ἄνευ

Greek: άνευ (ánef)

Unknown. Unlikely to be related to Gothic 𐌹𐌽𐌿 (inu, “without”) and German ohne (“without”) because of the leading /a/. Maybe from Proto-Indo-European *sń̥h₂u or *sn̥h₂eu, which could be derived from a more primary particle *sń̥ (“separated, without”) or the locative of some (hard to identify) noun. Likely related to Sanskrit सनुतर् (sanutár, “far away”), Latin sine (“without”), Old Irish sain- (“separated”), Khotanese anau (“without”), Tocharian B snai (“without”).

Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme


μέχρι

Greek: μέχρι (méchri)

From Proto-Indo-European *méǵʰ(s)ri (locative), from *me (“with”) (see also μετά (metá)) + *ǵʰes- (“hand”) (whence χείρ (kheír, “hand”)). Cognate with its zero-grade ἄχρι (ákhri, “utterly, as far as”), Old Armenian մերձ (merj, “near, by”) and Albanian ndjerë (“until, near”).
The genitive is from the PIE ablative of comparison/extent.

Marker of general extent: to the point of, so far as


σύν

Greek: συν (syn)

Yevanic: שִׁין (šin)

→ Dutch: syn-

→ English: syn-, sym-

→ French: syn-

→ German: syn-

→ Italian: sin-, sim-, sil-

→ Polish: syn-

Apparently from a Proto-Hellenic *ksún, but further connections are uncertain. Younger form of Homeric and Old Attic ξύν (xún), Mycenaean Greek 𐀓𐀱 (ku-su /*ksun/). These probably reflect Proto-Indo-European *som- (“one, together (with)”) contaminated with the *ḱ of *ḱóm (“beside, with”) along with a conflation of their meanings. However, the /u/ is unexpected and unexplained under this proposal. Note that a derivation from *som- alone is impossible since the *s- would be expected to give h- (aspiration); neither is the ks- explainable from *ḱóm alone. This makes its exact relation to Lithuanian sù and Proto-Slavic *sъ(n) dubious, but if indeed a conflation of *ḱóm and *som-, it is a cognate relation regardless.
The dative that this preposition governs continues the PIE comitative-instrumental.


διά

grc-preposition

δῐᾰ́ • (diá) (governs the genitive and accusative)

Greek: για (gia), διά (diá)

From *δισά (disá), from Proto-Indo-European *dwís (“twice, in two”) (related to δίς (dís, “twice”) and δύο (dúo, “two”)). Cognates include Latin dis- and Gothic 𐌳𐌹𐍃- (dis-).
The genitive is from the PIE ablative of comparison/extent. The accusative is from the pre-PIE directional and the PIE accusative of direct object.

der

[with genitive]
(of a place)
in the midst of, between

[with genitive]
in the midst of, between

[with genitive]
(of a place)
at intervals of, at every

[with genitive]
at intervals of, at every

[with genitive]
(time)
every (interval of time)

[with genitive]
every (interval of time)

(attested from 1ˢᵗ century BCE) out of (materials from which something is made)

[with accusative]
(of a place, poetic) through, among

[with accusative]
(causality)
thanks to, by aid of

[with accusative]
(causality)
because of

[with accusative]
(causality)
for the sake of


ὑπέρ

grc-preposition

ῠ̔πέρ • (hupér) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)

→ English: hyper-

→ French: hyper

→ Irish: hipir-

→ Russian: гипер- (giper-)

From Proto-Hellenic *hupér, from Proto-Indo-European *upér (“over, above”), from *upo (“under, below”) (whence English up). Cognates include Latin super and Proto-Germanic *uber (whence English over).
The genitive is from the PIE ablative of separation or cause. The accusative is from the pre-PIE directional.

inh

[with genitive]
(nautical, of ships at sea) off of

[with genitive]
(figuratively)
in defense of, on behalf of

[with genitive]
in defense of, on behalf of

[with genitive]
(figuratively)
for the prosperity or safety of

[with genitive]
for the prosperity or safety of

for, instead of, in the name of; by commission from

[with genitive]
(figuratively)
as representative of, in the name of

[with genitive]
as representative of, in the name of

for, because of, by reason of, on account of

for the purpose of preventing or avoiding, for the sake of

[with accusative]
(of place) over, beyond

[with accusative]
(of measure) above, exceeding, beyond
(after comparative) than

[with accusative]
above, exceeding, beyond
than

[with accusative]
(of measure) above, exceeding, beyond
in violation of

[with accusative]
above, exceeding, beyond
in violation of

[with accusative]
(of number) above, upwards of

[with accusative]
(of time) before, earlier than


παρά

grc-preposition

πᾰρᾰ́ • (pará) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)

From Proto-Hellenic *pərai, from Proto-Indo-European *preh₂- (“before, in front”). Compare Mycenaean Greek 𐀞𐀫 (pa-ro).
The genitive is from the PIE ablative of origin or cause. The dative is from the locative. The accusative is perhaps from a metaphor of going near someone to attack them. Compare Latin ante.

der

μένειν παρὰ τισί

beside, by, near (w/ verbs of coming or going; w/ verbs of past motion; w/ verbs of striking or wounding)

παρ’ ἔμ’ ἵστασο


πρός

grc-preposition

πρός • (prós) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)

Greek: προς (pros)

From Proto-Indo-European *próti, *préti. Cognates include Sanskrit प्रति (práti), Latin pretium, and Old Church Slavonic противъ (protivŭ). May be related to πρό (pró, “before”).
Equivalent prepositions in use for πρός (prós) from another root are ποτί (potí) — Epic, Doric, ποί (poí) — Doric, πός (pós) — Arcadocypriot.
The genitive is an innovated Greek associative. The dative is from the PIE locative. The accusative is from the pre-PIE directional, with some of the metaphorical uses like παρά (pará).

(expressing direction) on the side of, from, at, to, forward to, toward

from, on the side of, towards, pertaining to, at the hand of, by [with genitive]

(mostly in religious formulas) before, in presence of, in the eyes of, in the sight of, in the name of

(derivable from) agreeable to, becoming, like

expressing direction; derivable from; derivable from

(with dative, expressing proximity) hard by, near to, at, among

off (a coast or island), bordering on (countries, peoples)

(with verbs of motion) towards, upon, against

(expressing close engagement) at the point of, engaged in

expressing direction; expressing proximity; expressing close engagement; expressing close engagement

(expressing union or addition) besides, in addition to

expressing direction; expressing proximity; expressing union or addition; expressing union or addition

(with accusative, expressing motion or direction) towards

(with verbs implying motion) upon, against

expressing direction; expressing motion or direction; expressing addition; expressing addition

(with verbs of seeing) towards, facing sth., to, against (the wind), in the light of, in (e.g. open day)

(in hostile or discursive sense) against, in reply to, in accusation

(for various kinds of intercourse or reciprocal action) with, (have certain feelings) towards, at the hands of, of, inspired by

before (a gremium, witness etc.), in the eyes of (a God etc.) (of legal or other business contracted)

towards (the evening etc.), at, about (of time)

relating to, in reference to, in respect of, touching (some matter); in consequence of, in view of (some fact); according to (a certain document, habitude etc.)

(in various adverbial phrases) with, under (e.g. compulsion), by means of, in (e.g. due proportion)


ἀπό

Greek: από (apó)

From Proto-Hellenic *apó, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó (“off, away”).
Cognates include Mycenaean Greek 𐀀𐀢 (a-pu), Sanskrit अप (ápa, “away, off”), Latin ab (“from”), Proto-Slavic *po, and Proto-Germanic *ab (English of; see also after), Albanian pa (“without”).
The genitive is from the PIE ablative of separation or cause.


ἅμα

Greek: άμα (áma)

From the zero-grade of Proto-Indo-European *sem- (“one”).
The dative is from the PIE comitative-instrumental.

never used in Classical Attic proseRelative also used in exclamations

indefinite relative used in indirect questions

300 BCE – 200 BCE, Septuagint, Genesis 46.8


μετά

grc-preposition

μετᾰ́ • (metá) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)

Cognate with Mycenaean Greek 𐀕𐀲 (me-ta); further derivation is uncertain. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *meth₂, with the first part from *me (“with”), in which case cognates include Proto-Germanic *midi and Albanian mjet (“middle”), me. See also μέχρι (mékhri, “until”) and μέσος (mésos, “middle”).
The genitive is an innovated Greek associative. The dative is from the PIE locative. The accusative is from the pre-PIE directional.

[with genitive]
in the midst of, among, between, with

[with genitive]
in common, along with, by aid of

[with genitive]
concerning one's dealings with

(only in poetry, usually Epic) [with dative]

[with accusative]
as a movement into
in pursuit of

[with accusative]
of sequence or succession
(of a place) after, behind

[with accusative]
of sequence or succession
after, behind

[with accusative]
of sequence or succession
(time) after

[with accusative]
of sequence or succession
(worth, rank) next, after

[with accusative]
of sequence or succession
next, after


πρό

From Proto-Hellenic *pró, from Proto-Indo-European *pró, *pro- (see *per-).
Cognates include Latin pro, Sanskrit प्र- (prá-), Proto-Celtic *ɸro and Proto-Germanic *fram (English from). May be related to πρός (prós, “towards”).

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 19.435

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 23.115

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 10.286

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 13.693

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 5.96

before
(of place) before, in front of
(with verbs of motion)

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 24.215

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 8.57

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 4.156

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 4.373

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 8.74

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 22.110

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.134

438 BCE, Euripides, Alcestis 18

438 BCE, Euripides, Alcestis 645

429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 134

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 8.8.4

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 1.6.42

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 4.5.44

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Memorabilia 2.4.7

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 7.8.18

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 7.6.36

429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 10

406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 811

before, in front of, for the purpose of shielding or guarding

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 4.382

175 CE – 235 CE, Claudius Aelianus, On the Nature of Animals 3.16

175 CE – 235 CE, Claudius Aelianus, On the Nature of Animals 7.29

60 BCE – 7 BCE, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities 9.35

64 BCE – 24 CE, Strabo, Geography 8.6.24

before
(of place) before, in front of
further on, forward, onward

before
before, in front of
further on, forward, onward

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 24.468

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 15.351

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 19.292

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 10.126

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 6.80

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 18.172

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 8.561

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 10.12

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 8.581

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 3.3

522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Olympian Ode 13.56

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 8.53

522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Pythian Ode 2.18

522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Pythian Ode 5.96

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 109

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 3.75

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.4

442 BCE, Sophocles, Antigone 1279

c. 440 BCE, Euripides, Rhesus 274

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 1207

389 BCE – 314 BCE, Aeschines, On the Embassy 148

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 15.524

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 5.469

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 10.224

442 BCE, Sophocles, Antigone 883

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedo 57A

385 BCE – 380 BCE, Plato, Symposium 201D

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 5.5.39

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 4.5.14

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Memorabilia 2.6.6

458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 1266

480 BCE – 411 BCE, Antiphon of Rhamnus, Against the Stepmother for Poisoning 21

389 BCE – 314 BCE, Aeschines, Against Ctesiphon 126

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.130

46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Pompey 73

95 CE – 165 CE, Appian, Civil Wars 2.116

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 2.8

458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 1204

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.122

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 5.83

411 BCE, Aristophanes, Thesmophoriazusae 418

385 BCE – 380 BCE, Plato, Symposium 173A

458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Eumenides 462

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 2.58

436 BCE – 338 BCE, Isocrates, Against the Sophists 19

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.97

175 CE – 235 CE, Claudius Aelianus, On the Nature of Animals 5.52

46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Julius Caesar 63

46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Moralia 2.147E

46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Sulla 37

300 BCE – 200 BCE, Septuagint, Amos 1.1

40 CE – 90 CE, Dioscorides, Materia medica 1.64

50 CE – 100 CE, The Gospel of John 12:1

125 CE – 200 CE, Lucian, Saturnalia 14

before
(of time) before
(in later writers, with numerals)

522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Pythian Ode 4.140

380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 361E

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.152

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Demosthenes, Against Conon 19

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 5.100

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 4.59

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 5.36

380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 366B

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Philebus 57E

436 BCE – 338 BCE, Isocrates, To Philip 138

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.33

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 6.10

386 BCE – 367 BCE, Plato, Menexenus 249E

467 BCE, Aeschylus, Seven Against Thebes 1002

467 BCE, Aeschylus, Seven Against Thebes 927

386 BCE – 367 BCE, Plato, Cratylus 401D

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.62

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 6.12

400 BCE – 387 BCE, Plato, Apology 28D

400 BCE – 387 BCE, Plato, Crito 54B

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedo 99A

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 3.85

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.3

(of preference) before, sooner, rather than

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 17.667

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 24.734

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 495

before
(in other relations)
(of cause or motive) for, out of, from


ὑπό

ῠ̔πό • (hupó) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)

English: hypo-

Spanish: hipo-

Russian: гипо- (gipo-)

From Proto-Indo-European *upó (“under, below”), with regular rough breathing ῾ (h) before initial υ (u). Cognates include Latin sub and Sanskrit उप (upa).
The genitive is from the PIE ablative of origin or cause. The dative is from the PIE locative and metaphor of all infinitives coming from locatives. The accusative is from the pre-PIE directional and the PIE accusative of direct object.

inh

Proto-Indo-European *upó (“under, below”)

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 21.56

750 BCE – 650 BCE, Hesiod, Theogony 669

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 9.141, (compare Plato, Phaedrus 230B)

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 19.17

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 9.248

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 13.198

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 17.224

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 23.86

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 8.543

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 4.39

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 9.463

522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Nemean Ode 1.55, (compare Olympian Ode 6.74)

425 BCE, Euripides, Andromache 441

424 BCE, Euripides, Hecuba 53

[with genitive]
(of place) from underneath

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 9.375

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 9.375

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 4.106

750 BCE – 650 BCE, Hesiod, Theogony 717

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 3.372

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 8.14

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 11.52

467 BCE, Aeschylus, Seven Against Thebes 588

[with genitive]
(of place) from underneath
under, beneath

[with genitive]
from underneath
under, beneath

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 13.334

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 18.149

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 13.153

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 5.320

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hellenica 5.1.5

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 9.78

458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Eumenides 99

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 7.78

(in pregnant phrases) of immediate acts of an agent, as well as further results

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 7.77

366 BCE – 348 BCE, Plato, Theaetetus 142B

7th–6th centuries BC, Homeric Hymn to Demeter 372

458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 541

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 1153

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.85, (compare Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 6.33)

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 3.129

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 8.1

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.21

(in Herodotus and Attic, of things as well as persons)

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 2.334

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 16.277

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 18.220

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 4.276

denoting the attendant or accompanying circumstances

750 BCE – 650 BCE, Hesiod, The Shield of Heracles 278

680 BCE – 645 BCE, Archilochus, Collected Works 110

446 BCE – 386 BCE, Aristophanes, The Acharnians 1001

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 18.492, (compare Euripides, Helen 639)

458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 1553

428 BCE, Euripides, Hippolytus 1299

446 BCE – 386 BCE, Aristophanes, The Acharnians 970

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 630

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Constitution of Sparta 5.7

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 2.45

(of accompanying music) to give the time

[with genitive]
by, through
to give the time

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 1.242

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.137

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 3.436

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 3.61

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 16.303

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.77

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 4.66

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 6.6

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, 4 64

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Ajax 1321

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 9.98

438 BCE, Euripides, Alcestis 737, (compare Thucydides, 6 32)

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 391, (compare Plato, Philebus 66A)

380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 359A

467 BCE, Aeschylus, Seven Against Thebes 1024

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Memorabilia 2.1.34

458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Libation Bearers 532

[with genitive]
(of cause or agency) by, through

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 2.784

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 2.307

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 2.866, (compare Odyssey 1.186)

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 6.105

424 BCE, Euripides, Hecuba 764, (compare Aeschylus, Agamemnon 860)

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 14.533

385 BCE – 380 BCE, Plato, Symposium 222E

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 8.402

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 7.478

458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 1164

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 6.453

[with dative]
(of place or position) under, near

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 3.304, (compare Iliad 9.156)

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 7.68

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.32

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.11

380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 391C

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 2.1.26

380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 563C

46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Cicero 44

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.11, (compare Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 7.64)

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.157

[with dative]
(of agency) under, through, by
expressing subjection or dependence

[with dative]
under, through, by
expressing subjection or dependence

385 BCE – 380 BCE, Plato, Symposium 205B

380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 511B

390 BCE, Plato, Hippias Major 295D

[with dative]
(of agency) under, through, by
of logical subordination

[with dative]
under, through, by
of logical subordination

750 BCE – 650 BCE, Hesiod, The Shield of Heracles 283

46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Moralia 2.470E

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 4.402

46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Publicola 10

458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 1030

300 BCE – 250 BCE, Apollonius of Rhodes, Argonautica 1.1022

46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Galba 14

[with dative]
(of agency) under, through, by
of attendant circumstances

[with dative]
under, through, by
of attendant circumstances

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 11.121

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 15.637

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 13.82

[with dative]
(of agency) under, through, by

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 2.603

484 BCE – 425 BCE, Herodotus, 5 10

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 2.17

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.114

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 3.371

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 21.26

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 20.278

424 BCE, Euripides, Hecuba 1154

(of place) to express motion towards and under

[with accusative]
to express motion towards and under
of position or extension

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Categories 3.3

[with accusative]
to express motion towards and under
of logical subordination

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 4.279

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 3.383

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 18.333

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 3.335

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.12

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 8.271

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 9.96

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 4.146

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 11.181

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 6.72

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 4.60

[with accusative]
of subjection, control

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 22.102

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 6.2

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 2.142

446 BCE – 386 BCE, Aristophanes, The Acharnians 139

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 2.27

46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Alexander the Great 14

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 16.202

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.51

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Memorabilia 2.8.1

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Laws 670A

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Symposium 6.3

380 BCE, Plato, Gorgias 493C

422 BCE, Aristophanes, The Wasps 1290


ἐν

grc-preposition

ἐν • (en) (governs the dative, genitive, and accusative)

Greek: εν (en)

PIE word
 *h₁én
From Proto-Indo-European *h₁én (“in”), cognate with Latin in, Old Armenian ի (i), English in.
The dative is from the PIE locative. The genitive is an innovated Greek associative. The accusative is from the pre-PIE directional.

(location) (with dative) in, on, at; (with dative plural) among

(elliptical, with genitive) in the house or the land of

Ζεὺς δ’ ἔλαχ’ οὐρανὸν εὐρὺν ἐν αἰθέρι καὶ νεφέλῃσι

[Poseidon answering Iris:]
and Zeus got the wide heaven surrounded by clear air and clouds

Zeùs d’ élakh’ ouranòn eurùn en aithéri kaì nephélēisi

ἐν τῇ δὲ ἐσθῆτι ἔτυχε ταῦτα κατεργασάμενος, ἀνέθηκε τῷ Ἀπόλλωνι πέμψας ἐς Βραγχίδας τὰς Μιλησίων.

The clothes that he happened to be wearing when he achieved this, Necos dedicated to Apollo and sent to the Branchidae of Miletos.

en têi dè esthêti étukhe taûta katergasámenos, anéthēke tôi Apóllōni pémpsas es Brankhídas tàs Milēsíōn.


ἐξ

Alternative form of ἐκ (ek) (used before vowels)


εἰς

Greek: εις (eis), σε (se)

From Proto-Hellenic *en-s (compare the Ionic form ἐνς (ens), later ἐς (es)), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁én (“in”), from which also ἐν (en, “in, at, on”). Possibly was created to contrast with ἐν (en) as the result of analogy with the pair ἐκ (ek) / ἐξ (ex), of which the latter is the older form (see *h₁éǵʰs); the -/s/ in ἐξ (ex) is ultimately from the PIE genitive–ablative marker *-(e)s.
The accusative is from the pre-PIE directional.


ἐκ

Greek: εκ (ek), ξε- (xe-)

Esperanto: ek-

Ido: ek

From Proto-Hellenic *eks, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eǵʰs (“out of”).
Cognates include Latin ex, ē, Old Irish ess-, a, ass (Irish as), Lithuanian ìš, Old Church Slavonic из (iz), Northern Kurdish ji, Albanian ith.
The genitive is from the PIE ablative of separation.

both in compounds and as a separate word

ἐξ Ἰταλίας

ἐκ τῆς οἰκίᾱς αὐτῶν, κεἰς τὴν μου

to denote change from one place or condition to another

to express separation of distinction from a number

(of place)
(of position) outside, beyond

ἐκ τούτου

(of particular points of time) just, after

(of origin)
(of materials) made out of something

ἐκ πατρὸς εὐγενοῦς

ἐκ τῶν ὁμοίων

(of origin)
(of descent, parentage) descended from

(of causation) done by someone, something

of the cause, instrument, or means by which a thing is done

ἐκ τοῦ καρποῦ τὸ δένδρον

turns a following noun into a periphrastic adverb

(of origin)
(with numerals) in such an order


ἀνά

ᾰ̓νᾰ́ • (aná) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)

Greek: ανά (aná)

From Proto-Hellenic *aná. Beekes' derivation from *h₂en- (“up, on high”) doesn't explain the second syllable. LIPP reconstructs Proto-Indo-European *áno (“up, over, along”). For /o/ > /a/ a vowel harmony is posited, cf. παρά (pará), κατά (katá), ἄντα (ánta), μάλα (mála), σάφα (sápha), θαμά (thamá). For the stress shift, an analogy with other prepositions. Cognates include Avestan 𐬀𐬥𐬀 (ana), Latin an- (“up”) in an-hēlō (“to gasp”), an-testor (“to call up as a witness”), and English on.
The genitive is an innovated Greek associative. The dative is from the PIE locative. The accusative is from the pre-PIE directional.

inh

[with accusative]
in sequence, each, throughout

(of amounts) at a rate, speed, or price of, for

[with accusative]
at a rate, speed, or price of, for

ἀνὰ πᾶσαν ἡμέραν

ἀνὰ πᾶν ἔτος

(of time) translatable with an adverbial noun phrase


ἐπί

grc-preposition

ἐπῐ́ • (epí) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)

Greek: επί (epí)

From Proto-Hellenic *epí, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁epi (“on”).
Cognate with Sanskrit अपि (ápi), Avestan 𐬀𐬌𐬞𐬌 (aⁱpi), Old Persian 𐎠𐎱𐎡𐎹 (apiy), Old Armenian եւ (ew), Latin ob, Old High German bī, and Old English bī.
The genitive is an innovated Greek associative. The dative is from the PIE locative. The accusative is from the pre-PIE directional.

καθέζεται ἐπὶ θρόνου.

ἔκλαγξαν δ’ ἄρ’ ὀϊστοὶ ἐπ’ ὤμων χωομένοιο

The arrows rattled on the shoulders of the angry god as he moved.

éklanxan d’ ár’ oïstoì ep’ ṓmōn khōoménoio

ἀλλ’ ἄγε δὴ φεύγωμεν ἐφ’ ἵππων

[with genitive]
on, upon (on the upper surface of)

ἔγχεα δέ σφιν / ὄρθ’ ἐπὶ σαυρωτῆρος ἐλήλατο

But their spears were driven into the ground erect on their spikes.

énkhea dé sphin / órth’ epì saurōtêros elḗlato

ἇς ἔχρῃζε γᾶς ἐπὶ ξένας / ἔθανε

406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 1705–1706

He died on the foreign ground that he desired.

τὴν θυγατέρα τὴν ἑωυτοῦ κατίσαι ἐπ’ οἰκήματος

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 2.121E.2

tḕn thugatéra tḕn heōutoû katísai ep’ oikḗmatos

[with genitive]
(mostly post-Homeric) in

ἔνθα δ’ ἐπ’ αὐτάων πλυνοὶ εὐρέες ἐγγὺς ἔασι / καλοὶ λαΐνεοι

And there near these selfsame [springs] are broad washing-tanks, fair and wrought of stone.

éntha d’ ep’ autáōn plunoì eurées engùs éasi / kaloì laḯneoi

ὁρμεῖν ἐπ’ ἀγκύρας

[with genitive]
(of ships) at (dependent upon)

ἐφ’ ἑαυτῶν ἐχώρουν

(with reflexive or personal pronoun) by oneself

ἐτάχθησαν ἐπὶ τεττάρων

οἱ δὲ Θηβαῖοι οὐκ ἔλαττον ἢ ἐπὶ πεντήκοντα ἀσπίδων συνεστραμμένοι ἦσαν

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hellenica 6.4.12

The Thebans, however, were massed not less than fifty shields deep.

hoi dè Thēbaîoi ouk élatton ḕ epì pentḗkonta aspídōn sunestramménoi êsan

(with numerals, of a body of soldiers) deep

οὐ γὰρ ἐπὶ μαρτύρων ἀλλὰ κρυπτόμενα πράσσεται τὰ τοιαῦτα

480 BCE – 411 BCE, Antiphon of Rhamnus, First Tetralogy 3.8

Crimes of this kind are committed in secret, not before witnesses.

ou gàr epì martúrōn allà kruptómena prássetai tà toiaûta

(with a person) before (in the presence of)

[with genitive]
before (in the presence of)

ἐπὶ τῶν πλουσίων […] αἰσθάνομαι
epì tôn plousíōn […] aisthánomai
In the case of the rich, I can see that […]

ὁρῶ δ’ ἔγωγε καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἄλλων πάντων ὁμοίως καὶ φύσει διαφέροντας ἀλλήλων τοὺς ἀνθρώπους

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Memorabilia 3.9.3

And similarly in all other points, I find that human beings naturally differ from one another.

horô d’ égōge kaì epì tôn állōn pántōn homoíōs kaì phúsei diaphérontas allḗlōn toùs anthrṓpous

τό γε νύσσα τέτυκτο ἐπὶ προτέρων ἀνθρώπων, / καὶ νῦν τέρματ’ ἔθηκε ποδάρκης δῖος Ἀχιλλεύς

Haply it was made the turning-post of a race in the days of men of old, and now swift-footed goodly Achilles has appointed it his turning-post.

tó ge nússa tétukto epì protérōn anthrṓpōn, / kaì nûn térmat’ éthēke podárkēs dîos Akhilleús

οἰ έπὶ τῶν πραγμάτων

Δερκύλλου δὲ τοῦ ἐπὶ τῆς χώρας στρατηγοῦ συλλαβεῖν αὐτὸν ἐπιχειρήσαντος

But Dercyllus, the Athenian general in command of the district, made an attempt to arrest him.

Derkúllou dè toû epì tês khṓras stratēgoû sullabeîn autòn epikheirḗsantos

[with genitive]
(of authority, power, etc.) in

καὶ οὐκ ἐπὶ τούτου μόνον, ἀλλ’ ἐπὶ πάντων φαίνεται προῃρημένος μ’ ὑβρίζειν

And not only on that, but on every [occasion] he has shown a deliberate intention to insult me.

kaì ouk epì toútou mónon, all’ epì pántōn phaínetai proēirēménos m’ hubrízein

καθέζεται ἐπὶ θρόνῳ.

ἀλλ’ ἄγε νῦν εἴσελθε καὶ ἕζεο τῷδ’ ἐπὶ δίφρῳ

But come now, enter in, and sit thee upon this chair.

all’ áge nûn eíselthe kaì hézeo tôid’ epì díphrōi

σιδηρονώτοις δ’ ἀσπίδος τύποις ἐπῆν / γίγας ἐπ’ ὤμοις γηγενὴς ὅλην πόλιν / φέρων μοχλοῖσιν ἐξανασπάσας βάθρων

408 BCE, Euripides, The Phoenician Women 1131

This device his shield bore upon its iron back: an earth-born giant carrying on his shoulders a whole city which he had wrenched from its base.

sidēronṓtois d’ aspídos túpois epên / gígas ep’ ṓmois gēgenḕs hólēn pólin / phérōn mokhloîsin exanaspásas báthrōn

νικήσαντες δὲ καὶ τούτους τετρακισχιλίους κληρούχους ἐπὶ τῶν ἱπποβοτέων τῇ χώρῃ λείπουσι

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 5.77.2

And after overcoming them as well, they left four thousand tenant farmers on the lands of the horse-breeders.

nikḗsantes dè kaì toútous tetrakiskhilíous klēroúkhous epì tôn hippobotéōn têi khṓrēi leípousi

αἱ δὲ νέμονται / πὰρ Κόρακος πέτρῃ ἐπί τε κρήνῃ Ἀρεθούσῃ

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 13.408

They are feeding by the rock of Corax and near the spring Arethusa.

hai dè némontai / pàr Kórakos pétrēi epí te krḗnēi Arethoúsēi

τοῖο δ’ ἐπ’ Ἰφιδάμαντι κάρη ἀπέκοψε παραστάς

And he drew near and struck off his head over [the body of] Iphidamas.

toîo d’ ep’ Iphidámanti kárē apékopse parastás

οἷ’ ἐπὶ σοὶ κατέθηκε θεὰ περικαλλέ’ ἄεθλα

Such beautiful prises did the goddess set there in thy honor.

hoî’ epì soì katéthēke theà perikallé’ áethla

ἐνθεῦτεν δὲ ἀπικόμενος ἐς τὴν Ἀρκαδίην νεώτερα ἔπρησσε πρήγματα, συνιστὰς τοὺς Ἀρκάδας ἐπὶ τῆ Σπάρτῃ

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 6.74.1

From there he came to Arcadia and stirred up disorder, uniting the Arcadians against Sparta.

entheûten dè apikómenos es tḕn Arkadíēn neṓtera éprēsse prḗgmata, sunistàs toùs Arkádas epì tê Spártēi

ὢ πόποι, οὐκ ἄρα σοί γ’ 'ἐπὶ εἴδεϊ καὶ φρένες ἦσαν

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 17.454

Well, now, it seems that you at least do not have wits in addition to your beauty.

ṑ pópoi, ouk ára soí g’ 'epì eídeï kaì phrénes êsan

[with dative]
in addition to, over, besides

ὄγχνη ἐπ’ ὄγχνῃ γηράσκει

βοᾷ γὰρ λοιγὸς Ἐρινὺν / παρὰ τῶν πρότερον φθιμένων ἄτην / ἑτέραν ἐπάγουσαν ἐπ’ ἄτῃ

458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Libation Bearers 404

Murder cries out on the Fury, which from those killed before brings one ruin after another.

boâi gàr loigòs Erinùn / parà tôn próteron phthiménōn átēn / hetéran epágousan ep’ átēi

[with dative]
(with duplication of head noun) after

νῦν τε παρὰ τῷ βαρβάρῳ τοσοῦτο δυνάμεθα ὥστε ἐπ’ ἡμῖν ἐστι τῆς γῆς ἐστερῆσθαι καὶ πρὸς ἠνδραποδίσθαι ὑμέας

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 8.29.2

And now we bear such weight with the foreigner that it is in our power to have you deprived of your lands and enslaved.

nûn te parà tôi barbárōi tosoûto dunámetha hṓste ep’ hēmîn esti tês gês esterêsthai kaì pròs ēndrapodísthai huméas

τὰς δίκας καὶ τὰς διαίτας, ὅσαι ἐγένοντο ἐπὶ τοῖς νόμοις ἐν δημοκρατουμένῃ τῇ πόλει, κυρίας εἶναι

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Demosthenes, Against Timocrates 56

Judgements and awards given according to the law while the government was democratic, shall be valid.

tàs díkas kaì tàs diaítas, hósai egénonto epì toîs nómois en dēmokratouménēi têi pólei, kurías eînai

σέο δ’ ὀστέα πύσει ἄρουρα
κειμένου ἐν Τροίῃ ἀτελευτήτῳ ἐπὶ ἔργῳ
séo d’ ostéa púsei ároura

And the earth will rot your bones as you lie in the land of Troy with your task unfinished.

keiménou en Troíēi ateleutḗtōi epì érgōi

κἀπ’ εὐπραξίᾳ / μέμνησθέ μου θανόντος εὐτυχεῖς ἀεί

406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 1554

And in your prosperity, remember me in my death, and be fortunate evermore.

kap’ eupraxíāi / mémnēsthé mou thanóntos eutukheîs aeí

τοσαύτας μὲν αὐτοῖς εὐθυμίας παρεῖχεν ἐπὶ τῷ δείπνῳ

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 1.3.12

He furnished them such amusement at dinner.

tosaútas mèn autoîs euthumías pareîkhen epì tôi deípnōi

(of conditions or circumstances) in, with

ἀλλ’ ἤτοι ἐπὶ νυκτὶ φυλάξομεν ἡμέας αὐτούς

Surely at night we will guard our own selves.

all’ ḗtoi epì nuktì phuláxomen hēméas autoús

ἀλλ’ αὖθι κυνῶν μέλπηθρα γένοιτο, / ὅς τις ἐπ’ ἤματι τῷδε ἑκὼν μεθίῃσι μάχεσθαι

But here may he, who on this day of his own will shrinks from fight, become the sport of dogs.

all’ aûthi kunôn mélpēthra génoito, / hós tis ep’ ḗmati tôide hekṑn methíēisi mákhesthai

[with dative]
(of time, never in proper Attic) at, on

μαθὼν δὲ ἐπ’ ἐξεργασμένοισι τὸ μαντήιον ἐὸν τοῦτο

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 4.164.3

Then, perceiving after the deed had been done that this was the meaning of the oracle […]

mathṑn dè ep’ exergasménoisi tò mantḗion eòn toûto

ἦ τ’ ἔτι πολλὰ τετεύξεται ἄλγε’ ἐπ’ αὐτῇ

Many be the woes that shall yet be wrought because of her.

ê t’ éti pollà teteúxetai álge’ ep’ autêi

[with dative]
(expressing a cause) on account of, for

ὃ δὲ τείρετο γήραϊ λυγρῷ,
υἱὸν δ’ οὐ τέκετ’ ἄλλον ἐπὶ κτεάτεσσι λιπέσθαι
hò dè teíreto gḗraï lugrôi,

And their father was fordone with grievous old age, and begat no other son to leave in charge of his possessions.

huiòn d’ ou téket’ állon epì kteátessi lipésthai

γαστέρες αἵδ’ αἰγῶν κέατ’ ἐν πυρί, τὰς ἐπὶ δόρπῳ / κατθέμεθα

Here at the fire lie goats' paunches, which we set there for supper.

gastéres haíd’ aigôn kéat’ en purí, tàs epì dórpōi / katthémetha

[with dative]
(expressing a purpose) for

ἐνδεξαμένου δὲ τὸν λόγον καὶ ὁμολογήσαντος ἐπὶ τούτοισι Πεισιστράτου, μηχανῶνται δὴ ἐπὶ τῇ κατόδῳ πρῆγμα

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.60.3

When this offer was accepted by Pisistratus, who agreed on these terms [with Megacles], they devised a plan to bring Pisistratus back.

endexaménou dè tòn lógon kaì homologḗsantos epì toútoisi Peisistrátou, mēkhanôntai dḕ epì têi katódōi prêgma

ἀλλ’ ἐποιοῦντο εἰρήνην ἐφ’ ᾧ τά τε μακρὰ τείχη καὶ τὸν Πειραιᾶ καθελόντας

They offered to make peace on the condition that the Athenians destroy the long walls and the walls of Piraeus.

all’ epoioûnto eirḗnēn eph’ hôi tá te makrà teíkhē kaì tòn Peiraiâ kathelóntas

τίς κέν μοι τόδε ἔργον ὑποσχόμενος τελέσειε / δώρῳ ἔπι μεγάλῳ

Who is there now that would promise me this deed and bring it to pass for a great gift?

tís kén moi tóde érgon huposkhómenos teléseie / dṓrōi épi megálōi

[with dative]
for (i.e. in exchange for)

ἐπὶ μὲν οὖν τῇ τοῦ οἰκείου ἔχθρᾳ στάσις κέκληται, ἐπὶ δὲ τῇ τοῦ ἀλλοτρίου πόλεμος

Now the term employed for the hostility of the friendly is faction, and for that of the alien is war.

epì mèn oûn têi toû oikeíou ékhthrāi stásis kéklētai, epì dè têi toû allotríou pólemos

Ὀδυσῆος ἀμύμονος, ὅς μ’ ἐπὶ βουσὶν / εἷσ’ ἔτι τυτθὸν ἐόντα

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 20.209

Blameless Odysseus, who set me in charge of his cattle […]

Odusêos amúmonos, hós m’ epì bousìn / heîs’ éti tutthòn eónta

ἀνέβαινεν ἐπὶ τὸν ἵππον

ἀλλ’ ἐπὶ πύργον ἔβη μέγαν Ἰλίου

But she went onto the great wall of Ilios.

οἳ δὲ νομίζουσι Διὶ μὲν ἐπὶ τὰ ὑψηλότατα τῶν ὀρέων ἀναβαίνοντες θυσίας ἔρδειν

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.131.2

They are accustomed to go up onto the highest peaks of the mountains to offer sacrifices to Zeus.

hoì dè nomízousi Diì mèn epì tà hupsēlótata tôn oréōn anabaínontes thusías érdein

[with accusative]
onto (the upper surface of)

ὃ γὰρ ἦλθε θοὰς ἐπὶ νῆας Ἀχαιῶν λυσόμενός τε θύγατρα

For he had come to the swift ships of the Achaeans to free his daughter.

hò gàr êlthe thoàs epì nêas Akhaiôn lusómenós te thúgatra

αἳ δ’ ὅτ’ Ἀλεξάνδροιο δόμον περικαλλέ’ ἵκοντο, ἀμφίπολοι μὲν ἔπειτα θοῶς ἐπὶ ἔργα τράποντο

Now when they were come to the beautiful palace of Alexander, the handmaids turned forthwith to their tasks.

haì d’ hót’ Alexándroio dómon perikallé’ híkonto, amphípoloi mèn épeita thoôs epì érga tráponto

ὑπὲρ δὲ τῆς θηριώδεος ὀφρύη ψάμμης κατήκει παρατείνουσα ἀπὸ Θηβέων τῶν Αἰγυπτιέων ἐπ’ Ἡρακλέας στήλας

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 4.181.1

Beyond this wild beasts' haunt runs a ridge of sand that stretches from Thebes of Egypt up to the Pillars of Heracles.

hupèr dè tês thēriṓdeos ophrúē psámmēs katḗkei parateínousa apò Thēbéōn tôn Aiguptiéōn ep’ Hērakléas stḗlas

οὐ γάρ πω πάντων ἐπὶ πείρατ’ ἀέθλων / ἤλθομεν

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 23.248

We have not yet come to the end of all our trials.

ou gár pō pántōn epì peírat’ aéthlōn / ḗlthomen

καὶ ἐπὶ ἡγεμόνας δὲ καὶ βασιλεῖς ἀχθήσεσθε ἕνεκεν ἐμοῦ

70 CE – 110 CE, The Gospel of Matthew 10:18

Yes, and you will be brought before governors and kings for my sake.

kaì epì hēgemónas dè kaì basileîs akhthḗsesthe héneken emoû

(with a person) to before, into the presence of

[with accusative]
to before, into the presence of

ἐπ’ ἀσπίδας δὲ πέντε μὲν καὶ εἴκοσι Θηβαῖοι ἐτάξαντο

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 4.93

The Thebans formed twenty-five shields deep.

ep’ aspídas dè pénte mèn kaì eíkosi Thēbaîoi etáxanto

Χαλκιδέες τε ἐπὶ τὰ ἕτερα ἐσίνοντο ἐπιόντες χώρους τῆς Ἀττικῆς

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 5.74

The Chalcidians however attacked on another side and raided lands in Attica.

Khalkidées te epì tà hétera esínonto epióntes khṓrous tês Attikês

[with accusative]
to or into a certain side

τοὺς δ’ Ἕκτωρ ἐνόησε κατὰ στίχας, ὦρτο δ’ ἐπ’ αὐτοὺς / κεκλήγων

But Hector marked them across the ranks, and rushed against them shouting aloud.

toùs d’ Héktōr enóēse katà stíkhas, ôrto d’ ep’ autoùs / keklḗgōn

οὕτω δὴ οἶκον δὲ φίλην ἐς πατρίδα γαῖαν / Ἀργεῖοι φεύξονται ἐπ’ εὐρέα νῶτα θαλάσσης

Is it thus indeed that the Argives are to flee their dear native land over the broad back of the sea?

hoútō dḕ oîkon dè phílēn es patrída gaîan / Argeîoi pheúxontai ep’ euréa nôta thalássēs

τλῆτε φίλοι, καὶ μείνατ’ ἐπὶ χρόνον

Endure, my friends, and abide for a time.

ἔνθα μὲν ἐν φύλλοισι φίλον τετιημένος ἦτορ / εὗδον παννύχιος καὶ ἐπ’ ἠῶ

So there among the leaves I slept, my heart sore stricken, the whole night through, until the morning.

éntha mèn en phúlloisi phílon tetiēménos êtor / heûdon pannúkhios kaì ep’ ēô

[with accusative]
(of time) up to, until

ἀλλ’ ἄγ’ ὁ μὲν πεδίονδ’ ἐπὶ βοῦν, ἴτω

Come now, let one go to the plain for a heifer.

ἡμεῖς γὰρ ἁγνοὶ τοὐπὶ τήνδε τὴν κόρην

Our hands are clean with respect to this girl.

ἐπὶ δὲ τοὺς πεζοὺς τῶν ὁμοτίμων ἀνθ’ αὑτοῦ ἕκαστον καθιστάναι ἄλλον ἄρχοντα τῶν ὁμοτίμων

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 4.5.58

He also instructed each one of the newly-mounted officers to appoint some other peer to take his place of command over the infantry of the peers.

epì dè toùs pezoùs tôn homotímōn anth’ hautoû hékaston kathistánai állon árkhonta tôn homotímōn

οἳ μὲν τὰ προϊδόντες ἐπέδραμον, ὦκα δ’ ἔπειτα / τάμνοντ’ ἀμφὶ βοῶν ἀγέλας καὶ πώεα καλὰ / ἀργεννέων οἰῶν, κτεῖνον δ’ ἐπὶ μηλοβοτῆρας

But the liers-in-wait, when they saw these coming on, rushed forth against them and speedily cut off the herds of cattle and fair flocks of white-fleeced sheep, and slew the herdsmen as well.

hoì mèn tà proïdóntes epédramon, ôka d’ épeita / támnont’ amphì boôn agélas kaì pṓea kalà / argennéōn oiôn, kteînon d’ epì mēlobotêras

(without a noun) as well, besides (often with δέ (dé))


ἀπύ

Aeolic and Arcadocypriot form of ᾰ̓πό (apó)


περί

περῐ́ • (perí) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)

Greek: περί (perí)

→ Dutch: peri-

→ English: peri-

→ Finnish: peri-

→ French: péri-

→ Italian: peri-

→ Spanish: peri-

From Proto-Indo-European *peri (“in crossing, in passing”), locative singular of *per- (“before, in front”). Cognates include Sanskrit परि (pári), Latin per, Lithuanian per, English for, and Albanian për.
The genitive is from the PIE ablative of cause. The dative is from the locative. The accusative is like παρά (pará).

inh

[with genitive]
about, concerning, because of

around (both in the circular sense and close proximity sense), near, about


ἀμφίς

grc-preposition

ᾰ̓μφῐ́ς • (amphís) (governs the genitive)

ᾰ̓μφῐ́ς (canonical)
amphís (romanization)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂m̥bʰi (“round about, around”), same source as Old High German umbi (“around”), Old Irish imb, Old English ymbe, Latin ambi-, Sanskrit अभितस् (abhítas, “on both sides”).


ἀμφί

grc-preposition

ἀμφί • (amphí) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)

From Proto-Hellenic *ampʰí, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂m̥bʰi (“round about, around”). Beekes argues that the Indo-European term originated as a case form of *h₂ent- (“face”), which is the source of ἀντί (antí).
Cognate with Old English ymb-, Middle English umbe, Latin ambi-, Sanskrit अभि (abhí, “towards, over, upon”), Old Persian 𐎠𐎲𐎡𐎹 (abiy, “towards, against, upon”), Old High German umbi, Old Irish imb (“around”) and the first part of Old Armenian ամբ-ողջ (amb-ołǰ, “whole”).

cog

[with dative]
about, on account of, for the sake of


κατά

grc-preposition

κᾰτᾰ́ • (katá) (governs the genitive and accusative)

Greek: κατά (katá)

Latin: cata (see there for further descendants)

English: cata-

From Proto-Hellenic *kətá, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *ḱm̥-teh₂, from *ḱóm (“beside, with”). Cognate with Hittite 𒅗𒀜𒋫 (katta, “down from, at, with, under”), Tocharian B kätk- (“to lower”) and perhaps Old Welsh cant, Modern Welsh gan (“with”). The genitive is from the PIE ablative of separation. The accusative is from the pre-PIE directional and the PIE direct object.

κατ᾽

apocope before a vowel with smooth breathing

καθ᾽

apocope before a vowel with rough breathing

[with accusative]
for, for the purpose of

[with accusative]
according to, in conformity with


κάτω

From κᾰτᾰ́ (katá) + -ω (-ō, adverbial suffix).


χωρίς

An isolated adverbial formation from χώρᾱ (khṓrā, “space”), initially meaning "in another, separate space or place".


ἀντί

English: anti-, ant-

desc

Greek: αντί (antí, “instead of”, preposition)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂énti (“front, opposite”). Cognates include English and, Latin ante, Sanskrit अन्ति (ánti), and Old Armenian ընդ (ənd).
The genitive is from the PIE ablative of separation or comparison.

der

ἀντίθεος, godlike

γυναικὸς ἄρ’ ἀντὶ τέτυξο, for you have become no better than a woman (Iliad 8.163)


μεταξύ

grc-prep

μετᾰξῠ́ • (metaxú) (governs the genitive)

μετᾰξῠ́ (canonical)
metaxú (romanization)


καθ'

grc-preposition

καθ’ • (kath’) (governs the genitive and accusative)

Apocopic form of κατά (katá) (used before a rough breathing)


κατ'

κᾰτ’ • (kat’) (governs the genitive and accusative)


μεθ'

μεθ' • (meth') (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)

Apocopic form of μετά (metá) (used before a rough breathing)


μετ'

μετ’ • (met’) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)


μέχρις

μέχρις • (mékhris) (governs the genitive)


ἄχρι

Zero grade of μέχρῐ (mékhri), from Proto-Indo-European *méǵʰ(s)ri.
The genitive is from the PIE ablative of comparison/extent.

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 18.370

341 BCE, Demosthenes, Third Philippic 28

330 BCE, Demosthenes, On the Crown 179

Apollodorus, The Disappearing Man 1

638 BCE – 558 BCE, Solon, Collected Works 12.35

200 BCE – 100 BCE, Timostratus, Asotos 1

125 CE – 200 CE, Lucian, Timon 39

46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Cicero 6

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 2.138

420 BCE – 380 BCE, Timaeus of Locri, Collected Works 101A

60 BCE – 7 BCE, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities 2.43

even to, as far as
(of space) as far as, even to

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Demosthenes, Against Aristocrates 122

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Symposium 4.37

341 BCE, Demosthenes, On the Chersonese 77

even to, as far as
(of measure or degree) up to this point


ἔμπροσθεν

ἔμπροσθεν • (émprosthen) (governs the genitive)

From ἐν (en, “in”) + πρόσθεν (prósthen, “before”).

af

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 8.87

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.144

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Demosthenes, First Philippic 39

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Demosthenes, Against Dionysodorus 50


ὀπίσω

The usual explanation is to regard the base *ὀπί- (*opí-) < Proto-Hellenic *opí, *opi- < Proto-Indo-European *opí, as an ablaut variant of ἐπί (epí), ἐπι- (epi-) (from Proto-Indo-European *epí). Compare Mycenaean Greek 𐀃𐀠 (o-pi, “on”), Luwian [Term?] (/appi/, “back”), Latin op- (“upon”) (in for example operio (“to cover”)), Lithuanian api- (“about”).
Dunkel instead derives ὀπίσσω (opíssō) < Proto-Hellenic *opissō < Proto-Indo-European *op-ityo-o (“back, later”, adverb), from Proto-Indo-European *op-ityo- (“hindmost, rear”, adjective). Compare Hittite [script needed] (appezziya, “later”, adverb) and [script needed] (appezziya-, “hindmost, rear”, adjective). The base is thus Proto-Indo-European *óp, an ablaut variant of *áp (“away, back, after”, adverb), compare Latin ab (“away, from”), which fits much better semantically.
For the suffix compare πρόσσω (próssō), περισσός (perissós), εἴσω (eísō), and μέτασσαι (métassai, “those born later”).

cog

70 CE – 110 CE, The Gospel of Matthew 4:19


πλήν

From Proto-Indo-European *pelh₂- (“to approach”). Cognate with πέλας (pélas), πλησίος (plēsíos), ἔμπλην (émplēn, “near, close by”) and many more in root page.
Compare the meaning and history of English besides.

der

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 8.207

750 BCE – 650 BCE, Hesiod, The Shield of Heracles 74

525 BCE – 455 BCE, Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 914

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 909

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 5.71

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 4.54

380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 469C

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 2.4.27


ἐκτός

Greek: εκτός (ektós)

→ English: ecto-

From ἐκ (ek, “out”), formed on the model of ἐντός (entós, “within, inside”). Cognate with Old Irish acht (“but, provided that”), Gothic 𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌸𐌰𐌿 (aiþþau, “or, otherwise”).

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 14.13

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 21.608

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 12.219

409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 1260

522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Pythian Ode 4.289

405 BCE, Aristophanes, The Frogs 995

262 BCE – 190 BCE, Apollonius of Perga, Conics 1.8

6th century BC, Theognis of Megara, Elegies 754

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 4.133

525 BCE – 455 BCE, Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 332

409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 504

442 BCE, Sophocles, Antigone 614

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Fragments 724

380 BCE, Plato, Gorgias 523B

380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 498C

460 BCE – 370 BCE, Hippocrates, Epidemics 7.90

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Ajax 640

442 BCE, Sophocles, Antigone 330

416 BCE, Euripides, Herakles 771


ὑπ'

grc-preposition

ῠ̔π’ • (hup’) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)


ὑππρό

Contraction of ὑποπρό (hupopró, “just before”)


ὑποπρό

ὑποπρό • (hupopró) (governs the genitive)

Univerbation of ὑπὸ πρό (hupò pró, “just before”), from ὑπό (hupó, “underneath”) + πρό (pró, “before”).

300 BCE – 250 BCE, Apollonius of Rhodes, Argonautica 4.178


ἄπο

anastrophe of ἀπό (apó) (used when ἀπό follows its noun)


ἐς

(Epic, Ionic, Aeolic, poetic Attic) Alternative form of εἰς (eis, “into”)


ἐνί

ἐνί • (ení) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)

(poetic) Alternative form of ἐν (en, “in”)


περ

περ • (per) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)

Thessalian and Delphic form of περί (perí)


νόσφιν

νόσφῐν • (nósphin) (governs the genitive)

νόσφῐν (canonical)
nósphin (romanization)


νόσφι

From Proto-Indo-European *nes- (“to return home”) + -φῐ (-phi).

der

(of location) far from; in the absence of, apart from, without

(of motion or direction) away from, to a distance from

... θεοὶ δ’ ἐλέαιρον ἅπαντες
νόσφι Ποσειδᾱ́ωνος· ὁ δ’ ἀσπερχὲς μενέαινεν
ἀντιθέῳ Ὀδυσῆϊ πάρος ἣν γαῖαν ἱκέσθαι.
... theoì d’ eléairon hápantes
nósphi Poseidā́ōnos; ho d’ asperkhès menéainen

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 1.19–21

All the gods pitied [Odysseus]
except for Poseidon. He unceasingly raged
against godlike Odysseus until he reached his homeland.

antithéōi Odusêï páros hḕn gaîan hikésthai.


τηλόθι

grc-preposition

τηλόθῐ • (tēlóthi) (governs the genitive)

τηλόθῐ (canonical)
tēlóthi (romanization)

Related to τῆλε (têle) and τηλοῦ (tēloû), with -θι (-thi, locative adverb suffix).


παρ'

πᾰρ’ • (par’) (governs the genitive and dative)


ἐπ'

ἐπ’ • (ep’) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)


πάρ

πᾰ́ρ • (pár) (governs the genitive and dative)


ἀμφ'

ἀμφ’ • (amph’) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)


πάρος

From Proto-Hellenic *pəros, from Proto-Indo-European *pr̥h₂ós.


ἀντίον

ἀντίον • (antíon) (governs the genitive)

From ἀντίος (antíos): the adverb/preposition is from the adverbial accusative, and the noun is from the neuter singular.
Formally identical to Hittite 𒄩𒀭𒍝𒀭 (ḫa-an-za-an /ḫanzan/) as if from Proto-Indo-European *h₂entíom, though the parallel formations in Greek and Hittite may be independent.


ἔπι

ἔπι • (épi) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)

stress-shifted form of ἐπί (epí) (when used postpositionally)


προτί

προτί • (protí) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)


ποτί

ποτί • (potí) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)

From Proto-Hellenic *poti; equivalent to πρός (prós), but along with πός (pós) from Proto-Indo-European *pós.


κάδ

κάδ • (kád) (governs the genitive and accusative)

Epic form of κατά (katá) (used before δέ (dé), δ’ (d’))


ἐφ'

ἐφ’ • (eph’) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)

Apocopic form of ἐπί (epí) (used before the rough breathing)


δι'

δι’ • (di’) (governs the genitive and accusative)


πρόσθεν

πρόσθεν • (prósthen) (governs the genitive)

From πρός (prós, “toward”) + -θεν (-then).


ἐγγύθεν

ἐγγῠ́θεν • (engúthen) (governs the dative and genitive)

ἐγγῠ́θεν (canonical)
engúthen (romanization)

From ἐγγῠ́ς (engús, “near”) + -θεν (-then).


ἔνι

ἔνι • (éni) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)


ὕπο

ὕπο • (húpo) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)


προπάροιθε

προπάροιθε • (propároithe) (governs the genitive)


πέρι

πέρῐ • (péri) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)


εἰν

εἰν • (ein) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)


ἀπάνευθε

ἀπάνευθε • (apáneuthe) (governs the genitive)

From ἀπο- (apo-) + ἄνευ (áneu) + -θε (-the).


ἄντα

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂éntm̥, accusative singular of *h₂énts.


ἀν'

ἀν’ • (an’) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)


κάτα

κάτᾰ • (káta) (governs the genitive and accusative)


πάρα

πᾰ́ρᾰ • (pára) (governs the genitive and dative)


ὑφ'

ὑφ’ • (huph’) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)

Apocopic form of ὑπό (hupó) (before a rough breathing)


ἀγχοῦ

ἀγχοῦ • (ankhoû) (governs the genitive and dative)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂enǵʰ- (“to tighten”) (whence ἄγχι (ánkhi) and ἄγχω (ánkhō)).

der

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 24.709

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 6.5

522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Nemean Ode 9.40

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 3.85

170 CE – 250 CE, Philostratus, Life of Apollonius of Tyana 6.16


ἐντός

From Proto-Hellenic *entós, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁éntos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁én.


πρόσθε

grc-preposition

πρόσθε • (prósthe) (governs the genitive)

(poetic) Alternative form of πρόσθεν (prósthen, “before”)


ἀφ'

Apocopic form of ἀπό (apó) used before vowel with rough breathing


πρόσθ'

πρόσθ’ • (prósth’)

πρόσθ’ (canonical)
prósth’ (romanization)


κρύφα

grc-prep

κρῠ́φᾰ • (krúpha) (governs the genitive)

κρῠ́φᾰ (canonical)
krúpha (romanization)

From the root of κρῠ́πτω (krúptō, “to hide”).


ἀντ'

ᾰ̓ντ’ • (ant’)


ἑκατέρωθεν

ἑκᾰτέρωθεν • (hekatérōthen) (governs the genitive)

ἑκᾰτέρωθεν (canonical)
hekatérōthen (romanization)

ἑκᾰτέρω (hekatérō, “either”, dual) + -θεν (-then)


ἄπωθεν

grc-prep

ᾰ̓́πωθεν • (ápōthen) (governs the genitive)

ᾰ̓́πωθεν (canonical)
ápōthen (romanization)


κάκ

(Homer) Apocopic form of κατά (katá) (used before words starting with κ)


ἀέκητι

ἀέκητῐ • (aékēti) (governs the genitive)

ἀέκητῐ (canonical)
aékēti (romanization)

From ἀ- (a-) + ἕκητι (hékēti), from Proto-Indo-European *weḱ- (“to wish, want”) (compare ἑκών (hekṓn, “willingly”)).


ἔντοσθεν

grc-preposition

ἔντοσθεν • (éntosthen) (governs the genitive)


ἄμ

(poetic) Apocopic form of ἀνά (aná) used before a labial consonant


ἄνευθεν

ἄνευθεν • (áneuthen) (governs the genitive)


παρέξ

grc-prep

πᾰρέξ • (paréx) (governs the genitive and accusative)


παρέκ

πᾰρέκ • (parék)

(with accusative) beyond, away from, along beyond

(with accusative) without the knowledge of, unbeknownst to


πάροιθεν

πάροιθεν • (pároithen) (governs the genitive)

From the root of πάρος (páros) with the suffix -θεν (-then).


ἄτερ

From Proto-Indo-European *sn̥Hter (whence also Proto-Germanic *sunder (“apart, separately”)), from *senH- (whence ᾰ̓́νευ (áneu), Latin sine and Sanskrit सनितुर् (sanitúr)).


παραί

grc-prep

πᾰραί • (paraí) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)


προπάροιθεν

grc-preposition

προπάροιθεν • (propároithen) (governs the genitive)

Alternative form of προπάροιθε (propároithe) with movable nu


τηλοῦ

Related to τῆλε (têle) and τηλόθι (tēlóthi)


λάθρῃ

grc-prep

λάθρῃ • (láthrēi) (governs the genitive)

From the root of λανθάνω (lanthánō, “to escape notice”).


μεσηγύ

μεσηγύ • (mesēgú) (governs the genitive)


ἔντοσθε

grc-preposition

ἔντοσθε • (éntosthe) (governs the genitive)

Alternative form of ἔντοσθεν (éntosthen)


ὕπερ

ὕπερ • (húper) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)

postpositive form of ὑπέρ (hupér) with initial stress


ἀπάνευθεν

ἀπάνευθεν • (apáneuthen) (governs the genitive)

Alternative form of ἀπάνευθε (apáneuthe) with movable nu


ἐξοπίσω

grc-prep

ἐξοπίσω • (exopísō) (governs the genitive)

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 17.357

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Fragments 534


ἔκτοσθεν

ἔκτοσθεν • (éktosthen) (governs the genitive)


νέρθεν

grc-preposition

νέρθεν • (nérthen) (governs the genitive)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁ner- + -θεν (-then).


πάροιθε

grc-prep

πάροιθε • (pároithe) (governs the genitive)

Alternative form of πάροιθεν (pároithen)


ὑπαί

grc-preposition

ὑπαί • (hupaí) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)


ἐφύπερθε

grc-prep

ἐφύπερθε • (ephúperthe) (governs the genitive)

Alternative form of ἐφύπερθεν (ephúperthen, “above, on top of”)


ἐφύπερθεν

ἐφύπερθεν • (ephúperthen) (governs the genitive)

* ἐπι- (epi-) + ὕπερθεν (húperthen), itself from ὑπέρ (hupér) + -θεν (-then).


ἔπ'

grc-preposition

ἔπ’ • (ép’) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)


κατόπισθε

grc-prep

κᾰτόπισθε • (katópisthe) (governs the genitive)

κᾰτόπισθε (canonical)
katópisthe (romanization)

Alternative form of κᾰτόπισθεν (katópisthen)


κατόπισθεν

κᾰτόπῐσθεν • (katópisthen) (governs the genitive)

κᾰτόπῐσθεν (canonical)
katópisthen (romanization)


πάροιθ'

grc-preposition

πάροιθ’ • (pároith’)

πάροιθ’ (canonical)
pároith’ (romanization)


ἄντ'

grc-prep

ἄντ’ • (ánt’)


ὕπαιθα

ὕπαιθα • (húpaitha) (governs the genitive)

From the root of ὑπό (hupó) and ὑπαί (hupaí).


ὑπείρ

grc-preposition

ὑπείρ • (hupeír) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)


ἔνερθε

ἔνερθε • (énerthe) (governs the genitive)


ἄνευθ'

grc-adverb

ἄνευθ’ • (áneuth’)

ἄνευθ’ (canonical)
áneuth’ (romanization)


ἄνευθε

grc-preposition

ἄνευθε • (áneuthe) (governs the genitive)

Alternative form of ἄνευθεν (áneuthen, “without, away from”)


ἐκποδών

grc-prep

ἐκποδών • (ekpodṓn)

From ἐκ- (ek-) + πούς (poús), literally “away from the feet”


κάγ

grc-preposition

κᾰ́γ • (kág) (governs the genitive and accusative)

Apocopic form of κατά (katá) used before γ


εἰνί

εἰνί • (einí) (governs the dative, genitive, and accusative)

(Epic) Alternative form of ἐν (en, “in, on, at”) (as needed for meter)


ἀπονόσφι

ἀπονόσφῐ • (aponósphi) (governs the genitive)

ἀπονόσφῐ (canonical)
aponósphi (romanization)


πανταχῇ

grc-prep

παντᾰχῇ • (pantakhêi) (governs the genitive)

παντᾰχῇ (canonical)
pantakhêi (romanization)


κἀκ

κἀκ τούτων τίνα λῃτουργίαν οὐκ ἐξελῃτούργησεν;

1962 translation by Edward Seymour Forster
As a result of these principles, what public service did he fail perfectly to discharge?

kak toútōn tína lēitourgían ouk exelēitoúrgēsen?


λάθρᾳ

λάθρᾳ • (láthrāi) (governs the genitive)


ἀπονόσφιν

grc-preposition

ἀπονόσφῐν • (aponósphin) (governs the genitive)

ἀπονόσφῐν (canonical)
aponósphin (romanization)

Alternative form of ἀπονόσφι (aponósphi) with movable nu


ἔξωθεν

ἔξωθεν • (éxōthen) (governs the genitive)

οὐδέν ἐστιν ἔξωθεν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου εἰσπορευόμενον εἰς αὐτόν, ὃ δύναται αὐτὸν κοινῶσαι· ἀλλὰ τὰ ἐκπορευόμενα ἀπ’ αὐτοῦ, ἐκεῖνά ἐστι τὰ κοινοῦντα τὸν ἄνθρωπον.

Translation by KJV
There is nothing from without a man, that entering into him can defile him: but the things which come out of him, those are they that defile the man.

oudén estin éxōthen toû anthrṓpou eisporeuómenon eis autón, hò dúnatai autòn koinôsai; allà tà ekporeuómena ap’ autoû, ekeîná esti tà koinoûnta tòn ánthrōpon.


ζά

ζά˘ • (zá˘) (governs the genitive and accusative)

Also encountered as prefix ζά- (zá-), corresponding to the prefix δια- (dia-).


διαπρό

διαπρό • (diapró) (governs the genitive)