υἱός

grc-noun

υἱός • (huiós) m (genitive υἱέος or υἱοῦ); second declension

huiós (romanization)
υἱέος (genitive)
υἱοῦ (genitive)
ὁ υἱός (nominative singular)
τὼ υἱώ (dual nominative)
οἱ υἱοί (nominative plural)
τοῦ υἱοῦ (genitive singular)
τοῖν υἱοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν υἱῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ υἱῷ (dative singular)
τοῖν υἱοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς υἱοῖς (dative plural)
τὸν υἱόν (accusative singular)
τὼ υἱώ (accusative dual)
τοὺς υἱούς (accusative plural)
υἱέ (singular vocative)
υἱώ (dual vocative)
υἱοί (plural vocative)
υἱός (nominative singular)
υἷε (dual nominative)
υἱέες (nominative plural)
υἱεῖς (nominative plural)
υἷες (nominative plural)
υἱέος (genitive singular)
υἷος (genitive singular)
υἱοῦ (genitive singular)
υἱοῖν (dual genitive)
υἱῶν (genitive plural)
υἱέϊ (dative singular)
υἱεῖ (dative singular)
υἷι (dative singular)
υἱοῖν (dative dual)
υἱοῖσι (dative plural)
υἱοῖσιν (dative plural)
υἱᾰ́σῐ (dative plural)
υἱᾰ́σῐν (dative plural)
huioîsi (dative plural)
huioîsin (dative plural)
huiási (dative plural)
huiásin (dative plural)
υἱόν (accusative singular)
υἱέα (accusative singular)
υἷα (accusative singular)
υἷε (accusative dual)
υἱέᾰς (accusative plural)
υἷᾰς (accusative plural)
υἱέ (singular vocative)
υἷε (dual vocative)
υἱέες (plural vocative)
υἱεῖς (plural vocative)
υἷες (plural vocative)

grc-decl

υἱέος/υἷος/υἱοῦ

υἱέϊ/υἱεῖ/υἷι

υἱόν/υἱέα/υἷα

υἱέες/υἱεῖς/υἷες

υἱοῖσι(ν)/υἱᾰ́σῐ(ν)

Greek: υιός m (yiós), γιος m (gios)

Mariupol Greek: йос (jos)

Yevanic: אִיוּ ('iu)

From earlier υἱύς (huiús); see there for more.

300 BCE – 200 BCE, Septuagint, Genesis 46.15

300 BCE – 200 BCE, Septuagint, Genesis 46.17

(Christianity) the Son; the Son of God (one of the three Persons of the Trinity, believed to have become incarnated in Jesus Christ)


αἷμα

grc-noun

αἷμᾰ • (haîma) n (genitive αἵμᾰτος); third declension

αἷμᾰ (canonical)
haîma (romanization)
αἵμᾰτος (genitive)
τὸ αἷμᾰ (nominative singular)
τὼ αἵμᾰτε (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ αἵμᾰτᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ αἵμᾰτος (genitive singular)
τοῖν αἱμᾰ́τοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν αἱμᾰ́των (genitive plural)
τῷ αἵμᾰτῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν αἱμᾰ́τοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς αἵμᾰσῐ (dative plural)
αἵμᾰσῐν (dative plural)
toîs haímasi (dative plural)
toîs haímasin (dative plural)
τὸ αἷμᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ αἵμᾰτε (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ αἵμᾰτᾰ (accusative plural)
αἷμᾰ (singular vocative)
αἵμᾰτε (dual vocative)
αἵμᾰτᾰ (plural vocative)
αἷμᾰ (nominative singular)
αἵμᾰτε (dual nominative)
αἵμᾰτᾰ (nominative plural)
αἵμᾰτος (genitive singular)
αἱμᾰ́τοιῐν (dual genitive)
αἱμᾰ́των (genitive plural)
αἵμᾰτῐ (dative singular)
αἱμᾰ́τοιῐν (dative dual)
αἵμᾰσῐ (dative plural)
αἵμᾰσῐν (dative plural)
αἱμᾰ́τεσσῐ (dative plural)
αἱμᾰ́τεσσῐν (dative plural)
αἱμᾰ́τεσῐ (dative plural)
αἱμᾰ́τεσῐν (dative plural)
haímasi (dative plural)
haímasin (dative plural)
haimátessi (dative plural)
haimátessin (dative plural)
haimátesi (dative plural)
haimátesin (dative plural)
αἷμᾰ (accusative singular)
αἵμᾰτε (accusative dual)
αἵμᾰτᾰ (accusative plural)
αἷμᾰ (singular vocative)
αἵμᾰτε (dual vocative)
αἵμᾰτᾰ (plural vocative)

desc

Byzantine Greek: αἷμα (haîma), αἷμαν (haîman), αἷμας (haîmas), γαῖμα (gaîma)

Greek: αίμα (aíma)

Pontic Greek: γαίμα (gaíma)

→ Bulgarian: -емия (-emija)

→ Catalan: -èmia

→ Danish: -æmi

→ German: hämato-, hämat-, -hämie, -ämie

→ English: haemato-, haema-, -aemia, haemal

→ Spanish: -emia

→ French: -émie

→ Irish: -éime

→ Italian: -emia

→ Dutch: -emie

→ Polish: hemato-, -emia (learned)

→ Russian: -емия (-emija)

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -емија

Latin script: -emija

Uncertain and contested, as many competing theories exist. One possibility is from Proto-Indo-European *sai- (“thick or viscous liquid”), related to Proto-West Germanic *saim (whence German Seim (“viscous fluid”)), although some sources reject this as phonologically improbable. A different theory relates it to Proto-Indo-European *s(w)okʷós (“plant juice, resin”), which would make it related to ὀπός (opós, “plant juice”). Other suggestions include a relation to Ancient Greek αἰονάω (aionáō, “to moisten”) or to Ancient Greek ἵημι (híēmi, “to throw, to flow”), thereby making it a doublet of ἧμα (hêma, “projectile”). Finally, a Northwest Semitic borrowing has been posited, related to Aramaic חַיִּים (ḥayyim, “life”), Hebrew חַיִּים (ḥayím, “life”), Phoenician 𐤇𐤉𐤌 (ḥym, “long life”).


κόκκος

grc-noun

κόκκος • (kókkos) m (genitive κόκκου); second declension

kókkos (romanization)
κόκκου (genitive)
ὁ κόκκος (nominative singular)
τὼ κόκκω (dual nominative)
οἱ κόκκοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ κόκκου (genitive singular)
τοῖν κόκκοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κόκκων (genitive plural)
τῷ κόκκῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν κόκκοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς κόκκοις (dative plural)
τὸν κόκκον (accusative singular)
τὼ κόκκω (accusative dual)
τοὺς κόκκους (accusative plural)
κόκκε (singular vocative)
κόκκω (dual vocative)
κόκκοι (plural vocative)

Greek: κόκκος (kókkos)

→ Latin: coccum (see there for further descendants)

→? Albanian: kokë

Uncertain; possibly from Pre-Greek. Potential cognates include Spanish cuesco (“stone (of fruit)”), though this is rejected by Furnee.

Quercus coccifera
Quercus coccifera#Translingual

insects of the genus Kermes, which live on the oak.

A scarlet dye made from the crushed bodies of the kermes bugs

Solanum dulcamara
Solanum dulcamara#Translingual


σάββατον

σάββατον • (sábbaton) n (genitive σαββάτου); second declension

sábbaton (romanization)
σαββάτου (genitive)
τὸ σάββατον (nominative singular)
τᾰ̀ σάββατᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ σαββάτου (genitive singular)
τῶν σαββάτων (genitive plural)
τῷ σαββάτῳ (dative singular)
τοῖς σάββασῐ (dative plural)
σάββασῐν (dative plural)
σαββάτοις (dative plural)
toîs sábbasi (dative plural)
toîs sábbasin (dative plural)
sabbátois (dative plural)
τὸ σάββατον (accusative singular)
τᾰ̀ σάββατᾰ (accusative plural)
σάββατον (singular vocative)
σάββατᾰ (plural vocative)

grc-decl

σάββασῐ(ν), σαββάτοις

Greek: Σάββατο (Sávvato)

Byzantine Greek: *σάμβατον (*sámbaton)

Italiot Greek: samba

→ Coptic: ⲥⲁⲃⲃⲁⲧⲟⲛ (sabbaton)

→ Gothic: *𐍃𐌰𐌼𐌱𐌰𐍄𐍉 (*sambatō)

Old High German: sambaztag (see there for further descendants)

→ Latin: *sambatum (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Slavic: *sǫbota (see there for further descendants)

→ Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌱𐌱𐌰𐍄𐍉 (sabbatō)

→ Romani: sàvato

desc

→ Old Armenian: սաբբատ (sabbat), սաբատ (sabat)

→ Mingrelian: საბატონი (sabaṭoni) (see there for further descendants)

→ Latin: sabbatum (see there for further descendants)

→ Laz: საბატონი (sabaťoni), საპატონი (sap̌aťoni) — Sumla, Arkabi

From Hebrew שַׁבָּת (šabbāṯ, “Sabbath”), or, alternatively, from Aramaic שַׁבְּתָא (šabbəṯā, “Sabbath”).


διακονία

grc-noun

δῐᾱκονῐ́ᾱ • (diākoníā) f (genitive δῐᾱκονῐ́ᾱς); first declension

δῐᾱκονῐ́ᾱ (canonical)
diākoníā (romanization)
δῐᾱκονῐ́ᾱς (genitive)
ἡ δῐᾱκονῐ́ᾱ (nominative singular)
τὼ δῐᾱκονῐ́ᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ δῐᾱκονῐ́αι (nominative plural)
τῆς δῐᾱκονῐ́ᾱς (genitive singular)
τοῖν δῐᾱκονῐ́αιν (dual genitive)
τῶν δῐᾱκονῐῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ δῐᾱκονῐ́ᾳ (dative singular)
τοῖν δῐᾱκονῐ́αιν (dative dual)
ταῖς δῐᾱκονῐ́αις (dative plural)
τὴν δῐᾱκονῐ́ᾱν (accusative singular)
τὼ δῐᾱκονῐ́ᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς δῐᾱκονῐ́ᾱς (accusative plural)
δῐᾱκονῐ́ᾱ (singular vocative)
δῐᾱκονῐ́ᾱ (dual vocative)
δῐᾱκονῐ́αι (plural vocative)

From διάκονος (diákonos, “servant”) + -ία (-ía).


λίθος

grc-noun

λῐ́θος • (líthos) m (genitive λῐ́θου); second declension

λῐ́θος (canonical)
líthos (romanization)
λῐ́θου (genitive)
ὁ (nominative singular)
ἡ λῐ́θος (nominative singular)
τὼ λῐ́θω (dual nominative)
οἱ (nominative plural)
αἱ λῐ́θοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ (genitive singular)
τῆς λῐ́θου (genitive singular)
τοῖν λῐ́θοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν λῐ́θων (genitive plural)
τῷ (dative singular)
τῇ λῐ́θῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν λῐ́θοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς (dative plural)
ταῖς λῐ́θοις (dative plural)
τὸν (accusative singular)
τὴν λῐ́θον (accusative singular)
τὼ λῐ́θω (accusative dual)
τοὺς (accusative plural)
τᾱ̀ς λῐ́θους (accusative plural)
λῐ́θε (singular vocative)
λῐ́θω (dual vocative)
λῐ́θοι (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: liti (learned)

→ English: -lite

→ English: -lith

→ English: lith-, litho-

→ Georgian: ლითონი (litoni)

→⇒ New Latin: lithium (see there for further descendants)

English: lithium

Has been compared to λεῖος (leîos, “smooth”), λιτός (litós, “simple, plain”), Latin laedō (“to strike, hurt”), and Lithuanian slidùs (“slippery, slick”). Beekes argues for a Pre-Greek origin, noting that words for "stone" are often taken from a substrate language.

stone, pebble (used as as piece in a board-game)

large rock or stone block, used as a seat to a speaker's platform, especially in the Assembly or in the Athenian agora, where archons, arbitrators and certain witnesses swore oaths


οὖς

οὖς • (oûs) n (genitive ὠτός); third declension

oûs (romanization)
ὠτός (genitive)
τὸ οὖς (nominative singular)
τὼ ὦτε (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ ὦτᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ ὠτός (genitive singular)
τοῖν ὤτοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ὤτων (genitive plural)
τῷ ὠτῐ́ (dative singular)
τοῖν ὤτοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ὠσῐ́ (dative plural)
ὠσῐ́ν (dative plural)
toîs ōsí (dative plural)
toîs ōsín (dative plural)
τὸ οὖς (accusative singular)
τὼ ὦτε (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ ὦτᾰ (accusative plural)
οὖς (singular vocative)
ὦτε (dual vocative)
ὦτᾰ (plural vocative)
οὖς (nominative singular)
οὔᾰτᾰ (nominative plural)
οὔᾰτος (genitive singular)
οὐάτων (genitive plural)
οὔᾰτῐ (dative singular)
οὔᾰσῐ (dative plural)
οὔᾰσῐν (dative plural)
ὠσί (dative plural)
ὠσίν (dative plural)
oúasi (dative plural)
oúasin (dative plural)
ōsí (dative plural)
ōsín (dative plural)
οὖς (accusative singular)
οὔᾰτᾰ (accusative plural)
οὖς (singular vocative)
οὔᾰτᾰ (plural vocative)

grc-decl

οὔᾰσῐ(ν), ὠσί(ν)

Koine Greek: ὠτίον (ōtíon), ὠτία (ōtía)

Byzantine Greek: ἀφτίον (aphtíon), ἀφτία (aphtía)

Greek: αφτί (aftí), αυτί (aftí)

Mariupol Greek: фты (fty)

→ English: oto-, ot-

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ṓws (“ear”). Cognate with Old English ēare (English ear), Latin auris, Old Armenian ունկն (unkn), Old Church Slavonic оухо (uxo), and Old Irish áu.

(from resemblance to an ear):
handle of a pitcher or cup

(architecture) Synonym of πᾰρωτῐ́ς (parōtís).

οὖς Ἀ̆φροδῑ́της
οὖς Ἀφροδίτης#Ancient_Greek

Ellipsis of οὖς Ἀ̆φροδῑ́της (oûs Aphrodī́tēs).: A kind of shellfish.

οὖς Ἀ̆φροδῑ́της

(from resemblance to an ear):
(anatomy) auricle of the heart

(from resemblance to an ear):
The name of part of a bandage.

(from resemblance to an ear):
(figuratively) spy


κάμηλος

grc-noun

κᾰ́μηλος • (kámēlos) m or f (genitive κᾰμήλου); second declension

κᾰ́μηλος (canonical)
kámēlos (romanization)
κᾰμήλου (genitive)
ὁ (nominative singular)
ἡ κᾰ́μηλος (nominative singular)
τὼ κᾰμήλω (dual nominative)
οἱ (nominative plural)
αἱ κᾰ́μηλοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ (genitive singular)
τῆς κᾰμήλου (genitive singular)
τοῖν κᾰμήλοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κᾰμήλων (genitive plural)
τῷ (dative singular)
τῇ κᾰμήλῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν κᾰμήλοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς (dative plural)
ταῖς κᾰμήλοις (dative plural)
τὸν (accusative singular)
τὴν κᾰ́μηλον (accusative singular)
τὼ κᾰμήλω (accusative dual)
τοὺς (accusative plural)
τᾱ̀ς κᾰμήλους (accusative plural)
κᾰ́μηλε (singular vocative)
κᾰμήλω (dual vocative)
κᾰ́μηλοι (plural vocative)

→ Latin: camēlus (see there for further descendants)

→ Sanskrit: क्रमेल (kramela)

→ Bengali: ক্রমেলক (kromelok)

→ Hindi: क्रमेलक (kramelak)

Ultimately from Proto-Semitic *gamal-; compare Arabic جَمَل (jamal) and Hebrew גָּמָל (gāmā́l), Proto-Nakh *imkal, Old Georgian აქლემი (aklemi) and Tocharian A oṅkaläm (“elephant”).


νέφος

νέφος • (néphos) n (genitive νέφεος or νέφους); third declension

néphos (romanization)
νέφεος (genitive)
νέφους (genitive)
τὸ νέφος (nominative singular)
τὼ νέφει (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ νέφη (nominative plural)
τοῦ νέφους (genitive singular)
τοῖν νεφοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν νεφῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ νέφει (dative singular)
τοῖν νεφοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς νέφεσῐ (dative plural)
νέφεσῐν (dative plural)
toîs néphesi (dative plural)
toîs néphesin (dative plural)
τὸ νέφος (accusative singular)
τὼ νέφει (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ νέφη (accusative plural)
νέφος (singular vocative)
νέφει (dual vocative)
νέφη (plural vocative)
νέφος (nominative singular)
νέφει (dual nominative)
νέφεε (dual nominative)
νέφεᾰ (nominative plural)
νέφεος (genitive singular)
νέφευς (genitive singular)
νεφέοιν (dual genitive)
νεφέων (genitive plural)
νέφει (dative singular)
νέφεῐ̈ (dative singular)
νεφέοιν (dative dual)
νέφεσσῐν (dative plural)
νεφέεσσῐ (dative plural)
νεφέεσσῐν (dative plural)
νέφεσῐ (dative plural)
νέφεσῐν (dative plural)
néphessin (dative plural)
nephéessi (dative plural)
nephéessin (dative plural)
néphesi (dative plural)
néphesin (dative plural)
νέφος (accusative singular)
νέφει (accusative dual)
νέφεε (accusative dual)
νέφεᾰ (accusative plural)
νέφος (singular vocative)
νέφει (dual vocative)
νέφεε (dual vocative)
νέφεᾰ (plural vocative)

grc-decl

νέφεσσῐν, νεφέεσσῐ(ν), νέφεσῐ(ν)

Greek: νέφος n (néfos)

⇒ Greek: σύννεφο (sýnnefo)

→⇒ English: nephology, nephoscope

From Proto-Hellenic *népʰos, from Proto-Indo-European *nébʰos (“cloud”). Cognates include νεφέλη (nephélē, “cloud”), Latin nebula (“fog, cloud”), Proto-Slavic *nebo (“heaven, sky”), Sanskrit नभस् (nábhas, “sky”).


κύριος

grc-noun

κῡ́ριος • (kū́rios) m (genitive κῡρίου); second declension

κῡ́ριος (canonical)
kū́rios (romanization)
κῡρίου (genitive)
ὁ κῡ́ρῐος (nominative singular)
τὼ κῡρῐ́ω (dual nominative)
οἱ κῡ́ρῐοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ κῡρῐ́ου (genitive singular)
τοῖν κῡρῐ́οιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κῡρῐ́ων (genitive plural)
τῷ κῡρῐ́ῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν κῡρῐ́οιν (dative dual)
τοῖς κῡρῐ́οις (dative plural)
τὸν κῡ́ρῐον (accusative singular)
τὼ κῡρῐ́ω (accusative dual)
τοὺς κῡρῐ́ους (accusative plural)
κῡ́ρῐε (singular vocative)
κῡρῐ́ω (dual vocative)
κῡ́ρῐοι (plural vocative)

Greek: κύριος (kýrios)

desctree

⇒ Byzantine Greek: κῦρ (kûr, “sir, lord”)
Greek: κυρ (kyr)
→ Bulgarian: кир (kir)
→ Middle Armenian: կիւռ (kiwṙ), կիռ (kiṙ)
→ Old Church Slavonic: киръ (kirŭ), кѵръ (kürŭ)
→ Romanian: chir
→ Serbo-Croatian: kȋr / ки̑р

Mariupol Greek: ки́риос (kírios)

Yevanic: קִירִיאוּ (kiri'u)

desc

→ Coptic: ⲕⲩⲣⲟⲥ (kuros), ⲕⲏⲣⲟⲥ (kēros) — Sahidic

→ Ecclesiastical Latin: Kyrie

→ English: kyrie

→ Portuguese: cirio-

→⇒ English: kyriarchy

From Proto-Hellenic *kúrios, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱewh₁- (“to swell, spread out, be strong, prevail”). By surface analysis, κῦρος (kûros, “supremacy”) + -ιος (-ios, adjective suffix).
Cognate with κύω (kúō), Latin cumulus, cavus, Welsh cawr.

κῡριακόν

κῡριακός (kūriakós)

(gen.) lord, master, guardian, ruler, owner

(Septuagint, New Testament) God (i.e., the God of Israel)


χρόνος

grc-noun

χρόνος • (khrónos) m (genitive χρόνου); second declension

khrónos (romanization)
χρόνου (genitive)
ὁ χρόνος (nominative singular)
τὼ χρόνω (dual nominative)
οἱ χρόνοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ χρόνου (genitive singular)
τοῖν χρόνοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν χρόνων (genitive plural)
τῷ χρόνῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν χρόνοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς χρόνοις (dative plural)
τὸν χρόνον (accusative singular)
τὼ χρόνω (accusative dual)
τοὺς χρόνους (accusative plural)
χρόνε (singular vocative)
χρόνω (dual vocative)
χρόνοι (plural vocative)

Greek: χρόνος m (chrónos)

Mariupol Greek: хро́нус m (xrónus)

desc

→ Coptic: ⲭⲣⲟⲛⲟⲥ (khronos), ⲭⲣⲱⲛⲟⲥ (khrōnos), ⲭⲣⲱⲛⲱⲥ (khrōnōs), ⲭⲣⲱⲛⲟ︦ (khrōno︦)

→ Catalan: crono-

→ Czech: chrono-

→ English: chrono-

→ French: chrono-

→ Irish: cróna-

→ Italian: crono-

→ Portuguese: crono-

→ Spanish: crono-

Of unknown origin. A derivation from a Proto-Indo-European *gʰr-ono-, from *ǵʰer- (“to seize, enclose”), has been suggested, with original connotation of "encompassing time-limit". Other theories connect the word to κορμός (kormós) from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to cut off”).


μαρτύριον

grc-noun

μᾰρτῠ́ρῐον • (martúrion) n (genitive μᾰρτῠρῐ́ου); second declension

μᾰρτῠ́ρῐον (canonical)
martúrion (romanization)
μᾰρτῠρῐ́ου (genitive)
τὸ μᾰρτῠ́ρῐον (nominative singular)
τὼ μᾰρτῠρῐ́ω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ μᾰρτῠ́ρῐᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ μᾰρτῠρῐ́ου (genitive singular)
τοῖν μᾰρτῠρῐ́οιν (dual genitive)
τῶν μᾰρτῠρῐ́ων (genitive plural)
τῷ μᾰρτῠρῐ́ῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν μᾰρτῠρῐ́οιν (dative dual)
τοῖς μᾰρτῠρῐ́οις (dative plural)
τὸ μᾰρτῠ́ρῐον (accusative singular)
τὼ μᾰρτῠρῐ́ω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ μᾰρτῠ́ρῐᾰ (accusative plural)
μᾰρτῠ́ρῐον (singular vocative)
μᾰρτῠρῐ́ω (dual vocative)
μᾰρτῠ́ρῐᾰ (plural vocative)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: մատուռն (matuṙn)

Armenian: մատուռ (matuṙ)

Latin: martyrium

Arabic: مَرْطُول (marṭūl)

From μάρτυς (mártus, “witness”) + -ιον (-ion).


λέπρα

grc-noun

λέπρᾱ • (léprā) f (genitive λέπρᾱς); first declension

λέπρᾱ (canonical)
léprā (romanization)
λέπρᾱς (genitive)
ἡ λέπρᾱ (nominative singular)
τὼ λέπρᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ λέπραι (nominative plural)
τῆς λέπρᾱς (genitive singular)
τοῖν λέπραιν (dual genitive)
τῶν λεπρῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ λέπρᾳ (dative singular)
τοῖν λέπραιν (dative dual)
ταῖς λέπραις (dative plural)
τὴν λέπρᾱν (accusative singular)
τὼ λέπρᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς λέπρᾱς (accusative plural)
λέπρᾱ (singular vocative)
λέπρᾱ (dual vocative)
λέπραι (plural vocative)

→ Latin: lepra (see there for further descendants)

Resembles λεπίς (lepís, “scale”) + *-ρᾱ (*-rā), but with unclear morphology. Perhaps both words are ultimately Pre-Greek; compare λεβηρῐ́ς (lebērís, “shed skin”).

(medicine) psoriasis & similar skin disorders


ἔργον

ἔργον • (érgon) n (genitive ἔργου); second declension

érgon (romanization)
ἔργου (genitive)
τὸ ἔργον (nominative singular)
τὼ ἔργω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ ἔργᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ ἔργου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ἔργοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ἔργων (genitive plural)
τῷ ἔργῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ἔργοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ἔργοις (dative plural)
τὸ ἔργον (accusative singular)
τὼ ἔργω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ ἔργᾰ (accusative plural)
ἔργον (singular vocative)
ἔργω (dual vocative)
ἔργᾰ (plural vocative)
ἔργον (nominative singular)
ἔργω (dual nominative)
ἔργᾰ (nominative plural)
ἔργου (genitive singular)
ἐργοῖο (genitive singular)
ἔργοιο (genitive singular)
ἐργόο (genitive singular)
ἔργοο (genitive singular)
ἔργοιῐν (dual genitive)
ἔργων (genitive plural)
ἔργῳ (dative singular)
ἔργοιῐν (dative dual)
ἔργοισῐ (dative plural)
ἔργοισῐν (dative plural)
ἔργοις (dative plural)
érgoisi (dative plural)
érgoisin (dative plural)
érgois (dative plural)
ἔργον (accusative singular)
ἔργω (accusative dual)
ἔργᾰ (accusative plural)
ἔργον (singular vocative)
ἔργω (dual vocative)
ἔργᾰ (plural vocative)
τὸ ϝἔργον (nominative singular)
τὼ ϝἔργω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ ϝἔργᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ ϝἔργω (genitive singular)
τοῖν ϝἔργοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ϝἔργων (genitive plural)
τῷ ϝἔργῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ϝἔργοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ϝἔργοις (dative plural)
τὸ ϝἔργον (accusative singular)
τὼ ϝἔργω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ ϝἔργως (accusative plural)
ϝἔργον (singular vocative)
ϝἔργω (dual vocative)
ϝἔργᾰ (plural vocative)

Greek: έργο (érgo)

→ English: ergo-, ergon, erg

⇒ French: ergol

⇒ Italian: ergol

From Proto-Hellenic *wérgon, from Proto-Indo-European *wérǵom. Cognates include Old English weorc (English work), Avestan 𐬬𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬆𐬨 (var^əzəm) (Persian وَرز (varz)), and Old Armenian գործ (gorc).

work, labour, task
work or deed of war; battle

work, labour, task
work of industry
(agriculture) tillage; tilled land

work, labour, task
work of industry
tillage; tilled land

work, labour, task
work of industry
(weaving) woman's work; weaving

work, labour, task
work of industry
woman's work; weaving

(passive voice) that which is wrought or made; work

that which is wrought or made; work
result of work, profit or interest


ἄνθος

ᾰ̓́νθος • (ánthos) n (genitive ᾰ̓́νθεος or ᾰ̓́νθους); third declension

ᾰ̓́νθος (canonical)
ánthos (romanization)
ᾰ̓́νθεος (genitive)
ᾰ̓́νθους (genitive)
τὸ ᾰ̓́νθος (nominative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓́νθει (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ ᾰ̓́νθη (nominative plural)
τοῦ ᾰ̓́νθους (genitive singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓νθοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν ᾰ̓νθέων (genitive plural)
ᾰ̓νθῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ ᾰ̓́νθει (dative singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓νθοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς ᾰ̓́νθεσῐ (dative plural)
ᾰ̓́νθεσῐν (dative plural)
toîs ánthesi (dative plural)
toîs ánthesin (dative plural)
τὸ ᾰ̓́νθος (accusative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓́νθει (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ ᾰ̓́νθη (accusative plural)
ᾰ̓́νθος (singular vocative)
ᾰ̓́νθει (dual vocative)
ᾰ̓́νθη (plural vocative)
ᾰ̓́νθος (nominative singular)
ᾰ̓́νθει (dual nominative)
ᾰ̓́νθεε (dual nominative)
ᾰ̓́νθεᾰ (nominative plural)
ᾰ̓́νθεος (genitive singular)
ᾰ̓́νθευς (genitive singular)
ᾰ̓νθέοιν (dual genitive)
ᾰ̓νθέων (genitive plural)
ᾰ̓́νθει (dative singular)
ᾰ̓́νθεῐ̈ (dative singular)
ᾰ̓νθέοιν (dative dual)
ᾰ̓́νθεσῐ (dative plural)
ᾰ̓́νθεσῐν (dative plural)
ánthesi (dative plural)
ánthesin (dative plural)
ᾰ̓́νθος (accusative singular)
ᾰ̓́νθει (accusative dual)
ᾰ̓́νθεε (accusative dual)
ᾰ̓́νθεᾰ (accusative plural)
ᾰ̓́νθος (singular vocative)
ᾰ̓́νθει (dual vocative)
ᾰ̓́νθεε (dual vocative)
ᾰ̓́νθεᾰ (plural vocative)

grc-decl

ᾰ̓νθέων, ᾰ̓νθῶν

Greek: άνθος (ánthos)

→⇒ English: anther, antherid

New Latin: Chionanthus

From Proto-Hellenic *ántʰos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éndʰos. Cognate with Vedic Sanskrit अन्धस् (ándhas, “Soma, grass, herb”), Albanian endë, Old Armenian անդ (and, “field”), possibly Old Frisian åndul.


ἄνθος

grc-noun

ᾰ̓́νθος • (ánthos) m (genitive ᾰ̓́νθου); second declension

ᾰ̓́νθος (canonical)
ánthos (romanization)
ᾰ̓́νθου (genitive)
ὁ ᾰ̓́νθος (nominative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓́νθω (dual nominative)
οἱ ᾰ̓́νθοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ ᾰ̓́νθου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓́νθοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ᾰ̓́νθων (genitive plural)
τῷ ᾰ̓́νθῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓́νθοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ᾰ̓́νθοις (dative plural)
τὸν ᾰ̓́νθον (accusative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓́νθω (accusative dual)
τοὺς ᾰ̓́νθους (accusative plural)
ᾰ̓́νθε (singular vocative)
ᾰ̓́νθω (dual vocative)
ᾰ̓́νθοι (plural vocative)

→ Latin: anthus

a small bird, possibly the yellow wagtail.


νεκρός

νεκρός • (nekrós) m (genitive νεκροῦ); second declension

nekrós (romanization)
νεκροῦ (genitive)
ὁ νεκρός (nominative singular)
τὼ νεκρώ (dual nominative)
οἱ νεκροί (nominative plural)
τοῦ νεκροῦ (genitive singular)
τοῖν νεκροῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν νεκρῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ νεκρῷ (dative singular)
τοῖν νεκροῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς νεκροῖς (dative plural)
τὸν νεκρόν (accusative singular)
τὼ νεκρώ (accusative dual)
τοὺς νεκρούς (accusative plural)
νεκρέ (singular vocative)
νεκρώ (dual vocative)
νεκροί (plural vocative)

Greek: νεκρός (nekrós)

This likely did not form at the Proto-Indo-European level, as the expected result due to suffix ablaut would be *n̥ḱrós, which would regularly yield *ἀκρός (*akrós). It probably formed either at the Proto-Greek stage or the Ancient Greek stage from νέκυς (nékus, “a dead body”)) + -ρός (-rós). Either way, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *neḱ-.
See also Latin nocēre (“to hurt, harm”), nex (“murder, violent death”) (as opposed to mors) and Sanskrit नश्यति (naśyati, “to disappear, perish”).


εὐαγγέλιον

εὐαγγέλιον • (euangélion) n (genitive εὐαγγελίου); second declension

euangélion (romanization)
εὐαγγελίου (genitive)
τὸ εὐαγγέλιον (nominative singular)
τὼ εὐαγγελίω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ εὐαγγέλιᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ εὐαγγελίου (genitive singular)
τοῖν εὐαγγελίοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν εὐαγγελίων (genitive plural)
τῷ εὐαγγελίῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν εὐαγγελίοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς εὐαγγελίοις (dative plural)
τὸ εὐαγγέλιον (accusative singular)
τὼ εὐαγγελίω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ εὐαγγέλιᾰ (accusative plural)
εὐαγγέλιον (singular vocative)
εὐαγγελίω (dual vocative)
εὐαγγέλιᾰ (plural vocative)

Greek: βαγγέλιο (vangélio)

→ Amharic: ወንጌል (wängel)

desctree

→ Arabic: إِنْجِيل (ʔinjīl)
→ Azerbaijani: İncil
→ Bengali: ইঞ্জিল (injil)
→ Northern Kurdish: încîl
→ Malay: Injil
→ Indonesian: Injil
→ Persian: انجیل (enjil)
→ Ottoman Turkish: انجیل
Turkish: incil
Uzbek: injil

desc

→ Classical Syriac: ܐܘܢܓܠܝܘܢ (/ʾewangeliyōn/) (see there for further descendants)

→ Persian: انگلیون (/angelyun/)

→ Coptic: ⲉⲩⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲓⲟⲛ (euaggelion)

→ Gothic: 𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌴𐌻𐌾𐍉 (aiwaggēljō)

→ Greek: ευαγγέλιο (evangélio) (learned)

→ Latin: evangelium (see there for further descendants)

→ Old French: evangile, evangelie, evangelie

French: évangile

→ Italian: vangelo

→ Russian: евангелие (jevangelije)

→ Serbo-Croatian: јеванђеље, jevanđelje

→ Latin: bona annuntiatio, bonus nuntius (calque)

desctree

→ Old English: godspell, godspel (calque)
Middle English: gospel, gospell, godspel, godspell, goddspell
English: gospel
→ Old Norse: guðspjall (calque)
Icelandic: guðspjall

→ Old Saxon: gōdspel (calque)

→ Old Irish: soiscélae, soscéle (calque)
Middle Irish: soiscéla, soscéla
Irish: soscéala

→ Middle Irish: *soiscél (calque)
Irish: soiscéal
Manx: sushtal
Scottish Gaelic: soisgeul

desc

→ Bengali: সুসমাচার (śuśomacar) (calque)

From εὐάγγελος (euángelos, “bringing good news”), from εὐ- (eu-, “good”) + ἄγγελος (ángelos, “messenger”).


αἰών

grc-noun

αἰών • (aiṓn) m (genitive αἰῶνος); third declension

aiṓn (romanization)
αἰῶνος (genitive)
ὁ αἰών (nominative singular)
τὼ αἰῶνε (dual nominative)
οἱ αἰῶνες (nominative plural)
τοῦ αἰῶνος (genitive singular)
τοῖν αἰώνοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν αἰώνων (genitive plural)
τῷ αἰῶνῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν αἰώνοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς αἰῶσῐ (dative plural)
αἰῶσῐν (dative plural)
toîs aiôsi (dative plural)
toîs aiôsin (dative plural)
τὸν αἰῶνᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ αἰῶνε (accusative dual)
τοὺς αἰῶνᾰς (accusative plural)
αἰών (singular vocative)
αἰῶνε (dual vocative)
αἰῶνες (plural vocative)

→ English: æon

→ French: æon

→ Greek: αιώνας (aiónas)

desctree

→ Latin: æon, aeon
Spanish: eón
French: éon
Italian: eone
→ English: eon, aeon

→ Russian: эо́н (eón)

From earlier αἰϝών (aiwṓn), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eyu- (“vital force, life, long life, eternity”), whence also ἀεί (aeí, “always”). Cognate with Latin aevum, English aye.


μάγος

grc-noun

μάγος • (mágos) m (genitive μάγου); second declension

mágos (romanization)
μάγου (genitive)
ὁ μᾰ́γος (nominative singular)
τὼ μᾰ́γω (dual nominative)
οἱ μᾰ́γοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ μᾰ́γου (genitive singular)
τοῖν μᾰ́γοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν μᾰ́γων (genitive plural)
τῷ μᾰ́γῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν μᾰ́γοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς μᾰ́γοις (dative plural)
τὸν μᾰ́γον (accusative singular)
τὼ μᾰ́γω (accusative dual)
τοὺς μᾰ́γους (accusative plural)
μᾰ́γε (singular vocative)
μᾰ́γω (dual vocative)
μᾰ́γοι (plural vocative)

Greek: μάγος (mágos)

→ Coptic: ⲙⲁⲅⲟⲥ (magos)

→ Latin: magus (see there for further descendants)

→ Russian: маг (mag)

Borrowed from Old Persian 𐎶𐎦𐏁 (m-gu-š /maguš/).

(common, nonspecific) magician, and derogatorily sorcerer, trickster, conjurer, charlatan

(common, specific) a Zoroastrian priest. Compare e.g. Herodotus Hist. 1.132f, Xenophon Cyropedia 8.3.11, Porphyry Life of Pythagoras 12, Heraclitus apud Clemens Protrepticus 12, etc.

(hapax) name of one of the tribes of the Medes. This usage is only attested once; Herodotus Histories 1.101.


πῦρ

πῦρ • (pûr) n (genitive πῠρός); third declension

pûr (romanization)
πῠρός (genitive)
τὸ πῦρ (nominative singular)
τοῦ πῠρός (genitive singular)
τῷ πῠρῐ́ (dative singular)
τὸ πῦρ (accusative singular)
πῦρ (singular vocative)
πῦρ (nominative singular)
πῠρός (genitive singular)
πῠρῐ́ (dative singular)
πῦρ (accusative singular)
πῦρ (singular vocative)

Greek: πυρ (pyr)

English: pyro-

From Proto-Hellenic *pāwər, from Proto-Indo-European *péh₂wr̥. The noun was changed to a pure R-stem noun; if it retained the oblique N-stem forms of its ancestor, its oblique base would have been *pun- (written *πυν-).
Cognates include Old English fȳr (English fire), Old Armenian հուր (hur), Hittite 𒉺𒀪𒄯 (paḫḫur), Tocharian A por, and Tocharian B puwar. Compare Mycenaean Greek 𐀢𐀏𐀺 (pu-ka-wo /pur-kawos/, “fire-kindler”), Etruscan 𐌅𐌄𐌓𐌔𐌄 (verse).


λεγεών

grc-noun

λεγεών • (legeṓn) m (genitive λεγεῶνος); third declension

legeṓn (romanization)
λεγεῶνος (genitive)
ἡ λεγεών (nominative singular)
τὼ λεγεῶνε (dual nominative)
αἱ λεγεῶνες (nominative plural)
τῆς λεγεῶνος (genitive singular)
τοῖν λεγεώνοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν λεγεώνων (genitive plural)
τῇ λεγεῶνῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν λεγεώνοιν (dative dual)
ταῖς λεγεῶσῐ (dative plural)
λεγεῶσῐν (dative plural)
taîs legeôsi (dative plural)
taîs legeôsin (dative plural)
τὴν λεγεῶνᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ λεγεῶνε (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς λεγεῶνᾰς (accusative plural)
λεγεών (singular vocative)
λεγεῶνε (dual vocative)
λεγεῶνες (plural vocative)

Greek: λεγεώνα (legeóna)

→ Aramaic: לגיונא

→ Coptic: ⲗⲉⲅⲉⲱⲛ (legeōn)

→ Gothic: 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍉𐌽 (laigaiōn)


ψυχή

ψῡχή • (psūkhḗ) f (genitive ψῡχῆς); first declension

ψῡχή (canonical)
psūkhḗ (romanization)
ψῡχῆς (genitive)
ἡ ψῡχή (nominative singular)
τὼ ψῡχᾱ́ (dual nominative)
αἱ ψῡχαί (nominative plural)
τῆς ψῡχῆς (genitive singular)
τοῖν ψῡχαῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν ψῡχῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ ψῡχῇ (dative singular)
τοῖν ψῡχαῖν (dative dual)
ταῖς ψῡχαῖς (dative plural)
τὴν ψῡχήν (accusative singular)
τὼ ψῡχᾱ́ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ψῡχᾱ́ς (accusative plural)
ψῡχή (singular vocative)
ψῡχᾱ́ (dual vocative)
ψῡχαί (plural vocative)

Greek: ψυχή (psychí)

Mariupol Greek: пши (pši)

→ Coptic: ⲯⲩⲭⲏ (psukhē)

→ Latin: psychē

→ Catalan: psique

→ Czech: psýcha

→ Danish: psyke

→ Dutch: psyche

→ English: psyche

→ Esperanto: psiko

→ Finnish: psyyke

→ French: psyché

→ German: Psyche

→ Italian: psiche

→ Occitan: psiquè

→ Portuguese: psique

→ Serbo-Croatian: psiha, пси̏ха

→ Sicilian: psichi

→ Spanish: psique, psiquis

→ Swedish: psyke

→ Translingual: psycho-

→ Yiddish: פּסיכע (psikhe)

→ Bulgarian: психика (psihika) (via Greek ψῡχικός)

→ Georgian: ფსიქიკა (psikiḳa) (via Greek ψῡχικός)

→ Irish: síci- (via Greek ψῡχικός)

→ Polish: psychika (via Greek ψῡχικός)

→ Romanian: psihic (via Greek ψῡχικός)

→ Russian: психика (psixika) (via Greek ψῡχικός)

Analyzable as ψῡ́χω (psū́khō, “I blow”) + -η (-ē), but never had the meaning "breath", even in Homer.
Compare Proto-Circassian *psa, Proto-Northwest Caucasian *pǝsA (literally “soul”).

cog

Ἀτρεΐδης δ’ ἄρ’ ἔπειθ’ Ὑπερήνορα ποιμένα λαῶν
οὖτα κατὰ λαπάρην, διὰ δ’ ἔντερα χαλκὸς ἄφυσσε
δῃώσας: ψυχὴ δὲ κατ’ οὐταμένην ὠτειλὴν
ἔσσυτ’ ἐπειγομένη, τὸν δὲ σκότος ὄσσε κάλυψε.
Atreḯdēs d’ ár’ épeith’ Huperḗnora poiména laôn
oûta katà lapárēn, dià d’ éntera khalkòs áphusse
dēiṓsas: psukhḕ dè kat’ outaménēn ōteilḕn
éssut’ epeigoménē, tòn dè skótos ósse kálupse.
1990 translation by Robert Fagles

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 14.516–519

gouged his flank and the bronze ripped him open,
spurting his entrails out — and his life[-blood], gushing forth
through the raw, yawning wound, went pulsing fast
and the dark came swirling down across his eyes.

Menelaus took the hardened captain Hyperenor,

[…] τοῖο δ’ ἅμα ψυχήν τε καὶ ἔγχεος ἐξέρυσ’ αἰχμήν.
[…] toîo d’ háma psukhḗn te kaì énkheos exérus’ aikhmḗn.

1990 translation by Robert Fagles
[…] so he dragged out both the man's life-breath and the weapon's point together.

The animating principle of a human or animal body, vital spirit, soul, life (the animating principle of life).

(poetic) Life-breath, lifeblood (‘the animating principle of life’ in corporeal interpretation).

ψυχῇσιν θάνατος ὕδωρ γενέσθαι, ὕδατι δὲ θάνατος γῆν γενέσθαι, ἐκ γῆς δὲ ὕδωρ γίνεται, ἐξ ὕδατος δὲ ψυχή.

1920 translation by John Burnet
For it is death to souls to become water, and death to water to become earth. But water comes from earth; and from water, soul.

psukhêisin thánatos húdōr genésthai, húdati dè thánatos gên genésthai, ek gês dè húdōr gínetai, ex húdatos dè psukhḗ.

ἔοικε δὲ καὶ Θαλῆς ἐξ ὧν ἀπομνημονεύουσι κινητικόν τι τὴν ψυχὴν ὑπολαβεῖν, εἴπερ τὴν λίθον ἔφη ψυχὴν ἔχειν, ὅτι τὸν σίδηρον κινεῖ·

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, De anima 405a20

1855 translation by Charles Collier
Thales, too, from what has been recorded of him, seems to have assumed that the Vital Principle is something motive, since he said that the loadstone must have a Vital Principle because it gives motion to iron.

éoike dè kaì Thalês ex hôn apomnēmoneúousi kinētikón ti tḕn psukhḕn hupolabeîn, eíper tḕn líthon éphē psukhḕn ékhein, hóti tòn sídēron kineî;

(philosophy, since the early physicists) Animating principle in primary substances, the source of life and consciousness.

300 BCE – 200 BCE, Septuagint, Genesis 46.18

[…] φαίνετο δ’ ᾗ κληῖδες ἀπ’ ὤμων αὐχέν’ ἔχουσι
λαυκανίην, ἵνα τε ψυχῆς ὤκιστος ὄλεθρος·
[…] phaíneto d’ hêi klēîdes ap’ ṓmōn aukhén’ ékhousi

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 22.324 f.

1924 translation by Augustus Taber Murray
[…] but there was an opening where the collar bones part the neck and shoulders, even the gullet,
where destruction of life cometh most speedily;

laukaníēn, hína te psukhês ṓkistos ólethros;

[…] καὶ ἀπέθανεν τὸ τρίτον τῶν κτισμάτων τῶν ἐν τῇ θαλάσσῃ τὰ ἔχοντα ψυχὰς καὶ τὸ τρίτον τῶν πλοίων διεφθαρη.
[…] kaì apéthanen tò tríton tôn ktismátōn tôn en têi thalássēi tà ékhonta psukhàs kaì tò tríton tôn ploíōn diephtharē.

New Testament, Revelation 8:9, (text according to Stephanus [1550] and Scrivener [1894])

1862 translation by Robert Young (Young's Literal Translation)
[…] and die did the third of the creatures […] in the sea, those having life, and the third of the ships were destroyed.

[…] αἰεὶ ἐμὴν ψυχὴν παραβαλλόμενος πολεμίζειν.
[…] aieì emḕn psukhḕn paraballómenos polemízein.

1924 translation by Augustus Taber Murray
[…] ever staking my life in fight.

πάντας δὲ δόλους καὶ μῆτιν ὕφαινον,
ὥς τε περὶ ψυχῆς· μέγα γὰρ κακὸν ἐγγύθεν ἦεν.
pántas dè dólous kaì mêtin húphainon,

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 9.422 f.

1862 translation by Augustus Taber Murray
And I wove all manner of wiles and counsel, as a man will in a matter of life and death; for great was the evil that was nigh us.

hṓs te perì psukhês; méga gàr kakòn engúthen êen.

Animate existence, viewed as a possession, one’s life.

μῆνιν ἄειδε θεὰ Πηληϊάδεω Ἀχιλῆος
οὐλομένην, ἣ μυρί’ Ἀχαιοῖς ἄλγε’ ἔθηκε,
πολλὰς δ’ ἰφθίμους ψυχὰς Ἄϊδι προΐαψεν
ἡρώων, αὐτοὺς δὲ ἑλώρια τεῦχε κύνεσσιν
οἰωνοῖσί τε πᾶσι, Διὸς δ’ ἐτελείετο βουλή.
mênin áeide theà Pēlēïádeō Akhilêos
ouloménēn, hḕ murí’ Akhaioîs álge’ éthēke,
pollàs d’ iphthímous psukhàs Áïdi proḯapsen
hērṓōn, autoùs dè helṓria teûkhe kúnessin

1990 translation by Robert Fagles
Rage — Goddess, sing the rage of Peleus' son Achilles,
[…] doomed, that cost the Achaeans countless losses,
hurling down to the House of Death so many sturdy […]
great fighters’ souls, but made their bodies carrion,
feasts for the dogs and birds,
and the will of Zeus was moving toward its end.

oiōnoîsí te pâsi, Diòs d’ eteleíeto boulḗ.

[…] τὸν δ’ ἔλιπε ψυχή, κατὰ δ’ ὀφθαλμῶν κέχυτ’ ἀχλύς·
[…] tòn d’ élipe psukhḗ, katà d’ ophthalmôn kékhut’ akhlús;

1924 translation by Augustus Taber Murray
[…] and his spirit failed him, and down over his eyes a mist was shed.

The spirit or soul thought of as distinct from the body and leaving it at death (the immortal part of a person).

αὐτίκα γὰρ φάτις εἶσιν ἅμ’ ἠελίῳ ἀνιόντι
ἀνδρῶν μνηστήρων, οὓς ἔκτανον ἐν μεγάροισιν.
⁂
Ἑρμῆς δὲ ψυχὰς Κυλλήνιος ἐξεκαλεῖτο
ἀνδρῶν μνηστήρων: […]
autíka gàr phátis eîsin hám’ ēelíōi aniónti
andrôn mnēstḗrōn, hoùs éktanon en megároisin.
⁂
Hermês dè psukhàs Kullḗnios exekaleîto
andrôn mnēstḗrōn: […]
1996 translation by Robert Fagles
[Go] quick as the rising sun the news will spread
of the suitors that I killed inside the house.
⁂

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 23.362–24.2

Now Cyllenian Hermes called away the suitors’ ghosts, […]

A disembodied spirit, a shade or ghost (the spirit of a dead person).

Θηβᾶν ἀπὸ Καδμεϊᾶν μορφὰν βραχύς, ψυχὰν δ’ ἄκαμπτος, προσπαλαίσων ἦλθ’ ἀνὴρ
τὰν πυροφόρον Λιβύαν, κρανίοις ὄφρα ξένων ναὸν Ποσειδάωνος ἐρέφοντα σχέθοι,
υἱὸς Ἀλκμήνας
Thēbân apò Kadmeïân morphàn brakhús, psukhàn d’ ákamptos, prospalaísōn êlth’ anḕr
tàn purophóron Libúan, kraníois óphra xénōn naòn Poseidáōnos eréphonta skhéthoi,

522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Isthmian Ode 53–55

1990 translation by Diane Svarlien
And yet once there went from Thebes, Cadmus’ city, a hero short in stature but unflinching in spirit. This hero went to the house of Antaeus in grain-bearing Libya, to keep him from roofing Poseidon's temple with the skulls of strangers, Alcmena's son.

ἢν δέ τις ἄρα βουληθῇ καὶ πομπικῷ καὶ μετεώρῳ καὶ λαμπρῷ ἵππῳ χρήσασθαι, οὐ μάλα μὲν τὰ τοιαῦτα ἐκ παντὸς ἵππου γίγνεται, ἀλλὰ δεῖ ὑπάρξαι αὐτῷ καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν μεγαλόφρονα καὶ τὸ σῶμα εὔρωστον.
ḕn dé tis ára boulēthêi kaì pompikôi kaì meteṓrōi kaì lamprôi híppōi khrḗsasthai, ou mála mèn tà toiaûta ek pantòs híppou gígnetai, allà deî hupárxai autôi kaì tḕn psukhḕn megalóphrona kaì tò sôma eúrōston.

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, On Horsemanship 11.1

If, however, the wish is to secure a horse adapted to parade and state processions, a high stepper and a showy animal, these are qualities not to be found combined in every horse, but to begin with, the animal must have high spirit and a stalwart body.

c. 1898 translation by Henry Graham Dakyns

Spirit (animated attitude), conscious self, personality as centre of emotions, desires and affections, heart.

ψυχὴν δὲ εἰς τὸ μέσον αὐτοῦ θεὶς διὰ παντός τε ἔτεινεν καὶ ἔτι ἔξωθεν τὸ σῶμα αὐτῇ περιεκάλυψεν, […]
psukhḕn dè eis tò méson autoû theìs dià pantós te éteinen kaì éti éxōthen tò sôma autêi periekálupsen, […]

1925 translation by W. R. M. Lamb
And in the midst thereof He set Soul, which He stretched throughout the whole of it, and therewith He enveloped also the exterior of its body; […]

(philosophy, after Plato) The spirit of the universe, the immaterial principle of movement and life.

ἀλλ’ οὐκ ἄρα εἶχεν οὕτως, ἀλλ’ ἐνίους ἐδόκουν καταμανθάνειν τῶν καλῶν τὰς μορφὰς πάνυ μοχθηροὺς ὄντας τὰς ψυχάς.

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Economics 6.16

1979 translation by E. C. Marchant, O. J. Todd and William Heinemann
But after all, it was not so: I thought I discovered that some who were beautiful to look at were thoroughly depraved in their minds.

all’ ouk ára eîkhen hoútōs, all’ eníous edókoun katamanthánein tôn kalôn tàs morphàs pánu mokhthēroùs óntas tàs psukhás.

The mind (seat or organ of thought), (the faculty of) reason.

Γίνονται δ’ αἱ μὲν καλούμεναι ψυχαὶ ἐκ τῶν καμπῶν, αἳ γίνονται ἐπὶ τῶν φύλλων τῶν χλωρῶν, καὶ μάλιστα ἐπὶ τῆς ῥαφάνου, ἣν καλοῦσί τινες κράμβην.
Gínontai d’ hai mèn kaloúmenai psukhaì ek tôn kampôn, haì gínontai epì tôn phúllōn tôn khlōrôn, kaì málista epì tês rhaphánou, hḕn kaloûsí tines krámbēn.
Those arise — those which one calls butterflies (psukhai) — out of those caterpillars which arise on leaves of green, especially on the [leaves] of the cabbage-plant (raphanos), which some call cabbage (krambē).

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, History of Animals 5.19

(rare, extended from the meaning ‘soul’) Butterfly.


μέρος

grc-noun

μέρος • (méros) n (genitive μέρεος or μέρους); third declension

méros (romanization)
μέρεος (genitive)
μέρους (genitive)
τὸ μέρος (nominative singular)
τὼ μέρει (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ μέρη (nominative plural)
τοῦ μέρους (genitive singular)
τοῖν μεροῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν μερῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ μέρει (dative singular)
τοῖν μεροῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς μέρεσῐ (dative plural)
μέρεσῐν (dative plural)
toîs méresi (dative plural)
toîs méresin (dative plural)
τὸ μέρος (accusative singular)
τὼ μέρει (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ μέρη (accusative plural)
μέρος (singular vocative)
μέρει (dual vocative)
μέρη (plural vocative)
τὸ μέρος (nominative singular)
τὼ μέρει (dual nominative)
μέρεε (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ μέρεᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ μέρεος (genitive singular)
μέρευς (genitive singular)
τοῖν μερέοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν μερέων (genitive plural)
τῷ μέρει (dative singular)
μέρεῐ̈ (dative singular)
τοῖν μερέοιν (dative dual)
τοῖσῐ (dative plural)
τοῖσῐν μέρεσῐ (dative plural)
μέρεσῐν (dative plural)
toîsi méresi (dative plural)
toîsi méresin (dative plural)
toîsini (dative plural)
toîsinin (dative plural)
τὸ μέρος (accusative singular)
τὼ μέρει (accusative dual)
μέρεε (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ μέρεᾰ (accusative plural)
μέρος (singular vocative)
μέρει (dual vocative)
μέρεε (dual vocative)
μέρεᾰ (plural vocative)

From Proto-Hellenic *(h)méros; equivalent to μερ- (mer-), the root of μείρομαι (meíromai, “to receive as one's portion”) + -ος (-os). Compare μέλος (mélos, “limb, member”), of similar meaning and superficial pronunciation but different origin.

af

τοῦ δὲ λόγου μέρη ἐστὶν ὀκτώ· ὄνομα, ῥῆμα, μετοχή, ἄρθρον, ἀντωνυμία, πρόθεσις, ἐπίρρημα, σύνδεσμος.

170 BCE – 90 BCE, Dionysius Thrax, Art of Grammar 11

There are eight parts of speech [= types of word]: noun, verb, participle, article, pronoun, preposition, adverb, conjunction.

toû dè lógou mérē estìn oktṓ; ónoma, rhêma, metokhḗ, árthron, antōnumía, próthesis, epírrhēma, súndesmos.


Σύρος

grc-noun

Σῠ́ρος • (Súros) m (genitive Σῠ́ρου); second declension

Σῠ́ρος (canonical)
Súros (romanization)
Σῠ́ρου (genitive)
ὁ Σῠ́ρος (nominative singular)
τὼ Σῠ́ρω (dual nominative)
οἱ Σῠ́ροι (nominative plural)
τοῦ Σῠ́ρου (genitive singular)
τοῖν Σῠ́ροιν (dual genitive)
τῶν Σῠ́ρων (genitive plural)
τῷ Σῠ́ρῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν Σῠ́ροιν (dative dual)
τοῖς Σῠ́ροις (dative plural)
τὸν Σῠ́ρον (accusative singular)
τὼ Σῠ́ρω (accusative dual)
τοὺς Σῠ́ρους (accusative plural)
Σῠ́ρε (singular vocative)
Σῠ́ρω (dual vocative)
Σῠ́ροι (plural vocative)

Greek: Σύρος (Sýros)

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌿𐍂 (saur)

Latin: Syrus


διδαχή

δῐδᾰχή • (didakhḗ) f (genitive δῐδᾰχῆς); first declension

δῐδᾰχή (canonical)
didakhḗ (romanization)
δῐδᾰχῆς (genitive)
ἡ δῐδᾰχή (nominative singular)
τὼ δῐδᾰχᾱ́ (dual nominative)
αἱ δῐδᾰχαί (nominative plural)
τῆς δῐδᾰχῆς (genitive singular)
τοῖν δῐδᾰχαῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν δῐδᾰχῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ δῐδᾰχῇ (dative singular)
τοῖν δῐδᾰχαῖν (dative dual)
ταῖς δῐδᾰχαῖς (dative plural)
τὴν δῐδᾰχήν (accusative singular)
τὼ δῐδᾰχᾱ́ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς δῐδᾰχᾱ́ς (accusative plural)
δῐδᾰχή (singular vocative)
δῐδᾰχᾱ́ (dual vocative)
δῐδᾰχαί (plural vocative)


στίγμα

στῐ́γμᾰ • (stígma) n (genitive στῐ́γμᾰτος); third declension

στῐ́γμᾰ (canonical)
stígma (romanization)
στῐ́γμᾰτος (genitive)
τὸ στῐ́γμᾰ (nominative singular)
τὼ στῐ́γμᾰτε (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ στῐ́γμᾰτᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ στῐ́γμᾰτος (genitive singular)
τοῖν στῐγμᾰ́τοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν στῐγμᾰ́των (genitive plural)
τῷ στῐ́γμᾰτῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν στῐγμᾰ́τοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς στῐ́γμᾰσῐ (dative plural)
στῐ́γμᾰσῐν (dative plural)
toîs stígmasi (dative plural)
toîs stígmasin (dative plural)
τὸ στῐ́γμᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ στῐ́γμᾰτε (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ στῐ́γμᾰτᾰ (accusative plural)
στῐ́γμᾰ (singular vocative)
στῐ́γμᾰτε (dual vocative)
στῐ́γμᾰτᾰ (plural vocative)

Greek: στίγμα (stígma), στιγμή (stigmí) (stigmí, “moment”)

→ Latin: stigma

→ Catalan: estigma

→ French: stigma, stigmate

→ English: stigma, stigmat, stigme

→ Italian: stigma, stimma

→ Portuguese: estigma

→ Spanish: estigma

→ German: Stigma

→ Esperanto: stigmo

From the Ancient Greek root στιγ- (stig-) (from the same root of στίζω (stízō, “I mark”)), and the suffix -μα (-ma).

A mark from a pointed instrument, often as a sign of ownership: mark, brand, tattoo


καθαρισμός

κᾰθᾰρῐσμός • (katharismós) m (genitive κᾰθᾰρῐσμοῦ); second declension

κᾰθᾰρῐσμός (canonical)
katharismós (romanization)
κᾰθᾰρῐσμοῦ (genitive)
ὁ κᾰθᾰρῐσμός (nominative singular)
τὼ κᾰθᾰρῐσμώ (dual nominative)
οἱ κᾰθᾰρῐσμοί (nominative plural)
τοῦ κᾰθᾰρῐσμοῦ (genitive singular)
τοῖν κᾰθᾰρῐσμοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν κᾰθᾰρῐσμῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ κᾰθᾰρῐσμῷ (dative singular)
τοῖν κᾰθᾰρῐσμοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς κᾰθᾰρῐσμοῖς (dative plural)
τὸν κᾰθᾰρῐσμόν (accusative singular)
τὼ κᾰθᾰρῐσμώ (accusative dual)
τοὺς κᾰθᾰρῐσμούς (accusative plural)
κᾰθᾰρῐσμέ (singular vocative)
κᾰθᾰρῐσμώ (dual vocative)
κᾰθᾰρῐσμοί (plural vocative)


μάρτυς

μᾰ́ρτῠς • (mártus) m or f (genitive μᾰ́ρτῠρος); third declension

μᾰ́ρτῠς (canonical)
mártus (romanization)
μᾰ́ρτῠρος (genitive)
ὁ (nominative singular)
ἡ μᾰ́ρτῠς (nominative singular)
τὼ μᾰ́ρτῠρε (dual nominative)
οἱ (nominative plural)
αἱ μᾰ́ρτῠρες (nominative plural)
τοῦ (genitive singular)
τῆς μᾰ́ρτῠρος (genitive singular)
τοῖν μᾰρτῠ́ροιν (dual genitive)
τῶν μᾰρτῠ́ρων (genitive plural)
τῷ (dative singular)
τῇ μᾰ́ρτῠρῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν μᾰρτῠ́ροιν (dative dual)
τοῖς (dative plural)
ταῖς μάρτῠσῐ (dative plural)
μάρτῠσῐν (dative plural)
τὸν (accusative singular)
τὴν μᾰ́ρτῠρᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ μᾰ́ρτῠρε (accusative dual)
τοὺς (accusative plural)
τᾱ̀ς μᾰ́ρτῠρᾰς (accusative plural)
μᾰ́ρτῠς (singular vocative)
μᾰ́ρτῠρε (dual vocative)
μᾰ́ρτῠρες (plural vocative)

grc-decl

μάρτῠσῐ / μάρτῠσῐν

Greek: μάρτυρας (mártyras)

→ Latin: martyr (see there for further descendants)

desctree

→ Old Armenian: մարտիրոս (martiros)
Armenian: մարտիրոս (martiros)

→ Old Georgian: მარტჳლი (marṭwili), მარტჳრი (marṭwiri)
Georgian: მარტვილი (marṭvili)

Often assigned to Proto-Indo-European *(s)mer- (“to fall into thinking, remember, care for”), which is acknowledged by Beekes, but he finds it unconvincing and instead derives it from Pre-Greek based on the ending of the word.
Compare Latin mas and Latin maritus.
Le Feuvre (2021) maintains the usual derivation from *(s)mer- (“to fall into thinking, remember, care for”) and explains the ending of the word from a zero-grade of *twerH- (“to seize, bind”), whence also σειρά (seirá, “rope, cord”).


ὕδωρ

grc-noun

ῠ̔́δωρ • (húdōr) n (genitive ῠ̔́δᾰτος); third declension

ῠ̔́δωρ (canonical)
húdōr (romanization)
ῠ̔́δᾰτος (genitive)
τὸ ῠ̔́δωρ (nominative singular)
τὼ ῠ̔́δᾰτε (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ ῠ̔́δᾰτᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ ῠ̔́δᾰτος (genitive singular)
τοῖν ῠ̔δᾰ́τοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ῠ̔δᾰ́των (genitive plural)
τῷ ῠ̔́δᾰτῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν ῠ̔δᾰ́τοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ῠ̔́δᾰσῐ (dative plural)
ῠ̔́δᾰσῐν (dative plural)
toîs húdasi (dative plural)
toîs húdasin (dative plural)
τὸ ῠ̔́δωρ (accusative singular)
τὼ ῠ̔́δᾰτε (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ ῠ̔́δᾰτᾰ (accusative plural)
ῠ̔́δωρ (singular vocative)
ῠ̔́δᾰτε (dual vocative)
ῠ̔́δᾰτᾰ (plural vocative)
ῠ̔́δωρ (nominative singular)
ῠ̔́δᾰτε (dual nominative)
ῠ̔́δᾰτᾰ (nominative plural)
ῠ̔́δᾰτος (genitive singular)
ῠ̔δᾰ́τοιῐν (dual genitive)
ῠ̔δᾰ́των (genitive plural)
ῠ̔́δᾰτῐ (dative singular)
ῠ̔δᾰ́τοιῐν (dative dual)
ῠ̔́δᾰσῐ (dative plural)
ῠ̔́δᾰσῐν (dative plural)
ῠ̔δᾰ́τεσσῐ (dative plural)
ῠ̔δᾰ́τεσσῐν (dative plural)
ῠ̔δᾰ́τεσῐ (dative plural)
ῠ̔δᾰ́τεσῐν (dative plural)
húdasi (dative plural)
húdasin (dative plural)
hudátessi (dative plural)
hudátessin (dative plural)
hudátesi (dative plural)
hudátesin (dative plural)
ῠ̔́δωρ (accusative singular)
ῠ̔́δᾰτε (accusative dual)
ῠ̔́δᾰτᾰ (accusative plural)
ῠ̔́δωρ (singular vocative)
ῠ̔́δᾰτε (dual vocative)
ῠ̔́δᾰτᾰ (plural vocative)

desc

Greek: ύδωρ (ýdor), υδρο- (ydro-), υδρό- (ydró-), υδρ- (ydr-)

Tsakonian: ύο (ýo)

→ English: hydro-

→ French: hydro-

From Proto-Hellenic *údōr, from Proto-Indo-European *wódr̥ (genitive *wednós (“of water”)), with ω (ō) from the plural), from the root *wed- (whence also ὕω (húō, “to water, to let rain, to rain”)). Cognates include Latin unda, Sanskrit उदन् (udán), Hittite 𒉿𒀀𒋻 (wa-a-tar /wātar/), Old Armenian գետ (get, “river”), Gothic 𐍅𐌰𐍄𐍉 (watō), Old Church Slavonic вода (voda), Old English wæter (English water), and Albanian ujë.

time (from the waterclocks of Greek legal systems)


λέων

grc-noun

λέων • (léōn) m (genitive λέοντος); third declension

léōn (romanization)
λέοντος (genitive)
ὁ λέων (nominative singular)
τὼ λέοντε (dual nominative)
οἱ λέοντες (nominative plural)
τοῦ λέοντος (genitive singular)
τοῖν λεόντοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν λεόντων (genitive plural)
τῷ λέοντῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν λεόντοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς λέουσῐ (dative plural)
λέουσῐν (dative plural)
toîs léousi (dative plural)
toîs léousin (dative plural)
τὸν λέοντᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ λέοντε (accusative dual)
τοὺς λέοντᾰς (accusative plural)
λέον (singular vocative)
λέοντε (dual vocative)
λέοντες (plural vocative)

→ Coptic: ⲗⲉⲱⲛ (leōn)

→ Greek: λέων (léon) (learned)

→ Latin: leō (see there for further descendants)

Many ancient languages possessed similar words for lion, including Akkadian 𒌨 (labbu) (reconstructed to Proto-Semitic *labiʾ-). It is unclear how they are related and who borrowed from whom. The ultimate source is likely not Indo-European, however.
The τ (t) in the stem λεοντ- (leont-) was influenced by the present participle. The original stem was *λεον- (*leon-), as shown by λέαινα (léaina, “female lion”) and Latin leō. If the stem were originally λεοντ- (leont-), the feminine form would be *λέουσα (*léousa).

πολλοὶ μὲν γὰρ λέουσι τῶν ἀνδρῶν εἴξασι καὶ Κενταύροις καὶ τοιούτοισιν ἑτέροις

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, The Statesman 291a.9

polloì mèn gàr léousi tôn andrôn eíxasi kaì Kentaúrois kaì toioútoisin hetérois

lionheart, savage (one having the characteristics of a lion (positive or negative): savage, noble, or brave)


λεπίς

λεπῐ́ς • (lepís) f (genitive λεπῐ́δος); third declension

λεπῐ́ς (canonical)
lepís (romanization)
λεπῐ́δος (genitive)
ἡ λεπῐ́ς (nominative singular)
τὼ λεπῐ́δε (dual nominative)
αἱ λεπῐ́δες (nominative plural)
τῆς λεπῐ́δος (genitive singular)
τοῖν λεπῐ́δοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν λεπῐ́δων (genitive plural)
τῇ λεπῐ́δῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν λεπῐ́δοιν (dative dual)
ταῖς λεπῐ́σῐ (dative plural)
λεπῐ́σῐν (dative plural)
taîs lepísi (dative plural)
taîs lepísin (dative plural)
τὴν λεπῐ́δᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ λεπῐ́δε (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς λεπῐ́δᾰς (accusative plural)
λεπῐ́ς (singular vocative)
λεπῐ́δε (dual vocative)
λεπῐ́δες (plural vocative)

Greek: λεπίδα (lepída)

Translingual: acrolepis, Grammicolepis, Lepidoptera

Perhaps from λέπω (lépō, “to peel”) + -ῐς (-is, feminine suffix).


Φοῖνιξ

grc-noun

Φοῖνῐξ • (Phoînix) m or f (genitive Φοίνῑκος); third declension

Φοῖνῐξ (canonical)
Phoînix (romanization)
Φοίνῑκος (genitive)

The ethnonym is homophonous with φοῖνιξ (phoînix), the Greek name of Tyrian purple. There has been some debate as to whether the ethnonym was derived from the name of the dye or vice versa. The ethnonym is found in use in ancient Mycenaean as 𐀡𐀛𐀑𐀍 (po-ni-ki-jo). One theory is that it is derived from the genuinely Greek adjective φοινός (phoinós, “blood-red”). Another theory is that is borrowed from Egyptian fnḫw (fenkhu), probably their plural term for "woodcutters" or "carpenters", which would refer to the peoples of the land of Canaan in the region of the Levant to the north, who supplied Egypt with the cedar wood cut from their forests, although there is no evidence that the Egyptians referred to the Phoenicians by this name.

Carthaginian (as descendants of Phoenicia)


σίναπι

σῐ́νᾱπῐ • (sínāpi) n (genitive σῐνᾱ́πεως); third declension

σῐ́νᾱπῐ (canonical)
sínāpi (romanization)
σῐνᾱ́πεως (genitive)
τὸ σῐ́νᾱπῐ (nominative singular)
τὼ σῐνᾱ́πει (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ σῐνᾱ́πη (nominative plural)
σῐνᾱ́πεᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ σῐνᾱ́πεως (genitive singular)
τοῖν σῐνᾱπέοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν σῐνᾱ́πεων (genitive plural)
τῷ σῐνᾱ́πει (dative singular)
τοῖν σῐνᾱπέοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς σῐνᾱ́πεσῐ (dative plural)
σῐνᾱ́πεσῐν (dative plural)
toîs sinā́pesi (dative plural)
toîs sinā́pesin (dative plural)
τὸ σῐ́νᾱπῐ (accusative singular)
τὼ σῐνᾱ́πει (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ σῐνᾱ́πη (accusative plural)
σῐνᾱ́πεᾰ (accusative plural)
σῐ́νᾱπῐ (singular vocative)
σῐνᾱ́πει (dual vocative)
σῐνᾱ́πη (plural vocative)
σῐνᾱ́πεᾰ (plural vocative)

desctree

Greek: σινάπι (sinápi)
→ Macedonian: синап (sinap)

→ Amharic: ሰናፍጭ (sänafəč̣č̣)

→? Arabic: صِنَاب (ṣināb)
→ Aragonese: senabe
→ Catalan: senabre
→ Spanish: jenabe, ajenabe, ajenabo, jenabo, jenable

→ Ge'ez: ስናፔ (sənappe), ሰናፔ (sänappe)

→ Gothic: 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌰𐍀𐌹𐍃 (sinapis)

→ Latin: sināpi (see there for further descendants)

→ Samoan: sinapi

→ Tigrinya: ሰናፍጭ (sänafəč̣č̣)

In mid-20th century thought from Demotic snwpt, but Beekes 2010 considers it Pre-Greek.


προσκεφάλαιον

grc-noun

προσκεφαλαίου

προσκεφάλαιον • (proskephálaion) n (genitive προσκεφαλαίου); second declension

proskephálaion (romanization)
προσκεφαλαίου (genitive)
τὸ προσκεφᾰ́λαιον (nominative singular)
τὼ προσκεφᾰλαίω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ προσκεφᾰ́λαιᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ προσκεφᾰλαίου (genitive singular)
τοῖν προσκεφᾰλαίοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν προσκεφᾰλαίων (genitive plural)
τῷ προσκεφᾰλαίῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν προσκεφᾰλαίοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς προσκεφᾰλαίοις (dative plural)
τὸ προσκεφᾰ́λαιον (accusative singular)
τὼ προσκεφᾰλαίω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ προσκεφᾰ́λαιᾰ (accusative plural)
προσκεφᾰ́λαιον (singular vocative)
προσκεφᾰλαίω (dual vocative)
προσκεφᾰ́λαιᾰ (plural vocative)

grc-decl

προσκεφᾰ́λαιον

From πρός (prós, “with”) and κεφαλή (kephalḗ, “head”).


διάκονος

grc-noun

δῐᾱ́κονος • (diā́konos) m or f (genitive δῐᾱκόνου); second declension

δῐᾱ́κονος (canonical)
diā́konos (romanization)
δῐᾱκόνου (genitive)
ὁ δῐᾱ́κονος (nominative singular)
τὼ δῐᾱκόνω (dual nominative)
οἱ δῐᾱ́κονοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ δῐᾱκόνου (genitive singular)
τοῖν δῐᾱκόνοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν δῐᾱκόνων (genitive plural)
τῷ δῐᾱκόνῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν δῐᾱκόνοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς δῐᾱκόνοις (dative plural)
τὸν δῐᾱ́κονον (accusative singular)
τὼ δῐᾱκόνω (accusative dual)
τοὺς δῐᾱκόνους (accusative plural)
δῐᾱ́κονε (singular vocative)
δῐᾱκόνω (dual vocative)
δῐᾱ́κονοι (plural vocative)

desc

Greek: διάκονος (diákonos), διάκος (diákos)

Mariupol Greek: дъя́кос (ðjákos)

→ Albanian: dhjak

→ Coptic: ⲇⲓⲁⲕⲱⲛ (diakōn)

→ Gothic: 𐌳𐌹𐌰𐌺𐌰𐌿𐌽𐌿𐍃 (diakaunus)

→ Latin: diaconus (see there for further descendants)

→ Middle Armenian: դիակոն (diakon)

→ Old Georgian: დიაკონი (diaḳoni)

→ Romanian: diacon

→ Russian: диакон (diakon), дьякон (dʹjakon), дьяк (dʹjak)

→ Ukrainian: диякон (dyjakon), дяк (djak)

δῐᾰ- (dia-) + Proto-Indo-European *kón-os, from *ken- (“to set oneself in motion”). The length of the ᾱ (ā) is explained by Brugmann and Boisacq as by analogy to long vowels that occurred in compounds where the second element started with a vowel.

(biblical) minister, deacon, deaconess (female deacon)


Ἰουδαία

grc-noun

Ῐ̓ουδαίᾱ • (Ioudaíā) f (genitive Ῐ̓ουδαίᾱς); first declension

Ῐ̓ουδαίᾱ (canonical)
Ioudaíā (romanization)
Ῐ̓ουδαίᾱς (genitive)
ἡ Ῐ̓ουδαίᾱ (nominative singular)
τὼ Ῐ̓ουδαίᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ Ῐ̓ουδαῖαι (nominative plural)
τῆς Ῐ̓ουδαίᾱς (genitive singular)
τοῖν Ῐ̓ουδαίαιν (dual genitive)
τῶν Ῐ̓ουδαιῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ Ῐ̓ουδαίᾳ (dative singular)
τοῖν Ῐ̓ουδαίαιν (dative dual)
ταῖς Ῐ̓ουδαίαις (dative plural)
τὴν Ῐ̓ουδαίᾱν (accusative singular)
τὼ Ῐ̓ουδαίᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς Ῐ̓ουδαίᾱς (accusative plural)
Ῐ̓ουδαίᾱ (singular vocative)
Ῐ̓ουδαίᾱ (dual vocative)
Ῐ̓ουδαῖαι (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Hebrew יְהוּדָה (yəhūḏāh) + the feminine form of -ιος (-ios, adjectival suffix).

bor

Hebrew יְהוּדָה (yəhūḏāh)


ὕψος

grc-noun

ῠ̔́ψος • (húpsos) n (genitive ῠ̔́ψεος or ῠ̔́ψους); third declension

ῠ̔́ψος (canonical)
húpsos (romanization)
ῠ̔́ψεος (genitive)
ῠ̔́ψους (genitive)
τὸ ῠ̔́ψος (nominative singular)
τὼ ῠ̔́ψει (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ ῠ̔́ψη (nominative plural)
τοῦ ῠ̔́ψους (genitive singular)
τοῖν ῠ̔ψοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν ῠ̔ψῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ ῠ̔́ψει (dative singular)
τοῖν ῠ̔ψοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς ῠ̔́ψεσῐ (dative plural)
ῠ̔́ψεσῐν (dative plural)
toîs húpsesi (dative plural)
toîs húpsesin (dative plural)
τὸ ῠ̔́ψος (accusative singular)
τὼ ῠ̔́ψει (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ ῠ̔́ψη (accusative plural)
ῠ̔́ψος (singular vocative)
ῠ̔́ψει (dual vocative)
ῠ̔́ψη (plural vocative)

English: hyps-, hypsi-, hypso-

Greek: ύψος (ýpsos)

From ῠ̔́ψῐ (húpsi, “aloft”), probably related to ὑπέρ (hupér, “above”).


γενέσια

γενέσια • (genésia) n (genitive γενεσίων); second declension

genésia (romanization)
γενεσίων (genitive)
τᾰ̀ γενέσιᾰ (nominative plural)
τῶν γενεσίων (genitive plural)
τοῖς γενεσίοις (dative plural)
τᾰ̀ γενέσιᾰ (accusative plural)
γενέσιᾰ (plural vocative)

Neuter plural of γενέσιος (genésios, “concerning a birthday”) from γένεσις (génesis, “birth”).


τόπος

τόπος • (tópos) m (genitive τόπου); second declension

tópos (romanization)
τόπου (genitive)
ὁ τόπος (nominative singular)
τὼ τόπω (dual nominative)
οἱ τόποι (nominative plural)
τοῦ τόπου (genitive singular)
τοῖν τόποιν (dual genitive)
τῶν τόπων (genitive plural)
τῷ τόπῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν τόποιν (dative dual)
τοῖς τόποις (dative plural)
τὸν τόπον (accusative singular)
τὼ τόπω (accusative dual)
τοὺς τόπους (accusative plural)
τόπε (singular vocative)
τόπω (dual vocative)
τόποι (plural vocative)

→ Coptic: ⲧⲟⲡⲟⲥ (topos)

→ English: topos, topo-, -tope

→ German: Topos

Greek: τόπος (tópos)

Mariupol Greek: то́пус (tópus)

→ Latin: topia

Seemingly an inherited term, though the broad semantic range of the word makes ascertaining further origin and cognates difficult:
* If from Proto-Indo-European *top-o-s:
** From Proto-Indo-European *tep- (“to hit, stick, smear”), and cognate with Proto-Slavic *teti (“to beat”), Lithuanian tèpti (“to smear, grease”). The sense development would be "to smear" > "stain, spot" > "spot, place"; for a semantic parallel, compare English spot, German Flecken (“village”). This derivation appears to be favored by Beekes.
** Per Meier-Brugger, from Proto-Indo-European *tep- (“to be hot”), with sense development "hot place, hearth" > "any place".
* If from Proto-Indo-European *tokʷ-o-s:
** From Proto-Indo-European *tekʷ- (“to run, flow”). This is semantically difficult.
Others (though surprisingly, not Beekes) have suggested Pre-Greek origin; note similarities to Albanian tokë (“floor, earth”) (compare darkë (“supper, feast”) vs. δόρπον (dórpon, “supper, dinner; evening”), bajgë (“dung”) vs. βολβός (bolbós, “bulb”), etc.), with a potential proto-form *tò-kʷV- or *tòw-kʷV-. See also Hittite 𒋼𒂊𒃷 (tēkan), [script needed] (tagnās).


πατριά

grc-noun

πᾰτρῐᾱ́ • (patriā́) f (genitive πᾰτρῐᾶς); first declension

πᾰτρῐᾱ́ (canonical)
patriā́ (romanization)
πᾰτρῐᾶς (genitive)
ἡ πᾰτρῐᾱ́ (nominative singular)
τὼ πᾰτρῐᾱ́ (dual nominative)
αἱ πᾰτρῐαί (nominative plural)
τῆς πᾰτρῐᾶς (genitive singular)
τοῖν πᾰτρῐαῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν πᾰτρῐῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ πᾰτρῐᾷ (dative singular)
τοῖν πᾰτρῐαῖν (dative dual)
ταῖς πᾰτρῐαῖς (dative plural)
τὴν πᾰτρῐᾱ́ν (accusative singular)
τὼ πᾰτρῐᾱ́ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς πᾰτρῐᾱ́ς (accusative plural)
πᾰτρῐᾱ́ (singular vocative)
πᾰτρῐᾱ́ (dual vocative)
πᾰτρῐαί (plural vocative)


πατρίς

πᾰτρῐ́ς • (patrís) f (genitive πᾰτρῐ́δος); third declension

πᾰτρῐ́ς (canonical)
patrís (romanization)
πᾰτρῐ́δος (genitive)
ἡ πᾰτρῐ́ς (nominative singular)
τὼ πᾰτρῐ́δε (dual nominative)
αἱ πᾰτρῐ́δες (nominative plural)
τῆς πᾰτρῐ́δος (genitive singular)
τοῖν πᾰτρῐ́δοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν πᾰτρῐ́δων (genitive plural)
τῇ πᾰτρῐ́δῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν πᾰτρῐ́δοιν (dative dual)
ταῖς πᾰτρῐ́σῐ (dative plural)
πᾰτρῐ́σῐν (dative plural)
taîs patrísi (dative plural)
taîs patrísin (dative plural)
τὴν πᾰτρῐ́δᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ πᾰτρῐ́δε (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς πᾰτρῐ́δᾰς (accusative plural)
πᾰτρῐ́ς (singular vocative)
πᾰτρῐ́δε (dual vocative)
πᾰτρῐ́δες (plural vocative)

Greek: πατρίδα (patrída)

Mariupol Greek: патри́дъа (patríða)

From πᾰτήρ (patḗr, “father”) + -ίς (-ís).

The place of one's father/ancestors: fatherland, hometown, native city, native country


ἅλς

ᾰ̔́λς • (háls) m (genitive ᾰ̔λός); third declension

ᾰ̔́λς (canonical)
háls (romanization)
ᾰ̔λός (genitive)
ὁ ᾰ̔́λς (nominative singular)
οἱ ᾰ̔́λες (nominative plural)
τοῦ ᾰ̔λός (genitive singular)
τῶν ᾰ̔λῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ ᾰ̔λῐ́ (dative singular)
τοῖς ᾰ̔λσῐ́ (dative plural)
ᾰ̔́λᾰσῐν (dative plural)
τὸν ᾰ̔́λᾰ (accusative singular)
τοὺς ᾰ̔́λᾰς (accusative plural)
ᾰ̔́λς (singular vocative)
ᾰ̔́λες (plural vocative)
ᾰ̔́λς (nominative singular)
ᾰ̔́λες (nominative plural)
ᾰ̔λός (genitive singular)
ᾰ̔λῶν (genitive plural)
ᾰ̔λῐ́ (dative singular)
ᾰ̔́λεσσῐ (dative plural)
ᾰ̔́λᾰ (accusative singular)
ᾰ̔́λᾰς (accusative plural)
ᾰ̔́λς (singular vocative)
ᾰ̔́λες (plural vocative)

grc-decl

ᾰ̔λσῐ́, ᾰ̔́λᾰσῐν

desc

⇒ Koine Greek: ἁλάτιον (halátion) (diminutive)

Byzantine Greek: ἁλάτιν (halátin)

Greek: αλάτι (aláti)

Mariupol Greek: а́лас (álas)

→ English: halo-

→ Greek: άλας (álas) (learned)

From Proto-Hellenic *hāls, from Proto-Indo-European *séh₂ls (“salt”). Cognates include Sanskrit सलिल (salila), Old Armenian աղ (ał), Latin sāl, and Old English sealt (English salt).


ἅλς

grc-noun

ᾰ̔́λς • (háls) f (genitive ᾰ̔λός); third declension

ᾰ̔́λς (canonical)
háls (romanization)
ᾰ̔λός (genitive)
ἡ ᾰ̔́λς (nominative singular)
αἱ ᾰ̔́λες (nominative plural)
τῆς ᾰ̔λός (genitive singular)
τῶν ᾰ̔λῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ ᾰ̔λῐ́ (dative singular)
ταῖς ᾰ̔λσῐ́ (dative plural)
ᾰ̔́λᾰσῐν (dative plural)
τὴν ᾰ̔́λᾰ (accusative singular)
τᾱ̀ς ᾰ̔́λᾰς (accusative plural)
ᾰ̔́λς (singular vocative)
ᾰ̔́λες (plural vocative)
ᾰ̔́λς (nominative singular)
ᾰ̔́λες (nominative plural)
ᾰ̔λός (genitive singular)
ᾰ̔λῶν (genitive plural)
ᾰ̔λῐ́ (dative singular)
ᾰ̔́λεσσῐ (dative plural)
ᾰ̔́λᾰ (accusative singular)
ᾰ̔́λᾰς (accusative plural)
ᾰ̔́λς (singular vocative)
ᾰ̔́λες (plural vocative)

grc-decl

ᾰ̔λσῐ́, ᾰ̔́λᾰσῐν


πυρετός

grc-noun

πυρετός • (puretós) m (genitive πυρετοῦ); second declension

puretós (romanization)
πυρετοῦ (genitive)
ὁ πῠρετός (nominative singular)
τὼ πῠρετώ (dual nominative)
οἱ πῠρετοί (nominative plural)
τοῦ πῠρετοῦ (genitive singular)
τοῖν πῠρετοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν πῠρετῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ πῠρετῷ (dative singular)
τοῖν πῠρετοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς πῠρετοῖς (dative plural)
τὸν πῠρετόν (accusative singular)
τὼ πῠρετώ (accusative dual)
τοὺς πῠρετούς (accusative plural)
πῠρετέ (singular vocative)
πῠρετώ (dual vocative)
πῠρετοί (plural vocative)


ἀββα

Greek: αββάς (avvás), αβάς (avás)

Borrowings

→ Coptic: ⲁⲡⲁ (apa), ⲁⲃⲃⲁ (abba) (see there for further descendants)

→ Gothic: 𐌰𐌱𐌱𐌰 (abba)

→ Latin: abbās (see there for further descendants)

→ Latin: abba (see there for further descendants)

→ Old Armenian: աբբայ (abbay)

Armenian: աբբա (abba)

Borrowed from Aramaic אַבָּא (ʾabbā, “father”).
The semantic shift from 'father' to 'abbot' is due to abbots being considered as fathers to the rest of the priests in the abbey, for being the wisest and more experienced.


παραβολή

παραβολή • (parabolḗ) f (genitive παραβολῆς); first declension

parabolḗ (romanization)
παραβολῆς (genitive)
ἡ πᾰρᾰβολή (nominative singular)
τὼ πᾰρᾰβολᾱ́ (dual nominative)
αἱ πᾰρᾰβολαί (nominative plural)
τῆς πᾰρᾰβολῆς (genitive singular)
τοῖν πᾰρᾰβολαῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν πᾰρᾰβολῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ πᾰρᾰβολῇ (dative singular)
τοῖν πᾰρᾰβολαῖν (dative dual)
ταῖς πᾰρᾰβολαῖς (dative plural)
τὴν πᾰρᾰβολήν (accusative singular)
τὼ πᾰρᾰβολᾱ́ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς πᾰρᾰβολᾱ́ς (accusative plural)
πᾰρᾰβολή (singular vocative)
πᾰρᾰβολᾱ́ (dual vocative)
πᾰρᾰβολαί (plural vocative)

Albanian: parabolë

Bulgarian: парабола (parabola)

Czech: parabola

Danish: parabel, parabol

Dutch: parabool

English: parabola, parabole

German: Parabel

Greek: παραβολή (paravolí)

Hindi: परवलय (paravlay)

Hungarian: parabola

→ Latin: parabola (see there for further descendants)

Polish: parabola

Russian: пара́бола f (parábola)

Serbo-Croatian: paràbola

Serbo-Croatian: пара̀бола

Swedish: parabel

Turkish: parabol

Ukrainian: парабола (parabola)

From παραβάλλω (parabállō, “to set side by side”) + -η (-ē).

affix

a placing of two things side by side, juxtaposition

side by side meeting or engagement, broadside


ῥίζα

grc-noun

ῥῐ́ζᾰ • (rhíza) f (genitive ῥῐ́ζης); first declension

ῥῐ́ζᾰ (canonical)
rhíza (romanization)
ῥῐ́ζης (genitive)
ἡ ῥῐ́ζᾰ (nominative singular)
τὼ ῥῐ́ζᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ ῥῐ́ζαι (nominative plural)
τῆς ῥῐ́ζης (genitive singular)
τοῖν ῥῐ́ζαιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ῥῐζῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ ῥῐ́ζῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν ῥῐ́ζαιν (dative dual)
ταῖς ῥῐ́ζαις (dative plural)
τὴν ῥῐ́ζᾰν (accusative singular)
τὼ ῥῐ́ζᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ῥῐ́ζᾱς (accusative plural)
ῥῐ́ζᾰ (singular vocative)
ῥῐ́ζᾱ (dual vocative)
ῥῐ́ζαι (plural vocative)

Greek: ρίζα (ríza)

Mariupol Greek: ри́за (ríza)

Tsakonian: σχίντα (schínta)

→ English: rhizo- (learned)

From Proto-Indo-European *wréh₂ds (“root”). Compare ῥάδιξ (rhádix). Cognate with Mycenaean Greek 𐀹𐀪𐀼 (wi-ri-za), Latin radix (“root”), Latin ramus (“branch”), Old Norse rót (“root”) (English root), Gothic 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍄𐍃 (waurts), Old English wyrt (“herb, plant”) (English wort), Old Irish fren (“root”), and possibly Tocharian B witsako (“root”).


σχίσμα

σχῐ́σμᾰ • (skhísma) n (genitive σχῐ́σμᾰτος); third declension

σχῐ́σμᾰ (canonical)
skhísma (romanization)
σχῐ́σμᾰτος (genitive)
τὸ σχῐ́σμᾰ (nominative singular)
τὼ σχῐ́σμᾰτε (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ σχῐ́σμᾰτᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ σχῐ́σμᾰτος (genitive singular)
τοῖν σχῐσμᾰ́τοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν σχῐσμᾰ́των (genitive plural)
τῷ σχῐ́σμᾰτῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν σχῐσμᾰ́τοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς σχῐ́σμᾰσῐ (dative plural)
σχῐ́σμᾰσῐν (dative plural)
toîs skhísmasi (dative plural)
toîs skhísmasin (dative plural)
τὸ σχῐ́σμᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ σχῐ́σμᾰτε (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ σχῐ́σμᾰτᾰ (accusative plural)
σχῐ́σμᾰ (singular vocative)
σχῐ́σμᾰτε (dual vocative)
σχῐ́σμᾰτᾰ (plural vocative)

→ Coptic: ⲥⲭⲓⲥⲙⲁ (skhisma)

→ Greek: σχίσμα (schísma)

desctree

→ Latin: schisma
Catalan: cisma
Old French: cisme
French: schisme
→ Middle English: scisme, cisme, cissime, scysme, sisme, sysme
English: schism
Scots: schism
Portuguese: cisma
Spanish: cisma
→ Catalan: schisma (learned)
→ Czech: schizma, schisma (learned)
→ English: schisma (learned)
→ Italian: schisma (learned)
→ Romanian: schismă (learned)
→ Polish: schizma (learned)
→ Spanish: schisma (learned)

From σχίζω (skhízō, “I split”) and the suffix -μα (-ma).

That which is divided: division, rent, split

A division of people based on differing opinions: schism, faction


τέκτων

grc-noun

τέκτων • (téktōn) m (genitive τέκτονος); third declension

téktōn (romanization)
τέκτονος (genitive)
ὁ τέκτων (nominative singular)
τὼ τέκτονε (dual nominative)
οἱ τέκτονες (nominative plural)
τοῦ τέκτονος (genitive singular)
τοῖν τεκτόνοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν τεκτόνων (genitive plural)
τῷ τέκτονῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν τεκτόνοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς τέκτοσῐ (dative plural)
τέκτοσῐν (dative plural)
toîs téktosi (dative plural)
toîs téktosin (dative plural)
τὸν τέκτονᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ τέκτονε (accusative dual)
τοὺς τέκτονᾰς (accusative plural)
τέκτων (singular vocative)
τέκτονε (dual vocative)
τέκτονες (plural vocative)

From Proto-Hellenic *téktōn, from Proto-Indo-European *tetḱō (“carpenter”), from *tetḱ- (“to create, produce”). Cognate with Sanskrit तक्षन् (tákṣan).

καὶ γὰρ τέκτων καὶ γεωμέτρης διαφερόντως ἐπιζητοῦσι τὴν ὀρθήν: ὃ μὲν γὰρ ἐφ᾽ ὅσον χρησίμη πρὸς τὸ ἔργον, ὃ δὲ τί ἐστιν ἢ ποῖόν τι: θεατὴς γὰρ τἀληθοῦς.

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics 1.1098a

1926 translation by H. Rackham
A carpenter and a geometrician both try to find a right angle, but in different ways; the former is content with that approximation to it which satisfies the purpose of his work; the latter, being a student of truth, seeks to find its essence or essential attributes.

one who works with wood: carpenter, builder

any craftsman (but generally opposed to metalworker, smith)

a master of any art, such as gymnastics, poetry, or medicine or engineering


ἀδελφή

ἀδελφή • (adelphḗ) f (genitive ἀδελφῆς); first declension

adelphḗ (romanization)
ἀδελφῆς (genitive)
ἡ ἀδελφή (nominative singular)
τὼ ἀδελφᾱ́ (dual nominative)
αἱ ἀδελφαί (nominative plural)
τῆς ἀδελφῆς (genitive singular)
τοῖν ἀδελφαῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν ἀδελφῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ ἀδελφῇ (dative singular)
τοῖν ἀδελφαῖν (dative dual)
ταῖς ἀδελφαῖς (dative plural)
τὴν ἀδελφήν (accusative singular)
τὼ ἀδελφᾱ́ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ἀδελφᾱ́ς (accusative plural)
ἀδελφή (singular vocative)
ἀδελφᾱ́ (dual vocative)
ἀδελφαί (plural vocative)

Greek: αδελφή (adelfí) or αδερφή (aderfí)

Mariupol Greek: адъерфи́ (aðjerfí)

Feminine form of ἀδελφός (adelphós, “brother”). Displaced the reflex of Proto-Indo-European *swésōr (“sister”).

some other female relation, such as wife or cousin


ἀρχισυνάγωγος

ἀρχισῠνᾰ́γωγος

ἀρχισῠνᾰγώγου

ἀρχισῠνᾰ́γωγος • (arkhisunágōgos) m (genitive ἀρχισῠνᾰγώγου); second declension

ἀρχισῠνᾰ́γωγος (canonical)
arkhisunágōgos (romanization)
ἀρχισῠνᾰγώγου (genitive)
ὁ ἀρχῐσῠνᾰ́γωγος (nominative singular)
τὼ ἀρχῐσῠνᾰγώγω (dual nominative)
οἱ ἀρχῐσῠνᾰ́γωγοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ ἀρχῐσῠνᾰγώγου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ἀρχῐσῠνᾰγώγοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ἀρχῐσῠνᾰγώγων (genitive plural)
τῷ ἀρχῐσῠνᾰγώγῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ἀρχῐσῠνᾰγώγοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ἀρχῐσῠνᾰγώγοις (dative plural)
τὸν ἀρχῐσῠνᾰ́γωγον (accusative singular)
τὼ ἀρχῐσῠνᾰγώγω (accusative dual)
τοὺς ἀρχῐσῠνᾰγώγους (accusative plural)
ἀρχῐσῠνᾰ́γωγε (singular vocative)
ἀρχῐσῠνᾰγώγω (dual vocative)
ἀρχῐσῠνᾰ́γωγοι (plural vocative)

grc-decl

ἀρχῐσῠνᾰ́γωγος

desc

ⲁⲣⲭⲓⲥⲩⲛⲁⲅⲱⲅⲟⲥ

→ Coptic: ⲁⲣⲭⲓⲥⲩⲛⲁⲅⲱⲅⲟⲥ (arkhisunagōgos)

desctree

→ Latin: archisynagōgus
Old French: archisynagogue
→ English: archisynagogue

desc

архисѵнаго́гъ

→ Old Church Slavonic: архисѵнаго́гъ (arxisünagógŭ)

архісінаго́г

→ Belarusian: архісінаго́г (arxisinahóh)

архисинаго́г

→ Russian: архисинаго́г (arxisinagóg)

архісинаго́г

→ Ukrainian: архісинаго́г (arxisynahóh)

From ἀρχι- (arkhi-, “chief”) + σῠνᾰγωγή (sunagōgḗ, “synagogue”).

af

Ev., Marc. 5.22

IG14 2304

(Judaism) archisynagogue (the president, director, or ruler of a synagogue)

IGRom. 1.782


βαπτιστής

grc-noun

βᾰπτῐστής • (baptistḗs) m (genitive βᾰπτῐστοῦ); first declension

βᾰπτῐστής (canonical)
baptistḗs (romanization)
βᾰπτῐστοῦ (genitive)
ὁ βᾰπτῐστής (nominative singular)
τὼ βᾰπτῐστᾱ́ (dual nominative)
οἱ βᾰπτῐσταί (nominative plural)
τοῦ βᾰπτῐστοῦ (genitive singular)
τοῖν βᾰπτῐσταῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν βᾰπτῐστῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ βᾰπτῐστῇ (dative singular)
τοῖν βᾰπτῐσταῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς βᾰπτῐσταῖς (dative plural)
τὸν βᾰπτῐστήν (accusative singular)
τὼ βᾰπτῐστᾱ́ (accusative dual)
τοὺς βᾰπτῐστᾱ́ς (accusative plural)
βᾰπτῐστᾰ́ (singular vocative)
βᾰπτῐστᾱ́ (dual vocative)
βᾰπτῐσταί (plural vocative)

English: baptist

desc

Greek: βαπτιστής (vaptistís), βαφτιστής (vaftistís)

From βᾰπτῐ́ζω (baptízō, “to baptise”) + -τής (-tḗs, masculine agentive suffix).

af

baptist (commonly as an epithet of John the Baptist)


ἀήρ

grc-noun

ᾱ̓ήρ • (āḗr) m (genitive ᾱ̓έρος); third declension

ᾱ̓ήρ (canonical)
āḗr (romanization)
ᾱ̓έρος (genitive)
ὁ ᾱ̓ήρ (nominative singular)
τοῦ ᾱ̓έρος (genitive singular)
τῷ ᾱ̓έρῐ (dative singular)
τὸν ᾱ̓έρᾰ (accusative singular)
ᾱ̓ήρ (singular vocative)
ᾱ̓ήρ (nominative singular)
ἠέρος (genitive singular)
ἠέρῐ (dative singular)
ἠέρᾰ (accusative singular)
ᾱ̓ήρ (singular vocative)

desctree

Greek: αέρας (aéras), αήρ m (aḯr)
→ Aromanian: aerã, erã

→ Aramaic:

Syriac script: ܐܐܪ (ʾāʾar)

→ English: aero-

→ Old Georgian: აერი (aeri)

Georgian: ჰაერი (haeri)

→ Hebrew: אֲוִיר (ʾăwîr)

→ Latin: āēr (see there for further descendants)

Beekes gives Proto-Hellenic *auhḗr (“morning mist”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewsḗr, from *h₂ews- (“dawn; east”). Cognate with αὔρᾱ (aúrā) (< *h₂éwsreh₂), Latin aurōra. The a was lengthened to ā by compensatory lengthening.
Sihler gives Proto-Hellenic *āwḗr (“morning mist”) but provides no further etymology. See Albanian fjur.


σανδάλιον

grc-noun

σανδάλιον • (sandálion) n (genitive σανδαλίου); second declension

sandálion (romanization)
σανδαλίου (genitive)
τὸ σανδάλιον (nominative singular)
τὼ σανδαλίω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ σανδάλιᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ σανδαλίου (genitive singular)
τοῖν σανδαλίοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν σανδαλίων (genitive plural)
τῷ σανδαλίῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν σανδαλίοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς σανδαλίοις (dative plural)
τὸ σανδάλιον (accusative singular)
τὼ σανδαλίω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ σανδάλιᾰ (accusative plural)
σανδάλιον (singular vocative)
σανδαλίω (dual vocative)
σανδάλιᾰ (plural vocative)

→ Arabic: صَنْدَل (ṣandal)

→ Latin: sandalium

σάνδαλον (sándalon) + -ιον (-ion, diminutive), of uncertain origin, possibly loaned from Parthian, Persian, or another substrate of Asia Minor.

af

(Byzantine) a kind of vessel in the Byzantine fleet, sandal


ἔκστασις

grc-noun

ἔκστᾰσῐς • (ékstasis) f (genitive ἐκστᾰ́σεως); third declension

ἔκστᾰσῐς (canonical)
ékstasis (romanization)
ἐκστᾰ́σεως (genitive)
ἡ ἔκστᾰσῐς (nominative singular)
τὼ ἐκστᾰ́σει (dual nominative)
αἱ ἐκστᾰ́σεις (nominative plural)
τῆς ἐκστᾰ́σεως (genitive singular)
τοῖν ἐκστᾰσέοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ἐκστᾰ́σεων (genitive plural)
τῇ ἐκστᾰ́σει (dative singular)
τοῖν ἐκστᾰσέοιν (dative dual)
ταῖς ἐκστᾰ́σεσῐ (dative plural)
ἐκστᾰ́σεσῐν (dative plural)
taîs ekstásesi (dative plural)
taîs ekstásesin (dative plural)
τὴν ἔκστᾰσῐν (accusative singular)
τὼ ἐκστᾰ́σει (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ἐκστᾰ́σεις (accusative plural)
ἔκστᾰσῐ (singular vocative)
ἐκστᾰ́σει (dual vocative)
ἐκστᾰ́σεις (plural vocative)

English: ecstasy, ekstasis

German: Ekstase

Greek: έκσταση (ékstasi)

Latin: ecstasis, exstasis, extasis

Russian: экста́з (ekstáz)

From ἐξίστημι (exístēmi, “I displace”) from ἐκ (ek, “out”) and ἵστημι (hístēmi, “I stand”).

displacement of the mind: amazement, astonishment, bewilderment


πυρά

πῠρᾱ́ • (purā́) f (genitive πῠρᾶς); first declension

πῠρᾱ́ (canonical)
purā́ (romanization)
πῠρᾶς (genitive)
ἡ πῠρᾱ́ (nominative singular)
τὼ πῠρᾱ́ (dual nominative)
αἱ πῠραί (nominative plural)
τῆς πῠρᾶς (genitive singular)
τοῖν πῠραῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν πῠρῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ πῠρᾷ (dative singular)
τοῖν πῠραῖν (dative dual)
ταῖς πῠραῖς (dative plural)
τὴν πῠρᾱ́ν (accusative singular)
τὼ πῠρᾱ́ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς πῠρᾱ́ς (accusative plural)
πῠρᾱ́ (singular vocative)
πῠρᾱ́ (dual vocative)
πῠραί (plural vocative)

→ Greek: πυρά (pyrá) (learned)

Latin: pyra

→ English: pyre


πυρά

πυρά • (purá) n (genitive πυρῶν); second declension

purá (romanization)
πυρῶν (genitive)
τᾰ̀ πῠρᾰ́ (nominative plural)
τῶν πῠρῶν (genitive plural)
τοῖς πῠροῖς (dative plural)
τᾰ̀ πῠρᾰ́ (accusative plural)
πῠρᾰ́ (plural vocative)
πῠρᾰ́ (nominative plural)
πῠρῶν (genitive plural)
πῠροῖσῐ (dative plural)
πῠροῖσῐν (dative plural)
πῠροῖς (dative plural)
puroîsi (dative plural)
puroîsin (dative plural)
puroîs (dative plural)
πῠρᾰ́ (accusative plural)
πῠρᾰ́ (plural vocative)

Derived from πῦρ (pûr, “fire”). Originally the plural.


κράτος

κρᾰ́τος • (krátos) n (genitive κρᾰ́τεος or κρᾰ́τους); third declension

κρᾰ́τος (canonical)
krátos (romanization)
κρᾰ́τεος (genitive)
κρᾰ́τους (genitive)
τὸ κρᾰ́τος (nominative singular)
τὼ κρᾰ́τει (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ κρᾰ́τη (nominative plural)
τοῦ κρᾰ́τους (genitive singular)
τοῖν κρᾰτοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν κρᾰτῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ κρᾰ́τει (dative singular)
τοῖν κρᾰτοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς κρᾰ́τεσῐ (dative plural)
κρᾰ́τεσῐν (dative plural)
toîs krátesi (dative plural)
toîs krátesin (dative plural)
τὸ κρᾰ́τος (accusative singular)
τὼ κρᾰ́τει (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ κρᾰ́τη (accusative plural)
κρᾰ́τος (singular vocative)
κρᾰ́τει (dual vocative)
κρᾰ́τη (plural vocative)
κρᾰ́τος (nominative singular)
κρᾰ́τει (dual nominative)
κρᾰ́τεε (dual nominative)
κρᾰ́τεᾰ (nominative plural)
κρᾰ́τεος (genitive singular)
κρᾰ́τευς (genitive singular)
κρᾰτέοιν (dual genitive)
κρᾰτέων (genitive plural)
κρᾰ́τει (dative singular)
κρᾰ́τεῐ̈ (dative singular)
κρᾰτέοιν (dative dual)
κρᾰ́τεσῐ (dative plural)
κρᾰ́τεσῐν (dative plural)
krátesi (dative plural)
krátesin (dative plural)
κρᾰ́τος (accusative singular)
κρᾰ́τει (accusative dual)
κρᾰ́τεε (accusative dual)
κρᾰ́τεᾰ (accusative plural)
κρᾰ́τος (singular vocative)
κρᾰ́τει (dual vocative)
κρᾰ́τεε (dual vocative)
κρᾰ́τεᾰ (plural vocative)

Greek: κράτος (krátos)

From Proto-Indo-European *krét-os, from *kret- (“strength; intelligence”). Cognates include Sanskrit क्रतु (krátu), Avestan 𐬑𐬭𐬀𐬙𐬎- (xratu-), and Old English heard (“hard”) (whence English hard).

μόνῳ σοφῷ Θεῷ σωτῆρι ἡμῶν δόξα καὶ μεγαλωσύνη, κράτος καὶ ἐξουσία, καὶ νῦν καὶ εἰς πάντας τοὺς αἰῶνας Ἀμήν

To God, our saviour, who alone is wise, be glory and majesty, power and authority, both now and in every age, amen.

mónōi sophôi Theôi sōtêri hēmôn dóxa kaì megalōsúnē, krátos kaì exousía, kaì nûn kaì eis pántas toùs aiônas Amḗn


βαπτισμός

βᾰπτῐσμός • (baptismós) m (genitive βᾰπτῐσμοῦ); second declension

βᾰπτῐσμός (canonical)
baptismós (romanization)
βᾰπτῐσμοῦ (genitive)
ὁ βᾰπτῐσμός (nominative singular)
τὼ βᾰπτῐσμώ (dual nominative)
οἱ βᾰπτῐσμοί (nominative plural)
τοῦ βᾰπτῐσμοῦ (genitive singular)
τοῖν βᾰπτῐσμοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν βᾰπτῐσμῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ βᾰπτῐσμῷ (dative singular)
τοῖν βᾰπτῐσμοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς βᾰπτῐσμοῖς (dative plural)
τὸν βᾰπτῐσμόν (accusative singular)
τὼ βᾰπτῐσμώ (accusative dual)
τοὺς βᾰπτῐσμούς (accusative plural)
βᾰπτῐσμέ (singular vocative)
βᾰπτῐσμώ (dual vocative)
βᾰπτῐσμοί (plural vocative)

English: baptism

From βαπτίζω (baptízō, “dip in liquid”).


πίστις

πῐ́στῐς • (pístis) f (genitive πῐ́στεως or πῐ́στῐος); third declension

πῐ́στῐς (canonical)
pístis (romanization)
πῐ́στεως (genitive)
πῐ́στῐος (genitive)
ἡ πῐ́στῐς (nominative singular)
τὼ πῐ́στει (dual nominative)
αἱ πῐ́στεις (nominative plural)
τῆς πῐ́στεως (genitive singular)
τοῖν πῐστέοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν πῐ́στεων (genitive plural)
τῇ πῐ́στει (dative singular)
τοῖν πῐστέοιν (dative dual)
ταῖς πῐ́στεσῐ (dative plural)
πῐ́στεσῐν (dative plural)
taîs pístesi (dative plural)
taîs pístesin (dative plural)
τὴν πῐ́στῐν (accusative singular)
τὼ πῐ́στει (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς πῐ́στεις (accusative plural)
πῐ́στῐ (singular vocative)
πῐ́στει (dual vocative)
πῐ́στεις (plural vocative)
ἡ πῐ́στῐς (nominative singular)
τὼ πῐ́στῐε (dual nominative)
αἱ πῐ́στῐες (nominative plural)
τῆς πῐ́στῐος (genitive singular)
τοῖν πῐστῐ́οιν (dual genitive)
τῶν πῐστῐ́ων (genitive plural)
τῇ πῐ́στῑ (dative singular)
τοῖν πῐστῐ́οιν (dative dual)
τῇσῐ (dative plural)
τῇσῐν πῐ́στῐσῐ (dative plural)
πῐ́στῐσῐν (dative plural)
têisi pístisi (dative plural)
têisi pístisin (dative plural)
têisini (dative plural)
têisinin (dative plural)
τὴν πῐ́στῐν (accusative singular)
τὼ πῐ́στῐε (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς πῐ́στῑς (accusative plural)
πῐ́στῐᾰς (accusative plural)
πῐ́στῐ (singular vocative)
πῐ́στῐε (dual vocative)
πῐ́στῐες (plural vocative)

Greek: πίστη (písti)
→ Aromanian: pisti

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰéydʰtis, equivalent to πείθω (peíthō, “I persuade”) + -τις (-tis). Compare the later formation, πεῖσῐς (peîsis).

doublet

πεῖσῐς (peîsis)

the state of being persuaded of something: belief, confidence, assurance

faithfulness, honesty, trustworthiness, fidelity

that which gives assurance: treaty, oath, guarantee


ἔτος

grc-noun

ἔτος • (étos) n (genitive ἔτεος or ἔτους); third declension

étos (romanization)
ἔτεος (genitive)
ἔτους (genitive)
τὸ ἔτος (nominative singular)
τὼ ἔτει (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ ἔτη (nominative plural)
τοῦ ἔτους (genitive singular)
τοῖν ἐτοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν ἐτῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ ἔτῃ (dative singular)
ἔτει (dative singular)
τοῖν ἐτοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς ἔτεσῐ (dative plural)
ἔτεσῐν (dative plural)
toîs étesi (dative plural)
toîs étesin (dative plural)
τὸ ἔτος (accusative singular)
τὼ ἔτει (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ ἔτη (accusative plural)
ἔτος (singular vocative)
ἔτει (dual vocative)
ἔτη (plural vocative)
ἔτος (nominative singular)
ἔτει (dual nominative)
ἔτεε (dual nominative)
ἔτεᾰ (nominative plural)
ἔτεος (genitive singular)
ἔτευς (genitive singular)
ἐτέοιν (dual genitive)
ἐτέων (genitive plural)
ἔτει (dative singular)
ἔτεῐ̈ (dative singular)
ἐτέοιν (dative dual)
ἔτεσῐ (dative plural)
ἔτεσῐν (dative plural)
étesi (dative plural)
étesin (dative plural)
ἔτος (accusative singular)
ἔτει (accusative dual)
ἔτεε (accusative dual)
ἔτεᾰ (accusative plural)
ἔτος (singular vocative)
ἔτει (dual vocative)
ἔτεε (dual vocative)
ἔτεᾰ (plural vocative)

From ϝέτος (wétos), from Proto-Hellenic *wétos, from Proto-Indo-European *wétos (“year”). Cognates include Latin vetus and Sanskrit वत्स (vatsá). See also Ancient Greek πέρυσι (pérusi).


ἰδέα

ἰδέᾱ • (idéā) f (genitive ἰδέᾱς); first declension

ἰδέᾱ (canonical)
idéā (romanization)
ἰδέᾱς (genitive)
ἡ ἰδέᾱ (nominative singular)
τὼ ἰδέᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ ἰδέαι (nominative plural)
τῆς ἰδέᾱς (genitive singular)
τοῖν ἰδέαιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ἰδεῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ ἰδέᾳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ἰδέαιν (dative dual)
ταῖς ἰδέαις (dative plural)
τὴν ἰδέᾱν (accusative singular)
τὼ ἰδέᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ἰδέᾱς (accusative plural)
ἰδέᾱ (singular vocative)
ἰδέᾱ (dual vocative)
ἰδέαι (plural vocative)

Greek: ιδέα (idéa)

→ Latin: idea (see there for further descendants)

desctree

→ Russian: иде́я (idéja)
→ Kazakh: идея (ideä)

Maybe from Proto-Hellenic *widéhā, from Proto-Indo-European *widéseh₂, feminine derivation from *wéydos (whence εἶδος (eîdos)), from *weyd- (“to see”).


φρήν

grc-noun

φρήν • (phrḗn) f (genitive φρενός); third declension

phrḗn (romanization)
φρενός (genitive)
ἡ φρήν (nominative singular)
τὼ φρένε (dual nominative)
αἱ φρένες (nominative plural)
τῆς φρενός (genitive singular)
τοῖν φρενοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν φρενῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ φρενῐ́ (dative singular)
τοῖν φρενοῖν (dative dual)
ταῖς φρεσῐ́ (dative plural)
φρεσῐ́ν (dative plural)
φρᾰσῐ́ (dative plural)
φρᾰσῐ́ν (dative plural)
taîs phresí (dative plural)
taîs phresín (dative plural)
phrasí (dative plural)
phrasín (dative plural)
τὴν φρένᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ φρένε (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς φρένᾰς (accusative plural)
φρήν (singular vocative)
φρένε (dual vocative)
φρένες (plural vocative)

grc-decl

φρεσῐ́(ν), φρᾰσῐ́(ν)

Perhaps from either Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰren- (“soul, mind; innards, diaphragm”), whence Old Norse grunr (“suspicion”), or *bʰren- (“front edge”), whence e.g. Latin frōns (“forehead, front; character”), Old East Norse brant (“precipice”). See also Latin rēn (“kidney”), Proto-Slavic *grěnь (“pus”), of disputed connection.

cog

(often in the plural) The midriff, stomach and lower chest or breast

The seat of emotions, heart; seat of bodily appetites such as hunger


δηνάριον

grc-noun

δηνάριον • (dēnárion) n (genitive δηναρίου); second declension

dēnárion (romanization)
δηναρίου (genitive)
τὸ δηνάριον (nominative singular)
τὼ δηναρίω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ δηνάριᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ δηναρίου (genitive singular)
τοῖν δηναρίοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν δηναρίων (genitive plural)
τῷ δηναρίῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν δηναρίοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς δηναρίοις (dative plural)
τὸ δηνάριον (accusative singular)
τὼ δηναρίω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ δηνάριᾰ (accusative plural)
δηνάριον (singular vocative)
δηναρίω (dual vocative)
δηνάριᾰ (plural vocative)

Greek: δηνάριον (dinárion)

→ Romanian: dinar

→ Aramaic: (perhaps through Koine Greek)

Jewish Aramaic: דֵּינָרָא (dēnārā)

desc

→ Old Armenian: դենար (denar), դինար (dinar)

→ Old Georgian: დინარი (dinari)

→ Sanskrit: दीनार (dīnāra)


τιμωρία

grc-noun

τῑμωρῐ́ᾱ • (tīmōríā) f (genitive τῑμωρῐ́ᾱς); first declension

τῑμωρῐ́ᾱ (canonical)
tīmōríā (romanization)
τῑμωρῐ́ᾱς (genitive)
ἡ τῑμωρῐ́ᾱ (nominative singular)
τὼ τῑμωρῐ́ᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ τῑμωρῐ́αι (nominative plural)
τῆς τῑμωρῐ́ᾱς (genitive singular)
τοῖν τῑμωρῐ́αιν (dual genitive)
τῶν τῑμωρῐῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ τῑμωρῐ́ᾳ (dative singular)
τοῖν τῑμωρῐ́αιν (dative dual)
ταῖς τῑμωρῐ́αις (dative plural)
τὴν τῑμωρῐ́ᾱν (accusative singular)
τὼ τῑμωρῐ́ᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς τῑμωρῐ́ᾱς (accusative plural)
τῑμωρῐ́ᾱ (singular vocative)
τῑμωρῐ́ᾱ (dual vocative)
τῑμωρῐ́αι (plural vocative)

desc

Coptic: ϯⲙⲱⲣⲓⲁ (timōria), ⲧⲓⲙⲱⲣⲓⲁ (timōria)

Greek: τιμωρία (timoría)

From τῑμωρός (tīmōrós, “avenging”) + -ῐ́ᾱ (-íā).


ἀρχιτέκτων

grc-noun

ἀρχιτέκτονος

ἀρχιτέκτων • (arkhitéktōn) m (genitive ἀρχιτέκτονος); third declension

arkhitéktōn (romanization)
ἀρχιτέκτονος (genitive)
ὁ ἀρχιτέκτων (nominative singular)
τὼ ἀρχιτέκτονε (dual nominative)
οἱ ἀρχιτέκτονες (nominative plural)
τοῦ ἀρχιτέκτονος (genitive singular)
τοῖν ἀρχιτεκτόνοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ἀρχιτεκτόνων (genitive plural)
τῷ ἀρχιτέκτονῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν ἀρχιτεκτόνοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ἀρχιτέκτοσῐ (dative plural)
ἀρχιτέκτοσῐν (dative plural)
toîs arkhitéktosi (dative plural)
toîs arkhitéktosin (dative plural)
τὸν ἀρχιτέκτονᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ ἀρχιτέκτονε (accusative dual)
τοὺς ἀρχιτέκτονᾰς (accusative plural)
ἀρχιτέκτον (singular vocative)
ἀρχιτέκτονε (dual vocative)
ἀρχιτέκτονες (plural vocative)

grc-decl

ἀρχιτέκτονος

desc

αρχιτέκτονας

Greek: αρχιτέκτονας (architéktonas)

→ English: architect

desctree

→ Latin: architectus
→ Catalan: arquitecte
→ French: architecte
→ Friulian: architet
→ Galician: arquitecto
→ Italian: architetto
→ Neapolitan: archetetto
→ Mirandese: arquiteto
→ Occitan: arquitècte
→ Piedmontese: architet
→ Polish: architekt
→ Portuguese: arquiteto
→ Romagnol: architèt
→ Romanian: arhitect
→ Russian: архите́ктор (arxitéktor)
→ Spanish: arquitecto

From ἀρχι- (arkhi-, “chief”) + τέκτων (téktōn, “builder”).

af

chief constructor, master builder, architect


γενεαλογία

grc-noun

γενεᾱλογῐ́ᾱς

γενεᾱλογῐ́ᾱ • (geneālogíā) f (genitive γενεᾱλογῐ́ᾱς); first declension

γενεᾱλογῐ́ᾱ (canonical)
geneālogíā (romanization)
γενεᾱλογῐ́ᾱς (genitive)
ἡ γενεᾱλογῐ́ᾱ (nominative singular)
τὼ γενεᾱλογῐ́ᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ γενεᾱλογῐ́αι (nominative plural)
τῆς γενεᾱλογῐ́ᾱς (genitive singular)
τοῖν γενεᾱλογῐ́αιν (dual genitive)
τῶν γενεᾱλογῐῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ γενεᾱλογῐ́ᾳ (dative singular)
τοῖν γενεᾱλογῐ́αιν (dative dual)
ταῖς γενεᾱλογῐ́αις (dative plural)
τὴν γενεᾱλογῐ́ᾱν (accusative singular)
τὼ γενεᾱλογῐ́ᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς γενεᾱλογῐ́ᾱς (accusative plural)
γενεᾱλογῐ́ᾱ (singular vocative)
γενεᾱλογῐ́ᾱ (dual vocative)
γενεᾱλογῐ́αι (plural vocative)

desc

𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳

→ Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳 (gabaurþiwaurd) (calque)

→ Greek: γενεαλογία (genealogía)

desctree

Latin: geneālogia
Catalan: genealogia
→ Finnish: genealogia
Italian: genealogia
Old French: genealogie
French: généalogie
→ Dutch: genealogie
→ Middle English: genialogi, geneologi, genelogi, genologi
English: genealogy
→ Polish: genealogia
Spanish: genealogía

→ Russian: генеало́гия (genealógija)

From γενεᾱλογέω (geneālogéō, “I trace descent”) + -ῐ́ᾱ (-íā).


γένεσις

grc-noun

γένεσις • (génesis) f (genitive γενέσεως); third declension

génesis (romanization)
γενέσεως (genitive)
ἡ γένεσῐς (nominative singular)
τὼ γενέσει (dual nominative)
αἱ γενέσεις (nominative plural)
τῆς γενέσεως (genitive singular)
τοῖν γενεσέοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν γενέσεων (genitive plural)
τῇ γενέσει (dative singular)
τοῖν γενεσέοιν (dative dual)
ταῖς γενέσεσῐ (dative plural)
γενέσεσῐν (dative plural)
taîs genésesi (dative plural)
taîs genésesin (dative plural)
τὴν γένεσῐν (accusative singular)
τὼ γενέσει (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς γενέσεις (accusative plural)
γένεσῐ (singular vocative)
γενέσει (dual vocative)
γενέσεις (plural vocative)

desctree

→ Latin: genesis
→ Catalan: gènesi (learned)
→ Dutch: genese (learned)
→ Indonesian: genesa
→ English: genesis (learned)
→ French: genèse (semi-learned)
→ Italian: genesi (learned)
→ Spanish: génesis (learned)
→ Norwegian Bokmål: genesis, genese (learned)
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: genesis, genese (learned)
→ Polish: geneza (learned)
→ Turkish: genez (learned)

Greek: γένεση (génesi)

From Proto-Hellenic *génetis, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵénh₁tis. Synchronically a verbal noun from γίγνομαι (gígnomai, “I come into being”) + σις (sis).


ἄριστον

grc-noun

ᾱ̓́ρῑστον • (ā́rīston) n (genitive ᾱ̓ρῑ́στου); second declension

ᾱ̓́ρῑστον (canonical)
ā́rīston (romanization)
ᾱ̓ρῑ́στου (genitive)
τὸ ἄρῑστον (nominative singular)
τὼ ἀρῑ́στω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ ἄρῑστᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ ἀρῑ́στου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ἀρῑ́στοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ἀρῑ́στων (genitive plural)
τῷ ἀρῑ́στῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ἀρῑ́στοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ἀρῑ́στοις (dative plural)
τὸ ἄρῑστον (accusative singular)
τὼ ἀρῑ́στω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ ἄρῑστᾰ (accusative plural)
ἄρῑστον (singular vocative)
ἀρῑ́στω (dual vocative)
ἄρῑστᾰ (plural vocative)

From Proto-Hellenic *ayerīston, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eyeri-h₁d-to-. First part in ἦρι (êri, “early”), second is zero-grade of ἔδω (édō, “to eat”), thus “early meal”.

morning meal, breakfast (early usage, i.e. Homeric)

lunch (later usage, replaced with ἀκράτισμα (akrátisma) as word for breakfast)


ἑξήκοντα

ἑξήκοντᾰ • (hexḗkonta) m pl (indeclinable)

ἑξήκοντᾰ (canonical)
hexḗkonta (romanization)
οἱ ἑξήκοντᾰ (nominative plural)
τῶν ἑξήκοντᾰ (genitive plural)
τοῖς ἑξήκοντᾰ (dative plural)
τοὺς ἑξήκοντᾰ (accusative plural)
ἑξήκοντᾰ (plural vocative)

From the Proto-Indo-European *sweḱsḱomth₂, from the earlier *swéḱs-dḱomt-h₂ (“six-ten”); see *swéḱs(d)ḱomt. Cognate with the Latin sexāgintā and the Old Armenian վաթսուն (vatʻsun).

250 CE – 350 CE, Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae 14.614d


ἀδελφός

ἀδελφός • (adelphós) m (genitive ἀδελφοῦ); second declension

adelphós (romanization)
ἀδελφοῦ (genitive)
ὁ ᾰ̓δελφός (nominative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓δελφώ (dual nominative)
οἱ ᾰ̓δελφοί (nominative plural)
τοῦ ᾰ̓δελφοῦ (genitive singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓δελφοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν ᾰ̓δελφῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ ᾰ̓δελφῷ (dative singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓δελφοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς ᾰ̓δελφοῖς (dative plural)
τὸν ᾰ̓δελφόν (accusative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓δελφώ (accusative dual)
τοὺς ᾰ̓δελφούς (accusative plural)
ᾰ̓δελφέ (singular vocative)
ᾰ̓́δελφε (singular vocative)
ᾰ̓δελφώ (dual vocative)
ᾰ̓δελφοί (plural vocative)

grc-decl

ᾰ̓δελφέ / ᾰ̓́δελφε

From Proto-Hellenic *əgʷelpʰós, equivalent to ἁ- (ha-, copulative prefix) + δελφύς (delphús, “womb”).

affix

Δαναός, ἀδελφὸς δ' ἐστὶ πεντηκοντάπαις.

Danaus, and he has a brother with fifty sons.

Danaós, adelphòs d' estì pentēkontápais.


καρπός

grc-noun

κᾰρπός • (karpós) m (genitive κᾰρποῦ); second declension

κᾰρπός (canonical)
karpós (romanization)
κᾰρποῦ (genitive)
ὁ κᾰρπός (nominative singular)
τὼ κᾰρπώ (dual nominative)
οἱ κᾰρποί (nominative plural)
τοῦ κᾰρποῦ (genitive singular)
τοῖν κᾰρποῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν κᾰρπῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ κᾰρπῷ (dative singular)
τοῖν κᾰρποῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς κᾰρποῖς (dative plural)
τὸν κᾰρπόν (accusative singular)
τὼ κᾰρπώ (accusative dual)
τοὺς κᾰρπούς (accusative plural)
κᾰρπέ (singular vocative)
κᾰρπώ (dual vocative)
κᾰρποί (plural vocative)

→ Aromanian: carpo

→ Coptic: ⲕⲁⲣⲡⲟⲥ (karpos)

Greek: καρπός (karpós)

Mariupol Greek: карпо́ (karpó)

→ Turkish: karpuz

→ English: carpo-

From Proto-Indo-European *kerp- (“pluck, harvest”), though debated whether via inheritance or borrowing from a different Indo-European branch due to the problematic α (a) in the Greek form. Compare Proto-Germanic *harbistaz (“harvest, autumn”), Proto-Slavic *čerpti (“to scoop, draw”) and Latin carpō (“to pick”), as well as Ancient Greek κείρω (keírō, “to cut off”).

cog

the product of something: children (fruit of the body), poetry (fruit of the mind), profit


καρπός

Greek: καρπός (karpós)

New Latin: carpus

English: carpus

Perhaps from a Proto-Indo-European *kʷerp- (“to turn”), and related to Proto-Germanic *hwerbaną (“to turn”) (whence English wharf). Other theories take the origin to be the same as that of Etymology 1.


πτῶμα

grc-noun

πτῶμα • (ptôma) n (genitive πτώματος); third declension

ptôma (romanization)
πτώματος (genitive)
τὸ πτῶμᾰ (nominative singular)
τὼ πτώμᾰτε (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ πτώμᾰτᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ πτώμᾰτος (genitive singular)
τοῖν πτωμᾰ́τοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν πτωμᾰ́των (genitive plural)
τῷ πτώμᾰτῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν πτωμᾰ́τοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς πτώμᾰσῐ (dative plural)
πτώμᾰσῐν (dative plural)
toîs ptṓmasi (dative plural)
toîs ptṓmasin (dative plural)
τὸ πτῶμᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ πτώμᾰτε (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ πτώμᾰτᾰ (accusative plural)
πτῶμᾰ (singular vocative)
πτώμᾰτε (dual vocative)
πτώμᾰτᾰ (plural vocative)

From πίπτω (píptō, “to fall”) + -μα (-ma, result noun suffix).


γάμος

grc-noun

γᾰ́μος • (gámos) m (genitive γᾰ́μου); second declension

γᾰ́μος (canonical)
gámos (romanization)
γᾰ́μου (genitive)
ὁ γᾰ́μος (nominative singular)
τὼ γᾰ́μω (dual nominative)
οἱ γᾰ́μοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ γᾰ́μου (genitive singular)
τοῖν γᾰ́μοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν γᾰ́μων (genitive plural)
τῷ γᾰ́μῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν γᾰ́μοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς γᾰ́μοις (dative plural)
τὸν γᾰ́μον (accusative singular)
τὼ γᾰ́μω (accusative dual)
τοὺς γᾰ́μους (accusative plural)
γᾰ́με (singular vocative)
γᾰ́μω (dual vocative)
γᾰ́μοι (plural vocative)
γᾰ́μος (nominative singular)
γᾰ́μω (dual nominative)
γᾰ́μοι (nominative plural)
γᾰ́μου (genitive singular)
γᾰμοῖο (genitive singular)
γᾰ́μοιο (genitive singular)
γᾰμόο (genitive singular)
γᾰ́μοο (genitive singular)
γᾰ́μοιῐν (dual genitive)
γᾰ́μων (genitive plural)
γᾰ́μῳ (dative singular)
γᾰ́μοιῐν (dative dual)
γᾰ́μοισῐ (dative plural)
γᾰ́μοισῐν (dative plural)
γᾰ́μοις (dative plural)
gámoisi (dative plural)
gámoisin (dative plural)
gámois (dative plural)
γᾰ́μον (accusative singular)
γᾰ́μω (accusative dual)
γᾰ́μους (accusative plural)
γᾰ́με (singular vocative)
γᾰ́μω (dual vocative)
γᾰ́μοι (plural vocative)

desc

English: aetheogam, bigamy, geitonogamy, monogamy, polygamy, xenogamy

Greek: γάμος (gámos), -γαμία (-gamía)

Mariupol Greek: га́мус (hámus)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵem- (“to marry”).

matrimony, the state of being married, wedlock


τιμή

grc-noun

τῑμή • (tīmḗ) f (genitive τῑμῆς); first declension

τῑμή (canonical)
tīmḗ (romanization)
τῑμῆς (genitive)
ἡ τῑμή (nominative singular)
τὼ τῑμᾱ́ (dual nominative)
αἱ τῑμαί (nominative plural)
τῆς τῑμῆς (genitive singular)
τοῖν τῑμαῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν τῑμῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ τῑμῇ (dative singular)
τοῖν τῑμαῖν (dative dual)
ταῖς τῑμαῖς (dative plural)
τὴν τῑμήν (accusative singular)
τὼ τῑμᾱ́ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς τῑμᾱ́ς (accusative plural)
τῑμή (singular vocative)
τῑμᾱ́ (dual vocative)
τῑμαί (plural vocative)
τῑμή (nominative singular)
τῑμᾱ́ (dual nominative)
τῑμαί (nominative plural)
τῑμῆς (genitive singular)
τῑμαῖν (dual genitive)
τῑμαῖῐν (dual genitive)
τῑμῇῐν (dual genitive)
tīmaîn (dual genitive)
tīmaîin (dual genitive)
tīmêiin (dual genitive)
τῑμᾱ́ων (genitive plural)
τῑμέ͜ων (genitive plural)
τῑμῶν (genitive plural)
τῑμῇ (dative singular)
τῑμαῖν (dative dual)
τῑμαῖῐν (dative dual)
τῑμῇῐν (dative dual)
tīmaîn (dative dual)
tīmaîin (dative dual)
tīmêiin (dative dual)
τῑμῇσῐ (dative plural)
τῑμῇσῐν (dative plural)
τῑμῇς (dative plural)
τῑμαῖς (dative plural)
tīmêisi (dative plural)
tīmêisin (dative plural)
tīmêis (dative plural)
tīmaîs (dative plural)
τῑμήν (accusative singular)
τῑμᾱ́ (accusative dual)
τῑμᾱ́ς (accusative plural)
τῑμή (singular vocative)
τῑμᾱ́ (dual vocative)
τῑμαί (plural vocative)

From τῑ́ω (tī́ō), equivalent to Proto-Indo-European *kʷi-meh₂-, from *kʷey- (“value, honor”).


γενεά

γενεᾱ́ • (geneā́) f (genitive γενεᾶς); first declension

γενεᾱ́ (canonical)
geneā́ (romanization)
γενεᾶς (genitive)
ἡ γενεᾱ́ (nominative singular)
τὼ γενεᾱ́ (dual nominative)
αἱ γενεαί (nominative plural)
τῆς γενεᾶς (genitive singular)
τοῖν γενεαῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν γενεῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ γενεᾷ (dative singular)
τοῖν γενεαῖν (dative dual)
ταῖς γενεαῖς (dative plural)
τὴν γενεᾱ́ν (accusative singular)
τὼ γενεᾱ́ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς γενεᾱ́ς (accusative plural)
γενεᾱ́ (singular vocative)
γενεᾱ́ (dual vocative)
γενεαί (plural vocative)

Greek: γενιά (geniá), γενεά (geneá)

→ Latin: genea

Formally it would be from Proto-Hellenic *genehā́, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁eseh₂, feminine derivation from *ǵénh₁os (whence γένος (génos)), from *ǵenh₁-. Compare εἶδος (eîdos) - ἰδέα (idéa).


ποταμός

ποτᾰμός • (potamós) m (genitive ποτᾰμοῦ); second declension

ποτᾰμός (canonical)
potamós (romanization)
ποτᾰμοῦ (genitive)
ὁ ποτᾰμός (nominative singular)
τὼ ποτᾰμώ (dual nominative)
οἱ ποτᾰμοί (nominative plural)
τοῦ ποτᾰμοῦ (genitive singular)
τοῖν ποτᾰμοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν ποτᾰμῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ ποτᾰμῷ (dative singular)
τοῖν ποτᾰμοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς ποτᾰμοῖς (dative plural)
τὸν ποτᾰμόν (accusative singular)
τὼ ποτᾰμώ (accusative dual)
τοὺς ποτᾰμούς (accusative plural)
ποτᾰμέ (singular vocative)
ποτᾰμώ (dual vocative)
ποτᾰμοί (plural vocative)
ποτᾰμός (nominative singular)
ποτᾰμώ (dual nominative)
ποτᾰμοί (nominative plural)
ποτᾰμοῦ (genitive singular)
ποτᾰμοῖο (genitive singular)
ποτᾰμόο (genitive singular)
ποτᾰμοῖῐν (dual genitive)
ποτᾰμῶν (genitive plural)
ποτᾰμῷ (dative singular)
ποτᾰμοῖῐν (dative dual)
ποτᾰμοῖσῐ (dative plural)
ποτᾰμοῖσῐν (dative plural)
ποτᾰμοῖς (dative plural)
potamoîsi (dative plural)
potamoîsin (dative plural)
potamoîs (dative plural)
ποτᾰμόν (accusative singular)
ποτᾰμώ (accusative dual)
ποτᾰμούς (accusative plural)
ποτᾰμέ (singular vocative)
ποτᾰμώ (dual vocative)
ποτᾰμοί (plural vocative)

Uncertain. Most commonly explained as related to πῑ́πτω (pī́ptō, “to fall”) or πόντος (póntos, “sea”)/Proto-Indo-European *pónteh₁s (“path, bridge”).


μορφή

grc-noun

μορφή • (morphḗ) f (genitive μορφῆς); first declension

morphḗ (romanization)
μορφῆς (genitive)
ἡ μορφή (nominative singular)
τὼ μορφᾱ́ (dual nominative)
αἱ μορφαί (nominative plural)
τῆς μορφῆς (genitive singular)
τοῖν μορφαῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν μορφῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ μορφῇ (dative singular)
τοῖν μορφαῖν (dative dual)
ταῖς μορφαῖς (dative plural)
τὴν μορφήν (accusative singular)
τὼ μορφᾱ́ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς μορφᾱ́ς (accusative plural)
μορφή (singular vocative)
μορφᾱ́ (dual vocative)
μορφαί (plural vocative)

Greek: μορφή f (morfí)

Of unclear origin:
* Many attempts have been made to connect it with Latin fōrma (“form”) (see there for theory of its origin), but the proposed relationship is problematic. Beekes suggests that the Latin was either loaned from Greek via an intermediary like Etruscan, or that the Latin and Greek were both inherited from a Proto-Indo-European *mergʷʰ-, with the Latin undergoing metathesis > *gʷʰerm- > *gʷʰorm- > *form-.
* An alternative relationship has been proposed with Baltic terms like Latgalian mārga (“daughter, lass”) and Lithuanian mergà (“girl”), with a semantic shift "shape" > "lovely shape" > "girl". If so, then the Greek and Baltic terms are from, per Beekes, a Proto-Indo-European *mergʷʰ-h₂-, with the Greek deriving from an o-grade. However, the Baltic terms are more commonly derived from a root *mer- (“young boy, girl”) (whence Latin marītus (“husband”)), making this theory doubtful.


θέρος

θέρος • (théros) n (genitive θέρους or θέρεος); third declension

théros (romanization)
θέρους (genitive)
θέρεος (genitive)
τὸ θέρος (nominative singular)
τὼ θέρει (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ θέρη (nominative plural)
τοῦ θέρους (genitive singular)
τοῖν θεροῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν θερῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ θέρει (dative singular)
τοῖν θεροῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς θέρεσῐ (dative plural)
θέρεσῐν (dative plural)
toîs théresi (dative plural)
toîs théresin (dative plural)
τὸ θέρος (accusative singular)
τὼ θέρει (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ θέρη (accusative plural)
θέρος (singular vocative)
θέρει (dual vocative)
θέρη (plural vocative)
τὸ θέρος (nominative singular)
τὼ θέρει (dual nominative)
θέρεε (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ θέρεᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ θέρεος (genitive singular)
θέρευς (genitive singular)
τοῖν θερέοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν θερέων (genitive plural)
τῷ θέρει (dative singular)
θέρεῐ̈ (dative singular)
τοῖν θερέοιν (dative dual)
τοῖσῐ (dative plural)
τοῖσῐν θέρεσῐ (dative plural)
θέρεσῐν (dative plural)
toîsi théresi (dative plural)
toîsi théresin (dative plural)
toîsini (dative plural)
toîsinin (dative plural)
τὸ θέρος (accusative singular)
τὼ θέρει (accusative dual)
θέρεε (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ θέρεᾰ (accusative plural)
θέρος (singular vocative)
θέρει (dual vocative)
θέρεε (dual vocative)
θέρεᾰ (plural vocative)
θέρος (nominative singular)
θέρει (dual nominative)
θέρεε (dual nominative)
θέρεᾰ (nominative plural)
θέρεος (genitive singular)
θέρευς (genitive singular)
θερέοιν (dual genitive)
θερέων (genitive plural)
θέρει (dative singular)
θέρεῐ̈ (dative singular)
θερέοιν (dative dual)
θέρεσῐ (dative plural)
θέρεσῐν (dative plural)
théresi (dative plural)
théresin (dative plural)
θέρος (accusative singular)
θέρει (accusative dual)
θέρεε (accusative dual)
θέρεᾰ (accusative plural)
θέρος (singular vocative)
θέρει (dual vocative)
θέρεε (dual vocative)
θέρεᾰ (plural vocative)

From Proto-Hellenic *kʷʰéros, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰéros (“heat; warm weather”, from *gʷʰer- (“warm, hot”) + *-os (action noun suffix)).