-kun

bat (“one”) + -kun → bakun (“simple”)

Used to form adjectives indicating number of components.


-a

-a (absolutive indefinite singular)
-ak (absolutive indefinite plural)
-ok (absolutive plural proximal)
-(e)k (ergative indefinite)
-ak (ergative indefinite singular)
-ek (ergative indefinite plural)
-ok (ergative plural proximal)
-(r)i (dative indefinite)
-ari (dative indefinite singular)
-ei (dative indefinite plural)
-oi (dative plural proximal)
-(r)en (genitive indefinite)
-aren (genitive indefinite singular)
-en (genitive indefinite plural)
-on (genitive plural proximal)
-(r)ekin (comitative indefinite)
-arekin (comitative indefinite singular)
-ekin (comitative indefinite plural)
-okin (comitative plural proximal)
-(r)engatik (causative indefinite)
-arengatik (causative indefinite singular)
-engatik (causative indefinite plural)
-ongatik (causative plural proximal)
-(r)entzat (benefactive indefinite)
-arentzat (benefactive indefinite singular)
-entzat (benefactive indefinite plural)
-ontzat (benefactive plural proximal)
-(e)z (indefinite instrumental)
-az (indefinite instrumental singular)
-ez (indefinite instrumental plural)
-oz (instrumental plural proximal)
-(r)engan (indefinite inessive)
-arengan (indefinite inessive singular)
-engan (indefinite inessive plural)
-ongan (inessive plural proximal)
-(e)tan (indefinite inessive)
-an (indefinite inessive singular)
-etan (indefinite inessive plural)
-otan (inessive plural proximal)
-(e)tako (indefinite locative)
-(e)ko (indefinite locative singular)
-etako (indefinite locative plural)
-otako (locative plural proximal)
-(r)engana (allative indefinite)
-arengana (allative indefinite singular)
-engana (allative indefinite plural)
-ongana (allative plural proximal)
-(e)tara (allative indefinite)
-(e)ra (allative indefinite singular)
-etara (allative indefinite plural)
-otara (allative plural proximal)
-(r)enganaino (indefinite terminative)
-arenganaino (indefinite singular terminative)
-enganaino (indefinite plural terminative)
-onganaino (plural proximal terminative)
-(e)taraino (indefinite terminative)
-(e)raino (indefinite singular terminative)
-etaraino (indefinite plural terminative)
-otaraino (plural proximal terminative)
-(r)enganantz (directive indefinite)
-arenganantz (directive indefinite singular)
-enganantz (directive indefinite plural)
-onganantz (directive plural proximal)
-(e)tarantz (directive indefinite)
-(e)rantz (directive indefinite singular)
-etarantz (directive indefinite plural)
-otarantz (directive plural proximal)
-(r)enganako (destinative indefinite)
-arenganako (destinative indefinite singular)
-enganako (destinative indefinite plural)
-onganako (destinative plural proximal)
-(e)tarako (destinative indefinite)
-(e)rako (destinative indefinite singular)
-etarako (destinative indefinite plural)
-otarako (destinative plural proximal)
-(r)engandik (ablative indefinite)
-arengandik (ablative indefinite singular)
-engandik (ablative indefinite plural)
-ongandik (ablative plural proximal)
-(e)tatik (ablative indefinite)
-(e)tik (ablative indefinite singular)
-etik (ablative indefinite plural)
-otik (ablative plural proximal)
-(r)ik (indefinite partitive)
-tzat (indefinite prolative)

Liburua ekarri al duzu?


-ka

ote (“gorse, furze”) + -ka → oteka (“looking for gorse”)

Used to form adverbs from nouns.
looking for

talde (“group”) + -ka → taldeka (“in groups”)

Used to form adverbs from nouns.
divided in, distributed in

tarte (“gap, interval”) + -ka → tarteka (“intermittently”)


-ar

Alternative form of -tar (demonym-forming suffix)


-ar

katu (“cat”) + -ar → katar (“tomcat”)


-ar

Itxaron, bukatzear nago.


-ko

etxe (“house”) + -ko → etxeko (“of the house, related to the house”)

gerri (“waist”) + -ko → gerriko (“belt”)

belarri (“ear”) + -ko → belarritako (“earring”)

Noun-forming suffix with various functions.

egin (“to do”) + -ko → egingo (“will do”)


-ta

Guztiz bustita zatoz.

Hori esanda, nahi duzuna egin ezazu.

[with perfect participle] adverbial suffix


-kin

Alternative form of -gin (“maker, doer”)


-en

handi (“big”) + -en → handien (“biggest”)

zahar (“old”) + -en → zaharren (“oldest”)

Used to form the superlative form of adjectives and adverbs.


-en

Alternative form: -ren (after a vowel)

txakur (“dog”) + -en → txakurren (“of some dogs, some dogs'”)

ahizpa (“sister”) + -en → ahizpen (“of the sisters, the sisters'”)

bost (“five”) + -en → bosten (“fifth”)


-tar

Used to create adjectives and nouns that denote demonyms.


-z

autobus (“bus”) + -z → autobusez (“by bus”)


-ez

From -e- (epenthetic vowel) + -z (instrumental suffix).

af

Allomorphic post-consonantal form of -z (instrumental indefinite suffix)


-men

aditu (“to understand”) + -men → adimen (“intelligence”)

abiatu (“to start, begin”) + -men → abiamen (“beginning”)


-ak

Unknown. As the oblique plural forms include the vowel -e-, it has been suggested that it derives from Proto-Basque *-g, to which the epenthetic vowel was attached before case suffixes. Then, the intervocalic *-g- would be dropped due to its position.

Nire gurasoak oporretan daude.

Txakurrak katuak jan ditu.


-ak

From -a (singular definite article) + -k (ergative suffix).

Txakurrak katuak jan ditu.


-ik

etxe (“house”) + -ik → etxerik (“any house?”)

poz (“joy”) + -ik → pozik (“happy, happily”)


-ba

(non-productive) Kinship suffix. It is usually found attached to unknown stems.


-ra

ibai (“river”) + -ra → ibaira (“to the river”)


-ok

Ikasleok azterketa errezak nahiago ditugu.

Absolutive and ergative proximal plural suffix.

Otsoak mendiotan zehar dabiltza.

There are wolves wandering around these mountains.


-ek

Txakurrek katuak jan dituzte.


-ek

From -e- (epenthetic vowel) + -k (ergative suffix).

Allomorphic post-consonantal form of -k (ergative indefinite suffix)


-kunde

From the unattested suffix *-kun (compare -kuntza).

hazi (“to grow”) + -kunde → hazkunde (“growth”)

eratu (“to create”) + -kunde → erakunde (“organization”)

(non-productive) Forms abstract nouns, usually related to actions of verbs; -tion


-ero

gau (“night”) + -ero → gauero (“every night”)

Used to form adverbs from nouns of time; every, each


-la

Unknown, perhaps related to the allative suffix -ra.

nor (“who?”) + -la → nola (“how?”)

Used to form adverbs from interrogative and demonstrative pronouns/determiners.


-lari

Alternative form of -ari (used to create names of occupations)


-to

Unknown, probably attested in Aquitanian *nescato.

(rare, non-productive) Augmentative suffix.


-to

(Biscayan) Forms adverbs from adjectives.


-dura

abiatu (“to start, begin”) + -dura → abiadura (“speed”)

Forms nouns expressing the result of actions

hezur (“bone”) + -dura → hezurdura (“skeleton”)


-era

Gaztela (“Castille”) + -era → gaztelera (“Spanish language”)

Used to form names of languages from toponyms.

sakon (“deep”) + -era → sakonera (“depth”)

Used to form dimension nouns from adjectives.

sartu (“to enter”) + -era → sarrera (“entrance”)

bukatu (“to end”) + -era → bukaera (“ending”)

Used to a nouns representing the property corresponding to a verb; -tion, -ing

izan (“to be”) + -era → izaera (“personality”, literally “way of being”)


-era

From -e- (epenthetic vowel) + -ra (allative suffix).

Allomorphic post-consonantal form of -ra (allative inanimate singular suffix)


-eta

pago (“beech”) + -eta → Pagoeta

iturri (“fountain”) + -eta → Iturrieta


-k

Unknown. Unrelated to the adverbial suffixes -ki and -ka.


-eria

ikasle (“student”) + -eria → ikasleria (“student body”)

gazte (“young”) + -eria → gazteria (“youth, young people”)


-ada

bultzatu (“to jostle, to push”) + -ada → bultzada (“jostle, push”)

Forming nouns expressing a hit or strike

begiratu (“to look”) + -ada → begirada (“glance”)


-ari

From Proto-Basque [Term?], a borrowing from Latin -ārium.

olerki (“poem”) + -ari → olerkari (“poet”)

Used to create names of occupations from nouns.

egun (“day”) + -ari → egunkari (“newspaper”)

Used to form adverbs and nouns from nouns of time; every, each


-ari

arrats (“evening”) + -ari → askari (“afternoon snack”)

baratu (“to stop”) + -ari → barazkari (“lunch”)


-ari

From -a (definite article) + -(r)i (dative suffix).


-di

elorri (“hawthorn”) + -di → elordi (“hawthorn grove”)

pinu (“pine tree”) + -di → pinudi (“pine forest”)

Collective suffix usually attached to plant names.

gazte (“young person”) + -di → gaztedi (“youth”)


-gin

hara- (“meat”) + -gin → harakin (“butcher”)

zur (“wood”) + -gin → zurgin (“carpenter”)


-le

ikasi (“study”) + -le → ikasle (“student”)


-ki

lau (“four”) + -ki → lauki (“square”)

Forms nouns with a given number of components.

txerri (“pig”) + -ki → txerriki (“pork”)

estali (“to cover”) + -ki → estalki (“lid, cap”)

Forms nouns denoting objects used to perform an action.

baratze (“orchard”) + -ki → barazki (“vegetable”)


-ki

Used to form adverbs from adjectives; -wise, -ly


-ti

gezur (“lie”) + -ti → gezurti (“liar”)


-garren

bi (“two”) + -garren → bigarren (“second”)

lau (“four”) + -garren → laugarren (“fourth”)

ehun (“hundred”) + -garren → ehungarren (“hundredth”)


-tu

From Latin -tum, a past participle forming suffix. Basque borrowed Latin verbs in their participle form (for example, aditu (“to hear”) from audītum, neuter perfect passive participle of audiō (“I hear”)), with the ending being reinterpreted as a new verb forming suffix. Compare English -ate (verb-forming suffix).

euskara (“Basque”) + -tu → euskaratu (“to translate into Basque”)

ohera (“to, towards bed”) + -tu → oheratu (“to go to bed”)

gehi (“plus”) + -tu → gehitu (“to add”)

gehi (“plus”) + -tu → gehitu (“augmented”)

Used to form adjectives, roughly corresponding to the English past participle forming suffix -ed.


-du

lagun (“friend”) + -du → lagundu (“to help”)

afari (“dinner”) + -du → afaldu (“to eat dinner”)


-tsu

eguzki (“sun”) + -tsu → eguzkitsu (“sunny”)

euri (“rain”) + -tsu → euritsu (“rainy”)


-ago

handi (“big”) + -ago → handiago (“bigger”)

zahar (“old”) + -ago → zaharrago (“older”)

Used to form the comparative form of adjectives and adverbs.


-egi

handi (“big”) + -egi → handiegi (“too big”)

zahar (“old”) + -egi → zaharregi (“too old”)

Used to form the excessive form of adjectives.


-egi

(non-productive) Alternative form of -tegi (“place”)


-txi

aita (“father”) + -txi → aitatxi (“granddad, grandpa”)

Diminutive suffix, sometimes used for other purposes.


-kari

Alternative form of -ari (used to create names of occupations)


-kari

Alternative form of -ari (used in names of meals)


-tza

zurgin (“carpenter”) + -tza → zurgintza (“carpentry”)

erlezain (“beekeeper”) + -tza → erlezaintza (“beekeeping”)

diru (“money”) + -tza → dirutza (“wealth”)

hondar (“sand”) + -tza → hondartza (“beach”)


-tegi

May be related to hegi (“edge, border, bank”).


-kara

hotz (“cold”) + -kara → hozkara (“chill”)

Eurikara dago.

It seems like it's going to rain. (literally, “There are signs of raining.”)


-rik

Allomorphic post-vocalic form of -ik (partitive suffix)


-ondo

sagar (“apple”) + -ondo → sagarrondo (“apple tree”)

aditz (“verb”) + -ondo → aditzondo (“adverb”)


-zale

mendi (“mountain”) + -zale → mendizale (“mountaineer”)


-zain

ate (“door”) + -zain → atezain (“doorman”)

haur (“child”) + -zain → haurtzain (“baby-sitter”)


-gile

gaitz (“evil”) + -gile → gaizkile (“villain”)

zapata (“shoe”) + -gile → zapatagile (“shoemaker”)


-dun

Reduced form of duen (“who/which has [it]”), from du (“[he/she/it] has [it]”) + -n (relative pronoun).

euskal (“Basque”) + -dun → euskaldun (“Basque speaker”)

zaldi (“horse”) + -dun → zaldun (“knight”)


-aizun

ama (“mother”) + -aizun → amaizun (“stepmother”)


-orde

irakasle (“teacher”) + -orde → irakasleorde (“substitute teacher”)

ama (“mother”) + -orde → amaorde (“stepmother”)


-txo

→ Spanish: -chu

Diminutive or endearing suffix applied to common and proper nouns.


-gintza

Derived from egintza (“manufacturing”), from egin (“to make”) + -tza.

burdina (“iron”) + -gintza → burdingintza (“siderurgy”)

ardo (“wine”) + -gintza → ardogintza (“viniculture”)

plan (“plan”) + -gintza → plangintza (“planning”)


-zar

From zahar. The reduction is comparable to that of al, from ahal.


-kume

From ume (“child”) with an expressive /k/. The noun kume (“pup, youngling”) is derived from the suffix and not the other way round.

azeri (“fox”) + -kume → azerikume (“fox cub”)

txerri (“pig”) + -kume → txerrikume (“piglet”)

ahate (“duck”) + -kume → ahatekume (“duckling”)

Forms names for the young of various animals, -ling, -let

puta (“whore”) + -kume → putakume (“son of a bitch”)

lapur (“thief”) + -kume → lapurkume (“son/daughter of a thief”)

Forms pejorative names for the children of people who engage in socially reproachable activities.


-keria

azeri (“fox”) + -keria → azerikeria (“scheme, trick”)

zapaldu (“to step on”) + -keria → zapalkeria (“opression”)

Used to create abstract nouns with negative connotations


-tasun

From earlier -tarzun (still in use in the north), from -tar (“ethnonymic suffix”) + -zun (“suffix of unknown meaning also present in -kizun, of the same meaning”).

compound

suffix of unknown meaning also present in <i class="Latn mention" lang="eu">-kizun</i>, of the same meaning

eder (“beautiful”) + -tasun → edertasun (“beauty”)

luze (“long”) + -tasun → luzetasun (“length”)


-ezin

From ezin (“impossibility, impossible”).


-arazi

Probably from an independent Proto-Basque verb *e-raz-i, itself the *-ra- causative of an unknown verb. The same *-ra- prefix is present in other verbs such as erabili (“to put into motion, to use”), from ibili (“to walk”).

agertu (“to appear”) + -arazi → agerrarazi (“to show”)

[with short form] forms the causative of a verb, to make, to cause to do


-koi

abere (“livestock, cattle”) + -koi → aberekoi (“brutal”)


-tzar

abere (“livestock, cattle”) + -tzar → aberetzar (“beast”)

Augmentative suffix, usually with negative connotations.


-ezia

abil (“skillful”) + -ezia → abilezia (“skills”)

Attached to adjectives to form abstract nouns, -ness, -ity


-kada

koilara (“spoon”) + -kada → koilarakada (“spoonful”)

gora (“upwards”) + -kada → gorakada (“rise, growth”)


-ekin

Univerbation of -en (genitive suffix) + kidean (innessive of kide (“company”)), literally “in [someone]'s company”.

univerbation

innessive of <i class="Latn mention" lang="eu">kide</i> (“company”)


-garri

interes (“interest”) + -garri → interesgarri (“interesting”)

jan (“eat”) + -garri → jangarri (“edible”)


-keta

erosi (“buy”) + -keta → erosketa (“shopping”)

aberats (“rich”) + -keta → aberasketa (“enrichment”)