καί

Greek: και (kai, “and”)

Italiot Greek: ce

Mariupol Greek: ки (ki)

Tsakonian: τσαι (tsai)

Coptic: ⲕⲁⲓ (kai)

→ Esperanto: kaj (“and”)

From earlier *kahi ← *kasi (still seen in κασίγνητος (kasígnētos, “brother”)) ← *kati, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱm̥t-, from *ḱóm (“with”). Compare Hittite [script needed] (kat-ti, “along with”).

cog

καὶ κατὰ γῆν καὶ κατὰ θάλατταν

both ... and ... (when used in the construction καί ... καί ...)


εἰ

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *éy, a locative form of *h₁e (“the”). See its sense, “that”, in ἐπεί (epeí) and compare the history of Latin sī.


διότι

head

δῐότῐ • (dióti)

grc-conjunction

δῐότῐ • (dióti)

Univerbation of δι’ (di’), apocopic form of διά (diá, “because of”), and ὅτι (hóti, “that”, conjunction).


ἀλλά

head

ἀλλά • (allá)

grc-conjunction

ἀλλά • (allá)

Greek: αλλά (allá)

Cappadocian Greek: αλά (alá)

Tsakonian: αλλά (allá)

→ Coptic: ⲁⲗⲗⲁ (alla)

→ Laz: ალა (ala)

Originally the neuter accusative plural of ἄλλος (állos, “another, different”) with shifted accent in an adverbial sense, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂élyos (“other”). Cognates include Latin alius, Old Irish aile, Old Armenian այլ (ayl), and Old English elles (English else).


μέχρι

head

μέχρῐ • (mékhri)

grc-conjunction

μέχρῐ • (mékhri)

From Proto-Indo-European *méǵʰ(s)ri (locative), from *me (“with”) (see also μετά (metá)) + *ǵʰes- (“hand”) (whence χείρ (kheír, “hand”)). Cognate with its zero-grade ἄχρι (ákhri, “utterly, as far as”), Old Armenian մերձ (merj, “near, by”) and Albanian ndjerë (“until, near”).
The genitive is from the PIE ablative of comparison/extent.


γάρ

head

γᾰ́ρ • (gár)

grc-conjunction

γᾰ́ρ • (gár)

→ Aramaic: גיר

→ Coptic: ⲅⲁⲣ (gar)

Greek: γαρ (gar)


δέ

Classical Syriac: ܕܝܢ

Coptic: ⲇⲉ (de)

Greek: δε (de)

From Proto-Hellenic *dḗ, from Proto-Indo-European *de (deictic particle). See also δή (dḗ).

inh

used before a vowel to ease pronunciation


ἵνα

head

ῐ̔́νᾰ • (hína)

grc-conjunction

ῐ̔́νᾰ • (hína)

Greek: να (na)

The stem ἵ- (hí-) is probably from Proto-Indo-European *Hyós (“that, who, which”), while the ending is an instrumental ending found in Sanskrit येन (yena, “by which, by that”), Old High German hina (“thither”), Old Irish cen (“on this side”).

cog

final, introducing a subordinate clause expressing a purpose: in order that, so that, so

introducing a clause of effort, indicating what someone is trying to accomplish: that

Subordinating conjunction
(usually poetic) where


δή

→ Classical Syriac: ܕܝܢ

→ Coptic: ⲇⲉ (de)

→ Macedonian: де (de)

From Proto-Hellenic *dḗ, from Proto-Indo-European *de (“instrumental particle”). See also δέ (dé).


τε

From Proto-Hellenic *kʷe, from Proto-Indo-European *-kʷe (“and”). Cognates include Mycenaean Greek 𐀤 (qe), Sanskrit च (ca), and Latin -que.

Τὴν δ’ ἠμείβετ’ ἔπειτα πατὴρ ἀνδρῶν τε θεῶν τε·

Then the father of men and gods answered her:

Tḕn d’ ēmeíbet’ épeita patḕr andrôn te theôn te;

and, also or untranslatable
(after each item in a list) and

εἰ δὲ ὥσπερ ἐγώ τε καὶ σὺ νυνὶ φίλοι ὄντες βούλοιντο ἀλλήλοις διαλέγεσθαι, δεῖ δὴ πρᾳότερόν πως καὶ διαλεκτικώτερον ἀποκρίνεσθαι.

But if, like you and I now, they were friends and chose to converse together, it is appropriate to answer in a somewhat more easygoing and conversational manner.

ei dè hṓsper egṓ te kaì sù nunì phíloi óntes boúlointo allḗlois dialégesthai, deî dḕ prāióterón pōs kaì dialektikṓteron apokrínesthai.

ἐνταῦθα Κύρῳ βασίλεια ἦν καὶ παράδεισος μέγας ἀγρίων θηρίων πλήρης, ἃ ἐκεῖνος ἐθήρευεν ἀπὸ ἵππου, ὁπότε γυμνάσαι βούλοιτο ἑαυτόν τε καὶ τοὺς ἵππους.

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 1.2.7

There Cyrus had a palace and a large garden full of wild animals, which he would hunt from a horse, whenever he wanted to exercise himself and his horses.

entaûtha Kúrōi basíleia ên kaì parádeisos mégas agríōn thēríōn plḗrēs, hà ekeînos ethḗreuen apò híppou, hopóte gumnásai boúloito heautón te kaì toùs híppous.

(combined with καί (kaí), untranslatable)


ἄρα

head

ᾰ̓́ρᾰ • (ára)

grc-conjunction

ᾰ̓́ρᾰ • (ára)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂er- (“thus, so”) (which is probably a grammaticalization of the "to fit, fix" meaning). Cognates include Lithuanian ir̃ (“and; so”).


ὅτι

head

ὅτι • (hóti)

grc-conjunction

ὅτι • (hóti)

Greek: ότι (óti)

Pontic Greek: ότι (óti)

→ Laz: ოტი (oťi)

Originally the neuter accusative form of the indefinite relative pronoun ὅστις (hóstis, “whomever”)

after verbs of perception and emotion, introducing a noun clause expressing a fact: that (with the same mood as the corresponding independent clause)

expressing a fact
w:Presupposition#Factive verbs

after verbs of perception, emotion, saying, or hearing, introducing an indirect statement: that (with indicative or optative)

introducing a causal clause expressing a reason: because, seeing that

(with a superlative) as much as possible


ἤ

Greek: ή (í)

From the Proto-Hellenic *ēwe, from Proto-Indo-European *-wē (“or”).

than, as (in a comparative construction)


θ'

Apocopic form of τε (te) (used before a rough breathing)


μέχρις

head

μέχρις • (mékhris)

grc-conjunction

μέχρις • (mékhris)


ὡς

Greek: ως (os)

PIE word
 *yós
From the relative pronoun ὅς (hós) + -ως (-ōs, adverbial suffix).

never used in Classical Attic proseRelative also used in exclamations

indefinite relative used in indirect questions

(to limit or augment the force of adverbs)

(subordinating conjunction or complementizer, introducing dependent or subordinate clause)

(with noun clauses) introducing a clause expressing a fact: that (with indicative or optative)

subordinating conjunction or complementizer; introducing dependent or subordinate clause; subordinating conjunction or complementizer; introducing dependent or subordinate clause

(final) introducing a clause expressing an end or purpose: that, so that, in order that, so (with subjunctive or optative)

(consequential) introducing a clause expressing a result: so that

ὡς καλόν


ἄν

head

ᾱ̓́ν • (ā́n)

grc-conjunction

ᾱ̓́ν • (ā́n)

A contracted form of ἐάν (eán), from εἰ (ei, “if”) + ἄν (án, “modal particle”).

if (for more details, see εἰ (ei) and ἄν (án))


ἐάν

head

ἐᾱ́ν • (eā́n)

grc-conjunction

ἐᾱ́ν • (eā́n)

Greek: αν (an)

Greek: εάν (eán)

Univerbation of εἰ (ei, “if”) and ἄν (án, subjunctive particle). The process by which the diphthong ει (ei) and short ᾰ (a) developed into short ε (e) and long ᾱ (ā) may be quantitative metathesis.

if (for more depth see εἰ (ei) and ἄν (án)


οὐδέ

head

οὐδέ • (oudé)

grc-conjunction

οὐδέ • (oudé)

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 5.138

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 24.418

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 5.21

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 24.25

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 10.375

525 BCE – 455 BCE, Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 324

409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 756

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.97

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 1.95

525 BCE – 455 BCE, Aeschylus, Pr.716

409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 2

406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 39

(more often) and not, nor
(without a negative preceding)

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 10.379

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 22.226

409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 691

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.215

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 6.55

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Demosthenes, Against Androtion 4

(more often) and not, nor
(with a simple negative preceding)


ἕως

head

ἕως • (héōs)

grc-conjunction

ἕως • (héōs)

From Proto-Indo-European *yeh₂wot. Cognates include Sanskrit यावत् (yāvat, “until”).

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 11.342, (compare Odyssey 5.123)

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Fragments 225, (compare Aeschylus, The Persians 428.464)

380 BCE, Plato, Gorgias 506B, (compare Cratylus 396C)

(relative particle, used to express the point of time up to which an action goes)

(with indicative) of a fact in past time

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 3.291, (compare 24.183)

525 BCE – 455 BCE, Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 810

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Ajax 555

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 147

409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 764

(with subjunctive, relating to an uncertain event in the future)

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 5.386, (compare 9.376)

405 BCE, Aristophanes, The Frogs 766

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedo 59D

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 2.78

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedo 101D, (compare Sophocles, Women of Trachis 687)

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 5.386

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 4.800

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 19.367

(with optative, relating to an uncertain event in the past)

60 BCE – 7 BCE, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Antiquitates Romanae

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 5.1.25

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 2.143

70 CE – 110 CE, The Gospel of Matthew 1:24

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 3.108

New Testament, First Epistle of John 2:9

50 CE – 100 CE, The Gospel of Luke 23:5

(with single words, mostly of adverbs of time)

Palatine Anthology 5.201

200 BCE – 118 BCE, Polybius, The Histories 1.11.14

458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 1435

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedo 85B

(mostly at the beginning of a verse in Homer) while, as long as

366 BCE – 348 BCE, Plato, Theaetetus 155A

(with optative, in case of repeated action)

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 13.315, (compare 17.358)

458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Libation Bearers 1026

472 BCE, Aeschylus, The Persians 710

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 8.40

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 4.90

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 12.328

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 18.15

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 10.507

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 20.41

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 1.193

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 4.120


ὅταν

head

ὅτᾰν • (hótan)

grc-conjunction

ὅτᾰν • (hótan)

Coptic: ϩⲟⲧⲁⲛ (hotan)

Greek: όταν (ótan)

Univerbation of ὅτ’ (hót’, “when”) + ἄν (án, modal particle)

Σωκράτης σκόπει δή, ὅταν τί ἑκάστου τούτων ἡγῆται, ὠφελεῖ ἡμᾶς, καὶ ὅταν τί, βλάπτει.

Socrates: Now look at what, when it guides each of these things, benefits us, and what, when it [guides things], harms [us].

Sōkrátēs skópei dḗ, hótan tí hekástou toútōn hēgêtai, ōpheleî hēmâs, kaì hótan tí, bláptei.

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 1.519

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 9.6

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 2.397

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 1.567

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 6.225

406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 301

380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 565A

(with a conditional force, about events likely to recur) whenever, when


ὅτε

head

ὅτε • (hóte)

From ὅς (hós) and τε (te). Compare τότε (tóte), πότε (póte), ποτέ (poté).

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 2.471

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 4.259

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 2.4.6

(with indicative, to denote single events) when

(with present, of a thing now happening)

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 18.272

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 1.397

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 5.392

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hellenica 1.7.35

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 24.115

422 BCE, Aristophanes, The Wasps 354

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 2.21

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 1.397

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 17.627

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 3.55

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 21.429

458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Eumenides 726

(with optative, to denote repeated events or actions in past time)

(of future events which are represented as uncertain, in clauses dependent on a verb in optative or subjunctive)

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 19.337

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 21.323

(only in Epic and Lyric poets, with subjunctive)

to denote repeated events or actions in past time; only in Epic and Lyric poets; only in Epic and Lyric poets

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 1.610

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 3.216

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 2.147

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 4.130

6, 506

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 16.364

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 21.12

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 10.462

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 2.394

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 4.462

(of time) when
(in Homer, to introduce a simile)

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 16.433

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 20.29

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Ajax 1095

429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 918

385 BCE – 380 BCE, Plato, Symposium 206A

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Protagoras 354C

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 5.92

409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 428

423 BCE, Aristophanes, The Clouds 34

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Politics 2.2.16

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 20.49

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 18.599

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 11.64

300 BCE – 250 BCE, Apollonius of Rhodes, Argonautica 1.1270

3rd century CE, Diogenes Laertius, Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers 2.106

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics 1.10.5

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Politics 7.13.2

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Poetics 3.2

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 11.566

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Ajax 56

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cynegeticus 5.8


ὥστε

ὥστε • (hṓste)

grc-conjunction

ὥστε • (hṓste)

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Memorabilia 3.5.17

429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 1293

424 BCE, Euripides, Hecuba 1107

438 BCE, Euripides, Alcestis 230

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Memorabilia 3.13.3

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Protagoras 314B

425 BCE, Euripides, Andromache 80

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 6.109

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 2.61

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 2.49, (compare Sophocles, Oedipus the King 374)

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 4.37, (compare Xenophon, Anabasis 5.6.26)

(to express the actual or intended result, the effect)

(after comparatives with ἤ (ḗ), when the possibility of consequence is denied)

(used with infinitive, of contingencies which may be more or less improbable)

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 9.42

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 17.21

750 BCE – 650 BCE, Hesiod, Works and Days 44

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 8.96

522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Olympian Ode 9.113

522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Nemean Ode 5.2.64

428 BCE, Euripides, Hippolytus 1327

409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 656

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 5.17

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.13

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 2.2.4

429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 595

409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 75

429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 65

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 1172

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 1.3.18

341 BCE, Demosthenes, Third Philippic 70

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Metaphysics 2.3.13

(with the indicative, to express the actual result with emphasis)

(at the beginning of a sentence, to mark a strong conclusion) therefore, consequently

to express the actual or intended result; the effect; to express the actual result with emphasis; at the beginning of a sentence; to mark a strong conclusion; at the beginning of a sentence; to mark a strong conclusion


εἴτε

head

εἴτε • (eíte)

grc-conjunction

εἴτε • (eíte)

From εἰ (ei, “if”) + τε (te, “even, and”).

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 606

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 2.349

429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 1049

458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 843

458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Libation Bearers 683

409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 345

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phil. 34B

380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 471D

522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Pythian Ode 4.138

458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 1403

458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Libation Bearers 994

429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 517

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Laws 864A

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 3.35

458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Libation Bearers 768

458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Eumenides 468

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 2.1.7

458 BCE, Euripides, Electra 895

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedrus 277D

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Ajax 178

438 BCE, Euripides, Alcestis 114

(generally doubled) either...or, whether..or


μηδέ

head

μηδέ • (mēdé)

grc-conjunction

μηδέ • (mēdé)

From μή (mḗ, “not”) + δέ (dé, “and, but”). Compare οὐδέ (oudé, “but not, and not”).

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 1.550, (compare 4.302)

458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 754, (compare The Eumenides 714, The Suppliants 409)

406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 481

(connecting two clauses, used with the same constructions as μή (mḗ)) but not, and not, nor

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 4.303

522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Isthmian Ode 2.65

409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 771

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Protagoras 327C

409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 255

(doubled, μηδέ...μηδέ, opposing the two clauses of a sentence)

connecting two clauses; doubled; opposing the two clauses of a sentence; doubled; opposing the two clauses of a sentence


διό

Univerbation of δι' ὅ (di' hó); see δῐᾰ́ (diá, “because of”) and ὅ (hó, “which”).

380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 358D

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 2.21

380 BCE, Plato, Gorgias 518A

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedrus 258E

385 BCE – 380 BCE, Plato, Symposium 203C

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.71

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.120

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 8.92

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, On Plants 2.4.5


ὅπως

head

ὅπως • (hópōs)

grc-conjunction

ὅπως • (hópōs)

From ὅς (hós, “who, which”) + πῶς (pôs, “how”).

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 14.181

(after principal tenses, or after subjunctive or imperative)

391 BCE, Aristophanes, Assemblywomen 117

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.73

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.31

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 3.22

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 6.96

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 7.17

(after historical tenses, when there is no perfect form, or when the aorist represents the perfect)

when there is no perfect form; or when the aorist represents the perfect; when there is no perfect form; or when the aorist represents the perfect

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 21.547

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 13.318

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 14.312

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 18.160

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 22.472

429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 1005

406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 1305

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 1.4.25

360 BCE, Plato, Timaeus 77E

472 BCE, Aeschylus, The Persians 450

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 4.7.19

458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Eumenides 297

that, in order that
(with optative after historical tenses)

458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Libation Bearers 196

440 BCE – 390 BCE, Andocides, On his Return 21

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Demosthenes, For Phormio 20

525 BCE – 455 BCE, Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 749

(of historical tenses, to express a consequence which has not followed, or cannot follow)

to express a consequence which has not followed; or cannot follow; to express a consequence which has not followed; or cannot follow

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 1.57

440 BCE – 390 BCE, Andocides, On the Mysteries 43

343 BCE, Demosthenes, On the False Embassy 316

458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Libation Bearers 263

that, in order that
(with indicative)
(of future)


ἄχρι

head

ἄχρῐ • (ákhri)

grc-conjunction

ἄχρῐ • (ákhri)

Zero grade of μέχρῐ (mékhri), from Proto-Indo-European *méǵʰ(s)ri.
The genitive is from the PIE ablative of comparison/extent.

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hellenica 6.4.37

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 2.3.2

460 BCE – 370 BCE, Hippocrates, Collected Works 884F

460 BCE – 370 BCE, Hippocrates, Collected Works 553

150—50 BC, Bion, Collected Works 1.47

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.117

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 5.4.16

125 CE – 200 CE, Lucian, How to Write History 9


μήτε

head

μήτε • (mḗte)

grc-conjunction

μήτε • (mḗte)

458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 358

458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 472

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 13.308

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 12.230

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.63

430 BCE, Euripides, Herakles' Children 454

445 BCE – 380 BCE, Lysias, Against Eratosthenes 72

406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 421

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Laws 627E

406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 496

407 BCE, Euripides, Iphigenia in Aulis 978

409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 771

(mostly doubled, sometimes with μηδέ (mēdé)) and not, neither...nor


πλήν

head

πλήν • (plḗn)

grc-conjunction

πλήν • (plḗn)

Greek: πλην (plin)

From Proto-Indo-European *pelh₂- (“to approach”). Cognate with πέλας (pélas), πλησίος (plēsíos), ἔμπλην (émplēn, “near, close by”) and many more in root page.
Compare the meaning and history of English besides.

der

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Ajax 1238

406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 1161

458 BCE, Euripides, Electra 752

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 414

458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Eumenides 125

442 BCE, Sophocles, Antigone 646

458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Eumenides 737

380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 529A

409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 299

436 BCE – 338 BCE, Isocrates, Panathenaicus 19

409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 1053

429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 118

409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 100

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Ajax 125

442 BCE, Sophocles, Antigone 236

388 BCE, Aristophanes, Plutus 106

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 1.2.1

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Protagoras 334B

430 BCE, Euripides, Herakles' Children 231

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Minos 318E

361 BCE, Demosthenes, Against Midias 179

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Constitution of the Athenians 3.5

(with single words and phrases, especially when a negative precedes)

400 BCE – 387 BCE, Plato, Apology 18D

366 BCE – 348 BCE, Plato, Theaetetus 177D

349 BCE, Demosthenes, Third Olynthiac 18

341 BCE, Demosthenes, Fourth Philippic 39

525 BCE – 455 BCE, Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 260

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 293

64 BCE – 24 CE, Strabo, Geography 7.3.8

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, History of Animals 554B.2

except, save
(often joined with other particles)
(with εἰ (ei))
(followed by a verb)

414 BCE, Aristophanes, The Birds 601

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hellenica 4.2.21

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, The Statesman 286D

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, On Generation and Corruption 323B.26

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, On the Soul 406B

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Prior Analytics 43A.39

371 BCE – 287 BCE, Theophrastus, On the Causes of Plants 1.10.6

60 BCE – 7 BCE, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities 4.74

125 CE – 200 CE, Lucian, Soloecista 7

except, save
(often joined with other particles)
(with εἰ (ei))
(with a verb omitted)

423 BCE, Aristophanes, The Clouds 361

411 BCE, Aristophanes, Thesmophoriazusae 532

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 2.111

400 BCE – 387 BCE, Plato, Apology 42A

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Metaphysics 981A.18

except, save
(often joined with other particles)
(with ἤ (ḗ))

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hiero 1.18

330 BCE, Demosthenes, On the Crown 45

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Demosthenes, Against Dionysodorus 23

except, save
(often joined with other particles)
(with οὐ (ou)) only not

423 BCE, Aristophanes, The Clouds 1429

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 4.189

366 BCE – 348 BCE, Plato, Theaetetus 183A

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedo 57B

46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Pelopidas 4

(with ὅτι (hóti)) except that, save that

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 2.32

60 BCE – 7 BCE, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities 1.23

380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 456A

155 CE – 235 CE, Cassius Dio, Collected Works 72.19

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 6.88

(with ὅσον (hóson)) except or save so far as

429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 1509

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 7.23

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Laws 670A

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Laws 856D

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics 1124B.30

(without a verb expressed) save so far as

except, save
except or save so far as
save so far as

200 BCE – 118 BCE, Polybius, The Histories 1.69.14

200 BCE – 118 BCE, Polybius, The Histories 2.17.1

53 CE – 55 CE, Paul the Apostle, First Epistle to the Corinthians 11:11

200 BCE – 100 BCE, Diogenes of Oenoanda, Oenoandan Inscription 8

46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Pericles 34

46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Pyrrhus 5

125 CE – 200 CE, Lucian, Prometheus 20

125 CE – 200 CE, Lucian, Dialogues of the Dead 13.3

125 CE – 200 CE, Lucian, Dialogues of the Dead 20.4

125 CE – 200 CE, Lucian, A Professor of Public Speaking 24

(to break off and pass to another subject) only

introducing a clause; to break off and pass to another subject; to break off and pass to another subject

170 CE – 240 CE, Herodian, History of the Empire from the Death of Marcus 3.4.1

200 CE – 400 CE, Heliodorus of Emesa, Aethiopica 6.7

except, save
(introducing a clause)
(late prose)

introducing a clause; late prose; late prose

425 BCE, Aristophanes, Lysistrata 5

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 41

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 1.8.20

200 BCE – 118 BCE, Polybius, The Histories 1.18.2

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.32

406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 1643

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 8.70

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Protagoras 328E


μήποτε

head

μήποτε • (mḗpote)

grc-conjunction

μήποτε • (mḗpote)

From μή (mḗ, “not”) + ποτέ (poté, “ever, at some time”).

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 21.324

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.77

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 8.53


ἕνεκα

head

ἕνεκᾰ • (héneka)

grc-conjunction

ἕνεκᾰ • (héneka)

Cognate with Mycenaean Greek 𐀁𐀚𐀏 (e-ne-ka); otherwise unknown. Formerly thought a composite of ἕν (hén) and *ϝέκα (*wéka) (see: ἑκών (hekṓn)). However no trace of ϝ (/w/) is seen in the Mycenaean Linear B record. Alternatively may be connected to Proto-Indo-European *h₁neḱ- (“to carry, bring”) as in ἐνεγκεῖν (enenkeîn) (compare Lithuanian nèšti), if such a root exists.

der

409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 554

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 8.92

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hellenica 2.4.31

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Laws 701D

7th–6th centuries BC, Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite 199

310 BCE – 240 BCE, Callimachus, Aetia 3.1.6

522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Isthmian Ode 8.35


ἐπεί

head

ἐπεί • (epeí)

grc-conjunction

ἐπεί • (epeí)

(of time) after, after that, since, when

(of a definite occurrence in past time, mostly with aorist)

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 1.2

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.8

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 8.68

458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 40

442 BCE, Sophocles, Antigone 15

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 3.117

(with implied reference to some later time)

with implied reference to some later time

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 1.458

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 1.1.3

423 BCE, Aristophanes, The Clouds 1354

413 BCE, Euripides, Iphigenia in Tauris 260

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 1.1.1

330 BCE, Demosthenes, On the Crown 42

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 6.5.27

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 4.238

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 11.764

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 17.23

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 3.153

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Demosthenes, Against Eubulides 16

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 2.3.29

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 6.412

361 BCE, Demosthenes, Against Midias 34

(with subjunctive, ἄν (án) often being added)

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 11.221

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 9.409

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 2.34

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 20.86

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 11.478

406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 1225

442 BCE, Sophocles, Antigone 1025

(referring generally to any one of a number of instances, with a present apodosis of repeated action) whenever, when once

after, after that, since, when
whenever, when once

425 BCE, Aristophanes, Lysistrata 1175

414 BCE, Aristophanes, The Birds 983

460 BCE – 370 BCE, Hippocrates, On Fractures 6

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 6.412

380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 516A

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 24.227

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 2.105

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 24.14

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 4.5.9

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 5.3.55

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 8.38

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedo 59D

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Protagoras 315B

(more frequently, referring generally to any one of a number of past instances, with a past apodosis of repeated action)

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 7.2.27

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 3.5.18

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 1.4.21

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 7.80

(in indirect speech after past tenses, representing a subjunctive in direct speech)

380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 619C

385 BCE – 380 BCE, Plato, Symposium 174D

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 4.10

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.150

(with infinitive, only be assimilation in indirect speech)

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 7.2.6

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 3.3.22

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Politics 1284A.40

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hellenica 3.2.4

522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Nemean Ode 1.35

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Protagoras 310C

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Demosthenes, Against Pantaenetus 41

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Protagoras 325C

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 6.426

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 1.57

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 3.4

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 3.9

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 9.90

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 1.119

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 1.153

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 1.278

522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Olympian Ode 4.16

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Memorabilia 2.3.4

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 8.80

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Protagoras 335C

458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 854

(causal) since, seeing that
(with indicative)

409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 1037

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 15.228

330 BCE, Demosthenes, On the Crown 49

409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 948

522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Olympian Ode 9.29

429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 433

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Memorabilia 2.7.14

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 352

406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 969

429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 390

422 BCE, Aristophanes, The Wasps 73

380 BCE, Plato, Gorgias 473E

423 BCE, Aristophanes, The Clouds 688

522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Pythian Ode 7.5

458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Libation Bearers 214

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 139

(in most of the constructions which are found in independent sentences)

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Protagoras 353A

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 8.111

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 2.93

(causal) since, seeing that
(with infinitive in indirect speech)

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Protagoras 333C

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Protagoras 317A

400 BCE – 387 BCE, Plato, Apology 19E

385 BCE – 380 BCE, Plato, Symposium 187A

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics 1121A.19

(causal) since, seeing that
(in various elliptical expressions)

399 BCE, Plato, Euthyphro 4C

(sometimes epexegetic, introducing a narrative)

causal; sometimes epexegetic; introducing a narrative; sometimes epexegetic; introducing a narrative

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 17.185

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 1.352

750 BCE – 650 BCE, Hesiod, Theogony 171

480 BCE – 406 BCE, Euripides, Cyclops 181

428 BCE, Euripides, Hippolytus 955

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedo 77D

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Demosthenes, Against Conon 29

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 631

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedo 87C

442 BCE, Sophocles, Antigone 923

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 6.18

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 1.169

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 9.276

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 13.447

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 20.181

458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 822

406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 75

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedo 114D

446 BCE – 386 BCE, Aristophanes, The Acharnians 437

446 BCE – 386 BCE, Aristophanes, The Acharnians 495

406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 433

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 22.379

409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 446

(causal) since, seeing that
(with other particles)


ἐπειδή

head

ἐπειδή • (epeidḗ)

grc-conjunction

ἐπειδή • (epeidḗ)

Greek: επειδή (epeidí)

From ἐπεί (epeí, “after, since”) + δή (dḗ, “emphatic particle”).

(strengthened form of ἐπεί (epeí)) after, since


εἴπερ

head

εἴπερ • (eíper)

grc-conjunction

εἴπερ • (eíper)

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 3.25

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 7.117

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 1.167

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 9.35

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 10.225

458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Libation Bearers 198

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Protagoras 312A

366 BCE – 348 BCE, Plato, Theaetetus 182C

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 1.81

458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 1249

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, The Statesman 275E

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 4.20

331 CE – 363 CE, Julian, Orations 216B

if really, if indeed, even if, even though


καίπερ

head

καίπερ • (kaíper)

grc-conjunction

καίπερ • (kaíper)

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 7.224

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 10.70

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 1.577

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 8.125

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 5.135

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 17.555

522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Isthmian Ode 8.4

522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Nemean Ode 6.6

525 BCE – 455 BCE, Aeschylus, Fragments 199.2

525 BCE – 455 BCE, Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 907

467 BCE, Aeschylus, Seven Against Thebes 712

409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 377

380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 495D

458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 1203

429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 1326

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 9.247

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 17.104

429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 1141

409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 647

522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Nemean Ode 4.36

385 BCE – 380 BCE, Plato, Symposium 219C


πρίν

head

πρῐ́ν or πρῑ́ν • (prín or prī́n)

grc-conjunction

πρῐ́ν or πρῑ́ν • (prín or prī́n)

πρῐ́ν (canonical)
πρῑ́ν (canonical)
prín (romanization)
prī́n (romanization)

Appears to be related to πρό (pró), Latin prior, priscus and Lithuanian prie, but the exact formation is uncertain. Perhaps from an old locative *pr-i of Proto-Indo-European *pró (“forward”).

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 13.172

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 8.453

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 16.322

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 1.210

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 4.668

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 6.465

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 24.245

522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Pythian Ode 2.92

522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Pythian Ode 3.9

522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Nemean Ode 8.19

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 6.119

472 BCE, Aeschylus, The Persians 712

458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 1539

442 BCE, Sophocles, Antigone 120

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 396

438 BCE, Euripides, Alcestis 281

424 BCE, Aristophanes, The Knights 258

480 BCE – 411 BCE, Antiphon of Rhamnus, On the Murder of Herodes 67

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.125

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 4.1.7

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Protagoras 350B

425 BCE, Euripides, Andromache 1069

413 BCE, Euripides, Ion 524

c. 440 BCE, Euripides, Rhesus 684

405 BCE, Aristophanes, The Frogs 481

before that, before
(with infinitive)
(with aorist)
(after a positive clause)

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 1.98

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 19.423

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 2.128

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 4.747

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Ajax 1419

440 BCE – 390 BCE, Andocides, Against Alcibiades 8

445 BCE – 380 BCE, Lysias, On the Property of Aristophanes 28

349 BCE, Demosthenes, Third Olynthiac 12

396 BCE – 323 BCE, Lycurgus of Athens, Collected Works 135

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 8.1.38

436 BCE – 338 BCE, Isocrates, To Philip 70

480 BCE – 406 BCE, Euripides, Fragments 453.6

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 632

438 BCE, Euripides, Alcestis 362

c. 440 BCE, Euripides, Rhesus 61

445 BCE – 380 BCE, Lysias, On the Property of Aristophanes 55

431 BCE, Euripides, Medea 94

416 BCE, Euripides, Herakles 605

346 BCE, Demosthenes, On the Peace 15

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Oeconomicus 4.24

470 BCE, Aeschylus, The Suppliants 772

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Laws 769E

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.165

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 4.9

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 7.50

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hellenica 6.5.23

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedo 61A

before that, before
(with infinitive)
(with aorist)
(after a negative clause)

470 BCE, Aeschylus, The Suppliants 702

458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 1067

406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 36

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 20

425 BCE, Euripides, Andromache 577

408 BCE, Euripides, Orestes 1095

411 BCE, Aristophanes, Thesmophoriazusae 380

446 BCE – 386 BCE, Aristophanes, The Acharnians 383

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 8.3

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 3.24

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Laws 666A

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 2.4.25

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Memorabilia 1.2.40

(with present, conveying a sense of continuance)

431 BCE, Euripides, Medea 79

458 BCE, Euripides, Electra 1069

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 3.25

408 BCE, Euripides, The Phoenician Women 1145

414 BCE, Aristophanes, The Birds 1034

422 BCE, Aristophanes, The Wasps 1156

421 BCE, Aristophanes, Peace 375

425 BCE, Aristophanes, Lysistrata 322

405 BCE, Aristophanes, The Frogs 1185

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 4.1.21

366 BCE – 348 BCE, Plato, Theaetetus 164C

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Protagoras 320A

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 6.116

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 5.10

before that, before
(with infinitive)
(with perfect)

525 BCE – 455 BCE, Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 481

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 6.45

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.132

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 3.101

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 5.61

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 6.79

414 BCE, Aristophanes, The Birds 700

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 1.4.23

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 4.5.13

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hellenica 5.4.58

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedrus 266A

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Constitution of the Athenians 12.5

386 BCE – 367 BCE, Plato, Meno 86D

366 BCE – 348 BCE, Plato, Theaetetus 165E

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Demosthenes, Against Leptines 96

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 2.5.33

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.51

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 3.29

480 BCE – 411 BCE, Antiphon of Rhamnus, Against the Stepmother for Poisoning 19

440 BCE – 390 BCE, Andocides, Against Alcibiades 17

341 BCE, Demosthenes, Third Philippic 61

before that, before
(with a finite verb)
(with indicative, chiefly aorist)
(after negative clauses)

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.118

429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 776

424 BCE, Euripides, Hecuba 131

431 BCE, Euripides, Medea 1173

425 BCE, Euripides, Andromache 1147

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 3.104

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 7.39

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 7.71

before that, before
(with a finite verb)
(with indicative, chiefly aorist)
(after positive clauses)

7th–6th centuries BC, Homeric Hymn to Apollo 357

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 13.322

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 23.43

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 12.437

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 4.180

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 9.588

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 4.117

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.82

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 3.109

525 BCE – 455 BCE, Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 756

525 BCE – 455 BCE, Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 166

525 BCE – 455 BCE, Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 177

406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 909

406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 48

406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 1041

429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 1529

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 2

431 BCE, Euripides, Medea 276

431 BCE, Euripides, Medea 680

438 BCE, Euripides, Alcestis 1145

407 BCE, Euripides, Iphigenia in Aulis 324

413 BCE, Euripides, Iphigenia in Tauris 19

413 BCE, Euripides, Iphigenia in Tauris 1302

422 BCE, Aristophanes, The Wasps 920

446 BCE – 386 BCE, Aristophanes, The Acharnians 176

446 BCE – 386 BCE, Aristophanes, The Acharnians 230

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hiero 6.13

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 1.2.8

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 1.1.10

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 5.7.12

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedrus 228C

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Laches 187E

425 BCE, Aristophanes, Lysistrata 704

409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 917

442 BCE, Sophocles, Antigone 619

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Ajax 742

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Ajax 965

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 608

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 946

438 BCE, Euripides, Alcestis 849

408 BCE, Euripides, Orestes 1218

408 BCE, Euripides, Orestes 1357

391 BCE, Aristophanes, Assemblywomen 629

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 4.157

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 6.29

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedo 62C

390 BCE – 322 BCE, Hyperides, In Defence of Euxenippus 4

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.19

360 BCE, Plato, Timaeus 57B

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.10

445 BCE – 380 BCE, Lysias, Against the Corn Dealers 4

436 BCE – 338 BCE, Isocrates, Panegyricus 16

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Demosthenes, Against Nausimachus and Xenopeithes 24

(with aorist, expressing an action preceding the action of the antecedent)

409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 1409

389 BCE – 314 BCE, Aeschines, Against Timarchus 10

480 BCE – 411 BCE, Antiphon of Rhamnus, Against the Stepmother for Poisoning 29

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 2.2.8

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedrus 271C

before that, before
(with a finite verb)
(with subjunctive, after negatives)
(with present, rare)

436 BCE – 338 BCE, Isocrates, Panegyricus 173

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 10.175

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 18.135

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 18.190

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 24.781

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 2.374

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 4.477

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 21.580

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 9.488

409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 551

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 3.22

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 1.4.14

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hellenica 6.5.19

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 1.2.2

400 BCE – 387 BCE, Plato, Apology 36C

(representing subjective after historical tenses)

representing subjective after historical tenses

409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 961

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 657

6th century BC, Theognis of Megara, Elegies 126

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Laws 799D

429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 505

before that, before
(with a finite verb)
(with optative)
(by assimilation)

480 BCE – 411 BCE, Antiphon of Rhamnus, On the Murder of Herodes 34

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hellenica 2.3.48

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hellenica 2.4.18

before that, before
(with a finite verb)
(with ἄν (án))

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 15.394

before that, before
(with a finite verb)
(without a verb)

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 1.98

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 7.481

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 19.475

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 2.355

416 BCE, Euripides, Herakles 605

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 2.348

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 8.453

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 19.586

391 BCE, Aristophanes, Assemblywomen 620

341 BCE, Demosthenes, Third Philippic 61

409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 199

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedo 62C

389 BCE – 314 BCE, Aeschines, Against Timarchus 10

440 BCE – 390 BCE, Andocides, Against Alcibiades 1

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 5.2.9

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 17.9

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 1.4.23

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 1.1.10

522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Pythian Ode 2.92

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 2.128

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 5.219

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 16.322

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 4.79

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 4.104

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 6.97

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 8.12

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 4.1.21

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 2.4.25

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 5.288

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 22.266

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.136

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.165

445 BCE – 380 BCE, Lysias, Against Andocides 11

436 BCE – 338 BCE, Isocrates, Panegyricus 19

396 BCE – 323 BCE, Lycurgus of Athens, Collected Works 128

389 BCE – 314 BCE, Aeschines, On the Embassy 132

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 1.4.23

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 4.5.1

300 BCE – 200 BCE, Septuagint, Genesis 29.26


ἀλλ'

head

ἀλλ’ • (all’)

grc-conjunction

ἀλλ’ • (all’)


ὄφρα

head

ὄφρᾰ • (óphra)

grc-conjunction

ὄφρᾰ • (óphra)

in order that (with subjunctive or optative)

as long as, while (with imperfect, or subjunctive and ἄν (án) or κε (ke))

until (with aorist indicative of past time, aorist subjunctive of future time, optative of future in past)


αὐτάρ

head

αὐτάρ • (autár)

grc-conjunction

αὐτάρ • (autár)

(marking contrast or transition, sometimes paired with μέν (mén)) But, however, besides, moreover


ἠδέ

ἠμέν (ēmén) ... ἠδέ ...: both ... and ...


ἄρ

(Epic) Alternative form of ἄρα (ára) (used before a consonant)


οὐδ'

head

οὐδ’ • (oud’)

grc-conjunction

οὐδ’ • (oud’)


εἴ

Stressed form of εἰ (ei) (used when followed by an unstressed enclitic)


ὄφρ'

head

ὄφρ’ • (óphr’)

grc-conjunction

ὄφρ’ • (óphr’)


ἀτάρ

head

ἀτάρ • (atár)

grc-conjunction

ἀτάρ • (atár)

From Proto-Indo-European *éti or, according to de Vaan, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ét(i). Compare Tocharian B ate (“away”).


τέ

stressed form of τε (te) (used before an enclitic)


ἤτοι

head

ἤτοι • (ḗtoi)

grc-conjunction

ἤτοι • (ḗtoi)


πάρος

head

πάρος • (páros)

grc-conjunction

πάρος • (páros)

From Proto-Hellenic *pəros, from Proto-Indo-European *pr̥h₂ós.


εἰκ

Alternative form of εἰ (ei), used before a word starting with a vowel


μηδ'

head

μηδ’ • (mēd’)

grc-conjunction

μηδ’ • (mēd’)


ἠμέν

head

ἠμέν • (ēmén)

grc-conjunction

ἠμέν • (ēmén)

ἠμέν (ēmén) ... ἠδέ (ēdé) ...: both ... and ...


ὅττι

head

ὅττι • (hótti)

grc-conjunction

ὅττι • (hótti)


ἵν'

head

ἵν’ • (hín’)

grc-conjunction

ἵν’ • (hín’)


εἵνεκα

head

εἵνεκᾰ • (heíneka)

grc-conjunction

εἵνεκᾰ • (heíneka)

εἵνεκᾰ (canonical)
heíneka (romanization)


ἐπήν

head

ἐπήν • (epḗn)

grc-conjunction

ἐπήν • (epḗn)


κᾷτα

head

κᾷτᾰ • (kâita)

grc-conjunction

κᾷτᾰ • (kâita)

Contraction of καὶ εἶτᾰ (kaì eîta, “and then”).


οὐκοῦν

head

οὐκοῦν • (oukoûn)

grc-conjunction

οὐκοῦν • (oukoûn)


εἷος

head

εἷος • (heîos)

grc-conjunction

εἷος • (heîos)


ὁπότ'

head

ὁπότ’ • (hopót’)

grc-conjunction

ὁπότ’ • (hopót’)


ὁπόταν

head

ὁπότᾰν • (hopótan)

grc-conjunction

ὁπότᾰν • (hopótan)

ὁπότᾰν (canonical)
hopótan (romanization)


οὕνεκα

head

οὕνεκα • (hoúneka)

grc-conjunction

οὕνεκα • (hoúneka)


οὕνεκ'

head

οὕνεκ’ • (hoúnek’)

grc-conjunction

οὕνεκ’ • (hoúnek’)

οὕνεκ’ (canonical)
hoúnek’ (romanization)


ἕνεκ'

head

ἕνεκ’ • (hének’)

grc-conjunction

ἕνεκ’ • (hének’)


ἧος

head

ἧος • (hêos)

grc-conjunction

ἧος • (hêos)


οὔθ'

head

οὔθ’ • (oúth’)

grc-conjunction

οὔθ’ • (oúth’)

Apocopic form of οὔτε (oúte) used before vowel or diphthong with rough breathing


ὅππως

head

ὅππως • (hóppōs)

grc-conjunction

ὅππως • (hóppōs)


ὥστ'

head

ὥστ’ • (hṓst’)

grc-conjunction

ὥστ’ • (hṓst’)


εἵνεκ'

head

εἵνεκ’ • (heínek’)

grc-conjunction

εἵνεκ’ • (heínek’)

εἵνεκ’ (canonical)
heínek’ (romanization)


μήτ'

head

μήτ’ • (mḗt’)

grc-conjunction

μήτ’ • (mḗt’)


ὄφελον

head

ὄφελον • (óphelon)

grc-conjunction

ὄφελον • (óphelon)


εἴθ'

head

εἴθ’ • (eíth’)

grc-conjunction

εἴθ’ • (eíth’)

Apocopic form of εἴτε (eíte) (before /h/)


εἴπου

head

εἴπου • (eípou)

grc-conjunction

εἴπου • (eípou)

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 3.93

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 4.193

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hellenica 2.1.16

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 13.415

if anywhere, if at all
(indirect) whether anywhere


ὁπηνίκα

head

ὁπηνίκα • (hopēníka)


ἡνίκα

ἡνίκᾰ • (hēníka)

grc-conjunction

ἡνίκᾰ • (hēníka)


ἤγουν

head

ἤγουν • (ḗgoun)

grc-conjunction

ἤγουν • (ḗgoun)

From ἤ (ḗ, “or, than”) + γε (ge, “indeed, in fact, at least”) + οὖν (oûn, “therefore, so, then”)

af

ὁρμᾶσθαι/ὁρμᾶν, ἤγουν ἐπέρχεσθαι

to rush or hasten, that is to say, to come upon