μασχάλη

grc-noun

μᾰσχᾰ́λη • (maskhálē) f (genitive μᾰσχᾰ́λης); first declension

μᾰσχᾰ́λη (canonical)
maskhálē (romanization)
μᾰσχᾰ́λης (genitive)
ἡ μᾰσχᾰ́λη (nominative singular)
τὼ μᾰσχᾰ́λᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ μᾰσχᾰ́λαι (nominative plural)
τῆς μᾰσχᾰ́λης (genitive singular)
τοῖν μᾰσχᾰ́λαιν (dual genitive)
τῶν μᾰσχᾰλῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ μᾰσχᾰ́λῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν μᾰσχᾰ́λαιν (dative dual)
ταῖς μᾰσχᾰ́λαις (dative plural)
τὴν μᾰσχᾰ́λην (accusative singular)
τὼ μᾰσχᾰ́λᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς μᾰσχᾰ́λᾱς (accusative plural)
μᾰσχᾰ́λη (singular vocative)
μᾰσχᾰ́λᾱ (dual vocative)
μᾰσχᾰ́λαι (plural vocative)

Greek: μασχάλη (mascháli)

The formation may be compared with that of ἀγκάλη (ankálē, “bent arm”), but further details are unclear. According to Beekes, it is undoubtedly a Pre-Greek word.
Meanwhile Douglas Q. Adams has presented a derivation from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱsleh₂, via *h₂eḱs- (“axis, axle”), ultimately from the root *h₂eǵ- (“to drive”), and source to Latin āla (“wing, armpit”), axilla (“little wing, armpit”) as well as Proto-Germanic *ahslō (“shoulder”). He finds that a Proto-Hellenic *aksalā could have given *askhalā by simple metathesis, while the initial m- could be either the product of a misdivision of the definite article plus noun (e. g. in the accusative singular *tām aksalā as well as in the respective genitive and dative dual, and genitive plural forms) or a contamination with the semantically similar μάλη (málē, “armpit”) and μαζός (mazós, “breast”).
Immanuel Löw explains it as a Semitic borrowing, related to Jewish Babylonian Aramaic מַתְחֲלָא (maṯḥălā, “calyx surrounding the date in its early state, or spathe of a date-palm”), possibly related to Arabic حُثَالَة (ḥuṯāla, “husks of grain or of dates, refuse of any crop”), both of uncertain internal relations.

cog

part of the prow of a ship, to which the foresail is fastened


στεῖρα

grc-noun

στεῖρα • (steîra) f (genitive στείρας); first declension

steîra (romanization)
στείρας (genitive)

forepart of a ship's keel, continued into the stem or cutwater


ἄτρακτος

ἄτρακτος • (átraktos) m or f (genitive ἀτράκτου); second declension

átraktos (romanization)
ἀτράκτου (genitive)
ὁ (nominative singular)
ἡ ἄτρακτος (nominative singular)
τὼ ἀτράκτω (dual nominative)
οἱ (nominative plural)
αἱ ἄτρακτοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ (genitive singular)
τῆς ἀτράκτου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ἀτράκτοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ἀτράκτων (genitive plural)
τῷ (dative singular)
τῇ ἀτράκτῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ἀτράκτοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς (dative plural)
ταῖς ἀτράκτοις (dative plural)
τὸν (accusative singular)
τὴν ἄτρακτον (accusative singular)
τὼ ἀτράκτω (accusative dual)
τοὺς (accusative plural)
τᾱ̀ς ἀτράκτους (accusative plural)
ἄτρακτε (singular vocative)
ἀτράκτω (dual vocative)
ἄτρακτοι (plural vocative)

desc

> Greek: άτρακτος (átraktos) (inherited)

→ Translingual: Atractus

Has been derived from Proto-Indo-European *terkʷ-, with cognates including Sanskrit तर्कु (tarku), Albanian dredh and Latin torqueō. However, there are some problems with these connections, such as expecting a π (p) instead of κ (k) from *kʷ. According to Beekes, it is rather a Pre-Greek word; this may find support in ἄδρακτος (ádraktos) and ἀτρακίς (atrakís), if the variation κ/κτ is old and not due to simplification.


ταινία

grc-noun

ταινῐ́ᾱ • (tainíā) f (genitive ταινῐ́ᾱς); first declension

ταινῐ́ᾱ (canonical)
tainíā (romanization)
ταινῐ́ᾱς (genitive)
ἡ ταινῐ́ᾱ (nominative singular)
τὼ ταινῐ́ᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ ταινῐ́αι (nominative plural)
τῆς ταινῐ́ᾱς (genitive singular)
τοῖν ταινῐ́αιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ταινῐῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ ταινῐ́ᾳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ταινῐ́αιν (dative dual)
ταῖς ταινῐ́αις (dative plural)
τὴν ταινῐ́ᾱν (accusative singular)
τὼ ταινῐ́ᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ταινῐ́ᾱς (accusative plural)
ταινῐ́ᾱ (singular vocative)
ταινῐ́ᾱ (dual vocative)
ταινῐ́αι (plural vocative)

Greek: ταινία (tainía)

→ Latin: taenia

→ Translingual: Taenia

According to Beekes, probably from Proto-Indo-European *ten- (“stretch”), the same root underlying τείνω (teínō, “to stretch”), though the phonological and morphological details are rather unclear. The missing link may be a noun like *ταῖνα (*taîna) or *ταινά (*tainá). The formation of the word is comparable to that of κειρία (keiría, “band, tapeworm”).


περόνη

περόνη • (perónē) f (genitive περόνης); first declension

perónē (romanization)
περόνης (genitive)
ἡ περόνη (nominative singular)
τὼ περόνᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ περόναι (nominative plural)
τῆς περόνης (genitive singular)
τοῖν περόναιν (dual genitive)
τῶν περονῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ περόνῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν περόναιν (dative dual)
ταῖς περόναις (dative plural)
τὴν περόνην (accusative singular)
τὼ περόνᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς περόνᾱς (accusative plural)
περόνη (singular vocative)
περόνᾱ (dual vocative)
περόναι (plural vocative)

Greek: περόνη (peróni)

⇒ Koine Greek: περόνιον (perónion)

desc

Byzantine Greek: πιρούνιν (piroúnin), περούνιν (peroúnin)

desctree

Greek: πιρούνι (piroúni)
→ Albanian: pirun
→ Aromanian: pirunã
→ Friulian: piron
→ Ladino: piron
→ Mòcheno: paru'
→ Romanian: piron
→ Serbo-Croatian: pirun / пирун
→ Venetan: piron
→ Cimbrian: pirù
→ Lombard: piron

→ English: perone

From πείρω (peírō, “to pierce, run through”), formed with the pattern of ᾰ̓κόνη (akónē, “whetstone, hone”), βελόνη (belónē, “needle”).

pin or tongue of a buckle or brooch
pin for twisting ropes round, on a ship

pin or tongue of a buckle or brooch
linchpin

(anatomy) radius; (more frequently) fibula, calf bone

(zootomy) ligament below the knee of a horse


ἐργάτης

grc-noun

ἐργᾰ́της • (ergátēs) m (genitive ἐργᾰ́του); first declension

ἐργᾰ́της (canonical)
ergátēs (romanization)
ἐργᾰ́του (genitive)
ὁ ἐργᾰ́της (nominative singular)
τὼ ἐργᾰ́τᾱ (dual nominative)
οἱ ἐργᾰ́ται (nominative plural)
τοῦ ἐργᾰ́του (genitive singular)
τοῖν ἐργᾰ́ταιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ἐργᾰτῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ ἐργᾰ́τῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν ἐργᾰ́ταιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ἐργᾰ́ταις (dative plural)
τὸν ἐργᾰ́την (accusative singular)
τὼ ἐργᾰ́τᾱ (accusative dual)
τοὺς ἐργᾰ́τᾱς (accusative plural)
ἐργᾰ́τᾰ (singular vocative)
ἐργᾰ́τᾱ (dual vocative)
ἐργᾰ́ται (plural vocative)

desctree

Greek: εργάτης (ergátis)
→ Ottoman Turkish: ارغات (ırgat), ارغاد (ırgad)
Turkish: ırgat
→ Albanian: argat
→ Armenian: ըրղաթ (ərġatʻ), ըռղաթ (əṙġatʻ)
→ Aromanian: argat, argatu
→ Bulgarian: арга́т (argát)
→ Macedonian: аргат (argat)
→ Romanian: argat
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: а̀ргат
Latin script: àrgat

→ Latin: ergata

Spanish: argado

From the root of ἔργον (érgon, “work”) + -της (-tēs, masculine agentive suffix).


στέγη

grc-noun

στέγη • (stégē) f (genitive στέγης); first declension

stégē (romanization)
στέγης (genitive)
ἡ στέγη (nominative singular)
τὼ στέγᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ στέγαι (nominative plural)
τῆς στέγης (genitive singular)
τοῖν στέγαιν (dual genitive)
τῶν στεγῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ στέγῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν στέγαιν (dative dual)
ταῖς στέγαις (dative plural)
τὴν στέγην (accusative singular)
τὼ στέγᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς στέγᾱς (accusative plural)
στέγη (singular vocative)
στέγᾱ (dual vocative)
στέγαι (plural vocative)

Greek: στέγη (stégi)

→ Latin: stega

From στέγω (stégō, “to cover”) + -η (-ē, action noun suffix).


ἱστός

grc-noun

ῐ̔στός • (histós) m (genitive ῐ̔στοῦ); second declension

ῐ̔στός (canonical)
histós (romanization)
ῐ̔στοῦ (genitive)
ὁ ῐ̔στός (nominative singular)
τὼ ῐ̔στώ (dual nominative)
οἱ ῐ̔στοί (nominative plural)
τοῦ ῐ̔στοῦ (genitive singular)
τοῖν ῐ̔στοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν ῐ̔στῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ ῐ̔στῷ (dative singular)
τοῖν ῐ̔στοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς ῐ̔στοῖς (dative plural)
τὸν ῐ̔στόν (accusative singular)
τὼ ῐ̔στώ (accusative dual)
τοὺς ῐ̔στούς (accusative plural)
ῐ̔στέ (singular vocative)
ῐ̔στώ (dual vocative)
ῐ̔στοί (plural vocative)

English: histo-

desc

Greek: ιστός m (istós, “mast, loom, web”)

Related to ἵστημι (hístēmi), from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂- (“to stand”).

der

ἱστὸν δ’ εἰλάτινον κοίλης ἔντοσθε μεσόδμης στῆσαν ἀείραντες

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 15.289

The mast of fir they raised and set in the hollow socket.

històn d’ eilátinon koílēs éntosthe mesódmēs stêsan aeírantes


πρῷρα

grc-noun

πρῷρᾰ • (prôira) f (genitive πρῴρᾱς); first declension

πρῷρᾰ (canonical)
prôira (romanization)
πρῴρᾱς (genitive)
ἡ πρῷρᾰ (nominative singular)
τὼ πρῴρᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ πρῷραι (nominative plural)
τῆς πρῴρᾱς (genitive singular)
τοῖν πρῴραιν (dual genitive)
τῶν πρῳρῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ πρῴρᾳ (dative singular)
τοῖν πρῴραιν (dative dual)
ταῖς πρῴραις (dative plural)
τὴν πρῷρᾰν (accusative singular)
τὼ πρῴρᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς πρῴρᾱς (accusative plural)
πρῷρᾰ (singular vocative)
πρῴρᾱ (dual vocative)
πρῷραι (plural vocative)

Byzantine Greek: πλώρα (plṓra)

Greek: πλώρα (plóra)

→ Greek: πρώρα (próra)

→ Latin: prōra (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Hellenic *prṓwařřa, from Proto-Indo-European *préh₃wr̥yh₂.


φάλκης

φάλκης • (phálkēs) m (genitive φάλκου); first declension

phálkēs (romanization)
φάλκου (genitive)
ὁ φάλκης (nominative singular)
τὼ φάλκᾱ (dual nominative)
οἱ φάλκαι (nominative plural)
τοῦ φάλκου (genitive singular)
τοῖν φάλκαιν (dual genitive)
τῶν φαλκῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ φάλκῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν φάλκαιν (dative dual)
τοῖς φάλκαις (dative plural)
τὸν φάλκην (accusative singular)
τὼ φάλκᾱ (accusative dual)
τοὺς φάλκᾱς (accusative plural)
φάλκη (singular vocative)
φάλκᾱ (dual vocative)
φάλκαι (plural vocative)

→ Italian: falca

The word has been connected with φάλαγξ (phálanx, “trunk; beam”), Latin falx (“scythe”) and φάλκη (phálkē). According to Beekes, the word may well be from Pre-Greek. For the latter possibility, compare also ἄφλᾰστον (áphlaston).


ἀρτέμων

ᾰ̓ρτέμων • (artémōn) m (genitive ᾰ̓ρτέμονος); third declension

ᾰ̓ρτέμων (canonical)
artémōn (romanization)
ᾰ̓ρτέμονος (genitive)
ὁ ᾰ̓ρτέμων (nominative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓ρτέμονε (dual nominative)
οἱ ᾰ̓ρτέμονες (nominative plural)
τοῦ ᾰ̓ρτέμονος (genitive singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓ρτεμόνοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ᾰ̓ρτεμόνων (genitive plural)
τῷ ᾰ̓ρτέμονῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓ρτεμόνοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ᾰ̓ρτέμοσῐ (dative plural)
ᾰ̓ρτέμοσῐν (dative plural)
toîs artémosi (dative plural)
toîs artémosin (dative plural)
τὸν ᾰ̓ρτέμονᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓ρτέμονε (accusative dual)
τοὺς ᾰ̓ρτέμονᾰς (accusative plural)
ᾰ̓ρτέμον (singular vocative)
ᾰ̓ρτέμονε (dual vocative)
ᾰ̓ρτέμονες (plural vocative)

Greek: αρτέμονας (artémonas)

→ Arabic: أَرْدَمُون (ʔardamūn)

→ Aramaic:

desc

Classical Syriac: ܐܰܪܛܶܡܘܿܢܳܐ (arṭemōnā)

desctree

→ Latin: artemōn
Catalan: artimó
French: artimon
Italian: artimone
Norman: artimon
Portuguese: artimão
Spanish: artemón
→ English: artemon

From ἀρτάω (artáō, “to attach”) + -μων (-mōn).


ἱστοδόκη

grc-noun

ἱστοδόκη • (histodókē) f (genitive ἱστοδόκης); first declension

histodókē (romanization)
ἱστοδόκης (genitive)
ἡ ἱστοδόκη (nominative singular)
τὼ ἱστοδόκᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ ἱστοδόκαι (nominative plural)
τῆς ἱστοδόκης (genitive singular)
τοῖν ἱστοδόκαιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ἱστοδοκῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ ἱστοδόκῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν ἱστοδόκαιν (dative dual)
ταῖς ἱστοδόκαις (dative plural)
τὴν ἱστοδόκην (accusative singular)
τὼ ἱστοδόκᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ἱστοδόκᾱς (accusative plural)
ἱστοδόκη (singular vocative)
ἱστοδόκᾱ (dual vocative)
ἱστοδόκαι (plural vocative)

From ἱστός (histós, “mast”) + δοκή (dokḗ, “container”).

compound

mast-holder, a piece of wood standing up from the stern, on which the mast rested when let down


ἱστοπέδη

grc-noun

ἱστοπέδη • (histopédē) f (genitive ἱστοπέδης); first declension

histopédē (romanization)
ἱστοπέδης (genitive)
ἡ ἱστοπέδη (nominative singular)
τὼ ἱστοπέδᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ ἱστοπέδαι (nominative plural)
τῆς ἱστοπέδης (genitive singular)
τοῖν ἱστοπέδαιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ἱστοπεδῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ ἱστοπέδῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν ἱστοπέδαιν (dative dual)
ταῖς ἱστοπέδαις (dative plural)
τὴν ἱστοπέδην (accusative singular)
τὼ ἱστοπέδᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ἱστοπέδᾱς (accusative plural)
ἱστοπέδη (singular vocative)
ἱστοπέδᾱ (dual vocative)
ἱστοπέδαι (plural vocative)

From ἱστός (histós, “mast”) + πέδη (pédē, “fetter, shackle”).

compound

piece of wood set in the keel to which the mast was bound, or, a hole in the keel for stepping the mast


ἐγκοίλια

grc-noun

ἐγκοίλῐᾰ • (enkoília) n pl (genitive ἐγκοιλῐ́ων); second declension

ἐγκοίλῐᾰ (canonical)
enkoília (romanization)
ἐγκοιλῐ́ων (genitive)
τᾰ̀ ἐγκοίλῐᾰ (nominative plural)
τῶν ἐγκοιλῐ́ων (genitive plural)
τοῖς ἐγκοιλῐ́οις (dative plural)
τᾰ̀ ἐγκοίλῐᾰ (accusative plural)
ἐγκοίλῐᾰ (plural vocative)

Neuter plural form of ἐγκοίλῐος (enkoílios, “in the belly”).


οὖσον

οὖσον • (oûson) n (genitive οὔσου); second declension

oûson (romanization)
οὔσου (genitive)
τὸ οὖσον (nominative singular)
τὼ οὔσω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ οὖσᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ οὔσου (genitive singular)
τοῖν οὔσοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν οὔσων (genitive plural)
τῷ οὔσῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν οὔσοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς οὔσοις (dative plural)
τὸ οὖσον (accusative singular)
τὼ οὔσω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ οὖσᾰ (accusative plural)
οὖσον (singular vocative)
οὔσω (dual vocative)
οὖσᾰ (plural vocative)

Unclear. Von Wilamovitz compares σοῦσον (soûson, “lily”).

unk

Unclear

(mostly in the plural) ship's tackle, ropes


ἄμβολα

grc-noun

ἄμβολᾰ • (ámbola) n pl (genitive ἀμβόλων); second declension

ἄμβολᾰ (canonical)
ámbola (romanization)
ἀμβόλων (genitive)
τᾰ̀ ἄμβολᾰ (nominative plural)
τῶν ἀμβόλων (genitive plural)
τοῖς ἀμβόλοις (dative plural)
τᾰ̀ ἄμβολᾰ (accusative plural)
ἄμβολᾰ (plural vocative)


ὑπόβαθρον

ὑπόβᾰθρον • (hupóbathron) n (genitive ὑποβᾰ́θρου); second declension

ὑπόβᾰθρον (canonical)
hupóbathron (romanization)
ὑποβᾰ́θρου (genitive)
τὸ ὑπόβᾰθρον (nominative singular)
τὼ ὑποβᾰ́θρω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ ὑπόβᾰθρᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ ὑποβᾰ́θρου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ὑποβᾰ́θροιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ὑποβᾰ́θρων (genitive plural)
τῷ ὑποβᾰ́θρῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ὑποβᾰ́θροιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ὑποβᾰ́θροις (dative plural)
τὸ ὑπόβᾰθρον (accusative singular)
τὼ ὑποβᾰ́θρω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ ὑπόβᾰθρᾰ (accusative plural)
ὑπόβᾰθρον (singular vocative)
ὑποβᾰ́θρω (dual vocative)
ὑπόβᾰθρᾰ (plural vocative)

From ὑπο- (hupo-, under) + βᾰ́θρον (báthron, “base, pedestal”).

af

base, anything put under, hence:
keel of a ship