μύκης

grc-noun

μῠ́κης • (múkēs) m (genitive μῠ́κητος); third declension

μῠ́κης (canonical)
múkēs (romanization)
μῠ́κητος (genitive)
ὁ μῠ́κης (nominative singular)
τὼ μῠ́κητε (dual nominative)
οἱ μῠ́κητες (nominative plural)
τοῦ μῠ́κητος (genitive singular)
τοῖν μῠκήτοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν μῠκήτων (genitive plural)
τῷ μῠ́κητῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν μῠκήτοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς μῠ́κησῐ (dative plural)
μῠ́κησῐν (dative plural)
toîs múkēsi (dative plural)
toîs múkēsin (dative plural)
τὸν μῠ́κητᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ μῠ́κητε (accusative dual)
τοὺς μῠ́κητᾰς (accusative plural)
μῠ́κης (singular vocative)
μῠ́κητε (dual vocative)
μῠ́κητες (plural vocative)

Greek: μύκητας (mýkitas)

→ Italian: micete

→ Classical Syriac: ܡܘܩܝܛܐ, ܡܝܘܩܝܛܐܣ

Translingual: Mycetozoa (taxonomic infraphylum)

Traditionally taken to be a formation in -ητ- from Proto-Indo-European *mew-k- (“slip, slime”), the same root of Latin mūcus (“snivel”); for the development of meaning, compare Proto-Slavic *glìva (“fungus”) beside Lithuanian gléivės (“slime”), from *gleh₁y- (“to be smeary”).

der

any mushroom-shaped object, hence:
(botany) excrescence on trees

any mushroom-shaped object, hence:
excrescence on trees


ὀφθαλμός

grc-noun

ὀφθᾰλμός • (ophthalmós) m (genitive ὀφθᾰλμοῦ); second declension

ὀφθᾰλμός (canonical)
ophthalmós (romanization)
ὀφθᾰλμοῦ (genitive)
ὁ ὀφθᾰλμός (nominative singular)
τὼ ὀφθᾰλμώ (dual nominative)
οἱ ὀφθᾰλμοί (nominative plural)
τοῦ ὀφθᾰλμοῦ (genitive singular)
τοῖν ὀφθᾰλμοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν ὀφθᾰλμῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ ὀφθᾰλμῷ (dative singular)
τοῖν ὀφθᾰλμοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς ὀφθᾰλμοῖς (dative plural)
τὸν ὀφθᾰλμόν (accusative singular)
τὼ ὀφθᾰλμώ (accusative dual)
τοὺς ὀφθᾰλμούς (accusative plural)
ὀφθᾰλμέ (singular vocative)
ὀφθᾰλμώ (dual vocative)
ὀφθᾰλμοί (plural vocative)
ὀφθᾰλμός (nominative singular)
ὀφθᾰλμώ (dual nominative)
ὀφθᾰλμοί (nominative plural)
ὀφθᾰλμοῦ (genitive singular)
ὀφθᾰλμοῖο (genitive singular)
ὀφθᾰλμόο (genitive singular)
ὀφθᾰλμοῖῐν (dual genitive)
ὀφθᾰλμῶν (genitive plural)
ὀφθᾰλμῷ (dative singular)
ὀφθᾰλμοῖῐν (dative dual)
ὀφθᾰλμοῖσῐ (dative plural)
ὀφθᾰλμοῖσῐν (dative plural)
ὀφθᾰλμοῖς (dative plural)
ophthalmoîsi (dative plural)
ophthalmoîsin (dative plural)
ophthalmoîs (dative plural)
ὀφθᾰλμόν (accusative singular)
ὀφθᾰλμώ (accusative dual)
ὀφθᾰλμούς (accusative plural)
ὀφθᾰλμέ (singular vocative)
ὀφθᾰλμώ (dual vocative)
ὀφθᾰλμοί (plural vocative)

Greek: οφθαλμός (ofthalmós)

→ English: ophthalmo-

→ French: ophtalmo-

→ German: ophthalmo-

Traditionally derived from ὄψ (óps, “eye”) + θάλαμος (thálamos, “chamber”), but note the usual ancient Greek word for eye is the similar ὤψ (ṓps), with a long /o/. Based on irregular κτ : πτ : φθ variation seen in variants like ὄκταλλος (óktallos) and ὀπτίλλος (optíllos), as well as the suffix -αλλ- (-all-) seen in ὄκταλλος (óktallos) being difficult to explain in Indo-European terms, Beekes takes the word to be of Pre-Greek origin, with proto-form *okʷt-alʸ-m-. The hypothetical Pre-Greek form's similarity to the Proto-Indo-European equivalent *h₃ókʷs (“eye”) is coincidental, according to Beekes; he additionally notes the contrast with the Homeric gloss ὄκκον (ókkon) given to ὀφθαλμόν (ophthalmón), which may be from the Indo-European root.

compound

(botany) eye, bud (such as the eye of a potato)

eye
eye, bud (such as the eye of a potato)


καθαίρω

grc-verb

καθαίρω • (kathaírō)

kathaírō (romanization)
κᾰθαίρω (active first-person indicative singular)
κᾰθαίρεις (active indicative second-person singular)
κᾰθαίρει (active indicative singular third-person)
κᾰθαίρετον (active dual indicative second-person)
κᾰθαίρετον (active dual indicative third-person)
κᾰθαίρομεν (active first-person indicative plural)
κᾰθαίρετε (active indicative plural second-person)
κᾰθαίρουσῐ (active indicative plural third-person)
κᾰθαίρουσῐν (active indicative plural third-person)
κᾰθαίρω (active first-person singular subjunctive)
κᾰθαίρῃς (active second-person singular subjunctive)
κᾰθαίρῃ (active singular subjunctive third-person)
κᾰθαίρητον (active dual second-person subjunctive)
κᾰθαίρητον (active dual subjunctive third-person)
κᾰθαίρωμεν (active first-person plural subjunctive)
κᾰθαίρητε (active plural second-person subjunctive)
κᾰθαίρωσῐ (active plural subjunctive third-person)
κᾰθαίρωσῐν (active plural subjunctive third-person)
κᾰθαίροιμῐ (active first-person optative singular)
κᾰθαίροις (active optative second-person singular)
κᾰθαίροι (active optative singular third-person)
κᾰθαίροιτον (active dual optative second-person)
κᾰθαιροίτην (active dual optative third-person)
κᾰθαίροιμεν (active first-person optative plural)
κᾰθαίροιτε (active optative plural second-person)
κᾰθαίροιεν (active optative plural third-person)
κᾰ́θαιρε (active imperative second-person singular)
κᾰθαιρέτω (active imperative singular third-person)
κᾰθαίρετον (active dual imperative second-person)
κᾰθαιρέτων (active dual imperative third-person)
κᾰθαίρετε (active imperative plural second-person)
κᾰθαιρόντων (active imperative plural third-person)
κᾰθαίρομαι (first-person indicative middle passive singular)
κᾰθαίρῃ (indicative middle passive second-person singular)
κᾰθαίρει (indicative middle passive second-person singular)
κᾰθαίρεται (indicative middle passive singular third-person)
κᾰθαίρεσθον (dual indicative middle passive second-person)
κᾰθαίρεσθον (dual indicative middle passive third-person)
κᾰθαιρόμεθᾰ (first-person indicative middle passive plural)
κᾰθαίρεσθε (indicative middle passive plural second-person)
κᾰθαίρονται (indicative middle passive plural third-person)
κᾰθαίρωμαι (first-person middle passive singular subjunctive)
κᾰθαίρῃ (middle passive second-person singular subjunctive)
κᾰθαίρηται (middle passive singular subjunctive third-person)
κᾰθαίρησθον (dual middle passive second-person subjunctive)
κᾰθαίρησθον (dual middle passive subjunctive third-person)
κᾰθαιρώμεθᾰ (first-person middle passive plural subjunctive)
κᾰθαίρησθε (middle passive plural second-person subjunctive)
κᾰθαίρωνται (middle passive plural subjunctive third-person)
κᾰθαιροίμην (first-person middle optative passive singular)
κᾰθαίροιο (middle optative passive second-person singular)
κᾰθαίροιτο (middle optative passive singular third-person)
κᾰθαίροισθον (dual middle optative passive second-person)
κᾰθαιροίσθην (dual middle optative passive third-person)
κᾰθαιροίμεθᾰ (first-person middle optative passive plural)
κᾰθαίροισθε (middle optative passive plural second-person)
κᾰθαίροιντο (middle optative passive plural third-person)
κᾰθαίρου (imperative middle passive second-person singular)
κᾰθαιρέσθω (imperative middle passive singular third-person)
κᾰθαίρεσθον (dual imperative middle passive second-person)
κᾰθαιρέσθων (dual imperative middle passive third-person)
κᾰθαίρεσθε (imperative middle passive plural second-person)
κᾰθαιρέσθων (imperative middle passive plural third-person)
κᾰθαίρειν (active infinitive)
κᾰθαίρεσθαι (infinitive middle passive plural)
κᾰθαίρων (active masculine participle)
κᾰθαιρόμενος (masculine middle participle passive plural)
κᾰθαίρουσᾰ (active feminine participle)
κᾰθαιρομένη (feminine middle participle passive plural)
κᾰθαῖρον (active neuter participle)
κᾰθαιρόμενον (middle neuter participle passive plural)
ἐκᾰ́θαιρον (active first-person indicative singular)
ἐκᾰ́θαιρες (active indicative second-person singular)
ἐκᾰ́θαιρε (active indicative singular third-person)
ἐκᾰ́θαιρεν (active indicative singular third-person)
ἐκᾰθαίρετον (active dual indicative second-person)
ἐκᾰθαιρέτην (active dual indicative third-person)
ἐκᾰθαίρομεν (active first-person indicative plural)
ἐκᾰθαίρετε (active indicative plural second-person)
ἐκᾰ́θαιρον (active indicative plural third-person)
ἐκᾰθαιρόμην (first-person indicative middle passive singular)
ἐκᾰθαίρου (indicative middle passive second-person singular)
ἐκᾰθαίρετο (indicative middle passive singular third-person)
ἐκᾰθαίρεσθον (dual indicative middle passive second-person)
ἐκᾰθαιρέσθην (dual indicative middle passive third-person)
ἐκᾰθαιρόμεθᾰ (first-person indicative middle passive plural)
ἐκᾰθαίρεσθε (indicative middle passive plural second-person)
ἐκᾰθαίροντο (indicative middle passive plural third-person)
κᾰθᾰρέω (active first-person indicative singular)
κᾰθᾰρέεις (active indicative second-person singular)
κᾰθᾰρέει (active indicative singular third-person)
κᾰθᾰρέετον (active dual indicative second-person)
κᾰθᾰρέετον (active dual indicative third-person)
κᾰθᾰρέομεν (active first-person indicative plural)
κᾰθᾰρέετε (active indicative plural second-person)
κᾰθᾰρέουσῐ (active indicative plural third-person)
κᾰθᾰρέουσῐν (active indicative plural third-person)
κᾰθᾰρέοιμῐ (active first-person optative singular)
κᾰθᾰρέοις (active optative second-person singular)
κᾰθᾰρέοι (active optative singular third-person)
κᾰθᾰρέοιτον (active dual optative second-person)
κᾰθᾰρεοίτην (active dual optative third-person)
κᾰθᾰρέοιμεν (active first-person optative plural)
κᾰθᾰρέοιτε (active optative plural second-person)
κᾰθᾰρέοιεν (active optative plural third-person)
κᾰθᾰρέομαι (first-person indicative middle singular)
κᾰθᾰρέῃ (indicative middle second-person singular)
κᾰθᾰρέει (indicative middle second-person singular)
κᾰθᾰρέεται (indicative middle singular third-person)
κᾰθᾰρέεσθον (dual indicative middle second-person)
κᾰθᾰρέεσθον (dual indicative middle third-person)
κᾰθᾰρεόμεθᾰ (first-person indicative middle plural)
κᾰθᾰρέεσθε (indicative middle plural second-person)
κᾰθᾰρέονται (indicative middle plural third-person)
κᾰθᾰρεοίμην (first-person middle optative singular)
κᾰθᾰρέοιο (middle optative second-person singular)
κᾰθᾰρέοιτο (middle optative singular third-person)
κᾰθᾰρέοισθον (dual middle optative second-person)
κᾰθᾰρεοίσθην (dual middle optative third-person)
κᾰθᾰρεοίμεθᾰ (first-person middle optative plural)
κᾰθᾰρέοισθε (middle optative plural second-person)
κᾰθᾰρέοιντο (middle optative plural third-person)
καθαρθήσομαι (first-person indicative passive singular)
καθαρθήσῃ (indicative passive second-person singular)
καθαρθήσεται (indicative passive singular third-person)
καθαρθήσεσθον (dual indicative passive second-person)
καθαρθήσεσθον (dual indicative passive third-person)
καθαρθησόμεθᾰ (first-person indicative passive plural)
καθαρθήσεσθε (indicative passive plural second-person)
καθαρθήσονται (indicative passive plural third-person)
καθαρθησοίμην (first-person optative passive singular)
καθαρθήσοιο (optative passive second-person singular)
καθαρθήσοιτο (optative passive singular third-person)
καθαρθήσοισθον (dual optative passive second-person)
καθαρθησοίσθην (dual optative passive third-person)
καθαρθησοίμεθᾰ (first-person optative passive plural)
καθαρθήσοισθε (optative passive plural second-person)
καθαρθήσοιντο (optative passive plural third-person)
κᾰθᾰρέειν (active infinitive)
κᾰθᾰρέεσθαι (infinitive middle second-person third-person)
καθαρθήσεσθαι (infinitive passive)
κᾰθᾰρέων (active masculine participle)
κᾰθᾰρεόμενος (masculine middle participle second-person third-person)
καθαρθησόμενος (masculine participle passive)
κᾰθᾰρέουσᾰ (active feminine participle)
κᾰθᾰρεομένη (feminine middle participle second-person third-person)
καθαρθησομένη (feminine participle passive)
κᾰθᾰρέον (active neuter participle)
κᾰθᾰρεόμενον (middle neuter participle second-person third-person)
καθαρθησόμενον (neuter participle passive)
κᾰθᾰρῶ (active first-person indicative singular)
κᾰθᾰρεῖς (active indicative second-person singular)
κᾰθᾰρεῖ (active indicative singular third-person)
κᾰθᾰρεῖτον (active dual indicative second-person)
κᾰθᾰρεῖτον (active dual indicative third-person)
κᾰθᾰροῦμεν (active first-person indicative plural)
κᾰθᾰρεῖτε (active indicative plural second-person)
κᾰθᾰροῦσῐ (active indicative plural third-person)
κᾰθᾰροῦσῐν (active indicative plural third-person)
κᾰθᾰροίην (active first-person optative singular)
κᾰθᾰροῖμῐ (active first-person optative singular)
κᾰθᾰροίης (active optative second-person singular)
κᾰθᾰροῖς (active optative second-person singular)
κᾰθᾰροίη (active optative singular third-person)
κᾰθᾰροῖ (active optative singular third-person)
κᾰθᾰροῖτον (active dual optative second-person)
κᾰθᾰροίητον (active dual optative second-person)
κᾰθᾰροίτην (active dual optative third-person)
κᾰθᾰροιήτην (active dual optative third-person)
κᾰθᾰροῖμεν (active first-person optative plural)
κᾰθᾰροίημεν (active first-person optative plural)
κᾰθᾰροῖτε (active optative plural second-person)
κᾰθᾰροίητε (active optative plural second-person)
κᾰθᾰροῖεν (active optative plural third-person)
κᾰθᾰροίησᾰν (active optative plural third-person)
κᾰθᾰροῦμαι (first-person indicative middle singular)
κᾰθᾰρῇ (indicative middle second-person singular)
κᾰθᾰρεῖται (indicative middle singular third-person)
κᾰθᾰρεῖσθον (dual indicative middle second-person)
κᾰθᾰρεῖσθον (dual indicative middle third-person)
κᾰθᾰρούμεθᾰ (first-person indicative middle plural)
κᾰθᾰρεῖσθε (indicative middle plural second-person)
κᾰθᾰροῦνται (indicative middle plural third-person)
κᾰθᾰροίμην (first-person middle optative singular)
κᾰθᾰροῖο (middle optative second-person singular)
κᾰθᾰροῖτο (middle optative singular third-person)
κᾰθᾰροῖσθον (dual middle optative second-person)
κᾰθᾰροίσθην (dual middle optative third-person)
κᾰθᾰροίμεθᾰ (first-person middle optative plural)
κᾰθᾰροῖσθε (middle optative plural second-person)
κᾰθᾰροῖντο (middle optative plural third-person)
καθαρθήσομαι (first-person indicative passive singular)
καθαρθήσῃ (indicative passive second-person singular)
καθαρθήσεται (indicative passive singular third-person)
καθαρθήσεσθον (dual indicative passive second-person)
καθαρθήσεσθον (dual indicative passive third-person)
καθαρθησόμεθᾰ (first-person indicative passive plural)
καθαρθήσεσθε (indicative passive plural second-person)
καθαρθήσονται (indicative passive plural third-person)
καθαρθησοίμην (first-person optative passive singular)
καθαρθήσοιο (optative passive second-person singular)
καθαρθήσοιτο (optative passive singular third-person)
καθαρθήσοισθον (dual optative passive second-person)
καθαρθησοίσθην (dual optative passive third-person)
καθαρθησοίμεθᾰ (first-person optative passive plural)
καθαρθήσοισθε (optative passive plural second-person)
καθαρθήσοιντο (optative passive plural third-person)
κᾰθᾰρεῖν (active infinitive)
κᾰθᾰρεῖσθαι (infinitive middle second-person third-person)
καθαρθήσεσθαι (infinitive passive)
κᾰθᾰρῶν (active masculine participle)
κᾰθᾰρούμενος (masculine middle participle second-person third-person)
καθαρθησόμενος (masculine participle passive)
κᾰθᾰροῦσᾰ (active feminine participle)
κᾰθᾰρουμένη (feminine middle participle second-person third-person)
καθαρθησομένη (feminine participle passive)
κᾰθᾰροῦν (active neuter participle)
κᾰθᾰρούμενον (middle neuter participle second-person third-person)
καθαρθησόμενον (neuter participle passive)
ἐκάθηρᾰ (active first-person indicative singular)
ἐκάθηρᾰς (active indicative second-person singular)
ἐκάθηρε (active indicative singular third-person)
ἐκάθηρεν (active indicative singular third-person)
ἐκαθήρᾰτον (active dual indicative second-person)
ἐκαθηρᾰ́την (active dual indicative third-person)
ἐκαθήρᾰμεν (active first-person indicative plural)
ἐκαθήρᾰτε (active indicative plural second-person)
ἐκάθηρᾰν (active indicative plural third-person)
καθήρω (active first-person singular subjunctive)
καθήρῃς (active second-person singular subjunctive)
καθήρῃ (active singular subjunctive third-person)
καθήρητον (active dual second-person subjunctive)
καθήρητον (active dual subjunctive third-person)
καθήρωμεν (active first-person plural subjunctive)
καθήρητε (active plural second-person subjunctive)
καθήρωσῐ (active plural subjunctive third-person)
καθήρωσῐν (active plural subjunctive third-person)
καθήραιμῐ (active first-person optative singular)
καθήρειᾰς (active optative second-person singular)
καθήραις (active optative second-person singular)
καθήρειε (active optative singular third-person)
καθήρειεν (active optative singular third-person)
καθήραι (active optative singular third-person)
καθήραιτον (active dual optative second-person)
καθηραίτην (active dual optative third-person)
καθήραιμεν (active first-person optative plural)
καθήραιτε (active optative plural second-person)
καθήρειᾰν (active optative plural third-person)
καθήραιεν (active optative plural third-person)
κάθηρον (active imperative second-person singular)
καθηρᾰ́τω (active imperative singular third-person)
καθήρᾰτον (active dual imperative second-person)
καθηρᾰ́των (active dual imperative third-person)
καθήρᾰτε (active imperative plural second-person)
καθηρᾰ́ντων (active imperative plural third-person)
ἐκαθηρᾰ́μην (first-person indicative middle singular)
ἐκαθήρω (indicative middle second-person singular)
ἐκαθήρᾰτο (indicative middle singular third-person)
ἐκαθήρᾰσθον (dual indicative middle second-person)
ἐκαθηρᾰ́σθην (dual indicative middle third-person)
ἐκαθηρᾰ́μεθᾰ (first-person indicative middle plural)
ἐκαθήρᾰσθε (indicative middle plural second-person)
ἐκαθήρᾰντο (indicative middle plural third-person)
καθήρωμαι (first-person middle singular subjunctive)
καθήρῃ (middle second-person singular subjunctive)
καθήρηται (middle singular subjunctive third-person)
καθήρησθον (dual middle second-person subjunctive)
καθήρησθον (dual middle subjunctive third-person)
καθηρώμεθᾰ (first-person middle plural subjunctive)
καθήρησθε (middle plural second-person subjunctive)
καθήρωνται (middle plural subjunctive third-person)
καθηραίμην (first-person middle optative singular)
καθήραιο (middle optative second-person singular)
καθήραιτο (middle optative singular third-person)
καθήραισθον (dual middle optative second-person)
καθηραίσθην (dual middle optative third-person)
καθηραίμεθᾰ (first-person middle optative plural)
καθήραισθε (middle optative plural second-person)
καθήραιντο (middle optative plural third-person)
κάθηραι (imperative middle second-person singular)
καθηρᾰ́σθω (imperative middle singular third-person)
καθήρᾰσθον (dual imperative middle second-person)
καθηρᾰ́σθων (dual imperative middle third-person)
καθήρᾰσθε (imperative middle plural second-person)
καθηρᾰ́σθων (imperative middle plural third-person)
ἐκαθάρθην (first-person indicative passive singular)
ἐκαθάρθης (indicative passive second-person singular)
ἐκαθάρθη (indicative passive singular third-person)
ἐκαθάρθητον (dual indicative passive second-person)
ἐκαθαρθήτην (dual indicative passive third-person)
ἐκαθάρθημεν (first-person indicative passive plural)
ἐκαθάρθητε (indicative passive plural second-person)
ἐκαθάρθησᾰν (indicative passive plural third-person)
καθαρθῶ (first-person passive singular subjunctive)
καθαρθῇς (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
καθαρθῇ (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
καθαρθῆτον (dual passive second-person subjunctive)
καθαρθῆτον (dual passive subjunctive third-person)
καθαρθῶμεν (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
καθαρθῆτε (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
καθαρθῶσῐ (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
καθαρθῶσῐν (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
καθαρθείην (first-person optative passive singular)
καθαρθείης (optative passive second-person singular)
καθαρθείη (optative passive singular third-person)
καθαρθεῖτον (dual optative passive second-person)
καθαρθείητον (dual optative passive second-person)
καθαρθείτην (dual optative passive third-person)
καθαρθειήτην (dual optative passive third-person)
καθαρθεῖμεν (first-person optative passive plural)
καθαρθείημεν (first-person optative passive plural)
καθαρθεῖτε (optative passive plural second-person)
καθαρθείητε (optative passive plural second-person)
καθαρθεῖεν (optative passive plural third-person)
καθαρθείησᾰν (optative passive plural third-person)
καθάρθητῐ (imperative passive second-person singular)
καθαρθήτω (imperative passive singular third-person)
καθάρθητον (dual imperative passive second-person)
καθαρθήτων (dual imperative passive third-person)
καθάρθητε (imperative passive plural second-person)
καθαρθέντων (imperative passive plural third-person)
καθῆραι (active infinitive)
καθήρᾰσθαι (infinitive middle second-person third-person)
καθαρθῆναι (infinitive passive)
καθήρᾱς (active masculine participle)
καθηρᾰ́μενος (masculine middle participle second-person third-person)
καθαρθείς (masculine participle passive)
καθήρᾱσᾰ (active feminine participle)
καθηρᾰμένη (feminine middle participle second-person third-person)
καθαρθεῖσᾰ (feminine participle passive)
καθῆρᾰν (active neuter participle)
καθηρᾰ́μενον (middle neuter participle second-person third-person)
καθαρθέν (neuter participle passive)
κεκάθαρκᾰ (active first-person indicative singular)
κεκάθαρκᾰς (active indicative second-person singular)
κεκάθαρκε (active indicative singular third-person)
κεκάθαρκεν (active indicative singular third-person)
κεκαθάρκᾰτον (active dual indicative second-person)
κεκαθάρκᾰτον (active dual indicative third-person)
κεκαθάρκᾰμεν (active first-person indicative plural)
κεκαθάρκᾰτε (active indicative plural second-person)
κεκαθάρκᾱσῐ (active indicative plural third-person)
κεκαθάρκᾱσῐν (active indicative plural third-person)
κεκαθάρκω (active first-person singular subjunctive)
κεκαθάρκῃς (active second-person singular subjunctive)
κεκαθάρκῃ (active singular subjunctive third-person)
κεκαθάρκητον (active dual second-person subjunctive)
κεκαθάρκητον (active dual subjunctive third-person)
κεκαθάρκωμεν (active first-person plural subjunctive)
κεκαθάρκητε (active plural second-person subjunctive)
κεκαθάρκωσῐ (active plural subjunctive third-person)
κεκαθάρκωσῐν (active plural subjunctive third-person)
κεκαθάρκοιμῐ (active first-person optative singular)
κεκαθαρκοίην (active first-person optative singular)
κεκαθάρκοις (active optative second-person singular)
κεκαθαρκοίης (active optative second-person singular)
κεκαθάρκοι (active optative singular third-person)
κεκαθαρκοίη (active optative singular third-person)
κεκαθάρκοιτον (active dual optative second-person)
κεκαθαρκοίτην (active dual optative third-person)
κεκαθάρκοιμεν (active first-person optative plural)
κεκαθάρκοιτε (active optative plural second-person)
κεκαθάρκοιεν (active optative plural third-person)
κεκάθαρκε (active imperative second-person singular)
κεκαθαρκέτω (active imperative singular third-person)
κεκαθάρκετον (active dual imperative second-person)
κεκαθαρκέτων (active dual imperative third-person)
κεκαθάρκετε (active imperative plural second-person)
κεκαθαρκόντων (active imperative plural third-person)
κεκάθαρμαι (first-person indicative middle passive singular)
κεκάθαρσαι (indicative middle passive second-person singular)
κεκάθαρται (indicative middle passive singular third-person)
κεκάθαρθον (dual indicative middle passive second-person)
κεκάθαρθον (dual indicative middle passive third-person)
κεκαθάρμεθᾰ (first-person indicative middle passive plural)
κεκάθαρθε (indicative middle passive plural second-person)
κεκαθάρᾰται (indicative middle passive plural third-person)
κεκαθαρμένος ὦ (first-person middle passive singular subjunctive)
κεκαθαρμένος ᾖς (middle passive second-person singular subjunctive)
κεκαθαρμένος ᾖ (middle passive singular subjunctive third-person)
κεκαθαρμένω ἦτον (dual middle passive second-person subjunctive)
κεκαθαρμένω ἦτον (dual middle passive subjunctive third-person)
κεκαθαρμένοι ὦμεν (first-person middle passive plural subjunctive)
κεκαθαρμένοι ἦτε (middle passive plural second-person subjunctive)
κεκαθαρμένοι ὦσῐ (middle passive plural subjunctive third-person)
κεκαθαρμένοι ὦσῐν (middle passive plural subjunctive third-person)
κεκαθαρμένος εἴην (first-person middle optative passive singular)
κεκαθαρμένος εἴης (middle optative passive second-person singular)
κεκαθαρμένος εἴη (middle optative passive singular third-person)
κεκαθαρμένω εἴητον (dual middle optative passive second-person)
εἶτον (dual middle optative passive second-person)
κεκαθαρμένω εἰήτην (dual middle optative passive third-person)
εἴτην (dual middle optative passive third-person)
κεκαθαρμένοι εἴημεν (first-person middle optative passive plural)
εἶμεν (first-person middle optative passive plural)
κεκαθαρμένοι εἴητε (middle optative passive plural second-person)
εἶτε (middle optative passive plural second-person)
κεκαθαρμένοι εἴησᾰν (middle optative passive plural third-person)
εἶεν (middle optative passive plural third-person)
κεκάθαρσο (imperative middle passive second-person singular)
κεκαθάρθω (imperative middle passive singular third-person)
κεκάθαρθον (dual imperative middle passive second-person)
κεκαθάρθων (dual imperative middle passive third-person)
κεκάθαρθε (imperative middle passive plural second-person)
κεκαθάρθων (imperative middle passive plural third-person)
κεκαθαρκέναι (active infinitive)
κεκαθᾶρθαι (infinitive middle passive plural)
κεκαθαρκώς (active masculine participle)
κεκαθαρμένος (masculine middle participle passive plural)
κεκαθαρκυῖᾰ (active feminine participle)
κεκαθαρμένη (feminine middle participle passive plural)
κεκαθαρκός (active neuter participle)
κεκαθαρμένον (middle neuter participle passive plural)

(horticulture) to remove growth from a plant, prune


μίσχος

grc-noun

μῐ́σχος • (mískhos) m (genitive μῐ́σχου); second declension

μῐ́σχος (canonical)
mískhos (romanization)
μῐ́σχου (genitive)
ὁ μῐ́σχος (nominative singular)
τὼ μῐ́σχω (dual nominative)
οἱ μῐ́σχοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ μῐ́σχου (genitive singular)
τοῖν μῐ́σχοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν μῐ́σχων (genitive plural)
τῷ μῐ́σχῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν μῐ́σχοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς μῐ́σχοις (dative plural)
τὸν μῐ́σχον (accusative singular)
τὼ μῐ́σχω (accusative dual)
τοὺς μῐ́σχους (accusative plural)
μῐ́σχε (singular vocative)
μῐ́σχω (dual vocative)
μῐ́σχοι (plural vocative)

Greek: μίσχος (míschos)

Seemingly first agricultural then made botanical by Theophrastus. μίσκαιος (mískaios, “garden”) with Lithuanian mìškas (“wood, forest”) does not give a likely meaning connection, while μίσκος (mískos, “husk, pod”) is very similar. While Pre-Greek origin has been claimed, the form and variation σχ/σκ looks kind of Semitic, compare μασχάλη (maskhálē, “axil, hollow at the base of a shoot; branch, young palm twig”).

(botany) stalk of leaves or fruit, petiole


μάννα

head

μάννα • (mánna) f

Greek: μάννα (mánna)

desctree

→ Late Latin: manna
→ Old English:
Middle English:
English: manna
→ Italian: manna (semi-learned)
→ Polish: manna (learned)
→ Sicilian: manna (semi-learned)

Borrowed from Hebrew מָן (mān, “manna”).


κορμός

grc-noun

κορμός • (kormós) m (genitive κορμοῦ); second declension

kormós (romanization)
κορμοῦ (genitive)
ὁ κορμός (nominative singular)
τὼ κορμώ (dual nominative)
οἱ κορμοί (nominative plural)
τοῦ κορμοῦ (genitive singular)
τοῖν κορμοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν κορμῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ κορμῷ (dative singular)
τοῖν κορμοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς κορμοῖς (dative plural)
τὸν κορμόν (accusative singular)
τὼ κορμώ (accusative dual)
τοὺς κορμούς (accusative plural)
κορμέ (singular vocative)
κορμώ (dual vocative)
κορμοί (plural vocative)

Greek: κορμός (kormós)

From Proto-Hellenic *kormós, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to cut”), the same root of κείρω (keírō, “to cut”).

(botany) trunk of a tree (with the boughs lopped off)


σπέρμα

σπέρμα • (spérma) n (genitive σπέρμᾰτος); third declension

spérma (romanization)
σπέρμᾰτος (genitive)
τὸ σπέρμᾰ (nominative singular)
τὼ σπέρμᾰτε (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ σπέρμᾰτᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ σπέρμᾰτος (genitive singular)
τοῖν σπερμᾰ́τοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν σπερμᾰ́των (genitive plural)
τῷ σπέρμᾰτῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν σπερμᾰ́τοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς σπέρμᾰσῐ (dative plural)
σπέρμᾰσῐν (dative plural)
toîs spérmasi (dative plural)
toîs spérmasin (dative plural)
τὸ σπέρμᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ σπέρμᾰτε (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ σπέρμᾰτᾰ (accusative plural)
σπέρμᾰ (singular vocative)
σπέρμᾰτε (dual vocative)
σπέρμᾰτᾰ (plural vocative)

→ Coptic: ⲥⲡⲉⲣⲙⲁ (sperma)

Greek: σπέρμα (spérma)

Mariupol Greek: сперма (spjerma)

desctree

→ Latin: sperma
Catalan: esperma
Old French: sperme
Middle French: sperme
→ English: sperm
French: sperme
→ German: Sperma
→ Estonian: sperma

From Proto-Indo-European *spérmn̥, which consists of Proto-Indo-European *sper- + Proto-Indo-European *-mn̥. By surface analysis, σπείρω (speírō) + -μα (-ma). Cognate with Mycenaean Greek 𐀟𐀔 (pe-ma).


μασχάλη

grc-noun

μᾰσχᾰ́λη • (maskhálē) f (genitive μᾰσχᾰ́λης); first declension

μᾰσχᾰ́λη (canonical)
maskhálē (romanization)
μᾰσχᾰ́λης (genitive)
ἡ μᾰσχᾰ́λη (nominative singular)
τὼ μᾰσχᾰ́λᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ μᾰσχᾰ́λαι (nominative plural)
τῆς μᾰσχᾰ́λης (genitive singular)
τοῖν μᾰσχᾰ́λαιν (dual genitive)
τῶν μᾰσχᾰλῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ μᾰσχᾰ́λῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν μᾰσχᾰ́λαιν (dative dual)
ταῖς μᾰσχᾰ́λαις (dative plural)
τὴν μᾰσχᾰ́λην (accusative singular)
τὼ μᾰσχᾰ́λᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς μᾰσχᾰ́λᾱς (accusative plural)
μᾰσχᾰ́λη (singular vocative)
μᾰσχᾰ́λᾱ (dual vocative)
μᾰσχᾰ́λαι (plural vocative)

Greek: μασχάλη (mascháli)

The formation may be compared with that of ἀγκάλη (ankálē, “bent arm”), but further details are unclear. According to Beekes, it is undoubtedly a Pre-Greek word.
Meanwhile Douglas Q. Adams has presented a derivation from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱsleh₂, via *h₂eḱs- (“axis, axle”), ultimately from the root *h₂eǵ- (“to drive”), and source to Latin āla (“wing, armpit”), axilla (“little wing, armpit”) as well as Proto-Germanic *ahslō (“shoulder”). He finds that a Proto-Hellenic *aksalā could have given *askhalā by simple metathesis, while the initial m- could be either the product of a misdivision of the definite article plus noun (e. g. in the accusative singular *tām aksalā as well as in the respective genitive and dative dual, and genitive plural forms) or a contamination with the semantically similar μάλη (málē, “armpit”) and μαζός (mazós, “breast”).
Immanuel Löw explains it as a Semitic borrowing, related to Jewish Babylonian Aramaic מַתְחֲלָא (maṯḥălā, “calyx surrounding the date in its early state, or spathe of a date-palm”), possibly related to Arabic حُثَالَة (ḥuṯāla, “husks of grain or of dates, refuse of any crop”), both of uncertain internal relations.

cog

(botany) axil, hollow at the base of a shoot


πέλμα

grc-noun

πέλμᾰ • (pélma) n (genitive πέλμᾰτος); third declension

πέλμᾰ (canonical)
pélma (romanization)
πέλμᾰτος (genitive)
τὸ πέλμᾰ (nominative singular)
τὼ πέλμᾰτε (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ πέλμᾰτᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ πέλμᾰτος (genitive singular)
τοῖν πελμᾰ́τοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν πελμᾰ́των (genitive plural)
τῷ πέλμᾰτῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν πελμᾰ́τοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς πέλμᾰσῐ (dative plural)
πέλμᾰσῐν (dative plural)
toîs pélmasi (dative plural)
toîs pélmasin (dative plural)
τὸ πέλμᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ πέλμᾰτε (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ πέλμᾰτᾰ (accusative plural)
πέλμᾰ (singular vocative)
πέλμᾰτε (dual vocative)
πέλμᾰτᾰ (plural vocative)

Greek: πέλμα (pélma)

According to Beekes, from Proto-Indo-European *pélmn̥, from *pel- (“to cover, wrap; skin, hide; cloth”) and cognate with Proto-Germanic *felmô (“covering, skin”) (whence English film). Compare also Latin pellis (“skin”), Proto-Germanic *fellą (“skin, hide”) and Proto-Slavic *plěna (“membrane”) from the same root.


ὀμφαλός

grc-noun

ὀμφᾰλός • (omphalós) m (genitive ὀμφᾰλοῦ); second declension

ὀμφᾰλός (canonical)
omphalós (romanization)
ὀμφᾰλοῦ (genitive)
ὁ ὀμφᾰλός (nominative singular)
τὼ ὀμφᾰλώ (dual nominative)
οἱ ὀμφᾰλοί (nominative plural)
τοῦ ὀμφᾰλοῦ (genitive singular)
τοῖν ὀμφᾰλοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν ὀμφᾰλῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ ὀμφᾰλῷ (dative singular)
τοῖν ὀμφᾰλοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς ὀμφᾰλοῖς (dative plural)
τὸν ὀμφᾰλόν (accusative singular)
τὼ ὀμφᾰλώ (accusative dual)
τοὺς ὀμφᾰλούς (accusative plural)
ὀμφᾰλέ (singular vocative)
ὀμφᾰλώ (dual vocative)
ὀμφᾰλοί (plural vocative)

desc

Greek: αφαλός m (afalós), ομφαλός m (omfalós, “navel”)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃m̥bʰ-l̥-, from *h₃nebʰ- (“navel, center”). Cognates include Sanskrit नभ्य (nabhya), Latin umbilīcus, and Old English nafola (English navel).

(botany) centre of a plant, containing the seed vessel


βλαστός

grc-noun

βλᾰστός • (blastós) m (genitive βλᾰστοῦ); second declension

βλᾰστός (canonical)
blastós (romanization)
βλᾰστοῦ (genitive)
ὁ βλᾰστός (nominative singular)
τὼ βλᾰστώ (dual nominative)
οἱ βλᾰστοί (nominative plural)
τοῦ βλᾰστοῦ (genitive singular)
τοῖν βλᾰστοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν βλᾰστῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ βλᾰστῷ (dative singular)
τοῖν βλᾰστοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς βλᾰστοῖς (dative plural)
τὸν βλᾰστόν (accusative singular)
τὼ βλᾰστώ (accusative dual)
τοὺς βλᾰστούς (accusative plural)
βλᾰστέ (singular vocative)
βλᾰστώ (dual vocative)
βλᾰστοί (plural vocative)

Greek: βλαστός (vlastós)

→ English: blasto- (learned)

→⇒ New Latin: blastula (learned)

→ English: blastula, blastule

→ French: blastule

From βλᾰστᾰ́νω (blastánō, “to bud, sprout”) + -τός (-tós).


βολβός

grc-noun

βολβός • (bolbós) m (genitive βολβοῦ); second declension

bolbós (romanization)
βολβοῦ (genitive)
ὁ βολβός (nominative singular)
τὼ βολβώ (dual nominative)
οἱ βολβοί (nominative plural)
τοῦ βολβοῦ (genitive singular)
τοῖν βολβοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν βολβῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ βολβῷ (dative singular)
τοῖν βολβοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς βολβοῖς (dative plural)
τὸν βολβόν (accusative singular)
τὼ βολβώ (accusative dual)
τοὺς βολβούς (accusative plural)
βολβέ (singular vocative)
βολβώ (dual vocative)
βολβοί (plural vocative)

Greek: βολβός (volvós)

→ Latin: bulbus (see there for further descendants)

The form of the word is expressive, with a kind of reduplication. There are no direct relatives and it is reminiscent of words for round and globular objects, like Latin bulla (“water bubble”) and Latvian burbulis (“water bubble”). Further, similar to Armenian բողկ (boġk, “radish”), Sanskrit बल्बज (balbaja, “Indian goosegrass”), and Albanian bajgë.

cog

(botany) bulb of various plants, especially onion


πάππος

grc-noun

πᾰ́ππος • (páppos) m (genitive πᾰ́ππου); second declension

πᾰ́ππος (canonical)
páppos (romanization)
πᾰ́ππου (genitive)
ὁ πᾰ́ππος (nominative singular)
τὼ πᾰ́ππω (dual nominative)
οἱ πᾰ́πποι (nominative plural)
τοῦ πᾰ́ππου (genitive singular)
τοῖν πᾰ́πποιν (dual genitive)
τῶν πᾰ́ππων (genitive plural)
τῷ πᾰ́ππῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν πᾰ́πποιν (dative dual)
τοῖς πᾰ́πποις (dative plural)
τὸν πᾰ́ππον (accusative singular)
τὼ πᾰ́ππω (accusative dual)
τοὺς πᾰ́ππους (accusative plural)
πᾰ́ππε (singular vocative)
πᾰ́ππω (dual vocative)
πᾰ́πποι (plural vocative)

Byzantine Greek:

Greek: πάππος (páppos)

→ Romani: pàpos

→ Latin: pappus

→ English: pappus

→ Italian: pappo

Reduplicated nursery word; compare πάππας (páppas, “daddy, papa”).

(botany) pappus, down on the seeds of certain plants


λοβός

λοβός • (lobós) m (genitive λοβοῦ); second declension

lobós (romanization)
λοβοῦ (genitive)
ὁ λοβός (nominative singular)
τὼ λοβώ (dual nominative)
οἱ λοβοί (nominative plural)
τοῦ λοβοῦ (genitive singular)
τοῖν λοβοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν λοβῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ λοβῷ (dative singular)
τοῖν λοβοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς λοβοῖς (dative plural)
τὸν λοβόν (accusative singular)
τὼ λοβώ (accusative dual)
τοὺς λοβούς (accusative plural)
λοβέ (singular vocative)
λοβώ (dual vocative)
λοβοί (plural vocative)

→ English: lobus

Italian: lobo

→ Middle French: lobe

→ English: lobe

French: lobe

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *leb- (“to hang loosely”), if such a root exists. Uncertain.

der

(botany) capsule or pod of leguminous plants


κλάδος

grc-noun

κλᾰ́δος • (kládos) m (genitive κλᾰ́δου); second declension

κλᾰ́δος (canonical)
kládos (romanization)
κλᾰ́δου (genitive)
ὁ κλᾰ́δος (nominative singular)
τὼ κλᾰ́δω (dual nominative)
οἱ κλᾰ́δοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ κλᾰ́δου (genitive singular)
τοῖν κλᾰ́δοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κλᾰ́δων (genitive plural)
τῷ κλᾰ́δῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν κλᾰ́δοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς κλᾰ́δοις (dative plural)
τὸν κλᾰ́δον (accusative singular)
τὼ κλᾰ́δω (accusative dual)
τοὺς κλᾰ́δους (accusative plural)
κλᾰ́δε (singular vocative)
κλᾰ́δω (dual vocative)
κλᾰ́δοι (plural vocative)
ὁ κλᾰ́δος (nominative singular)
τὼ κλᾰ́δε (dual nominative)
οἱ κλᾰ́δες (nominative plural)
τοῦ κλᾰδός (genitive singular)
τοῖν κλᾰδοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν κλᾰδῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ κλᾰδῐ́ (dative singular)
τοῖν κλᾰδοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς κλᾰσῐ́ (dative plural)
κλᾰσῐ́ν (dative plural)
toîs klasí (dative plural)
toîs klasín (dative plural)
τὸν κλᾰ́δᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ κλᾰ́δε (accusative dual)
τοὺς κλᾰ́δᾰς (accusative plural)
κλᾰ́δος (singular vocative)
κλᾰ́δε (dual vocative)
κλᾰ́δες (plural vocative)
κλᾰ́δος (nominative singular)
κλᾰ́δε (dual nominative)
κλᾰ́δες (nominative plural)
κλᾰδός (genitive singular)
κλᾰδοῖῐν (dual genitive)
κλᾰδῶν (genitive plural)
κλᾰδέων (genitive plural)
κλᾰδῐ́ (dative singular)
κλᾰδοῖῐν (dative dual)
κλᾰσῐ́ (dative plural)
κλᾰ́δεσσῐ (dative plural)
κλᾰ́δεσῐ (dative plural)
κλᾰδέεσσῐ (dative plural)
κλᾰ́δᾰ (accusative singular)
κλᾰ́δε (accusative dual)
κλᾰ́δᾰς (accusative plural)
κλᾰ́δος (singular vocative)
κλᾰ́δε (dual vocative)
κλᾰ́δες (plural vocative)

grc-decl

κλᾰδῶν/κλᾰδέων

κλᾰσῐ́/κλᾰ́δεσσῐ/κλᾰ́δεσῐ/κλᾰδέεσσῐ

→ English: clade

→ Czech: klad

→ Esperanto: klado

→ Estonian: klaad

→ Finnish: kladi

→ French: clade

→ Polish: klad

→ Portuguese: clado

→ Spanish: clado

→ Greek: κλάδος (kládos) (learned)

→ New Latin: cladus

→ English: cladus

→ Italian: clado

From Proto-Hellenic *klə́dos, from Proto-Indo-European *kl̥h₂dos, from *kelh₂- (“to break”). Cognates include Latin clādes, Old Irish caill, Old English holt (English holt), Macedonian клада (klada).

(botany) young slip or shoot of a tree, such as is broken off for grafting


πίσσα

grc-noun

πίσσᾰ • (píssa) f (genitive πίσσης); first declension

πίσσᾰ (canonical)
píssa (romanization)
πίσσης (genitive)
ἡ πῐ́σσᾰ (nominative singular)
τὼ πῐ́σσᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ πῐ́σσαι (nominative plural)
τῆς πῐ́σσης (genitive singular)
τοῖν πῐ́σσαιν (dual genitive)
τῶν πῐσσῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ πῐ́σσῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν πῐ́σσαιν (dative dual)
ταῖς πῐ́σσαις (dative plural)
τὴν πῐ́σσᾰν (accusative singular)
τὼ πῐ́σσᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς πῐ́σσᾱς (accusative plural)
πῐ́σσᾰ (singular vocative)
πῐ́σσᾱ (dual vocative)
πῐ́σσαι (plural vocative)

Greek: πίσσα (píssa)

Pontic Greek: πίσσα (píssa)

desc

→ Ge'ez: ፔሳ (pesa, “pitch, tar”), ፒሳ (pisa)

→? Laz: ფისა (pisa)

→? Mingrelian: ფირსა (pirsa)

desctree

→? Old Georgian: ფისი (pisi)
Georgian: ფისი (pisi)
→ Armenian: փիս (pʻis), փիսի (pʻisi)
→ Bats: ფის (pis)
→ Ossetian: писи (pisi), песи (pesi)

→? Svan: ფისე (pise)

desc

→ Turkish: pise, pusa, püse, bise, pis, püs, pus, piz, püz, pürz (dialectal)

From Proto-Hellenic *píťťa, suggested to be from Proto-Indo-European *píts-ih₂ ~ *pits-yéh₂, from *pī́ts (“resin”) + *-ih₂, cognate with Albanian píshë (“pine tree”), and related to πίτυς (pítus, “pine”).


μαστίχη

grc-noun

μαστίχη • (mastíkhē) f (genitive μαστίχης); first declension

mastíkhē (romanization)
μαστίχης (genitive)
ἡ μαστίχη (nominative singular)
τὼ μαστίχᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ μαστίχαι (nominative plural)
τῆς μαστίχης (genitive singular)
τοῖν μαστίχαιν (dual genitive)
τῶν μαστιχῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ μαστίχῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν μαστίχαιν (dative dual)
ταῖς μαστίχαις (dative plural)
τὴν μαστίχην (accusative singular)
τὼ μαστίχᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς μαστίχᾱς (accusative plural)
μαστίχη (singular vocative)
μαστίχᾱ (dual vocative)
μαστίχαι (plural vocative)

Greek: μαστίχα (mastícha)

desctree

→ Arabic: مُصْطَكَى (muṣṭakā), مُصْطَكَاء (muṣṭakāʔ), مُصْطَكِيّ (muṣṭakiyy), مِسْتَكَة (mistaka), مِسْتَكِيّ (mistakiyy), مَسْتِيك (mastīk) — more dialectal
→ Azerbaijani: mastika
→ Egyptian Arabic: مستيكة (mastika)
→ Persian: مصطکی (mastaki)
→ Moroccan Arabic: مسكة (maska)
→ Ottoman Turkish: ماستقه (mastıka, mastika), ماستیقه (mastıka, mastika), ماستكی (masteki)
Turkish: mastika

desc

→ Hebrew: מַסְטִיק (mástik), מַסְטִיקָא (mastíka)

desctree

→ Latin: mastiche
Old French: mastic
→ Middle English: mastik, mastyk, masstyk, mastykk, mastike, mastic, mastix
English: mastic


θάμνος

grc-noun

θᾰ́μνος • (thámnos) m or f (genitive θᾰ́μνου); second declension

θᾰ́μνος (canonical)
thámnos (romanization)
θᾰ́μνου (genitive)
ὁ θᾰ́μνος (nominative singular)
τὼ θᾰ́μνω (dual nominative)
οἱ θᾰ́μνοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ θᾰ́μνου (genitive singular)
τοῖν θᾰ́μνοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν θᾰ́μνων (genitive plural)
τῷ θᾰ́μνῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν θᾰ́μνοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς θᾰ́μνοις (dative plural)
τὸν θᾰ́μνον (accusative singular)
τὼ θᾰ́μνω (accusative dual)
τοὺς θᾰ́μνους (accusative plural)
θᾰ́μνε (singular vocative)
θᾰ́μνω (dual vocative)
θᾰ́μνοι (plural vocative)

Greek: θάμνος (thámnos)

This word exists next to θαμινός (thaminós, “crowded, close-set”) and θαμά (thamá, “often”) just as πυκνός (puknós, “thick, dense”) next to πυκινός (pukinós, “thick”) and πύκα (púka, “thickly, strongly”); the barytonesis is caused by the substantivization. Not, as per Alessio, related to Latin tamnus (“kind of grape”). With its ending in -αμνος, the word seems Pre-Greek; its meaning makes this quite possible.


φλοιός

φλοιός • (phloiós) m (genitive φλοιοῦ); second declension

phloiós (romanization)
φλοιοῦ (genitive)
ὁ φλοιός (nominative singular)
τὼ φλοιώ (dual nominative)
οἱ φλοιοί (nominative plural)
τοῦ φλοιοῦ (genitive singular)
τοῖν φλοιοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν φλοιῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ φλοιῷ (dative singular)
τοῖν φλοιοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς φλοιοῖς (dative plural)
τὸν φλοιόν (accusative singular)
τὼ φλοιώ (accusative dual)
τοὺς φλοιούς (accusative plural)
φλοιέ (singular vocative)
φλοιώ (dual vocative)
φλοιοί (plural vocative)

Formally, it belongs to φλέω (phléō, “to abound”) together with φλόος (phlóos, “skin, slough”). Semantically, the connection with φλέω (phléō) is clear in ὑπέρφλοιος (hupérphloios, “luxuriant, succulent”). Frisk thinks that the rind may have received its name from its being rich in flesh and juice, as opposed to the wood underneath. However, it could also be from the same Pre-Greek of φλέως (phléōs, “Ravenna grass”), which is suggested for φλέω (phléō) too.

(botany) bark of trees, especially smooth bark


κέλυφος

κέλῡφος • (kélūphos) n (genitive κελῡ́φους); third declension

κέλῡφος (canonical)
kélūphos (romanization)
κελῡ́φους (genitive)
τὸ κέλῡφος (nominative singular)
τὼ κελῡ́φει (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ κελῡ́φη (nominative plural)
τοῦ κελῡ́φους (genitive singular)
τοῖν κελῡφοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν κελῡφῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ κελῡ́φει (dative singular)
τοῖν κελῡφοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς κελῡ́φεσῐ (dative plural)
κελῡ́φεσῐν (dative plural)
toîs kelū́phesi (dative plural)
toîs kelū́phesin (dative plural)
τὸ κέλῡφος (accusative singular)
τὼ κελῡ́φει (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ κελῡ́φη (accusative plural)
κέλῡφος (singular vocative)
κελῡ́φει (dual vocative)
κελῡ́φη (plural vocative)

Greek: κέλυφος (kélyfos)

According to Beekes, connected with the group of καλύπτω (kalúptō, “to cover”), with a Pre-Greek suffix.


κόμμι

κόμμῐ • (kómmi) n (genitive κόμμεως); third declension

κόμμῐ (canonical)
kómmi (romanization)
κόμμεως (genitive)
τὸ κόμμῐ (nominative singular)
τὼ κόμμει (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ κόμμη (nominative plural)
κόμμεᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ κόμμεως (genitive singular)
τοῖν κομμέοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κόμμεων (genitive plural)
τῷ κόμμει (dative singular)
τοῖν κομμέοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς κόμμεσῐ (dative plural)
κόμμεσῐν (dative plural)
toîs kómmesi (dative plural)
toîs kómmesin (dative plural)
τὸ κόμμῐ (accusative singular)
τὼ κόμμει (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ κόμμη (accusative plural)
κόμμεᾰ (accusative plural)
κόμμῐ (singular vocative)
κόμμει (dual vocative)
κόμμη (plural vocative)
κόμμεᾰ (plural vocative)

desc

→ Aramaic: (“gum particularly of acacia”)

Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: קוֹמָּא (qommā), קוֹמּוֹס (qommōs)

Classical Syriac: ܩܘܡܐ (qommā), ܩܡܘܣ (qammūs), ܩܡܘܨ (qammūṣ), ܩܡܘܙ (qammūz)

→ Middle Hebrew: קוֹמּוֹס (qommōs)

→ Latin: cummis, gummis, commis, cummi, gummi, commi (see there for further descendants)

From Egyptian qmy (“anointing oil”), qmyt (“acanthus resin, gum”).

Vachellia nilotica
Vachellia nilotica#Translingual

gum, obtained from babul (Vachellia nilotica)


ἀμέθυστος

grc-noun

ᾰ̓μέθῠστος • (améthustos) f (genitive ᾰ̓μεθῠ́στου); second declension

ᾰ̓μέθῠστος (canonical)
améthustos (romanization)
ᾰ̓μεθῠ́στου (genitive)
ἡ ᾰ̓μέθῠστος (nominative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓μεθῠ́στω (dual nominative)
αἱ ᾰ̓μέθῠστοι (nominative plural)
τῆς ᾰ̓μεθῠ́στου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓μεθῠ́στοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ᾰ̓μεθῠ́στων (genitive plural)
τῇ ᾰ̓μεθῠ́στῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓μεθῠ́στοιν (dative dual)
ταῖς ᾰ̓μεθῠ́στοις (dative plural)
τὴν ᾰ̓μέθῠστον (accusative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓μεθῠ́στω (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ᾰ̓μεθῠ́στους (accusative plural)
ᾰ̓μέθῠστε (singular vocative)
ᾰ̓μεθῠ́στω (dual vocative)
ᾰ̓μέθῠστοι (plural vocative)

Greek: αμέθυστος (améthystos)

→ Latin: amethystus (see there for further descendants)

desctree

→ Old Georgian: ამეთჳსტონი (ametwisṭoni), ამეთჳსტოჲ (ametwisṭoy), ამეთჳსოჲ (ametwisoy), ამეთისოჲ (ametisoy)
→ Georgian: ამეთვისტო (ametvisṭo) (learned)

From ἀ- (a-, “not”) + μέθῠστος (méthustos, “drunken”), from μεθῠ́ω (methúō, “to be drunk on wine”), from μέθῠ (méthu, “wine”). Compare to εὐμέθῠστος (euméthustos, “easily made drunk”).


ψώρα

grc-noun

ψώρᾱ • (psṓrā) f (genitive ψώρᾱς); first declension

ψώρᾱ (canonical)
psṓrā (romanization)
ψώρᾱς (genitive)
ἡ ψώρᾱ (nominative singular)
τὼ ψώρᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ ψῶραι (nominative plural)
τῆς ψώρᾱς (genitive singular)
τοῖν ψώραιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ψωρῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ ψώρᾳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ψώραιν (dative dual)
ταῖς ψώραις (dative plural)
τὴν ψώρᾱν (accusative singular)
τὼ ψώρᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ψώρᾱς (accusative plural)
ψώρᾱ (singular vocative)
ψώρᾱ (dual vocative)
ψῶραι (plural vocative)

> Greek: ψώρα (psóra) (inherited)

desctree

> Pontic Greek: ψώρα (psóra) (inherited)
→ Laz: მსორა (msora), სორა (sora)

→ Latin: psōra
→ English: psora (learned)
→ French: psora, psore (learned)

According to Beekes, from the same Pre-Greek root of ψάω (psáō, “to rub, wipe”), ψωμός (psōmós, “morsel, bit”), ψωλός (psōlós, “circumcised”), ψωρός (psōrós, “itchy, mangy”) and ψωχός (psōkhós, “sandy”). The word has also been compared to Lithuanian sóra (“millet”).


κῶνος

grc-noun

κῶνος • (kônos) m or f (genitive κώνου); second declension

kônos (romanization)
κώνου (genitive)
ὁ (nominative singular)
ἡ κῶνος (nominative singular)
τὼ κώνω (dual nominative)
οἱ (nominative plural)
αἱ κῶνοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ (genitive singular)
τῆς κώνου (genitive singular)
τοῖν κώνοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κώνων (genitive plural)
τῷ (dative singular)
τῇ κώνῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν κώνοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς (dative plural)
ταῖς κώνοις (dative plural)
τὸν (accusative singular)
τὴν κῶνον (accusative singular)
τὼ κώνω (accusative dual)
τοὺς (accusative plural)
τᾱ̀ς κώνους (accusative plural)
κῶνε (singular vocative)
κώνω (dual vocative)
κῶνοι (plural vocative)

Greek: κώνος (kónos)

→ Arabic: قونس (qōnus)

desc

→ Old Armenian: կոն (kon), կովն (kovn), կոնոս (konos), կոնոն (konon)

Armenian: կոն (kon)

→ Latin: cōnus

→ Arabic: قونوس (qōnūs)

Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *ḱóh₃nos, from the root *ḱeh₃- (“to sharpen”), like Sanskrit शाण (śāṇa, “whetstone”), Latin cōs (“whetstone”) and Latin catus (“clever, sharp”). Schwyzer, however, considered foreign origin; this is confirmed by the variant adduced by Furnée, who suggests a Pre-Greek origin.

iron pole round which grain is piled in conical shape


βούνιον

grc-noun

βούνῐον • (boúnion) n (genitive βουνῐ́ου); second declension

βούνῐον (canonical)
boúnion (romanization)
βουνῐ́ου (genitive)
τὸ βούνῐον (nominative singular)
τὼ βουνῐ́ω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ βούνῐᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ βουνῐ́ου (genitive singular)
τοῖν βουνῐ́οιν (dual genitive)
τῶν βουνῐ́ων (genitive plural)
τῷ βουνῐ́ῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν βουνῐ́οιν (dative dual)
τοῖς βουνῐ́οις (dative plural)
τὸ βούνῐον (accusative singular)
τὼ βουνῐ́ω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ βούνῐᾰ (accusative plural)
βούνῐον (singular vocative)
βουνῐ́ω (dual vocative)
βούνῐᾰ (plural vocative)

Latin: būnion

Translingual: Bunium

From βουνός (bounós, “hill”) + -ῐον (-ion, diminutive suffix).

af

40 CE – 90 CE, Dioscorides, Materia medica 5.46

(οἶνος διὰ βουνίου) the aromatic wine of earthnuts

earthnut, Bunium ferulaceum
the aromatic wine of earthnuts

PMag. 3.333

Ps.-Dsc. 4.59

Verbena officinalis
Verbena officinalis#Translingual

(botany) earthnut, Bunium ferulaceum
vervain, Verbena officinalis

129 CE – 216 CE, Galen, Collected Works 11.775

40 CE – 90 CE, Dioscorides, Materia medica 4.123


περιοχή

grc-noun

περῐοχή • (periokhḗ) f (genitive περῐοχῆς); first declension

περῐοχή (canonical)
periokhḗ (romanization)
περῐοχῆς (genitive)
ἡ περῐοχή (nominative singular)
τὼ περῐοχᾱ́ (dual nominative)
αἱ περῐοχαί (nominative plural)
τῆς περῐοχῆς (genitive singular)
τοῖν περῐοχαῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν περῐοχῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ περῐοχῇ (dative singular)
τοῖν περῐοχαῖν (dative dual)
ταῖς περῐοχαῖς (dative plural)
τὴν περῐοχήν (accusative singular)
τὼ περῐοχᾱ́ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς περῐοχᾱ́ς (accusative plural)
περῐοχή (singular vocative)
περῐοχᾱ́ (dual vocative)
περῐοχαί (plural vocative)

Greek: περιοχή (periochí)


θρόνον

θρόνον • (thrónon) n (genitive θρόνου); second declension

thrónon (romanization)
θρόνου (genitive)
τὸ θρόνον (nominative singular)
τὼ θρόνω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ θρόνᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ θρόνου (genitive singular)
τοῖν θρόνοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν θρόνων (genitive plural)
τῷ θρόνῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν θρόνοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς θρόνοις (dative plural)
τὸ θρόνον (accusative singular)
τὼ θρόνω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ θρόνᾰ (accusative plural)
θρόνον (singular vocative)
θρόνω (dual vocative)
θρόνᾰ (plural vocative)

Furnée compares the word with τρόνα (tróna, “statues; colorful stitchings”), which proves Pre-Greek origin.

(in the plural) (botany) herbs used as drugs and charms


μύρρα

μύρρᾱ • (múrrhā) f (genitive μύρρᾱς); first declension

μύρρᾱ (canonical)
múrrhā (romanization)
μύρρᾱς (genitive)
ἡ μύρρᾱ (nominative singular)
τὼ μύρρᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ μύρραι (nominative plural)
τῆς μύρρᾱς (genitive singular)
τοῖν μύρραιν (dual genitive)
τῶν μυρρῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ μύρρᾳ (dative singular)
τοῖν μύρραιν (dative dual)
ταῖς μύρραις (dative plural)
τὴν μύρρᾱν (accusative singular)
τὼ μύρρᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς μύρρᾱς (accusative plural)
μύρρᾱ (singular vocative)
μύρρᾱ (dual vocative)
μύρραι (plural vocative)

→ Latin: myrrha

From a Semitic source akin to Arabic مُرّ (murr, “myrrh”, literally “bitterness”), Hebrew מור / מֹר (mōr, “myrrh”, literally “bitterness”).


σπάδιξ

grc-noun

σπᾱ́δῑξ • (spā́dīx) f (genitive σπᾱ́δῑκος); third declension

σπᾱ́δῑξ (canonical)
spā́dīx (romanization)
σπᾱ́δῑκος (genitive)
ἡ σπᾱ́δῑξ (nominative singular)
τὼ σπᾱ́δῑκε (dual nominative)
αἱ σπᾱ́δῑκες (nominative plural)
τῆς σπᾱ́δῑκος (genitive singular)
τοῖν σπᾱδῑ́κοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν σπᾱδῑ́κων (genitive plural)
τῇ σπᾱ́δῑκῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν σπᾱδῑ́κοιν (dative dual)
ταῖς σπᾱ́δῑξῐ (dative plural)
σπᾱ́δῑξῐν (dative plural)
taîs spā́dīxi (dative plural)
taîs spā́dīxin (dative plural)
τὴν σπᾱ́δῑκᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ σπᾱ́δῑκε (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς σπᾱ́δῑκᾰς (accusative plural)
σπᾱ́δῑξ (singular vocative)
σπᾱ́δῑκε (dual vocative)
σπᾱ́δῑκες (plural vocative)

→ Latin: spādīx

A Semitic borrowing, related to Arabic سُبَاط (subāṭ), سُبَاطَة (subāṭa, “female inflorescence of the palm tree”), on which see Arabic سِبْط (sibṭ, “staff”), Armenian ճիպոտ (čipot, “cane, stick”) for more family. Connected by popular etymology to σπάω (spáō, “to tear”).

(botany) branch torn off of a tree, especially a palm frond


ῥάμνος

ῥᾰ́μνος • (rhámnos) f (genitive ῥᾰ́μνου); second declension

ῥᾰ́μνος (canonical)
rhámnos (romanization)
ῥᾰ́μνου (genitive)
ἡ ῥᾰ́μνος (nominative singular)
τὼ ῥᾰ́μνω (dual nominative)
αἱ ῥᾰ́μνοι (nominative plural)
τῆς ῥᾰ́μνου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ῥᾰ́μνοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ῥᾰ́μνων (genitive plural)
τῇ ῥᾰ́μνῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ῥᾰ́μνοιν (dative dual)
ταῖς ῥᾰ́μνοις (dative plural)
τὴν ῥᾰ́μνον (accusative singular)
τὼ ῥᾰ́μνω (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ῥᾰ́μνους (accusative plural)
ῥᾰ́μνε (singular vocative)
ῥᾰ́μνω (dual vocative)
ῥᾰ́μνοι (plural vocative)

The word may belong with ῥάβδος (rhábdos, “rod, wand”) and cognates. According to Beekes, it is quite probable a Pre-Greek word.

(botany) stone buckthorn (Rhamnus graeca, now Rhamnus lycioides subsp. graeca)

(botany) black buckthorn (Rhamnus oleoides, now Rhamnus lycioides subsp. oleoides)


χαρίσιος

χᾰρῑ́σῐος (canonical)
kharī́sios (romanization)
χᾰρῑσῐ́ᾱ (feminine)
χᾰρῑ́σῐον (neuter)
χᾰρῑ́σῐος (masculine nominative singular)
χᾰρῑσῐ́ᾱ (feminine nominative singular)
χᾰρῑ́σῐον (neuter nominative singular)
χᾰρῑσῐ́ω (dual masculine nominative)
χᾰρῑσῐ́ᾱ (dual feminine nominative)
χᾰρῑσῐ́ω (dual neuter nominative)
χᾰρῑ́σῐοι (masculine nominative plural)
χᾰρῑ́σῐαι (feminine nominative plural)
χᾰρῑ́σῐᾰ (neuter nominative plural)
χᾰρῑσῐ́ου (genitive masculine singular)
χᾰρῑσῐ́ᾱς (feminine genitive singular)
χᾰρῑσῐ́ου (genitive neuter singular)
χᾰρῑσῐ́οιν (dual genitive masculine)
χᾰρῑσῐ́αιν (dual feminine genitive)
χᾰρῑσῐ́οιν (dual genitive neuter)
χᾰρῑσῐ́ων (genitive masculine plural)
χᾰρῑσῐ́ων (feminine genitive plural)
χᾰρῑσῐ́ων (genitive neuter plural)
χᾰρῑσῐ́ῳ (dative masculine singular)
χᾰρῑσῐ́ᾳ (dative feminine singular)
χᾰρῑσῐ́ῳ (dative neuter singular)
χᾰρῑσῐ́οιν (dative dual masculine)
χᾰρῑσῐ́αιν (dative dual feminine)
χᾰρῑσῐ́οιν (dative dual neuter)
χᾰρῑσῐ́οις (dative masculine plural)
χᾰρῑσῐ́αις (dative feminine plural)
χᾰρῑσῐ́οις (dative neuter plural)
χᾰρῑ́σῐον (accusative masculine singular)
χᾰρῑσῐ́ᾱν (accusative feminine singular)
χᾰρῑ́σῐον (accusative neuter singular)
χᾰρῑσῐ́ω (accusative dual masculine)
χᾰρῑσῐ́ᾱ (accusative dual feminine)
χᾰρῑσῐ́ω (accusative dual neuter)
χᾰρῑσῐ́ους (accusative masculine plural)
χᾰρῑσῐ́ᾱς (accusative feminine plural)
χᾰρῑ́σῐᾰ (accusative neuter plural)
χᾰρῑ́σῐε (masculine singular vocative)
χᾰρῑσῐ́ᾱ (feminine singular vocative)
χᾰρῑ́σῐον (neuter singular vocative)
χᾰρῑσῐ́ω (dual masculine vocative)
χᾰρῑσῐ́ᾱ (dual feminine vocative)
χᾰρῑσῐ́ω (dual neuter vocative)
χᾰρῑ́σῐοι (masculine plural vocative)
χᾰρῑ́σῐαι (feminine plural vocative)
χᾰρῑ́σῐᾰ (neuter plural vocative)
χᾰρῑσῐ́ως (adverbial feminine masculine neuter)
χᾰρῑσῐώτερος (comparative feminine masculine neuter)
χᾰρῑσῐώτᾰτος (feminine masculine neuter superlative)

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, On Marvellous Things Heard 846b.7

200 CE – 400 CE, Pseudo-Plutarch, On Rivers 17.4


δρακοντία

δρᾰκοντῐ́ᾱ • (drakontíā) f (genitive δρᾰκοντῐ́ᾱς); first declension

δρᾰκοντῐ́ᾱ (canonical)
drakontíā (romanization)
δρᾰκοντῐ́ᾱς (genitive)
ἡ δρᾰκοντῐ́ᾱ (nominative singular)
τὼ δρᾰκοντῐ́ᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ δρᾰκοντῐ́αι (nominative plural)
τῆς δρᾰκοντῐ́ᾱς (genitive singular)
τοῖν δρᾰκοντῐ́αιν (dual genitive)
τῶν δρᾰκοντῐῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ δρᾰκοντῐ́ᾳ (dative singular)
τοῖν δρᾰκοντῐ́αιν (dative dual)
ταῖς δρᾰκοντῐ́αις (dative plural)
τὴν δρᾰκοντῐ́ᾱν (accusative singular)
τὼ δρᾰκοντῐ́ᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς δρᾰκοντῐ́ᾱς (accusative plural)
δρᾰκοντῐ́ᾱ (singular vocative)
δρᾰκοντῐ́ᾱ (dual vocative)
δρᾰκοντῐ́αι (plural vocative)

Possibly a feminine derivative of δρακόντιον (drakóntion).

(botany) a plant within the family Araceae


ῥητίνη

ῥητῑ́νη • (rhētī́nē) f (genitive ῥητῑ́νης); first declension

ῥητῑ́νη (canonical)
rhētī́nē (romanization)
ῥητῑ́νης (genitive)
ἡ ῥητῑ́νη (nominative singular)
τὼ ῥητῑ́νᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ ῥητῖναι (nominative plural)
τῆς ῥητῑ́νης (genitive singular)
τοῖν ῥητῑ́ναιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ῥητῑνῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ ῥητῑ́νῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν ῥητῑ́ναιν (dative dual)
ταῖς ῥητῑ́ναις (dative plural)
τὴν ῥητῑ́νην (accusative singular)
τὼ ῥητῑ́νᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ῥητῑ́νᾱς (accusative plural)
ῥητῑ́νη (singular vocative)
ῥητῑ́νᾱ (dual vocative)
ῥητῖναι (plural vocative)

desctree

→ Arabic: رَاتِينَج (rātīnaj)
→ Medieval Latin: ratinegi
→ Middle Armenian: ռատինէճ (ṙatinēč)
→ Ottoman Turkish: راتینج (ratinec), راتنج (ratenc)
Turkish: ratinec

⇒ English: retinalite, retinasphalt

→ Greek: ρητίνη (ritíni)

→ Latin: rēsīna, rētīna (Medieval Latin)
→ Albanian: rrëshirë
→ Arabic: رَجِينَة (rajīna)
→ Ottoman Turkish: رچینه (reçine)
Turkish: reçine
→ Greek: ρετσίνι (retsíni)
Aromanian: arushinã, ritsinã
Franco-Provençal: rèsina
Friulian: rèsine
→ Irish: roisín
Italian: resina
→ Byzantine Greek: ρετσίνα (retsína)
Greek: ρετσίνα (retsína)
Old French: reysin
French: résine
→ Middle English: resyn
English: resin
Old Occitan: resina
Catalan: resina, reïna
Occitan: rosina
Old Galician-Portuguese: resina
Galician: resina, recina
Portuguese: resina
Piedmontese: resna
Romanian: rășină
→ Russian: рези́на (rezína)
Sicilian: rìsina
Old Spanish: resina
Spanish: resina

/r̥ɛː.tǐː.nɛː/

/r̥ɛː.tǐː.nɛː/

The suffix -ῑνος and -ῑνη are found both with inherited and with Pre-Greek words. Since there are no good cognates, however, the word is probably Pre-Greek. The comparison with Latin rasis (“kind of raw pitch pulverized to dust”) is uncertain. Latin rēsīna gives proof of a dialectal Greek by-form *ῥησίνα (*rhēsína); the variation attested by this form shows that this is a Pre-Greek word.

cog

460 BCE – 370 BCE, Hippocrates, On Joints 63

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, History of Animals 617a.19

371 BCE – 287 BCE, Theophrastus, Enquiry into Plants 9.2.1

200 BCE – 100 BCE, Nicander, Alexipharmaca 300

200 BCE – 100 BCE, Nicander, Alexipharmaca 554

40 CE – 90 CE, Dioscorides, Materia medica 1.71


κόμη

grc-noun

κόμη • (kómē) f (genitive κόμης); first declension

kómē (romanization)
κόμης (genitive)
ἡ κόμη (nominative singular)
τὼ κόμᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ κόμαι (nominative plural)
τῆς κόμης (genitive singular)
τοῖν κόμαιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κομῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ κόμῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν κόμαιν (dative dual)
ταῖς κόμαις (dative plural)
τὴν κόμην (accusative singular)
τὼ κόμᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς κόμᾱς (accusative plural)
κόμη (singular vocative)
κόμᾱ (dual vocative)
κόμαι (plural vocative)

→ Latin: coma (see there for further descendants)

Not explained with certainty. The word may be taken as "well-tended hair", in opposition of θρίξ (thríx, “hair”), and connected with κομέω (koméō, “to take care of, tend”). Schwyzer considers it a back-formation from κομάω (komáō, “to let the hair grow long”), which could be a by-form of κομέω (koméō). However, since κομάω (komáō) is always connected with hair and is never used in a different sense of "to care", and growing long hair is likely considered the opposite of caring for it, the assumption is not very probable. It has also been suggested as a Pre-Greek word with an element *ko- found in other branches of Indo-European and compared to Albanian qime (“thread of hair”).
The consonant choice in this word is also suggestive of a Semitic word, in Akkadian one has 𒋦 (qimmatum, “tuft of hair; mane, plume; crown, crest”), akin to Arabic قِمَّة (qimma, “crown, peak”), Amharic and Tigre ጋሜ (gamme, “a kind of straight haircut, clean-shaven save for a circumferential strip at the nethermost part”).

unk

Not explained with certainty


ἄγγουρον

grc-noun

ᾰ̓́γγουρον • (ángouron) n (genitive ᾰ̓γγούρου); second declension

ᾰ̓́γγουρον (canonical)
ángouron (romanization)
ᾰ̓γγούρου (genitive)
τὸ ᾰ̓́γγουρον (nominative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓γγούρω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ ᾰ̓́γγουρᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ ᾰ̓γγούρου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓γγούροιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ᾰ̓γγούρων (genitive plural)
τῷ ᾰ̓γγούρῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓γγούροιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ᾰ̓γγούροις (dative plural)
τὸ ᾰ̓́γγουρον (accusative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓γγούρω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ ᾰ̓́γγουρᾰ (accusative plural)
ᾰ̓́γγουρον (singular vocative)
ᾰ̓γγούρω (dual vocative)
ᾰ̓́γγουρᾰ (plural vocative)

Plant names are generally of substrate origin, so a Pre-Greek borrowing is conceivable; this is corroborated by the presence of -γγ- (-ng-) and the suffix -ουρο- (-ouro-).


πυρήν

πῡρήν • (pūrḗn) m (genitive πῡρῆνος); third declension

πῡρήν (canonical)
pūrḗn (romanization)
πῡρῆνος (genitive)
ὁ πῡρήν (nominative singular)
τὼ πῡρῆνε (dual nominative)
οἱ πῡρῆνες (nominative plural)
τοῦ πῡρῆνος (genitive singular)
τοῖν πῡρήνοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν πῡρήνων (genitive plural)
τῷ πῡρῆνῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν πῡρήνοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς πῡρῆσῐ (dative plural)
πῡρῆσῐν (dative plural)
toîs pūrêsi (dative plural)
toîs pūrêsin (dative plural)
τὸν πῡρῆνᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ πῡρῆνε (accusative dual)
τοὺς πῡρῆνᾰς (accusative plural)
πῡρήν (singular vocative)
πῡρῆνε (dual vocative)
πῡρῆνες (plural vocative)

Greek: πυρήνας (pyrínas)

→ English: pyrena


πίσον

πῐ́σον • (píson) n (genitive πίσου); second declension

πῐ́σον (canonical)
píson (romanization)
πίσου (genitive)
. Quoted by comic poet Alexis (canonical)
τὸ πῐ́σον (nominative singular)
τὼ πῐ́σω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ πῐ́σᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ πῐ́σου (genitive singular)
τοῖν πῐ́σοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν πῐ́σων (genitive plural)
τῷ πῐ́σῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν πῐ́σοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς πῐ́σοις (dative plural)
τὸ πῐ́σον (accusative singular)
τὼ πῐ́σω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ πῐ́σᾰ (accusative plural)
πῐ́σον (singular vocative)
πῐ́σω (dual vocative)
πῐ́σᾰ (plural vocative)

Katharevousa Greek: πίσον n (píson)

→ Latin: pisum n

Koine. See Ancient Greek πίσος (písos, “pea”).

Pisum sativum
Pisum sativum#Translingual


λίβανος

λίβανος • (líbanos) m or f (genitive λίβανου); second declension

líbanos (romanization)
λίβανου (genitive)
ὁ (nominative singular)
ἡ λίβανος (nominative singular)
τὼ λιβάνω (dual nominative)
οἱ (nominative plural)
αἱ λίβανοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ (genitive singular)
τῆς λιβάνου (genitive singular)
τοῖν λιβάνοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν λιβάνων (genitive plural)
τῷ (dative singular)
τῇ λιβάνῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν λιβάνοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς (dative plural)
ταῖς λιβάνοις (dative plural)
τὸν (accusative singular)
τὴν λίβανον (accusative singular)
τὼ λιβάνω (accusative dual)
τοὺς (accusative plural)
τᾱ̀ς λιβάνους (accusative plural)
λίβανε (singular vocative)
λιβάνω (dual vocative)
λίβανοι (plural vocative)

Borrowed from a Semitic language, probably from a Canaanite word cognate to Hebrew לְבוֹנָה (ləḇōnā, “frankincense”) and Arabic لُبَان (lubān, “frankincense”), from Proto-West Semitic *laban- (“white”).


ἀσφάραγος

grc-noun

ἀσφάρᾰγος • (aspháragos) m (genitive ἀσφᾰράγου); second declension

ἀσφάρᾰγος (canonical)
aspháragos (romanization)
ἀσφᾰράγου (genitive)
ὁ ἀσφᾰ́ρᾰγος (nominative singular)
τὼ ἀσφᾰρᾰ́γω (dual nominative)
οἱ ἀσφᾰ́ρᾰγοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ ἀσφᾰρᾰ́γου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ἀσφᾰρᾰ́γοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ἀσφᾰρᾰ́γων (genitive plural)
τῷ ἀσφᾰρᾰ́γῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ἀσφᾰρᾰ́γοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ἀσφᾰρᾰ́γοις (dative plural)
τὸν ἀσφᾰ́ρᾰγον (accusative singular)
τὼ ἀσφᾰρᾰ́γω (accusative dual)
τοὺς ἀσφᾰρᾰ́γους (accusative plural)
ἀσφᾰ́ρᾰγε (singular vocative)
ἀσφᾰρᾰ́γω (dual vocative)
ἀσφᾰ́ρᾰγοι (plural vocative)

Latin: asparagus (see there for further descendants)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)pregʰ- (“to jerk, to scatter”) (whence σφαραγέομαι (spharagéomai, “to burst with a noise, teem”)), but Beekes rejects this, citing a Pre-Greek origin due to the presence of the variation "π/φ".


κάρφος

grc-noun

κᾰ́ρφος • (kárphos) n (genitive κᾰ́ρφους or κᾰ́ρφεος); third declension

κᾰ́ρφος (canonical)
kárphos (romanization)
κᾰ́ρφους (genitive)
κᾰ́ρφεος (genitive)
τὸ κᾰ́ρφος (nominative singular)
τὼ κᾰ́ρφει (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ κᾰ́ρφη (nominative plural)
τοῦ κᾰ́ρφους (genitive singular)
τοῖν κᾰρφοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν κᾰρφῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ κᾰ́ρφει (dative singular)
τοῖν κᾰρφοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς κᾰ́ρφεσῐ (dative plural)
κᾰ́ρφεσῐν (dative plural)
toîs kárphesi (dative plural)
toîs kárphesin (dative plural)
τὸ κᾰ́ρφος (accusative singular)
τὼ κᾰ́ρφει (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ κᾰ́ρφη (accusative plural)
κᾰ́ρφος (singular vocative)
κᾰ́ρφει (dual vocative)
κᾰ́ρφη (plural vocative)
τὸ κᾰ́ρφος (nominative singular)
τὼ κᾰ́ρφει (dual nominative)
κᾰ́ρφεε (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ κᾰ́ρφεᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ κᾰ́ρφεος (genitive singular)
κᾰ́ρφευς (genitive singular)
τοῖν κᾰρφέοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κᾰρφέων (genitive plural)
τῷ κᾰ́ρφει (dative singular)
κᾰ́ρφεῐ̈ (dative singular)
τοῖν κᾰρφέοιν (dative dual)
τοῖσῐ (dative plural)
τοῖσῐν κᾰ́ρφεσῐ (dative plural)
κᾰ́ρφεσῐν (dative plural)
toîsi kárphesi (dative plural)
toîsi kárphesin (dative plural)
toîsini (dative plural)
toîsinin (dative plural)
τὸ κᾰ́ρφος (accusative singular)
τὼ κᾰ́ρφει (accusative dual)
κᾰ́ρφεε (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ κᾰ́ρφεᾰ (accusative plural)
κᾰ́ρφος (singular vocative)
κᾰ́ρφει (dual vocative)
κᾰ́ρφεε (dual vocative)
κᾰ́ρφεᾰ (plural vocative)

→ Latin: carphos

From κάρφω (kárphō, “to dry up, to wither”) + -ος (-os).


ῥάχις

grc-noun

ῥάχῐς • (rhákhis) f (genitive ῥάχῐος or ῥάχεως); third declension

ῥάχῐς (canonical)
rhákhis (romanization)
ῥάχῐος (genitive)
ῥάχεως (genitive)
ἡ ῥᾰ́χῐς (nominative singular)
τὼ ῥᾰ́χει (dual nominative)
αἱ ῥᾰ́χεις (nominative plural)
τῆς ῥάχῐος (genitive singular)
ῥάχεως (genitive singular)
τοῖν ῥᾰχέοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ῥᾰ́χεων (genitive plural)
τῇ ῥάχει (dative singular)
ῥάχῑ (dative singular)
τοῖν ῥᾰχέοιν (dative dual)
ταῖς ῥᾰ́χεσῐ (dative plural)
ῥᾰ́χεσῐν (dative plural)
taîs rhákhesi (dative plural)
taîs rhákhesin (dative plural)
τὴν ῥᾰ́χῐν (accusative singular)
τὼ ῥᾰ́χει (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ῥᾰ́χεις (accusative plural)
ῥᾰ́χῐ (singular vocative)
ῥᾰ́χει (dual vocative)
ῥᾰ́χεις (plural vocative)

grc-decl

ῥάχῐος/ῥάχεως

Greek: ράχη (ráchi)

→ English: rachis

→ Italian: rachide

According to Beekes of Pre-Greek origin or related to Lithuanian ražis (“stubble”). Compare ῥαχός (rhakhós, “thorn hedge”).

anything ridged like a backbone:
(botany) midrib of a leaf

anything ridged like a backbone:
midrib of a leaf


κιβώριον

grc-noun

κῐβώρῐον • (kibṓrion) n (genitive κῐβωρίου); second declension

κῐβώρῐον (canonical)
kibṓrion (romanization)
κῐβωρίου (genitive)
τὸ κῐβώρῐον (nominative singular)
τὼ κῐβωρῐ́ω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ κῐβώρῐᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ κῐβωρῐ́ου (genitive singular)
τοῖν κῐβωρῐ́οιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κῐβωρῐ́ων (genitive plural)
τῷ κῐβωρῐ́ῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν κῐβωρῐ́οιν (dative dual)
τοῖς κῐβωρῐ́οις (dative plural)
τὸ κῐβώρῐον (accusative singular)
τὼ κῐβωρῐ́ω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ κῐβώρῐᾰ (accusative plural)
κῐβώρῐον (singular vocative)
κῐβωρῐ́ω (dual vocative)
κῐβώρῐᾰ (plural vocative)

→ Latin: cibōrium

(botany) The seed vessel of the Egyptian water-lily


ὀρόδαμνος

ὀρόδᾰμνος • (oródamnos) m (genitive ὀροδᾰ́μνου); second declension

ὀρόδᾰμνος (canonical)
oródamnos (romanization)
ὀροδᾰ́μνου (genitive)
ὁ ὀρόδᾰμνος (nominative singular)
τὼ ὀροδᾰ́μνω (dual nominative)
οἱ ὀρόδᾰμνοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ ὀροδᾰ́μνου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ὀροδᾰ́μνοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ὀροδᾰ́μνων (genitive plural)
τῷ ὀροδᾰ́μνῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ὀροδᾰ́μνοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ὀροδᾰ́μνοις (dative plural)
τὸν ὀρόδᾰμνον (accusative singular)
τὼ ὀροδᾰ́μνω (accusative dual)
τοὺς ὀροδᾰ́μνους (accusative plural)
ὀρόδᾰμνε (singular vocative)
ὀροδᾰ́μνω (dual vocative)
ὀρόδᾰμνοι (plural vocative)

According to Beekes, from a previous form ϝρόδαμνος (wródamnos), itself of Pre-Greek origin.


οἴναρον

οἴνᾰρον • (oínaron) n (genitive οἰνάρου); second declension

οἴνᾰρον (canonical)
oínaron (romanization)
οἰνάρου (genitive)
τὸ οἴνᾰρον (nominative singular)
τὼ οἰνᾰ́ρω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ οἴνᾰρᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ οἰνᾰ́ρου (genitive singular)
τοῖν οἰνᾰ́ροιν (dual genitive)
τῶν οἰνᾰ́ρων (genitive plural)
τῷ οἰνᾰ́ρῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν οἰνᾰ́ροιν (dative dual)
τοῖς οἰνᾰ́ροις (dative plural)
τὸ οἴνᾰρον (accusative singular)
τὼ οἰνᾰ́ρω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ οἴνᾰρᾰ (accusative plural)
οἴνᾰρον (singular vocative)
οἰνᾰ́ρω (dual vocative)
οἴνᾰρᾰ (plural vocative)


κύημα

κῠ́ημᾰ • (kúēma) n (genitive κῠήμᾰτος); third declension

κῠ́ημᾰ (canonical)
kúēma (romanization)
κῠήμᾰτος (genitive)
τὸ κύημᾰ (nominative singular)
τὼ κυήμᾰτε (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ κυήμᾰτᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ κυήμᾰτος (genitive singular)
τοῖν κυημᾰ́τοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κυημᾰ́των (genitive plural)
τῷ κυήμᾰτῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν κυημᾰ́τοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς κυήμᾰσῐ (dative plural)
κυήμᾰσῐν (dative plural)
toîs kuḗmasi (dative plural)
toîs kuḗmasin (dative plural)
τὸ κύημᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ κυήμᾰτε (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ κυήμᾰτᾰ (accusative plural)
κύημᾰ (singular vocative)
κυήμᾰτε (dual vocative)
κυήμᾰτᾰ (plural vocative)

From κυέω (kuéō, “to be pregnant”) and the suffix -μα (-ma).

(botany) That which is swollen as the result of growth, a sprout


κάχρυς

κάχρῠς • (kákhrus) f (genitive κάχρῠος); third declension

κάχρῠς (canonical)
kákhrus (romanization)
κάχρῠος (genitive)
ἡ κᾰ́χρῠς (nominative singular)
τὼ κᾰ́χρῠε (dual nominative)
αἱ κᾰ́χρῠες (nominative plural)
τῆς κᾰ́χρῠος (genitive singular)
τοῖν κᾰχρῠ́οιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κᾰχρῠ́ων (genitive plural)
τῇ κᾰ́χρῠῐ̈ (dative singular)
κᾰ́χρυι (dative singular)
τοῖν κᾰχρῠ́οιν (dative dual)
ταῖς κᾰ́χρῠσῐ (dative plural)
κᾰ́χρῠσῐν (dative plural)
taîs kákhrusi (dative plural)
taîs kákhrusin (dative plural)
τὴν κᾰ́χρῠν (accusative singular)
τὼ κᾰ́χρῠε (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς κᾰ́χρῡς (accusative plural)
κᾰ́χρῠᾰς (accusative plural)
κᾰ́χρῠ (singular vocative)
κᾰ́χρῠε (dual vocative)
κᾰ́χρῠες (plural vocative)

The word has been connected with κέγχρος (kénkhros, “millet”), but the meaning of this noun rather points towards a connection with κάγκανος (kánkanos, “arid, barren”). Probably of Pre-Greek origin.


χαλβάνη

χᾰλβᾰ́νη • (khalbánē) f (genitive χᾰλβᾰ́νης); first declension

χᾰλβᾰ́νη (canonical)
khalbánē (romanization)
χᾰλβᾰ́νης (genitive)
ἡ χᾰλβᾰ́νη (nominative singular)
τὼ χᾰλβᾰ́νᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ χᾰλβᾰ́ναι (nominative plural)
τῆς χᾰλβᾰ́νης (genitive singular)
τοῖν χᾰλβᾰ́ναιν (dual genitive)
τῶν χᾰλβᾰνῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ χᾰλβᾰ́νῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν χᾰλβᾰ́ναιν (dative dual)
ταῖς χᾰλβᾰ́ναις (dative plural)
τὴν χᾰλβᾰ́νην (accusative singular)
τὼ χᾰλβᾰ́νᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς χᾰλβᾰ́νᾱς (accusative plural)
χᾰλβᾰ́νη (singular vocative)
χᾰλβᾰ́νᾱ (dual vocative)
χᾰλβᾰ́ναι (plural vocative)

→ Latin: galbanum

→ Old Armenian: քաղբան (kʻałban)

desc

→ Old Georgian: ქალბანაჲ (kalbanay), ქალბანჱ (kalbanē)

From Hebrew חֶלְבְּנָה (ḥelbənāh), from the root ח־ל־ב (ḥ-l-b) related to milk, from Proto-Semitic *ḥalīb- (“milk; fat”).

bor

Hebrew חֶלְבְּנָה (ḥelbənāh)

galbanum, the resinous juice produced by plants of the genus Ferula


ἔρνος

grc-noun

ἔρνος • (érnos) n (genitive ἔρνεος or ἔρνους); third declension

érnos (romanization)
ἔρνεος (genitive)
ἔρνους (genitive)
τὸ ἔρνος (nominative singular)
τὼ ἔρνει (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ ἔρνη (nominative plural)
τοῦ ἔρνους (genitive singular)
τοῖν ἐρνοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν ἐρνῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ ἔρνει (dative singular)
τοῖν ἐρνοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς ἔρνεσῐ (dative plural)
ἔρνεσῐν (dative plural)
toîs érnesi (dative plural)
toîs érnesin (dative plural)
τὸ ἔρνος (accusative singular)
τὼ ἔρνει (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ ἔρνη (accusative plural)
ἔρνος (singular vocative)
ἔρνει (dual vocative)
ἔρνη (plural vocative)
ἔρνος (nominative singular)
ἔρνει (dual nominative)
ἔρνεε (dual nominative)
ἔρνεᾰ (nominative plural)
ἔρνεος (genitive singular)
ἔρνευς (genitive singular)
ἐρνέοιν (dual genitive)
ἐρνέων (genitive plural)
ἔρνει (dative singular)
ἔρνεῐ̈ (dative singular)
ἐρνέοιν (dative dual)
ἔρνεσῐ (dative plural)
ἔρνεσῐν (dative plural)
érnesi (dative plural)
érnesin (dative plural)
ἔρνος (accusative singular)
ἔρνει (accusative dual)
ἔρνεε (accusative dual)
ἔρνεᾰ (accusative plural)
ἔρνος (singular vocative)
ἔρνει (dual vocative)
ἔρνεε (dual vocative)
ἔρνεᾰ (plural vocative)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃er- (“to move, stir, spring”) and cognate with ὄρνυμι (órnumi, “to awaken, arouse”). Its form agrees with Sanskrit अर्णस् (arṇas, “river, stream”).


μόσχος

grc-noun

μόσχος • (móskhos) m (genitive μόσχου); second declension

móskhos (romanization)
μόσχου (genitive)
ὁ μόσχος (nominative singular)
τὼ μόσχω (dual nominative)
οἱ μόσχοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ μόσχου (genitive singular)
τοῖν μόσχοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν μόσχων (genitive plural)
τῷ μόσχῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν μόσχοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς μόσχοις (dative plural)
τὸν μόσχον (accusative singular)
τὼ μόσχω (accusative dual)
τοὺς μόσχους (accusative plural)
μόσχε (singular vocative)
μόσχω (dual vocative)
μόσχοι (plural vocative)

→ Classical Syriac: ܡܘܣܟܘܣ

According to Beekes, related to Armenian մոզի (mozi, “two-year-old bull”) and maybe from a Proto-Indo-European *mosǵʰ-o- (“young of an animal; young shoot”). The appurtenance of Lithuanian mãzgas (“bud of a tree; knot”) to the Greco-Armenian terms is less certain and straightforward.


κορύνη

grc-noun

κορύνη • (korúnē) f (genitive κορύνης); first declension

korúnē (romanization)
κορύνης (genitive)
ἡ κορύνη (nominative singular)
τὼ κορύνᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ κορύναι (nominative plural)
τῆς κορύνης (genitive singular)
τοῖν κορύναιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κορυνῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ κορύνῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν κορύναιν (dative dual)
ταῖς κορύναις (dative plural)
τὴν κορύνην (accusative singular)
τὼ κορύνᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς κορύνᾱς (accusative plural)
κορύνη (singular vocative)
κορύνᾱ (dual vocative)
κορύναι (plural vocative)

Perhaps related to κόρυς (kórus, “helmet”), referring to the thick end of the weapon. According to Beekes, the word is of Pre-Greek origin.


στύραξ

στύραξ • (stúrax) m (genitive στύρᾰκος); third declension

stúrax (romanization)
στύρᾰκος (genitive)
ὁ στύρᾰξ (nominative singular)
τὼ στύρᾰκε (dual nominative)
οἱ στύρᾰκες (nominative plural)
τοῦ στύρᾰκος (genitive singular)
τοῖν στυρᾰ́κοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν στυρᾰ́κων (genitive plural)
τῷ στύρᾰκῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν στυρᾰ́κοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς στύρᾰξῐ (dative plural)
στύρᾰξῐν (dative plural)
toîs stúraxi (dative plural)
toîs stúraxin (dative plural)
τὸν στύρᾰκᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ στύρᾰκε (accusative dual)
τοὺς στύρᾰκᾰς (accusative plural)
στύρᾰξ (singular vocative)
στύρᾰκε (dual vocative)
στύρᾰκες (plural vocative)

→ Latin: styrax

desc

ܐܣܛܘܪܩܐ, ܐܣܛܘܪܟܐ, ܣܛܘܪܟܐ

→ Classical Syriac: ܐܣܛܘܪܩܐ, ܐܣܛܘܪܟܐ, ܣܛܘܪܟܐ (sṭurkā, ʾesṭurkā, ʾesṭurqā)

→ Old Georgian: სტჳრაკი (sṭwiraḳi)

Probably of Semitic origin, because this resin was introduced by the Phoenicians.


στρόβιλος

grc-noun

στρόβῑλος • (stróbīlos) m (genitive στροβῑ́λου); second declension

στρόβῑλος (canonical)
stróbīlos (romanization)
στροβῑ́λου (genitive)
ὁ στρόβῑλος (nominative singular)
τὼ στροβῑ́λω (dual nominative)
οἱ στρόβῑλοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ στροβῑ́λου (genitive singular)
τοῖν στροβῑ́λοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν στροβῑ́λων (genitive plural)
τῷ στροβῑ́λῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν στροβῑ́λοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς στροβῑ́λοις (dative plural)
τὸν στρόβῑλον (accusative singular)
τὼ στροβῑ́λω (accusative dual)
τοὺς στροβῑ́λους (accusative plural)
στρόβῑλε (singular vocative)
στροβῑ́λω (dual vocative)
στρόβῑλοι (plural vocative)

→ Aramaic:

Palmyrene Aramaic: 𐡠𐡯𐡨𐡴𐡡𐡩𐡫𐡠 (ʾsṭrbylʾ)

desc

Classical Syriac: ܐܣܛܪܘܒܝܠܐ, ܐܣܛܪܘܒܝܠܝܐ, ܐܣܛܪܘܒܠܝܐ, ܐܣܛܪܘܒܠܝܢ; ܐܣܛܪܒܝܠܝܢ; ܐܣܛܪܘܒܘܠܘܣ, ܐܣܛܪܘܒܠܘܣ

אִיצְטְרוֹבְלָא

אִיצְטְרוּבְלָא

Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: אִיצְטְרוֹבְלָא (ʾiṣṭrōḇəlā), אִיצְטְרוּבְלָא (ʾiṣṭrūḇəlā). אִצְטְרוֹבׅילָא (ʾiṣṭrōḇīlā), אצטרבולא (ʾiṣṭraḇōlā)

→ English: strobilus

אִצְטְרֻובָּל

→ Hebrew: אִצְטְרֻובָּל (ʾiṣṭrubā́l)

→ Hebrew: אִצְטְרֻובָּל (ʾiṣṭrubā́l)

→ Old Georgian: სტროპილოზი (sṭroṗilozi)

From στρόβ(ος) (strób(os), “whirl”) + -ιλος (-ilos).


οἰνάνθη

grc-noun

οἰνάνθη • (oinánthē) f (genitive οἰνάνθης); first declension

oinánthē (romanization)
οἰνάνθης (genitive)
ἡ οἰνάνθη (nominative singular)
τὼ οἰνάνθᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ οἰνάνθαι (nominative plural)
τῆς οἰνάνθης (genitive singular)
τοῖν οἰνάνθαιν (dual genitive)
τῶν οἰνανθῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ οἰνάνθῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν οἰνάνθαιν (dative dual)
ταῖς οἰνάνθαις (dative plural)
τὴν οἰνάνθην (accusative singular)
τὼ οἰνάνθᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς οἰνάνθᾱς (accusative plural)
οἰνάνθη (singular vocative)
οἰνάνθᾱ (dual vocative)
οἰνάνθαι (plural vocative)

→ Translingual: Oenanthe

From οἴνη (oínē, “vine”) and ἄνθη (ánthē, “blossom”).


ἀθήρ

ἀθήρ • (athḗr) m (genitive ἀθέρος); third declension

athḗr (romanization)
ἀθέρος (genitive)
ὁ ἀθήρ (nominative singular)
τὼ ἀθέρε (dual nominative)
οἱ ἀθέρες (nominative plural)
τοῦ ἀθέρος (genitive singular)
τοῖν ἀθέροιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ἀθέρων (genitive plural)
τῷ ἀθέρῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν ἀθέροιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ἀθέρσῐ (dative plural)
ἀθέρσῐν (dative plural)
toîs athérsi (dative plural)
toîs athérsin (dative plural)
τὸν ἀθέρᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ ἀθέρε (accusative dual)
τοὺς ἀθέρᾰς (accusative plural)
ἀθήρ (singular vocative)
ἀθέρε (dual vocative)
ἀθέρες (plural vocative)

Greek: αθέρας (athéras), αθήρ (athír)

Not related to Latin ador (“hulled wheat”) nor to ἄνθος (ánthos, “flower”). According to Beekes, the nasalized form ἀνθέριξ (anthérix) points to a Pre-Greek origin.


κόρυμβος

κόρυμβος • (kórumbos) m (genitive κορύμβου); second declension

kórumbos (romanization)
κορύμβου (genitive)
ὁ κόρυμβος (nominative singular)
τὼ κορύμβω (dual nominative)
οἱ κόρυμβοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ κορύμβου (genitive singular)
τοῖν κορύμβοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κορύμβων (genitive plural)
τῷ κορύμβῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν κορύμβοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς κορύμβοις (dative plural)
τὸν κόρυμβον (accusative singular)
τὼ κορύμβω (accusative dual)
τοὺς κορύμβους (accusative plural)
κόρυμβε (singular vocative)
κορύμβω (dual vocative)
κόρυμβοι (plural vocative)

→ Latin: corymbus

According to Beekes, from the same Pre-Greek root of κορυφή (koruphḗ).


γλωχίς

γλωχῑ́ς • (glōkhī́s) f (genitive γλωχῖνος); third declension

γλωχῑ́ς (canonical)
glōkhī́s (romanization)
γλωχῖνος (genitive)
ἡ γλωχῑ́ς (nominative singular)
τὼ γλωχῖνε (dual nominative)
αἱ γλωχῖνες (nominative plural)
τῆς γλωχῖνος (genitive singular)
τοῖν γλωχῑ́νοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν γλωχῑ́νων (genitive plural)
τῇ γλωχῖνῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν γλωχῑ́νοιν (dative dual)
ταῖς γλωχῖσῐ (dative plural)
γλωχῖσῐν (dative plural)
taîs glōkhîsi (dative plural)
taîs glōkhîsin (dative plural)
τὴν γλωχῖνᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ γλωχῖνε (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς γλωχῖνᾰς (accusative plural)
γλωχῑ́ς (singular vocative)
γλωχῖνε (dual vocative)
γλωχῖνες (plural vocative)

/ɡlɔː.kʰǐːs/

/ɡlɔː.kʰǐːs/

According to Beekes, from Proto-Indo-European *glōgʰ-s (“point”) but there are no certain cognates; possibly Old Norse kleggi (“gadfly”) (see English cleg).


σκέπασμα

σκέπασμᾰ • (sképasma) n (genitive σκεπάσμᾰτος); third declension

σκέπασμᾰ (canonical)
sképasma (romanization)
σκεπάσμᾰτος (genitive)
τὸ σκέπασμᾰ (nominative singular)
τὼ σκεπάσμᾰτε (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ σκεπάσμᾰτᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ σκεπάσμᾰτος (genitive singular)
τοῖν σκεπασμᾰ́τοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν σκεπασμᾰ́των (genitive plural)
τῷ σκεπάσμᾰτῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν σκεπασμᾰ́τοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς σκεπάσμᾰσῐ (dative plural)
σκεπάσμᾰσῐν (dative plural)
toîs skepásmasi (dative plural)
toîs skepásmasin (dative plural)
τὸ σκέπασμᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ σκεπάσμᾰτε (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ σκεπάσμᾰτᾰ (accusative plural)
σκέπασμᾰ (singular vocative)
σκεπάσμᾰτε (dual vocative)
σκεπάσμᾰτᾰ (plural vocative)

From σκεπάζω (skepázō, “to cover”) and the suffix -μα (-ma).


ὄσπριον

ὄσπρῐον • (ósprion) n (genitive ὀσπρίου); second declension

ὄσπρῐον (canonical)
ósprion (romanization)
ὀσπρίου (genitive)
τὸ ὄσπρῐον (nominative singular)
τὼ ὀσπρῐ́ω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ ὄσπρῐᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ ὀσπρῐ́ου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ὀσπρῐ́οιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ὀσπρῐ́ων (genitive plural)
τῷ ὀσπρῐ́ῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ὀσπρῐ́οιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ὀσπρῐ́οις (dative plural)
τὸ ὄσπρῐον (accusative singular)
τὼ ὀσπρῐ́ω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ ὄσπρῐᾰ (accusative plural)
ὄσπρῐον (singular vocative)
ὀσπρῐ́ω (dual vocative)
ὄσπρῐᾰ (plural vocative)

Greek: όσπριο (ósprio)

Of unclear origin. Connections with σπεῖρον (speîron, “wrapping cover”) and σπείρω (speírō, “to sow”) have been suggested, but this is impossible because "ὀ" is not a prothetic vowel. The word is more likely a substrate borrowing, perhaps from the same source as Old Armenian ոսպն (ospn, “lentil”).


σκαλίας

σκᾰλίᾱς • (skalíās) m (genitive σκᾰλίου); first declension

σκᾰλίᾱς (canonical)
skalíās (romanization)
σκᾰλίου (genitive)
ὁ σκᾰλίᾱς (nominative singular)
τὼ σκᾰλίᾱ (dual nominative)
οἱ σκᾰλίαι (nominative plural)
τοῦ σκᾰλίου (genitive singular)
τοῖν σκᾰλίαιν (dual genitive)
τῶν σκᾰλιῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ σκᾰλίᾳ (dative singular)
τοῖν σκᾰλίαιν (dative dual)
τοῖς σκᾰλίαις (dative plural)
τὸν σκᾰλίᾱν (accusative singular)
τὼ σκᾰλίᾱ (accusative dual)
τοὺς σκᾰλίᾱς (accusative plural)
σκᾰλίᾱ (singular vocative)
σκᾰλίᾱ (dual vocative)
σκᾰλίαι (plural vocative)

Frisk connects the word with Proto-Germanic *skaljō (“shell”) but Furnée rather adduces ἀσκαλία (askalía) and ἀσκάληρον (askálēron), which would point to a Pre-Greek origin.


λέπυρον

λέπῡρον • (lépūron) n (genitive λεπῡ́ρου); second declension

λέπῡρον (canonical)
lépūron (romanization)
λεπῡ́ρου (genitive)
τὸ λέπῡρον (nominative singular)
τὼ λεπῡ́ρω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ λέπῡρᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ λεπῡ́ρου (genitive singular)
τοῖν λεπῡ́ροιν (dual genitive)
τῶν λεπῡ́ρων (genitive plural)
τῷ λεπῡ́ρῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν λεπῡ́ροιν (dative dual)
τοῖς λεπῡ́ροις (dative plural)
τὸ λέπῡρον (accusative singular)
τὼ λεπῡ́ρω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ λέπῡρᾰ (accusative plural)
λέπῡρον (singular vocative)
λεπῡ́ρω (dual vocative)
λέπῡρᾰ (plural vocative)

Greek: λέπυρο (lépyro)


ῥάξ

ῥᾱ́ξ • (rhā́x) f (genitive ῥᾱγός); third declension

ῥᾱ́ξ (canonical)
rhā́x (romanization)
ῥᾱγός (genitive)
ἡ ῥᾱ́ξ (nominative singular)
τὼ ῥᾶγε (dual nominative)
αἱ ῥᾶγες (nominative plural)
τῆς ῥᾱγός (genitive singular)
τοῖν ῥᾱγοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν ῥᾱγῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ ῥᾱγῐ́ (dative singular)
τοῖν ῥᾱγοῖν (dative dual)
ταῖς ῥᾱξῐ́ (dative plural)
ῥᾱξῐ́ν (dative plural)
taîs rhāxí (dative plural)
taîs rhāxín (dative plural)
τὴν ῥᾶγᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ ῥᾶγε (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ῥᾶγᾰς (accusative plural)
ῥᾱ́ξ (singular vocative)
ῥᾶγε (dual vocative)
ῥᾶγες (plural vocative)

Greek: ρώγα (róga)

The word is a reminiscent of ῥάματα (rhámata, “bunch of grapes”), as well as of Latin racēmus (“bunch of grapes”), Sanskrit रजनी (rajanī, “grape, lac”), Persian رز (raz, “vine”) and Albanian rrush (“grape”).


ὄρπηξ

ὄρπηξ • (órpēx) m (genitive ὄρπηκος); third declension

órpēx (romanization)
ὄρπηκος (genitive)
ὁ ὄρπηξ (nominative singular)
τὼ ὄρπηκε (dual nominative)
οἱ ὄρπηκες (nominative plural)
τοῦ ὄρπηκος (genitive singular)
τοῖν ὀρπήκοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ὀρπήκων (genitive plural)
τῷ ὄρπηκῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν ὀρπήκοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ὄρπηξῐ (dative plural)
ὄρπηξῐν (dative plural)
toîs órpēxi (dative plural)
toîs órpēxin (dative plural)
τὸν ὄρπηκᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ ὄρπηκε (accusative dual)
τοὺς ὄρπηκᾰς (accusative plural)
ὄρπηξ (singular vocative)
ὄρπηκε (dual vocative)
ὄρπηκες (plural vocative)

The formation is like σκώληξ (skṓlēx), κάχληξ (kákhlēx) and νάρθηξ (nárthēx). The comparison with Lithuanian várpa (“ear of corn”) is not very illuminating. Commonly derived from the root of Latin sarpō (“to trim”), Latin sarmentum (“osiers”) and ἅρπη (hárpē, “sickle”); Beekes, on the grounds that an o-grade of this root is not attested elsewhere, claims that it is a Pre-Greek word.


ὀποπάναξ

ὀποπάναξ • (opopánax) m (genitive ὀποπάνᾰκος); third declension

opopánax (romanization)
ὀποπάνᾰκος (genitive)
ὁ ὀποπᾰ́νᾰξ (nominative singular)
τὼ ὀποπᾰ́νᾰκε (dual nominative)
οἱ ὀποπᾰ́νᾰκες (nominative plural)
τοῦ ὀποπᾰ́νᾰκος (genitive singular)
τοῖν ὀποπᾰνᾰ́κοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ὀποπᾰνᾰ́κων (genitive plural)
τῷ ὀποπᾰ́νᾰκῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν ὀποπᾰνᾰ́κοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ὀποπᾰ́νᾰξῐ (dative plural)
ὀποπᾰ́νᾰξῐν (dative plural)
toîs opopánaxi (dative plural)
toîs opopánaxin (dative plural)
τὸν ὀποπᾰ́νᾰκᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ ὀποπᾰ́νᾰκε (accusative dual)
τοὺς ὀποπᾰ́νᾰκᾰς (accusative plural)
ὀποπᾰ́νᾰξ (singular vocative)
ὀποπᾰ́νᾰκε (dual vocative)
ὀποπᾰ́νᾰκες (plural vocative)

Latin: opopanax

→ English: opopanax

→? Middle Armenian: ուպան (upan)

→ Translingual: Opopanax

From ὀπός (opós, “juice”) + πάναξ (pánax, “name of various healing plants”).


πρέμνον

πρέμνον • (prémnon) n (genitive πρέμνου); second declension

prémnon (romanization)
πρέμνου (genitive)
τὸ πρέμνον (nominative singular)
τὼ πρέμνω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ πρέμνᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ πρέμνου (genitive singular)
τοῖν πρέμνοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν πρέμνων (genitive plural)
τῷ πρέμνῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν πρέμνοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς πρέμνοις (dative plural)
τὸ πρέμνον (accusative singular)
τὼ πρέμνω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ πρέμνᾰ (accusative plural)
πρέμνον (singular vocative)
πρέμνω (dual vocative)
πρέμνᾰ (plural vocative)

Unexplained. Furnée assumes that is a variant of πρυμνός (prumnós, “hindmost, undermost”) and considers the word Pre-Greek.

unk

Unexplained

(botany) bottom of the trunk of a tree, stump


λάσαρον

grc-noun

λάσαρον • (lásaron) n (genitive λασάρου); second declension

lásaron (romanization)
λασάρου (genitive)
τὸ λάσαρον (nominative singular)
τὼ λασάρω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ λάσαρᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ λασάρου (genitive singular)
τοῖν λασάροιν (dual genitive)
τῶν λασάρων (genitive plural)
τῷ λασάρῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν λασάροιν (dative dual)
τοῖς λασάροις (dative plural)
τὸ λάσαρον (accusative singular)
τὼ λασάρω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ λάσαρᾰ (accusative plural)
λάσαρον (singular vocative)
λασάρω (dual vocative)
λάσαρᾰ (plural vocative)

Latin: lasar

Unexplained foreign word. According to Beekes, probably from Pre-Greek.

unk

Unexplained

laser, juice of the asafoetida or silphium


τέρμινθος

grc-noun

τέρμῐνθος • (términthos) f (genitive τερμῐ́νθου); second declension

τέρμῐνθος (canonical)
términthos (romanization)
τερμῐ́νθου (genitive)
ἡ τέρμῐνθος (nominative singular)
τὼ τερμῐ́νθω (dual nominative)
αἱ τέρμῐνθοι (nominative plural)
τῆς τερμῐ́νθου (genitive singular)
τοῖν τερμῐ́νθοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν τερμῐ́νθων (genitive plural)
τῇ τερμῐ́νθῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν τερμῐ́νθοιν (dative dual)
ταῖς τερμῐ́νθοις (dative plural)
τὴν τέρμῐνθον (accusative singular)
τὼ τερμῐ́νθω (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς τερμῐ́νθους (accusative plural)
τέρμῐνθε (singular vocative)
τερμῐ́νθω (dual vocative)
τέρμῐνθοι (plural vocative)

→ Old Georgian: ტერემინთოჲ (ṭeremintoy)

The suffix "-ινθος" proves a Pre-Greek origin. The form τερέβινθος (terébinthos) was perhaps influenced by ἐρέβινθος (erébinthos, “chickpea”).


ἴουλος

ἴουλος • (íoulos) m (genitive ἰούλου); second declension

íoulos (romanization)
ἰούλου (genitive)
ὁ ἴουλος (nominative singular)
τὼ ἰούλω (dual nominative)
οἱ ἴουλοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ ἰούλου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ἰούλοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ἰούλων (genitive plural)
τῷ ἰούλῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ἰούλοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ἰούλοις (dative plural)
τὸν ἴουλον (accusative singular)
τὼ ἰούλω (accusative dual)
τοὺς ἰούλους (accusative plural)
ἴουλε (singular vocative)
ἰούλω (dual vocative)
ἴουλοι (plural vocative)

Greek: ίουλος (íoulos)

→ Latin: iūlus

According to Beekes, from Proto-Indo-European *welH- (“to turn, wind, round”), the same root of οὖλος (oûlos, “wooly, fuzzy”) and εἰλέω (eiléō, “to turn, wind”). However according to targum exegetes it could be borrowed from Phoenician *𐤉𐤋 (*yūl) from the Proto-Semitic lizard name *waral-. This form and similar meanings can be reconstructed on the basis of the animal name’s Jewish Literary Aramaic measure יָלָא (yālā), alternating with יַלָּא (yallā), since /aː/ regularly comes out /uː/ in Phoenician-Punic (like 𐤓𐤀𐤔 (rʾš /rūš/, “head”) from *raʾš- (“head”)). In Jewish Aramaic it also meant a kind of blood-sucking animal, and even closer to the original meaning of a worral would be the Greek senses of certain earth-graving insects. “The first growth of the whiskers and beard” would then be transferred from the image of the undersides of the throats of certain lizards; corn-sheaves afford a similar picture. From any of these meanings the sense of a catkin can be transferred.


κλῆμα

grc-noun

κλῆμᾰ • (klêma) n (genitive κλήμᾰτος); third declension

κλῆμᾰ (canonical)
klêma (romanization)
κλήμᾰτος (genitive)
τὸ κλῆμᾰ (nominative singular)
τὼ κλήμᾰτε (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ κλήμᾰτᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ κλήμᾰτος (genitive singular)
τοῖν κλημᾰ́τοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κλημᾰ́των (genitive plural)
τῷ κλήμᾰτῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν κλημᾰ́τοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς κλήμᾰσῐ (dative plural)
κλήμᾰσῐν (dative plural)
toîs klḗmasi (dative plural)
toîs klḗmasin (dative plural)
τὸ κλῆμᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ κλήμᾰτε (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ κλήμᾰτᾰ (accusative plural)
κλῆμᾰ (singular vocative)
κλήμᾰτε (dual vocative)
κλήμᾰτᾰ (plural vocative)

Greek: κλήμα (klíma)

Connected with κλάω (kláō, “to break”), but the meaning doesn't fit a sprout. Beekes suggests a Pre-Greek origin.


θαλλός

θᾰλλός • (thallós) m (genitive θᾰλλοῦ); second declension

θᾰλλός (canonical)
thallós (romanization)
θᾰλλοῦ (genitive)
ὁ θᾰλλός (nominative singular)
τὼ θᾰλλώ (dual nominative)
οἱ θᾰλλοί (nominative plural)
τοῦ θᾰλλοῦ (genitive singular)
τοῖν θᾰλλοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν θᾰλλῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ θᾰλλῷ (dative singular)
τοῖν θᾰλλοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς θᾰλλοῖς (dative plural)
τὸν θᾰλλόν (accusative singular)
τὼ θᾰλλώ (accusative dual)
τοὺς θᾰλλούς (accusative plural)
θᾰλλέ (singular vocative)
θᾰλλώ (dual vocative)
θᾰλλοί (plural vocative)

Greek: θαλλός (thallós)

→ English: thallus

→ Italian: tallo

→ Sicilian: taḍḍu

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰelh₁- (“to bloom, be green”), whence also θάλλω (thállō, “to bloom”). Compare Welsh dail (“leaves”) and Middle Irish duille (“foliage”). The sense “gift” comes about as a semantic loan from Egyptian, where two etymologically unrelated terms mnḥ (“papyrus stalk”) and mnḥtj (“tribute, gift”) were homophonous in Late Egyptian.

der

(botany) young shoot, young branch (especially of the olive)


κάγκαμον

grc-noun

κᾰ́γκᾰμον • (kánkamon) n (genitive κᾰγκᾰ́μου); second declension

κᾰ́γκᾰμον (canonical)
kánkamon (romanization)
κᾰγκᾰ́μου (genitive)
τὸ κᾰ́γκᾰμον (nominative singular)
τὼ κᾰγκᾰ́μω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ κᾰ́γκᾰμᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ κᾰγκᾰ́μου (genitive singular)
τοῖν κᾰγκᾰ́μοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κᾰγκᾰ́μων (genitive plural)
τῷ κᾰγκᾰ́μῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν κᾰγκᾰ́μοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς κᾰγκᾰ́μοις (dative plural)
τὸ κᾰ́γκᾰμον (accusative singular)
τὼ κᾰγκᾰ́μω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ κᾰ́γκᾰμᾰ (accusative plural)
κᾰ́γκᾰμον (singular vocative)
κᾰγκᾰ́μω (dual vocative)
κᾰ́γκᾰμᾰ (plural vocative)

→ Latin: cancamum

bisabol, a gum produced by the plant Commiphora kataf


τραγάκανθα

τρᾰγᾰ́κανθᾰ • (tragákantha) f (genitive τρᾰγᾰκάνθης); first declension

τρᾰγᾰ́κανθᾰ (canonical)
tragákantha (romanization)
τρᾰγᾰκάνθης (genitive)
ἡ τρᾰγᾰ́κανθᾰ (nominative singular)
τὼ τρᾰγᾰκάνθᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ τρᾰγᾰ́κανθαι (nominative plural)
τῆς τρᾰγᾰκάνθης (genitive singular)
τοῖν τρᾰγᾰκάνθαιν (dual genitive)
τῶν τρᾰγᾰκανθῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ τρᾰγᾰκάνθῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν τρᾰγᾰκάνθαιν (dative dual)
ταῖς τρᾰγᾰκάνθαις (dative plural)
τὴν τρᾰγᾰ́κανθᾰν (accusative singular)
τὼ τρᾰγᾰκάνθᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς τρᾰγᾰκάνθᾱς (accusative plural)
τρᾰγᾰ́κανθᾰ (singular vocative)
τρᾰγᾰκάνθᾱ (dual vocative)
τρᾰγᾰ́κανθαι (plural vocative)

→ English: tragacanth

From τράγος (trágos, “goat”) + ἄκανθα (ákantha, “thorn”).


σαγάπηνον

grc-noun

σᾰγάπηνον • (sagápēnon) n (genitive σᾰγαπήνου); second declension

σᾰγάπηνον (canonical)
sagápēnon (romanization)
σᾰγαπήνου (genitive)
τὸ σᾰγάπηνον (nominative singular)
τὼ σᾰγαπήνω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ σᾰγάπηνᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ σᾰγαπήνου (genitive singular)
τοῖν σᾰγαπήνοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν σᾰγαπήνων (genitive plural)
τῷ σᾰγαπήνῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν σᾰγαπήνοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς σᾰγαπήνοις (dative plural)
τὸ σᾰγάπηνον (accusative singular)
τὼ σᾰγαπήνω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ σᾰγάπηνᾰ (accusative plural)
σᾰγάπηνον (singular vocative)
σᾰγαπήνω (dual vocative)
σᾰγάπηνᾰ (plural vocative)

→ Latin: sagapēnum

From Arabic سَكْبِينَج (sakbīnaj), from Middle Persian [Term?], whence سکبینه (sakbine).

sagapenum, the gum produced by this plant


ὄρμενος

ὄρμενος • (órmenos) m (genitive ὀρμένου); second declension

órmenos (romanization)
ὀρμένου (genitive)
ὁ ὄρμενος (nominative singular)
τὼ ὀρμένω (dual nominative)
οἱ ὄρμενοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ ὀρμένου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ὀρμένοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ὀρμένων (genitive plural)
τῷ ὀρμένῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ὀρμένοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ὀρμένοις (dative plural)
τὸν ὄρμενον (accusative singular)
τὼ ὀρμένω (accusative dual)
τοὺς ὀρμένους (accusative plural)
ὄρμενε (singular vocative)
ὀρμένω (dual vocative)
ὄρμενοι (plural vocative)

→ Latin: ormenos

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *h₃er- (“to move, stir, spring”), the same root of ὄρνυμι (órnumi, “to awaken, arouse”) and ἔρνος (érnos, “shoot, sprout”).

der

(botany) shoot, sprout or stem, stalk (especially of cabbage and asparagus)


ἄσταχυς

grc-noun

ἄστᾰχῠς • (ástakhus) f (genitive ἀστᾰ́χῠος); third declension

ἄστᾰχῠς (canonical)
ástakhus (romanization)
ἀστᾰ́χῠος (genitive)
ὁ ἄστᾰχῠς (nominative singular)
τὼ ἀστᾰ́χῠε (dual nominative)
οἱ ἀστᾰ́χῠες (nominative plural)
τοῦ ἀστᾰ́χῠος (genitive singular)
τοῖν ἀστᾰχῠ́οιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ἀστᾰχῠ́ων (genitive plural)
τῷ ἀστᾰ́χῠῐ̈ (dative singular)
ἀστᾰ́χυι (dative singular)
τοῖν ἀστᾰχῠ́οιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ἀστᾰ́χῠσῐ (dative plural)
ἀστᾰ́χῠσῐν (dative plural)
toîs astákhusi (dative plural)
toîs astákhusin (dative plural)
τὸν ἄστᾰχῠν (accusative singular)
τὼ ἀστᾰ́χῠε (accusative dual)
τοὺς ἀστᾰ́χῡς (accusative plural)
ἀστᾰ́χῠᾰς (accusative plural)
ἄστᾰχῠ (singular vocative)
ἀστᾰ́χῠε (dual vocative)
ἀστᾰ́χῠες (plural vocative)

Previously connected with Proto-Germanic *stangō (“bar; rod; stake”), but most likely a Pre-Greek word in view of the prothetic vowel.


σαρκοκόλλα

grc-noun

σαρκοκόλλᾰ • (sarkokólla) f (genitive σαρκοκόλλης); first declension

σαρκοκόλλᾰ (canonical)
sarkokólla (romanization)
σαρκοκόλλης (genitive)
ἡ σαρκοκόλλᾰ (nominative singular)
τὼ σαρκοκόλλᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ σαρκοκόλλαι (nominative plural)
τῆς σαρκοκόλλης (genitive singular)
τοῖν σαρκοκόλλαιν (dual genitive)
τῶν σαρκοκολλῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ σαρκοκόλλῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν σαρκοκόλλαιν (dative dual)
ταῖς σαρκοκόλλαις (dative plural)
τὴν σαρκοκόλλᾰν (accusative singular)
τὼ σαρκοκόλλᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς σαρκοκόλλᾱς (accusative plural)
σαρκοκόλλᾰ (singular vocative)
σαρκοκόλλᾱ (dual vocative)
σαρκοκόλλαι (plural vocative)

→ Latin: sarcocolla

→ English: sarcocolla

Middle English: sarcocol, sarcocolle

English: sarcocol

From σάρξ (sárx, “flesh”) + κόλλα (kólla, “glue”).

compound

sarcocolla (Persian resin used in traditional medicine and paint manufacture)

milkvetch (flowering shrubs of the genus Astragalus, particularly A. sarcocolla, source of the resin)


βδέλλιον

grc-noun

βδέλλῐον • (bdéllion) n (genitive βδελλῐ́ου); second declension

βδέλλῐον (canonical)
bdéllion (romanization)
βδελλῐ́ου (genitive)
τὸ βδέλλῐον (nominative singular)
τὼ βδελλῐ́ω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ βδέλλῐᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ βδελλῐ́ου (genitive singular)
τοῖν βδελλῐ́οιν (dual genitive)
τῶν βδελλῐ́ων (genitive plural)
τῷ βδελλῐ́ῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν βδελλῐ́οιν (dative dual)
τοῖς βδελλῐ́οις (dative plural)
τὸ βδέλλῐον (accusative singular)
τὼ βδελλῐ́ω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ βδέλλῐᾰ (accusative plural)
βδέλλῐον (singular vocative)
βδελλῐ́ω (dual vocative)
βδέλλῐᾰ (plural vocative)

→ Latin: bdellium

From Hebrew בְּדֹלַח (bəḏṓlaḥ), cognate with Akkadian 𒁉𒁺𒌨𒄷 (bidurḫu).

der

Hebrew בְּדֹלַח (bəḏṓlaḥ)

bdellium, an aromatic gum obtained from Commiphora africana


μάλδακον

grc-noun

μᾰ́λδᾰκον • (máldakon) n (genitive μᾰλδᾰ́κου); second declension

μᾰ́λδᾰκον (canonical)
máldakon (romanization)
μᾰλδᾰ́κου (genitive)
τὸ μᾰ́λδᾰκον (nominative singular)
τὼ μᾰλδᾰ́κω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ μᾰ́λδᾰκᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ μᾰλδᾰ́κου (genitive singular)
τοῖν μᾰλδᾰ́κοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν μᾰλδᾰ́κων (genitive plural)
τῷ μᾰλδᾰ́κῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν μᾰλδᾰ́κοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς μᾰλδᾰ́κοις (dative plural)
τὸ μᾰ́λδᾰκον (accusative singular)
τὼ μᾰλδᾰ́κω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ μᾰ́λδᾰκᾰ (accusative plural)
μᾰ́λδᾰκον (singular vocative)
μᾰλδᾰ́κω (dual vocative)
μᾰ́λδᾰκᾰ (plural vocative)

→ Latin: maldacon

Furnée thinks it is a Semitic loan standing for *μαδαλκον (*madalkon), and compares בְּדֹלַח (bdólakh) and Akkadian 𒁉𒁺𒌨𒄷 (bidurḫu).


λήδανον

λήδᾰνον • (lḗdanon) n (genitive ληδᾰ́νου); second declension

λήδᾰνον (canonical)
lḗdanon (romanization)
ληδᾰ́νου (genitive)
τὸ λήδᾰνον (nominative singular)
τὼ ληδᾰ́νω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ λήδᾰνᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ ληδᾰ́νου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ληδᾰ́νοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ληδᾰ́νων (genitive plural)
τῷ ληδᾰ́νῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ληδᾰ́νοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ληδᾰ́νοις (dative plural)
τὸ λήδᾰνον (accusative singular)
τὼ ληδᾰ́νω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ λήδᾰνᾰ (accusative plural)
λήδᾰνον (singular vocative)
ληδᾰ́νω (dual vocative)
λήδᾰνᾰ (plural vocative)

→ Latin: lādanum

→ Old Armenian: ղանդանոն (łandanon)

A loan, originally from Semitic. Compare Akkadian 𒆷𒁷𒉡 (ladinnu).

labdanum, a resin obtained from rockroses


σμύρνα

σμῠ́ρνᾰ • (smúrna) f (genitive σμῠ́ρνης); first declension

σμῠ́ρνᾰ (canonical)
smúrna (romanization)
σμῠ́ρνης (genitive)
ἡ σμῠ́ρνᾰ (nominative singular)
τὼ σμῠ́ρνᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ σμῠ́ρναι (nominative plural)
τῆς σμῠ́ρνης (genitive singular)
τοῖν σμῠ́ρναιν (dual genitive)
τῶν σμῠρνῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ σμῠ́ρνῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν σμῠ́ρναιν (dative dual)
ταῖς σμῠ́ρναις (dative plural)
τὴν σμῠ́ρνᾰν (accusative singular)
τὼ σμῠ́ρνᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς σμῠ́ρνᾱς (accusative plural)
σμῠ́ρνᾰ (singular vocative)
σμῠ́ρνᾱ (dual vocative)
σμῠ́ρναι (plural vocative)

→ Classical Syriac: ܣܡܽܘܪܢܳܐ (smurnā)

→ Coptic: ⲥⲙⲩⲣⲛⲏⲥ (smurnēs)

→ Gothic: 𐍃𐌼𐍅𐍂𐌽 (smwrn)

→ Latin: smyrna

desc

→ Old Church Slavonic: змѵ́рьна (zmǘrĭna)

→ Belarusian: смі́рна (smírna)

→ Russian: сми́рна (smírna)

→ Ukrainian: сми́рна (smýrna)

According to Beekes, probably from the city of Σμύρνα (Smúrna, “Izmir”), itself apparently of unknown origin, and not a by-form of μύρρα (múrrha, “myrrh”).

Commiphora myrrha
Commiphora myrrha#Translingual

Indian bdellium, false myrrh, the resin of Commiphora wightii


βάλσαμον

grc-noun

βᾰ́λσᾰμον • (bálsamon) n (genitive βᾰλσᾰμου); second declension

βᾰ́λσᾰμον (canonical)
bálsamon (romanization)
βᾰλσᾰμου (genitive)
τὸ βᾰ́λσᾰμον (nominative singular)
τὼ βᾰλσᾰ́μω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ βᾰ́λσᾰμᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ βᾰλσᾰ́μου (genitive singular)
τοῖν βᾰλσᾰ́μοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν βᾰλσᾰ́μων (genitive plural)
τῷ βᾰλσᾰ́μῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν βᾰλσᾰ́μοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς βᾰλσᾰ́μοις (dative plural)
τὸ βᾰ́λσᾰμον (accusative singular)
τὼ βᾰλσᾰ́μω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ βᾰ́λσᾰμᾰ (accusative plural)
βᾰ́λσᾰμον (singular vocative)
βᾰλσᾰ́μω (dual vocative)
βᾰ́λσᾰμᾰ (plural vocative)

desctree

→ Arabic: بَيْلَسان (baylasān), بَلَسَان (balasān), بَلْسَم (balsam), بِلْسَام (bilsām), بَشَام (bašām)
→ Amharic: በለሳን (bäläsan)
→ Old Armenian: բալասան (balasan)
→ Middle Armenian: պալասան (palasan)
→ Ge'ez: በለሳን (bäläsan), በልሳን (bälsan), በለሶን (bäläson)
→ Somali: bilsin
→ Tigrinya: በለሳን (bäläsan)

→ Aramaic:

Jewish Palestinian Aramaic: בלזמה, בלסנה

Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: בלסמון

Classical Syriac: ܒܠܣܡܘܢ, ܒܠܣܝܡܘܢ, ܒܐܠܣܡܘܢ

→ Latin: balsamum (see there for further descendants)

→ Old Armenian: բաղսամոն (bałsamon)

→ Old Georgian: ბარსაბონი (barsaboni)

Of Semitic origin, borrowed from Hebrew בָּשָׂם (bāśām, “sweet spice, sweet smell”), the consonant sequence in Greek being explained as an attempt of rendering שׂ (ś) sounding back then [ɬ]; the semantic development may later have been attached to Aramaic and Ancient North Arabian.

bor

Arabian balsam tree (Commiphora gileadensis)

balsam, the fragrant oil produced by this tree

Tanacetum balsamita
Tanacetum balsamita#Translingual