هل

ar-particle

هَلْ • (hal)

Univerbation of هَـ (ha-, now interrogative أَ (ʔa)) + لـ (l-, affirmative particle, found as لَـ (la-, “truly”) and the exhortative لِـ (li-) the vowel of which disappears between فَـ (fa-) or وَ (wa) and a following verb).

univerbation

now interrogative <i class="Arab mention" lang="ar">أَ</i> (ʔa)

هَلْ فَتَحْتَ النَّافِذَةَ؟

هَلِ ٱلْوَلَدُ فِي ٱلْمَدْرَسَةِ؟

هَلْ أَنْتَ مِصْرِيٌّ؟


أ

أَلِف ألف#Arabic

The first letter of the Arabic alphabet is the small hamza (ء) that sits on top of أ, and the tall column is its bearer. The composite letter is called أَلِف (ʔalif) and the hamza represents a glottal stop (/ʔ/). (See also ا.) It is followed by ب (b).


ألا

ar-particle

أَلَا • (ʔalā)

compound

أَ (ʔa) + لَا (lā)

أَلَا تَعْرِفُ مَنْ هُوَ؟

do/does ... not, don't/doesn't (negative interrogative particle)


س

head

س / س / س / س

From Nabataean 𐢝 (š), from Classical Syriac ܫ (š), from Aramaic ש (š), from Imperial Aramaic 𐡔 (š), from the Egyptian 𓌒.
Further information
This letter stood for /ʃ/ in Aramaic. 𐢖 was not adopted into the Arabic alphabet because of the following considerations:
Proto-Semitic has three fricatives that became sibilants in descendant languages: ś, š, s. In Arabic ś gave /ʃ/, but š and s merged to /s/. In Old Aramaic all three sibilants were distinguished, and s was represented by 𐢖 / ס / 𐡎 while 𐢝 / ש / 𐡔 represented both ś and š. This orthography persisted in later Aramaic even to the time of the Nabataeans, when the pronunciation of ś merged with that of s /s/.
So when a scribe wanted to write the Arabic sound /ʃ/ from ś, he did so by using 𐢝 / س purposefully in order to stick to a letter form that looks the same in the cognate Aramaic words. But when he wanted to write an Arabic sound /s/ from Proto-Semitic š, he would defy the Aramaic spelling for this Proto-Semitic phoneme were he to represent this Arabic phoneme by the sign 𐢖 / ס / 𐡎, whereas Arabic-Aramaic word pairs with the Proto-Semitic s are – somewhat by coincidence – rare and there was hence only negligible pressure to employ 𐢖 / ܣ / ס / 𐡎, in total. So the impression was that 𐢝 / ש / 𐡔 / س is the most typical sign to write /s/ while the other possible sign fell out of use.

The twelfth letter of the Arabic alphabet. It is preceded by ز (z) and followed by ش (š).


ي

ي / يـ / ـيـ / ـي

ي / يـ / ـيـ / ـي • (yāʔ)

يـ (canonical)
ـيـ (canonical)
ـي (canonical)
yāʔ (romanization)

Persian: ی

The twenty-eighth and final letter of the Arabic alphabet. It is preceded by و (w).


ه

ه / هـ / ـهـ / ـه

ه / هـ / ـهـ / ـه • (hāʔ)

هـ (canonical)
ـهـ (canonical)
ـه (canonical)
hāʔ (romanization)

The twenty-sixth letter of the Arabic alphabet. It is preceded by ن (n) and followed by و (w).


ل

لِتَأْخُذُوا مَنَاسِكَكُمْ فَإِنِّي لَا أَدْرِي لَعَلِّي لَا أَحُجُّ بَعْدَ حَجَّتِي هَذِهِ

9th century, Muslim ibn Al-Hajjaj, quoting Muhammad, “كتاب الحج”, in Sahih Muslim:

litaʔḵuḏū manāsikakum faʔinnī lā ʔadrī laʕallī lā ʔaḥujju baʕda ḥajjatī haḏihi

وَقُلِ ٱلْحَقُّ مِنْ رَبِّكُمْ فَمَنْ شَاءَ فَلْيُؤْمِنْ وَمَنْ شَاءَ فَلْيَكْفُرْ

And say, "The truth is from your Lord, so whoever wills, let him believe; and whoever wills, let him disbelieve."

waquli l-ḥaqqu min rabbikum faman šāʔa falyuʔmin waman šāʔa falyakfur

Used to introduce an imperative with a jussive verb; let


لن

ar-particle

لَنْ • (lan)

لَنْ يَكْتُبَ


لا

لِـ

antonym(s) of “expresses prohibition with a jussive verb”

desc

Gulf Arabic: لَأْ (laʔ, “no”), لا (la, “don't (used before imperatives)”)

South Levantine Arabic: لأ (laʔ), لا (la, “don't (with imperative or subjunctive)”)

Maltese: la, le

→ Swahili: la

From Proto-Semitic *lā. Compare Hebrew לֹא (lo), which, in older texts, is used in the negative imperative and the negative existential indicative.

ar:لا النافية للجنس

not; negates any non-verbal sentence element


אן

ושא אללה אן יכון נור פכאן נור׃

c. 10th century, Saadia Gaon, Tafsir, 1:3:

And God willed there to be light, and then there was light.

wa-šāʔa llāhu ʔan yakūna nūrun fakāna nūrun.


אן

أَنَّ أن#Arabic


אן

Judeo-Arabic spelling of إِنْ (ʔin, “if”)


אן

תׄם קאל אללה למוסי אדכׄל אלי פרעון פאני קד קוית קלבה וקלב קואדה לכי אחל אפאתי הדׄה בהם׃

c. 10th century, Saadia Gaon, Tafsir, 10:1:

Then God said to Moses: Come to Pharaoh for [indeed] I have just strengthened his heart and the heart of his commanders so that I might set upon them these my plagues.

ṯumma qāla llāhu limūsā dḵul ʾilā firʿawna faʾinnī qad qawwaytu qalbahu waqalba quwwādihi likay ʾuḥilla ʾāfātī hāḏihi bahum.

إِنَّ إن#Arabic


ما

Cognate with Hebrew מָה (ma) and Ugaritic 𐎎𐎅 (mh).

[…] وَلَا يَأْبَ ٱلشُّهَدَاءُ إِذَا مَا دُعُوا […]

[…] And let not the witnesses refuse when they are called upon. […]

[…] walā yaʔba š-šuhadāʔu ʔiḏā mā duʕū […]

مَا الزَّائِدَة
ما الزائدة#Arabic

A subordinating conjunction following particles or genitival nouns in conditional statements, known as مَا الزَّائِدَة (mā z-zāʔida), 'superfluous mā'

وَلَهُمْ عَذَابٌ أَلِيمٌ بِمَا كَانُوا يَكْذِبُونَ

And they will suffer a painful punishment, as they used to lie.

wa-lahum ʕaḏābun ʔalīmun bi-mā kānū yakḏibūna

أَتَظُنُّ أَنَّكَ بَعْدَ مَا أَحْرَقْتَنِي وَرَقَصْتَ كَٱلشَيْطَانِ فَوْقَ رُفَاتِي

2017, 0:35 from the start, in أَتَظُنُّ أَنَّكَ عِنْدَمَا أَحْرَقْتَنِي [ʔataẓunnu ʔannaka ʕindamā ʔaḥraqtanī], مُهَذِّل الصُّقُور (muhaḏḏil aṣ-ṣuqūr) (actor):

Do you think that, after you set me alight, and you danced like Satan over my ashes

loosely translates to that; introduces a verbal complement to a preposition, standing in place of the definite verbal noun


أما

head

أَمَّا • (ʔammā)

Maltese: imma

Moroccan Arabic: أما (ʔamma)

→ Azerbaijani: amma

→ Bashkir: әммә (əmmə)

→ Khalaj: əmmâ

→ Classical Persian: اَمَّا (ammā)

Dari: اَمَّا (ammā)

Iranian Persian: اَمَّا (ammâ)

Tajik: аммо (ammo)

→ Hindustani:

Urdu: اَمَّا (ammā)

desc

Hindi: अम्मा (ammā) (literary, uncommon)

→ Ottoman Turkish: اما (ammâ)

Turkish: ama

→ Albanian: ama (Kosovo)

→ Armenian: ամա (ama), ամմա (amma)

→ Laz: ამა (ama)

→ Macedonian: ама (ama)

→ Hausa: àmmā

→ Yoruba:

Latin script: àmọ́

Arabic script: اموَْ

→ Nupe: àmáà

→ Uzbek: ammo

Univerbation of أَن (ʔan, “that”) + مَا (mā, relative), the original thought being “that this matter be touched”, “be it that”, or just a dialectal variant of disjunctive إِمَّا (ʔimmā, “be it that”) as أَمَّا (ʔammā) can well be used for positing two alternatives.

univerbation

إِنَّ سَعْيَكُمْ لَشَتَّى
 فَأَمَّا مَنْ أَعْطَى وَٱتَّقَى
 وَصَدَّقَ بِٱلْحُسْنَى
 فَسَنُيَسِّرُهُ لِلْيُسْرَى
 وَأَمَّا مَن بَخِلَ وَٱسْتَغْنَى
 وَكَذَّبَ بِٱلْحُسْنَى
 فَسَنُيَسِّرُهُ لِلْعُسْرَى

Indeed, your efforts are diverse.
As for he who gives and fears Allah
And believes in the best [reward],
We will ease him toward ease.
But as for he who withholds and considers himself free of need
And denies the best [reward],
We will ease him toward difficulty.

ʔinna saʕyakum lašattā
 fa-ʔammā man ʔaʕṭā wa-ttaqā
 wa-ṣaddaqa bi-l-ḥusnā
 fa-sanuyassiruhu li-l-yusrā
 wa-ʔammā man baḵila wa-staḡnā
 wa-kaḏḏaba bi-l-ḥusnā
 fa-sanuyassiruhu li-l-ʕusrā

وَلَمْ أَرَ كَٱلمَعْرُوفِ؛ أَمَّا مَذَاقُهُ / فَحُلْوٌ، وَأَمَّا وَجْهُهُ فَجَمِيلُ

(Can we date this quote?), (Please provide the book title or journal name):

wa-lam ʔara ka-l-maʕrūfi; ʔammā maḏāquhu / fa-ḥulwun, wa-ʔammā wajhuhu fa-jamīlu

as for; followed by a noun or pronoun, itself followed by the particle فَـ (fa-)


خلت

ar-particle

خِلْت • (ḵilt)


ليس

لَيْسَ • (laysa)

Uncertain. Traditionally taken to be a contracted pronunciation of either an earlier form لَيِسَ (layisa), whose ultimate origin is in turn unknown or unexplored, or of لَا (lā, “not”) + an existential أَيْس (ʔays) that has a proposed etymology in Proto-Semitic *ys < *yṯ. This existential would be a native cognate to Hebrew יֵשׁ (yēš) and Akkadian 𒌇 (/išu/, “to have or own; to be”, also used copulatively), although Al-Jallad (2018) expresses doubt that it is anything more than a back-formation from the negative, in other words implying that لَا (lā, “not”) + *أَيْس (*ʔays, existential) is just a folk etymology from which أَيْس (ʔays) was created artificially. Al-Jallad proceeds to attest a form of لَيْسَ (laysa) in a Safaitic inscription dated between the first century BC and the fourth century AD, whose form, he says, invalidates the possibility of an origin in a verb لَيِسَ (layisa); he thereby argues that لَيْسَ (laysa) may either be a loan from Neo-Assyrian 𒆷𒀸𒋗 (la-aš-šu /laššu/, “there is not”) or from Taymanitic 𐪁𐪚𐪏 (lys³ /lāʾis, lāyis/, “not existing or being”).

bor

وَلَيْسَ يَصِحُّ فِي الْأَفْهَامِ شَيْءٌ / إِذَا ٱحْتَاجَ النَّهَارُ إِلَى دَلِيلِ

walaysa yaṣiḥḥu fī l-ʔafhāmi šayʔun / ʔiḏā ḥtāja n-nahāru ʔilā dalīli


لم

ar-particle

لَمْ • (lam)

See also: مَا

لَمْ يَكْتُبْ

لَمۡ يَكُنِ ٱلَّذِينَ كَفَرُواْ مِنۡ أَهۡلِ ٱلۡكِتَٰبِ وَٱلۡمُشۡرِكِينَ مُنفَكِّينَ حَتَّىٰ تَأۡتِيَهُمُ ٱلۡبَيِّنَةُ.

Those who disbelieved among the People of the Scripture and the polytheists were not to be parted [from misbelief] until there came to them clear evidence.


لما

ar-adv

لِمَا • (limā)

Univerbation of لَم (lam, “not”) + مَا (mā, relative), the original thought being "but not have it that".


آ

قُلۡ أَرَءَيۡتُم مَّاۤ أَنزَلَ ٱللَّٰهُ لَكُم مِّن رِّزۡقࣲ فَجَعَلۡتُم مِّنۡهُ حَرَامࣰا وَحَلَـٰلࣰا قُلۡ ءَاۤللَّهُ أَذِنَ لَكُمۡ ۖ أَمۡ عَلَى ٱللَّٰهِ تَفۡتَرُونَ

Sahih International: Say, "Have you seen what Allah has sent down to you of provision of which you have made [some] lawful and [some] unlawful?" Say, "Has Allah permitted you [to do so], or do you invent [something] about Allah?"

qul ʔa-raʔaytum mā ʔanzala llāhu lakum min rizqin fa-jaʕaltum minhu ḥarāman wa-ḥalālan qul ʔāllāhu ʔaḏina lakum ʔam ʕalā llāhi taftarūna

مَدَّة مدة#Arabic

A form of the initial interrogative particle that indicates a yes-or-no question. As it is written together with the following word, when this word begins with ال (al-, “the”) they are orthographically morphed together and written with a مَدَّة (madda) diacritic instead of maintaining both.


إن

Inherited from Proto-West Semitic *him, from Proto-Semitic *šim.

إِنْ تَدْرُسْ تَنْجَحْ

إِنْ لَا تَدْرُسْ لَا تَنْجَحْ

If you do not study you (will) not succeed.

اَلْمَرْءُ مَقْتُولٌ بِمَا قَتَلَ بِهِ: إِنْ سَيْفًا فَسَيْفٌ، وَإِنْ خِنْجَرًا فَخِنْجَرٌ.

A person is killed by what they are killed with, whether it's a sword, it's a sword, and if it's a dagger, it's a dagger.

al-marʔu maqtūlun bimā qatala bihi: ʔin sayfan fasayfun, waʔin ḵinjaran faḵinjarun.

اَلنَّاسُ مَجْزِيُّونَ بِأَعَمَالِهِمْ: إِنْ خَيْرًا فَخَيْرٌ، وَإنْ شَرًّا فَشَرٌّ.

People are rewarded for their deeds, if it's good, it's good, and if it's evil, it's evil.

an-nāsu majziyyūna biʔaʕamālihim: ʔin ḵayran faḵayrun, waʔin šarran fašarrun.

هَاتُوا بُرْهَانَكُمْ إِنْ كُنْتُمْ صَادِقِينَ

(conditional) if (possible, not contrary to fact)


إن

ar-particle

إِنَّ • (ʔinna)

إِنَّ (canonical)
ʔinna (romanization)
إِنَّ (stem)
إِنِّي (feminine first-person masculine singular)
إِنَّنِي (feminine first-person masculine singular)
إِنَّنَا (common-gender dual feminine first-person masculine plural)
إِنَّا (common-gender dual feminine first-person masculine plural)
إِنَّكَ (masculine second-person singular)
إِنَّكِ (feminine second-person singular)
إِنَّكُمَا (common-gender dual second-person)
إِنَّكُمْ (masculine plural second-person)
إِنَّكُنَّ (feminine plural second-person)
إِنَّهُ (masculine singular third-person)
إِنَّهَا (feminine singular third-person)
إِنَّهُمَا (common-gender dual third-person)
إِنَّهُمْ (masculine plural third-person)
إِنَّهُنَّ (feminine plural third-person)

Cognate to Hebrew הִנֵּה (“lo, behold”).

إِنِّي فَقِيرٌ وَلَا أَجِدُ طَعَامًا أُطْعِمُ أَوْلَادِي وَعَائِلَتِي، فَسَاعِدْنِي.

Indeed, I am poor and can't find food to feed my children and my family, so please help me.

ʔinnī faqīrun wa-lā ʔajidu ṭaʕāman ʔuṭʕimu ʔawlādī wa-ʕāʔilatī, fa-sāʕidnī.

indeed, an emphasizing sentence particle, usually untranslated


عم

عَمَّ • (ʕamma)

compound

عَن (ʕan) + مَا (mā)


قد

ar-particle

قَدْ • (qad)

Judeo-Arabic: קד (qad)

From the root ق د د (q-d-d) in the sense of being a thing separated or cut apart, a thing distinct with its own measure and shape, a defined piece; extended semantically to a secure definite thing, a certainty, hence the past tense implying a thing has already been set or definitive.
The non-past tense stems from the idea of something intended, likely expected, planned to be, measured to occur, or cut out to happen.

قَدْ يَكُونُ كَذٰلِكَ

إِنْ سَأَلْتَهُ ٱلْمَالَ فَقَدْ يُعْطِيكَ.

If you ask him for money, he may give you.

(in the non-past tense) Indicates nonveridicality, might, could, may


وا

وَا أَسَفَاهُ!

وَا حُزْنَاهُ عَلَيْكَ يَا أَبَتَاهُ!

وَا فَرْحَتَاهُ!

وَا حَرَّ قَلْبَاهُ!

Al-Mutanabbi
وَا حَرَّ قَلْبَاهُ مِن مَنْ قَلْبُهُ شَبِمُ / وَمَنْ بِجِسْمِي وَحَالِي عِنْدَهُ سَقَمُ
wā ḥarra qalbāhu min man qalbuhu šabimu / waman bijismī waḥālī ʕindahu saqamu

Alas for a heart feverish on account of one whose heart is cold, and with whom there is a sickness in my body and estate.

(usually with following noun ending in āhu or ā) oh, woe


يا

→ Armenian: յա (ya)

→ Hebrew: יא (ya)

→ Hindi: या (yā)

→ Ottoman Turkish: یا (ya)

Turkish: ya

→ Persian: یا (yâ)

يَا كَرِيمُ...

يَا حِمارُ!

يَا قُدْسُ يَا قُدْسُ يَا قُدْسُ يَا مَدِينَةَ الصَّلَاة أُصَلِّي

1971, “زَهْرَةُ المَدَائِن (zahratu l-madāʔin) [The Flower of [All] Cities]”, in Said Akl (lyrics), The Rahbani Brothers (music), القُدْسْ فِي البَال (al-quds fī l-bāl) [Jerusalem in My Heart], performed by Fairuz:

O Jerusalem, O Jerusalem, O Jerusalem, O city of prayer... I pray

yā qudsu yā qudsu yā qudsu yā madīnata ṣ-ṣalāh ʾuṣallī

O; hey; you; vocative particle preceding a noun used in direct address, only rarely omitted in such contexts


ليت

لَيْتَ • (layta)

لَيْتَ (canonical)
layta (romanization)
لَيْتَ (stem)
لَيْتَنِي (feminine first-person masculine singular)
لَيْتَنَا (common-gender dual feminine first-person masculine plural)
لَيْتَكَ (masculine second-person singular)
لَيْتَكِ (feminine second-person singular)
لَيْتَكُمَا (common-gender dual second-person)
لَيْتَكُمْ (masculine plural second-person)
لَيْتَكُنَّ (feminine plural second-person)
لَيْتَهُ (masculine singular third-person)
لَيْتَهَا (feminine singular third-person)
لَيْتَهُمَا (common-gender dual third-person)
لَيْتَهُمْ (masculine plural third-person)
لَيْتَهُنَّ (feminine plural third-person)

لَيْتَكَ كُنْتَ مَعِي أَمْس!

وَيَوْمَ يَعَضُّ ٱلظَّالِمُ عَلَىٰ يَدَيْهِ يَقُولُ يَـٰلَيْتَنِى ٱتَّخَذْتُ مَعَ ٱلرَّسُولِ سَبِيلًا ۝ يَـٰوَيْلَتَىٰ لَيْتَنِى لَمْ أَتَّخِذْ فُلَانًا خَلِيلًا ۝

And (beware of) the Day the wrongdoer will bite his nails (in regret) and say, “Oh! I wish I had followed the way along with the Messenger! Woe to me! I wish I had never taken that one as a friend.

wayawma yaʕaḍḍu l-ẓālimu ʕalā yadayhi yaqūlu yālaytanī ittaḵaḏtu maʕa l-rasūli sabīlan. yāwaylatā laytanī lam attaḵiḏ fulānan ḵalīlan.

وَأَمَّا مَنْ أُوتِىَ كِتَـٰبَهُ بِشِمَالِهِ فَيَقُولُ يَـٰلَيْتَنِى لَمْ أُوتَ كِتَـٰبِيَهْ ۝ وَلَمْ أَدْرِ مَا حِسَابِيَهْ ۝ يَـٰلَيْتَهَا كَانَتِ ٱلْقَاضِيَةَ ۝

And as for those given their record in their left hand, they will cry (bitterly), “Oh! I wish I had not been given my record, nor known anything of my reckoning! Oh! I wish it (death) was the end!

waʔammā man ʔūtiya kitābahu bišimālihi fayaqūlu yālaytanī lam ʔūta kitābiyah. ʔadri mā ḥisābiyah. yālaytahā kānati l-qāḍiya.

إِنَّا أَنْذَرْنَٰكُمْ عَذَابًا قَرِيبًا يَوْمَ يَنْظُرُ ٱلْمَرْءُ مَا قَدَّمَتْ يَدَاهُ وَيَقُولُ ٱلْكَافِرُ يَٰلَيْتَنِي كُنْتُ تُرَٰبًا

Indeed, We have warned you of an imminent punishment—the Day every person will see ˹the consequences of˺ what their hands have done, and the disbelievers will cry, “I wish I were dust.”

if only, I wish, would (would God) that...; expresses an unattainable wish


קד

תׄם קאל אללה למוסי אדכׄל אלי פרעון פאני קד קוית קלבה וקלב קואדה לכי אחל אפאתי הדׄה בהם׃

Then God said to Moses: Come to Pharaoh for I have just strengthened his heart and the heart of his commanders so that I might set upon them these my plagues.


לם

וקאם מלך גׄדיד עלי מצר מן לם ישאהד יוסף׃

c. 10th century, Saadia Gaon, Tafsir, 1:8:

And a new king arose over Egypt who had not witnessed Joseph.

waqāma malikun jadīdun ʕalā miṣra man lam yušāhid yūsufa.

Judeo-Arabic spelling of لَمْ (lam, “not (past tense)”)


لقد

لَقَدْ • (laqad)

Indeed, verily, truly (adds emphasis to a sentence in the past tense; may be left untranslated)


سوف

سَوْفَ • (sawfa)

Borrowed from Aramaic סוֹף / ܣܘܦ (sōp̄, “limit, end”), which was used in various adverbial uses such as “after”, “in the end”. Compare the same word pervading the Hebrew language as סוֹף (sōp̄, “end”) in later usage, and Hebrew טֶרֶם (térem, “before; not yet”) cognate to طَرْمَة (ṭarma, “upper lip; edge, protrusion”).
From the Arabic particle, it was natural to form a form II verb “to put off in the future”, said of someone who commits to do something (سَوْفَ أَفْعَلُ (sawfa ʔafʕalu, “I will do”), and less well-known form I سَافَ (sāfa) meaning “to endure” and “to smell” as sensory anticipation, whence ”to hunt”, and form III سَاوِفَ (sāwifa, “to smell; to say in private; to compress, to go in unto”), and notably مَسَافَة (masāfa, “distance, interval”).

يَقْرَأُ كِتَابًا، سَوْفَ يَقْرَأُ كِتَابًا

He is reading a book, he will read a book.

added to an imperfect (present) verb form to express future tense: will


أيها

أَيُّهَا • (ʔayyuhā)

أَيُّهَا (canonical)
ʔayyuhā (romanization)
أَيَّتُهَا (feminine)

أَيُّ (ʔayyu) + هَا (hā)

affix

أَيُّ (ʔayyu) + هَا (hā)

يَا أَيُّهَا ٱلَّذِينَ آمَنُوا إِذَا لَقِيتُمْ فِئَةً فَاثْبُتُوا وَاذْكُرُوا ٱللّٰهَ كَثِيرًا لَعَلَّكُمْ تُفْلِحُونَ

O you who have attained to faith, when you meet a host in battle, be firm, and remember God often; so that you might attain to a happy state!

yā ʔayyuhā llaḏīna ʔāmanū ʔiḏā laqītum fiʔatan fa-ṯbutū wa-ḏkurū llāha kaṯīran laʕallakum tufliḥūna

فَلَمَّا جَهَّزَهُم بِجَهَازِهِمْ جَعَلَ ٱلسِّقَايَةَ فِي رَحْلِ أَخِيهِ ثُمَّ أَذَّنَ مُؤَذِّنٌ أَيَّتُهَا ٱلْعِيرُ إِنَّكُمْ لَسَارِقُونَ

And when he had provided them with their provisions, he placed the drinking-cup in his brother's camel-pack. And a herald called out: "O you people of the caravan! Verily, you are thieves!

fa-lammā jahhazahum bijahāzihim jaʕala s-siqāyata fī raḥli ʔaḵīhi ṯumma ʔaḏḏana muʔaḏḏinun ʔayyatuhā l-ʕīru ʔinnakum la-sāriqūna

vocative particle preceding a noun used in direct address; only rarely omitted in such contexts; occasionally translated as O or hey


إي

إِي وَرَبِّي إِنَّكَ عَلَى حَقٍّ

وَيَسْتَنْبِئُونَكَ أَحَقٌّ هُوَ قُلْ إِي وَرَبِّي إِنَّهُ لَحَقٌّ وَمَا أَنْتُمْ بِمُعْجِزِينَ

And they ask thee to inform them: "Is it true?" Say: "Yes, by my Lord, verily it is true, and ye cannot escape."

wayastanbiʔūnaka ʔaḥaqqun huwa qul ʔī warabbī ʔinnahu laḥaqqun wamā ʔantum bimuʕjizīna

Used with وَ (wa) followed by a word referring to God, to make an oath that expresses agreement.


أيتها

ar-particle

أَيَّتُهَا • (ʔayyatuhā)

أَيَّتُهَا (canonical)
ʔayyatuhā (romanization)
أَيُّهَا (masculine)

أَيُّهَا أيها#Arabic

O, oh: form of أَيُّهَا (ʔayyuhā) used when addressing females or feminine collective nouns


إيا

إِيَّا • (ʔiyyā)

إِيَّا (canonical)
ʔiyyā (romanization)
إِيَّا (stem)
إِيَّايَ (feminine first-person masculine singular)
إِيَّانَا (common-gender dual feminine first-person masculine plural)
إِيَّاكَ (masculine second-person singular)
إِيَّاكِ (feminine second-person singular)
إِيَّاكُمَا (common-gender dual second-person)
إِيَّاكُمْ (masculine plural second-person)
إِيَّاكُنَّ (feminine plural second-person)
إِيَّاهُ (masculine singular third-person)
إِيَّاهَا (feminine singular third-person)
إِيَّاهُمَا (common-gender dual third-person)
إِيَّاهُمْ (masculine plural third-person)
إِيَّاهُنَّ (feminine plural third-person)

An innovation first attested in Old Arabic, derived from the root ء ي ء (ʔ-y-ʔ), originally a vocative word used to call to someone, to direct their attention; see also إِيَّاكَ (ʔiyyāka).

ar-root

ء ي ء (ʔ-y-ʔ)

إِيَّاكَ نَعْبُدُ وَإِيَّاكَ نَسْتَعِينُ

Thee do we worship; and unto Thee do we turn for aid.

particle attached to oblique pronoun forms when they are not attached to the verb or preposition governing them


لعل

ar-particle

لَعَلَّ • (laʕalla)

لَعَلَّ (canonical)
laʕalla (romanization)
لَعَلَّ (stem)
لَعَلِّي (feminine first-person masculine singular)
لَعَلَّنَا (common-gender dual feminine first-person masculine plural)
لَعَلَّكَ (masculine second-person singular)
لَعَلَّكِ (feminine second-person singular)
لَعَلَّكُمَا (common-gender dual second-person)
لَعَلَّكُمْ (masculine plural second-person)
لَعَلَّكُنَّ (feminine plural second-person)
لَعَلَّهُ (masculine singular third-person)
لَعَلَّهَا (feminine singular third-person)
لَعَلَّهُمَا (common-gender dual third-person)
لَعَلَّهُمْ (masculine plural third-person)
لَعَلَّهُنَّ (feminine plural third-person)

Univerbation of لَـ (la-, “truly, indeed, verily”) and عَلَّ (ʕalla).

ثُمَّ بَعَثْنَاكُم مِن بَعْدِ مَوْتِكُمْ لَعَلَّكُمْ تَشْكُرُونَ

But We raised you again after you had been as dead, so that you might have cause to be grateful.

ṯumma baʕaṯnākum min baʕdi mawtikum laʕallakum taškurūna


هلا

هَلَّا • (hallā)


عل

ar-verb

عَلَّ • (ʕalla) I (non-past يَعُلُّ (yaʕullu), verbal noun عَلَل (ʕalal) or عَلّ (ʕall))

عَلَّ (canonical)
ʕalla (romanization)
يَعُلُّ (non-past)
عَلَل (noun-from-verb)
عَلّ (noun-from-verb)
عَلَل (noun-from-verb)
عَلّ (noun-from-verb)
عَالّ (active participle)
مَعْلُول (participle passive)
عَلَلْتُ (active first-person indicative masculine past perfective singular)
عَلَلْتَ (active indicative masculine past perfective second-person singular)
عَلَّ (active indicative masculine past perfective singular third-person)
عَلَلْتُمَا (active dual indicative masculine past perfective second-person)
عَلَّا (active dual indicative masculine past perfective third-person)
عَلَلْنَا (active first-person indicative masculine past perfective plural)
عَلَلْتُمْ (active indicative masculine past perfective plural second-person)
عَلُّوا (active indicative masculine past perfective plural third-person)
عَلَلْتُ (active feminine first-person indicative past perfective singular)
عَلَلْتِ (active feminine indicative past perfective second-person singular)
عَلَّتْ (active feminine indicative past perfective singular third-person)
عَلَلْتُمَا (active dual feminine indicative past perfective second-person)
عَلَّتَا (active dual feminine indicative past perfective third-person)
عَلَلْنَا (active feminine first-person indicative past perfective plural)
عَلَلْتُنَّ (active feminine indicative past perfective plural second-person)
عَلَلْنَ (active feminine indicative past perfective plural third-person)
أَعُلُّ (active first-person imperfective indicative masculine non-past singular)
تَعُلُّ (active imperfective indicative masculine non-past second-person singular)
يَعُلُّ (active imperfective indicative masculine non-past singular third-person)
تَعُلَّانِ (active dual imperfective indicative masculine non-past second-person)
يَعُلَّانِ (active dual imperfective indicative masculine non-past third-person)
نَعُلُّ (active first-person imperfective indicative masculine non-past plural)
تَعُلُّونَ (active imperfective indicative masculine non-past plural second-person)
يَعُلُّونَ (active imperfective indicative masculine non-past plural third-person)
أَعُلُّ (active feminine first-person imperfective indicative non-past singular)
تَعُلِّينَ (active feminine imperfective indicative non-past second-person singular)
تَعُلُّ (active feminine imperfective indicative non-past singular third-person)
تَعُلَّانِ (active dual feminine imperfective indicative non-past second-person)
تَعُلَّانِ (active dual feminine imperfective indicative non-past third-person)
نَعُلُّ (active feminine first-person imperfective indicative non-past plural)
تَعْلُلْنَ (active feminine imperfective indicative non-past plural second-person)
يَعْلُلْنَ (active feminine imperfective indicative non-past plural third-person)
أَعُلَّ (active first-person masculine singular subjunctive)
تَعُلَّ (active masculine second-person singular subjunctive)
يَعُلَّ (active masculine singular subjunctive third-person)
تَعُلَّا (active dual masculine second-person subjunctive)
يَعُلَّا (active dual masculine subjunctive third-person)
نَعُلَّ (active first-person masculine plural subjunctive)
تَعُلُّوا (active masculine plural second-person subjunctive)
يَعُلُّوا (active masculine plural subjunctive third-person)
أَعُلَّ (active feminine first-person singular subjunctive)
تَعُلِّي (active feminine second-person singular subjunctive)
تَعُلَّ (active feminine singular subjunctive third-person)
تَعُلَّا (active dual feminine second-person subjunctive)
تَعُلَّا (active dual feminine subjunctive third-person)
نَعُلَّ (active feminine first-person plural subjunctive)
تَعْلُلْنَ (active feminine plural second-person subjunctive)
يَعْلُلْنَ (active feminine plural subjunctive third-person)
أَعُلَّ (active first-person jussive masculine singular)
أَعُلِّ (active first-person jussive masculine singular)
أَعْلُلْ (active first-person jussive masculine singular)
تَعُلَّ (active jussive masculine second-person singular)
تَعُلِّ (active jussive masculine second-person singular)
تَعْلُلْ (active jussive masculine second-person singular)
يَعُلَّ (active jussive masculine singular third-person)
يَعُلِّ (active jussive masculine singular third-person)
يَعْلُلْ (active jussive masculine singular third-person)
تَعُلَّا (active dual jussive masculine second-person)
يَعُلَّا (active dual jussive masculine third-person)
نَعُلَّ (active first-person jussive masculine plural)
نَعُلِّ (active first-person jussive masculine plural)
نَعْلُلْ (active first-person jussive masculine plural)
تَعُلُّوا (active jussive masculine plural second-person)
يَعُلُّوا (active jussive masculine plural third-person)
أَعُلَّ (active feminine first-person jussive singular)
أَعُلِّ (active feminine first-person jussive singular)
أَعْلُلْ (active feminine first-person jussive singular)
تَعُلِّي (active feminine jussive second-person singular)
تَعُلَّ (active feminine jussive singular third-person)
تَعُلِّ (active feminine jussive singular third-person)
تَعْلُلْ (active feminine jussive singular third-person)
تَعُلَّا (active dual feminine jussive second-person)
تَعُلَّا (active dual feminine jussive third-person)
نَعُلَّ (active feminine first-person jussive plural)
نَعُلِّ (active feminine first-person jussive plural)
نَعْلُلْ (active feminine first-person jussive plural)
تَعْلُلْنَ (active feminine jussive plural second-person)
يَعْلُلْنَ (active feminine jussive plural third-person)
عُلَّ (active imperative masculine second-person singular)
عُلِّ (active imperative masculine second-person singular)
اُعْلُلْ (active imperative masculine second-person singular)
عُلَّا (active dual imperative masculine second-person)
عُلُّوا (active imperative masculine plural second-person)
عُلِّي (active feminine imperative second-person singular)
عُلَّا (active dual feminine imperative second-person)
اُعْلُلْنَ (active feminine imperative plural second-person)
عُلِلْتُ (first-person indicative masculine passive past perfective singular)
عُلِلْتَ (indicative masculine passive past perfective second-person singular)
عُلَّ (indicative masculine passive past perfective singular third-person)
عُلِلْتُمَا (dual indicative masculine passive past perfective second-person)
عُلَّا (dual indicative masculine passive past perfective third-person)
عُلِلْنَا (first-person indicative masculine passive past perfective plural)
عُلِلْتُمْ (indicative masculine passive past perfective plural second-person)
عُلُّوا (indicative masculine passive past perfective plural third-person)
عُلِلْتُ (feminine first-person indicative passive past perfective singular)
عُلِلْتِ (feminine indicative passive past perfective second-person singular)
عُلَّتْ (feminine indicative passive past perfective singular third-person)
عُلِلْتُمَا (dual feminine indicative passive past perfective second-person)
عُلَّتَا (dual feminine indicative passive past perfective third-person)
عُلِلْنَا (feminine first-person indicative passive past perfective plural)
عُلِلْتُنَّ (feminine indicative passive past perfective plural second-person)
عُلِلْنَ (feminine indicative passive past perfective plural third-person)
أُعَلُّ (first-person imperfective indicative masculine non-past passive singular)
تُعَلُّ (imperfective indicative masculine non-past passive second-person singular)
يُعَلُّ (imperfective indicative masculine non-past passive singular third-person)
تُعَلَّانِ (dual imperfective indicative masculine non-past passive second-person)
يُعَلَّانِ (dual imperfective indicative masculine non-past passive third-person)
نُعَلُّ (first-person imperfective indicative masculine non-past passive plural)
تُعَلُّونَ (imperfective indicative masculine non-past passive plural second-person)
يُعَلُّونَ (imperfective indicative masculine non-past passive plural third-person)
أُعَلُّ (feminine first-person imperfective indicative non-past passive singular)
تُعَلِّينَ (feminine imperfective indicative non-past passive second-person singular)
تُعَلُّ (feminine imperfective indicative non-past passive singular third-person)
تُعَلَّانِ (dual feminine imperfective indicative non-past passive second-person)
تُعَلَّانِ (dual feminine imperfective indicative non-past passive third-person)
نُعَلُّ (feminine first-person imperfective indicative non-past passive plural)
تُعْلَلْنَ (feminine imperfective indicative non-past passive plural second-person)
يُعْلَلْنَ (feminine imperfective indicative non-past passive plural third-person)
أُعَلَّ (first-person masculine passive singular subjunctive)
تُعَلَّ (masculine passive second-person singular subjunctive)
يُعَلَّ (masculine passive singular subjunctive third-person)
تُعَلَّا (dual masculine passive second-person subjunctive)
يُعَلَّا (dual masculine passive subjunctive third-person)
نُعَلَّ (first-person masculine passive plural subjunctive)
تُعَلُّوا (masculine passive plural second-person subjunctive)
يُعَلُّوا (masculine passive plural subjunctive third-person)
أُعَلَّ (feminine first-person passive singular subjunctive)
تُعَلِّي (feminine passive second-person singular subjunctive)
تُعَلَّ (feminine passive singular subjunctive third-person)
تُعَلَّا (dual feminine passive second-person subjunctive)
تُعَلَّا (dual feminine passive subjunctive third-person)
نُعَلَّ (feminine first-person passive plural subjunctive)
تُعْلَلْنَ (feminine passive plural second-person subjunctive)
يُعْلَلْنَ (feminine passive plural subjunctive third-person)
أُعَلَّ (first-person jussive masculine passive singular)
أُعَلِّ (first-person jussive masculine passive singular)
أُعْلَلْ (first-person jussive masculine passive singular)
تُعَلَّ (jussive masculine passive second-person singular)
تُعَلِّ (jussive masculine passive second-person singular)
تُعْلَلْ (jussive masculine passive second-person singular)
يُعَلَّ (jussive masculine passive singular third-person)
يُعَلِّ (jussive masculine passive singular third-person)
يُعْلَلْ (jussive masculine passive singular third-person)
تُعَلَّا (dual jussive masculine passive second-person)
يُعَلَّا (dual jussive masculine passive third-person)
نُعَلَّ (first-person jussive masculine passive plural)
نُعَلِّ (first-person jussive masculine passive plural)
نُعْلَلْ (first-person jussive masculine passive plural)
تُعَلُّوا (jussive masculine passive plural second-person)
يُعَلُّوا (jussive masculine passive plural third-person)
أُعَلَّ (feminine first-person jussive passive singular)
أُعَلِّ (feminine first-person jussive passive singular)
أُعْلَلْ (feminine first-person jussive passive singular)
تُعَلِّي (feminine jussive passive second-person singular)
تُعَلَّ (feminine jussive passive singular third-person)
تُعَلِّ (feminine jussive passive singular third-person)
تُعْلَلْ (feminine jussive passive singular third-person)
تُعَلَّا (dual feminine jussive passive second-person)
تُعَلَّا (dual feminine jussive passive third-person)
نُعَلَّ (feminine first-person jussive passive plural)
نُعَلِّ (feminine first-person jussive passive plural)
نُعْلَلْ (feminine first-person jussive passive plural)
تُعْلَلْنَ (feminine jussive passive plural second-person)
يُعْلَلْنَ (feminine jussive passive plural third-person)

to give a second time, to bestow a second time, to apply a second time to


عل

ar-particle

عَلَّ • (ʕalla)


حاشا

حَاشَا • (ḥāšā)

Compare, for the particle, Classical Syriac ܚܵܣ (ḥās, “God forbid”).
 Root
 ح ش و (ḥ š w)
 0 terms

cog

claimed by some to be more correct for the particle


إذما

ar-particle

إِذْمَا • (ʔiḏmā)

إِذْمَا (canonical)
ʔiḏmā (romanization)

إِذْ (ʔiḏ) + مَا (mā).

af

إِذْ (ʔiḏ) + مَا (mā)

Unknown
وَإِنَّكَ إِذْمَا تَأْتِ مَا أَنْتَ آمِرٌ / بِهِ تُلْفِ مَنْ إيَّاهُ تَأْمُرُ آتِيَا
waʔinnaka ʔiḏmā taʔti mā ʔanta ʔāmirun / bihi tulfi man ʔiyyāhu taʔmuru ʔātiyā

And surely, whenever you come (act upon) what you are ordering, you will find the one you ordered coming (acting upon said order).


كأين

ar-particle

كَأَيِّنْ • (kaʔayyin)

كَأَيِّنْ (canonical)
kaʔayyin (romanization)

Univerbation of كَـ (ka-) + أَيٍّ (ʔayyin)

univerbation

وَكَأَيِّنْ مِنْ قَرْيَةٍ هِيَ أَشَدُّ قُوَّةً مِنْ قَرْيَتِكَ الَّتِي أَخْرَجَتْكَ أَهْلَكْنَاهُمْ فَلَا نَاصِرَ لَهُمْ

wakaʔayyin min qaryatin hiya ʔašaddu quwwatan min qaryatika llatī ʔaḵrajatka ʔahlaknāhum falā nāṣira lahum


فيم

ar-particle

فِيمَ • (fīma)

compound

فِي (fī) + مَا (mā)


علام

ar-particle

عَلَامَ • (ʕalāma)

عَلَامَ (canonical)
ʕalāma (romanization)

compound

عَلَى (ʕalā) + مَا (mā)


إلام

ar-particle

إِلَامَ • (ʔilāma)

إِلَامَ (canonical)
ʔilāma (romanization)

compound

إِلَى (ʔilā) + مَا (mā)

إلامَ أشارَتِ الحَيَواناتُ الَّتي قُدِّمَت ذَبيحَةً تَحتَ الشَّريعَة؟

What did the animals that were offered as sacrifice under the law refer to?


ليتما

ar-particle

لَيْتَمَا • (laytamā)

لَيْتَمَا (canonical)
laytamā (romanization)