-ов

ябълка (jabǎlka, “an apple”) + -ов (-ov) → ябълков (jabǎlkov, “apple (adj.)”)

право (pravo, “law”) + -ов (-ov) → правов (pravov, “legal, pertaining to law”)

бук (buk, “oak”) + -ов (-ov) → буков (bukov, “of oak, oaken”)

еж (ež, “hedgehog”) + -ов (-ov) → ежов (ežov, “hedgehog's”)

of, belonging to; creates possessive adjectives.

Петров

Петров кон


-ски

-ski (romanization)
-ски (indefinite singular)
-ски (indefinite plural)
-ският (definite singular subjective)
-ските (definite plural subjective)
-ския (definite objective singular)
-ските (definite objective plural)

море́ (moré) + -ски (-ski) → мо́рски (mórski)

брат (brat) + -ски (-ski) → бра́тски (brátski)

жена́ (žená) + -ски (-ski) → же́нски (žénski)

свят (svjat) + -ски (-ski) → све́тски (svétski)


-ка

-ka (romanization)
-чица (diminutive)
-ка (indefinite singular)
-ки (indefinite plural)
-ката (definite singular)
-ките (definite plural)

→ Gagauz: -ka

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъka and Proto-Slavic *-ьka (the latter causes palatalization of preceding velars).

брой (broj) + -ка (-ka) → бро́йка (brójka)

жи́ца (žíca) + -ка (-ka) → жи́чка (žíčka)

кни́га (kníga) + -ка (-ka) → кни́жка (knížka)

пи́та (píta) + -ка (-ka) → пи́тка (pítka)

Снежа́на (Snežána) + -ка (-ka) → Снежа́нка (Snežánka)

Мари́я (Maríja) + -ка (-ka) → Мари́йка (Maríjka)

Forms diminutives of feminine nouns, including personal names:

бял (bjal) + -ка (-ka) → бе́лка (bélka)

горчи́в (gorčív) + -ка (-ka) → горчи́вка (gorčívka)

лис (lis) + -ка (-ka) → ли́ска (líska)

ме́ден (méden) + -ка (-ka) → ме́денка (médenka)

здрав (zdrav) + -ка (-ka) → Здра́вка (Zdrávka)

рад (rad) + -ка (-ka) → Ра́дка (Rádka)

Forms feminine nouns (including personal names) from adjectives:

гле́дам (glédam) + -ка (-ka) → гле́дка (glédka)

ме́ря (mérja) + -ка (-ka) → мя́рка (mjárka)

плета́ (pletá) + -ка (-ka) → пле́тка (plétka)

стъ́пя (stǎ́pja) + -ка (-ka) → стъ́пка (stǎ́pka)

Forms resultant or abstract nouns from verbs:

гре́я (gréja) + -ка (-ka) → гре́йка (gréjka)

държа́ (dǎržá) + -ка (-ka) → дръ́жка (drǎ́žka)

люле́я (ljuléja) + -ка (-ka) → лю́лка (ljúlka)

цедя́ (cedjá) + -ка (-ka) → це́дка (cédka)

доя́ (dojá) + -ка (-ka) → до́йка (dójka)

ква́кам (kvákam) + -ка (-ka) → ква́чка (kváčka)

роди́ла (rodíla) + -ка (-ka) → роди́лка (rodílka)

хубаве́ла (hubavéla) + -ка (-ka) → хубаве́лка (hubavélka)

Forms agent nouns from verbs or participles:

друг (drug) + -ка (-ka) → дру́жка (drúžka)

глупа́к (glupák) + -ка (-ka) → глупа́чка (glupáčka)

жетва́р (žetvár) + -ка (-ka) → жетва́рка (žetvárka)

селя́нин (seljánin) + -ка (-ka) → селя́нка (seljánka) (nouns in -анин/-янин lose the ending -ин)

съсе́д (sǎséd) + -ка (-ka) → съсе́дка (sǎsédka)

учи́тел (učítel) + -ка (-ka) → учи́телка (učítelka)

Forms feminine counter-parts to masculine agent nouns:

въш (vǎš) + -ка (-ka) → въ́шка (vǎ́ška)

гъс (gǎs) + -ка (-ka) → гъска (gǎska)

кот (kot) + -ка (-ka) → ко́тка (kótka)

миш (miš) + -ка (-ka) → ми́шка (míška)

Forms secondary animal names from earlier root-athematic forms (which often have become obsolete):

днес (dnes) + -ка (-ka) → дне́ска (dnéska)

ноще́с (noštés) + -ка (-ka) → ноще́ска (noštéska)

зимъ́с (zimǎ́s) + -ка (-ka) → зимъ́ска (zimǎ́ska)

завча́с (zavčás) + -ка (-ka) → завча́ска (zavčáska)

Creates emphatic forms of certain temporal adverbs.


-ец

Inherited from Old Church Slavonic -ьць (-ĭcĭ), from Proto-Slavic *-ьcь.

inh+

вя́тър (vjátǎr, “wind”) + -ец (-ec) → ветре́ц (vetréc)

мед (med, “honey”) + -ец (-ec) → меде́ц (medéc)

хляб (hljab, “bread”) + -ец (-ec) → хле́бец (hlébec)

прах (prah, “dust”) + -ец (-ec) → праше́ц (prašéc)

стар (star, “old”) + -ец (-ec) → ста́рец (stárec, “old man”)

мъ́дър (mǎ́dǎr, “wise”) + -ец (-ec) → мъдре́ц (mǎdréc, “wise man”)

свят (svjat, “holy”) + -ец (-ec) → свете́ц (svetéc, “saint”)

сляп (sljap, “blind”) + -ец (-ec) → слепе́ц (slepéc, “blind man”)

From adjectives expressing a quality, forms masculine nouns for people with that quality.

ловя́ (lovjá, “to hunt”) + -ец (-ec) → лове́ц (lovéc, “hunter”)

крада́ (kradá, “to steal”) + -ец (-ec) → краде́ц (kradéc, “thief”)

звъня́ (zvǎnjá, “to rung”) + -ец (-ec) → звъне́ц (zvǎnéc, “doorbell; bicycle bell”)

лъ́жа (lǎ́ža, “to lie”) + -ец (-ec) → лъже́ц (lǎžéc, “liar”)

А́встрия (Ávstrija, “Austria”) + -ец (-ec) → австри́ец (avstríec, “Austrian”)

Алба́ния (Albánija, “Albania”) + -ец (-ec) → алба́нец (albánec, “Albanian”)

Евро́па (Evrópa, “Europe”) + -ец (-ec) → европе́ец (evropéec, “European”)

Кита́й (Kitáj, “China”) + -ец (-ec) → кита́ец (kitáec, “Chinese”)

Forms masculine demonyms from place names.


-ост

From Old Church Slavonic -ость (-ostĭ), from Proto-Slavic *-ostь.

смел (smel) + -ост (-ost) → сме́лост (smélost)

хра́бър (hrábǎr) + -ост (-ost) → хра́брост (hrábrost)

мил (mil) + -ост (-ost) → ми́лост (mílost)

лек (lek) + -ост (-ost) → ле́кост (lékost)

стар (star) + -ост (-ost) → ста́рост (stárost)

глуп (glup) + -ост (-ost) → глу́пост (glúpost)

Appended to adjectives and verbs to create a feminine noun, usually denoting a feature or quality.


-ство

Suffix appended to words to create a neuter noun, usually an abstract noun denoting a relation, social status, scientific discipline, quality or a state; equivalent to English -hood or -ness.


-логия

-ло́гия (canonical)
-lógija (romanization)
-оло́гия (alternative)

Ultimately Ancient Greek -λογῐ́ᾱ (-logĭ́ā).

био- (bio-) + -логия (-logija) → биоло́гия (biológija)

гео- (geo-) + -логия (-logija) → геоло́гия (geológija)


-лив

-liv (romanization)
-ли́в (indefinite masculine singular)
-ли́ва (feminine indefinite singular)
-ли́во (indefinite neuter singular)
-ли́ви (indefinite plural)
-ли́вият (definite masculine singular subjective)
-ли́вата (definite feminine singular subjective)
-ли́вото (definite neuter singular subjective)
-ли́вите (definite plural subjective)
-ли́вия (definite masculine objective singular)
-ли́вата (definite feminine objective singular)
-ли́вото (definite neuter objective singular)
-ли́вите (definite objective plural)

From Proto-Slavic *-ьlivъ (occasionally Proto-Slavic *-ъlivъ), a combination of the resultative suffix -л (-l) + -ив (-iv).

схва́щам (shváštam, “to grasp”) → схватли́в (shvatlív, “perceptive”)
рабо́тя (rabótja, “to work”) → работли́в (rabotlív, “hard-working”)
избу́хвам (izbúhvam, “to explode”) → избухли́в (izbuhlív, “short-tempered, explosive”)
избу́хвам (izbúhvam, “to explode”) → избухли́в (izbuhlív, “short-tempered, explosive”)
крада́ (kradá, “to steal”) → крадли́в (kradlív, “thievish”)
ре́ва (réva, “to cry”) → ревли́в (revlív, “cry-baby”)

сва́да (sváda, “quarrel”) → свадли́в (svadlív, “quarrelsome”)
скок (skok, “jump”) → скокли́в (skoklív, “frisky”)
лъ́жа (lǎ́ža, “lie”) → лъжли́в (lǎžlív, “prone to lying”)
па́мет (pámet, “memory”) → паметли́в (pametlív, “with good memory”)
безо́чие (bezóčie, “shamelessness”) → безо́члив (bezóčliv, “shameless”)
суета́ (suetá, “vanity”) → суетли́в (suetlív, “fussy”)

плах (plah, “timid”) → плашли́в (plašlív, “easily scared”)
коке́тен (kokéten, “coquettish”) → кокетли́в (koketlív, “kittenish”)

Forms adjectives from nouns, verbal participles/nouns or adjectives with resultant or approximating meaning: -ish, -able


-от

и́мам (ímam) + -от (-ot) → имо́т (imót)

жив (živ) + -от (-ot) → живо́т (živót)

кло́кам (klókam) + -от (-ot) → кло́кот (klókot)

гъ́рмя (gǎ́rmja) + -от (-ot) → гръ́мот (grǎ́mot)

Forms expressive or resultant nouns from onomatopoeia:


-не

-ne (romanization)
не (indefinite singular)
ния (indefinite plural)
нета (colloquial indefinite plural rare)
nija (indefinite plural)
neta (colloquial indefinite plural rare)
нето (definite singular)
нията (definite plural)
нетата (colloquial definite plural rare)
nijata (definite plural)
netata (colloquial definite plural rare)

bg-ndecl

не</pl:ния:нета􂀿c􂁀􂀿r􂁀/def:нето>

хо́дя (hódja) + -не (-ne) → хо́дене (hódene)

ям (jam) + -не (-ne) → я́дене (jádene)

адмири́рам (admiríram) + -не (-ne) → адмири́ране (admirírane)

verbal noun suffix: appended to stems of verbs to form the verbal noun, akin to the gerund in English


-ник

път (pǎt, “road”) + -ник (-nik) → пъ́тник (pǎ́tnik, “traveler”)

мете́ж (metéž, “riot”) + -ник (-nik) → мете́жник (metéžnik, “rioter”)

ра́бота (rábota, “work”) + -ник (-nik) → рабо́тник (rabótnik, “worker”)

смях (smjah, “laughter”) + -ник (-nik) → смешни́к (smešník, “funnyman, clown”)

ум (um, “mind, reason”) + -ник (-nik) → умни́к (umník, “smart person, know-it-all”)

затво́р (zatvór, “jail”) + -ник (-nik) → затво́рник (zatvórnik, “inmate”)

па́кост (pákost, “mischief”) + -ник (-nik) → па́костник (pákostnik, “mischievous boy”)

From base concept nouns, forms agent nouns who execute, embark on or embody the referred concept

свещ (svešt, “candle”) + -ник (-nik) → све́щник (svéštnik, “candelabrum”)

вест (vest, “a piece of news”) + -ник (-nik) → ве́стник (véstnik, “newspaper”)

пот (pot, “sweat”) + -ник (-nik) → по́тник (pótnik, “tank top”)

сбор (sbor, “sum, aggregate”) + -ник (-nik) → сбо́рник (sbórnik, “collection, anthology”)

From base object nouns, forms derivative object nouns

проти́в (protív, “against”) + -ник (-nik) → проти́вник (protívnik, “opponent”)

над (nad, “over, above”) + -ник (-nik) → на́дник (nádnik, “daily wage”) (dialectal, meaning shifted from "bonus")

зад (zad, “behind”) + -ник (-nik) → за́дник (zádnik, “ass, butt”)

From prepositions, forms subject nouns exhibiting the specified proposition


само-

Prefixal form of the pronoun Bulgarian сам (sam, “alone, sole”). Cognate with Sanskrit सम्- (saṃ-, “whole”) (whence Bulgarian санскрит (sanskrit, “perfected form”)).

cog

стоен (stoen, “standing”) → самостоен (samostoen, “isolated, standing by itself”)
битен (biten, “existential”) → самобитен (samobiten, “distinctive, existing by itself”)

цел (cel, “goal”) → самоцел (samocel, “isolated goal”)
обучение (obučenie, “education”) → самообучение (samoobučenie, “self-education, studying alone”)

движен (dvižen, “driving, mobile”) → самодвижен (samodvižen, “automatic”)
ходен (hoden, “walking”) → самоходен (samohoden, “automobile”)

тек (tek, “current, flow”) → самотек (samotek, “inertia, autoflow”)
воз (voz, “vehicle”) → самовоз (samovoz, “automobile”)

отвържен (otvǎržen, “cast, ejected”) (dialectal) → самоотвържен (samootvǎržen, “selfless, self-rejecting”)
зает (zaet, “employed”) → самозает (samozaet, “self-employed”)

защита (zaštita, “defense”) → самозащита (samozaštita, “self-defense”)
деец (deec, “agent, activist”) → самодеец (samodeec, “amateur, self-made man”)


само-

вила (vila, “nymph”) → самовила (samovila, “nymph”)

дива (diva, “fairy, nymph”) → самодива (samodiva, “nymph”)

Added to the names of mythological/supernatural entities:


-и

бог (bog, “God”) + -и (-i) → бо́жи (bóži, “of God, God's”)

враг (vrag, “enemy”) + -и (-i) → вра́жи (vráži, “of the enemy, enemy's”)

Forms relational adjectives from certain titular nouns.

вълк (vǎlk, “wolf”) + -и (-i) → въ́лчи (vǎ́lči)

пти́ца (ptíca, “bird”) + -и (-i) → пти́чи (ptíči)

овца́ (ovcá, “sheep”) + -и (-i) → о́вчи (óvči)

гъ́с(ка) (gǎ́s(ka), “goose”) + -и (-i) → гъ́ши (gǎ́ši)

Forms relational adjectives from nouns denoting animals.


-ика

акроба́т (akrobát) + -ика (-ika) → акроба́тика (akrobátika)

информа́ция (informácija) + -ика (-ika) → информа́тика (informátika)

иконо́мия (ikonómija) + -ика (-ika) → иконо́мика (ikonómika)


-ко

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъko and Proto-Slavic *-ьko (the later causing palatalization of preceding velars).

ба́те (báte) + -ко (-ko) → ба́тко (bátko)

дете́ (deté) + -ко (-ko) → де́чко (déčko)

еж (ež) + -ко (-ko) → е́жко (éžko)

сняг (snjag) + -ко (-ko) → сне́жко (snéžko)

Ива́н / Йоа́н (Iván / Joán) + -ко (-ko) → Ива́нко / Я́нко (Ivánko / Jánko)

Дими́тър (Dimítǎr) + -ко (-ko) → Ми́тко (Mítko)

Forms diminutive forms of masculine nouns (including personal names):

бо́рък (bórǎk) + -ко (-ko) → бо́рко (bórko) (adjectives in -ък lose the ending)

игри́в (igrív) + -ко (-ko) → игри́вко (igrívko)

сръ́чен (srǎ́čen) + -ко (-ko) → сръ́чко (srǎ́čko) (adjectives in -ен lose the ending)

сърди́т (sǎrdít) + -ко (-ko) → сърди́тко (sǎrdítko)

мил (mil) + -ко (-ko) → Ми́лко (Mílko)

вел(ик) (vel(ik)) + -ко (-ko) → Ве́лко (Vélko)

Forms substantive nouns (including personal names), denoting carriers of a property, from of adjectives:

дърдо́ря (dǎrdórja) + -ко (-ko) → дърдо́рко (dǎrdórko)

сека́ (seká) + -ко (-ko) → се́чко (séčko)

люби́м (ljubím) + -ко (-ko) → люби́мко (ljubímko)

присмеху́л се (prismehúl se) + -ко (-ko) → присмеху́лко (prismehúlko)

Forms masculine agent nouns (including personal names) from verbs or participles:


-ич

во́дя (vódja, “to lead”) + -ич (-ič) → води́ч (vodíč, “leader”) (dated, dialectal)

млад (mlad, “young”) + -ич (-ič) → мла́дич (mládič, “lad, youngster”) (dated, dialectal)

Forms nomina agentis from verbs or adjectives.

бог (bog, “God”) + -ич (-ič) → божи́ч (božíč, “God's son”) (dialectal)


-ич

Петров (Petrov) + -ич (-ič) → Петрович (Petrovič)

Иванов (Ivanov) + -ич (-ič) → Иванович (Ivanovič)

Forms masculine patronymic proper names from adjectival forms of personal names; originally denoting membership to a household


-ало

From Proto-Slavic *-dlo, appended to a-, ja- or a/j-conjugation verbs.

махам (maham, “to wave”) → махало (mahalo, “pendulum”)

намятам (namjatam, “to put on, to throw on”) → наметало (nametalo, “mantle”)

смятам (smjatam, “to reckon, to calculate”) → сметало (smetalo, “abacus”)

мажа (maža, “to smear”) (a/j-conj.) → мазало (mazalo, “ointment”)

стържа (stǎrža, “to scrape, to grate”) (a/j-conj.) → стъргало (stǎrgalo, “grater, scraper”)

стъпя (stǎpja, “to step”) (a/j-conj.) → стъпало (stǎpalo, “sole”)

Deverbal, forming neuter instrumental or effect nouns.

пушка (puška, “rifle”) → пушкам (puškam, “to fire a rifle”) (obsolete) → пушкало (puškalo, “big rifle”)

Italian rocchetto (“ratchet”) → кречетало (krečetalo, “ratchet”) (based on the native onomatopoeia крѣчетъ (krěčetŭ, “clap, rattle”))

Denominal, forming neuter instrumental or effect nouns, probably via an intermediate (often obsolete) factitive verb.


-ач

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ačь and Proto-Slavic *-(a)čь.

играя (igraja, “to play”) + -ач (-ač) → играч (igrač, “player”)

готвя (gotvja, “to cook”) + -ач (-ač) → готвач (gotvač, “cook, chef”)

копая (kopaja, “to dig”) + -ач (-ač) → копач (kopač, “digger”)

(productive) Forms agent nouns from verbs.

коло (kolo, “circle, wheel”) (dialectal) + -ач (-ač) → колач (kolač, “type of round bread”) (dialectal)

рог (rog, “horn”) + -ач (-ač) → рогач (rogač, “male deer”)

(unproductive) Denominal, forming nouns denoting a carrier of a property. (rare)


-ба

Inherited from Old Church Slavonic -ьба (-ĭba), from Proto-Slavic *-ьba.

inh+

мо́ля (mólja, “to ask; to beseech”) + -ба (-ba) → молба́ (molbá, “request; petition”)

творя́ (tvorjá, “to create”) + -ба (-ba) → творба́ (tvorbá, “piece of art or music; creation”)

крада́ (kradá, “to steal”) + -ба (-ba) → кра́жба (krážba, “theft”)

сват (svat, “matchmaker”) + -ба (-ba) → сва́тба (svátba, “wedding”)

врач (vrač, “fortune teller”) + -ба (-ba) → врачба́ (vračbá, “fortune-telling”)

гост (gost, “guest”) + -ба (-ba) → го́зба (gózba, “dish”) (originally, food served to guests)

Forms action nouns from verbs or other nouns.


-ило

From Proto-Slavic *-dlo, appended to i-conjugation verbs.

ходя (hodja, “to walk”) → ходило (hodilo, “sole”)

лепя (lepja, “to glue, to stick”) → лепило (lepilo, “glue”)

плаша (plaša, “to scare”) → плашило (plašilo, “scarecrow”)

котя (kotja, “to begot”) → котило (kotilo, “brood”)

маст (mast, “grease”) → мастя (mastja, “to spread grease”) (obsolete) → мастило (mastilo, “ink”)

кърма (kǎrma, “stern”) → кормя (kormja, “to stern a boat”) (obsolete) → кормило (kormilo, “steering wheel”)

Denominal, forming neuter instrumental or effect nouns, probably via an intermediate (often obsolete) causative verb.


-ло

-lo (romanization)
-ало (alternative)
-ело (alternative)
-ило (alternative)

ши́я (šíja, “to sew”) + -ло (-lo) → ши́ло (šílo, “awl”)

жи́ля (žílja, “to sting”) + -ло (-lo) → жи́ло (žílo, “stinger”)

ора́ (orá, “to plough”) + -ло (-lo) → ра́ло (rálo, “a plough”)

Forms deverbal nouns denoting a tool or instrument


-ат

Suffix used to form adjectives from nouns, meaning "having X".


-о

я́сен (jásen, “clear”) + -о (-o) → я́сно (jásno, “clearly”)

Suffix added to adjectives to produce adverbs.


-ение

head

-е́ние • (-énie)

Inherited from Old Church Slavonic -ньѥ (-nĭje), from Proto-Slavic *-nьje.

inh+

-tion, -ence, -ance, -ity, etc. (suffix used to form abstract nouns from verbs, and occasionally from other parts of speech)


-ия

-ija (romanization)
-и́я (indefinite singular)
-и́и (indefinite plural)
-и́ята (definite singular)
-и́ите (definite plural)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ьja. This suffix also superseded the obsolete ending Proto-Slavic *-i in archaic ī-stem nouns.

разбо́р (razbór, “analysis, distribution”) → неразбори́я (nerazboríja, “chaos, mess”)
чу́до (čúdo, “wonder”) → чудеси́я (čudesíja, “miracle”)
у́жас (úžas, “horror”) → ужаси́я (užasíja, “horridness”)
роб (rob, “slave”) → роби́я (robíja, “slavery”) (obsolete)

ла́ком (lákom, “greedy”) → лакоми́я (lakomíja, “gluttony”)
прокле́т (proklét, “cursed”) → проклети́я (prokletíja, “damnation”)

но́ся (nósja, “to wear”) → носи́я (nosíja, “suite, fashion trend”)
во́зя (vózja, “to ride, convey”) → вози́я (vozíja, “ride”)
търгу́вам (tǎrgúvam, “to trade”) → търгови́я (tǎrgovíja, “commerce”)
разпра́вям се (razprávjam se, “to argue”) → разправи́я (razpravíja, “scandal, arguing”)

о́коло (ókolo, “around”) → око́лия (okólija, “administrative unit”)

о́леле (ólele, “oh my god”) → олели́я (olelíja, “hullabaloo”)

Forms abstract or action nouns with hyperbolic meaning: -ity, -ery, -ness


-ия

-ija (romanization)
-и́я (indefinite singular)
-и́и (indefinite plural)
-и́ята (definite singular)
-и́ите (definite plural)
-я (alternative reduced)

сват m (svat, “relative, kinsman”) → сва́тя f (svátja, “kinswoman”)

svy (“swinine”) → свиня́ f (svinjá, “sow”)

Forms feminine counterparts to archaic substantivized adjectives:

брат sg (brat, “brother”) → бра́тя pl (brátja, “brothers”)

ма́тер sg (máter, “mother”) (archaic) → ма́тя pl (mátja, “mothers”) (obsolete, archaic)

Forms plural forms of archaic ter-stem agent nouns:


-ия

sǫdi → съдия́ (sǎdijá, “judge”)

svęti → свети́я (svetíja, “saint”)

věti → вити́я (vitíja, “orator”) (obsolete)

badli → ба́лия (bálija, “healer”) (archaic, obsolete)

Denotes agents, from archaic ī-stem nouns of native origin:

mъldni → мъ́лния (mǎ́lnija, “bolt”)

oldi → лади́я (ladíja, “boat”)

Denotes objects/events, from archaic ī-stem nouns of native origin:

Turkish gidi (“swindler”) → гиди́я (gidíja, “crazyhead”) (dialectal)

Turkish kadi (“judge”) → кади́я (kadíja, “qadi, Muslim judge”) (dialectal)

Denotes agents, from i/u-stem nouns borrowed from Turkish:

Turkish gemi (“boat”) → геми́я (gemíja, “sailboat”)

Turkish boru (“duct”) → бури́я (buríja, “oven pipe”) (dialectal)

Denotes tools/objects, from i/u-stem nouns borrowed from Turkish:


-ия

Borrowed from Ancient Greek -ία (-ía), -εια (-eia), -εῖον (-eîon), Greek -ή (-í), -ί (-í); found in loanwords.

Greek κουτί (koutí) → кути́я (kutíja, “box”)

Greek πηχτή (pichtí) → пихти́я (pihtíja, “jelly”)

Ancient Greek στοιχεῖον (stoikheîon) → стихи́я (stihíja, “natural force”)

Ancient Greek κατηγορία (katēgoría), ἀλληγορία (allēgoría) → катего́рия (kategórija, “category”), алего́рия (alegórija, “allegory”)

Ancient Greek ἀπάθεια (apátheia) → апа́тия (apátija, “apathy”)

Ancient Greek πολυγαμία (polugamía) → полига́мия (poligámija, “polygamy”)

Ancient Greek φιλοσοφία (philosophía) → Latin philosophia → филосо́фия (filosófija, “philosophy”)

Ancient Greek θεολογία (theología) → Latin theologia → теоло́гия (teológija, “theology”)

Ancient Greek ἀναρχία (anarkhía) → Latin anarchia → ана́рхия (anárhija, “anarchy”)

Ancient Greek ἱστορία (historía) → Latin historia → исто́рия (istórija, “history”)

Latin biologia → биоло́гия (biológija, “biology”)

Latin chēmia → хи́мия (hímija, “chemistry”)

България (Bǎlgarija, “Bulgaria”)
Калифорния (Kalifornija, “California”)

Азия (Azija, “Asia”)
Индия (Indija, “India”)

Гренладния (Grenladnija, “Greenland”)
Месопотамия (Mesopotamija, “Mesopotamia”)

Ария (Arija, “Arya”) (mythical place in Zoroastrian/Vedic religion)
Мория (Morija, “Moria”) (fictional place in the "Lord of the rings" saga)


-ия

Borrowed from Latin -ia, Italian -ia; found in loanwords.

Latin furia → фури́я (furíja, “stormwind”)

Latin māteria → мате́рия (matérija, “matter”)

Italian aria → а́рия (árija, “aria”)

Italian legia → ле́гия (légija, “legion”)


-лог

Derived from Ancient Greek -λόγος (-lógos). Similar to Ukrainian -лог (-loh) and Russian -лог (-log).


-ие

вям (vjam, “to be aware”) (archaic, obsolete) → ведие (vedie, “knowledge”) (obsolete) → езиковедие (ezikovedie, “linguistics”)

въстана (vǎstana, “to revel”) → въстание (vǎstanie, “uprising”)

нарека (nareka, “to call”) → наречие (narečie, “adverb”)

примиря се (primirja se, “to put up with”) → примирие (primirie, “truce”)

участвам (učastvam, “to participate”) → участие (učastie, “participation”)

допирам (dopiram, “to touch, to contact”) → допирие (dopirie, “contact, incidence”) (dialectal)

Deverbal, forming action or result nouns: -tion, -ance, -ing


-ие

-ie (romanization)
-е (alternative reduced)
-ье (alternative reduced)

здрав (zdrav, “healthy”) → здраве (zdrave, “health”)
висок (visok, “high”) → височие (visočie, “highness”)
велик (velik, “great”) → величие (veličie, “greatness”)
цял (cjal, “whole”) + мъдър (mǎdǎr, “wise”) → целомъдрие (celomǎdrie, “chastity”)

услов (uslov, “term, claim”) (obsolete) → условие (uslovie, “condition”)
зло (zlo, “evil”) + воня (vonja, “odor, stink”) → зловоние (zlovonie, “stench”)
бог (bog, “god”) + хула (hula, “insult”) → богохулие (bogohulie, “blasphemy”)
човек (čovek, “human”) + любов (ljubov, “love”) → човеколюбие (čovekoljubie, “philanthropy”)

с- (s-) + част (čast, “part”) → щастие (štastie, “fortune”)
добро (dobro, “good”) + душа (duša, “soul”) → добродушие (dobrodušie, “fortune”)
благо (blago, “virtue”) + прилика (prilika, “similarity”) → благоприличие (blagopriličie, “decency”)
лихо (liho, “excess”) + мисъл (misǎl, “thought”) → лихомислие (lihomislie, “fault thinking”) (obsolete)

налице (nalice, “in presence”) → наличие (naličie, “presence, availability”)
насила (nasila, “forcefully”) → насилие (nasilie, “violence”)

Denominal, forming abstract nouns or nouns expressing capacity, state: -th, -ness, -ing

уста (usta, “mouth”) → устие (ustie, “estuary”)
стъбло (stǎblo, “stem”) → стъблие (stǎblie, “stemming, branching”) (dialectal)

из- (iz-) + дело (delo, “deed”) → изделие (izdelie, “product”)
из- (iz-) + чедо (čedo, “child”) → изчадие (izčadie, “abomination”) (originally meaning “spawn”)

за- (za-) + гора (gora, “forest”) → загорие (zagorie, “transylvan area”)
за- (za-) + глава (glava, “head”) → заглавие (zaglavie, “chapter, header”)

до- (do-) + вяра (vjara, “faint”) → доверие (doverie, “trust, confidence”)
до- (do-) + год (god, “year”) (dated) → догодие (dogodie, “remainder of the year”) (dialectal)

съ- (sǎ-) + звук (zvuk, “sound”) → съзвучие (sǎzvučie, “consonance”)
с- (s-) + полука (poluka, “reached target, goal”) (dialectal) → сполучие (spolučie, “prosperity”)

Prefixed with с- (s-), съ- (sǎ-, “with”)

о- (o-) + гърло (gǎrlo, “neck”) → огърлие (ogǎrlie, “necklace”)
об- (ob-) + ход (hod, “walk”) → обходие (obhodie, “side way”) (obsolete)

Prefixed with о- (o-)/об- (ob-, “about, around”)

на- (na-) + вечер (večer, “eve”) → навечерие (navečerie, “evening”)
над- (nad-) + вес (ves, “hanging, curtain”) → надвесие (nadvesie, “arch, dome”) (obsolete)

Prefixed with на- (na-, “on, ad-”), над- (nad-, “above, over”)

под- (pod-) + земя (zemja, “earth”) → подземие (podzemie, “dungeon”)
под- (pod-) + нога (noga, “foot”) → подножие (podnožie, “foothold”)

по- (po-) + доба (doba, “proper time, place”) → подобие (podobie, “resemblance”)
по- (po-) + кор (kor, “reproach, reprimand”) (archaic) → покорие (pokorie, “submissiveness”) (obsolete)

по- (po-) + река (reka, “river”) → поречие (porečie, “riverside area”)
по- (po-) + море (more, “river”) → поморие (pomorie, “seaside area”)

край- (kraj-) + бряг (brjag, “forest”) → крайбрежие (krajbrežie, “coastal area”)
край- (kraj-) + лес (les, “wood”) → крайлесие (krajlesie, “woodside area”)

при- (pri-) + глас (glas, “voice”) → пригласие (priglasie, “ovation, supporting chatter”) (obsolete)
пре- (pre-) + межда (mežda, “boundary, medium”) → премеждие (premeždie, “obstacle, misadventure”)

Prefixed with при- (pri-, “at”), пре- (pre-, “per”), про- (pro-, “for”)

Denominal, forming nouns expressing relationship, way, outcome: -th, -ness, -ing

копая (kopaja, “to ditch”) → копие (kopie, “spear”)

пособ (posob, “mean”) → пособие (posobie, “resource for self-education”)

о- (o-) + *rǫdъ (“prickly, thorny, shaggy”) → оръдие (orǎdie, “cannon, instrument”)
о- (o-) + *rǫgъ (“offense, assault”) → оръжие (orǎžie, “weaponry”)

Forms instrumental nouns (usually tools and weapons) expressing purpose, functionality:


-ие

люд (ljud, “person, folk”) (dated, obsolete) → люде (ljude, “people”)
нав (nav, “undead”) (obsolete) → наве (nave, “dead spirits”) (obsolete)

камък (kamǎk, “stone”) → камъне (kamǎne, “rocks”) (poetic)
дърво (dǎrvo, “tree”) → дърве (dǎrve, “trees, wood”) (poetic)

грозд (grozd, “grape”) → грозде (grozde, “grape”) (collective)
цвят (cvjat, “blossom”) → цвете (cvete, “flower”)

съ- (sǎ-) + звезда (zvezda, “star”) → съзвездие (sǎzvezdie, “constellation”)
съ- (sǎ-) + цвят (cvjat, “blossom”) → съцветие (sǎcvetie, “inflorescence”)

об- (ob-) + *vilo (“winding”) → обилие (obilie, “abundance”) (literally: “enveloping → endlessness”)
о- (o-) + коло (kolo, “wheel”) (obsolete) → околие (okolie, “surroundings”) (literally: “that is encircled”)

дву- (dvu-, “bi-”) + лице (lice, “face”) → двуличие (dvuličie, “hypocrisy”) (literally: “two-facedness”)
сто- (sto-, “centi-”) + лято (ljato, “summer”) → столетие (stoletie, “century”) (literally: “100 summers”)

Forms collective nouns expressing aggregation or clustering:

Forms collective nouns expressing extension, span:


-ен

(highly productive) suffix appended to nouns to form an adjective meaning "having the property of X", or "related to/consisting of X".


-льо

-ljo (romanization)
-льо (indefinite singular)
-льовци (indefinite plural)
-льото (definite singular)
-льовците (definite plural)
-льо (singular vocative)
-льовци (plural vocative)

Agentive suffix, back-formed from the adjectival suffix Proto-Slavic *-livъ (“-ly, -ish”) + -ьо (-jo, “diminutive suffix”). Eventually, its application has been extended to form diminutive counter-parts of masculine nouns in -ъл (-ǎl), -ел (-el), -ал (-al) (from Proto-Slavic *-ъlъ, *-ьlъ, *-alъ).

сърдя (sǎrdja, “to sulk”) → сръдлив (srǎdliv, “grumpy”) → сръдльо (srǎdljo, “grump”)
крада (krada, “to steal”) → крадлив (kradliv, “prone to stealing, thievish”) → крадльо (kradljo, “lifter, thief”)
лъжа (lǎža, “to lie”) → лъжлив (lǎžliv, “prone to lying, bogus, fake”) → лъжльо (lǎžljo, “lair”)
пикая (pikaja, “to piss”) → пиклив (pikliv, “pissing”) → пикльо (pikljo, “brat, bed-wetter”)

мухъл (muhǎl, “mold”) → мухльо (muhljo, “fool, wretch”)
петел (petel, “rooster”) → петльо (petljo, “rooster, cockerel”) (diminutive)
бухал (buhal, “owl”) → бухльо (buhljo, “owl”) (diminutive)
охлюв (ohljuv, “snail”) → охльо (ohljo, “snail”) (diminutive)

рошав (rošav, “shaggy, uncombed”) → рошльо (rošljo, “shock head”)

Forms diminutive agent nouns, often with pejorative meaning:


-лия

-lija (romanization)
-лия (indefinite singular)
-лии (indefinite plural)
-лията (definite singular)
-лиите (definite plural)
-лийо (singular vocative)
-лии (plural vocative)
-лийка (alternative)
-лийче (alternative diminutive)

Grammaticalization of the Turkish adjectival marker Turkish -li/-lü (when appended to stems with front root vowel), -lı/-lu (when appended to stems with back root vowel). Encountered only with Ottoman Turkish loanwords.
Morphologically, the suffix is declined as feminine, however, semantically, the derived terms are interpreted as masculine.

късмет (kǎsmet, “fortune, fate”) → късметлия (kǎsmetlija, “lucky one”) (cf. Turkish kısmetli (“fortunate, fateful”))

кибрит (kibrit, “match (for making fire)”) → кибритлия (kibritlija, “volatile, passionate, easily irritable one”)

махмурлук (mahmurluk, “hangover”) → махмурлия (mahmurlija, “one with hangover”)

мустак (mustak, “moustache”) → мустаклия (mustaklija, “one with moustache”)

Forms nouns depicting possessor of quality or attribute:

Осман (Osman, “Ottoman”) → османлия (osmanlija, “member of Ottoman ruling class”) (historical)

dialectal даг (dag, “highlands”) → даалия (daalija, “one who hides in the mountains; outlaw, highwayman”) (cf. Turkish dağlı (“mountaineer, highlander”))

Forms nouns depicting member of group or place of origin:


-чия

-čija (romanization)
-чия (indefinite singular)
-чии (indefinite plural)
-чията (definite singular)
-чиите (definite plural)
-чийо (singular vocative)
-чии (plural vocative)

Continues Old Church Slavonic -чии (-čii), of Oghur origin from Proto-Turkic *-či interpreted as *-i stem suffix. Akin to Etymology 2 and Bulgarian -джия (-džija), which were borrowed at a later time from Ottoman Turkish.
Morphologically, the suffix is declined as feminine, however, semantically, the derived terms are interpreted as masculine.

кърма (kǎrma, “stern”), кормило (kormilo, “steering wheel”) → кръмчия (krǎmčija), кормчия (kormčija, “helmsman, steersman”)

кораб (korab, “ship)”) → корабчия (korabčija, “sailor”)

сан (san, “rank, administrative position”) → самчия (samčija, “administrator”) (historical)

книга (kniga, “book”) → книгчия (knigčija, “bookkeeper”)

Forms nouns depicting a representative of profession: -er, -ist


-чия

-čija (romanization)
-чия (indefinite singular)
-чии (indefinite plural)
-чията (definite singular)
-чиите (definite plural)
-чийо (singular vocative)
-чии (plural vocative)
-чийка (alternative)
-чийче (alternative diminutive)
-джия (alternative)
-джийка (alternative)

Grammaticalization of the Turkish adjectival marker Turkish -çi/-çü (when appended to stems with front root vowel), -çı/-çu (when appended to stems with back root vowel). Encountered with Ottoman Turkish loanwords.
Morphologically, the suffix is declined as feminine, however, semantically, the derived terms are interpreted as masculine.

занаят (zanajat, “craft”) → занаятчия (zanajatčija, “craftsman”)

топ (top, “rook”), топуз (topuz, “shell, grenade”) → топчия (topčija, “gunner, gunman”)

ибрик (ibrik, “container for fluids”) → ибрикчия (ibrikčija, “ibrik-maker”)

чекрък (čekrǎk, “spinning wheel, chakra”) → чакръкчия (čakrǎkčija, “chakra-maker”)

Forms nouns depicting a maker of some product or an applier of some skill: -er, -ist

чифлик (čiflik, “administrative unit, village”) → чифликчия (čiflikčija, “owner of chiflik”)

интерес (interes, “interest”) → интересчия (interesčija, “interest-seeker”)

Forms nouns depicting an owner of property:


-джия

-džija (romanization)
-джия (indefinite singular)
-джии (indefinite plural)
-джията (definite singular)
-джиите (definite plural)
-джийо (singular vocative)
-джии (plural vocative)
-джийка (alternative)
-джийче (alternative diminutive)
-чия (alternative)
-чийка (alternative)

Grammaticalization of the Turkish marker Turkish -ci/-cü (when appended to stems with front root vowel), -cı/-cu (when appended to stems with back root vowel). Mainly encountered with Ottoman Turkish loanwords; however, derivatives from native words are also attested.
Morphologically, the suffix is declined as feminine; however, semantically, the derived terms are interpreted as masculine.

лов (lov, “hunt”) → ловджия (lovdžija, “ловджия”)

чета (četa, “paramilitary troop, band”) → четаджия (četadžija, “member of troop”)

поща (pošta, “post”) → пощаджия (poštadžija, “postman”)

пазар (pazar, “market, bazaar”) → пазарджия (pazardžija, “tradesman”)

Forms nouns depicting a representative of profession or occupation: -er, -ist

аба (aba, “frieze, rug”) → абаджия (abadžija, “tailor, weaver of friezes”)

джам (džam, “window, glass”) → джамджия (džamdžija, “glazier”)

боя (boja, “dye, paint”) → бояджия (bojadžija, “painter”)

чорба (čorba, “soup”) → чорбаджия (čorbadžija, “colonel, military commander”) (lit. soup cook)

Forms nouns depicting a maker or applier of some product: -er, -ist

муфта (mufta, “something free, costless”) → муфтаджия (muftadžija, “cadger, scrounger”)

скандал (skandal, “scandal”) → скандалджия (skandaldžija, “one who causes scandals”)

Forms nouns depicting an applier of some practice:

хан (han, “inn, tavern”) → ханджия (handžija, “owner of inn, tavern”)

мандра (mandra, “dairy farm”) → мандраджия (mandradžija, “owner of dairy”)

КАТ (KAT, “police administration”) → катаджия (katadžija, “street policeman”)

ТИМ (TIM, “TIM (Bulgarian holding company)”) → тимаджия (timadžija, “member, employee of ТИМ”)

ГЕРБ (GERB, “GERB (Bulgarian political party)”) → гербаджия (gerbadžija, “politician from GERB”)

ТИР (TIR, “transit international routier”) → тираджия (tiradžija, “driver of TIR”)

Forms nouns depicting a member of group, denoted by an abbreviation:


-илка

Diminutive form of Bulgarian -ило (-ilo) + -ка (-ka), built upon the instrumental suffix Proto-Slavic *-dlo. In some cases, both the base form in -ило (-ilo) and the diminutive form in -илка (-ilka) are attested, e.g.:
обеся (obesja, “to gibbet”) → бесило (besilo, “gibbet”) → бесилка (besilka, “gibbet, gallows”).
Occasionally, the suffix can be applied on loanwords ending on -(и)л-, e.g.:
French bouteille → Bulgarian бутилка (butilka, “bottle”).

храня (hranja, “to feed”) → хранилка (hranilka, “feeder, feeding trough”)

поя (poja, “to quench”) → поилка (poilka, “quencher, quenching trough”)

остря (ostrja, “to sharpen”) → острилка (ostrilka, “pencil sharpener”)

мътя (mǎtja, “to stir, to rumple”) → мътилка (mǎtilka, “sludge”)

Deverbal, forming feminine instrumental or effect nouns.

кост (kost, “bone”) → костя (kostja, “to get rid of bones”) (obsolete) → костилка (kostilka, “pyrene”)

мас (mas, “ointment, liniment”) → *мазя (*mazja) → мазилка (mazilka, “coating (of wall), plaster”)

Denominal, forming feminine instrumental or object nouns, probably via an intermediate (often obsolete) causative verb.


-улка

Built upon the instrumental suffix Proto-Slavic *-dlo on verbs with u- or ova-conjugation, with addition of the diminutive suffix -ка (-ka).

гъдувам (gǎduvam, “to play a melody/refrain”) → гъдулка (gǎdulka, “gadulka”)

висвам (visvam, “to hang”) → висулка (visulka, “hood”)

невеста (nevesta, “bride, newly wedded”) → *невестувам (*nevestuvam) → невестулка (nevestulka, “weasel”)

свят (svjat, “world, light”) → светувам (svetuvam, “to light up”) (obsolete) → светулка (svetulka, “firefly”)

Denominal, forming feminine animal nouns, probably via an intermediate (often obsolete) inchoative verb.


-алка

-alka (romanization)
-ялка (alternative)

Diminutive form of Bulgarian -ало (-alo) + -ка (-ka), built upon the instrumental suffix Proto-Slavic *-dlo. In some cases, both the base form in -ало (-alo) and the diminutive form in -алка (-alka) are attested, e.g.:
духам (duham, “to blow”) → духало (duhalo, “blower”) → духалка (duhalka, “fan, ventilator”).

бухам (buham, “to bat, to swat”) → бухалка (buhalka, “bat, paddle”)

закачам (zakačam, “to hang over, to hook”) → закачалка (zakačalka, “hanger, peg”)

пръскам (prǎskam, “to sparkle, to spray”) → пръскалка (prǎskalka, “sprayer”)

тупам (tupam, “to beat, to stomp”) → тупалка (tupalka, “beater”)

гриза (griza, “to bite, to fret”) (a/V-conj.) → гризалка (grizalka, “pacifier; small snack”)

снова (snova, “to shunt”) (a/V-conj.) → сновалка (snovalka, “shuttle”)

ближа (bliža, “to lick”) (a/j-conj.) → близалка (blizalka, “lollipop”)

пиша (piša, “to write”) (a/j-conj.) → писалка (pisalka, “pen”)

пърз (pǎrz, “slip”) → *пързам (*pǎrzam) → пързалка (pǎrzalka, “pen”)

ключ (ključ, “key”) → ключая (ključaja, “to clink”) (obsolete) → ключалка (ključalka, “latch, keyhole”)

Denominal, forming feminine instrumental or effect nouns, probably via an intermediate (often obsolete) factitive verb.


-алка

Doublet of -елка (-elka) in palatal environments (where earlier -ѣ- /æ/ becomes -я- /ja/ in Eastern dialects).

бръмча (brǎmča, “to buzz”) (ě/i-conj.) → бръмчалка (brǎmčalka, “buzzer”)

запуша (zapuša, “to tap, to clog”) (ě/i-conj.) → запушалка (zapušalka, “plug”)


-алка

Diminutive form of Bulgarian -ал (-al) + -ка (-ka).

вързал (vǎrzal, “knot”) → вързалка (vǎrzalka, “node, tie; elaborate scheme”)

търкал (tǎrkal, “roll, nudge”) → търкалка (tǎrkalka, “rolling, tumbling”)

Denominal, forming feminine instrumental or resultant nouns.


-елка

-elka (romanization)
-ялка (alternative)
-алка (alternative)

Diminutive form of Bulgarian -ело (-elo) + -ка (-ka), built upon the instrumental suffix Proto-Slavic *-dlo.
Occasionally, the suffix can be applied on loanwords ending on -ел-, e.g.:
Latin cappella → Bulgarian капела (kapela, “type of hat, cape”) → Bulgarian капелка (kapelka, “small hat, cape”).

cog

горя (gorja, “to burn”) (ě/i-conj.) → горелка (gorelka, “torch, flamethrower”)


-елка

Diminutive form of Bulgarian -ел (-el)/-еля (-elja) + -ка (-ka), built upon the agentative/actionis suffix Proto-Slavic *-ělь.

къделя (kǎdelja, “spindle, distaff”) → къделка (kǎdelka, “small spindle”)

хубавел (hubavel, “handsome man/boy”) → хубавелка (hubavelka, “pretty woman/girl”)

Denominal, forming feminine instrumental or resultant nouns with prolonged aspect.


-ело

Sparsely attested, from an earlier -ѣло (-jělo). Possibly built upon the instrumental suffix Proto-Slavic *-dlo, appended to forms ending in ě-stem (similar to Bulgarian -ало (-alo), -ило (-ilo)), or less likely from Proto-Slavic *-ělь + *-o (“neuter marker”). Virtually unproductive in Modern Bulgarian and in other Slavic languages.
Episodic cognates include Czech stavědlo (“controlling center”), Russian сиде́лка (sidélka, “post, guardian, caretaker”) (diminutive).

dialectal одея (odeja, “to serve as a covering”) (ě/V-conj) → одеяло (odejalo, “blanket”)

Deverbal, forming neuter instrumental or effect nouns.

кола (kola, “car”), dialectal коло (kolo, “wheelwright”) → *колея (*koleja) → колело (kolelo, “wheel”) (probably)

Denominal, forming neuter instrumental or effect nouns, probably via an intermediate (often obsolete) stative/essive verb.


-ело

From Proto-Slavic *-elo, possibly reanalyzed from Etymology 1.

чуча (čuča, “to stand/stick in one place”) (dialectal) → чучело (čučelo, “dummy, stuffed animal”)

кръщавам (krǎštavam, “to baptize”) → кръщело (krǎštelo, “baptism”)


-ом

Reflects the principal Proto-Slavic present passive ending *-omъ. Mostly unproductive in the colloquial speech, but reintroduced in the Standard language under the influence of Russian loanwords and the efforts of various "purist" movements (during the 18-20th century) for restoring grammatical features of Old Church Slavonic in Modern Bulgarian.
In rare occasions, the former participle may be fossilized as a noun, like in the case of Bulgarian владоми pl (vladomi, “subjects, subordinates”) (dated).

вям (vjam, “to be familiar with”) → ведом (vedom, “aware”)

ям (jam, “to eat”) → ядом (jadom, “edible”) (obsolete)

(unproductive) Deverbal from athematic verbs, forms adjectives expressing capacity or proclevity.

алча (alča, “to hunger for”) → лаком (lakom, “greedy”)

Proto-Slavic *pisti (“to feed”) → *пита (*pita) → питом (pitom, “tamed, domesticated”)

тека (teka, “to flow”) → теком (tekom, “flowable”) (obsolete)

жежа (žeža, “to heat, to ignite”) → всежегом (vsežegom, “sacrificial”) (obsolete)

(unproductive) Deverbal from root-stem verbs, forms adjectives expressing capacity and intrinsic property.


-ом

From Proto-Slavic *-omь or Proto-Slavic *-ъmь, instrumental endings of o-stem and u-stem nouns. In the modern language, derivatives constructed with this suffix are interpreted as adverbs rather than an instrumental case of the base-noun. Sometimes, adverbs from former instrumental cases further get grammatisized into interjections, as in the case of Bulgarian сбогом (sbogom, “goodbye”) (originally meaning with God).

-ешком

from present perfective participles, with dialectal decomposition of expected -щ- > -шк-

ред (red, “order”) → редом (redom, “along”)

ход (hod, “walk”) → ходом (hodom, “by foot”)

бяг (bjag, “run”) → бегом (begom, “by running”), набегом (nabegom, “energetically”)

куп (kup, “bunch, pile”) → купом (kupom, “in block”), вкупом (vkupom, “together, as one”)

род (rod, “kin”) → родом (rodom, “by origin, by birth”)

кръг (krǎg, “circle”) → кръгом (krǎgom, “around, in the other direction”)

Denominal, forms adverbs depicting manner or way from masculine o-stem nouns.

средство (sredstvo, “mean, tool”) → посредством (posredstvom, “by means of”)

писмо (pismo, “letter, writing”) → писмом (pismom, “in written form”)

слово (slovo, “word, speech”) → словом (slovom, “in verbal form”)

ребро (rebro, “rib”) → ребром (rebrom, “straightly”)

Denominal, forms adverbs depicting manner or way from neuter o-stem nouns.

чин (čin, “rank”) → чином (činom, “by rank”)

мир (mir, “peace”) → миром (mirom, “in peace”)

Denominal, forms adverbs depicting manner or way from masculine u-stem nouns.

група (grupa, “group”) → групом (grupom, “in group”)

сила (sila, “strength, force”) → силом (silom, “by force”)

alternative form of -ою (-oju), -ам (-am) (generalized from the o-stem formation)

-ою

цял (cjal, “whole, complete”) → цялом (cjalom, “overall”)

скриш (skriš, “secretive”) → скришом (skrišom, “secretly”)

прав (prav, “right, correct”) → правом (pravom, “rightly, correctly”)

вървящ (vǎrvjašt, “walking”) → вървешком (vǎrveškom, “by walking”)

Deadjectival, forms adverbs depicting manner or way.


-им

From Proto-Slavic *-imъ, present passive participle ending of (former) i-conjugation verbs. In Modern Bulgarian, the derivatives constructed with this suffix are interpreted as normal adjectives.

видя (vidja, “to look at”) → видим (vidim, “visible, apparent”)

движа (dviža, “to move”) → движим (dvižim, “movable”)

реша (reša, “to solve, to decide”) → решим (rešim, “solvable, decisive”)

преодоля (preodolja, “to overcome”) → преодолим (preodolim, “overcomable”)

поправя (popravja, “to repair”) → поправим (popravim, “repairable”)

заредя (zaredja, “to charge”) → заредим (zaredim, “chargeable”)

(productive) Deverbal from transitive verbs in i-conjugation, forms adjectives expressing capacity, susceptibility, eventuality, or condition: -able

побратя (pobratja, “to form brotherly relations”) → побратим (pobratim, “sworn brother”)

дължа (dǎlža, “to owе”) → дължим (dǎlžim, “due, owned”)

(obsolete) Deverbal from transitive verbs in i-conjugation, forms adjectives expressing contemporary result, attribute or effect.


-аем

From Proto-Slavic *-ajemъ, present passive participle ending of a- (including some ja-), a/C-, or a/j-conjugation verbs. In Modern Bulgarian, the derivatives constructed with this suffix are interpreted as normal adjectives.

обитая (obitaja, “to settle in, to habituate”) → обитаем (obitaem, “habitable”)

закопчая (zakopčaja, “to button (a knob)”) → закопчаем (zakopčaem, “buttonable”)

оправдая (opravdaja, “to excuse”) → оправдаем (opravdaem, “excusable”)

разгадая (razgadaja, “to unravel”) → разгадаем (razgadaem, “scrutable, solvable”)

(productive) Deverbal from transitive verbs in thematic a-conjugation, forms adjectives expressing capacity, susceptibility, eventuality, or condition: -able

гледам impf (gledam, “to observe, to look at”) → гледаем (gledaem, “watchable”)

смилам pf (smilam, “to mince, to grind”) → смилаем (smilaem, “digestible”)

разбирам impf (razbiram, “to understand”) → разбираем (razbiraem, “understandable”)

облагам pf (oblagam, “to put a tax”) → облагаем (oblagaem, “taxable”)

(productive) Deverbal from transitive verbs in аthematic a-conjugation, forms adjectives expressing capacity, susceptibility, eventuality, or condition: -able

дъвча (dǎvča, “to chew”) (a/j-conj.) → дъвкаем (dǎvkaem, “chewable”)

призова (prizova, “to invoke”) (a/C-conj.) → призоваем (prizovaem, “summonable”)

(semi-productive) Deverbal from transitive verbs in variable a/C- or a/j-conjugation, forms adjectives expressing capacity, susceptibility, eventuality, or condition: -able


-яем

From Proto-Slavic *-ějemъ, present passive participle ending of ě/i- and ě-conjugation verbs. In Modern Bulgarian, the derivatives constructed with this suffix are interpreted as normal adjectives.

овладея (ovladeja, “to exhibit control”) → овладявам (ovladjavam, “to conquer”) → овладяем (ovladjaem, “conquerable”)

преодолея (preodoleja, “to overcome”) → преодолявам (preodoljavam, “to surmount”) → преодоляем (preodoljaem, “surmountable”)

проумея (proumeja, “to understand, grasp”) → проумявам (proumjavam, “to figure out”) → проумяем (proumjaem, “comprehensible”)

повелея (poveleja, “to declare”) → повелявам (poveljavam, “to command”) → повеляем (poveljaem, “imperative”)

(rare) Deverbal from transitive verbs in ě-conjugation (effectively via a secondary inchoative ěva-derivative), forms adjectives expressing susceptibility or possibility: -able

горя (gorja, “to burn, to inflame”) → горяем (gorjaem, “inflammable”)

летя (letja, “to fly”) → летяем (letjaem, “flyable”)

(rare) Deverbal from transitive transitive verbs in ě/i-conjugation, forms adjectives expressing capacity, susceptibility, eventuality, or condition: -able

спасявам (spasjavam, “to save”) → спасяем (spasjaem, “savable”)

изживявам (izživjavam, “to experience”) → изживяем (izživjaem, “experienceable”)

(rare) Deverbal from transitive verbs in ěva-conjugation, forms adjectives expressing capacity, susceptibility, eventuality, or condition: -able


-яем

From Proto-Slavic *-jajemъ, present passive participle ending of ja-conjugation verbs.

сменям (smenjam, “to change”) → сменяем (smenjaem, “changeable”)

добавям (dobavjam, “to add”) → добавяем (dobavjaem, “addable”)

(semi-productive) Deverbal from transitive verbs in ja-conjugation, forms adjectives expressing capacity, susceptibility, eventuality, or condition: -able

управлявам (upravljavam, “to govern, to rule”) → управляем (upravljaem, “governable, controllable”)

склонявам (sklonjavam, “to conjugate”) → склоняем (sklonjaem, “conjugatable”)

обвинявам (obvinjavam, “to judge, to accuse”) → обвиняем (obvinjaem, “defendant”) (legal term)

вменявам (vmenjavam, “to impose, to show mental capacity”) → вменяем (vmenjaem, “sane”)

(productive) Deverbal from transitive verbs inja(va)-conjugation, forms adjectives expressing capacity, susceptibility, eventuality, or condition: -able


-ваем

From Proto-Slavic *-vajemъ, present passive participle ending of va-conjugation verbs. In Modern Bulgarian, the derivatives constructed with this suffix are interpreted as normal adjectives.

надувам (naduvam, “to blow up, inflate”) → надуваем (naduvaem, “inflatable”)

откривам (otkrivam, “to find”) → откриваем (otkrivaem, “detectable”)

узнавам (uznavam, “to learn, to figure out”) → узнаваем (uznavaem, “recognizable”)

продавам (prodavam, “to sell”) → продаваем (prodavaem, “saleable”)

(productive) Deverbal from transitive verbs in va-conjugation, forms adjectives expressing capacity, susceptibility, eventuality, or condition: -able

прониквам (pronikvam, “to penetrate”) → проникваем (pronikvaem, “penetrable, permeable”)

сгъ(б)вам (sg(b)vam, “to fold”) → сгъваем (sgǎvaem, “foldable”)

покупвам (pokupvam, “to purchase”) → покупваем (pokupvaem, “purchasable”)

очаквам (očakvam, “to expect”) → очакваем (očakvaem, “expectable”)

(obsolete) Deverbal from transitive verbs in ova-conjugation, forms adjectives expressing capacity, susceptibility, eventuality, or condition: -able


-уем

From Proto-Slavic *-ujemъ, present passive participle ending of ova-conjugation verbs. In Modern Bulgarian, the derivatives constructed with this suffix are interpreted as normal adjectives.

описвам (opisvam, “to describe”) → описуем (opisuem, “describable”)

наказвам (nakazvam, “to punish”) → наказуем (nakazuem, “punishable”)

минавам (minavam, “to pass”) → неминуем (neminuem, “inevitable, impending”) (negated form)

таксувам (taksuvam, “to tax”) → таксуем (taksuem, “taxable, leviable”)

(productive) Deverbal from transitive verbs in ova-conjugation, forms adjectives expressing capacity, susceptibility, eventuality, or condition: -able

анализирам (analiziram, “to analyze”) → анализируем (analiziruem, “analyzable”)

контролирам (kontroliram, “to control”) → контролируем (kontroliruem, “controlable”)

(semi-productive) Deverbal from borrowed transitive verbs in Bulgarian -ирам (-iram), forms adjectives expressing capacity, susceptibility, eventuality, or condition: -able


-изъм

Ultimately from Ancient Greek -ισμός (-ismós), related to Latin -ismus.

Used to form the name of a system, school of thought or theory.

Used to form nouns indicating a peculiarity or characteristic of language.

e.g. турцизъм

турцизъм турцизъм

Used to form names of ideologies or behaviors.

Used to form names of ideologies expressing belief in the superiority of a certain class.


-ичък

head

-ичък • (-ičǎk)

Compound suffix equivalent to -ич (-ič) (diminutive suffix) + -ък (-ǎk). In some cases, both the diminutive noun and the corresponding diminutive adjective are attested, e.g.:
мъний (mǎnij, “too small”) (obsolete) → мъник (mǎnik, “midget”) → мъничък (mǎničǎk, “tiny”)

affix

все (vse, “each”) → *всичък (*vsičǎk) → всичко (vsičko, “all, everything”) (adverb), всички pl (vsički, “all, whole”)

един (edin, “one”) → едничък (edničǎk, “only, unique”)

голям (goljam, “large”) → големичък (golemičǎk, “slightly large”)

дребен (dreben, “tiny”) → дребничък (drebničǎk, “particularly tiny”)

нисък (nisǎk, “short”) → нисичък (nisičǎk, “particularly short”)

кратък (kratǎk, “brief, concise”) → кратичък (kratičǎk, “particularly brief”)

Forms size adjectives with diminutive or emphatic meaning: -ish

добър (dobǎr, “good”) → добричък (dobričǎk, “kind, easy-going”)

зъл (zǎl, “evil”) → зличък (zličǎk, “evilish”)

красив (krasiv, “beautiful”) → красивичък (krasivičǎk, “cute, pretty”)

бърз (bǎrz, “fast, quick”) → бързичък (bǎrzičǎk, “quite quick”)

Forms qualitative adjectives with diminutive meaning: -ish


-мер

Scientific term borrowed from some western language, ultimately from Ancient Greek μέρος (méros, “part, portion”).

der

(chemistry) Forms words, concerning the structure of a molecule or a chemical compound.

хомоме́р

molecule formed from a single type of element

изоме́р

molecule with the same molecular formula, but different structure


-мер

Cognate with меря (merja, “to measure”).

Forms words that describe instruments of measurement/meters: -meter


-мир

From Proto-Slavic *měrъ (“great”), a frequent element in male given names of Slavic origin.

бо́ря (bórja, “to fight”) → Бо́римир (Bórimir)

владе́я (vladéja, “to rule, to govern”) → Влади́мир (Vladímir)

ка́жа (káža, “to say, to demonstrate”) → Ка́зимир (Kázimir)

крася́ (krasjá, “to adorn, to make beautiful”) → Краси́мир (Krasímir)

ста́на (stána, “to fight”) → Стани́мир (Stanímir)

страша́ (strašá, “to scare”) → Страши́мир (Strašímir)

Forms male given names from verbs/verbal nouns (usually in i-, ě-conjugation) with approximate meaning great at the referred action:

вит (vit, “slender, wreathed”) → Ви́томир (Vítomir)

до́бър (dóbǎr, “good”) → До́бромир (Dóbromir)

драг (drag, “dear”) → Дра́гомир (Drágomir)

люб (ljub, “lovely, dear”) (obsolete) → Лю́бомир (Ljúbomir)

рад (rad, “jouful”) (obsolete) → Ра́домир (Rádomir)

ти́х (tíh, “quiet”) → Ти́хомир (Tíhomir)

Forms male given names from adjectives with approximate meaning great at the referred property:

зла́то (zláto, “gold”) → Зла́томир (Zlátomir)

цвят (cvjat, “color, blosom”) → Цве́томир (Cvétomir)

(rare) Forms male given names from abstract nouns with approximate meaning bearer of the referred notion:


-вш

-vš (romanization)
-в (alternative)
-ш (alternative)

From Proto-Slavic *-vъšь, past active participle ending. The element -ш (-š) is also found in the old comparative forms of adjectives.

бим (bim)/би́да (bída, “to be, to become”) → бивш (bivš, “former”)

дам (dam)/да́да (dáda, “to give”) → давш (davš, “grant”) (dated) → да́шен (dášen, “generous”)

ям (jam)/яда (jada, “to eat”) → ядш (jadš), явш (javš, “fed”) (dated) → я́шен (jášen, “epicure”)

съзнам (sǎznam)/съзная (sǎznaja, “to realize”) → съзнавш (sǎznavš, “realized, recognized”) (dated)

(dated, obsolete) Deverbal from athematic verbs expressing a resultant or a quality induced by a past activity:

обви́я (obvíja, “to wrap, to envelop”) → оби́вш (obívš) (obsolete) → любвеоби́в (ljubveobív, “loving”) (literally: “surrounding with love”)

мра (mra, “to die”) → мървш (mǎrvš) (obsolete) → мъ́рша (mǎ́rša, “carcass, carrion”) (literally: “dead flesh”)

скри́я (skríja, “to hide”) → скривш (skrivš) (obsolete) → скри́шен (skríšen, “secret”)

зе́я (zéja, “to gape”) → зевш (zevš) (obsolete) → зев (zev, “oral cavity, gullet”)

(dated, obsolete) Deverbal from simple thematic verbs expressing a resultant or a quality induced by a past activity:


-авш

From Proto-Slavic *-avъšь, past active participle ending of a-conj. verbs.

постра́дам (postrádam, “to suffer”) → пострада́вш (postradávš, “having experience a misfortune”) (poetic)

па́дам (pádam, “to fall”) → па́давш (pádavš, “fallen out of grace”) (poetic, dated)

колеба́я (kolebája, “to oscillate”) → колеба́вш (kolebávš, “uncertain, fluctuant”) (dated)

игра́я (igrája, “to play”) → игра́вш (igrávš, “formally playable”) (dated)

(dated, obsolete) Deverbal from a-conj. verbs expressing a resultant or a quality induced by a past activity:

пока́жа (pokáža, “to show”) → показа́вш (pokazávš, “indicative of”) (rare)

пи́ша (píša, “to write”) → писа́вш (pisávš, “formerly writing (for a writing tool)”) (rare)

(dated, obsolete) Deverbal from a/j-conj. verbs expressing a resultant or a quality induced by a past activity:


-ивш

-ivš (romanization)
-ив (alternative)
-их (alternative dialectal)

From Proto-Slavic *-ivъšь, past active participle ending of i-conj. verbs.

пече́ля (pečélja, “to earn; to win”) → печели́вш (pečelívš, “winning”)

честя́ (čestjá, “to get frequent”) → чести́вш (čestívš)/части́вш (častívš, “frequently occurring”) (dialectal)

градя́ (gradjá, “to build, construct”) → гради́вш (gradívš, “structural”) (dated)

плодя́ (plodjá, “to begot, to spawn”) → плоди́вш (plodívš, “fertile”) (dated)

(dated, obsolete) Deverbal from i-conj. verbs expressing a resultant or a quality induced by a past activity:


-евш

-evš (romanization)
-явш (alternative)
-ев (alternative)
-яв (alternative)

From Proto-Slavic *-ěvъšь with e-kavian pronunciation of earlier -ě-, past active participle ending of ě- and ě/i-conj. verbs.

старе́я (staréja, “to get older”) → старе́вш (starévš, “senile”) (obsolete)

вилне́я (vilnéja, “to run amock”) → вилня́вш (vilnjávš, “inducing rage, amock”) (obsolete)

(dated, obsolete) Deverbal from ě-conj. verbs expressing a resultant or a quality induced by a past activity:

потърпя́ (potǎrpjá, “to endure”) → потърпе́вш (potǎrpévš, “sufferer”)

летя́ (letjá, “to fly”) → летя́вш (letjávš, “formerly flying”) (obsolete)

(dated, obsolete) Deverbal from ě/i-conj. verbs expressing a resultant or a quality induced by a past activity:


-чив

-čiv (romanization)
-чи́в (indefinite masculine singular)
-чи́ва (feminine indefinite singular)
-чи́во (indefinite neuter singular)
-чи́ви (indefinite plural)
-чи́вият (definite masculine singular subjective)
-чи́вата (definite feminine singular subjective)
-чи́вото (definite neuter singular subjective)
-чи́вите (definite plural subjective)
-чи́вия (definite masculine objective singular)
-чи́вата (definite feminine objective singular)
-чи́вото (definite neuter objective singular)
-чи́вите (definite objective plural)

From Proto-Slavic *-ъčivъ, *-ьčivъ, a combination of -ък (-ǎk) + -ив (-iv). Cognate with Russian -чи́вый (-čívyj).

влю́бвам се (vljúbvam se, “to fall in love”) → влюбчи́в (vljubčív, “amorous”)
доверя́вам се (doverjávam se, “to trust”) → доверчи́в (doverčív, “trustful, credulous”)
горя́ (gorjá, “to burn”) → горчи́в (gorčív, “bitter”)
възприе́мам (vǎzpriémam, “to perceive”) → възприемчи́в (vǎzpriemčív, “perceptive”)
изме́ням (izménjam, “to change, alter”) → изменчи́в (izmenčív, “variable”)
отстъ́пя (otstǎ́pja, “to retreat, give way”) → отстъпчи́в (otstǎpčív, “compliant”)

о́тзив (ótziv, “respond”) → отзивчи́в (otzivčív, “responsive”)
ра́зговор (rázgovor, “dialogue, talk”) → разговорчи́в (razgovorčív, “talkative”)
укло́н (uklón, “inclination, trend”) → уклончи́в (uklončív, “evasive”)
оби́да (obída, “insult”) → обидчи́в (obidčív, “tetchy, resentful”)

едностра́нен (ednostránen, “unilateral”) → едностранчи́в (ednostrančív, “one-sided”)
усто́ен (ustóen, “stable”) → устойчи́в (ustojčív, “resistant, enduring”)

Forms adjectives from nouns, verbal participles/nouns or adjectives with resultant or approximating meaning: -ish, -able


-овит

-ovit (romanization)
-ови́т (indefinite masculine singular)
-ови́та (feminine indefinite singular)
-ови́то (indefinite neuter singular)
-ови́ти (indefinite plural)
-ови́тият (definite masculine singular subjective)
-ови́тата (definite feminine singular subjective)
-ови́тото (definite neuter singular subjective)
-ови́тите (definite plural subjective)
-ови́тия (definite masculine objective singular)
-ови́тата (definite feminine objective singular)
-ови́тото (definite neuter objective singular)
-ови́тите (definite objective plural)

From Proto-Slavic *-ovitъ, a combination of -ов (-ov) + -ит (-it).

мраз (mraz, “frost”) → мразови́т (mrazovít, “frosty”)

вя́тър (vjátǎr, “wind”) → ветрови́т (vetrovít, “windy”)

страх (strah, “fear”) → страхoви́т (strahovít, “fearsome”)

жал (žal, “grief”) → жалoви́т (žalovít, “grievous”)

плод (plod, “fruit”) → плодoви́т (plodovít, “fertile, fruitful”)

дар (dar, “gift”) → дарoви́т (darovít, “talented”)

лек (lek, “remedy”) → лекoви́т (lekovít, “medicinal”)

глас (glas, “voice”) → гласови́т (glasovít, “vocal”)

Forms adjectives from nouns with approximating meaning: -y, -some


-оват

-ovat (romanization)
-ова́т (indefinite masculine singular)
-ова́та (feminine indefinite singular)
-ова́то (indefinite neuter singular)
-ова́ти (indefinite plural)
-ова́тият (definite masculine singular subjective)
-ова́тата (definite feminine singular subjective)
-ова́тото (definite neuter singular subjective)
-ова́тите (definite plural subjective)
-ова́тия (definite masculine objective singular)
-ова́тата (definite feminine objective singular)
-ова́тото (definite neuter objective singular)
-ова́тите (definite objective plural)

From Proto-Slavic *-ovatъ, a combination of -ов (-ov) + -ат (-at).

въ́зел (vǎ́zel, “knot”) → възлова́т (vǎzlovát, “nodulous”)
хвърк (hvǎrk, “cast, hurl”) → хвъркова́т (hvǎrkovát, “brisky, lively”)
ствол (stvol, “stem”) → стволова́т (stvolovát, “protruding, with upright stem”)
ъ́гъл (ǎ́gǎl, “angle”) → ъглова́т (ǎglovát, “angular”)

груб (grub, “rough”) → грубoва́т (grubovát, “rude, somewhat rough”)
мек (mek, “soft”) → мекова́т (mekovát, “mushy, somewhat soft”)
глуп (glup, “stupid”) (dialectal) → глупова́т (glupovát, “slow, somewhat stupid”)
дъ́лъг (dǎ́lǎg, “long”) → дългова́т (dǎlgovát), продългова́т (prodǎlgovát, “prolonged, somewhat long”)
лек (lek, “light”) → лекова́т (lekovát, “not serious, who takes stuff lightly”)
сух (suh, “dry”) → сухова́т (suhovát, “dryish, drained”)
гро́зен (grózen, “ugly”) → грознова́т (groznovát, “unsympathetic”)
чу́ден (čúden, “marvelous, strange”) → чуднова́т (čudnovát, “bizarre, weird”)

Forms adjectives from nouns or adjectives with approximating meaning: -y, -some


-отия

-otija (romanization)
-оти́я (indefinite singular)
-оти́и (indefinite plural)
-оти́ята (definite singular)
-оти́ите (definite plural)

From Proto-Slavic *-otьja, cognate with Macedonian -отија (-otija). Equivalent to -ота (-ota) + -ия (-ija).

лош (loš, “bad”) → лошоти́я (lošotíja, “malice, evilness”)
прост (prost, “stupid”) → простоти́я (prostotíja, “stupidity”)
гол (gol, “naked”) → голоти́я (golotíja, “nudity”)
див (div, “wild”) → дивоти́я (divotíja, “wild behaviour”)
бе́ден (béden, “poor”) → бедноти́я (bednotíja, “poverty”)
мъ́чен (mǎ́čen, “painful, difficult”) → мъчноти́я (mǎčnotíja, “hardship”)

мъ́рся (mǎ́rsja, “to pollute”) → мръсоти́я (mrǎsotíja, “dirt, pollution”)
грозя́ (grozjá, “to uglify”) → грозоти́я (grozotíja, “ugliness, eyescore”)
гле́зя (glézja, “to spoil, to pamper”) → глезоти́я (glezotíja, “bratting, childish behaviour”)
бъ́ркам (bǎ́rkam, “to stir”) → бъркоти́я (bǎrkotíja, “chaos, mess”)
ня́мам (njámam, “to lack, to be devoid of”) → немоти́я (nemotíja, “penury”)
лига́вя се (ligávja se, “to slobber”) → лиготи́я (ligotíja, “drooling, childish behaviour”)

вкус (vkus, “taste”) → вкусоти́я (vkusotíja, “deliciousness”)
гнус (gnus, “disgust”) → гнусоти́я (gnusotíja, “nastiness”)
срам (sram, “shame”) → срамоти́я (sramotíja, “shamefulness”)
страх (strah, “fear”) → страхоти́я (strahotíja, “horror”)

Derives abstract or collective nouns with expressive connotation: -ity, -ness


-ория

-ори́я (canonical)
-oríja (romanization)
-ори́я (indefinite singular)
-ори́и (indefinite plural)
-ори́ята (definite singular)
-ори́ите (definite plural)

From Proto-Slavic *-orьja, cognate with Macedonian -орија (-orija). Equivalent to -ор (-or) + -ия (-ija).

вехт (veht, “old, ancient”) → вехтори́я (vehtoríja, “rag, old machine/toy”)
луд (lud, “crazy”) → лудори́я (ludoríja, “crazy act, madness”)

гад (gad, “creep, stinker”) → гадори́я (gadoríja, “dreadfulness, horridness”)
смях (smjah, “laughter”) → смехори́я (smehoríja, “joke, funny story”)


-ория

-о́рия (canonical)
-órija (romanization)
-о́рия (indefinite singular)
-о́рии (indefinite plural)
-о́рията (definite singular)
-о́риите (definite plural)

Borrowed from Latin -ōrium (the neuter of the adjectival ending Latin -ōrius), found in loanwords. Equivalent to -ор (-or, “agent suffix”) + -ия (-ija).

ора́тен (oráten, “orating”) → орато́рия (oratórija, “oratory”)
дире́ктен (dirékten, “direct”) → директо́рия (direktórija, “directory”)
обсерва́ция (observácija, “observation”) → обсервато́рия (observatórija, “observatory”)
ле́кция (lékcija, “lecture”) → лекто́рия (lektórija, “lecture hall”)

кало́рия (kalórija, “calorie”)
лаборато́рия (laboratórija, “laboratory”)


-осам

Verbal suffix from the s-aorist ending Ancient Greek -ωσα (-ōsa), rendered as factitive a-conjugation + -ам (-am) (from Proto-Slavic *-ati). Typically encountered in Greek borrowings, but original formations from native terms or from loaned Turkish, Persian, or Arabic borrowings also exist.

ζαχάρωσα (zachárosa, “to had sugacoated”) → захаро́сам (zaharósam, “to sugarcoat”)

σκόπωσα (skóposa, “to had framed”) (dialectal, obsolete) → скопо́сам (skopósam, “to arrange, to assembly”)

τύπωσα (týposa, “to had printed”) → типо́сам (tipósam, “to print”)

χάλωσα (chálosa, “to had spoiled”) → хало́сам (halósam, “to bang, to hit”)

вар (var, “lime”) → варо́сам (varósam, “to lime, to whitewash”)
прах (prah, “powder, dust”) → прахо́сам (prahósam, “to waste away”)
кръст (krǎst, “cross”) → кръсто́сам (krǎstósam, “to intercross”)
яд (jad, “resentment, rage”) → ядо́сам (jadósam, “to annoy”)
пръжда́ (prǎždá, “insult, slander, curse”) (dialectal) → пръждо́сам (prǎždósam, “to banish, to curse away”)
пля́чка (pljáčka, “loot, booty”) → плячко́сам (pljačkósam, “to loot”)

дамга́ (damgá, “scar, branding”) → дамго́сам (damgósam, “to brand, to stamp”)
сефте́ (sefté, “first time”) (colloquial) → сефто́сам (seftósam, “to do for a first time”)
шама́р (šamár, “slap”) → шамаро́сам (šamarósam, “to slap”)

From Turkish, Arabic borrowings (via Ottoman Turkish)

ба́лама (bálama, “foul”) (slang) → баламо́сам (balamósam, “to make foul of someone, to deceive”)
парче́ (parčé, “piece”) → парчето́сам (parčetósam, “to tear into pieces”)
чифт (čift, “pair”) → чифто́сам (čiftósam, “to pair, to mate”)

From Persian, Prakrit borrowings (via Ottoman Turkish or Romani)

Forms iterative or causative verbs with telic functional meaning from nouns:


-ш

Derived from Proto-Slavic *-ьšь (comparative suffix). Used to form the comparative degree of adjectives, nowadays formed with the prefix по́- (pó-).

ви́сен (vísen, “elevated”) (obsolete) → висш (visš, “superior”)

ни́сък (nísǎk, “low”) → нисш (nisš, “inferior”)

стар (star, “old, mature”) → старш (starš, “senior”)

млад (mlad, “young, inexperienced”) → младш (mladš, “junior”)

вели́к (velík, “great”) → велича́йш (veličájš, “majestic, superior”) (poetic)

благ (blag, “polite”) → блаже́йш (blažéjš, “very noble, honorable”) (poetic)

(dated, unproductive) Forms secondary adjectives with comparative meaning:


-ш

From Proto-Slavic *-(v)ъšь, past active participle ending.


-ьо

-jo (romanization)
-йо (alternative before-vowel)
-е (alternative standard)

From Proto-Slavic *-ę, applied in diminutive sense on personal names or proper nouns referring to people (nicknames, kit terms, pejorative terms, etc.). Attested more in the Eastern dialects. Cognate with Russian -я (-ja) with similar function.

Драган (Dragan, “Dragan”) → Ганьо (Ganjo)

Цветан (Cvetan, “Tsvetan”) → Цецо (Ceco)

Иван (Ivan, “John”) → Ваньо (Vanjo)

Николай (Nikolaj, “Nicolas”) → Кольо (Koljo)

Валентин (Valentin, “Valentine”) → Вальо (Valjo)

Димитър (Dimitǎr, “Demeter”) → Митьо (Mitjo)

Александър (Aleksandǎr, “Alexander”) → Сандьо (Sandjo), Сашо (Sašo)

Петър (Petǎr, “Peter”) → Петьо (Petjo), Пешо (Pešo)

Георги (Georgi, “George”) → Гошо (Gošo)

Михаил (Mihail, “Michael”) → Мишо (Mišo)

вуй (vuj, “maternal uncle”) (dated) → вуйчо (vujčo)

чиче (čiče, “paternal uncle”) (dated) → чичо (čičo)


-дур

-dur (romanization)
-дур (indefinite singular)
-дури (indefinite plural)
-дурът (definite singular)
-дурите (definite plural)
-дуре (singular vocative)
-дури (plural vocative)

Probably from Turkish -dir, -dur (cf. Bulgarian чукунду́р (čukundúr, “beetroot”). Formally also matches Proto-Slavic *durь (“idiocity”).

cog

(colloquial) Forms pejorative agent nouns.


-щина

-ština (romanization)
-щина́ (indefinite singular)
-щини́ (indefinite plural)
-щина́та (definite singular)
-щини́те (definite plural)

акроба́т (akrobát) + -щина (-ština) → акроба́тщина (akrobátština)

бъ́лгар (bǎ́lgar) + -щина (-ština) → бъ́лгарщина (bǎ́lgarština)

адвока́т (advokát) + -щина (-ština) → адвока́тщина (advokátština)

юна́к (junák) + -щина (-ština) → юна́щина (junáština)

общ (obšt) + -щина (-ština) → община́ (obštiná)

-hood, -ness, -dom; forms nouns, sometimes of derogatory character, denoting qualities or professions


-ък

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъkъ via Old Church Slavonic -ъкъ (-ŭkŭ).

пети (peti, “fifth”) + -ък (-ǎk) → петък (petǎk, “Friday”)

четвърти (četvǎrti, “fourth”) + -ък (-ǎk) → четвъртък (četvǎrtǎk, “Thursday”)

жълт (žǎlt, “yellow”) + -ък (-ǎk) → жълтък (žǎltǎk, “egg yolk”)

бял (bjal, “white”) + -ък (-ǎk) → белтък (beltǎk, “egg white”)

Deadjectival, denoting a carrier of the specified property (rare)

добивам (dobivam, “to extract, to obtain”) → добит (dobit) → добитък (dobitǎk, “cattle”)

свивам (svivam, “to bend into an arc or circle”) → свит (svit) → свитък (svitǎk, “a scroll”)

Deverbal from the past participle in -т (-t), denotes resultant nouns of the specified action.

тласкам (tlaskam, “to push, to press”) + -ък (-ǎk) → тласък (tlasǎk, “a push”)

пискам (piskam, “to scream”) + -ък (-ǎk) → писък (pisǎk, “a scream”)

Deverbal, denotes an instance of the specified action

жар (žar, “embers”) + -ък (-ǎk) → жарък (žarǎk, “hot, scorching”)

тежест (težest, “weight, burden”) + -ък (-ǎk) → тежък (težǎk, “heavy”)

горест (gorest, “sorrow, grief”) + -ък (-ǎk) → горък (gorǎk, “sorrowful”)

From nouns, forms adjectives with pertaining meaning

гладък (gladǎk), дързък (dǎrzǎk), крепък (krepǎk), крехък (krehǎk)

Non-productive adjective suffix which corresponded to doublet forms in Proto-Slavic, e.g.:


-вам

запозна́я (zapoznája) + -вам (-vam) → запозна́вам (zapoznávam, “to acquaint”)

опи́там (opítam) + -вам (-vam) → опи́твам (opítvam, “to attempt”)

Forms an imperfective partner verb, with the same meaning, from a perfective verb.


-ичен

Formed from a blend of Latin -icus (“-ical”) + -ен (-en, native Bulgarian adjectival suffix), appended to nouns of Latinate origin to form related adjectives. The ⟨c⟩ in Latin -icus—pronounced as /k/—is palatalized to ч (č) because of the subsequent ⟨е⟩, which effects the Slavic first palatalization.


-кам

шу-шу (šu-šu) + -кам (-kam) → шушу́кам (šušúkam, “to whisper”)

мър-мър (mǎr-mǎr) + -кам (-kam) → мъ́ркам (mǎ́rkam, “to purr”)

ох (oh) + -кам (-kam) → о́хкам (óhkam, “to say 'ouch', to moan”)

кря-кря (krja-krja) + -кам (-kam) → кря́кам (krjákam, “to croak; to squawk”)

ква-ква (kva-kva) + -кам (-kam) → ква́кам (kvákam, “to croak”)

я (ja) + -кам (-kam) → я́кам (jákam, “to pronounce as 'ya'”)

Creates onomatopoeic verbs from the corresponding interjections.

му́ша (múša) + -кам (-kam) → му́шкам (múškam, “to prod, to poke”)

изтъ́рся (iztǎ́rsja) + -кам (-kam) → изтръ́скам (iztrǎ́skam, “to shake off, to dust off”)

пла́ча (pláča) + -кам (-kam) → пла́чкам (pláčkam, “to cry”) (of children)

пре́ча (préča) + -кам (-kam) → пре́чкам се (préčkam se, “to get in the way”)

Creates expressive, emotionally colored, or (by extension) diminutive verbs.


-итба

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-tьba. Originally, the suffix was only applied to verbs with historical infinitives in *-iti, but in modern Bulgarian there are exceptions to that (e.g. върши́тба (vǎršítba)). Cognates include Serbo-Croatian -идба.

се́я (séja, “to sow”) + -итба (-itba) → сеи́тба (seítba, “sowing, sowing time”)

же́ня (žénja, “to marry”) + -итба (-itba) → жени́тба (ženítba, “marriage”)

го́ня (gónja, “to chase; to pursue”) + -итба (-itba) → гони́тба (gonítba, “chase; pursuit”)

върша́ (vǎršá, “to thresh”) (dialectal) + -итба (-itba) → върши́тба (vǎršítba, “threshing, threshing time”)

деля́ (deljá, “to divide”) + -итба (-itba) → дели́тба (delítba, “division; partition; distribution (of inheritance, assets)”)

Deverbal, forms nouns that express the action of the verb.


-телство

-telstvo (romanization)
-́телство (indefinite singular)
-́телства (indefinite plural)
-́телството (definite singular)
-́телствата (definite plural)

-тел (-tel) + -ство (-stvo). Cognate to Russian -тельство (-telʹstvo).

доказвам (dokazvam, “to prove”) + -телство (-telstvo) → доказа́телство (dokazátelstvo, “evidence”)

пося́гам (posjágam, “to encroach”) + -телство (-telstvo) → посега́телство (posegátelstvo, “encroachment”)

предизвиквам (predizvikvam, “to challenge”) + -телство (-telstvo) → предизвика́телство (predizvikátelstvo, “challenge”)

-ence, -ance, -tion, -ity, -ment, etc. (suffix used to form abstract nouns from verbs)


-увам

-у́вам (canonical)
-úvam (romanization)
-вам (alternative)
-овам (alternative)

ата́ка (atáka, “attack”) + -у́вам (-úvam, “to attack”) → атаку́вам (atakúvam)

бу́дя (búdja, “to awaken”) + -у́вам (-úvam, “to be awake”) → буду́вам (budúvam)

конта́кт (kontákt, “contact”) + -у́вам (-úvam, “to contact”) → контакту́вам (kontaktúvam)


-ески

полити́ка (politíka) + -ески (-eski) → полити́чески (politíčeski)

стати́стика (statístika) + -ески (-eski) → статисти́чески (statistíčeski)

матема́тика (matemátika) + -ески (-eski) → математи́чески (matematíčeski)


-лък

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish ـلق (-lık).

bor+

attaches to a noun to form occupations or professions

attaches to a noun to form terms meaning “behaving characteristic of”


-ът

definite article
definite article#English

the (masculine subject definite article, suffixed to masculine nouns to mean “the”)


-образен

By surface analysis, образ (obraz, “shape, form”) + -ен (-en, adjectival suffix).

surf

газ (gaz) + -образен (-obrazen) → газообра́зен (gazoobrázen)

тел (tel) + -образен (-obrazen) → телообра́зен (teloobrázen)

кръг (krǎg) + -образен (-obrazen) → кръгообра́зен (krǎgoobrázen)


-слав

From the Proto-Slavic *-slavъ ending in names such as *Voldislavъ, from Proto-Slavic *slava (“glory, fame”).

Тома́ (Tomá) + -слав (-slav) → Томисла́в (Tomisláv)

добъ́р (dobǎ́r) + -слав (-slav) → Добросла́в (Dobrosláv)

suffix forming names meaning “glory”, “glorious”


-ствам

акроба́т (akrobát) + -ствам (-stvam) → акроба́тствам (akrobátstvam)

адвока́т (advokát) + -ствам (-stvam) → адвока́тствам (advokátstvam)

suffix forming verbs from nouns, often from professions or activities


-ствувам

акроба́т (akrobát) + -ствувам (-stvuvam) → акроба́тствувам (akrobátstvuvam)

адвока́т (advokát) + -ствувам (-stvuvam) → адвока́тствувам (advokátstvuvam)