Melbourne

From English Melbourne, from Old English.

Melbourne (the capital city of Victoria, Australia)


Sydney

Sydney (the capital city of New South Wales, Australia)


Darwin

Northern Territory
Northern Territory#English

Darwin (the capital city of the Northern Territory, Australia)


San Francisco

Borrowed from Spanish San Francisco, named after Saint Francis of Assisi.


Manila

Borrowed from Spanish Manila, from Tagalog Maynila.

Manila (the capital city of the Philippines; regional capital of Metro Manila, in the island of Luzon)

(historical) Manila (the capital city of Spanish-era Philippines; modern Intramuros)


Valencia

Valencia (the capital city of the autonomous community of Valencia, Spain)

Valencia (a city in Bukidnon, Philippines)


Gibraltar

Gibraltar (a peninsula, city, and overseas territory of the United Kingdom, at the southern end of Iberia)


Sugbo

Folk traditions erroneously append the meaning of "scorched earth" after the scorched earth tactics of the legendary Sri Lumay, inspired by sugba. However, it is most likely derived from sugbo, which originally meant "to stay in shallow waters", as per the Vocabulario de la Lengua Bisaya.


Ariel

From English Ariel. Also from Spanish Ariel. Both from Biblical Hebrew אֲרִיאֵל (ari'él, a compound of אֲרִי (arí, “lion”) + אֵל (él, “God”), literally “lion of God”).
The female given name is from Ariel, the titular character of the 1989 Disney animated film The Little Mermaid.

der

(biblical) Ariel (a name for the city of Jerusalem, the claimed (and de-facto) capital city of modern Israel, and the claimed capital city of modern Palestine)


San Jose

a barangay in Compostela, Compostela Valley, Philippines

A municipality, the capital of the Dinagat Islands, Caraga, Philippines

A municipality of Nueva Ecija, Philippines


Orlando

From English Orlando, from Italian Orlando.

Orlando (a city, the county seat of Orange County, Florida, United States, see Orlando, Florida)


Denver

Denver (the capital and largest city of Colorado, United States)


San Carlos

Negros Occidental
Negros Occidental#English


Toledo

Borrowed from Spanish Toledo, from Latin Tolētum.

Castile-La Mancha
Castile-La Mancha#English

Toledo (a city in Castile-La Mancha, Spain)


Zamboanga

From Spanish Zamboanga, from Central Sama Samboangan (“mooring place”) from samboang (“mooring pole”) + -an (“place marker suffix”), as attested in the Velarde Map (1734). A popular folk etymology may also attribute it to either Indonesian jambangan (“flower garden”) or Malay jambangan (“flower garden”) or Tausug jambangan (“flower garden”) from jambang (“flower pot”) + -an (“place marker suffix”), but this name has never been attested in any historical records prior to the 1960s with the place being attested usually instead as "Samboangan".

suffix

Zamboanga City (a city in the Philippines)


Logroño

From Spanish Logroño, of unknown origin, but most likely from Old Spanish lo (definite article) + Celtiberian gronio (“ford”).

Logroño (the capital city of La Rioja, Spain)


Isabela

Borrowed from Spanish Isabela. Named after Isabella II of Spain.


Angeles

From Spanish Ángeles. The city is short for Spanish Pueblo de los Angeles (lit. Town of Angeles).

Angeles (the largest city in Pampanga, Philippines)


Bago

A barangay of Asturias, Cebu, Philippines


Medellin

The municipality and city are both named after Medellín, Spain.

Medellín; the second largest city of Colombia


Batangas

[bɐˈt̪aŋ.ɡɐs̪]

From Spanish Batangas, from Tagalog batangan, from batang + -an.

Batangas (a city, the provincial capital of Batangas, Calabarzon, Luzon, Philippines; a former municipality)


Surigao

[s̪ʊˈɾ̪i.ɡɐʊ̯]

From Philippine Spanish Surigao, previously spelled as Suligao, from Kamayo Suligaw (“the Surigao River”), from suligao (“springwater”).

Surigao del Norte
Surigao del Norte#English

Surigao City (a city, the provincial capital of Surigao del Norte, Caraga, Mindanao, Philippines)


Calamba

Calamba (the largest city in Laguna, Philippines)


Mandaue

Previously spelled Mandawe. Folk-etymologized as from mantawi (“a kind of vine”).


Baguio

Baguio (an independent city in Benguet, Philippines)


Masbate

Masbate City (a city, the provincial capital of Masbate, Bicol Region, Luzon, Philippines)


Lapulapu

the city of Lapu-Lapu, named after the chieftain


Capiz

From Spanish Cápiz, from Capiznon kapis.

Capiz (a city, the provincial capital of Capiz, Visayas, Philippines; modern Roxas)


Bacolod

Bacolod (a city, the provincial capital of Negros Occidental, Western Visayas, Philippines)


Tagum

A city, the provincial capital of Davao del Norte, Davao Region, Mindanao, Philippines


Sorsogon

Sorsogon City (a city, the provincial capital of Sorsogon, Bicol Region, Luzon, Philippines)


Maasin

A city, the provincial capital of Southern Leyte, Eastern Visayas, Philippines


Tagbilaran

[t̪ɐɡ.bɪˈl̪a.ɾ̪ɐn̪]

Tagbilaran (a city, the provincial capital of Bohol, Central Visayas, Philippines)


San Fernando

Borrowed from Spanish San Fernando, named after King Ferdinand III of Castile.

named-after

Several locations in the Philippines named after Ferdinand III of Castile

San Fernando (a city, the provincial capital of La Union, Ilocos Region, Luzon, Philippines)

San Fernando (a city, the provincial capital of Pampanga, Central Luzon, Philippines)


Naga

From naga. The tree was supposedly abundant in the city in Cebu.


Butuan

Agusan del Norte
Agusan del Norte#English

Butuan (the capital city of Agusan del Norte, Caraga, Mindanao, Philippines)


Dipolog

Zamboanga del Norte
Zamboanga del Norte#English

Zamboanga Peninsula
Zamboanga Peninsula#English

Dipolog (a city, the provincial capital of Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga Peninsula, Mindanao, Philippines)


Malaybalay

Malay + balay, misheard from "Tagbalaybalay kay."

Northern Mindanao
Northern Mindanao#English

Malaybalay (a city, the provincial capital of Bukidnon, Northern Mindanao, Mindanao, Philippines)


Dabaw

From either Giangan Dawaw or Obo Manobo Davah or Tagabawa Dabo, initially referring to the Davao River.

either of the provinces of Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Davao Occidental or Davao Oriental


Kabankalan

From kabangkalan, from bangkal, a species of tree abundant in the place.

Kabankalan (a city in Negros Occidental, Philippines)


Tandag

Folk-etymologized as an alteration of tangad (“lemongrass”).

A city, the provincial capital of Surigao del Sur, Caraga, Mindanao, Philippines


Bislig

By folk-etymology, from bislig, a vine related to rattan. Alternatively from bizlin (“a gold nugget”), bislin in present-day Cebuano orthography.


Digos

Digos (a city, the provincial capital of Davao del Sur, Davao Region, Mindanao, Philippines)


Pagadian

[pɐ.ɡɐˈd̪i.ʔɐn̪]

Multiple etymologies exist:
* The city is believed to have been an Iranun trading post in the past, and so a blend of Iranun pagad (“to wait”) + padian (“market”) are widely accepted as the roots of the name.
* Possibly from Central Subanen gagadian, a bird that the native inhabitants call.
* Possibly from the Cebuano word pangadyian (“a place to pray; land of prayers”), from pangadyi (“prayer”) + -an.
* Also speculated to be derived from Central Subanen pengadian (“school”).

Zamboanga del Sur
Zamboanga del Sur#English

Pagadian (a city, the provincial capital of Zamboanga del Sur, Zamboanga Peninsula, Mindanao, Philippines)


Iloilo

Batiano River
Fort San Pedro (Iloilo)
Iloilo River

Borrowed from Spanish Iloílo, from Hiligaynon Ilong-Ilong, from ilong (“nose”), from the nose-like shape of the land between the Iloilo River and Batiano River where the Spanish Fort San Pedro is located.

Iloilo City (an independent city, the provincial capital of Iloilo, Western Visayas, Visayas, Philippines)


Cagayan de Oro

Misamis Oriental
Misamis Oriental#English

Cagayan de Oro (a city, the provincial capital of Misamis Oriental, Northern Mindanao, Philippines)


San Vicente

After the city's patron saint Saint Vincent Ferrer.


Dumaguete

Dumaguete (a city, the provincial capital of Negros Oriental, Central Visayas, Philippines)


Batikano

Vatican City (a city-state in Southern Europe, an enclave within the city of Rome, Italy)


Masbate City

Masbate City (a city, the provincial capital of Masbate, Bicol Region, Luzon, Philippines)


Borongan

[boˈɾ̪oŋ.ɡɐn̪]

Borongan (a city, the provincial capital of Eastern Samar, Eastern Visayas, Philippines)


Sagay

Sagay (a city in Negros Occidental, Philippines)