π

Derived from its majuscule counterpart Π.

Lower-case pi (πεῖ), the 16th letter of the ancient Greek alphabet. It represented the voiceless unaspirated bilabial plosive /p/. It is preceded by ο and followed by ρ.


Σ

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Σ • (S) (uppercase, nonfinal lowercase σ, final lowercase ς)

S (romanization)
uppercase (romanization)
nonfinal lowercase σ (romanization)
final lowercase ς (romanization)
Ϲ (alternative)

The letter sigma (σίγμα), the 18th letter of the ancient Greek alphabet.


η

Derived from its majuscule counterpart Η, from the Phoenician letter 𐤇, heth.

Lower-case eta, the seventh letter of the ancient Greek alphabet. Its name was ἦτα and it represented a long open-mid front unrounded vowel: /ɛː/. It is often transliterated as either e or i. It is preceded by ζ and followed by θ.


ο

Derived from its majuscule counterpart Ο.

ὂ μικρόν
ὂ μικρόν#Ancient_Greek

Lower-case omicron (ὂ μικρόν), the 15th letter of the ancient Greek alphabet. It represented the close-mid back rounded vowel /o/. It is preceded by ξ and followed by π.


A diacritical mark of the Greek script, called βαρεῖα (bareîa, “heavy”) in Ancient Greek, and found on Ὰ (À)/ὰ (à), Ὲ (È)/ὲ (è), Ὴ (Ḕ)/ὴ (ḕ), Ὶ (Ì)/ὶ (ì), Ὸ (Ò)/ὸ (ò), Ὺ (Ù)/ὺ (ù) and Ὼ (Ṑ)/ὼ (ṑ). It is also known by its Latin name accentus gravis or the English name grave accent. It was used to indicate the presence of the accent on the last syllable of a word when immediately followed by another stressed word.


α

Derived from its majuscule counterpart Α, from the Phoenician letter 𐤀, aleph.

Lower-case alpha (ἄλφα), the first letter of the ancient Greek alphabet. It represented the open front or central unrounded vowel /a/. It is followed by β.


Α

Coptic script: Ⲁ

Cyrillic script: А

Gothic script: 𐌰

desctree

Old Italic script: 𐌀
Latin script: A
Runic script: ᚨ

The letter ἄλφα (álpha, “alpha”), the first letter of the ancient Greek alphabet.


Η

The letter eta (ἦτα), the seventh letter of the ancient Greek alphabet.


Ο

ὂ μικρόν
ὂ μικρόν#Ancient_Greek

The letter omicron (ὂ μικρόν), the 15th letter of the ancient Greek alphabet.


Π

The letter pi (πεῖ), the 16th letter of the ancient Greek alphabet.


Ω

The most common uppercase form is a variant of omicron (Ο), broken up at the side (), with the edges subsequently turned outward (, , , ). The alternative uppercase form, found in some typefaces, that looks like a larger version of lowercase ω, is from a digraph of two omicrons written close together.

The letter omega (ὦ μέγα), the 24th letter of the ancient Greek alphabet.


A diacritical mark of the Greek script, called διαίρεσις (diaíresis, “division”) in Ancient Greek, and found on Ϊ/ϊ and Ϋ/ϋ. It is also known by the names διαλυτική (dialutikḗ, “severing”) or τρῆμα (trêma, “dots on a die”). It was used to indicate that the vowel letter ι (i) or υ (u) formed a separate syllable rather than a diphthong when written after another vowel letter.


Β

The letter beta (βῆτα), the second letter of the ancient Greek alphabet.


β

Derived from its majuscule counterpart Β, from the Phoenician letter 𐤁, beth.

Lower-case beta (βῆτα), the second letter of the ancient Greek alphabet. It represented the voiced bilabial plosive: /b/ and later the voiced labiodental fricative /v/. It is preceded by α and followed by γ.


Γ

The letter gamma (γάμμα), the third letter of the ancient Greek alphabet.


γ

g, G (Roman)

c, C (Roman)

г, Г (Cyrillic)

ⲅ, Ⲅ (Coptic)

ɣ (IPA)

Ⰳ, ⰳ (Glagolitic)

English: γ-ray, γ-globulin

Greek: γ (g)

Derived from its majuscule counterpart Γ (G), from the Phoenician letter 𐤂 (g, “gimel”).

Lower-case gamma, the third letter of the ancient Greek alphabet. Its name was γάμμα and it represented a voiced velar stop: /ɡ/; before velars, it represented a velar nasal: /ŋ/. It is preceded by β and followed by δ.


δ

Derived from its majuscule counterpart Δ, from the Phoenician letter 𐤃, dalet.

Lower case delta (δέλτα), the fourth letter of Greek alphabet. It represented in Ancient Greek a voiced dental plosive: /d/ and in modern Greek a voiced dental fricative: /ð/. It is preceded by γ and followed by ε.


ε

Derived from its majuscule counterpart Ε, from the Phoenician letter 𐤄 (h /he/).

ἒ ψιλόν
ἒ ψιλόν

έψιλον έψιλον

Lower case epsilon, the fifth letter of the ancient and modern Greek alphabets. Its name was εἶ, later ἒ ψιλόν, and presently έψιλον. It represents roughly the same sound in both alphabets: in Modern Greek, a somewhat lowered variant of the mid front unrounded vowel: /e/ or /e̞/. It is preceded by δ and followed in the archaic alphabet by ϝ and in the classical alphabet by ζ.


ζ

Derived from its majuscule counterpart Ζ, from the Phoenician letter 𐤆, zayin.

Lower-case zeta, the seventh letter of the ancient Greek alphabet. Its name was ζῆτα. The sound it represented is disputed, some claim it was /zd/, others claim it was /dz/. It is preceded by ϝ and followed by η.


θ

Derived from its majuscule counterpart Θ.

Lower-case theta (θῆτα), the 8th letter of the ancient Greek alphabet. It represented the voiceless aspirated dental or alveolar plosive /tʰ/ and later the voiceless dental fricative /θ/. It is preceded by η and followed by ι.


Θ

The letter theta (θῆτα), the eighth letter of the ancient Greek alphabet.


Ζ

The letter zeta (ζῆτα), the sixth letter of the ancient Greek alphabet.


Ε

The letter now called epsilon (ἒ ψιλόν (è psilón)), the fifth letter of the ancient Greek alphabet.


Δ

From the Phoenician letter 𐤃 (d, “dālet”).

The letter delta (δέλτα (délta)), the fourth letter of the ancient Greek alphabet.


Ι

The upper case letter iota, a letter resp. the ninth letter of the Greek alphabet.


Κ

The letter kappa (κάππα), the tenth letter of the ancient Greek alphabet.


Λ

The letter lambda (λάβδα), the 11th letter of the ancient Greek alphabet.


Μ

The letter mu (μῦ), the 12th letter of the ancient Greek alphabet.


Ν

The letter nu (νῦ), the 13th letter of the ancient Greek alphabet.


Ξ

The letter xi (ξεῖ), the tenth letter of the ancient Greek alphabet.


ι

Derived from its majuscule counterpart Ι.

Lower-case iota (ἰῶτα), the ninth letter of the ancient Greek alphabet. It represented the close front unrounded vowel /i/. It is preceded by θ and followed by κ.


κ

Derived from its majuscule counterpart Κ.

Lower-case kappa (κάππα), the tenth letter of the ancient Greek alphabet. It represented the voiceless velar plosive /k/. It is preceded by ι and followed by λ.


λ

Derived from its majuscule counterpart Λ.

Lower-case lambda (λάβδα), the 11th letter of the ancient Greek alphabet. It represented the alveolar lateral approximant /l/. It is preceded by κ and followed by μ.


μ

Derived from its majuscule counterpart Μ.

Lower-case mu (μῦ), the 12th letter of the ancient Greek alphabet. It represented the bilabial nasal /m/. It is preceded by λ and followed by ν.


ν

Derived from its majuscule counterpart Ν.

Lower-case nu (νῦ), the 13th letter of the ancient Greek alphabet. It represented the alveolar nasal /n/. It is preceded by μ and followed by ξ.


ξ

Joined up cursive variant of its majuscule counterpart Ξ.

Lower-case xi (ξεῖ), the 14th letter of the ancient Greek alphabet. It represented the consonant cluster /ks/. It is preceded by ν and followed by ο.


ρ

Derived from its majuscule counterpart Ρ.

Lower-case rho (ῥῶ), the 17th letter of the ancient Greek alphabet. It represented the alveolar trill /r/. It is preceded by π and followed by σ.


σ

Σ (uppercase)
ϲ (alternative)
ς (alternative)

Derived from its majuscule counterpart Σ.

Lower-case sigma (σίγμα), the 18th letter of the ancient Greek alphabet. It represented the voiceless alveolar fricative /s/. It is preceded by ρ and followed by τ.


τ

Derived from its majuscule counterpart Τ.

Lower-case tau (ταῦ), the 19th letter of the ancient Greek alphabet. It represented the voiceless unaspirated alveolar or dental plosive /t/. It is preceded by σ and followed by υ.


υ

Derived from its majuscule counterpart Υ.

Lower-case upsilon (ὖ ψιλόν), the 20th letter of the ancient Greek alphabet. It represented the close back rounded vowel /u/ and later the close front rounded vowel /y/. It is preceded by τ and followed by φ.


Υ

From the Phoenician letter 𐤅 (w, “wāw”).

The letter now called upsilon (ὖ ψιλόν (û psilón)), the 20th letter of the ancient Greek alphabet.


Ρ

The letter rho (ῥῶ), the 17th letter of the ancient Greek alphabet.


Τ

The letter tau (ταῦ), the 19th letter of the ancient Greek alphabet.


Φ

Uncertain; possibly a modification of Ϙ (Q) (koppa) as some cases of Ancient Greek /pʰ/ come from earlier /kʷʰ/.

The letter phi (φεῖ), the 21st letter of the ancient Greek alphabet.


φ

Derived from its majuscule counterpart Φ.

Lower-case phi (φεῖ), the 21st letter of the ancient Greek alphabet. It represented the voiceless aspirated bilabial plosive /pʰ/ and later the voiceless labiodental fricative /f/. It is preceded by υ and followed by χ.


χ

Derived from its majuscule counterpart Χ.

Lower-case chi (χεῖ), the 22nd letter of the ancient Greek alphabet. It represented the voiceless aspirated velar plosive /kʰ/ and later the voiceless velar fricative /x/. It is preceded by φ and followed by ψ.


Χ

The letter chi (χεῖ), the 22nd letter of the ancient Greek alphabet.


Ψ

Unknown. The Phoenician alphabet has no letter that is similar in either shape or sound. The Linear B alphabet has three similar-looking letters, 𐀂 (i), 𐀚 (ne), and 𐀩 (re), but none of them represents a sound similar to either the Eastern Greek pronunciation /ps/ or the Western Greek pronunciation /kʰ/.

The letter psi (ψεῖ), the 23rd letter of the ancient Greek alphabet.


ω

Lower-case omega (ὦ μέγα), the 24th letter of the ancient Greek alphabet. It represented the long open-mid back rounded vowel /ɔː/. It is preceded by ψ.


ψ

Derived from its majuscule counterpart Ψ.

Lower-case psi (ψεῖ), the 23rd letter of the ancient Greek alphabet. It represented the consonant cluster /ps/ in the Eastern Greek alphabet and the voiceless aspirated velar plosive /kʰ/ in the Western Greek alphabet (compare Etruscan 𐌙 khe). It is preceded by χ and followed by ω.


ς

The lower case letter sigma of the Ancient Greek alphabet when used as the final letter in a word (a final sigma). In all other positions in a word the normal sigma (σ (s)) is used.


ϡ

→ Gothic: 𐍊 (900) (from the ancient T-shaped variant)

Sampi, an obsolete letter of the Greek alphabet with a numeric value of 900 when used as a mathematical character.


A diacritical mark of the Greek script, called ὀξύς (oxús, “sharp”) in Ancient Greek, and found on Ά (Á)/ά (á), Έ (É)/έ (é), Ή (Ḗ)/ή (ḗ), Ί (Í)/ί (í), Ό (Ó)/ό (ó), Ύ (Ú)/ύ (ú) and Ώ (Ṓ)/ώ (ṓ).


Ϝ

Latin: F

Runic: ᚠ

Runic: ᚹ

Latin: Ƿ

Coptic: Ⲋ

Cyrillic: Ѕ

(historical) The letter *ϝαῦ (*waû) (later called δίγαμμα (dígamma)), representing the sound /w/ which was lost by most dialects early on in the literary history of Ancient Greek. It remained in use in archaic dialects, such as Arcadocypriot Greek, and as the number 6.


Ϙ

Q in the Roman alphabet

Ҁ in the Cyrillic alphabet

Derived from the Phoenician letter 𐤒 (q, “qoph”)

(historical) The letter koppa/qoppa, used for the sound /k/ before /o/ and /u/.


Ϻ

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Ϻ • (transliteration needed) (upper case, lower case ϻ)

This letter is derived from the Phoenician letter 𐤑 (ṣ, “tsade”)

(historical) The letter san, which was used for the sound /s/ but eventually abandoned in favor of Σ.


ϙ

Q in the Roman alphabet

ҁ in the Cyrillic alphabet


diacritical mark
diacritical mark#English

A diacritical mark of the Greek script, called κορωνίς (korōnís, “curved”) in Ancient Greek, identical in shape to the smooth breathing (᾿), used to indicate crasis.


A diacritical mark of the Greek script, called ψιλή (psilḗ, “smooth”) in Ancient Greek, and found on Ἀ (Ἀ)/ἀ (ἀ), Ἐ (Ἐ)/ἐ (ἐ), Ἠ (Ἠ)/ἠ (ἠ), Ἰ (Ἰ)/ἰ (ἰ), Ὀ (Ὀ)/ὀ (ὀ), Υ̓/ὐ (ὐ) and Ὠ (Ὠ)/ὠ (ὠ). It is also known by its Latin name spīritus lēnis or the English name smooth breathing. It is used to indicate a word-initial vowel.


ʽ

From a small version of the letter heta (Ͱ).

A diacritical mark of the Greek script, called δασεῖα (daseîa, “rough”) in Ancient Greek, and found on Ἁ (Ἁ)/Ἑ (Ἑ), Ἡ (Ἡ)/Ἱ (Ἱ), Ὁ (Ὁ)/Ῥ (Ῥ) and Ὑ (Ὑ)/Ὡ (Ὡ). It is also known by its Latin name spīritus asper or the English name rough breathing. It was originally used to indicate the presence of the sound /h/ before a vowel or /r/ but continued to be used even after /h/ had disappeared from the language.


From a small version of the letter heta (Ͱ) written over the letter as a diacritical mark.

A diacritical mark of the Greek script, called δασεῖα (daseîa, “rough”) in Ancient Greek, and found on ἁ (ἁ)/ἑ (ἑ), ἡ (ἡ)/ἱ (ἱ), ὁ (ὁ)/ῥ (ῥ) and ὑ (ὑ)/ὡ (ὡ). It is also known by its Latin name spīritus asper or the English name rough breathing. It was originally used to indicate the presence of the sound /h/ before a vowel or /r/ but continued to be used even after /h/ had disappeared from the language.


ϻ

This letter is derived from the Phoenician letter 𐤑 (ṣ, “tsade”).

(historical) The letter san, denoting /s/ in some epichoric Greek alphabets before being supplanted by sigma (Σ).


Ͷ

A glyph development from the Phoenician letter 𐤅 (w, “waw”) in several epichoric alphabets, wherein Ͷ denoted the archaic phoneme /w/, which was elsewhere denoted by Ϝ (W, “digamma”). In the Pamphylian Greek dialect, /w/ gained the allophone [v]; consequently, Ϝ (W) was adopted to mark the distinction (albeit inconsistently), with Ͷ denoting the original [w] and Ϝ (W) denoting the novel phone [v].

voiced labio-velar approximant
w:Labio-velar approximant

(Pamphylian) digamma, denoting a voiced labio-velar approximant, and sorted between epsilon and zeta


Ͷ

An alteration of Ϻ (“san”); it occurred in the Arcadocypriot Greek dialect of Mantinea in Arcadia, wherein it is believed that it denoted a reflex of the Proto-Greek phoneme */kʷ/, intermediate between it and the later Arcadocypriot /sː/.

voiceless alveolar affricate
w:voiceless alveolar affricate

(Arcadocypriot) tsan, denoting an voiceless alveolar affricate; its sorting order is not known


Ͷ

Applied due to the resemblance of the Melian glyph to the Unicode reference glyph shared by the Pamphylian digamma and Arcadocypriot tsan.

(nonstandard) an allograph of Β occurring in inscriptions from the isle of Melos


ͷ

non-gloss

For etymological information, see <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">Ͷ</i>.


ͷ

alveolar ejective affricate
w:alveolar ejective affricate

(Arcadocypriot) tsan, denoting an alveolar ejective affricate; its sorting order is not known. Further note that this character was only used in Arcadia and not in Cyprus, where /s/ was used instead.


ͷ

(nonstandard) an allograph of β occurring in inscriptions from the isle of Melos


combining character equivalent of ᾽ (U+1FBD GREEK KORONIS)

combining character equivalent of ᾿ (U+1FBF GREEK PSILI)


A diacritical mark of the Greek script, called περισπωμένη (perispōménē, “twisted around”) in Ancient Greek, and found on ᾶ (â), ῆ (ê), ῖ (î), ῦ (û), and ῶ (ô). It is also known as circumflex and is printed either like an inverted breve or like a tilde. It was used to indicate the presence of a falling pitch accent on a long vowel or diphthong in the penultimate or final syllable of a word.


Ͱ

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Ͱ • (transliteration needed) (upper case, lower case ͱ)

A variant of the letter Η (Ē) (eta), of which it retains the original sound value of /h/.

The uppercase letter heta (ἧτα), used to represent the /h/ sound.


ͱ

A variant lowercase letter for heta (ἧτα).


Ͳ

Ͳ • (transliteration needed) (lower case ͳ, modern form Ϡ)

Ancient shape of Sampi, an obsolete letter of the Greek alphabet.


ͳ

→ Gothic: 𐍊 (900)


(papyrology) Used to mark an ambiguous string of letters as being a single word, as due to the general lack of word-spacing they might otherwise be read separately.


(papyrology) An amended acute accent, with correction points indicating that it was manually changed (either added or marked as spurious) by a copy-editor.


(papyrology) An amended grave accent, with correction points indicating that it was manually changed (either added or marked as spurious) by a copy-editor.


The paragraphos, an underlining of the first letter or two of a line of text, typically extending into the left margin, that indicates a change of speaker in that line.


A forked paragraphos, a termination mark that extends into the left margin and marks the end of a section of text. The forked paragraphos demarcates a different level of text break than the regular paragraphos ⟨⸏◌⟩.