角色或作品的喜愛與認同，具有一定的陪伴價值，在收集和獲得過程中能夠帶來心理滿足感。

在一些商场，谷子店的兴起甚至成为了商场「起死回生」的关键因素，为商场带来了新鲜感和新的流量。谷子的消费本质上是一种粉丝经济，它们不只是商品，更是情感的载体和现实与虚拟世界的纽带。每一个谷子都承载着粉丝对某个角色或作品的喜爱与认同，具有一定的陪伴价值，在收集和获得过程中能够带来心理满足感。

(ACG, slang) goods (a phono-semantic matching of Japanese グッズ)


糧食

/li̯ɑŋ³⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/li̯ɑŋ³⁵ ʂʐ̩³/

/liɑŋ²⁴ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/lœːŋ²¹ sɪk̚²/

/li̯oŋ¹¹ sɨt̚⁵/

/liɒ̃¹¹ səʔ⁵⁴/

/niũ²³⁻³³ sit̚⁴/

/niũ²⁴⁻²² sit̚²⁴/

/niũ²⁴⁻²² sit̚⁴/

/niũ²⁴⁻¹¹ sit̚⁴/

/niɔ̃¹³⁻²² sit̚¹²¹/

/nĩõ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡siaʔ⁴/

/liã²² zəʔ⁴⁴/

/liã³¹ zəʔ⁵⁵/

/li̯ɑŋ³⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/li̯ɑŋ³⁵ ʂʐ̩³/

/liɑŋ²⁴ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/lœːŋ²¹ sɪk̚²/

/li̯oŋ¹¹ sɨt̚⁵/

/liɒ̃¹¹ səʔ⁵⁴/

/niũ²³⁻³³ sit̚⁴/

/niũ²⁴⁻²² sit̚²⁴/

/niũ²⁴⁻²² sit̚⁴/

/niũ²⁴⁻¹¹ sit̚⁴/

/niɔ̃¹³⁻²² sit̚¹²¹/

/nĩõ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡siaʔ⁴/

/liã²² zəʔ⁴⁴/

/liã³¹ zəʔ⁵⁵/


梧桐

Sino-Xenic (梧桐):
* → Japanese: 梧(ご)桐(とう) (gotō)
* → Korean: 오동(梧桐) (odong)
* → Vietnamese: ngô đồng (梧桐)

/u³⁵ tʰʊŋ³⁵/

/ŋ̍²¹ tʰʊŋ²¹/

/ŋ̍¹¹ tʰuŋ¹¹/

/ŋu⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾luŋ⁵³/

/ŋɔ̃²³⁻³³ tɔŋ²³/

/ŋɔ̃²⁴⁻²² tɔŋ²⁴/

/ŋɔ̃²⁴⁻¹¹ tɔŋ²⁴/

/ɡɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ tɔŋ²⁴/

/ɡɔ²³⁻³³ tɔŋ²³/

/ɡɔ²⁴⁻²² tɔŋ²⁴/

/ɡɔ¹³⁻²² tɔŋ¹³/

/ŋo⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tʰoŋ⁵⁵/

/ŋu²² doŋ⁴⁴/

/u³⁵ tʰʊŋ³⁵/

/ŋ̍²¹ tʰʊŋ²¹/

/ŋ̍¹¹ tʰuŋ¹¹/

/ŋu⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾luŋ⁵³/

/ŋɔ̃²³⁻³³ tɔŋ²³/

/ŋɔ̃²⁴⁻²² tɔŋ²⁴/

/ŋɔ̃²⁴⁻¹¹ tɔŋ²⁴/

/ɡɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ tɔŋ²⁴/

/ɡɔ²³⁻³³ tɔŋ²³/

/ɡɔ²⁴⁻²² tɔŋ²⁴/

/ɡɔ¹³⁻²² tɔŋ¹³/

/ŋo⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tʰoŋ⁵⁵/

/ŋu²² doŋ⁴⁴/

(～科) Sterculiaceae, now Sterculioideae in Malvaceae


小米

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ mi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ miə̯ɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/siːu̯³⁵ mɐi̯¹³/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bi⁵³/

/sio⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ bi⁵⁵⁴/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bi⁵³/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bi⁵³/

/siɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ bi⁴¹/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ mi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ miə̯ɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/siːu̯³⁵ mɐi̯¹³/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bi⁵³/

/sio⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ bi⁵⁵⁴/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bi⁵³/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bi⁵³/

/siɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ bi⁴¹/

Setaria italica
Setaria italica#Translingual

hulled grain of foxtail millet (Setaria italica)

(regional) foxtail millet (the plant Setaria italica or its unhulled grain)


小米

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ mi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ miə̯ɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/siːu̯³⁵ mɐi̯¹³/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bi⁵³/

/sio⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ bi⁵⁵⁴/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bi⁵³/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bi⁵³/

/siɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ bi⁴¹/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ mi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ miə̯ɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/siːu̯³⁵ mɐi̯¹³/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bi⁵³/

/sio⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ bi⁵⁵⁴/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bi⁵³/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bi⁵³/

/siɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ bi⁴¹/


稻子

/tɑʊ̯⁵¹ d͡z̥z̩¹/

/tɔ⁴⁴ t͡sz̩²⁴/

/tʰau⁴⁵ t͡səʔ⁴/

/tɑʊ̯⁵¹ d͡z̥z̩¹/

/tɔ⁴⁴ t͡sz̩²⁴/

/tʰau⁴⁵ t͡səʔ⁴/


秋葵

/t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵ kʰu̯eɪ̯³⁵/

/t͡sʰɐu̯⁵⁵ kʷʰɐi̯²¹/

/t͡sʰiu⁴⁴⁻²² kui²⁴/

/t͡sʰiu⁴⁴⁻²² kui¹³/

/t͡sʰiu⁴⁴⁻³³ kui²⁴/

/t͡sʰiu⁴⁴⁻³³ kui²³/

/t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵ kʰu̯eɪ̯³⁵/

/t͡sʰɐu̯⁵⁵ kʷʰɐi̯²¹/

/t͡sʰiu⁴⁴⁻²² kui²⁴/

/t͡sʰiu⁴⁴⁻²² kui¹³/

/t͡sʰiu⁴⁴⁻³³ kui²⁴/

/t͡sʰiu⁴⁴⁻³³ kui²³/


木瓜

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (木瓜):
* → Japanese: 木(ぼ)瓜(け) (boke); 木(ぼっ)瓜(か) (bokka); 木(も)瓜(け) (moke); 木(もっ)瓜(か) (mokka)
* → Korean: 목과(木瓜) (mokgwa), 모과(木瓜) (mogwa)
* → Vietnamese: mộc qua (木瓜)

→ Zhuang: moeggva

/mu⁵¹ ku̯ä⁵⁵/

/mʊk̚² kʷaː⁵⁵/

/məʔ²⁻⁵⁴ kua¹¹/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³ kua³³/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² kua⁴⁴/

/bɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ kua⁴⁴/

/bɔk̚²⁴⁻² kua³³/

/bɔk̚⁴³⁻²¹ kue⁴⁴/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² kue⁴⁴/

/mu⁵¹ ku̯ä⁵⁵/

/mʊk̚² kʷaː⁵⁵/

/məʔ²⁻⁵⁴ kua¹¹/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³ kua³³/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² kua⁴⁴/

/bɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ kua⁴⁴/

/bɔk̚²⁴⁻² kua³³/

/bɔk̚⁴³⁻²¹ kue⁴⁴/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² kue⁴⁴/

Pseudocydonia sinensis
Pseudocydonia sinensis#Translingual

Chinese quince (Pseudocydonia sinensis) or plants in the genus Chaenomeles

Chinese flowering quince (Chaenomeles speciosa)


甘薯

Sino-Xenic (甘藷 /甘薯 (gānshǔ)):
* → Japanese: 甘藷(かんしょ) (kansho)
* → Korean: 감자(甘藷) (gamja)

/kän⁵⁵ ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɐm⁵⁵ syː²¹/

/kän⁵⁵ ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɐm⁵⁵ syː²¹/

Dioscorea esculenta
Dioscorea esculenta#Translingual


羅漢果

Sino-Xenic (羅漢果):
* → Japanese: 羅(ら)漢(かん)果(か) (rakanka)
* → Korean: 나한과(羅漢果) (nahan'gwa)
* → Vietnamese: la hán quả (羅漢果)

desc

→ English: monk fruit, monkfruit (calque)

→ Zhuang: maklozhan (partial calque)

ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄏㄢˋ ㄍㄨㄛˇ

/lu̯ɔ³⁵ xän⁵¹ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄏㄢˋ ㄍㄨㄛˇㄦ

/lu̯ɔ³⁵ xän⁵¹ ku̯ɔɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lɔː²¹ hɔːn³³ kʷɔː³⁵/

/lo²⁴⁻¹¹ han¹¹⁻⁵³ ko⁵³/

/lɤ²³⁻³³ han²¹⁻⁴¹ kɤ⁴¹/

/lo²⁴⁻²¹ han²¹⁻⁴² ko⁴²/

/lu̯ɔ³⁵ xän⁵¹ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lu̯ɔ³⁵ xän⁵¹ ku̯ɔɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lɔː²¹ hɔːn³³ kʷɔː³⁵/

/lo²⁴⁻¹¹ han¹¹⁻⁵³ ko⁵³/

/lɤ²³⁻³³ han²¹⁻⁴¹ kɤ⁴¹/

/lo²⁴⁻²¹ han²¹⁻⁴² ko⁴²/

Siraitia grosvenorii
Siraitia grosvenorii#Translingual


鷹嘴豆

/iŋ⁵⁵ t͡su̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ toʊ̯⁵¹/

/jɪŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɵy̯³⁵ tɐu̯²²⁻³⁵/

/iŋ⁵⁵ t͡su̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ toʊ̯⁵¹/

/jɪŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɵy̯³⁵ tɐu̯²²⁻³⁵/


芹菜

→ Bikol Central: kintsay

→ English: kinchay

→ Khmer: ឃិនឆាយ (khɨnchaay)

→ Tagalog: kintsay

→ Thai: ขึ้นฉ่าย (kʉ̂n-chàai)

/t͡ɕʰin³⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/t͡ɕʰin²¹ t͡sʰai²¹³/

/t͡ɕʰiẽ²⁴ t͡sʰæ/

/t͡ɕʰĩ²⁴ t͡sʰɛ⁴⁴/

/kʰɐn²¹ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/

/kʰɐn²¹ t͡sʰui³²/

/ˈt͡ɕʰin²⁴ t͡sʰai²¹³/

/keiŋ³³ t͡sʰɛ³³/

/kʰyŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ^((t͡sʰ-))ʒɑi²¹³/

/kʰun²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰai²¹/

/kʰun²⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰai²¹/

/kʰun²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰai¹¹/

/kʰun²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰai⁴¹/

/kʰin²³⁻³³ t͡sʰai²¹/

/kʰin²⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰai²¹/

/kʰin²³⁻²¹ t͡sʰai²¹/

/kʰin¹³⁻²² t͡sʰai²¹/

/kin²³⁻²¹ t͡sʰai²¹/

/kʰɯŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sʰai²¹³/

/kʰeŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sʰai²¹³/

/kʰən²¹ t͡sʰai⁵⁵/

/d͡ʑin²² t͡sʰe⁴⁴/

/d͡ʑiŋ²³ t͡sʰe⁴⁴/

/ɟiŋ²⁴ t͡sʰe³¹/

/d͡ʑin²² t͡sʰe³³/

/d͡ʑin²² t͡sʰɛ³⁴/

/d͡ʑiŋ²² t͡sʰe⁵¹/

/d͡ʑin²⁴ t͡sʰɛ³³/

/t͡ɕʰin¹³ t͡sʰai̯⁴⁵/

/t͡ɕʰin³⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/t͡ɕʰin²¹ t͡sʰai²¹³/

/t͡ɕʰiẽ²⁴ t͡sʰæ/

/t͡ɕʰĩ²⁴ t͡sʰɛ⁴⁴/

/kʰɐn²¹ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/

/kʰɐn²¹ t͡sʰui³²/

/ˈt͡ɕʰin²⁴ t͡sʰai²¹³/

/keiŋ³³ t͡sʰɛ³³/

/kʰyŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ^((t͡sʰ-))ʒɑi²¹³/

/kʰun²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰai²¹/

/kʰun²⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰai²¹/

/kʰun²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰai¹¹/

/kʰun²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰai⁴¹/

/kʰin²³⁻³³ t͡sʰai²¹/

/kʰin²⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰai²¹/

/kʰin²³⁻²¹ t͡sʰai²¹/

/kʰin¹³⁻²² t͡sʰai²¹/

/kin²³⁻²¹ t͡sʰai²¹/

/kʰɯŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sʰai²¹³/

/kʰeŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sʰai²¹³/

/kʰən²¹ t͡sʰai⁵⁵/

/d͡ʑin²² t͡sʰe⁴⁴/

/d͡ʑiŋ²³ t͡sʰe⁴⁴/

/ɟiŋ²⁴ t͡sʰe³¹/

/d͡ʑin²² t͡sʰe³³/

/d͡ʑin²² t͡sʰɛ³⁴/

/d͡ʑiŋ²² t͡sʰe⁵¹/

/d͡ʑin²⁴ t͡sʰɛ³³/

/t͡ɕʰin¹³ t͡sʰai̯⁴⁵/


紅豆

/xʊŋ³⁵ toʊ̯⁵¹/

/hʊŋ²¹ tɐu̯²²⁻³⁵/

/hɵŋ²² eu³²⁻³²⁵/

/fuŋ¹¹ tʰeu̯⁵⁵/

/fʊŋ¹¹ tʰeu⁵³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² tau²²/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² tau⁴¹/

/aŋ¹³⁻²² tau²²/

/aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ tau³³/

/aŋ²³⁻³³ tau³³/

/aŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tau¹¹/

/xʊŋ³⁵ toʊ̯⁵¹/

/hʊŋ²¹ tɐu̯²²⁻³⁵/

/hɵŋ²² eu³²⁻³²⁵/

/fuŋ¹¹ tʰeu̯⁵⁵/

/fʊŋ¹¹ tʰeu⁵³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² tau²²/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² tau⁴¹/

/aŋ¹³⁻²² tau²²/

/aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ tau³³/

/aŋ²³⁻³³ tau³³/

/aŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tau¹¹/

Vigna angularis
Vigna angularis#Translingual


龍鬚菜

/lʊŋ³⁵ ɕy⁵⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/lʊŋ²¹ sou̯⁵⁵ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰiu⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰai²¹/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰiu³³ t͡sʰai⁴¹/

/liɔŋ¹³⁻²² t͡sʰiu⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰai²¹/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰiu⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰai¹¹/

/liɔŋ²³⁻³³ t͡sʰiu⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰai²¹/

/lʊŋ³⁵ ɕy⁵⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/lʊŋ²¹ sou̯⁵⁵ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰiu⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰai²¹/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰiu³³ t͡sʰai⁴¹/

/liɔŋ¹³⁻²² t͡sʰiu⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰai²¹/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰiu⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰai¹¹/

/liɔŋ²³⁻³³ t͡sʰiu⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰai²¹/

(Taiwan) the young shoots of the chayote, eaten as a vegetable in Taiwanese cuisine


甜菜

/tʰi̯ɛn³⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/tʰiːm²¹ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/

/tʰi̯ɛn³⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/tʰiːm²¹ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/


青江菜

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ kɔːŋ⁵⁵ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ kɔːŋ⁵⁵ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/


辣油

/lä⁵¹ joʊ̯³⁵/

/laːt̚² jɐu̯²¹/

/laʔ¹¹ ɦiɤ²³/

/lä⁵¹ joʊ̯³⁵/

/laːt̚² jɐu̯²¹/

/laʔ¹¹ ɦiɤ²³/


萊姆

/laɪ̯³⁵ mu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/laɪ̯³⁵ mu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/


番茄

→ Zhuang: fanhgez

/fän⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛ³⁵/

/fan⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰiɛ²¹/

/fã³¹ t͡ɕʰye²⁴/

/faːn⁵⁵ kʰɛː²¹⁻³⁵/

/fɛŋ²¹³ kʰø²¹⁻³⁵/

/fan³³ kʰiɛ²¹⁻²¹⁵/

/fan⁴² ˈt͡ɕʰia²⁴/

/fan⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kʰio¹¹/

/huaŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ kieu¹³/

/huoŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ kieu¹³/

/huan⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɤ²³/

/huaŋ³³⁻²³ kie⁵⁵/

/huaŋ³³⁻²³ kio⁵⁵/

/fẽ̞³³ ɡɑ³⁴/

/fɑ³³ t͡ɕiɑ⁵⁵/

/ɸan³³ t͡ɕi̯e̞¹³/

/fan⁴⁴⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä¹¹/

/fän⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛ³⁵/

/fan⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰiɛ²¹/

/fã³¹ t͡ɕʰye²⁴/

/faːn⁵⁵ kʰɛː²¹⁻³⁵/

/fɛŋ²¹³ kʰø²¹⁻³⁵/

/fan³³ kʰiɛ²¹⁻²¹⁵/

/fan⁴² ˈt͡ɕʰia²⁴/

/fan⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kʰio¹¹/

/huaŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ kieu¹³/

/huoŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ kieu¹³/

/huan⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɤ²³/

/huaŋ³³⁻²³ kie⁵⁵/

/huaŋ³³⁻²³ kio⁵⁵/

/fẽ̞³³ ɡɑ³⁴/

/fɑ³³ t͡ɕiɑ⁵⁵/

/ɸan³³ t͡ɕi̯e̞¹³/

/fan⁴⁴⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä¹¹/

So named because both the eggplant and the tomato are in the same genus Solanum. Compare Thai มะเขือเทศ (má-kʉ̌ʉa-têet, “tomato”) ( < มะเขือ (má-kʉ̌ʉa, “eggplant”) + เทศ (têet, “foreign”)).

cog

(Xianyou Puxian Min, Luoyuan Shehua) chilli pepper


覆盆子

/fu⁵¹ pʰən³⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fʊk̚⁵ pʰuːn²¹ t͡siː³⁵/

/fu⁵¹ pʰən³⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fʊk̚⁵ pʰuːn²¹ t͡siː³⁵/


粳米

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ mi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɤŋ⁵⁵ mi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɐŋ⁵⁵ mɐi̯¹³/

/kiɪŋ³³ bi⁵⁵⁴/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² bi⁵³/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ mi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɤŋ⁵⁵ mi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɐŋ⁵⁵ mɐi̯¹³/

/kiɪŋ³³ bi⁵⁵⁴/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² bi⁵³/

polished, round-grained, non-glutinous rice; grains of japonica rice (Oryza sativa subsp. japonica)


白果

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (白果):
* → Korean: 백과(白果) (baekgwa)
* → Vietnamese: bạch quả (白果)

→ Thai: แปะก๊วย (bpɛ̀-gúai) (via Teochew)

/paɪ̯³⁵ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/paɪ̯³⁵ ku̯ɔɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/paːk̚² kʷɔː³⁵/

/pak̚³² kᵘɔ⁵⁵/

/ˈpʰɛt̚⁵ kuo²¹³/

/paʔ⁵⁻³³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾uo³³/

/pe(ʔ)⁴³⁻²¹ ke⁴²/

/pɛ(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ kue⁵³/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ kɤ⁴¹/

/pe(ʔ)⁴³⁻²¹ kə⁴²/

/peʔ⁴⁻² kũãĩ⁵²/

/paɪ̯³⁵ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/paɪ̯³⁵ ku̯ɔɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/paːk̚² kʷɔː³⁵/

/pak̚³² kᵘɔ⁵⁵/

/ˈpʰɛt̚⁵ kuo²¹³/

/paʔ⁵⁻³³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾uo³³/

/pe(ʔ)⁴³⁻²¹ ke⁴²/

/pɛ(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ kue⁵³/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ kɤ⁴¹/

/pe(ʔ)⁴³⁻²¹ kə⁴²/

/peʔ⁴⁻² kũãĩ⁵²/

腐竹白果糖水


三七

/sän⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵/

/saːm⁵⁵ t͡sʰɐt̚⁵/

/sam⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰit̚³²/

/sam⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰit̚³²/

/sän⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵/

/saːm⁵⁵ t͡sʰɐt̚⁵/

/sam⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰit̚³²/

/sam⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰit̚³²/

From 三 (sān, “three”) + 七 (qī, “seven”), because of the plant's tendency to grow three petioles with seven leaflets each. It is also traditionally grown in 3 parts sunlight and 7 parts shade, and harvested 3 to 7 years after maturity, but these are likely traditions based on the name (Fruehauf, 2014).


田七

/tʰi̯ɛn³⁵ t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵/

/tʰiːn²¹ t͡sʰɐt̚⁵/

/tʰi̯ɛn³⁵ t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵/

/tʰiːn²¹ t͡sʰɐt̚⁵/

田七粉


佛手

→ Macanese: mám-di-buda (calque)

/fu̯ɔ³⁵ ʂoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fɐt̚² sɐu̯³⁵/

/put̚²⁴⁻² t͡sʰiu⁵⁵⁴/

/put̚⁴⁻³² t͡sʰiu⁵³/

/put̚⁴⁻³² t͡sʰiu⁴¹/

/hut̚¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡sʰiu⁵³/

/fu̯ɔ³⁵ ʂoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fɐt̚² sɐu̯³⁵/

/put̚²⁴⁻² t͡sʰiu⁵⁵⁴/

/put̚⁴⁻³² t͡sʰiu⁵³/

/put̚⁴⁻³² t͡sʰiu⁴¹/

/hut̚¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡sʰiu⁵³/

(Quanzhou Hokkien) a variety of tea leaf


五加皮

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ pʰi³⁵/

/ŋ̍¹³ kaː⁵⁵ pʰei̯²¹/

/ŋ̍²¹³⁻¹³ ka⁴² ˈpʰi²⁴/

/ŋu³³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾a⁵⁵ pʰui⁵³/

/ŋɔ̃⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ pi²⁴/

/ŋɔ̃⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ pi²³/

/ŋɔ̃⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ pʰi²⁴/

/ŋɔ̃⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ pʰi²³/

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ pʰi³⁵/

/ŋ̍¹³ kaː⁵⁵ pʰei̯²¹/

/ŋ̍²¹³⁻¹³ ka⁴² ˈpʰi²⁴/

/ŋu³³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾a⁵⁵ pʰui⁵³/

/ŋɔ̃⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ pi²⁴/

/ŋɔ̃⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ pi²³/

/ŋɔ̃⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ pʰi²⁴/

/ŋɔ̃⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ pʰi²³/

(traditional Chinese medicine) bark of Eleutherococcus (a herb used in traditional Chinese medicine to eliminate "wind-dampness")


香薷

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ʐu³⁵/

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ʐu³⁵/


白芷

Sino-Xenic (白芷):
* → Japanese: 白芷(びゃくし) (byakushi)
* → Korean: 백지(白芷) (baekji)
* → Vietnamese: bạch chỉ (白芷)

/paɪ̯³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/paɪ̯³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Angelica dahurica
Angelica dahurica#Translingual

the root of the Angelica dahurica (a herb used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat "wind-cold" symptoms)


羌活

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ɔ³⁵/

/kœːŋ⁵⁵ wuːt̚²/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ɔ³⁵/

/kœːŋ⁵⁵ wuːt̚²/

rhizome of the Notopterygium (an herb used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat "wind-cold" symptoms).


白及

/paɪ̯³⁵ t͡ɕi³⁵/

/paɪ̯³⁵ t͡ɕi³⁵/

Bletilla striata
Wikispecies:Bletilla striata

bai ji (Chinese orchid, Bletilla striata, the pseudobulbs of which are used in traditional Chinese medicine, but which is also widely grown for its ornamental flowers and foliage)


夏枯草

/ɕi̯ä⁵¹ kʰu⁵⁵ t͡sʰɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/haː²² fuː⁵⁵ t͡sʰou̯³⁵/

/he²²⁻²¹ kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰau⁵³/

/he⁴¹⁻²² kɔ³³ t͡sʰau⁵⁵⁴/

/he²²⁻²¹ kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰau⁵³/

/he³³⁻¹¹ kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰau⁵³/

/he³³⁻²¹ kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰau⁴¹/

/ɕi̯ä⁵¹ kʰu⁵⁵ t͡sʰɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/haː²² fuː⁵⁵ t͡sʰou̯³⁵/

/he²²⁻²¹ kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰau⁵³/

/he⁴¹⁻²² kɔ³³ t͡sʰau⁵⁵⁴/

/he²²⁻²¹ kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰau⁵³/

/he³³⁻¹¹ kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰau⁵³/

/he³³⁻²¹ kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰau⁴¹/

Literally, "summer-withering grass," so named because it is known to wither shortly after the summer solstice.

Prunella vulgaris
Prunella vulgaris#Translingual


青蒿

Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ xɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ hou̯⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ xɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ hou̯⁵⁵/

Artemisia annua
Artemisia annua#Translingual

(traditional Chinese medicine) Artemisia annua, especially the dried aboveground parts of the species


大米

/tä⁵¹ mi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/taːi̯²² mɐi̯¹³/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² bi⁵⁵⁴/

/tua²²⁻²¹ bi⁵³/

/tä⁵¹ mi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/taːi̯²² mɐi̯¹³/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² bi⁵⁵⁴/

/tua²²⁻²¹ bi⁵³/

I love you, I'm loving you, just like mice love rice

2004, Yang Chengang (lyrics and music), 《老鼠愛大米》 [Mice Love Rice]

wǒ ài nǐ, ài-zhe nǐ, jiù xiàng lǎoshǔ ài dàmǐ

我愛你，愛著你，就像老鼠愛大米

我爱你，爱着你，就像老鼠爱大米


黃連

Sino-Xenic (黃連):
* → Japanese: 黄(おう)連(れん) (ōren)
* → Korean: 황련(黃連) (hwangnyeon)

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ li̯ɛn³⁵/

/wɔːŋ²¹ liːn²¹/

/uɔŋ³⁵ liɛn²/

/uoŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ˡ⁻⁾nˡieŋ⁵³/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ nĩ²⁴/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻²² nĩ²⁴/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻¹² nĩ²⁴/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻²¹ ni²⁴/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻³³ nĩ²⁴/

/uĩ¹³⁻²² nĩ¹³/

/uĩ²⁴⁻³³ nĩ²⁴/

/uĩ²⁴⁻³³ liɛn²⁴/

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ li̯ɛn³⁵/

/wɔːŋ²¹ liːn²¹/

/uɔŋ³⁵ liɛn²/

/uoŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ˡ⁻⁾nˡieŋ⁵³/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ nĩ²⁴/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻²² nĩ²⁴/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻¹² nĩ²⁴/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻²¹ ni²⁴/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻³³ nĩ²⁴/

/uĩ¹³⁻²² nĩ¹³/

/uĩ²⁴⁻³³ nĩ²⁴/

/uĩ²⁴⁻³³ liɛn²⁴/

(traditional Chinese medicine) rhizome of the Chinese goldthread


高良薑

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ li̯ɑŋ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ lœːŋ²¹ kœːŋ⁵⁵/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ li̯ɑŋ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ lœːŋ²¹ kœːŋ⁵⁵/

First element is from 高涼／高凉 (Gāoliáng, “ancient placename in China”), with 涼 (“cold”) changed to its homophone 良 (“good”).

zh-l

Alpinia officinarum
Alpinia officinarum#Translingual


白芨

/paɪ̯³⁵ t͡ɕi⁵⁵/

/paɪ̯³⁵ t͡ɕi³⁵/

/paːk̚² kʰɐp̚⁵/

/paɪ̯³⁵ t͡ɕi⁵⁵/

/paɪ̯³⁵ t͡ɕi³⁵/

/paːk̚² kʰɐp̚⁵/


甜瓜

/tʰi̯ɛn³⁵ ku̯ä⁵⁵/

/tʰiæ̃²⁴ kua⁵¹/

/tʰiːm²¹ kʷaː⁵⁵/

/tĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ kue⁴⁴/

/tʰi̯ɛn³⁵ ku̯ä⁵⁵/

/tʰiæ̃²⁴ kua⁵¹/

/tʰiːm²¹ kʷaː⁵⁵/

/tĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ kue⁴⁴/


葡萄柚

/pʰu³⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³⁵ joʊ̯⁵¹/

/pʰou̯²¹ tʰou̯²¹ jɐu̯²²⁻³⁵/

/pʰu¹¹ tʰo¹¹ i̯u⁵⁵/

/pʰu²⁴⁻²² to²⁴⁻²² iu²²/

/pʰu²⁴⁻²² to²⁴⁻²² iu⁴¹/

/pʰu¹³⁻²² to¹³⁻²² iu²²/

/pʰu²⁴⁻¹¹ to²⁴⁻¹¹ iu³³/

/pʰu²³⁻³³ tɤ²³⁻³³ iu³³/

/pʰu³⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³⁵ joʊ̯⁵¹/

/pʰou̯²¹ tʰou̯²¹ jɐu̯²²⁻³⁵/

/pʰu¹¹ tʰo¹¹ i̯u⁵⁵/

/pʰu²⁴⁻²² to²⁴⁻²² iu²²/

/pʰu²⁴⁻²² to²⁴⁻²² iu⁴¹/

/pʰu¹³⁻²² to¹³⁻²² iu²²/

/pʰu²⁴⁻¹¹ to²⁴⁻¹¹ iu³³/

/pʰu²³⁻³³ tɤ²³⁻³³ iu³³/


油桃

/joʊ̯³⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³⁵/

/jɐu̯²¹ tʰou̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/jɐu̯²¹ tʰou̯²¹/

/joʊ̯³⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³⁵/

/jɐu̯²¹ tʰou̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/jɐu̯²¹ tʰou̯²¹/


小柑橘

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ kän⁵⁵ t͡ɕy³⁵/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ kän⁵⁵ t͡ɕy³⁵/


牙買加醜橘

ㄧㄚˊ ㄇㄞˇ ㄐㄧㄚ ㄔㄡˇ ㄐㄩˊ

Ямайцзя чоуцзюй

/jä³⁵ maɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕy³⁵/


酸橙

/su̯än⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/su̯än⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/


金桔

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ t͡ɕy³⁵/

/kɐm⁵⁵ kɐt̚⁵/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ t͡ɕy³⁵/

/kɐm⁵⁵ kɐt̚⁵/

Alternative form of 金橘 (jīnjú, “kumquat”)


桃子

/tʰɑʊ̯³⁵ d͡z̥z̩³/

/tʰou̯²¹ t͡siː³⁵/

/dɔ²² t͡sz̩⁴⁴/

/tʰɑʊ̯³⁵ d͡z̥z̩³/

/tʰou̯²¹ t͡siː³⁵/

/dɔ²² t͡sz̩⁴⁴/


杏子

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (杏子):
* → Japanese: 杏子(あんず) (anzu)

/ɕiŋ⁵¹ d͡z̥z̩¹/

/xən²¹³ t͡sz̩⁵³/

/xəŋ⁴⁴ t͡sz̩²⁴/

/hɐŋ²² t͡siː³⁵/

/ɦã²² t͡sz̩⁴⁴/

/ɕiŋ⁵¹ d͡z̥z̩¹/

/xən²¹³ t͡sz̩⁵³/

/xəŋ⁴⁴ t͡sz̩²⁴/

/hɐŋ²² t͡siː³⁵/

/ɦã²² t͡sz̩⁴⁴/


李子

/li²¹⁴ d͡z̥z̩⁴/

/ni⁵³ t͡sz̩⁵³⁻²¹/

/li²¹³⁻²¹ t͡sz̩¹/

/li⁵³ t͡səʔ¹/

/li³¹⁻⁵⁵ t͡si³¹/

/li²¹⁴ d͡z̥z̩⁴/

/ni⁵³ t͡sz̩⁵³⁻²¹/

/li²¹³⁻²¹ t͡sz̩¹/

/li⁵³ t͡səʔ¹/

/li³¹⁻⁵⁵ t͡si³¹/


梨子

/lei̯²¹⁻³⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

/lei̯²¹⁻³⁵ t͡siː³⁵/


黑莓

/xeɪ̯⁵⁵ meɪ̯³⁵/

/hɐk̚⁵ muːi̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/xeɪ̯⁵⁵ meɪ̯³⁵/

/hɐk̚⁵ muːi̯²¹⁻³⁵/


黑棗

/xeɪ̯⁵⁵ t͡sɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/xeɪ̯⁵⁵ t͡saʊ̯ɻʷ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/həʔ³³ t͡sɔ⁴⁴/

/xeɪ̯⁵⁵ t͡sɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/xeɪ̯⁵⁵ t͡saʊ̯ɻʷ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/həʔ³³ t͡sɔ⁴⁴/

Ziziphus jujuba
Ziziphus jujuba#Translingual


蔓越橘

/män⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɥɛ⁵¹ t͡ɕy³⁵/

/maːn²² jyːt̚² kʷɐt̚⁵/

/män⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɥɛ⁵¹ t͡ɕy³⁵/

/maːn²² jyːt̚² kʷɐt̚⁵/


藍莓

/län³⁵ meɪ̯³⁵/

/laːm²¹ muːi̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/län³⁵ meɪ̯³⁵/

/laːm²¹ muːi̯²¹⁻³⁵/


芒果

⇒ Zhuang: makmanghgoj

From a Southeast Asian language, perhaps Malay mangga or a Tai word (Wei, 2000). The second character 果 (guǒ, “fruit”) is a phono-semantic matching or a literal translation.
First attested in 廣東通志初稿 [1535] (Yang, 1987)

Mángguǒ, zhǒng chuán wàiguó, shí dà rú ézǐ zhuàng, shēng zé suān, shú zé tián, wéi Xīnhuì, Xiāngshān yǒu zhī.

芒果，種傳外國，實大如鵝子狀，生則酸，熟則甜，惟新會、香山有之。

芒果，种传外国，实大如鹅子状，生则酸，熟则甜，惟新会、香山有之。

/mɑŋ³⁵ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mɔːŋ⁵⁵ kʷɔː³⁵/

/ᵐbɔŋ³³ kᵘɔ⁵⁵/

/mɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kuo³¹/

/mɒ̃¹¹ kuɤ⁵³/

/mouŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋuo³³/

/bɔŋ²⁴⁻¹² ko⁵³/

/bɔŋ²⁴⁻²² ko⁵³/

/maŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kue⁵²/

/mɑ̃²² ku⁴⁴/

/mɑŋ³⁵ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mɔːŋ⁵⁵ kʷɔː³⁵/

/ᵐbɔŋ³³ kᵘɔ⁵⁵/

/mɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kuo³¹/

/mɒ̃¹¹ kuɤ⁵³/

/mouŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋuo³³/

/bɔŋ²⁴⁻¹² ko⁵³/

/bɔŋ²⁴⁻²² ko⁵³/

/maŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kue⁵²/

/mɑ̃²² ku⁴⁴/


羅甘梅

/lu̯ɔ³⁵ kän⁵⁵ meɪ̯³⁵/

/lu̯ɔ³⁵ kän⁵⁵ meɪ̯³⁵/


醋栗

/t͡sʰu⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹/

/t͡sʰou̯³³ lɵt̚²/

/t͡sʰu³³ liɪʔ⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰu⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹/

/t͡sʰou̯³³ lɵt̚²/

/t͡sʰu³³ liɪʔ⁴⁴/


紅醋栗

ㄏㄨㄥˊ ㄘㄨˋ ㄌㄧˋ

/xʊŋ³⁵ t͡sʰu⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹/

/xʊŋ³⁵ t͡sʰu⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹/


黑醋栗

/xeɪ̯⁵⁵ t͡sʰu⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹/

/xeɪ̯⁵⁵ t͡sʰu⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹/


白醋栗

/paɪ̯³⁵ t͡sʰu⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹/

/paɪ̯³⁵ t͡sʰu⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹/


荔枝

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (荔枝):
* → Japanese: 茘(レイ)枝(シ) (reishi)
* → Korean: 여지(荔枝) (yeoji), 려지(荔枝) (ryeoji)
* → Vietnamese: lệ chi (荔枝)

→ Assamese: লিচু (lisu), লেচু (lesu)

→ Burmese: လိုက်ချီး (luikhkyi:)

→ Czech: liči

→ Danish: litchi

→ English: lychee, litchi

→ Finnish: litsi

→ French: letchi, litchi

→ German: Litschi

→ Hungarian: licsi

→ Hindi: लीची (līcī)

→ Indonesian: leci

→ Italian: litchi

→ Japanese: ライチ (raichi)

→ Korean: 리치 (richi)

desc

→ Lao: ໝາກລິ້ນຈີ່ (māk lin chī)

→ Lao: ໝາກລິ້ນຈີ່ (māk lin chī)

→ Malay: laici

→ Spanish: lichi

→ Polish: liczi

→ Portuguese: lichia

→ Russian: ли́чи (líči)

→ Thai: ลิ้นจี่ (lín-jìi)

/li⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/

/li⁵¹ ɖ͡ʐ̥ʐ̩¹/

/ni²¹³ t͡sz̩⁵⁵/

/lɐi̯²² t͡siː⁵⁵/

/lai³² t͡si³³⁻³³⁵/

/ˈli¹¹ t͡sz̩⁴²/

/li³¹ t͡sɨ²⁴/

/li⁵⁵ t͡sɨ²⁴/

/li²⁴⁻³³ t͡ʃi⁵³/

/liəʔ²⁻⁵⁴ t͡sz̩¹¹/

/nãi²²⁻²¹ t͡si⁴⁴/

/nãi²²⁻¹² t͡si⁴⁴/

/nãi³³⁻¹¹ t͡si⁴⁴/

/nai²²⁻²¹ t͡si⁴⁴/

/lai³³⁻¹¹ t͡si⁴⁴/

/lai³³⁻²¹ t͡si⁴⁴/

/lai²²⁻²¹ t͡si⁴⁴/

/nãi³³⁻²² t͡si³³/

/nuĩ⁴¹⁻²² t͡si³³/

/le²²⁻²¹ t͡si⁴⁴/

/le³³⁻²¹ t͡si⁴⁴/

/lɛ²²⁻²¹ t͡si⁴⁴/

/liɛn²²⁻²¹ t͡si⁴⁴/

/liɛn⁴¹⁻²² t͡si³³/

/li³⁵⁻¹¹ ki³³/

/liɪʔ¹¹ t͡sz̩²³/

/li⁴⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩³³/

/li⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/

/li⁵¹ ɖ͡ʐ̥ʐ̩¹/

/ni²¹³ t͡sz̩⁵⁵/

/lɐi̯²² t͡siː⁵⁵/

/lai³² t͡si³³⁻³³⁵/

/ˈli¹¹ t͡sz̩⁴²/

/li³¹ t͡sɨ²⁴/

/li⁵⁵ t͡sɨ²⁴/

/li²⁴⁻³³ t͡ʃi⁵³/

/liəʔ²⁻⁵⁴ t͡sz̩¹¹/

/nãi²²⁻²¹ t͡si⁴⁴/

/nãi²²⁻¹² t͡si⁴⁴/

/nãi³³⁻¹¹ t͡si⁴⁴/

/nai²²⁻²¹ t͡si⁴⁴/

/lai³³⁻¹¹ t͡si⁴⁴/

/lai³³⁻²¹ t͡si⁴⁴/

/lai²²⁻²¹ t͡si⁴⁴/

/nãi³³⁻²² t͡si³³/

/nuĩ⁴¹⁻²² t͡si³³/

/le²²⁻²¹ t͡si⁴⁴/

/le³³⁻²¹ t͡si⁴⁴/

/lɛ²²⁻²¹ t͡si⁴⁴/

/liɛn²²⁻²¹ t͡si⁴⁴/

/liɛn⁴¹⁻²² t͡si³³/

/li³⁵⁻¹¹ ki³³/

/liɪʔ¹¹ t͡sz̩²³/

/li⁴⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩³³/

Unknown. First attested as 離支 in the “Rhapsody on the Shanglin Park” (上林賦) by Sima Xiangru of the West Han dynasty. During the time of Emperor Wu of Han, lychee was one of the exotic plants cultivated in the grand imperial Shanglin Park, introduced from China's south.
Traditionally, 荔 has been interpreted as equivalent to 劙 (“to sever; to partition”), based on an excerpt from Funan-ji (扶南記), a now-lost text cited in other works, such as the Taiping Guangji (太平廣記):
:
The Compendium of Materia Medica, citing the “Preface to Lychee Painting” (荔枝圖序) by Bai Juyi, interprets 離支 orthographically:
:
Recent studies have discounted the above as folk etymologies, proposing instead that it is a disyllabic borrowing from a Kra-Dai language during the Late Old Chinese period; compare modern Zhuang laehcei, Tai Nüa ᥛᥣᥐᥱᥐᥣᥭᥱ (mǎakkǎay), Hlai coeis (Wei, 2000; Ban and Su, 2017). The precise shape of the source word is now obscure, and there are two possibilities that can explain the disyllabicity of the borrowing (Ban and Su, 2017):
* That the first syllable transcribed a Kra-Dai class noun (perhaps “fruit”), and the second syllable, 枝 (OC *kje), corresponded to the Tai-Kadai name for “lychee”; or
* That the Kra-Dai source word for “lychee” was disyllabic and already not easily analysable.

That which bears the name lizhi, when it bears fruits, the small branches are weak but the stem is firm, so it cannot be picked by hand and must be severed with a knife or axe, hence its name.

Taiping Guangji (Extensive Records of the Taiping Era), 978 CE

Lìzhī wéi míng zhě, yǐ qí jiéshí shí, zhītiáo ruò ér dì láo, bùkě zhāiqǔ, yǐ dāofǔ lí qǔ qí zhī, gù yǐ wéi míng.

荔枝為名者，以其結實時，枝條弱而蒂牢，不可摘取，以刀斧劙取其枝，故以為名。

荔枝为名者，以其结实时，枝条弱而蒂牢，不可摘取，以刀斧劙取其枝，故以为名。

Bai Juyi said, “If it [lychee] was removed from the branch, its colour will change in a day, its taste in three days.” So the name lizhi [lit. “removed from branch”] may be chosen for this meaning.

The Compendium of Materia Medica [Bencao Gangmu], by Li Shizhen, 1578 CE

Bái Jūyì yún: ruò lí běn zhī, yī rì sè biàn, sān rì wèi biàn. Zé lìzhī zhī míng, yòu huò qǔ cǐ yì yě.

白居易云：若離本枝，一日色變，三日味變。則離支之名，又或取此義也。

白居易云：若离本枝，一日色变，三日味变。则离支之名，又或取此义也。

*茘枝
荔支
荔芰
離枝
離支
欐支
麗支
蓮枝

Litchi chinensis
Litchi chinensis#Translingual

lychee (Litchi chinensis) (Classifier: 顆／颗 m; 粒 c mn; 抽 c)

Bai Juyi
Compendium of Materia Medica
Emperor Wu of Han
Han dynasty
Sima Xiangru
Taiping Guangji
zh:上林苑


燈籠果

ㄉㄥ ˙ㄌㄨㄥ ㄍㄨㄛˇ

/tɤŋ⁵⁵ lʊŋ² ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tɐŋ⁵⁵ lʊŋ²¹ kʷɔː³⁵/

/tɤŋ⁵⁵ lʊŋ² ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tɐŋ⁵⁵ lʊŋ²¹ kʷɔː³⁵/

Physalis peruviana
Physalis peruviana#Translingual


獼猴桃

→ Uyghur: مىخۇتاۋ (mixutaw)

/mi³⁵ xoʊ̯³⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³⁵/

ㄇㄧˊ ㄏㄡˊ ㄊㄠˊㄦ

/mi³⁵ xoʊ̯³⁵ tʰaʊ̯ɻʷ³⁵/

/mei̯²¹ hɐu̯²¹ tʰou̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/nei̯²¹ hɐu̯²¹ tʰou̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/mi²² ɦɤ⁵⁵ dɔ²¹/

/mi³⁵ xoʊ̯³⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³⁵/

/mi³⁵ xoʊ̯³⁵ tʰaʊ̯ɻʷ³⁵/

/mei̯²¹ hɐu̯²¹ tʰou̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/nei̯²¹ hɐu̯²¹ tʰou̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/mi²² ɦɤ⁵⁵ dɔ²¹/

Apparently named after how monkeys, such as the rhesus macaque, particularly enjoy eating this fruit.


榲桲

/wən⁵⁵ pʰu̯ɔ²/

/wən⁵⁵ pu̯ɔ³⁵/

/yn⁵¹ pu̯ɔ³⁵/

/wən⁵⁵ pʰu̯ɔ²/

/wən⁵⁵ pu̯ɔ³⁵/

/yn⁵¹ pu̯ɔ³⁵/


西番蓮果

ㄒㄧ ㄈㄢ ㄌㄧㄢˊ ㄍㄨㄛˇ

сифаньлянь го

/ɕi⁵⁵ fän⁵⁵ li̯ɛn³⁵ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ faːn⁵⁵ liːn²¹ kʷɔː³⁵/

/ɕi⁵⁵ fän⁵⁵ li̯ɛn³⁵ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ faːn⁵⁵ liːn²¹ kʷɔː³⁵/


番石榴

/fän⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵ li̯oʊ̯³⁵/

/fän⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵ li̯oʊ̯³/

/faːn⁵⁵ sɛːk̚² lɐu̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/huaŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nuoʔ⁵⁻⁵⁵ l̃ieu⁵³/

/huaŋ³³⁻²³ t͡sioʔ⁴⁻² liu⁵⁵/

/huaŋ³³⁻²³ sioʔ⁴⁻² liu⁵⁵/

/fän⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵ li̯oʊ̯³⁵/

/fän⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵ li̯oʊ̯³/

/faːn⁵⁵ sɛːk̚² lɐu̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/huaŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nuoʔ⁵⁻⁵⁵ l̃ieu⁵³/

/huaŋ³³⁻²³ t͡sioʔ⁴⁻² liu⁵⁵/

/huaŋ³³⁻²³ sioʔ⁴⁻² liu⁵⁵/


柿子

→ Uyghur: شىزا (shiza)

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹ d͡z̥z̩¹/

/sz̩²¹³ t͡sz̩⁵³/

/sz̩⁴⁴ t͡sz̩²⁴/

/t͡sʰiː¹³ t͡siː³⁵/

/t͡sʰz̩¹¹ t͡sz̩¹/

/sz̩⁴⁵ t͡səʔ⁴/

/zz̩²² t͡sz̩⁴⁴/

/ʂʐ̩²¹⁻¹¹ t͡sz̩³/

/sz̩²¹⁻¹¹ t͡sz̩³/

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹ d͡z̥z̩¹/

/sz̩²¹³ t͡sz̩⁵³/

/sz̩⁴⁴ t͡sz̩²⁴/

/t͡sʰiː¹³ t͡siː³⁵/

/t͡sʰz̩¹¹ t͡sz̩¹/

/sz̩⁴⁵ t͡səʔ⁴/

/zz̩²² t͡sz̩⁴⁴/

/ʂʐ̩²¹⁻¹¹ t͡sz̩³/

/sz̩²¹⁻¹¹ t͡sz̩³/

(dialectal Mandarin, dialectal Jin) tomato


費約果

/feɪ̯⁵¹ ɥɛ⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/feɪ̯⁵¹ ɥɛ⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/


楊桃

/jɑŋ³⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³⁵/

/jœːŋ²¹ tʰou̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/jiaŋ²² hau²²⁻²²⁵/

/i̯oŋ¹¹ tʰo¹¹/

/ʒoŋ⁵⁵ tʰo⁵⁵/

/iɔŋ¹¹ tʰau¹¹/

/iũ²³⁻³³ tɤ²³/

/iũ²⁴⁻³³ to²⁴/

/iũ²⁴⁻¹² to²⁴/

/iũ²⁴⁻¹¹ to²⁴/

/iũ²⁴⁻²² to²⁴/

/iɔ̃¹³⁻²² to¹³/

/iɔ̃²⁴⁻³³ tɤ²⁴/

/iɔ̃¹³⁻²² tʰo¹³/

/iũ²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰo²⁴/

/iãu²³⁻²¹ tʰo²³/

/i̯æn¹³ tɒu̯¹³/

/jɑŋ³⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³⁵/

/jœːŋ²¹ tʰou̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/jiaŋ²² hau²²⁻²²⁵/

/i̯oŋ¹¹ tʰo¹¹/

/ʒoŋ⁵⁵ tʰo⁵⁵/

/iɔŋ¹¹ tʰau¹¹/

/iũ²³⁻³³ tɤ²³/

/iũ²⁴⁻³³ to²⁴/

/iũ²⁴⁻¹² to²⁴/

/iũ²⁴⁻¹¹ to²⁴/

/iũ²⁴⁻²² to²⁴/

/iɔ̃¹³⁻²² to¹³/

/iɔ̃²⁴⁻³³ tɤ²⁴/

/iɔ̃¹³⁻²² tʰo¹³/

/iũ²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰo²⁴/

/iãu²³⁻²¹ tʰo²³/

/i̯æn¹³ tɒu̯¹³/

Alternative name for 獼猴桃／猕猴桃 (míhóutáo, “kiwi fruit”).


山竹果

/ʂän⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂu³⁵ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/saːn⁵⁵ t͡sʊk̚⁵ kʷɔː³⁵/

/ʂän⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂu³⁵ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/saːn⁵⁵ t͡sʊk̚⁵ kʷɔː³⁵/


薑黃

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/kœːŋ⁵⁵ wɔːŋ²¹/

/kiũ⁴⁴⁻³³ ŋ̍²³/

/kiũ⁴⁴⁻³³ ŋ̍²⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/kœːŋ⁵⁵ wɔːŋ²¹/

/kiũ⁴⁴⁻³³ ŋ̍²³/

/kiũ⁴⁴⁻³³ ŋ̍²⁴/

Curcuma longa
Curcuma longa#Translingual


羽衣甘藍

юйи ганьлань

/y²¹⁴⁻²¹ i⁵⁵ kän⁵⁵ län³⁵/

/jyː¹³ jiː⁵⁵ kɐm⁵⁵ laːm²¹/

/y²¹⁴⁻²¹ i⁵⁵ kän⁵⁵ län³⁵/

/jyː¹³ jiː⁵⁵ kɐm⁵⁵ laːm²¹/


酸模

/su̯än⁵⁵ mu̯ɔ³⁵/

/sŋ̍⁴⁴⁻²² bɔ²⁴/

/sŋ̍³³ bɔ²⁴/

/sŋ̍⁴⁴⁻²² bɔ¹³/

/sŋ̍⁴⁴⁻³³ bɔ²⁴/

/sŋ̍⁴⁴⁻³³ bɔ²³/

/su̯än⁵⁵ mu̯ɔ³⁵/

/sŋ̍⁴⁴⁻²² bɔ²⁴/

/sŋ̍³³ bɔ²⁴/

/sŋ̍⁴⁴⁻²² bɔ¹³/

/sŋ̍⁴⁴⁻³³ bɔ²⁴/

/sŋ̍⁴⁴⁻³³ bɔ²³/


蘆筍

/lu³⁵ su̯ən²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/l̃u²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾luŋ³³/

/lɔ²⁴⁻²² sun⁵³/

/lɔ²⁴⁻²² sun⁵⁵⁴/

/lɔ¹³⁻²² sun⁵³/

/lɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ sun⁵³/

/lɔ²³⁻³³ sun⁴¹/

/lu³⁵ su̯ən²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/l̃u²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾luŋ³³/

/lɔ²⁴⁻²² sun⁵³/

/lɔ²⁴⁻²² sun⁵⁵⁴/

/lɔ¹³⁻²² sun⁵³/

/lɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ sun⁵³/

/lɔ²³⁻³³ sun⁴¹/


竹筍

/ʈ͡ʂu³⁵ su̯ən²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʊk̚⁵ sɵn³⁵/

/t͡sɵk̚⁵⁵ ɬun⁵⁵/

/tyʔ²⁴⁻³⁵ suŋ³³/

/tœʔ¹⁻⁴⁵ ɬɔŋ⁴⁵³/

/tyøʔ²⁻²⁴ ɬuoŋ³³²/

/tiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ sun⁵³/

/tiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ sun⁴¹/

/tiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ sun⁵³/

/tek̚²⁻⁴ suŋ⁵²⁻²¹/

/t͡soʔ³³ sən⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂu³⁵ su̯ən²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʊk̚⁵ sɵn³⁵/

/t͡sɵk̚⁵⁵ ɬun⁵⁵/

/tyʔ²⁴⁻³⁵ suŋ³³/

/tœʔ¹⁻⁴⁵ ɬɔŋ⁴⁵³/

/tyøʔ²⁻²⁴ ɬuoŋ³³²/

/tiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ sun⁵³/

/tiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ sun⁴¹/

/tiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ sun⁵³/

/tek̚²⁻⁴ suŋ⁵²⁻²¹/

/t͡soʔ³³ sən⁴⁴/


豆芽

→ English: taugeh

→ Dutch: taugé

→ Malay: tauge

→ Indonesian: taoge

→ Tagalog: toge

/toʊ̯⁵¹ jä³⁵/

/toʊ̯⁵¹ jɑɻ³⁵/

/tɐu̯²² ŋaː²¹/

/tʰeu̯⁵⁵ ŋa¹¹/

/tʰeu⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ŋa¹¹/

/tau⁴¹⁻²² ɡe²⁴/

/tau³³⁻¹¹ ɡe²⁴/

/tau²²⁻²¹ ɡe²⁴/

/tau³³⁻²¹ ɡe²³/

/tau²²⁻²¹ ɡɛ¹³/

/tau²¹ ɡɛ²³/

/toʊ̯⁵¹ jä³⁵/

/toʊ̯⁵¹ jɑɻ³⁵/

/tɐu̯²² ŋaː²¹/

/tʰeu̯⁵⁵ ŋa¹¹/

/tʰeu⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ŋa¹¹/

/tau⁴¹⁻²² ɡe²⁴/

/tau³³⁻¹¹ ɡe²⁴/

/tau²²⁻²¹ ɡe²⁴/

/tau³³⁻²¹ ɡe²³/

/tau²²⁻²¹ ɡɛ¹³/

/tau²¹ ɡɛ²³/


白薯

/paɪ̯³⁵ ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/paɪ̯³⁵ ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/


紅薯

→ Uyghur: خۇڭشۇ (xungshu)

/xʊŋ³⁵ ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hʊŋ²¹ syː²¹/

/xʊŋ¹³ ɕy²¹⁻¹¹/

/xən¹³ ɕy²¹⁻¹¹/

/xʊŋ³⁵ ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hʊŋ²¹ syː²¹/

/xʊŋ¹³ ɕy²¹⁻¹¹/

/xən¹³ ɕy²¹⁻¹¹/


西蘭花

/ɕi⁵⁵ län³⁵ xu̯ä⁵⁵/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ laːn²¹ faː⁵⁵/

/ɕi⁵⁵ le³³ ho²¹/

/ɕi⁵⁵ län³⁵ xu̯ä⁵⁵/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ laːn²¹ faː⁵⁵/

/ɕi⁵⁵ le³³ ho²¹/

(chiefly Mainland China, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore) broccoli


捲心菜

ㄐㄩㄢˇ ㄒㄧㄣ ㄘㄞˋ

цзюаньсиньцай

/t͡ɕy̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕin⁵⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/kyːn³⁵ sɐm⁵⁵ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/

/kŋ̍⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sim⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰai²¹/

/t͡ɕyø³³ ɕin⁵⁵ t͡sʰe²¹/

/t͡ɕy̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕin⁵⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/kyːn³⁵ sɐm⁵⁵ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/

/kŋ̍⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sim⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰai²¹/

/t͡ɕyø³³ ɕin⁵⁵ t͡sʰe²¹/

Brassica oleracea var. capitata
Brassica oleracea var. capitata

cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata)


洋白菜

/jɑŋ³⁵ paɪ̯³⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/jœːŋ²¹ paːk̚² t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/

/jɑŋ³⁵ paɪ̯³⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/jœːŋ²¹ paːk̚² t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/


包心菜

/pɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ɕin⁵⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/paːu̯⁵⁵ sɐm⁵⁵ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/

/pau̯²⁴⁻¹¹ sim²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰoi̯⁵⁵/

/pau⁴⁴⁻²² sim⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰai²¹/

/pau⁴⁴⁻²² sim⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰai¹¹²/

/pɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ɕin⁵⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/paːu̯⁵⁵ sɐm⁵⁵ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/

/pau̯²⁴⁻¹¹ sim²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰoi̯⁵⁵/

/pau⁴⁴⁻²² sim⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰai²¹/

/pau⁴⁴⁻²² sim⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰai¹¹²/

(regional) cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata)


豌豆

/wän⁵⁵ toʊ̯⁵¹/

/wuːn³⁵ tɐu̯²²⁻³⁵/

/ˈuɵn⁴² tʰɛu¹¹/

/van²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰeu̯⁵⁵/

/væ̃¹¹ təu⁴⁵/

/uaŋ³³⁻²³ tau¹¹/

/u̯an³³ təu̯²¹⁻¹¹/

/wän⁵⁵ toʊ̯⁵¹/

/wuːn³⁵ tɐu̯²²⁻³⁵/

/ˈuɵn⁴² tʰɛu¹¹/

/van²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰeu̯⁵⁵/

/væ̃¹¹ təu⁴⁵/

/uaŋ³³⁻²³ tau¹¹/

/u̯an³³ təu̯²¹⁻¹¹/

(Xiang) broad bean; fava bean (Vicia faba)


豆子

/toʊ̯⁵¹ d͡z̥z̩¹/

/tɐu̯²² t͡siː³⁵/

/toʊ̯⁵¹ d͡z̥z̩¹/

/tɐu̯²² t͡siː³⁵/

bean; pea (any pod-bearing plant or its seeds)

(Mandarin, colloquial, specifically) soybean


白蘿蔔

ㄅㄞˊ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ˙ㄅㄛ

/paɪ̯³⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ b̥u̯ɔ³/

/paːk̚² lɔː²¹ paːk̚²/

/baʔ¹¹ lɔ²² boʔ²³/

/bɑʔ²² læ⁵² boʔ³³/

/bɐʔ²² ləu³⁴ boʔ⁵¹/

/paɪ̯³⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ b̥u̯ɔ³/

/paːk̚² lɔː²¹ paːk̚²/

/baʔ¹¹ lɔ²² boʔ²³/

/bɑʔ²² læ⁵² boʔ³³/

/bɐʔ²² ləu³⁴ boʔ⁵¹/

(Chinese cuisine, botany) daikon; Chinese radish


紫蘇

/t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ su⁵⁵/

/t͡si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sɔ⁴⁴/

/t͡si⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sɔ³³/

/t͡si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sɔ⁴⁴/

/t͡si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sɔ⁴⁴/

/t͡si⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ sɔ⁴⁴/

/t͡si⁵²⁻³⁵ sou³³/

/t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ su⁵⁵/

/t͡si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sɔ⁴⁴/

/t͡si⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sɔ³³/

/t͡si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sɔ⁴⁴/

/t͡si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sɔ⁴⁴/

/t͡si⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ sɔ⁴⁴/

/t͡si⁵²⁻³⁵ sou³³/


肉果

/ʐoʊ̯⁵¹ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʐoʊ̯⁵¹ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/


青檸

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ niŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰɛːŋ⁵⁵ nɪŋ²¹⁻³⁵/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ niŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰɛːŋ⁵⁵ nɪŋ²¹⁻³⁵/


地瓜

/ti⁵¹ ku̯ä⁵⁵/

/tei̯²² kʷaː⁵⁵/

/ti²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ua⁵⁵/

/te²²⁻²¹ kua⁴⁴/

/te⁴¹⁻²² kua³³/

/te³³⁻²¹ kua⁴⁴/

/ti⁵¹ ku̯ä⁵⁵/

/tei̯²² kʷaː⁵⁵/

/ti²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ua⁵⁵/

/te²²⁻²¹ kua⁴⁴/

/te⁴¹⁻²² kua³³/

/te³³⁻²¹ kua⁴⁴/


苦瓜

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (苦瓜):
* → Korean: 고과(苦瓜) (gogwa)
* → Vietnamese: khổ qua (苦瓜)

desc

→ English: bitter melon, bittermelon (calque), bitter gourd (calque), foo qua

→ Paiwan: kawkuy

→ Vietnamese: mướp đắng (calque)

/kʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ku̯ä⁵⁵/

/kʰu¹¹⁻¹² kua³¹/

/fuː³⁵ kʷaː⁵⁵/

/fu³⁵ kʷa²¹³/

/fu⁵⁵ ka³³⁻²¹/

/ˈkʰu²¹³⁻¹³ kua⁴²/

/fu²⁴⁻³³ kua⁵³/

/kʰu³³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ua⁵⁵/

/kʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kue⁴⁴/

/kʰɔ⁴²⁻²⁴ kue⁴⁴/

/kʰɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kue⁴⁴/

/kʰɔ⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ kua³³/

/kʰou⁵²⁻³⁵ kue³³/

/kʰəu⁵² ko¹¹/

/kʰu⁵⁵ kuɑ³³⁴/

/kʰu⁴¹ ku̯a̠³³/

/kʰu⁴² kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³/

/kʰu³³ ku̯ä⁴⁴⁵/

/kʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ku̯ä⁵⁵/

/kʰu¹¹⁻¹² kua³¹/

/fuː³⁵ kʷaː⁵⁵/

/fu³⁵ kʷa²¹³/

/fu⁵⁵ ka³³⁻²¹/

/ˈkʰu²¹³⁻¹³ kua⁴²/

/fu²⁴⁻³³ kua⁵³/

/kʰu³³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ua⁵⁵/

/kʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kue⁴⁴/

/kʰɔ⁴²⁻²⁴ kue⁴⁴/

/kʰɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kue⁴⁴/

/kʰɔ⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ kua³³/

/kʰou⁵²⁻³⁵ kue³³/

/kʰəu⁵² ko¹¹/

/kʰu⁵⁵ kuɑ³³⁴/

/kʰu⁴¹ ku̯a̠³³/

/kʰu⁴² kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³/

/kʰu³³ ku̯ä⁴⁴⁵/


香菜

→ Japanese: シャンツァイ (shantsai)

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/ɕiaŋ⁵⁵ t͡sʰai²¹³/

/hœːŋ⁵⁵ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/

/ɕiɒ̃¹¹ t͡sʰai⁴⁵/

/ɕiã⁵⁵ t͡sʰe²¹/

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/ɕiaŋ⁵⁵ t͡sʰai²¹³/

/hœːŋ⁵⁵ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/

/ɕiɒ̃¹¹ t͡sʰai⁴⁵/

/ɕiã⁵⁵ t͡sʰe²¹/


鴨腳

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (鴨腳):
* → Japanese: 鴨(おう)脚(きゃく) (ōkyaku)

→ Japanese: 銀杏 (ichō)

/jä⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jä⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/


蔬菜

/ʂu⁵⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/sɔː⁵⁵ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/

/sɔ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰai²¹/

/sɔ³³ t͡sʰai⁴¹/

/sɔ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰai²¹/

/sɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰai¹¹/

/sɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰai²¹/

/so³³⁻²³ t͡sʰai²¹³/

/səu⁵² t͡sʰe¹¹/

/ʂu⁵⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/sɔː⁵⁵ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/

/sɔ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰai²¹/

/sɔ³³ t͡sʰai⁴¹/

/sɔ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰai²¹/

/sɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰai¹¹/

/sɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰai²¹/

/so³³⁻²³ t͡sʰai²¹³/

/səu⁵² t͡sʰe¹¹/

種植蔬菜

种植蔬菜

綠葉蔬菜

绿叶蔬菜


艾灸

/ˀaɪ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ˀaɪ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/

/ŋaːi̯²² kɐu̯³³/

/ˀaɪ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ˀaɪ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/

/ŋaːi̯²² kɐu̯³³/


白米

/paɪ̯³⁵ mi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/paːk̚² mɐi̯¹³/

/paʔ⁵⁻³³ mi³³/

/pe(ʔ)²⁴⁻² bi⁵⁵⁴/

/pɛ(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ bi⁵³/

/paɪ̯³⁵ mi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/paːk̚² mɐi̯¹³/

/paʔ⁵⁻³³ mi³³/

/pe(ʔ)²⁴⁻² bi⁵⁵⁴/

/pɛ(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ bi⁵³/


冬瓜

→ English: tung qua

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ ku̯ä⁵⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ g̊u̯ä²/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ kʷaː⁵⁵/

/tuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ku̯a²⁴/

/tʊŋ⁴⁴ kua⁴⁴/

/tɔŋ⁵⁴ kua⁵⁴/

/tøyŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋua⁵⁵/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kue⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kue⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kua⁴⁴/

/taŋ³³⁻²¹ kua³³/

/taŋ³³⁻²³ kue³³/

/tʊŋ³³ ku̯a̠³³/

/tən³³ ku̯a̠³³/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ ku̯ä⁵⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ g̊u̯ä²/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ kʷaː⁵⁵/

/tuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ku̯a²⁴/

/tʊŋ⁴⁴ kua⁴⁴/

/tɔŋ⁵⁴ kua⁵⁴/

/tøyŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋua⁵⁵/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kue⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kue⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kua⁴⁴/

/taŋ³³⁻²¹ kua³³/

/taŋ³³⁻²³ kue³³/

/tʊŋ³³ ku̯a̠³³/

/tən³³ ku̯a̠³³/

Benincasa hispida
Benincasa hispida#Translingual

winter melon; ash gourd; wax gourd; tallow gourd (Benincasa hispida) (Classifier: 隻／只 m c)


梅花

/meɪ̯³⁵ xu̯ä⁵⁵/

/meɪ̯³⁵ xu̯ɑɻ⁵⁵/

/muːi̯²¹ faː⁵⁵/

/muĩ²⁴⁻²² hue⁴⁴/

/muĩ²³⁻³³ hue⁴⁴/

/muĩ²⁴⁻²² hue³³/

/muĩ²⁴⁻¹¹ hue⁴⁴/

/muãi²⁴⁻¹¹ hue⁴⁴/

/muãi²³⁻³³ hue⁴⁴/

/muẽ²³⁻³³ hue⁴⁴/

/muẽ²⁴⁻¹¹ hue⁴⁴/

/me̞i̯¹³ ɸa̠³³/

/meɪ̯³⁵ xu̯ä⁵⁵/

/meɪ̯³⁵ xu̯ɑɻ⁵⁵/

/muːi̯²¹ faː⁵⁵/

/muĩ²⁴⁻²² hue⁴⁴/

/muĩ²³⁻³³ hue⁴⁴/

/muĩ²⁴⁻²² hue³³/

/muĩ²⁴⁻¹¹ hue⁴⁴/

/muãi²⁴⁻¹¹ hue⁴⁴/

/muãi²³⁻³³ hue⁴⁴/

/muẽ²³⁻³³ hue⁴⁴/

/muẽ²⁴⁻¹¹ hue⁴⁴/

/me̞i̯¹³ ɸa̠³³/

1976, “梅花 (méihuā) [Plum Blossom]”, 劉家昌 [Liu Chia-chang] (lyrics):

Plum blossoms, plum blossoms, petals filling the sky; the colder it becomes, the more they blossom.

Méihuā méihuā mǎntiān xià, yuè lěng tā yuè kāihuā.

梅花梅花滿天下，越冷它越開花。

梅花梅花满天下，越冷它越开花。


梅花

/meɪ̯³⁵ xu̯ä⁵⁵/

/meɪ̯³⁵ xu̯ɑɻ⁵⁵/

/muːi̯²¹ faː⁵⁵/

/muĩ²⁴⁻²² hue⁴⁴/

/muĩ²³⁻³³ hue⁴⁴/

/muĩ²⁴⁻²² hue³³/

/muĩ²⁴⁻¹¹ hue⁴⁴/

/muãi²⁴⁻¹¹ hue⁴⁴/

/muãi²³⁻³³ hue⁴⁴/

/muẽ²³⁻³³ hue⁴⁴/

/muẽ²⁴⁻¹¹ hue⁴⁴/

/me̞i̯¹³ ɸa̠³³/

/meɪ̯³⁵ xu̯ä⁵⁵/

/meɪ̯³⁵ xu̯ɑɻ⁵⁵/

/muːi̯²¹ faː⁵⁵/

/muĩ²⁴⁻²² hue⁴⁴/

/muĩ²³⁻³³ hue⁴⁴/

/muĩ²⁴⁻²² hue³³/

/muĩ²⁴⁻¹¹ hue⁴⁴/

/muãi²⁴⁻¹¹ hue⁴⁴/

/muãi²³⁻³³ hue⁴⁴/

/muẽ²³⁻³³ hue⁴⁴/

/muẽ²⁴⁻¹¹ hue⁴⁴/

/me̞i̯¹³ ɸa̠³³/

(～鎮) Meihua (a town in Changle district, Fuzhou, Fujian, China)


生薑

/ʂɤŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/sən⁵⁵ t͡ɕiaŋ⁵⁵/

/səŋ²¹ t͡ɕiaŋ²¹/

/sə̃³¹⁻³³ t͡ɕiã³¹/

/saːŋ⁵⁵ kœːŋ⁵⁵/

/ˈsɛn⁴² t͡ɕiɔŋ⁴²/

/saŋ⁴⁴ kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰaŋ⁵⁵ kyoŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰẽ⁴⁴⁻³³ kiũ⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ kiũ⁴⁴/

/sã⁵⁵ t͡ɕiã²¹/

/sã⁵⁵ t͡ɕiã⁵⁵/

/sã³³ t͡ɕiã⁵¹/

/sɑŋ³³ t͡ɕiɑŋ⁵⁵/

/se̞n⁴⁴⁵ t͡ɕi̯an⁴⁴⁵/

/ʂɤŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/sən⁵⁵ t͡ɕiaŋ⁵⁵/

/səŋ²¹ t͡ɕiaŋ²¹/

/sə̃³¹⁻³³ t͡ɕiã³¹/

/saːŋ⁵⁵ kœːŋ⁵⁵/

/ˈsɛn⁴² t͡ɕiɔŋ⁴²/

/saŋ⁴⁴ kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰaŋ⁵⁵ kyoŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰẽ⁴⁴⁻³³ kiũ⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ kiũ⁴⁴/

/sã⁵⁵ t͡ɕiã²¹/

/sã⁵⁵ t͡ɕiã⁵⁵/

/sã³³ t͡ɕiã⁵¹/

/sɑŋ³³ t͡ɕiɑŋ⁵⁵/

/se̞n⁴⁴⁵ t͡ɕi̯an⁴⁴⁵/


落花生

Sino-Xenic (落花生):
* → Japanese: 落(らっ)花(か)生(せい) (rakkasei)
* → Korean: 낙화생(落花生) (nakhwasaeng)

→ Vietnamese: lạc

/lu̯ɔ⁵¹ xu̯ä⁵⁵ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/lu̯ɔ⁵¹ xu̯ä¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/lɔːk̚² faː⁵⁵ sɐŋ⁵⁵/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² hua⁴⁴⁻³³ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/lɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ hua⁴⁴⁻²² siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² hua⁴⁴⁻²² siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/lɔk̚²⁴⁻² hua³³ sŋ̍³³/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² ɡa⁴⁴⁻²² siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² kʰa⁴⁴⁻²² siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/lua²²⁻²¹ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/lua(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ a⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/lua(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/lu̯ɔ⁵¹ xu̯ä⁵⁵ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/lu̯ɔ⁵¹ xu̯ä¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/lɔːk̚² faː⁵⁵ sɐŋ⁵⁵/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² hua⁴⁴⁻³³ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/lɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ hua⁴⁴⁻²² siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² hua⁴⁴⁻²² siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/lɔk̚²⁴⁻² hua³³ sŋ̍³³/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² ɡa⁴⁴⁻²² siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² kʰa⁴⁴⁻²² siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/lua²²⁻²¹ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/lua(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ a⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/lua(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

After the peanut's flower drops to the ground, its ovary enters the soil and the seed pod grows.


鳳梨

Sino-Xenic (鳳梨):
* → Japanese: 鳳(ほう)梨(り) (hōri)
* → Korean: 봉리(鳳梨) (bongni)

/fɤŋ⁵¹ li³⁵/

/fəŋ⁵¹ li²⁴/

/fʊŋ²² lei̯²¹/

/fʊŋ²² lei̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/hɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ lai²⁴/

/hɔŋ³³⁻²¹ lai²³/

/ɔŋ³³⁻²¹ lai²³/

/ɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ lai²⁴/

/fɤŋ⁵¹ li³⁵/

/fəŋ⁵¹ li²⁴/

/fʊŋ²² lei̯²¹/

/fʊŋ²² lei̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/hɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ lai²⁴/

/hɔŋ³³⁻²¹ lai²³/

/ɔŋ³³⁻²¹ lai²³/

/ɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ lai²⁴/

So named for the similarity between the crown of a pineapple and the tail of a male fenghuang.


萵苣

/wɔ⁵⁵ t͡ɕy⁵¹/

/wɔː⁵⁵ kɵy̯²²/

/o³³⁻²³ kɯ³⁵/

/u⁵⁵ t͡ɕy²¹/

/wɔ⁵⁵ t͡ɕy⁵¹/

/wɔː⁵⁵ kɵy̯²²/

/o³³⁻²³ kɯ³⁵/

/u⁵⁵ t͡ɕy²¹/

(Taiwan, phonetic) WG (World Gym, a popular gym chain)


蒿草

/xɑʊ̯⁵⁵ t͡sʰɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/xɑʊ̯⁵⁵ t͡sʰɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/


芝麻菜

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ mä² t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ mä² t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/


芥藍菜

ㄐㄧㄝˋ ㄌㄢˊ ㄘㄞˋ

/kaɪ̯⁵¹ län³⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹ län³⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/kaːi̯³³ laːm²¹ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/

/kaːi̯³³ laːn²¹⁻³⁵ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/

/ki̯e⁵⁵ lan²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰoi̯⁵⁵/

/kiaɪ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ lan¹¹ t͡sʰoɪ⁵³/

/kai²¹³⁻⁵³ l̃aŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ^((t͡sʰ-))ʒɑi²¹³/

/ke⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ nã²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰai⁴¹/

/ke²¹⁻⁵³ nã²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰai²¹/

/kɛ²¹⁻⁵³ nã¹³⁻²² t͡sʰai²¹/

/ke(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ nã²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰai²¹/

/ke(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ nã²³⁻³³ t͡sʰai²¹/

/ke(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ nã²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰai¹¹/

/kai²¹⁻³³ lan²³⁻²¹ t͡sʰai²¹/

/kaɪ̯⁵¹ län³⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹ län³⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/kaːi̯³³ laːm²¹ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/

/kaːi̯³³ laːn²¹⁻³⁵ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/

/ki̯e⁵⁵ lan²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰoi̯⁵⁵/

/kiaɪ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ lan¹¹ t͡sʰoɪ⁵³/

/kai²¹³⁻⁵³ l̃aŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ^((t͡sʰ-))ʒɑi²¹³/

/ke⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ nã²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰai⁴¹/

/ke²¹⁻⁵³ nã²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰai²¹/

/kɛ²¹⁻⁵³ nã¹³⁻²² t͡sʰai²¹/

/ke(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ nã²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰai²¹/

/ke(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ nã²³⁻³³ t͡sʰai²¹/

/ke(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ nã²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰai¹¹/

/kai²¹⁻³³ lan²³⁻²¹ t͡sʰai²¹/


芫荽

→ Tagalog: wansoy

→ Zhuang: yiemzsih

/jɛn³⁵ su̯eɪ̯⁵⁵/

/jɛn³⁵ su̯eɪ̯³/

/ɥɛn³⁵ su̯eɪ̯⁵⁵/

/iɛn²¹ ɕy⁵⁵/

/iẽ²⁴ suəi⁴⁴/

/jyːn²¹ sɵy̯⁵⁵/

/jyːn²¹ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/jiːm²¹ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/iɛŋ¹³⁻²¹ ɬui⁵³³/

/iɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ sui⁴⁴/

/iɛn²⁴⁻²² sui⁴⁴/

/iɛn²⁴⁻²¹ sui⁴⁴/

/iɛn²⁴⁻³³ sui⁴⁴/

/iɛn²³⁻³³ sui⁴⁴/

/iɛn²⁴⁻²² sui³³/

/iam¹³⁻²² suĩ⁴⁴/

/iɛn²⁴⁻³³ suĩ⁴⁴/

/uan²³⁻²¹ suĩ³³/

/uaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sui³³/

/ueŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sui³³/

/jim²¹ ɬəi⁵³/

/jɛn³⁵ su̯eɪ̯⁵⁵/

/jɛn³⁵ su̯eɪ̯³/

/ɥɛn³⁵ su̯eɪ̯⁵⁵/

/iɛn²¹ ɕy⁵⁵/

/iẽ²⁴ suəi⁴⁴/

/jyːn²¹ sɵy̯⁵⁵/

/jyːn²¹ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/jiːm²¹ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/iɛŋ¹³⁻²¹ ɬui⁵³³/

/iɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ sui⁴⁴/

/iɛn²⁴⁻²² sui⁴⁴/

/iɛn²⁴⁻²¹ sui⁴⁴/

/iɛn²⁴⁻³³ sui⁴⁴/

/iɛn²³⁻³³ sui⁴⁴/

/iɛn²⁴⁻²² sui³³/

/iam¹³⁻²² suĩ⁴⁴/

/iɛn²⁴⁻³³ suĩ⁴⁴/

/uan²³⁻²¹ suĩ³³/

/uaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sui³³/

/ueŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sui³³/

/jim²¹ ɬəi⁵³/


番芫荽

/fän⁵⁵ jɛn³⁵ su̯eɪ̯⁵⁵/

/fän⁵⁵ jɛn³⁵ su̯eɪ̯³/

/fän⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵ su̯eɪ̯⁵⁵/

/fän⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵ su̯eɪ̯³/

/fän⁵⁵ jɛn³⁵ su̯eɪ̯⁵⁵/

/fän⁵⁵ jɛn³⁵ su̯eɪ̯³/

/fän⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵ su̯eɪ̯⁵⁵/

/fän⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵ su̯eɪ̯³/


歐芹

/ˀoʊ̯⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰin³⁵/

/ˀoʊ̯⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰin³⁵/


葡萄園

/pʰu³⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/pʰou̯²¹ tʰou̯²¹ jyːn²¹/

/pʰu¹¹ tʰo¹¹ i̯en¹¹/

/pʰu²⁴⁻¹¹ to²⁴⁻¹¹ hŋ̍²⁴/

/pʰu²³⁻³³ tɤ²³⁻³³ hŋ̍²³/

/pʰo²⁴⁻¹¹ to²⁴⁻¹¹ hŋ̍²⁴/

/pʰɤ²³⁻³³ tɤ²³⁻³³ hŋ̍²³/

/pʰu³⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/pʰou̯²¹ tʰou̯²¹ jyːn²¹/

/pʰu¹¹ tʰo¹¹ i̯en¹¹/

/pʰu²⁴⁻¹¹ to²⁴⁻¹¹ hŋ̍²⁴/

/pʰu²³⁻³³ tɤ²³⁻³³ hŋ̍²³/

/pʰo²⁴⁻¹¹ to²⁴⁻¹¹ hŋ̍²⁴/

/pʰɤ²³⁻³³ tɤ²³⁻³³ hŋ̍²³/


葡萄乾

/pʰu³⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³⁵ kän⁵⁵/

/pʰu³⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³ kän⁵⁵/

/pʰu³⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³⁵ kɑɻ⁵⁵/

/pʰu³⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³ kɑɻ⁵⁵/

/pʰou̯²¹ tʰou̯²¹ kɔːn⁵⁵/

/pʰu²⁴⁻¹¹ to²⁴⁻¹¹ kuã⁴⁴/

/pʰu²³⁻³³ tɤ²³⁻³³ kuã⁴⁴/

/pʰu²⁴⁻²² to²⁴⁻²² kuã⁴⁴/

/pʰɤ²⁴⁻³³ tɤ²⁴⁻³³ kuã⁴⁴/

/pʰu⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tʰo⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kũã³³/

/pʰu³⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³⁵ kän⁵⁵/

/pʰu³⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³ kän⁵⁵/

/pʰu³⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³⁵ kɑɻ⁵⁵/

/pʰu³⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³ kɑɻ⁵⁵/

/pʰou̯²¹ tʰou̯²¹ kɔːn⁵⁵/

/pʰu²⁴⁻¹¹ to²⁴⁻¹¹ kuã⁴⁴/

/pʰu²³⁻³³ tɤ²³⁻³³ kuã⁴⁴/

/pʰu²⁴⁻²² to²⁴⁻²² kuã⁴⁴/

/pʰɤ²⁴⁻³³ tɤ²⁴⁻³³ kuã⁴⁴/

/pʰu⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tʰo⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kũã³³/

葡萄乾麵包

葡萄干面包


麥芽

Sino-Xenic (麥芽):
* → Japanese: 麦芽(ばくが) (bakuga)
* → Korean: 맥아(麥芽) (maega)
* → Vietnamese: mạch nha (麥芽)

/maɪ̯⁵¹ jä³⁵/

/mɐk̚² ŋaː²¹/

/maŋ⁵⁻³³ ŋa⁵³/

/be(ʔ)³⁵⁻² ɡe²⁴/

/maɪ̯⁵¹ jä³⁵/

/mɐk̚² ŋaː²¹/

/maŋ⁵⁻³³ ŋa⁵³/

/be(ʔ)³⁵⁻² ɡe²⁴/


榛果

/ʈ͡ʂən⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʈ͡ʂən⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/


芽菜

/jä³⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/ŋaː²¹ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/

/ᵑɡa²² tʰᵘɔi³³/

/jä³⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/ŋaː²¹ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/

/ᵑɡa²² tʰᵘɔi³³/

大豆芽菜

(Anqing Mandarin, Cantonese) bean sprouts (especially of mung beans)

(chiefly Sichuanese) pickled mustard greens


洋山芋

/jɑŋ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵ y⁵¹/

/ɦiã²² se⁵⁵ ɦy²¹/

/jɑŋ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵ y⁵¹/

/ɦiã²² se⁵⁵ ɦy²¹/


穀物

/ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ u⁵¹/

/kʊk̚⁵ mɐt̚²/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁵ but̚¹²¹/

/kɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ but̚²⁴/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ but̚⁴/

/ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ u⁵¹/

/kʊk̚⁵ mɐt̚²/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁵ but̚¹²¹/

/kɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ but̚²⁴/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ but̚⁴/


麥子

→ Manchu: ᠮᠠᡳᠰᡝ (maise)

/maɪ̯⁵¹ d͡z̥z̩¹/

/mɛ²¹ t͡sz̩⁵³/

/mɐk̚² t͡siː³⁵/

/miəʔ² t͡səʔ³/

/maɪ̯⁵¹ d͡z̥z̩¹/

/mɛ²¹ t͡sz̩⁵³/

/mɐk̚² t͡siː³⁵/

/miəʔ² t͡səʔ³/

any cereal crop, but often specifically wheat (Classifier: 株 m)


穀類

/ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ leɪ̯⁵¹/

/kʊk̚⁵ lɵy̯²²/

/ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ leɪ̯⁵¹/

/kʊk̚⁵ lɵy̯²²/


甜椒

/tʰi̯ɛn³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/tʰiːm²¹ t͡siːu̯⁵⁵/

/tĩ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sio⁴⁴/

/tĩ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sio⁴⁴/

/tĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sio⁴⁴/

/tĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siɤ⁴⁴/

/tʰi̯ɛn³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/tʰiːm²¹ t͡siːu̯⁵⁵/

/tĩ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sio⁴⁴/

/tĩ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sio⁴⁴/

/tĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sio⁴⁴/

/tĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siɤ⁴⁴/


辣椒

/lä⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/ŋɛk̚²² t͡siu²¹³⁻⁵⁵/

/l̃aʔ⁵⁻⁵⁵ t͡sieu⁵⁵/

/laʔ¹¹ t͡ɕiɔ²³/

/laʔ¹¹ t͡siɔ²⁴/

/læʔ²² t͡siɔ⁵³/

/ɦlæʔ²² t͡ɕiɔ⁵⁵/

/la̠²⁴ t͡si̯ɒu̯³³/

/la̠²⁴ t͡ɕi̯ɒu̯³³/

/la̠³⁵ t͡si̯ɤ⁴⁴⁻³³/

/lä¹¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁴⁴⁵/

/lä⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/ŋɛk̚²² t͡siu²¹³⁻⁵⁵/

/l̃aʔ⁵⁻⁵⁵ t͡sieu⁵⁵/

/laʔ¹¹ t͡ɕiɔ²³/

/laʔ¹¹ t͡siɔ²⁴/

/læʔ²² t͡siɔ⁵³/

/ɦlæʔ²² t͡ɕiɔ⁵⁵/

/la̠²⁴ t͡si̯ɒu̯³³/

/la̠²⁴ t͡ɕi̯ɒu̯³³/

/la̠³⁵ t͡si̯ɤ⁴⁴⁻³³/

/lä¹¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁴⁴⁵/


栗子

/lɵt̚² t͡siː³⁵/

/liəʔ² t͡səʔ³/

/lat̚⁴⁻³² t͡si⁵³/

/lat̚²⁴⁻² t͡si⁵⁵⁴/

/lat̚¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡si⁵³/

/lat̚⁴⁻³² t͡si⁵³/

/lat̚⁴⁻³² t͡si⁴¹/

/liɪʔ¹¹ t͡sz̩²³/

/lɵt̚² t͡siː³⁵/

/liəʔ² t͡səʔ³/

/lat̚⁴⁻³² t͡si⁵³/

/lat̚²⁴⁻² t͡si⁵⁵⁴/

/lat̚¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡si⁵³/

/lat̚⁴⁻³² t͡si⁵³/

/lat̚⁴⁻³² t͡si⁴¹/

/liɪʔ¹¹ t͡sz̩²³/


板栗

/pän²¹⁴⁻²¹ li⁵¹/

/paːn³⁵ lɵt̚²⁻³⁵/

/ˈpan²¹³⁻¹³ lit̚⁵/

/pän²¹⁴⁻²¹ li⁵¹/

/paːn³⁵ lɵt̚²⁻³⁵/

/ˈpan²¹³⁻¹³ lit̚⁵/


菜花

/t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹ xu̯ä⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹ xu̯ɑɻ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɔːi̯³³ faː⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰoɪ⁵³ fa⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰai²¹⁻⁵³ hue⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰai¹²⁻⁴⁴ hue⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ hue⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ hue⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ hue³³/

/t͡sʰai¹¹²⁻⁴² hue⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰai²¹⁻⁵³ hua⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹ xu̯ä⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹ xu̯ɑɻ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɔːi̯³³ faː⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰoɪ⁵³ fa⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰai²¹⁻⁵³ hue⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰai¹²⁻⁴⁴ hue⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ hue⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ hue⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ hue³³/

/t͡sʰai¹¹²⁻⁴² hue⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰai²¹⁻⁵³ hua⁴⁴/

Allium tuberosum
Allium tuberosum#Translingual

(Kaohsiung and Tainan Hokkien) flowering garlic chives; garlic chive flowers (Allium tuberosum)


花椰菜

/xu̯ä⁵⁵ jɛ⁵⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/xu̯ä⁵⁵ jɛ³⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/faː⁵⁵ jɛː²¹ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/

/xu̯ä⁵⁵ jɛ⁵⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/xu̯ä⁵⁵ jɛ³⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/faː⁵⁵ jɛː²¹ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/


蔥頭

/t͡sʰʊŋ⁵⁵ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/

/t͡sʰʊŋ⁵⁵ tʰɐu̯²¹/

/t͡sʰuŋ²⁴ tʰeu̯¹¹/

/t͡sʰuŋ⁵³ tʰeu⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ tʰeu¹¹/

/t͡sʰuŋ¹¹ tʰəu¹¹/

/t͡sʰaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tʰau²⁴/

/t͡sʰaŋ³³ tʰau²⁴/

/t͡sʰaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tʰau¹³/

/t͡sʰaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰau²⁴/

/t͡sʰaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰau²³/

/t͡sʰʊŋ⁵⁵ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/

/t͡sʰʊŋ⁵⁵ tʰɐu̯²¹/

/t͡sʰuŋ²⁴ tʰeu̯¹¹/

/t͡sʰuŋ⁵³ tʰeu⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ tʰeu¹¹/

/t͡sʰuŋ¹¹ tʰəu¹¹/

/t͡sʰaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tʰau²⁴/

/t͡sʰaŋ³³ tʰau²⁴/

/t͡sʰaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tʰau¹³/

/t͡sʰaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰau²⁴/

/t͡sʰaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰau²³/

(Ting Kok and Tung Ping Chau Cantonese) green onion


豆角

/toʊ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/toʊ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯aʊ̯ɻʷ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tɐu̯²² kɔːk̚³/

/tʰeu⁵³⁻⁵⁵ kɔk̚¹/

/tau²⁴²⁻⁵³ kɔyʔ²⁴/

/təu̯²¹⁻¹¹ ko²⁴/

/toʊ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/toʊ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯aʊ̯ɻʷ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tɐu̯²² kɔːk̚³/

/tʰeu⁵³⁻⁵⁵ kɔk̚¹/

/tau²⁴²⁻⁵³ kɔyʔ²⁴/

/təu̯²¹⁻¹¹ ko²⁴/


奇異果

/t͡ɕʰi³⁵ i⁵¹ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʰei̯²¹ jiː²² kʷɔː³⁵/

/t͡sʰi²⁴ i³¹ ko¹¹/

/ki²³⁻³³ i³³⁻²¹ kɤ⁴¹/

/ki²⁴⁻¹¹ i³³⁻¹¹ ko⁵³/

/t͡ɕʰi³⁵ i⁵¹ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʰei̯²¹ jiː²² kʷɔː³⁵/

/t͡sʰi²⁴ i³¹ ko¹¹/

/ki²³⁻³³ i³³⁻²¹ kɤ⁴¹/

/ki²⁴⁻¹¹ i³³⁻¹¹ ko⁵³/

奇異／奇异 is a phono-semantic matching of English kiwi (fruit).


開心果

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ ɕin⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

ㄎㄞ ㄒㄧㄣ ㄍㄨㄛˇㄦ

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ ɕin⁵⁵ ku̯ɔɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔːi̯⁵⁵ sɐm⁵⁵ kʷɔː³⁵/

/kʰe⁵⁵ ɕin³³ ku²¹/

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ ɕin⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ ɕin⁵⁵ ku̯ɔɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔːi̯⁵⁵ sɐm⁵⁵ kʷɔː³⁵/

/kʰe⁵⁵ ɕin³³ ku²¹/

Said to be thus called from the shape resemblance to a smiling face. Alternatively, it may be a literal interpretation of 開心 (“to open the heart”), since most pistachio nuts dehisce, or pop open as they mature.


西葫蘆

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ wuː²¹ lou̯²¹/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ wuː²¹ lou̯²¹/


紅毛丹

/xʊŋ³⁵ mɑʊ̯³⁵ tän⁵⁵/

/hʊŋ²¹ mou̯²¹ taːn⁵⁵/

/aŋ²³⁻²¹ mɔ²³⁻²¹ tan³³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²¹ mɔ²⁴⁻²¹ tan⁴⁴/

/aŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ mo⁵⁵⁻¹¹ taŋ³³/

/xʊŋ³⁵ mɑʊ̯³⁵ tän⁵⁵/

/hʊŋ²¹ mou̯²¹ taːn⁵⁵/

/aŋ²³⁻²¹ mɔ²³⁻²¹ tan³³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²¹ mɔ²⁴⁻²¹ tan⁴⁴/

/aŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ mo⁵⁵⁻¹¹ taŋ³³/

/aŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ mo⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tan³³/

Phono-semantic matching of Malay rambutan.


扁桃

/pi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰɑʊ̯³⁵/

/pi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰɑʊ̯³⁵/

A Central Asian import during the Medieval period. Perhaps a phono-semantic matching of Persian بادام (bâdâm, “almond”) (as per Cihai), semantically construed as the “flat peach”.

Prunus amygdalus
Prunus amygdalus#Translingual

almond (the plant Prunus amygdalus or its fruit)


龍蒿

/lʊŋ³⁵ xɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/lʊŋ²¹ hou̯⁵⁵/

/lʊŋ³⁵ xɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/lʊŋ²¹ hou̯⁵⁵/

Artemisia dracunculus
Artemisia dracunculus#Translingual


苦艾

/kʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ˀaɪ̯⁵¹/

/fuː³⁵ ŋaːi̯²²/

/kʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ˀaɪ̯⁵¹/

/fuː³⁵ ŋaːi̯²²/

Artemisia absinthium
Artemisia absinthium#Translingual

absinthium; absinthe; wormwood; Artemisia absinthium


蕎麥

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (蕎麥):
* → Korean: 교맥(蕎麥) (gyomaek)

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ maɪ̯⁵¹/

/t͡ɕʰiau²¹ mɛ²¹/

/kʰiːu̯²¹ mɐk̚²/

/t͡ɕʰiɛu²⁴ maʔ²/

/t͡ɕʰiau¹¹ miəʔ²/

/kieu⁵³⁻³³ mɛiʔ⁵/

/kio²⁴⁻²² beʔ⁴/

/kio²⁴⁻¹¹ beʔ⁴/

/kiɤ²³⁻³³ beʔ⁴/

/d͡ʑiɔ²² maʔ⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯ɒu̯¹³ mɤ̞²⁴/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ maɪ̯⁵¹/

/t͡ɕʰiau²¹ mɛ²¹/

/kʰiːu̯²¹ mɐk̚²/

/t͡ɕʰiɛu²⁴ maʔ²/

/t͡ɕʰiau¹¹ miəʔ²/

/kieu⁵³⁻³³ mɛiʔ⁵/

/kio²⁴⁻²² beʔ⁴/

/kio²⁴⁻¹¹ beʔ⁴/

/kiɤ²³⁻³³ beʔ⁴/

/d͡ʑiɔ²² maʔ⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯ɒu̯¹³ mɤ̞²⁴/


萊檬

/laɪ̯³⁵ mɤŋ³⁵/

/lɔːi̯²¹ mʊŋ⁵⁵/

/laɪ̯³⁵ mɤŋ³⁵/

/lɔːi̯²¹ mʊŋ⁵⁵/


稻米

/tɑʊ̯⁵¹ mi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tou̯²² mɐi̯¹³/

/tiu²²⁻²¹ bi⁵³/

/tiu⁴¹⁻²² bi⁵⁵⁴/

/tiu²²⁻²¹ bi⁵³/

/tiu³³⁻¹¹ bi⁵³/

/tiu³³⁻²¹ bi⁴¹/

/tɑʊ̯⁵¹ mi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tou̯²² mɐi̯¹³/

/tiu²²⁻²¹ bi⁵³/

/tiu⁴¹⁻²² bi⁵⁵⁴/

/tiu²²⁻²¹ bi⁵³/

/tiu³³⁻¹¹ bi⁵³/

/tiu³³⁻²¹ bi⁴¹/


食糧

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ li̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/sɪk̚² lœːŋ²¹/

/sɨt̚⁵ li̯oŋ¹¹/

/sit̚⁴⁻³² niũ²⁴/

/sit̚⁴⁻³² niũ²³/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ li̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/sɪk̚² lœːŋ²¹/

/sɨt̚⁵ li̯oŋ¹¹/

/sit̚⁴⁻³² niũ²⁴/

/sit̚⁴⁻³² niũ²³/


扁豆

/pi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹ toʊ̯⁵¹/

/pi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹ tɤʊ̯ɻʷ⁵¹/

/piːn³⁵ tɐu̯²²/

/pĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tau²²/

/pĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tau⁴¹/

/pĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tau²²/

/pĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tau³³/

/pĩ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tau³³/

/pi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹ toʊ̯⁵¹/

/pi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹ tɤʊ̯ɻʷ⁵¹/

/piːn³⁵ tɐu̯²²/

/pĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tau²²/

/pĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tau⁴¹/

/pĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tau²²/

/pĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tau³³/

/pĩ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tau³³/


小扁豆

ㄒㄧㄠˇ ㄅㄧㄢˇ ㄉㄡˋ

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ pi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹ toʊ̯⁵¹/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ pi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹ toʊ̯⁵¹/


菜豆

/t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ toʊ̯⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɔːi̯³³ tɐu̯²²⁻³⁵/

/t͡sʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ tau³³/

/t͡sʰai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tau⁴¹/

/t͡sʰai¹¹²⁻⁴² tau²²/

/t͡sʰai²¹⁻⁵³ tau²²/

/t͡sʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ tau³³/

/t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ toʊ̯⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɔːi̯³³ tɐu̯²²⁻³⁵/

/t͡sʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ tau³³/

/t͡sʰai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tau⁴¹/

/t͡sʰai¹¹²⁻⁴² tau²²/

/t͡sʰai²¹⁻⁵³ tau²²/

/t͡sʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ tau³³/

Phaseolus vulgaris
Phaseolus vulgaris#Translingual

common bean; kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)

Vigna unguiculata
Vigna unguiculata#Translingual

(chiefly Hokkien) cowpea; black-eyed pea (Vigna unguiculata)


腰果

/jɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ku̯ɔɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jiːu̯⁵⁵ kʷɔː³⁵/

/io⁴⁴⁻³³ ko⁵³/

/iɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɤ⁴¹/

/jɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ku̯ɔɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jiːu̯⁵⁵ kʷɔː³⁵/

/io⁴⁴⁻³³ ko⁵³/

/iɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɤ⁴¹/


水蜜桃

ㄕㄨㄟˇ ㄇㄧˋ ㄊㄠˊ

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ mi⁵¹ tʰɑʊ̯³⁵/

ㄕㄨㄟˇ ㄇㄧˋ ㄊㄠˊㄦ

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ mi⁵¹ tʰaʊ̯ɻʷ³⁵/

/sɵy̯³⁵ mɐt̚² tʰou̯²¹/

/sɵy̯³⁵ mɐt̚² tʰou̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ bit̚⁴⁻³² tʰɤ²³/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bit̚⁴⁻³² tʰo²⁴/

/sz̩³³ miɪʔ⁵⁵ dɔ²¹/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ mi⁵¹ tʰɑʊ̯³⁵/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ mi⁵¹ tʰaʊ̯ɻʷ³⁵/

/sɵy̯³⁵ mɐt̚² tʰou̯²¹/

/sɵy̯³⁵ mɐt̚² tʰou̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ bit̚⁴⁻³² tʰɤ²³/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bit̚⁴⁻³² tʰo²⁴/

/sz̩³³ miɪʔ⁵⁵ dɔ²¹/


番薯

/faːn⁵⁵ syː²¹⁻³⁵/

/faːn⁵⁵ syː²¹⁻³⁵/

Phono-semantic matching of English fans.

(Cantonese, humorous) fan (e.g. of music, movies, celebrities)


青椒

→ Mongolian: чинжүү (činžüü)

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰĩ³¹⁻³³ t͡siɔ³¹/

/t͡sʰɛːŋ⁵⁵ t͡siːu̯⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ¹¹ t͡ɕiau¹¹/

/t͡ɕʰin⁵⁵ t͡ɕiɔ²¹/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰĩ³¹⁻³³ t͡siɔ³¹/

/t͡sʰɛːŋ⁵⁵ t͡siːu̯⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ¹¹ t͡ɕiau¹¹/

/t͡ɕʰin⁵⁵ t͡ɕiɔ²¹/

Capsicum annuum
Capsicum annuum#Translingual


西紅柿炒雞蛋

ㄒㄧ ㄏㄨㄥˊ ㄕˋ ㄔㄠˇ ㄐㄧ ㄉㄢˋ

сихунши чаоцзидань

/ɕi⁵⁵ xʊŋ³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi⁵⁵ tän⁵¹/

scrambled eggs with fresh tomato (a well-known Chinese dish)


番茄炒蛋

ㄈㄢ ㄑㄧㄝˊ ㄔㄠˇ ㄉㄢˋ

фаньце чаодань

/fän⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ tän⁵¹/

/faːn⁵⁵ kʰɛː²¹⁻³⁵ t͡sʰaːu̯³⁵ taːn²²⁻³⁵/

/fän⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ tän⁵¹/

/faːn⁵⁵ kʰɛː²¹⁻³⁵ t͡sʰaːu̯³⁵ taːn²²⁻³⁵/


炒蛋

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ tän⁵¹/

/t͡sʰaːu̯³⁵ taːn²²⁻³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ tän⁵¹/

/t͡sʰaːu̯³⁵ taːn²²⁻³⁵/


菜椒

/t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɔːi̯³³ t͡siːu̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰai¹²⁻⁴⁴ t͡sio⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɔːi̯³³ t͡siːu̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰai¹²⁻⁴⁴ t͡sio⁴⁴/


皮蛋

/pʰi³⁵ tän⁵¹/

/pʰi²⁴ tã⁴⁴/

/pʰi²⁴ tæ̃⁴⁴/

/pʰei̯²¹ taːn²²⁻³⁵/

/pʰɐi²¹ tɛŋ³²⁻³⁵/

/pʰei²² an³²⁻³²⁵/

/pʰi²⁴ ˈtʰan¹¹/

/pʰi²⁴⁻¹¹ tan¹¹/

/pʰi¹³⁻²² tan²¹/

/pʰi²⁴⁻²² tan⁴¹/

/pʰi²³⁻³³ tan²¹/

/pʰi²⁴⁻¹¹ tan¹¹²/

/pʰi²⁴⁻²² tan²¹/

/bi²² dẽ̞³⁴/

/pi¹³ tan²¹⁻¹¹/

/bi¹³ dã̠¹¹⁻¹/

/pʰi³⁵ tän⁵¹/

/pʰi²⁴ tã⁴⁴/

/pʰi²⁴ tæ̃⁴⁴/

/pʰei̯²¹ taːn²²⁻³⁵/

/pʰɐi²¹ tɛŋ³²⁻³⁵/

/pʰei²² an³²⁻³²⁵/

/pʰi²⁴ ˈtʰan¹¹/

/pʰi²⁴⁻¹¹ tan¹¹/

/pʰi¹³⁻²² tan²¹/

/pʰi²⁴⁻²² tan⁴¹/

/pʰi²³⁻³³ tan²¹/

/pʰi²⁴⁻¹¹ tan¹¹²/

/pʰi²⁴⁻²² tan²¹/

/bi²² dẽ̞³⁴/

/pi¹³ tan²¹⁻¹¹/

/bi¹³ dã̠¹¹⁻¹/

/bi¹³⁻³³ dã̠¹¹/

/bi¹³⁻³³ dã̠¹¹/


橙子

Sino-Xenic (橙子):
* → Korean: 등자(橙子) (deungja)

→ Uyghur: چېڭزى (chëngzi)

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ d͡z̥z̩³/

/t͡sʰən²¹ t͡sz̩⁵³/

/ʈ͡ʂʰəŋ²⁴ t͡sz̩⁵¹/

/t͡sʰaːŋ²¹⁻³⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ d͡z̥z̩³/

/t͡sʰən²¹ t͡sz̩⁵³/

/ʈ͡ʂʰəŋ²⁴ t͡sz̩⁵¹/

/t͡sʰaːŋ²¹⁻³⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

(Southwestern Mandarin, Pingxiang Gan, Jiangxi Hakka, Shuangfeng Xiang) pomelo


臘梅

/lä⁵¹ meɪ̯³⁵/

/lä⁵¹ meɪ̯³⁵/

(informal) Chinese plum blossom (Prunus mume)


蜜桔

/mi⁵¹ t͡ɕy³⁵/

/mi⁵¹ t͡ɕy³⁵/

Chinese honey orange; honey-sweet mandarin


青瓜

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ku̯ä⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɛːŋ⁵⁵ kʷaː⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ku̯ä⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɛːŋ⁵⁵ kʷaː⁵⁵/

(regional, dialectal) cucumber (Classifier: 根 m; 條／条 c)


薰衣草

/ɕyn⁵⁵ i⁵⁵ t͡sʰɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fɐn⁵⁵ jiː⁵⁵ t͡sʰou̯³⁵/

/ɕyn⁵⁵ i⁵⁵ t͡sʰɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fɐn⁵⁵ jiː⁵⁵ t͡sʰou̯³⁵/


荷包蛋

/xɤ³⁵ pɑʊ̯⁵⁵ tän⁵¹/

/xɤ³⁵ paʊ̯ɻʷ⁵⁵ tän⁵¹/

/xə²⁴ pɔ⁵¹ tæ̃⁴⁴/

/hɔː²¹ paːu̯⁵⁵ taːn²²⁻³⁵/

/xɤ¹¹ pau¹¹ tæ̃⁴⁵/

/ɦu²² pɔ⁵⁵ de²¹/

/xo¹³ pɒu̯³³ tan²¹⁻¹¹/

/xɤ³⁵ pɑʊ̯⁵⁵ tän⁵¹/

/xɤ³⁵ paʊ̯ɻʷ⁵⁵ tän⁵¹/

/xə²⁴ pɔ⁵¹ tæ̃⁴⁴/

/hɔː²¹ paːu̯⁵⁵ taːn²²⁻³⁵/

/xɤ¹¹ pau¹¹ tæ̃⁴⁵/

/ɦu²² pɔ⁵⁵ de²¹/

/xo¹³ pɒu̯³³ tan²¹⁻¹¹/

poached egg; fried egg (without breaking yolk) (Classifier: 個／个 m; 隻／只 m c)


心裡美蘿蔔

ㄒㄧㄣ ㄌㄧˇ ㄇㄟˇ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ˙ㄅㄛ

синьлимэй лобо

/ɕin⁵⁵ li²¹⁴⁻³⁵ meɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ lu̯ɔ³⁵ b̥u̯ɔ³/

/sɐm⁵⁵ lɵy̯¹³ mei̯¹³ lɔː²¹ paːk̚²/

/sɐm⁵⁵ lɵy̯¹³ mei̯¹³ lɔː²¹ paːk̚²/

(Chinese cuisine, botany) watermelon radish (heirloom variety of daikon with a dull gray exterior and bright rose or fuchsia heart)


貓薄荷

/mɑʊ̯⁵⁵ pu̯ɔ⁵¹ xə¹/

/maːu̯⁵⁵ pɔːk̚² hɔː²¹/

/mɑʊ̯⁵⁵ pu̯ɔ⁵¹ xə¹/

/maːu̯⁵⁵ pɔːk̚² hɔː²¹/

Nepeta cataria
Nepeta cataria#Translingual

Nepeta grandiflora
Wikispecies:Nepeta grandiflora

catnip (Nepeta cataria and Nepeta grandiflora)


鼠尾蘿蔔

ㄕㄨˇ ㄨㄟˇ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄅㄛˊ

/ʂu²¹⁴⁻³⁵ weɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ lu̯ɔ³⁵ pu̯ɔ³⁵/

/ʂu²¹⁴⁻³⁵ weɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ lu̯ɔ³⁵ pu̯ɔ³⁵/

Named for its prominent trailing, edible seedpods.


蛋殼

/tän⁵¹ kʰɤ³⁵/

/tän⁵¹ kʰɤɻ³⁵/

/taːn²²⁻³⁵ hɔːk̚³/

/tän⁵¹ kʰɤ³⁵/

/tän⁵¹ kʰɤɻ³⁵/

/taːn²²⁻³⁵ hɔːk̚³/


鼠尾草

/ʂu²¹⁴⁻³⁵ weɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sʰɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/syː³⁵ mei̯¹³ t͡sʰou̯³⁵/

/ʂu²¹⁴⁻³⁵ weɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sʰɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/syː³⁵ mei̯¹³ t͡sʰou̯³⁵/

Salvia officinalis
Salvia officinalis#Translingual


菜蔬

/t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹ ʂu⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɛ⁴⁴ fou²⁴/

/t͡sʰɔːi̯³³ sɔː⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰai²¹⁻⁵³ sue⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ sue⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ sue⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ sue³³/

/t͡sʰai²¹⁻⁵³ se⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ se⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰai¹²⁻⁴⁴ se⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ se⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹ ʂu⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɛ⁴⁴ fou²⁴/

/t͡sʰɔːi̯³³ sɔː⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰai²¹⁻⁵³ sue⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ sue⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ sue⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ sue³³/

/t͡sʰai²¹⁻⁵³ se⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ se⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰai¹²⁻⁴⁴ se⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ se⁴⁴/