See πύργος in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "purgophúlax",
"word": "πῠργοφῠ́λᾰξ"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "Purgoússa",
"word": "Πυργούσσα"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "el",
"2": "πύργος"
},
"expansion": "Greek: πύργος (pýrgos)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Greek: πύργος (pýrgos)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "burg",
"bor": "1",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": "→? Albanian: burg",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→? Albanian: burg"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "LL.",
"2": "burgus",
"bor": "1",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": "→? Late Latin: burgus",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "→? Late Latin: burgus (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "burgaz",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Turkish: burgaz",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Turkish: burgaz"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "xur",
"3": "𒁓𒂵𒈾",
"t": "pillar, column; altar, base, or built-up foundation",
"tr": "bur-ga-na",
"ts": "burgana"
},
"expansion": "Urartian 𒁓𒂵𒈾 (bur-ga-na /burgana/, “pillar, column; altar, base, or built-up foundation”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xhu",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Hurrian",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "բուրգն",
"3": "",
"4": "pyramid"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian բուրգն (burgn, “pyramid”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*bʰerǵʰ-",
"4": "",
"5": "high"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bʰerǵʰ- (“high”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "बृहत्",
"3": "",
"4": "lofty, high, tall",
"tr": "bṛhát"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit बृहत् (bṛhát, “lofty, high, tall”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "բարձր",
"3": "",
"4": "high"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian բարձր (barjr, “high”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "burg"
},
"expansion": "Old English burg",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "borough"
},
"expansion": "English borough",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*burgz",
"3": "",
"4": "fortified town, hill-fort"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *burgz (“fortified town, hill-fort”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "xmk",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Macedonian",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "qsb-grc",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Pre-Greek",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "The word is first attested in Homer, Iliad 7.219. Believed to be a borrowed word, perhaps from Urartian 𒁓𒂵𒈾 (bur-ga-na /burgana/, “pillar, column; altar, base, or built-up foundation”), however this may itself be a loan with no known Hurrian cognate; compare also Old Armenian բուրգն (burgn, “pyramid”). Others connect the word to Proto-Indo-European *bʰerǵʰ- (“high”), with cognates including Sanskrit बृहत् (bṛhát, “lofty, high, tall”), Old Armenian բարձր (barjr, “high”) and Old English burg (English borough). Kretschmer suggested a borrowing from Proto-Germanic *burgz (“fortified town, hill-fort”) mediated through some Northern Balkans language (Ancient Macedonian?). For Beekes, the abundance of Pre-Greek placenames, like e. g. Πέργαμον (Pérgamon), seems to indicate a Pre-Greek origin.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "πῠ́ργος",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "púrgos",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "πῠ́ργου",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "Attic declension-2",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "grc-decl",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "Second declension",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "ὁ πῠ́ργος",
"roman": "ho púrgos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "τὼ πῠ́ργω",
"roman": "tṑ púrgō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "οἱ πῠ́ργοι",
"roman": "hoi púrgoi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "τοῦ πῠ́ργου",
"roman": "toû púrgou",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "τοῖν πῠ́ργοιν",
"roman": "toîn púrgoin",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "τῶν πῠ́ργων",
"roman": "tôn púrgōn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "τῷ πῠ́ργῳ",
"roman": "tôi púrgōi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "τοῖν πῠ́ργοιν",
"roman": "toîn púrgoin",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "τοῖς πῠ́ργοις",
"roman": "toîs púrgois",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "τὸν πῠ́ργον",
"roman": "tòn púrgon",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "τὼ πῠ́ργω",
"roman": "tṑ púrgō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "τοὺς πῠ́ργους",
"roman": "toùs púrgous",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "πῠ́ργε",
"roman": "púrge",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "πῠ́ργω",
"roman": "púrgō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "πῠ́ργοι",
"roman": "púrgoi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "πῠ́ργου",
"2": "m",
"3": "second",
"head": "πῠ́ργος"
},
"expansion": "πῠ́ργος • (púrgos) m (genitive πῠ́ργου); second declension",
"name": "grc-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "πῠ́ργος",
"2": "ου"
},
"name": "grc-decl"
}
],
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "11 26 25 26 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek masculine nouns in the second declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 26 30 22 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek second-declension nouns without gender specified",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"tower, watchtower"
],
"id": "en-πύργος-grc-noun-iJnVsoXA",
"links": [
[
"tower",
"tower"
],
[
"watchtower",
"watchtower"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "11 26 25 26 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek masculine nouns in the second declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 26 30 22 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek second-declension nouns without gender specified",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"towered wall"
],
"id": "en-πύργος-grc-noun-EOM9S0fH",
"raw_glosses": [
"(in the plural) towered wall"
],
"tags": [
"in-plural"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "5 12 66 11 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 26 25 26 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek masculine nouns in the second declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 26 30 22 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek second-declension nouns without gender specified",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 7 56 7 3 3 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 4 66 5 2 2 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"the part of the house where women live"
],
"id": "en-πύργος-grc-noun-804~3PXR"
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "11 26 25 26 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek masculine nouns in the second declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 26 30 22 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek second-declension nouns without gender specified",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"castle, fortress, bulwark"
],
"id": "en-πύργος-grc-noun-z36qKBOf",
"links": [
[
"castle",
"castle"
],
[
"fortress",
"fortress"
],
[
"bulwark",
"bulwark"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "grc",
"name": "Military",
"orig": "grc:Military",
"parents": [
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "11 26 25 26 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek masculine nouns in the second declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 26 30 22 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek second-declension nouns without gender specified",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"division, column"
],
"id": "en-πύργος-grc-noun-8QFsBvU3",
"links": [
[
"military",
"military"
],
[
"division",
"division"
],
[
"column",
"column"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(military) division, column"
],
"topics": [
"government",
"military",
"politics",
"war"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/pýr.ɡos/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpyr.ɣos/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpir.ɣos/"
},
{
"ipa": "/pýr.ɡos/",
"note": "5ᵗʰ BCE Attic"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpyr.ɡos/",
"note": "1ˢᵗ CE Egyptian"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpyr.ɣos/",
"note": "4ᵗʰ CE Koine"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpyr.ɣos/",
"note": "10ᵗʰ CE Byzantine"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpir.ɣos/",
"note": "15ᵗʰ CE Constantinopolitan"
}
],
"word": "πύργος"
}
{
"categories": [
"Ancient Greek 2-syllable words",
"Ancient Greek entries with incorrect language header",
"Ancient Greek lemmas",
"Ancient Greek masculine nouns",
"Ancient Greek masculine nouns in the second declension",
"Ancient Greek nouns",
"Ancient Greek paroxytone terms",
"Ancient Greek second-declension nouns",
"Ancient Greek second-declension nouns without gender specified",
"Ancient Greek terms derived from Ancient Macedonian",
"Ancient Greek terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Ancient Greek terms derived from Urartian",
"Ancient Greek terms derived from a Pre-Greek substrate",
"Ancient Greek terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"el:Buildings",
"el:Chess"
],
"derived": [
{
"roman": "purgophúlax",
"word": "πῠργοφῠ́λᾰξ"
},
{
"roman": "Purgoússa",
"word": "Πυργούσσα"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "el",
"2": "πύργος"
},
"expansion": "Greek: πύργος (pýrgos)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Greek: πύργος (pýrgos)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "burg",
"bor": "1",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": "→? Albanian: burg",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→? Albanian: burg"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "LL.",
"2": "burgus",
"bor": "1",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": "→? Late Latin: burgus",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "→? Late Latin: burgus (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "burgaz",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Turkish: burgaz",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Turkish: burgaz"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "xur",
"3": "𒁓𒂵𒈾",
"t": "pillar, column; altar, base, or built-up foundation",
"tr": "bur-ga-na",
"ts": "burgana"
},
"expansion": "Urartian 𒁓𒂵𒈾 (bur-ga-na /burgana/, “pillar, column; altar, base, or built-up foundation”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xhu",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Hurrian",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "բուրգն",
"3": "",
"4": "pyramid"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian բուրգն (burgn, “pyramid”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*bʰerǵʰ-",
"4": "",
"5": "high"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bʰerǵʰ- (“high”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "बृहत्",
"3": "",
"4": "lofty, high, tall",
"tr": "bṛhát"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit बृहत् (bṛhát, “lofty, high, tall”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "բարձր",
"3": "",
"4": "high"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian բարձր (barjr, “high”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "burg"
},
"expansion": "Old English burg",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "borough"
},
"expansion": "English borough",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*burgz",
"3": "",
"4": "fortified town, hill-fort"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *burgz (“fortified town, hill-fort”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "xmk",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Macedonian",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "qsb-grc",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Pre-Greek",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "The word is first attested in Homer, Iliad 7.219. Believed to be a borrowed word, perhaps from Urartian 𒁓𒂵𒈾 (bur-ga-na /burgana/, “pillar, column; altar, base, or built-up foundation”), however this may itself be a loan with no known Hurrian cognate; compare also Old Armenian բուրգն (burgn, “pyramid”). Others connect the word to Proto-Indo-European *bʰerǵʰ- (“high”), with cognates including Sanskrit बृहत् (bṛhát, “lofty, high, tall”), Old Armenian բարձր (barjr, “high”) and Old English burg (English borough). Kretschmer suggested a borrowing from Proto-Germanic *burgz (“fortified town, hill-fort”) mediated through some Northern Balkans language (Ancient Macedonian?). For Beekes, the abundance of Pre-Greek placenames, like e. g. Πέργαμον (Pérgamon), seems to indicate a Pre-Greek origin.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "πῠ́ργος",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "púrgos",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "πῠ́ργου",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "Attic declension-2",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "grc-decl",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "Second declension",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "ὁ πῠ́ργος",
"roman": "ho púrgos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "τὼ πῠ́ργω",
"roman": "tṑ púrgō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "οἱ πῠ́ργοι",
"roman": "hoi púrgoi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "τοῦ πῠ́ργου",
"roman": "toû púrgou",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "τοῖν πῠ́ργοιν",
"roman": "toîn púrgoin",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "τῶν πῠ́ργων",
"roman": "tôn púrgōn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "τῷ πῠ́ργῳ",
"roman": "tôi púrgōi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "τοῖν πῠ́ργοιν",
"roman": "toîn púrgoin",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "τοῖς πῠ́ργοις",
"roman": "toîs púrgois",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "τὸν πῠ́ργον",
"roman": "tòn púrgon",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "τὼ πῠ́ργω",
"roman": "tṑ púrgō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "τοὺς πῠ́ργους",
"roman": "toùs púrgous",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "πῠ́ργε",
"roman": "púrge",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "πῠ́ργω",
"roman": "púrgō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "πῠ́ργοι",
"roman": "púrgoi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "πῠ́ργου",
"2": "m",
"3": "second",
"head": "πῠ́ργος"
},
"expansion": "πῠ́ργος • (púrgos) m (genitive πῠ́ργου); second declension",
"name": "grc-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "πῠ́ργος",
"2": "ου"
},
"name": "grc-decl"
}
],
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"tower, watchtower"
],
"links": [
[
"tower",
"tower"
],
[
"watchtower",
"watchtower"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"towered wall"
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(in the plural) towered wall"
],
"tags": [
"in-plural"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"the part of the house where women live"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"castle, fortress, bulwark"
],
"links": [
[
"castle",
"castle"
],
[
"fortress",
"fortress"
],
[
"bulwark",
"bulwark"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"grc:Military"
],
"glosses": [
"division, column"
],
"links": [
[
"military",
"military"
],
[
"division",
"division"
],
[
"column",
"column"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(military) division, column"
],
"topics": [
"government",
"military",
"politics",
"war"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/pýr.ɡos/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpyr.ɣos/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpir.ɣos/"
},
{
"ipa": "/pýr.ɡos/",
"note": "5ᵗʰ BCE Attic"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpyr.ɡos/",
"note": "1ˢᵗ CE Egyptian"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpyr.ɣos/",
"note": "4ᵗʰ CE Koine"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpyr.ɣos/",
"note": "10ᵗʰ CE Byzantine"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpir.ɣos/",
"note": "15ᵗʰ CE Constantinopolitan"
}
],
"word": "πύργος"
}
Download raw JSONL data for πύργος meaning in Ancient Greek (7.5kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Ancient Greek dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-10-02 using wiktextract (fbeafe8 and 7f03c9b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.