κόλπος

grc-noun

κόλπος • (kólpos) m (genitive κόλπου); second declension

kólpos (romanization)
κόλπου (genitive)
ὁ κόλπος (nominative singular)
τὼ κόλπω (dual nominative)
οἱ κόλποι (nominative plural)
τοῦ κόλπου (genitive singular)
τοῖν κόλποιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κόλπων (genitive plural)
τῷ κόλπῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν κόλποιν (dative dual)
τοῖς κόλποις (dative plural)
τὸν κόλπον (accusative singular)
τὼ κόλπω (accusative dual)
τοὺς κόλπους (accusative plural)
κόλπε (singular vocative)
κόλπω (dual vocative)
κόλποι (plural vocative)

→ Greek: κόλπος (kólpos) (learned)

→ Latin: colfus, colphus, culfus

Asturian: golfu

Catalan: golf

French: gouffre

Friulian: golf

Occitan: gòlf

Portuguese: golfo

Sicilian: gurfu

Spanish: golfo

Italian: golfo

→ German: Golf

→ Czech: golf

→ Norwegian: golf

→ Old French: golfe

French: golfe

→ Romanian: golf

→ Middle English: gulf

English: gulf

→ New Latin: colpos, colpus (learned)

→ Azerbaijani: körfəz

→ Ottoman Turkish: كورفز (körfez)

> Turkish: körfez (inherited)

→ Uyghur: كۆرپەز (körpez)

→ Uzbek: koʻrfaz

Of uncertain origin. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *kʷelp- (“to curve, arch”), which would also be the source of Proto-Germanic *hwalfą (“vault, arch”), though Greek *πόλπος (*pólpos) would be expected, and the semantics are distant.


ἀγρός

grc-noun

ᾰ̓γρός • (agrós) m (genitive ᾰ̓γροῦ); second declension

ᾰ̓γρός (canonical)
agrós (romanization)
ᾰ̓γροῦ (genitive)
ὁ ᾰ̓γρός (nominative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓γρώ (dual nominative)
οἱ ᾰ̓γροί (nominative plural)
τοῦ ᾰ̓γροῦ (genitive singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓γροῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν ᾰ̓γρῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ ᾰ̓γρῷ (dative singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓γροῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς ᾰ̓γροῖς (dative plural)
τὸν ᾰ̓γρόν (accusative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓γρώ (accusative dual)
τοὺς ᾰ̓γρούς (accusative plural)
ᾰ̓γρέ (singular vocative)
ᾰ̓γρώ (dual vocative)
ᾰ̓γροί (plural vocative)

Greek: αγρός m (agrós, “field”)

From Proto-Hellenic *agrós, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éǵros. Cognates include Mycenaean Greek 𐀀𐀒𐀫 (a-ko-ro), Latin ager, Sanskrit अज्र (ájra) and Old English æcer (English acre).


Ἀδρίας

grc-proper noun

Ᾰ̓δρῐ́ᾱς • (Adríās) m (genitive Ᾰ̓δρῐ́ου); first declension

Ᾰ̓δρῐ́ᾱς (canonical)
Adríās (romanization)
Ᾰ̓δρῐ́ου (genitive)
ὁ Ᾰ̓δρῐ́ᾱς (nominative singular)
τοῦ Ᾰ̓δρῐ́ου (genitive singular)
τῷ Ᾰ̓δρῐ́ᾳ (dative singular)
τὸν Ᾰ̓δρῐ́ᾱν (accusative singular)
Ᾰ̓δρῐ́ᾱ (singular vocative)

Greek: Αδρίας (Adrías)

Latin: Adrias

From Ᾰ̓δρῐ́ᾱ (Adríā, “Adria”) + -ᾱς (-ās).

καὶ ἀποπέμψας εἰς τὸν Ἀδρίαν ὁλκάδα δυοῖν ταλάντοιν, (...)
kaì apopémpsas eis tòn Adrían holkáda duoîn talántoin, (...)

445 BCE – 380 BCE, Lysias, Against Diogeiton 25

Again, when he had dispatched a merchant vessel with two talents' worth onto the Adriatic Sea, (...)


Ἰορδάνης

Ἰορδάνης • (Iordánēs) m (genitive Ἰορδάνου); first declension

Iordánēs (romanization)
Ἰορδάνου (genitive)
ὁ Ἰορδάνης (nominative singular)
τοῦ Ἰορδάνου (genitive singular)
τῷ Ἰορδάνῃ (dative singular)
τὸν Ἰορδάνην (accusative singular)
Ἰορδάνη (singular vocative)

→ Coptic: ⲓⲟⲣⲇⲁⲛⲏⲥ (iordanēs)

Greek: Ιορδάνης (Iordánis)

→ Latin: Iordanes

→ English: Jordan

→ Italian: Giordano

→ Polish: Jordan

Jordan (a river in Western Asia, in the Middle East, that empties into the Dead Sea, flowing through Israel, the Golan Heights, the West Bank and Jordan)


Πόντος

Πόντος • (Póntos) m (genitive Πόντου); second declension

Póntos (romanization)
Πόντου (genitive)
ὁ Πόντος (nominative singular)
τοῦ Πόντου (genitive singular)
τῷ Πόντῳ (dative singular)
τὸν Πόντον (accusative singular)
Πόντε (singular vocative)

German: Pontos

Greek: Πόντος (Póntos)

Pontic Greek: Πόντος (Póntos)

→ Latin: Pontus
→ English: Pontus

→ Old Georgian: პონტოჲ (ṗonṭoy)

→ Persian: پنطس (Pontos), بنطس (Bontos)

Ottoman Turkish: پنطس (Pontos)

→ Turkish: Pontos

From πόντος (póntos, “sea”), attested in Mycenaean Greek as 𐀡𐀵 (po-to). Homeric Greek used πόντος (póntos) for any sea but it later began to refer specifically to the Black Sea and then to the Hellenic kingdom on its southeastern shore.


Θεσσαλονίκη

Θεσσᾰλονῑ́κη

Θεσσᾰλονῑ́κης

Θεσσᾰλονῑ́κη • (Thessalonī́kē) f (genitive Θεσσᾰλονῑ́κης); first declension

Θεσσᾰλονῑ́κη (canonical)
Thessalonī́kē (romanization)
Θεσσᾰλονῑ́κης (genitive)
ἡ Θεσσᾰλονῑ́κη (nominative singular)
τῆς Θεσσᾰλονῑ́κης (genitive singular)
τῇ Θεσσᾰλονῑ́κῃ (dative singular)
τὴν Θεσσᾰλονῑ́κην (accusative singular)
Θεσσᾰλονῑ́κη (singular vocative)

grc-decl

Θεσσᾰλονῑ́κη

→ Aghwan: 𐔸𐔴𐕚𐔰𐔾𐕒𐕎𐔼𐕄𐔴 (tesaloniḳe)

→ Catalan: Tessalònica

→ Danish: Thessaloniki

→ Dutch: Thessaloniki

→ Finnish: Thessaloniki

desctree

→ French: Thessalonique
→ Persian: تسالونیک (tesâlonik)

→ Galician: Tesalónica

→ German: Thessalonike

desc

𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍃𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌰

→ Gothic: 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍃𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌰 (þaissalauneika)

desctree

Greek: Θεσσαλονίκη (Thessaloníki)
→ English: Thessaloniki
→ Chinese: 塞薩洛尼基／塞萨洛尼基 (Sàisàluòníjī)
→ German: Thessaloniki
→ Low German: Thessaloniki

→ Hungarian: Theszaloníki

→ Indonesian: Thessaloniki, Tesalonika

→ Irish: Teasaloinicé

→ Italian: Tessalonica

→ Japanese: テッサロニキ (Tessaroniki)

→ Korean: 테살로니키 (Tesalloniki)

→ Latin: Thessalonica

→ English: Thessalonica

→ Latvian: Thessaloniki

→ Lithuanian: Tesalonikai

→ Norwegian: Thessaloniki

→ Polish: Thessaloniki

desc

Фессало́ники

→ Russian: Фессало́ники (Fessalóniki)

→ Spanish: Tesalónica

→ Swedish: Thessaloniki

→ Tagalog: Thessaloníki

→ Ukrainian: Тессалоніки (Tessaloniky)

→ Welsh: Thessaloníci

From Θεσσᾰλός (Thessalós, “Thessalian”) + νῑ́κη (nī́kē, “victory”). The woman was named by her father, Philip II, in honor of his military victory in Thessaly, and later the city was named after her by Cassander, her husband.


Ἀθῆναι

grc-proper noun

Ἀθῆναι • (Athênai) f (genitive Ἀθηνῶν); first declension

Athênai (romanization)
Ἀθηνῶν (genitive)
αἱ Ἀθῆναι (nominative plural)
τῶν Ἀθηνῶν (genitive plural)
ταῖς Ἀθήναις (dative plural)
τᾱ̀ς Ἀθήνᾱς (accusative plural)
Ἀθῆναι (plural vocative)
αἱ Ἀθῆναι (nominative plural)
τῶν Ἀθηνέων (genitive plural)
Ἀθηνῶν (genitive plural)
τῇσῐ (dative plural)
τῇσῐν Ἀθήνῃσῐ (dative plural)
Ἀθήνῃσῐν (dative plural)
têisi Athḗnēisi (dative plural)
têisi Athḗnēisin (dative plural)
têisini (dative plural)
têisinin (dative plural)
τᾱ̀ς Ἀθήνᾱς (accusative plural)
Ἀθῆναι (plural vocative)
Ἀθῆναι (nominative plural)
Ἀθηνᾱ́ων (genitive plural)
Ἀθηνέ͜ων (genitive plural)
Ἀθηνῶν (genitive plural)
Ἀθήνῃσῐ (dative plural)
Ἀθήνῃσῐν (dative plural)
Ἀθήνῃς (dative plural)
Ἀθήναις (dative plural)
Athḗnēisi (dative plural)
Athḗnēisin (dative plural)
Athḗnēis (dative plural)
Athḗnais (dative plural)
Ἀθήνᾱς (accusative plural)
Ἀθῆναι (plural vocative)

Albanian: Athina

desc

Arabic: أَثِينَا (ʔaṯīnā)

Arabic: أَثِينَا (ʔaṯīnā)

Armenian: Աթենք (Atʻenkʻ)

Aromanian: Athena

Azerbaijani: Afina

Belarusian: Афіны (Afiny), Атэны (Ateny)

Bulgarian: Ати́на (Atína)

English: Athens

French: Athènes
→ Persian: آتن (âten)

German: Athen

Greek: Αθήνα (Athína)

Hebrew: אתונה (Atuna)

Italian: Atene

Latin: Athēnae
Japanese: アテネ (Atene)

Macedonian: Атина (Atina)

Polish: Ateny

Romanian: Atena

Russian: Афи́ны (Afíny)

Serbo-Croatian: Ате́на, Aténa

Sicilian: Atini

Turkish: Atina

Ukrainian: Афі́ни (Afíny), Ате́ни (Atény)

Venetian: Atene


ποταμός

grc-noun

ποτᾰμός • (potamós) m (genitive ποτᾰμοῦ); second declension

ποτᾰμός (canonical)
potamós (romanization)
ποτᾰμοῦ (genitive)
ὁ ποτᾰμός (nominative singular)
τὼ ποτᾰμώ (dual nominative)
οἱ ποτᾰμοί (nominative plural)
τοῦ ποτᾰμοῦ (genitive singular)
τοῖν ποτᾰμοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν ποτᾰμῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ ποτᾰμῷ (dative singular)
τοῖν ποτᾰμοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς ποτᾰμοῖς (dative plural)
τὸν ποτᾰμόν (accusative singular)
τὼ ποτᾰμώ (accusative dual)
τοὺς ποτᾰμούς (accusative plural)
ποτᾰμέ (singular vocative)
ποτᾰμώ (dual vocative)
ποτᾰμοί (plural vocative)
ποτᾰμός (nominative singular)
ποτᾰμώ (dual nominative)
ποτᾰμοί (nominative plural)
ποτᾰμοῦ (genitive singular)
ποτᾰμοῖο (genitive singular)
ποτᾰμόο (genitive singular)
ποτᾰμοῖῐν (dual genitive)
ποτᾰμῶν (genitive plural)
ποτᾰμῷ (dative singular)
ποτᾰμοῖῐν (dative dual)
ποτᾰμοῖσῐ (dative plural)
ποτᾰμοῖσῐν (dative plural)
ποτᾰμοῖς (dative plural)
potamoîsi (dative plural)
potamoîsin (dative plural)
potamoîs (dative plural)
ποτᾰμόν (accusative singular)
ποτᾰμώ (accusative dual)
ποτᾰμούς (accusative plural)
ποτᾰμέ (singular vocative)
ποτᾰμώ (dual vocative)
ποτᾰμοί (plural vocative)

Uncertain. Most commonly explained as related to πῑ́πτω (pī́ptō, “to fall”) or πόντος (póntos, “sea”)/Proto-Indo-European *pónteh₁s (“path, bridge”).


Αἴγυπτος

grc-proper noun

Αἴγυπτος • (Aíguptos) m or f (genitive Αἰγύπτου); second declension

Aíguptos (romanization)
Αἰγύπτου (genitive)
ὁ (nominative singular)
ἡ Αἴγυπτος (nominative singular)
τοῦ (genitive singular)
τῆς Αἰγύπτου (genitive singular)
τῷ (dative singular)
τῇ Αἰγύπτῳ (dative singular)
τὸν (accusative singular)
τὴν Αἴγυπτον (accusative singular)
Αἴγυπτε (singular vocative)
Αἴγυπτος (nominative singular)
Αἰγύπτου (genitive singular)
Αἰγύπτοιο (genitive singular)
Αἰγύπτῳ (dative singular)
Αἴγυπτον (accusative singular)
Αἴγυπτε (singular vocative)

grc-decl

Αἰγύπτου, Αἰγύπτοιο

→ Aghwan: 𐔴𐔲𐔼𐕢𐕜𐕒𐕚 (egipṭos)

→ Albanian: Egjipti

→ Old Armenian: Եգիպտոս (Egiptos)

Armenian: Եգիպտոս (Egiptos)

→ Amharic: ግብፅ (gəbṣ́)

→ Bulgarian: Египет (Egipet)

→ Coptic: ⲅⲩⲡⲧⲓⲟⲥ (guptios) (see there for further descendants)

→ Old Georgian: ეგჳპტჱ (egwiṗṭē)

Georgian: ეგვიპტე (egviṗṭe)

desctree

Greek: Αίγυπτος (Aígyptos)
→ Thai: ไอยคุปต์ (ai-yá-kúp)

desc

→ Hawaiian: ʻAikupika, Aigupita, ʻAikupita

→ Latin: Aegyptus (see there for further descendants)

→ Macedonian: Египет (Egipet)

→ Middle Persian: 𐭯𐭲𐭮𐭠𐭢 (agīptôs)

→ Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: Єгѷптъ (Egü̏ptŭ)

→ Rarotongan: ‘Aiviti

From Egyptian ḥwt-kꜣ-ptḥ (literally “The temple of the ka of Ptah”), referring to Ptah’s temple in the important city of Memphis.
See also the Mycenaean Greek demonym 𐁁𐀓𐀠𐀴𐀍 (ai-ku-pi-ti-jo, “Egyptian”) (Ancient Greek Αἰγύπτιος (Aigúptios)).

der

ὅς μ' ἅμα ληϊστῆρσι πολυπλάγκτοισιν ἀνῆκεν / Αἴγυπτόνδ' ἰέναι

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 17.425–426

who sent me alongside ever-wandering pirates / to go to Egypt

hós m' háma lēïstêrsi poluplánktoisin anêken / Aíguptónd' iénai

μὴ τάχα πικρὴν Αἴγυπτον καὶ Κύπρον ἵκηαι·

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 17.448

lest swiftly you come to bitter Egypt and Cyprus;

mḕ tákha pikrḕn Aígupton kaì Kúpron híkēai;

(feminine) Egypt (an ancient country and region of North Africa and Western Asia)


γλῶσσα

grc-noun

γλῶσσᾰ • (glôssa) f (genitive γλώσσης); first declension

γλῶσσᾰ (canonical)
glôssa (romanization)
γλώσσης (genitive)
ἡ γλῶσσᾰ (nominative singular)
τὼ γλώσσᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ γλῶσσαι (nominative plural)
τῆς γλώσσης (genitive singular)
τοῖν γλώσσαιν (dual genitive)
τῶν γλωσσέων (genitive plural)
γλωσσῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ γλώσσῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν γλώσσαιν (dative dual)
τῇσῐ (dative plural)
τῇσῐν γλώσσῃσῐ (dative plural)
γλώσσῃσῐν (dative plural)
têisi glṓssēisi (dative plural)
têisi glṓssēisin (dative plural)
têisini (dative plural)
têisinin (dative plural)
τὴν γλῶσσᾰν (accusative singular)
τὼ γλώσσᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς γλώσσᾱς (accusative plural)
γλῶσσᾰ (singular vocative)
γλώσσᾱ (dual vocative)
γλῶσσαι (plural vocative)
ᾱ̔ γλώσσᾱ (nominative singular)
τὼ γλώσσᾱ (dual nominative)
ταὶ γλῶσσαι (nominative plural)
τᾶς γλώσσᾱς (genitive singular)
τοῖν γλώσσαιν (dual genitive)
τᾶν γλωσσᾶν (genitive plural)
τᾷ γλώσσᾳ (dative singular)
τοῖν γλώσσαιν (dative dual)
ταῖς γλώσσαις (dative plural)
τᾱ̀ν γλώσσᾱν (accusative singular)
τὼ γλώσσᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς γλώσσᾱς (accusative plural)
γλώσσᾱ (singular vocative)
γλώσσᾱ (dual vocative)
γλῶσσαι (plural vocative)

Inherited

Greek: γλώσσα (glóssa)

Italiot Greek: glossa

Mariupol Greek: гло́са (hlósa)

Tsakonian: γρούσσα (groússa)

Borrowed

→ English: glossa

desctree

→ Latin: glossa, glōsa, gloss. (abbreviation)
→ Catalan: glossa
→ Middle English: glosse
English: gloss
→ Middle High German: glōse
German: Glosse
Italian: chiosa, → glossa
→ Old French: glose
Middle French: glose
French: glose
→ Czech: glosa
→ Old Irish: glúas
Middle Irish: glúais
Irish: gluais
→ Old Galician-Portuguese: glosa
Portuguese: glosa
→ Old Spanish: glosa
Spanish: glosa
→ Polish: glosa
→ Romanian: glosă

From Proto-Hellenic *glṓťťā; further etymology uncertain. Per Beekes, perhaps originally “provided with a point”, equivalent to γλῶχες (glôkhes, “beard of corn”) + -ια (-ia), from Proto-Indo-European *glṓgʰs ~ *gl̥gʰós (“point”) (assuming cognacy with Proto-Slavic *glogъ (“thorn, hawthorn”), but the connection is disputed). Alternatively, related to Proto-Germanic *tulgaz (“tongue”), a poetic word, from a different Proto-Indo-European root noun *dlṓgʰs ~ *dl̥gʰós; compare γλυκύς (glukús) for the phonetics.

der

Anything shaped like the tongue:
The tongue of land.


Ἰνδία

grc-proper noun

Ἰνδῐ́ᾱ • (Indíā) f (genitive Ἰνδῐ́ᾱς); first declension

Ἰνδῐ́ᾱ (canonical)
Indíā (romanization)
Ἰνδῐ́ᾱς (genitive)
ἡ Ἰνδῐ́ᾱ (nominative singular)
τῆς Ἰνδῐ́ᾱς (genitive singular)
τῇ Ἰνδῐ́ᾳ (dative singular)
τὴν Ἰνδῐ́ᾱν (accusative singular)
Ἰνδῐ́ᾱ (singular vocative)

Greek: Ινδία (Indía)

Latin: India, indicus

From Ἰνδός (Indós, “the Indus river”) + -ῐ́ᾱ (-íā), from Old Persian 𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁 (hiⁿdūš), from Proto-Iranian *hínduš, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *síndʰuš (“river”), of uncertain origin.
Compare Persian هند (hend), Sanskrit सिन्धु (síndhu, “a river, stream”).

cog

India (a region of South Asia, traditionally delimited by the Himalayas and the Indus river; the Indian subcontinent)


Κῦρος

grc-proper noun

Κῦρος • (Kûros) m (genitive Κῡ́ρου); second declension

→ Latin: Cyrus

→ Russian: Кура́ (Kurá)

→ English: Kura

Related to Old Armenian Կուր (Kur). Perhaps from Urartian 𒆳𒄣𒊑𒀀𒉌 (ᴷᵁᴿqu-ri-a-ni /Quriani/), a land possibly in the upper reaches of the Kura river.

der

Kura (a river in the Armenian Highland, forming the boundary between Armenia and Caucasian Albania).


Ὠκεανός

grc-proper noun

Ὠκεᾰνός • (Ōkeanós) m (genitive Ὠκεᾰνοῦ); second declension

Ὠκεᾰνός (canonical)
Ōkeanós (romanization)
Ὠκεᾰνοῦ (genitive)
ὁ Ὠκεᾰνός (nominative singular)
τὼ Ὠκεᾰνώ (dual nominative)
οἱ Ὠκεᾰνοί (nominative plural)
τοῦ Ὠκεᾰνοῦ (genitive singular)
τοῖν Ὠκεᾰνοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν Ὠκεᾰνῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ Ὠκεᾰνῷ (dative singular)
τοῖν Ὠκεᾰνοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς Ὠκεᾰνοῖς (dative plural)
τὸν Ὠκεᾰνόν (accusative singular)
τὼ Ὠκεᾰνώ (accusative dual)
τοὺς Ὠκεᾰνούς (accusative plural)
Ὠκεᾰνέ (singular vocative)
Ὠκεᾰνώ (dual vocative)
Ὠκεᾰνοί (plural vocative)
Ὠκεᾰνός (nominative singular)
Ὠκεᾰνώ (dual nominative)
Ὠκεᾰνοί (nominative plural)
Ὠκεᾰνοῦ (genitive singular)
Ὠκεᾰνοῖο (genitive singular)
Ὠκεᾰνόο (genitive singular)
Ὠκεᾰνοῖῐν (dual genitive)
Ὠκεᾰνῶν (genitive plural)
Ὠκεᾰνῷ (dative singular)
Ὠκεᾰνοῖῐν (dative dual)
Ὠκεᾰνοῖσῐ (dative plural)
Ὠκεᾰνοῖσῐν (dative plural)
Ὠκεᾰνοῖς (dative plural)
Ōkeanoîsi (dative plural)
Ōkeanoîsin (dative plural)
Ōkeanoîs (dative plural)
Ὠκεᾰνόν (accusative singular)
Ὠκεᾰνώ (accusative dual)
Ὠκεᾰνούς (accusative plural)
Ὠκεᾰνέ (singular vocative)
Ὠκεᾰνώ (dual vocative)
Ὠκεᾰνοί (plural vocative)

desc

→ English: ocean, Ocean, Oceanus, Okeanos

Greek: Ωκεανός (Okeanós)

desctree

→ Latin: Ōceanus, Ōcianus (Old Latin)
French: Océan
Italian: Oceano
Portuguese: Oceano
Sicilian: Ucìanu

→ Russian: океа́н (okeán)

→ Turkish: Okyanus

desc

أُوقْيَانُوس

→ Arabic: أُوقْيَانُوس (ʔūqyānūs)

→ Arabic: أُوقْيَانُوس (ʔūqyānūs)

Uncertain, though generally acknowledged to be a non-Indo-European substrate loan, with Beekes noting that the concept of a "world-river" is not native to Indo-European mythology. A possible relationship with the Semitic root ʕ-w-g (“to be crooked, tortuous”) has been discussed. Another possibility includes a derivation from unattested Sumerian *A-ki-an(u) (Water of the Land and Heaven).
Beekes suggests a Pre-Greek form *ūkʲān-. Michael Janda has reminded the scientific community of an earlier comparison with the Vedic dragon Vṛtra's attribute āśáyāna- “lying on [the waters]”, claiming it to be an exact phonetical transposition of the Greek word, both stemming from Proto-Indo-European *ō-ḱey-m̥[h₁]no- (“lying on”), related to κεῖμαι (keîmai, “to lie”).

der

Oceanus, a Greek water god usually said to be a Titan, one of the sons of Uranus and Gaia.


Χαλκιδική

grc-proper noun

Χᾰλκῐδῐκή • (Khalkidikḗ) f (genitive Χαλκῐδῐκῆς); first declension

Χᾰλκῐδῐκή (canonical)
Khalkidikḗ (romanization)
Χαλκῐδῐκῆς (genitive)
ἡ Χᾰλκῐδῐκή (nominative singular)
τῆς Χᾰλκῐδῐκῆς (genitive singular)
τῇ Χᾰλκῐδῐκῇ (dative singular)
τὴν Χᾰλκῐδῐκήν (accusative singular)
Χᾰλκῐδῐκή (singular vocative)

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English: Chalcidice, Chalkidiki, Halkidiki

Greek: Χαλκιδική (Chalkidikí)

Latin: Chalcidicē

From Χᾰλκῐδῐκός (Khalkidikós) + -η (-ē). From χαλκός (khalkós) + δίκη (díkē), or Χαλκιδ- (Khalkid-) (from Χαλκίς (Khalkís)) + -ικός (-ikós) + -η (-ē).

Chalcidice, Chalkidiki (a region of Greece)


Ἀττική

grc-proper noun

Ἀττική • (Attikḗ) f (genitive Ἀττικῆς); first declension

Attikḗ (romanization)
Ἀττικῆς (genitive)
ἡ Ἀττῐκή (nominative singular)
τῆς Ἀττῐκῆς (genitive singular)
τῇ Ἀττῐκῇ (dative singular)
τὴν Ἀττῐκήν (accusative singular)
Ἀττῐκή (singular vocative)

Greek: Αττική (Attikí), Ἀττική

Latin: Attica

French: Attique

Ἀττῐκῐ́ζω - ἀττῐκῐ́ζω

side with the Athenians, speak Attic, atticize

Ἀττῐκιστής - ἀττῐκιστής

speaker of Attic; one who affects or collects Attic expressions

Ἀττῐκωνῐκός

comic alteration of Ἀττῐκός, after Λακωνικός


Βιθυνία

Βῑθῡνῐ́ᾱ • (Bīthūníā) f (genitive Βῑθῡνῐ́ᾱς); first declension

Βῑθῡνῐ́ᾱ (canonical)
Bīthūníā (romanization)
Βῑθῡνῐ́ᾱς (genitive)
ἡ Βῑθῡνῐ́ᾱ (nominative singular)
τῆς Βῑθῡνῐ́ᾱς (genitive singular)
τῇ Βῑθῡνῐ́ᾳ (dative singular)
τὴν Βῑθῡνῐ́ᾱν (accusative singular)
Βῑθῡνῐ́ᾱ (singular vocative)

Greek: Βιθυνία (Vithynía)

Latin: Bīthȳnia

Turkish: Bitinya

af

Βῑθῡνός (Bīthūnós) + -ῐ́ᾱ (-íā)


Αἰτωλία

grc-proper noun

Αἰτωλῐ́ᾱ • (Aitōlíā) f (genitive Αἰτωλῐ́ᾱς); first declension

Αἰτωλῐ́ᾱ (canonical)
Aitōlíā (romanization)
Αἰτωλῐ́ᾱς (genitive)
ἡ Αἰτωλῐ́ᾱ (nominative singular)
τῆς Αἰτωλῐ́ᾱς (genitive singular)
τῇ Αἰτωλῐ́ᾳ (dative singular)
τὴν Αἰτωλῐ́ᾱν (accusative singular)
Αἰτωλῐ́ᾱ (singular vocative)

Greek: Αιτωλία (Aitolía)

Latin: Aetōlia

af

Αἰτωλός (Aitōlós) + -ῐ́ᾱ (-íā)

Aetolia (a mountainous region of Greece)


Αἰολίς

grc-proper noun

Αἰολῐ́ς • (Aiolís) f (genitive Αἰολῐ́δος); third declension

Αἰολῐ́ς (canonical)
Aiolís (romanization)
Αἰολῐ́δος (genitive)
ἡ Αἰολῐ́ς (nominative singular)
τῆς Αἰολῐ́δος (genitive singular)
τῇ Αἰολῐ́δῐ (dative singular)
τὴν Αἰολῐ́δᾰ (accusative singular)
Αἰολῐ́ς (singular vocative)

Greek: Αιολίς (Aiolís); Αιολίδα (Aiolída)

Latin: Aeolis


Μασσαλία

Μασσᾰλίᾱ • (Massalíā) f (genitive Μασσᾰλίᾱς); first declension

Μασσᾰλίᾱ (canonical)
Massalíā (romanization)
Μασσᾰλίᾱς (genitive)
ἡ Μασσᾰλίᾱ (nominative singular)
τῆς Μασσᾰλίᾱς (genitive singular)
τῇ Μασσᾰλίᾳ (dative singular)
τὴν Μασσᾰλίᾱν (accusative singular)
Μασσᾰλίᾱ (singular vocative)

→ English: Massalia

Greek: Μασσαλία (Massalía)

→ Latin: Massilia

French: Marseille

→ English: Marseille, Marseilles

Italian: Marsiglia

Occitan: Marselha

Portuguese: Marselha

Spanish: Marsella

Probably from a pre-Latin language of Italy, perhaps Ancient Ligurian mas (“spring”).

Massalia (ancient Greek city and colony in modern southern France; modern Marseille)


Ἀκεσίνης

Ἀκεσίνης • (Akesínēs) m (genitive Ἀκεσίνου); first declension

Akesínēs (romanization)
Ἀκεσίνου (genitive)
ὁ Ἀκεσίνης (nominative singular)
τοῦ Ἀκεσίνου (genitive singular)
τῷ Ἀκεσίνῃ (dative singular)
τὸν Ἀκεσίνην (accusative singular)
Ἀκεσίνη (singular vocative)

Greek: Ακεσίνης (Akesínis)

→ Latin: Acesīnēs

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-Iranian *ásitas
Sanskrit असित (asita)
Sanskrit असिक्नी (asiknī)bor.
Ancient Greek Ἀκεσίνης (Akesínēs)
Borrowed from Sanskrit असिक्नी (asiknī).

etymon

Indian subcontinent
Indian subcontinent#English

Acesines, Chenab (a river in Indian subcontinent, which flows through Pakistan and India)


Ἀχελῷος

grc-proper noun

Ἀχελῷος • (Akhelôios) m (genitive Ἀχελῴου); second declension

Akhelôios (romanization)
Ἀχελῴου (genitive)
ὁ Ἀχελῷος (nominative singular)
τοῦ Ἀχελῴου (genitive singular)
τῷ Ἀχελῴῳ (dative singular)
τὸν Ἀχελῷον (accusative singular)
Ἀχελῷε (singular vocative)
ὁ Ἀχελώϊος (nominative singular)
τοῦ Ἀχελωΐου (genitive singular)
τῷ Ἀχελωΐῳ (dative singular)
τὸν Ἀχελώϊον (accusative singular)
Ἀχελώϊε (singular vocative)

Greek: Αχελώος (Achelóos)

Latin: Achelous

Probably from Pre-Greek, possibly Semitic, with the first element representing Akkadian 𒀀𒄷 (“river bank”) and second element representing 𒅋𒇻 (“watercourse”) or 𒄿𒇻 (“deity, god”).

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 21.194

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 24.616

750 BCE – 650 BCE, Hesiod, Theogony 340

64 BCE – 24 CE, Strabo, Geography 9.5.10


Αἰγαῖον

Αἰγαῖον • (Aigaîon) n (genitive Αἰγαίου); second declension

Aigaîon (romanization)
Αἰγαίου (genitive)
τὸ Αἰγαῖον (nominative singular)
τοῦ Αἰγαίου (genitive singular)
τῷ Αἰγαίῳ (dative singular)
τὸ Αἰγαῖον (accusative singular)
Αἰγαῖον (singular vocative)

Greek: Αιγαίον (Aigaíon); Αιγαίο (Aigaío)

Latin: Aegaeum

Turkish: Ege

Ellipsis of Αἰγαῖον πέλαγος (Aigaîon pélagos), from Αἰγαῖος (Aigaîos, “Aegean”).

ellipsis

Αἰγαῖον πέλαγος

Mediterranean Sea
Mediterranean Sea#English

Aegean Sea (a sea in the northeastern part of the Mediterranean Sea)


Ἀλίας

grc-proper noun

Ἀλίᾱς • (Alíās) m (genitive Ἀλίᾱ); first declension

Ἀλίᾱς (canonical)
Alíās (romanization)
Ἀλίᾱ (genitive)
ὁ Ἀλίᾱς (nominative singular)
τοῦ Ἀλίᾱ (genitive singular)
τῷ Ἀλίᾳ (dative singular)
τὸν Ἀλίᾱν (accusative singular)
Ἀλίᾱ (singular vocative)

Greek: Αλίας (Alías)


Ἀλφειός

Ἀλφειός • (Alpheiós) m (genitive Ἀλφειοῦ); second declension

Alpheiós (romanization)
Ἀλφειοῦ (genitive)
ὁ Ἀλφειός (nominative singular)
τοῦ Ἀλφειοῦ (genitive singular)
τῷ Ἀλφειῷ (dative singular)
τὸν Ἀλφειόν (accusative singular)
Ἀλφειέ (singular vocative)

Greek: Αλφειός (Alfeiós)

Latin: Alphēüs

→ Russian: Алфе́й (Alféj)

(Greek mythology) Alpheus or Alfeios, the name of a mythological river god and associated river


Ἄναπος

Ἄνᾱπος • (Ánāpos) m (genitive Ἄνᾱ́που); second declension

Ἄνᾱπος (canonical)
Ánāpos (romanization)
Ἄνᾱ́που (genitive)
ὁ Ἄνᾱπος (nominative singular)
τοῦ Ἀνᾱ́που (genitive singular)
τῷ Ἀνᾱ́πῳ (dative singular)
τὸν Ἄνᾱπον (accusative singular)
Ἄνᾱπε (singular vocative)

Greek: Άναπος (Ánapos)

desctree

Latin: Anāpus, Anāpis
Italian: Anapo
Sicilian: Ànapu

Uncertain, possibly from a substrate language. Said to come from the same origin of ἀναπίνω (anapínō, “to absorb, suck up, drink in”), from ἀνα- (ana-, “up to, thoroughly”) + πίνω (pínō, “I drink, giggle, swallow, absorb”), meaning "The one who swallows", due to the fact that its river path disappears underground to reappear further on several times; also compared with the opposite Ancient Greek ἀναβαίνω (anabaínō). Cfr. Ancient Greek Αἴσηπος (Aísēpos) for a similar morphology.

prefix

It was a river in ancient Acarnania, tributary of the Achelous River, which it joined eighty stadia south of Stratus.


Ἀνθεμοῦς

grc-proper noun

Ᾰ̓νθεμοῦντος

Ᾰ̓νθεμοῦς • (Anthemoûs) m (genitive Ᾰ̓νθεμοῦντος); third declension

Ᾰ̓νθεμοῦς (canonical)
Anthemoûs (romanization)
Ᾰ̓νθεμοῦντος (genitive)
ὁ Ᾰ̓νθεμοῦς (nominative singular)
τοῦ Ᾰ̓νθεμοῦντος (genitive singular)
τῷ Ᾰ̓νθεμοῦντῐ (dative singular)
τὸν Ᾰ̓νθεμοῦντᾰ (accusative singular)
Ᾰ̓νθεμοῦν (singular vocative)

grc-decl

Ᾰ̓νθεμοῦντος

Greek: Ανθεμούς (Anthemoús); Ανθεμούντας (Anthemoúntas)

Latin: Anthemus

From ἄνθεμον (ánthemon, “flower, rosette”) + -οῦς (-oûs, “-ful”).


Ἀπιδανός

grc-proper noun

Ᾱ̓πῐδᾰνός • (Āpidanós) m (genitive Ᾱ̓πῐδᾰνοῦ); second declension

Ᾱ̓πῐδᾰνός (canonical)
Āpidanós (romanization)
Ᾱ̓πῐδᾰνοῦ (genitive)
ὁ Ᾱ̓πῐδᾰνός (nominative singular)
τοῦ Ᾱ̓πῐδᾰνοῦ (genitive singular)
τῷ Ᾱ̓πῐδᾰνῷ (dative singular)
τὸν Ᾱ̓πῐδᾰνόν (accusative singular)
Ᾱ̓πῐδᾰνέ (singular vocative)

Greek: Απιδανός (Apidanós)

Latin: Āpidanus


Ἄραρ

Ἄραρ • (Árar) m (genitive Ἄραρος); third declension

Árar (romanization)
Ἄραρος (genitive)
τὸ Ἄραρ (nominative singular)
τοῦ Ἄραρος (genitive singular)
τῷ Ἄραρῐ (dative singular)
τὸ Ἄραρᾰ (accusative singular)
Ἄραρ (singular vocative)

Greek: Άραρ (Árar)


Ἀράξης

Ἀράξης • (Aráxēs) m (genitive Ἀράξου); first declension

Aráxēs (romanization)
Ἀράξου (genitive)
ὁ Ἀράξης (nominative singular)
τοῦ Ἀράξου (genitive singular)
τῷ Ἀράξῃ (dative singular)
τὸν Ἀράξην (accusative singular)
Ἀράξη (singular vocative)
Ἀράξης (nominative singular)
Ἀράξᾱο (genitive singular)
Ἀράξε͜ω (genitive singular)
Ἀράξω (genitive singular)
Ἀράξῃ (dative singular)
Ἀράξην (accusative singular)
Ἀράξη (singular vocative)
Ἀράξαι (nominative plural)
Ἀραξᾱ́ων (genitive plural)
Ἀραξέ͜ων (genitive plural)
Ἀραξῶν (genitive plural)
Ἀράξῃσῐ (dative plural)
Ἀράξῃσῐν (dative plural)
Ἀράξῃς (dative plural)
Ἀράξαις (dative plural)
Aráxēisi (dative plural)
Aráxēisin (dative plural)
Aráxēis (dative plural)
Aráxais (dative plural)
Ἀράξᾱς (accusative plural)
Ἀράξαι (plural vocative)
ὁ Ἀράξης (nominative singular)
τοῦ Ἀράξεω (genitive singular)
Ἀράξω (genitive singular)
τῷ Ἀράξῃ (dative singular)
τὸν Ἀράξην (accusative singular)
Ἀράξη (singular vocative)

Armenian: Արաքս (Arakʻs)

Georgian: არაქსი (araksi)

Greek: Αράξης (Aráxis)

Latin: Araxes

Russian: Аракс (Araks)

Borrowed at the end of the 5th century BC from Old Median *Araxs(ā). See Old Armenian Երասխ (Erasx) for more.


Ἀσωπός

Ᾱ̓σωπός • (Āsōpós) m (genitive Ᾱ̓σωποῦ); second declension

Ᾱ̓σωπός (canonical)
Āsōpós (romanization)
Ᾱ̓σωποῦ (genitive)
ὁ Ᾱ̓σωπός (nominative singular)
τοῦ Ᾱ̓σωποῦ (genitive singular)
τῷ Ᾱ̓σωπῷ (dative singular)
τὸν Ᾱ̓σωπόν (accusative singular)
Ᾱ̓σωπέ (singular vocative)

Greek: Ασωπός (Asopós)

→ Latin: Āsōpus

Perhaps a combination of the same root as ἄσις (ásis, “slime, mud”) and Proto-Indo-European *h₂ep- (“water”). Compare Ancient Greek Ἰνωπός (Inōpós).


Ἀσσίναρος

Ἀσσίνᾰρος • (Assínaros) m (genitive Ἀσσῐνάρου); second declension

Ἀσσίνᾰρος (canonical)
Assínaros (romanization)
Ἀσσῐνάρου (genitive)
ὁ Ἀσσίναρος (nominative singular)
τοῦ Ἀσσινάρου (genitive singular)
τῷ Ἀσσινάρῳ (dative singular)
τὸν Ἀσσίναρον (accusative singular)
Ἀσσίναρε (singular vocative)

Greek: Ασσίναρος (Assínaros)

→ Latin: Assinarus

Italian: Asinaro

Assinarus (today Asinaro), a river in Sicily


Βαῖτις

Βαῖτῐς • (Baîtis) m (genitive Βαίτῐος); third declension

Βαῖτῐς (canonical)
Baîtis (romanization)
Βαίτῐος (genitive)
ὁ Βαῖτῐς (nominative singular)
τοῦ Βαίτῐος (genitive singular)
τῷ Βαίτῑ (dative singular)
τὸν Βαῖτῐν (accusative singular)
Βαῖτῐ (singular vocative)

Greek: Βαίτις (Vaítis)

Latin: Baetis

According to Villar, from an Old European Hydronym *bai-t-, also found in the place name Biturgia.

Baetis, Guadalquivir (a river in southern Spain)


Ἀξιός

Ἀξῐός • (Axiós) m (genitive Ἀξῐοῦ); second declension

Ἀξῐός (canonical)
Axiós (romanization)
Ἀξῐοῦ (genitive)
ὁ Ἀξιός (nominative singular)
τοῦ Ἀξιοῦ (genitive singular)
τῷ Ἀξιῷ (dative singular)
τὸν Ἀξιόν (accusative singular)
Ἀξιέ (singular vocative)

Greek: Αξιός (Axiós)

→ Latin: Axius

→ Turkish: Asi

Named after Axius, the Paeonian river god, said to be from Ancient Macedonian.

Axius, an ancient name for the Orontes and Vardar rivers


Καϊκός

Καῑ̈κός • (Kaī̈kós) m (genitive Καῑ̈κοῦ); second declension

Καῑ̈κός (canonical)
Kaī̈kós (romanization)
Καῑ̈κοῦ (genitive)
ὁ Καῑ̈κός (nominative singular)
τοῦ Καῑ̈κοῦ (genitive singular)
τῷ Καῑ̈κῷ (dative singular)
τὸν Καῑ̈κόν (accusative singular)
Καῑ̈κέ (singular vocative)


Καπιτώλιον

Κᾰπῐτώλῐον • (Kapitṓlion) n (genitive Κᾰπῐτωλῐ́ου); second declension

Κᾰπῐτώλῐον (canonical)
Kapitṓlion (romanization)
Κᾰπῐτωλῐ́ου (genitive)
τὸ Κᾰπῐτώλῐον (nominative singular)
τοῦ Κᾰπῐτωλῐ́ου (genitive singular)
τῷ Κᾰπῐτωλῐ́ῳ (dative singular)
τὸ Κᾰπῐτώλῐον (accusative singular)
Κᾰπῐτώλῐον (singular vocative)

Greek: Καπιτώλιο (Kapitólio)

Borrowed from Latin Capitōlium (“Capitoline Hill”).


Βαρκινών

Βαρκινών • (Barkinṓn) f (genitive Βαρκινῶνος); third declension

Barkinṓn (romanization)
Βαρκινῶνος (genitive)
ἡ Βαρκινών (nominative singular)
τῆς Βαρκινῶνος (genitive singular)
τῇ Βαρκινῶνῐ (dative singular)
τὴν Βαρκινῶνᾰ (accusative singular)
Βαρκινών (singular vocative)

Greek: Βαρκινών (Varkinón)

desc

influenced by Catalan and Spanish <i class="Latn mention" lang="es">Barcelona</i>

Greek: (influenced by Catalan and Spanish Barcelona) Βαρκελώνη (Varkelóni)

Borrowed from Latin Barcinō, itself named after Barca, a Carthaginian.

90 CE – 168 CE, Ptolemy, Geography 2.6.8

Barcelona (the capital city of Catalonia, Spain)


Κεγχρεαί

grc-proper noun

Κεγχρεαί • (Kenkhreaí) f pl (genitive Κεγχρεῶν); first declension

Kenkhreaí (romanization)
Κεγχρεῶν (genitive)
αἱ Κεγχρεαί (nominative plural)
τῶν Κεγχρεῶν (genitive plural)
ταῖς Κεγχρεαῖς (dative plural)
τᾱ̀ς Κεγχρεᾱ́ς (accusative plural)
Κεγχρεαί (plural vocative)

desc

Greek: Κεχριές (Kechriés), Κεχρεές (Kechreés)

Latin: Cenchreae

Cenchreae, Kechries (a region, a Corinthia in Greece)


Κάϋστρος

grc-proper noun

Κάϋστρος • (Káüstros) m (genitive Κᾰΰστρου); second declension

Káüstros (romanization)
Κᾰΰστρου (genitive)
ὁ Κάϋστρος (nominative singular)
τὼ Καΰστρω (dual nominative)
οἱ Κάϋστροι (nominative plural)
τοῦ Καΰστρου (genitive singular)
τοῖν Καΰστροιν (dual genitive)
τῶν Καΰστρων (genitive plural)
τῷ Καΰστρῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν Καΰστροιν (dative dual)
τοῖς Καΰστροις (dative plural)
τὸν Κάϋστρον (accusative singular)
τὼ Καΰστρω (accusative dual)
τοὺς Καΰστρους (accusative plural)
Κάϋστρε (singular vocative)
Καΰστρω (dual vocative)
Κάϋστροι (plural vocative)

English: Cayster

Greek: Κάυστρος (Káystros)

Latin: Cayster

Probably a Luwian name. Folk etymology (possibly Strabo) described Cayster as the son of Achilles and Penthesilea, with possible influence from κύκνος (kúknos, “swan”), of which many were found in its valleys.


Κηφισός

Κηφῑσός • (Kēphīsós) m (genitive Κηφῑσοῦ); second declension

Κηφῑσός (canonical)
Kēphīsós (romanization)
Κηφῑσοῦ (genitive)
ὁ Κηφῑσός (nominative singular)
τοῦ Κηφῑσοῦ (genitive singular)
τῷ Κηφῑσῷ (dative singular)
τὸν Κηφῑσόν (accusative singular)
Κηφῑσέ (singular vocative)

Greek: Κηφισός (Kifisós)


Κεραμεικός

Κερᾰμεικός • (Kerameikós) m (genitive Κερᾰμεικοῦ); second declension

Κερᾰμεικός (canonical)
Kerameikós (romanization)
Κερᾰμεικοῦ (genitive)
ὁ Κερᾰμεικός (nominative singular)
τοῦ Κερᾰμεικοῦ (genitive singular)
τῷ Κερᾰμεικῷ (dative singular)
τὸν Κερᾰμεικόν (accusative singular)
Κερᾰμεικέ (singular vocative)

From Κέραμος f (Kéramos, “Ceramus”), an ancient city of Caria on the gulf.

A gulf of the Mediterranean Sea, Ceramic Gulf; the contemporary Gulf of Kerme; Gulf of Gökova


Χερσόνησος

Χερσόνησος • (Khersónēsos) f (genitive Χερσονήσου); second declension

Khersónēsos (romanization)
Χερσονήσου (genitive)
ἡ Χερσόνησος (nominative singular)
τῆς Χερσονήσου (genitive singular)
τῇ Χερσονήσῳ (dative singular)
τὴν Χερσόνησον (accusative singular)
Χερσόνησε (singular vocative)

Greek: Χερσόνησος (Chersónisos)

→ Latin: Chersonesus (see there for further descendants)

From χερσόνησος (khersónēsos, “peninsula”), from χέρσος (khérsos, “dry”) + νῆσος (nêsos, “island”).


Χοάσπης

grc-proper noun

Χοάσπης • (Khoáspēs) m (genitive Χοάσπου); first declension

Khoáspēs (romanization)
Χοάσπου (genitive)
ὁ Χοάσπης (nominative singular)
τοῦ Χοάσπου (genitive singular)
τῷ Χοάσπῃ (dative singular)
τὸν Χοάσπην (accusative singular)
Χοάσπη (singular vocative)
ὁ Χοάσπης (nominative singular)
τοῦ Χοάσπεω (genitive singular)
Χοάσπω (genitive singular)
τῷ Χοάσπῃ (dative singular)
τὸν Χοάσπην (accusative singular)
Χοάσπη (singular vocative)

Greek: Χοάσπης (Choáspis)

→ Latin: Choaspēs

→ English: Choaspes

From an Old Persian and Old Median compound word *Uvaspa or *Hṷaspa- (“possessing good horses”), from Old Persian *hu- (“good”) + Old Median *aspa- (“horse”).

Choaspes
Encyclopædia Iranica
Rüdiger Schmitt


Ἰνδός

Ἰνδός • (Indós) m (genitive Ἰνδοῦ); second declension

Indós (romanization)
Ἰνδοῦ (genitive)
ὁ Ἰνδός (nominative singular)
τοῦ Ἰνδοῦ (genitive singular)
τῷ Ἰνδῷ (dative singular)
τὸν Ἰνδόν (accusative singular)
Ἰνδέ (singular vocative)

Borrowed from Old Persian 𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁 (hiⁿdūš), from Proto-Iranian *hínduš, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *síndʰuš (“river”), of uncertain origin.
Compare Sanskrit सिन्धु (síndhu, “a river, stream”) in the Rigveda, which was borrowed into Greek as Σίνθος (Sínthos).


χαράδρα

grc-noun

χᾰρᾰ́δρα • (kharádra) f (genitive χᾰρᾰ́δρᾱς); first declension

χᾰρᾰ́δρα (canonical)
kharádra (romanization)
χᾰρᾰ́δρᾱς (genitive)
ἡ χᾰρᾰ́δρᾰ (nominative singular)
τὼ χᾰρᾰ́δρᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ χᾰρᾰ́δραι (nominative plural)
τῆς χᾰρᾰ́δρᾱς (genitive singular)
τοῖν χᾰρᾰ́δραιν (dual genitive)
τῶν χᾰρᾰδρῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ χᾰρᾰ́δρᾳ (dative singular)
τοῖν χᾰρᾰ́δραιν (dative dual)
ταῖς χᾰρᾰ́δραις (dative plural)
τὴν χᾰρᾰ́δρᾰν (accusative singular)
τὼ χᾰρᾰ́δρᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς χᾰρᾰ́δρᾱς (accusative plural)
χᾰρᾰ́δρᾰ (singular vocative)
χᾰρᾰ́δρᾱ (dual vocative)
χᾰρᾰ́δραι (plural vocative)

Greek: χαράδρα (charádra)

The older connection with χαράσσω (kharássō, “to sharpen, to whet”) must be given up. Related to χέραδος (khérados, “debris, gravel”) and thus probably from Pre-Greek, in view of the variation.


Ἴστρος

grc-proper noun

Ἴστρος • (Ístros) m or f (genitive Ἴστρου); second declension

Ístros (romanization)
Ἴστρου (genitive)
ὁ (nominative singular)
ἡ Ῐ̓́στρος (nominative singular)
τοῦ (genitive singular)
τῆς Ῐ̓́στρου (genitive singular)
τῷ (dative singular)
τῇ Ῐ̓́στρῳ (dative singular)
τὸν (accusative singular)
τὴν Ῐ̓́στρον (accusative singular)
Ῐ̓́στρε (singular vocative)

Greek: Ίστρος (Ístros)

Latin: Istrus

(masculine) Danube (a river in Europe; flowing 2850 km from the confluence of the Breg and Brigach at Donaueschingen, Germany, into the Black Sea in Romania)


Κύδνος

Κῠ́δνος • (Kúdnos) m (genitive Κῠ́δνου); second declension

Κῠ́δνος (canonical)
Kúdnos (romanization)
Κῠ́δνου (genitive)
ὁ Κῠ́δνος (nominative singular)
τοῦ Κῠ́δνου (genitive singular)
τῷ Κῠ́δνῳ (dative singular)
τὸν Κῠ́δνον (accusative singular)
Κῠ́δνε (singular vocative)

Greek: Κύδνος (Kýdnos)

Latin: Cydnus


Ἐνιπεύς

Ἐνῑπεύς • (Enīpeús) m (genitive Ἐνῑπέως); third declension

Ἐνῑπεύς (canonical)
Enīpeús (romanization)
Ἐνῑπέως (genitive)
ὁ Ἐνῑπεύς (nominative singular)
τοῦ Ἐνῑπέως (genitive singular)
τῷ Ἐνῑπεῖ (dative singular)
τὸν Ἐνῑπέᾱ (accusative singular)
Ἐνῑπεῦ (singular vocative)

Greek: Ενιπεύς (Enipéfs); Ενιπέας (Enipéas)

Latin: Enīpeus


Εὐρώτας

Εὐρώτᾱς • (Eurṓtās) m (genitive Εὐρώτᾱ); first declension

Εὐρώτᾱς (canonical)
Eurṓtās (romanization)
Εὐρώτᾱ (genitive)
ὁ Εὐρώτᾱς (nominative singular)
τοῦ Εὐρώτᾱ (genitive singular)
τῷ Εὐρώτᾳ (dative singular)
τὸν Εὐρώτᾱν (accusative singular)
Εὐρώτᾱ (singular vocative)

Greek: Ευρώτας (Evrótas)

→ Latin: Eurōtās

Georgian: ევროტასი (evroṭasi)

Italian: Eurota

Russian: Еврот (Jevrot), Эврот (Evrot)

Perhaps derived from εὐρώς (eurṓs, “mold”).

Evrotas (a river in Laconia, Greece, said to be named after the man)


Ἠριδανός

Ἠρῐδᾰνός • (Ēridanós) m (genitive Ἠρῐδᾰνοῦ); second declension

Ἠρῐδᾰνός (canonical)
Ēridanós (romanization)
Ἠρῐδᾰνοῦ (genitive)
ὁ Ἠρῐδᾰνός (nominative singular)
τοῦ Ἠρῐδᾰνοῦ (genitive singular)
τῷ Ἠρῐδᾰνῷ (dative singular)
τὸν Ἠρῐδᾰνόν (accusative singular)
Ἠρῐδᾰνέ (singular vocative)

Greek: Ηριδανός (Iridanós)

Latin: Ēridanus

Italian: Eridano

Composed of ῥέω (rhéō, “I flow, run”) + Proto-Indo-European *deh₂nu (“river”), from *dʰen- (“run, flow”).


Εὔηνος

Εὔηνος • (Eúēnos) m (genitive Εὐήνου); second declension

Eúēnos (romanization)
Εὐήνου (genitive)
ὁ Εὔηνος (nominative singular)
τοῦ Εὐήνου (genitive singular)
τῷ Εὐήνῳ (dative singular)
τὸν Εὔηνον (accusative singular)
Εὔηνε (singular vocative)

Greek: Εύηνος (Évinos)

Latin: Evēnus

Evenus, the name of more than one figure in Greek mythology and history


Ἅλυς

Ᾰ̔́λῡς • (Hálūs) m (genitive Ἅλῠος); third declension

Ᾰ̔́λῡς (canonical)
Hálūs (romanization)
Ἅλῠος (genitive)
ὁ Ᾰ̔́λῡς (nominative singular)
τοῦ Ᾰ̔́λῠος (genitive singular)
τῷ Ᾰ̔́λῠῐ̈ (dative singular)
Ᾰ̔́λυι (dative singular)
τὸν Ᾰ̔́λῡν (accusative singular)
Ᾰ̔́λῡ (singular vocative)

Greek: Άλυς (Álys)

Latin: Halys


Γρανικός

Γρᾱνῑκός • (Grānīkós) m (genitive Γρᾱνῑκοῦ); second declension

Γρᾱνῑκός (canonical)
Grānīkós (romanization)
Γρᾱνῑκοῦ (genitive)
ὁ Γρᾱνῑκός (nominative singular)
τοῦ Γρᾱνῑκοῦ (genitive singular)
τῷ Γρᾱνῑκῷ (dative singular)
τὸν Γρᾱνῑκόν (accusative singular)
Γρᾱνῑκέ (singular vocative)

Greek: Γρανικός (Granikós)

Latin: Grānīcus


Ἕβρος

Ἕβρος • (Hébros) m (genitive Ἕβρου); second declension

Hébros (romanization)
Ἕβρου (genitive)
ὁ Ἕβρος (nominative singular)
τοῦ Ἕβρου (genitive singular)
τῷ Ἕβρῳ (dative singular)
τὸν Ἕβρον (accusative singular)
Ἕβρε (singular vocative)

Greek: Έβρος (Évros)

Latin: Hebrus

From Thracian *Ebrus (“wide”) and thus meaning "the wide river", or from Thracian ebros (“splasher”).

the river Hebrus or Evros; the river Maritsa

Maritsa
Vladimir I. Georgiev
bg:Иван Дуриданов


Ἕρμος

Ἕρμος • (Hérmos) m (genitive Ἕρμου); second declension

Hérmos (romanization)
Ἕρμου (genitive)
ὁ Ἕρμος (nominative singular)
τοῦ Ἕρμου (genitive singular)
τῷ Ἕρμῳ (dative singular)
τὸν Ἕρμον (accusative singular)
Ἕρμε (singular vocative)

Greek: Έρμος (Érmos)

Latin: Hermus


Ὑδάσπης

Ῠ̔δάσπης • (Hudáspēs) m (genitive Ῠ̔δάσπου); first declension

Ῠ̔δάσπης (canonical)
Hudáspēs (romanization)
Ῠ̔δάσπου (genitive)
ὁ Ῠ̔δάσπης (nominative singular)
τοῦ Ῠ̔δάσπου (genitive singular)
τῷ Ῠ̔δάσπῃ (dative singular)
τὸν Ῠ̔δάσπην (accusative singular)
Ῠ̔δάσπη (singular vocative)
ὁ Ῠ̔δάσπης (nominative singular)
τοῦ Ῠ̔δάσπεω (genitive singular)
Ῠ̔δάσπω (genitive singular)
τῷ Ῠ̔δάσπῃ (dative singular)
τὸν Ῠ̔δάσπην (accusative singular)
Ῠ̔δάσπη (singular vocative)

Greek: Υδάσπης (Ydáspis)

→ Latin: Hydaspes

Borrowed from Sanskrit वितस्ता (vitastā). Proposed to have been borrowed from Old Persian *Vidāspa- (literally “caring for horses”), from *vīd- (“to take care of”) + 𐎠𐎿𐎱 (a-s-p, “horse”) to explain the development -sp- instead of -st-, but this has no basis in any attested names for the river.

bor

Hydaspes, Jhelum (a river in Pakistan and India)


Ἴναχος

grc-proper noun

Ῑ̓́νᾰχος • (Ī́nakhos) m (genitive Ῑ̓νᾰ́χου); second declension

Ῑ̓́νᾰχος (canonical)
Ī́nakhos (romanization)
Ῑ̓νᾰ́χου (genitive)
ὁ Ῑ̓́νᾰχος (nominative singular)
τοῦ Ῑ̓νᾰ́χου (genitive singular)
τῷ Ῑ̓νᾰ́χῳ (dative singular)
τὸν Ῑ̓́νᾰχον (accusative singular)
Ῑ̓́νᾰχε (singular vocative)

Greek: Ίναχος (Ínachos)

Latin: Īnachus

Connected with the eastern origin of ἄναξ (ánax, “king, ruler”); compare Anax and Anak (Hebrew ענק).


Ἰλισός

Ῑ̓λῑσός • (Īlīsós) m (genitive Ῑ̓λῑσοῦ); second declension

Ῑ̓λῑσός (canonical)
Īlīsós (romanization)
Ῑ̓λῑσοῦ (genitive)
ὁ Ῑ̓λῑσός (nominative singular)
τοῦ Ῑ̓λῑσοῦ (genitive singular)
τῷ Ῑ̓λῑσῷ (dative singular)
τὸν Ῑ̓λῑσόν (accusative singular)
Ῑ̓λῑσέ (singular vocative)

Greek: Ιλισός (Ilisós)

Latin: Īlīsus

The suffix -ῑσο- is found in other river names, like Κηφισός (Kēphisós) and Πάμισος (Pámisos), suggesting a Pre-Greek origin.


Ἰσθμός

Ῐ̓σθμός • (Isthmós) m (genitive Ῐ̓σθμοῦ); second declension

Ῐ̓σθμός (canonical)
Isthmós (romanization)
Ῐ̓σθμοῦ (genitive)
ὁ Ῐ̓σθμός (nominative singular)
τοῦ Ῐ̓σθμοῦ (genitive singular)
τῷ Ῐ̓σθμῷ (dative singular)
τὸν Ῐ̓σθμόν (accusative singular)
Ῐ̓σθμέ (singular vocative)

Greek: Ισθμός (Isthmós)

Latin: Isthmus

From ῐ̓σθμός (isthmós, “neck of land between two seas”).

narrow ridge of Caucasus, between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea


Ἰσμηνός

Ἰσμηνός • (Ismēnós) m (genitive Ἰσμηνοῦ); second declension

Ismēnós (romanization)
Ἰσμηνοῦ (genitive)
ὁ Ἰσμηνός (nominative singular)
τοῦ Ἰσμηνοῦ (genitive singular)
τῷ Ἰσμηνῷ (dative singular)
τὸν Ἰσμηνόν (accusative singular)
Ἰσμηνέ (singular vocative)

Greek: Ισμηνός (Isminós)

Latin: Ismēnus


Λάκαινα

Λᾰ́καινᾰ • (Lákaina) f (genitive Λᾰκαίνης); first declension

Λᾰ́καινᾰ (canonical)
Lákaina (romanization)
Λᾰκαίνης (genitive)
Lákōn (romanization)
ἡ Λᾰ́καινᾰ (nominative singular)
τῆς Λᾰκαίνης (genitive singular)
τῇ Λᾰκαίνῃ (dative singular)
τὴν Λᾰ́καινᾰν (accusative singular)
Λᾰ́καινᾰ (singular vocative)

Greek: Λάκαινα (Lákaina)

Laconia (a region in the southern Peloponnese, Greece)


Λείγηρ

Λείγηρ • (Leígēr) m (genitive Λείγηρος); third declension

Leígēr (romanization)
Λείγηρος (genitive)
ὁ Λείγηρ (nominative singular)
τοῦ Λείγηρος (genitive singular)
τῷ Λείγηρῐ (dative singular)
τὸν Λείγηρᾰ (accusative singular)
Λείγηρ (singular vocative)

Franco-Provençal: Lêre

French: Loire

Greek: Λείγηρ (Leígir)

Latin: Liger

Occitan: Léger


Μαίανδρος

Μαίανδρος • (Maíandros) m (genitive Μαιάνδρου); second declension

Maíandros (romanization)
Μαιάνδρου (genitive)
ὁ Μαίανδρος (nominative singular)
τοῦ Μαιάνδρου (genitive singular)
τῷ Μαιάνδρῳ (dative singular)
τὸν Μαίανδρον (accusative singular)
Μαίανδρε (singular vocative)

→ English: Maeander; meander

Greek: Μαίανδρος (Maíandros)

Latin: Maeander, Maeandrus, Maeandros

→ Turkish: Menderes

the river Maeander; the river Büyük Menderes


τέλμα

grc-noun

τέλμᾰ • (télma) n (genitive τέλμᾰτος); third declension

τέλμᾰ (canonical)
télma (romanization)
τέλμᾰτος (genitive)
τὸ τέλμᾰ (nominative singular)
τὼ τέλμᾰτε (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ τέλμᾰτᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ τέλμᾰτος (genitive singular)
τοῖν τελμᾰ́τοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν τελμᾰ́των (genitive plural)
τῷ τέλμᾰτῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν τελμᾰ́τοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς τέλμᾰσῐ (dative plural)
τέλμᾰσῐν (dative plural)
toîs télmasi (dative plural)
toîs télmasin (dative plural)
τὸ τέλμᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ τέλμᾰτε (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ τέλμᾰτᾰ (accusative plural)
τέλμᾰ (singular vocative)
τέλμᾰτε (dual vocative)
τέλμᾰτᾰ (plural vocative)

The origin remains unexplained. Has been compared to Old Armenian տիղմ (tiłm).

unk

unexplained

(in the plural) lowlands subject to inundation, water meadows


Νίκαια

grc-proper noun

Νῑ́καιᾰ • (Nī́kaia) f (genitive Νῑκαίᾱς); first declension

Νῑ́καιᾰ (canonical)
Nī́kaia (romanization)
Νῑκαίᾱς (genitive)
ἡ Νῑ́καιᾰ (nominative singular)
τῆς Νῑκαίᾱς (genitive singular)
τῇ Νῑκαίᾳ (dative singular)
τὴν Νῑ́καιᾰν (accusative singular)
Νῑ́καιᾰ (singular vocative)

Greek: Νίκαια (Níkaia)

Latin: Nīcaea

English: Nicaea

French: Nice, Nicée

English: Nice

Ottoman Turkish: ازنیق (İznik)

Turkish: İznik

English: Iznik

Old Armenian: Նիկիա (Nikia)

Armenian: Նիկիա (Nikia)

From νῑ́κη (nī́kē, “victory”) + -ῐᾰ (-ia).

Transalpine Gaul
Transalpine Gaul#English

any one of a number of cities named Nicaea:

Nicaea (ancient Greek and later Roman city in the province of Transalpine Gaul, in modern southeastern France; modern Nice)


Νέστος

Νέστος • (Néstos) m (genitive Νέστου); second declension

Néstos (romanization)
Νέστου (genitive)
ὁ Νέστος (nominative singular)
τοῦ Νέστου (genitive singular)
τῷ Νέστῳ (dative singular)
τὸν Νέστον (accusative singular)
Νέστε (singular vocative)

Bulgarian: Места (Mesta)

Greek: Νέστος (Néstos)

Latin: Nestus

According to MacBain, from the same Proto-Indo-European root that gave the River Ness, possibly *ned- (“water”).


Νεῖλος

Νεῖλος • (Neîlos) m (genitive Νείλου); second declension

Neîlos (romanization)
Νείλου (genitive)
ὁ Νεῖλος (nominative singular)
τοῦ Νείλου (genitive singular)
τῷ Νείλῳ (dative singular)
τὸν Νεῖλον (accusative singular)
Νεῖλε (singular vocative)

Albanian: Nili

Arabic: نِيل (nīl)

Aramaic:

Classical Syriac: ܢܝܠܘܣ (Nīlōs)

Jewish Aramaic: נִילוֹס (Nîlôs)

Catalan: Nil

Dutch: Nijl

English: Nile

French: Nil

Greek: Νείλος (Neílos)

Hebrew: נילוס

Italian: Nilo

Latin: Nīlus

Persian: نیل

Polish: Nil

Portuguese: Nilo

Russian: Нил (Nil)

Sicilian: Nilu

Spanish: Nilo

Turkish: Nil

From the noun νεῖλος (neîlos, “river valley”), possibly from Semitic. The Egyptian name for it was ḥꜥpj.

750 BCE – 650 BCE, Hesiod, Theogony 338


Ὦξος

Ὦξος • (Ôxos) m (genitive Ὤξου); second declension

Ôxos (romanization)
Ὤξου (genitive)
ὁ Ὦξος (nominative singular)
τοῦ Ὤξου (genitive singular)
τῷ Ὤξῳ (dative singular)
τὸν Ὦξον (accusative singular)
Ὦξε (singular vocative)

Greek: Ώξος (Óxos)

Latin: Ōxus

From Proto-Iranian *waxš- (compare Avestan 𐬬𐬀𐬑𐬴 (vaxṣ̌)), the largest tributary of the river. Related to Sanskrit वक्षु (vakṣu). Compare the latterday toponym of Vakhsh.

64 BCE – 24 CE, Strabo, Geography 2.1.15

64 BCE – 24 CE, Strabo, Geography 11.7.3

46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Alexander the Great 57


Πακτωλός

Πακτωλός • (Paktōlós) m (genitive Πακτωλοῦ); second declension

Paktōlós (romanization)
Πακτωλοῦ (genitive)
ὁ Πακτωλός (nominative singular)
τοῦ Πακτωλοῦ (genitive singular)
τῷ Πακτωλῷ (dative singular)
τὸν Πακτωλόν (accusative singular)
Πακτωλέ (singular vocative)

Greek: Πακτωλός (Paktolós)

Latin: Pactōlus


Παντακύας

Παντᾰκύᾱς • (Pantakúās) m (genitive Παντᾰκύου); first declension

Παντᾰκύᾱς (canonical)
Pantakúās (romanization)
Παντᾰκύου (genitive)
ὁ Παντακύᾱς (nominative singular)
τοῦ Παντακύου (genitive singular)
τῷ Παντακύᾳ (dative singular)
τὸν Παντακύᾱν (accusative singular)
Παντακύᾱ (singular vocative)

Greek: Παντακύας (Pantakýas)

→ Latin: Pantacyās


Ὀρόντης

Ὀρόντης • (Oróntēs) m (genitive Ὀρόντου); first declension

Oróntēs (romanization)
Ὀρόντου (genitive)
ὁ Ὀρόντης (nominative singular)
τοῦ Ὀρόντου (genitive singular)
τῷ Ὀρόντῃ (dative singular)
τὸν Ὀρόντην (accusative singular)
Ὀρόντᾰ (singular vocative)

From Old Median *Arēvand, from Proto-Iranian *Raivant-, *Rayivant- (“possessing wealth”); see Old Armenian Երուանդ (Eruand) for more.

Orontes (name of any one of a number of ancient Armenian kings)


Πελοπόννησος

Πελοποννήσου

Πελοπόννησος • (Pelopónnēsos) f (genitive Πελοποννήσου); second declension

Pelopónnēsos (romanization)
Πελοποννήσου (genitive)
ἡ Πελοπόννησος (nominative singular)
τῆς Πελοποννήσου (genitive singular)
τῇ Πελοποννήσῳ (dative singular)
τὴν Πελοπόννησον (accusative singular)
Πελοπόννησε (singular vocative)

grc-decl

Πελοπόννησος

English: Peloponnese, Peloponnesus

desc

Πελοπόννησος

Greek: Πελοπόννησος (Pelopónnisos)

→ Latin: Peloponnēsus


Λευκετία

grc-proper noun

Λευκετῐ́ᾱ • (Leuketíā) f (genitive Λευκετῐ́ᾱς); first declension

Λευκετῐ́ᾱ (canonical)
Leuketíā (romanization)
Λευκετῐ́ᾱς (genitive)
ἡ Λευκετῐ́ᾱ (nominative singular)
τῆς Λευκετῐ́ᾱς (genitive singular)
τῇ Λευκετῐ́ᾳ (dative singular)
τὴν Λευκετῐ́ᾱν (accusative singular)
Λευκετῐ́ᾱ (singular vocative)

Greek: Λευκετία (Lefketía)

From Latin Lūtetia, modified by folk etymology to appear to be a derivative of λευκός (leukós, “white”).

Lutetia (ancient Roman city and island in modern France; modern Paris)


Φλεγέθων

Φλεγέθων • (Phlegéthōn) m (genitive Φλεγέθοντος); third declension

Phlegéthōn (romanization)
Φλεγέθοντος (genitive)
ὁ Φλεγέθων (nominative singular)
τοῦ Φλεγέθοντος (genitive singular)
τῷ Φλεγέθοντῐ (dative singular)
τὸν Φλεγέθοντᾰ (accusative singular)
Φλεγέθον (singular vocative)

Greek: Φλεγέθων (Flegéthon)

Italian: Flegetonte

Latin: Phlegethōn

Spanish: Flegetonte

Russian: Флегето́н (Flegetón)


Πηνειός

Πηνειός • (Pēneiós) m (genitive Πηνειοῦ); second declension

Pēneiós (romanization)
Πηνειοῦ (genitive)
ὁ Πηνειός (nominative singular)
τοῦ Πηνειοῦ (genitive singular)
τῷ Πηνειῷ (dative singular)
τὸν Πηνειόν (accusative singular)
Πηνειέ (singular vocative)

Greek: Πηνειός (Pineiós)

Latin: Pēnēus

From Proto-Indo-European *pen- (“mire, bog”). Cognate with Latin Pannonia, Old Prussian pannean (“bog”), Middle Irish en (“water”), Dutch veen, Old English fenn (English fen).


Πλειστός

Πλειστός • (Pleistós) m (genitive Πλειστοῦ); second declension

Pleistós (romanization)
Πλειστοῦ (genitive)
ὁ Πλειστός (nominative singular)
τοῦ Πλειστοῦ (genitive singular)
τῷ Πλειστῷ (dative singular)
τὸν Πλειστόν (accusative singular)
Πλειστέ (singular vocative)

Greek: Πλειστός (Pleistós)

Latin: Pleistus

the river Pleistus; the river Xeropotamos


Πάδος

Πᾰ́δος • (Pádos) m (genitive Πᾰ́δου); second declension

Πᾰ́δος (canonical)
Pádos (romanization)
Πᾰ́δου (genitive)
ὁ Πᾰ́δος (nominative singular)
τοῦ Πᾰ́δου (genitive singular)
τῷ Πᾰ́δῳ (dative singular)
τὸν Πᾰ́δον (accusative singular)
Πᾰ́δε (singular vocative)

Greek: Πάδος (Pádos)

From or cognate with Latin Padus, from Ancient Ligurian Bodincus, Bodencus (“bottomless”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰudʰmḗn.


Προποντίς

Προποντῐ́δος

Προποντῐ́ς • (Propontís) f (genitive Προποντῐ́δος); third declension

Προποντῐ́ς (canonical)
Propontís (romanization)
Προποντῐ́δος (genitive)
ἡ Προποντῐ́ς (nominative singular)
τῆς Προποντῐ́δος (genitive singular)
τῇ Προποντῐ́δῐ (dative singular)
τὴν Προποντῐ́δᾰ (accusative singular)
Προποντῐ́ς (singular vocative)

grc-decl

Προποντῐ́δος

Greek: Προποντίς (Propontís)

Latin: Propontis

From προ- (pro-, “before; in front of”) + πόντος (póntos, “sea”) + -ῐς (-is).


Ῥουβίκων

grc-proper noun

Ῥουβῐ́κων • (Rhoubíkōn) m (genitive Ῥουβῐ́κωνος); third declension

Ῥουβῐ́κων (canonical)
Rhoubíkōn (romanization)
Ῥουβῐ́κωνος (genitive)
ὁ Ῥουβῐ́κων (nominative singular)
τοῦ Ῥουβῐ́κωνος (genitive singular)
τῷ Ῥουβῐ́κωνῐ (dative singular)
τὸν Ῥουβῐ́κωνᾰ (accusative singular)
Ῥουβῐ́κων (singular vocative)

Greek: Ρουβίκων (Rouvíkon)


Ῥοδανός

Ῥοδᾰνός • (Rhodanós) m (genitive Ῥοδᾰνοῦ); second declension

Ῥοδᾰνός (canonical)
Rhodanós (romanization)
Ῥοδᾰνοῦ (genitive)
ὁ Ῥοδᾰνός (nominative singular)
τοῦ Ῥοδᾰνοῦ (genitive singular)
τῷ Ῥοδᾰνῷ (dative singular)
τὸν Ῥοδᾰνόν (accusative singular)
Ῥοδᾰνέ (singular vocative)

→ Afrikaans: Rhône

→ Alemannic German: Rotten

→ Arabic: رون

→ Aragonese: Roine

→ Belarusian: Рона (Róna)

→ Breton: Ron

→ Catalan: Roine

→ Chuvash: Рона (Rona)

→ Czech: Rhône

→ Danish: Rhône

→ Dutch: Rhône

→ Estonian: Rhône

→ Finnish: Rhône

→ Franco-Provençal: Rôno

→ French: Rhône

→ Galician: Ródano

→ German: Rhône

Greek: Ροδανός (Rodanós)

→ Hebrew: רון

→ Hungarian: Rhône

→ Italian: Rodano

→ Japanese: ローヌ

→ Korean: 론 (ron)

→ Latin: Rhodanus

→ Latvian: Rona

→ Lithuanian: Rona

→ Luxembourgish: Rhône

→ Norwegian: Rhône

→ Occitan: Ròse

→ Polish: Rodan

→ Portuguese: Ródano

→ Russian: Рона (Rona)

→ Serbo-Croatian: Rona, Рона

→ Slovene: Rona

→ Spanish: Ródano

→ Swedish: Rhône

→ Turkish: Rhône

Of Celtic origin, from Gaulish *Rodonos, *Rotonos, from a Proto-Celtic root similar to *reteti (“to flow, run, roll”). Lambert argues that this could have prefixed a second element akin to the root of the river name Danube, Proto-Indo-European *dʰenh₂- (“to set in motion; to flow”). Alternatively, possibly from a hypothetical Proto-Celtic *ɸro-dena- (“to flow forth”), from Proto-Indo-European *pro- (“toward, forward”) and the previously mentioned root.


Σκάμανδρος

grc-proper noun

Σκᾰ́μανδρος • (Skámandros) m (genitive Σκᾰμάνδρου); second declension

Σκᾰ́μανδρος (canonical)
Skámandros (romanization)
Σκᾰμάνδρου (genitive)
ὁ Σκᾰ́μανδρος (nominative singular)
τοῦ Σκᾰμάνδρου (genitive singular)
τῷ Σκᾰμάνδρῳ (dative singular)
τὸν Σκᾰ́μανδρον (accusative singular)
Σκᾰ́μανδρε (singular vocative)

English: Scamander

Greek: Σκάμανδρος (Skámandros)

Latin: Scamander

Turkish: Karamenderes

the river Scamander; the river Karamenderes


Σηκουάνας

Σηκουᾰ́νᾱς • (Sēkouánās) m (genitive Σηκουᾰ́νᾱ); first declension

Σηκουᾰ́νᾱς (canonical)
Sēkouánās (romanization)
Σηκουᾰ́νᾱ (genitive)
ὁ Σηκουᾰ́νᾱς (nominative singular)
τοῦ Σηκουᾰ́νᾱ (genitive singular)
τῷ Σηκουᾰ́νᾳ (dative singular)
τὸν Σηκουᾰ́νᾱν (accusative singular)
Σηκουᾰ́νᾱ (singular vocative)

Greek: Σηκουάνας (Sikouánas)


Σιμόεις

Σῐμόεις • (Simóeis) m (genitive Σῐμόεντος); third declension

Σῐμόεις (canonical)
Simóeis (romanization)
Σῐμόεντος (genitive)
ὁ Σῐμόεις (nominative singular)
τοῦ Σῐμόεντος (genitive singular)
τῷ Σῐμόεντῐ (dative singular)
τὸν Σῐμόεντᾰ (accusative singular)
Σῐμόεν (singular vocative)

Greek: Σιμόεις (Simóeis)

Latin: Simoīs


Σπερχειός

Σπερχειός • (Sperkheiós) m (genitive Σπερχειοῦ); second declension

Sperkheiós (romanization)
Σπερχειοῦ (genitive)
ὁ Σπερχειός (nominative singular)
τοῦ Σπερχειοῦ (genitive singular)
τῷ Σπερχειῷ (dative singular)
τὸν Σπερχειόν (accusative singular)
Σπερχειέ (singular vocative)

Greek: Σπερχειός (Spercheiós)

Latin: Sperchēus

(Greek mythology) Spercheus, the Greek mythological river god of the aforementioned river


Στρυμών

Στρῡμών • (Strūmṓn) m (genitive Στρῡμόνος); third declension

Στρῡμών (canonical)
Strūmṓn (romanization)
Στρῡμόνος (genitive)
ὁ Στρῡμών (nominative singular)
τοῦ Στρῡμόνος (genitive singular)
τῷ Στρῡμόνῐ (dative singular)
τὸν Στρῡμόνᾰ (accusative singular)
Στρῡμών (singular vocative)

Bulgarian: Струма (Struma)

Greek: Στρυμών (Strymón)

Latin: Strȳmōn

From Thracian *strúmā, *strūmōn (“stream, river”), from Proto-Indo-European *srew- (“to flow”).


Τάναϊς

Τᾰ́ναϊς • (Tánaïs) m (genitive Τᾰνᾰ́ῐ̈δος); third declension

Τᾰ́ναϊς (canonical)
Tánaïs (romanization)
Τᾰνᾰ́ῐ̈δος (genitive)
ὁ Τᾰ́νᾰῐ̈ς (nominative singular)
τοῦ Τᾰνᾰ́ῐ̈δος (genitive singular)
τῷ Τᾰνᾰ́ῐ̈δῐ (dative singular)
τὸν Τᾰνᾰ́ῐ̈δᾰ (accusative singular)
Τάναϊ (singular vocative)

Greek: Τάναϊς (Tánaïs); Τανάιδας (Tanáidas)

Latin: Tanais

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰenh₂-, found in many other river names, see also Doncaster, Danube, Dniester.

Tanais, Don (a river, the fifth-longest in Europe, in modern Tula, Lipetsk, Voronezh, Volgograd and Rostov Oblasts, Russia)


Θερμώδων

Θερμώδων • (Thermṓdōn) m (genitive Θερμώδοντος); third declension

Thermṓdōn (romanization)
Θερμώδοντος (genitive)
ὁ Θερμώδων (nominative singular)
τοῦ Θερμώδοντος (genitive singular)
τῷ Θερμώδοντῐ (dative singular)
τὸν Θερμώδοντᾰ (accusative singular)
Θερμῶδον (singular vocative)

desc

Greek: Θερμώδων (Thermódon); Θερμώδοντας (Thermódontas)

Latin: Thermōdōn

Turkish: Terme


Τίγρης

grc-proper noun

Τῐ́γρης • (Tígrēs) m (genitive Τῐ́γρητος); third declension

Τῐ́γρης (canonical)
Tígrēs (romanization)
Τῐ́γρητος (genitive)
ὁ Τῐ́γρης (nominative singular)
τοῦ Τῐ́γρητος (genitive singular)
τῷ Τῐ́γρητῐ (dative singular)
τὸν Τῐ́γρητᾰ (accusative singular)
Τῐ́γρης (singular vocative)

desc

Greek: Τίγρης (Tígris), Τίγρητας (Tígritas)

→ Armenian: Տիգրիս (Tigris)

→ Latin: Tigris

Borrowed from Old Persian 𐎫𐎡𐎥𐎼𐎠 (t-i-g-r-a /Tigrā/), from Akkadian 𒀀𒇉𒈦𒄘𒃼 (^(ÍD)Idiqlat) from Sumerian 𒀀𒇉𒈦𒄘𒃼 (^(ÍD)Idigna, ^(ÍD)Idigina, literally “fast as an arrow”), because Tigris is rough and fast flowing compared to the neighboring Euphrates. Compare with Classical Syriac ܕܩܠܬ (deqlāṯ), Old Armenian Դգլաթ (Dglatʻ), Arabic دِجْلَة (dijla), Hebrew חידקל / חִדֶּקֶל (ḥiddéqel)), all borrowed from Akkadian 𒀀𒇉𒈦𒄘𒃼 (^(ÍD)Idiqlat).
Compare Middle Persian [script needed] (Arvand, “Tigris”, literally “swift”) (compare Avestan -𐬀𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬥𐬙 (-aᵘruuant)). Compare also Achaemenid Elamite 𒋾𒅅𒊏 (ti-ig-ra).

he-m

חידקל / חִדֶּקֶל (ḥiddéqel)


Τρεβίας

grc-proper noun

Τρεβῐ́ᾱς • (Trebíās) m (genitive Τρεβῐ́ᾱ); first declension

Τρεβῐ́ᾱς (canonical)
Trebíās (romanization)
Τρεβῐ́ᾱ (genitive)
ὁ Τρεβῐ́ᾱς (nominative singular)
τοῦ Τρεβῐ́ᾱ (genitive singular)
τῷ Τρεβῐ́ᾳ (dative singular)
τὸν Τρεβῐ́ᾱν (accusative singular)
Τρεβῐ́ᾱ (singular vocative)

Greek: Τρεβίας (Trevías)


Αἰολία

Αἰολῐ́ᾱ • (Aiolíā) f (genitive Αἰολῐ́ᾱς); first declension

Αἰολῐ́ᾱ (canonical)
Aiolíā (romanization)
Αἰολῐ́ᾱς (genitive)
ἡ Αἰολῐ́ᾱ (nominative singular)
τῆς Αἰολῐ́ᾱς (genitive singular)
τῇ Αἰολῐ́ᾳ (dative singular)
τὴν Αἰολῐ́ᾱν (accusative singular)
Αἰολῐ́ᾱ (singular vocative)

Greek: Αιολία (Aiolía)

Latin: Aeolia

af

Αἴολος (Aíolos) + -ῐ́ᾱ (-íā)

Aeolis, a region in northwestern Asia Minor including the island of Lesbos, a later homeland of the Aeolians


λίμνη

grc-noun

λῐ́μνη • (límnē) f (genitive λῐ́μνης); first declension

λῐ́μνη (canonical)
límnē (romanization)
λῐ́μνης (genitive)
ἡ λῐ́μνη (nominative singular)
τὼ λῐ́μνᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ λῐ́μναι (nominative plural)
τῆς λῐ́μνης (genitive singular)
τοῖν λῐ́μναιν (dual genitive)
τῶν λῐμνῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ λῐ́μνῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν λῐ́μναιν (dative dual)
ταῖς λῐ́μναις (dative plural)
τὴν λῐ́μνην (accusative singular)
τὼ λῐ́μνᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς λῐ́μνᾱς (accusative plural)
λῐ́μνη (singular vocative)
λῐ́μνᾱ (dual vocative)
λῐ́μναι (plural vocative)

→ English: limno-

Greek: λίμνη (límni)

From or closely related to λιμήν (limḗn, “harbor”) and λειμών (leimṓn, “moist place, meadow”).


μασχάλη

μᾰσχᾰ́λη • (maskhálē) f (genitive μᾰσχᾰ́λης); first declension

μᾰσχᾰ́λη (canonical)
maskhálē (romanization)
μᾰσχᾰ́λης (genitive)
ἡ μᾰσχᾰ́λη (nominative singular)
τὼ μᾰσχᾰ́λᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ μᾰσχᾰ́λαι (nominative plural)
τῆς μᾰσχᾰ́λης (genitive singular)
τοῖν μᾰσχᾰ́λαιν (dual genitive)
τῶν μᾰσχᾰλῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ μᾰσχᾰ́λῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν μᾰσχᾰ́λαιν (dative dual)
ταῖς μᾰσχᾰ́λαις (dative plural)
τὴν μᾰσχᾰ́λην (accusative singular)
τὼ μᾰσχᾰ́λᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς μᾰσχᾰ́λᾱς (accusative plural)
μᾰσχᾰ́λη (singular vocative)
μᾰσχᾰ́λᾱ (dual vocative)
μᾰσχᾰ́λαι (plural vocative)

Greek: μασχάλη (mascháli)

The formation may be compared with that of ἀγκάλη (ankálē, “bent arm”), but further details are unclear. According to Beekes, it is undoubtedly a Pre-Greek word.
Meanwhile Douglas Q. Adams has presented a derivation from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱsleh₂, via *h₂eḱs- (“axis, axle”), ultimately from the root *h₂eǵ- (“to drive”), and source to Latin āla (“wing, armpit”), axilla (“little wing, armpit”) as well as Proto-Germanic *ahslō (“shoulder”). He finds that a Proto-Hellenic *aksalā could have given *askhalā by simple metathesis, while the initial m- could be either the product of a misdivision of the definite article plus noun (e. g. in the accusative singular *tām aksalā as well as in the respective genitive and dative dual, and genitive plural forms) or a contamination with the semantically similar μάλη (málē, “armpit”) and μαζός (mazós, “breast”).
Immanuel Löw explains it as a Semitic borrowing, related to Jewish Babylonian Aramaic מַתְחֲלָא (maṯḥălā, “calyx surrounding the date in its early state, or spathe of a date-palm”), possibly related to Arabic حُثَالَة (ḥuṯāla, “husks of grain or of dates, refuse of any crop”), both of uncertain internal relations.


ἀκτή

grc-noun

ἀκτή • (aktḗ) f (genitive ἀκτῆς); first declension

aktḗ (romanization)
ἀκτῆς (genitive)
ἡ ἀκτή (nominative singular)
τὼ ἀκτᾱ́ (dual nominative)
αἱ ἀκταί (nominative plural)
τῆς ἀκτῆς (genitive singular)
τοῖν ἀκταῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν ἀκτῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ ἀκτῇ (dative singular)
τοῖν ἀκταῖν (dative dual)
ταῖς ἀκταῖς (dative plural)
τὴν ἀκτήν (accusative singular)
τὼ ἀκτᾱ́ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ἀκτᾱ́ς (accusative plural)
ἀκτή (singular vocative)
ἀκτᾱ́ (dual vocative)
ἀκταί (plural vocative)

Greek: ακτή (aktí)

Unclear. Derivation from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”) is possible according to Frisk, but if Furnée is right in comparing this word with ὄχθη (ókhthē, “riverbank”), it could be a Pre-Greek word.

ὦ πότνια χθὼν καὶ πότνι’ ἀκτὴ
χώματος […]
ô pótnia khthṑn kaì pótni’ aktḕ
khṓmatos […]

Aeschylus, Libation Bearers, 721 (Herbert Weir Smyth, 1926 translation)

O hallowed earth, and hallowed barrow raised high […]


ἄκρις

ᾰ̓́κρῐς • (ákris) f (genitive ᾰ̓́κρῐος or ᾰ̓́κρεως); third declension

ᾰ̓́κρῐς (canonical)
ákris (romanization)
ᾰ̓́κρῐος (genitive)
ᾰ̓́κρεως (genitive)
ἡ ᾰ̓́κρῐς (nominative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓́κρῐε (dual nominative)
αἱ ᾰ̓́κρῐες (nominative plural)
τῆς ᾰ̓́κρῐος (genitive singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓κρῐ́οιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ᾰ̓κρῐ́ων (genitive plural)
τῇ ᾰ̓́κρῑ (dative singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓κρῐ́οιν (dative dual)
ταῖς ᾰ̓́κρῐσῐ (dative plural)
ᾰ̓́κρῐσῐν (dative plural)
taîs ákrisi (dative plural)
taîs ákrisin (dative plural)
τὴν ᾰ̓́κρῐν (accusative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓́κρῐε (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ᾰ̓́κρῑς (accusative plural)
ᾰ̓́κρῐᾰς (accusative plural)
ᾰ̓́κρῐ (singular vocative)
ᾰ̓́κρῐε (dual vocative)
ᾰ̓́κρῐες (plural vocative)
ἡ ᾰ̓́κρῐς (nominative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓́κρει (dual nominative)
αἱ ᾰ̓́κρεις (nominative plural)
τῆς ᾰ̓́κρεως (genitive singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓κρέοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ᾰ̓́κρεων (genitive plural)
τῇ ᾰ̓́κρει (dative singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓κρέοιν (dative dual)
ταῖς ᾰ̓́κρεσῐ (dative plural)
ᾰ̓́κρεσῐν (dative plural)
taîs ákresi (dative plural)
taîs ákresin (dative plural)
τὴν ᾰ̓́κρῐν (accusative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓́κρει (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ᾰ̓́κρεις (accusative plural)
ᾰ̓́κρῐ (singular vocative)
ᾰ̓́κρει (dual vocative)
ᾰ̓́κρεις (plural vocative)

From ᾰ̓́κρος (ákros, “edge, extremity”).


πόντος

πόντος • (póntos) m (genitive πόντου); second declension

póntos (romanization)
πόντου (genitive)
ὁ πόντος (nominative singular)
τὼ πόντω (dual nominative)
οἱ πόντοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ πόντου (genitive singular)
τοῖν πόντοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν πόντων (genitive plural)
τῷ πόντῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν πόντοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς πόντοις (dative plural)
τὸν πόντον (accusative singular)
τὼ πόντω (accusative dual)
τοὺς πόντους (accusative plural)
πόντε (singular vocative)
πόντω (dual vocative)
πόντοι (plural vocative)
πόντος (nominative singular)
πόντω (dual nominative)
πόντοι (nominative plural)
πόντου (genitive singular)
ποντοῖο (genitive singular)
πόντοιο (genitive singular)
ποντόο (genitive singular)
πόντοο (genitive singular)
πόντοιῐν (dual genitive)
πόντων (genitive plural)
πόντῳ (dative singular)
πόντοιῐν (dative dual)
πόντοισῐ (dative plural)
πόντοισῐν (dative plural)
πόντοις (dative plural)
póntoisi (dative plural)
póntoisin (dative plural)
póntois (dative plural)
πόντον (accusative singular)
πόντω (accusative dual)
πόντους (accusative plural)
πόντε (singular vocative)
πόντω (dual vocative)
πόντοι (plural vocative)

From Proto-Hellenic *póntos, from Proto-Indo-European *pónteh₁s (“path, road”).
Cognates include Sanskrit पन्था (pánthā-, “way”), Old Armenian հուն (hun, “riverbed”), Latin pōns (“bridge”), and Old English findan (English find).
Attested in Mycenaean Greek as 𐀡𐀵 (po-to).

der

αὐτὸς γάρ σφιν δῶκεν ἄναξ ἀνδρῶν Ἀγαμέμνων
νῆας ἐϋσσέλμους περάᾱν ἐπὶ οἴνοπα πόντον
Ἀτρεΐδης, ἐπεὶ οὔ σφι θαλάσσια ἔργα μεμήλει.
autòs gár sphin dôken ánax andrôn Agamémnōn
nêas eüssélmous peráān epì oínopa pónton

For Agamemnon son of Atreus himself had given [the Arcadians]
strong-benched ships for crossing the wine-dark sea,
since they weren't interested in the work of the sea.

Atreḯdēs, epeì oú sphi thalássia érga memḗlei.

Φοίνῑκες δ’ ἄγον ἄνδρες ἐπ’ ἠεροειδέα πόντον,

Phoenician men had brought [the mixing bowl] over the misty sea,

Phoínīkes d’ ágon ándres ep’ ēeroeidéa pónton,

οὐ γάρ πω τέθνηκεν ἐπὶ χθονὶ δῖος Ὀδυσσεύς,
ἀλλ’ ἔτι που ζωὸς κατερῡ́κεται εὐρέϊ πόντῳ,
νήσῳ̆ ἐν ἀμφιρύτῃ,
ou gár pō téthnēken epì khthonì dîos Odusseús,
all’ éti pou zōòs katerū́ketai euréï póntōi,
nḗsōi en amphirútēi,
[Athena disguised as Mentes talking to Telemachus:]

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 1.196–198

For noble Odysseus hasn't died yet on earth,
but is probably still alive and being detained on the wide sea
on a sea-girt isle,

the sea
(often combined with epithets in Homer)


ἄγκος

grc-noun

ᾰ̓́γκος • (ánkos) n (genitive ᾰ̓́γκεος or ᾰ̓́γκους); third declension

ᾰ̓́γκος (canonical)
ánkos (romanization)
ᾰ̓́γκεος (genitive)
ᾰ̓́γκους (genitive)
τὸ ᾰ̓́γκος (nominative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓́γκει (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ ᾰ̓́γκη (nominative plural)
τοῦ ᾰ̓́γκους (genitive singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓γκοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν ᾰ̓γκῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ ᾰ̓́γκει (dative singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓γκοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς ᾰ̓́γκεσῐ (dative plural)
ᾰ̓́γκεσῐν (dative plural)
toîs ánkesi (dative plural)
toîs ánkesin (dative plural)
τὸ ᾰ̓́γκος (accusative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓́γκει (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ ᾰ̓́γκη (accusative plural)
ᾰ̓́γκος (singular vocative)
ᾰ̓́γκει (dual vocative)
ᾰ̓́γκη (plural vocative)
ᾰ̓́γκος (nominative singular)
ᾰ̓́γκει (dual nominative)
ᾰ̓́γκεε (dual nominative)
ᾰ̓́γκεᾰ (nominative plural)
ᾰ̓́γκεος (genitive singular)
ᾰ̓́γκευς (genitive singular)
ᾰ̓γκέοιν (dual genitive)
ᾰ̓γκέων (genitive plural)
ᾰ̓́γκει (dative singular)
ᾰ̓́γκεῐ̈ (dative singular)
ᾰ̓γκέοιν (dative dual)
ᾰ̓́γκεσῐ (dative plural)
ᾰ̓́γκεσῐν (dative plural)
ánkesi (dative plural)
ánkesin (dative plural)
ᾰ̓́γκος (accusative singular)
ᾰ̓́γκει (accusative dual)
ᾰ̓́γκεε (accusative dual)
ᾰ̓́γκεᾰ (accusative plural)
ᾰ̓́γκος (singular vocative)
ᾰ̓́γκει (dual vocative)
ᾰ̓́γκεε (dual vocative)
ᾰ̓́γκεᾰ (plural vocative)
τὸ ᾰ̓́γκος (nominative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓́γκει (dual nominative)
ᾰ̓́γκεε (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ ᾰ̓́γκεᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ ᾰ̓́γκεος (genitive singular)
ᾰ̓́γκευς (genitive singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓γκέοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ᾰ̓γκέων (genitive plural)
τῷ ᾰ̓́γκει (dative singular)
ᾰ̓́γκεῐ̈ (dative singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓γκέοιν (dative dual)
τοῖσῐ (dative plural)
τοῖσῐν ᾰ̓́γκεσῐ (dative plural)
ᾰ̓́γκεσῐν (dative plural)
toîsi ánkesi (dative plural)
toîsi ánkesin (dative plural)
toîsini (dative plural)
toîsinin (dative plural)
τὸ ᾰ̓́γκος (accusative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓́γκει (accusative dual)
ᾰ̓́γκεε (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ ᾰ̓́γκεᾰ (accusative plural)
ᾰ̓́γκος (singular vocative)
ᾰ̓́γκει (dual vocative)
ᾰ̓́γκεε (dual vocative)
ᾰ̓́γκεᾰ (plural vocative)

From Proto-Hellenic *ánkos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énkos (“curve”). Cognates include Sanskrit अङ्कस् (áṅkas), Latin ancus and Old Armenian անկիւն (ankiwn, “angle”).

a bend, hollow: hence, mountain glen, dell, valley


βουνός

βουνός • (bounós) m (genitive βουνοῦ); second declension

bounós (romanization)
βουνοῦ (genitive)
ὁ βουνός (nominative singular)
τὼ βουνώ (dual nominative)
οἱ βουνοί (nominative plural)
τοῦ βουνοῦ (genitive singular)
τοῖν βουνοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν βουνῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ βουνῷ (dative singular)
τοῖν βουνοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς βουνοῖς (dative plural)
τὸν βουνόν (accusative singular)
τὼ βουνώ (accusative dual)
τοὺς βουνούς (accusative plural)
βουνέ (singular vocative)
βουνώ (dual vocative)
βουνοί (plural vocative)

Greek: βουνό (vounó)

Mariupol Greek: вуно́ (vunó)

According to Herodotus, a Cyrenaic word; however, more recent research by Solmsen indicates a dialectal Doric origin instead. Based on variants of the related βουνιάς (bouniás, “Brassica napus”), such as μουνιάς (mouniás) and μουνιαδικόν (mouniadikón), Furnee takes the word as Pre-Greek and compares Basque muno (“hill”), apparently from the same substrate source.


ὄρος

ὄρος • (óros) n (genitive ὄρεος or ὄρους or οὔρεος); third declension

óros (romanization)
ὄρεος (genitive)
ὄρους (genitive)
οὔρεος (genitive)
τὸ ὄρος (nominative singular)
τὼ ὄρει (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ ὄρη (nominative plural)
τοῦ ὄρους (genitive singular)
τοῖν ὀροῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν ὀρῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ ὄρει (dative singular)
τοῖν ὀροῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς ὄρεσῐ (dative plural)
ὄρεσῐν (dative plural)
toîs óresi (dative plural)
toîs óresin (dative plural)
τὸ ὄρος (accusative singular)
τὼ ὄρει (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ ὄρη (accusative plural)
ὄρος (singular vocative)
ὄρει (dual vocative)
ὄρη (plural vocative)
τὸ ὄρος (nominative singular)
τὼ ὄρει (dual nominative)
ὄρεε (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ ὄρεᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ ὄρεος (genitive singular)
ὄρευς (genitive singular)
τοῖν ὀρέοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ὀρέων (genitive plural)
τῷ ὄρει (dative singular)
ὄρεῐ̈ (dative singular)
τοῖν ὀρέοιν (dative dual)
τοῖσῐ (dative plural)
τοῖσῐν ὄρεσῐ (dative plural)
ὄρεσῐν (dative plural)
toîsi óresi (dative plural)
toîsi óresin (dative plural)
toîsini (dative plural)
toîsinin (dative plural)
τὸ ὄρος (accusative singular)
τὼ ὄρει (accusative dual)
ὄρεε (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ ὄρεᾰ (accusative plural)
ὄρος (singular vocative)
ὄρει (dual vocative)
ὄρεε (dual vocative)
ὄρεᾰ (plural vocative)
ὄρος (nominative singular)
ὄρει (dual nominative)
ὄρεε (dual nominative)
ὄρεᾰ (nominative plural)
ὄρεος (genitive singular)
ὄρευς (genitive singular)
ὄρεσφι (genitive singular)
ὀρέοιν (dual genitive)
ὀρέων (genitive plural)
ὄρεσφι (genitive plural)
ὄρει (dative singular)
ὄρεῐ̈ (dative singular)
ὄρεσφι (dative singular)
ὀρέοιν (dative dual)
ὄρεσῐ (dative plural)
ὄρεσῐν (dative plural)
ὄρεσσῐ (dative plural)
ὄρεσσῐν (dative plural)
ὄρεσφι (dative plural)
óresi (dative plural)
óresin (dative plural)
óressi (dative plural)
óressin (dative plural)
óresphi (dative plural)
ὄρος (accusative singular)
ὄρει (accusative dual)
ὄρεε (accusative dual)
ὄρεᾰ (accusative plural)
ὄρος (singular vocative)
ὄρει (dual vocative)
ὄρεε (dual vocative)
ὄρεᾰ (plural vocative)

grc-decl

ὄρεος / ὄρευς / ὄρεσφι

ὄρει / ὄρεῐ̈ / ὄρεσφι

ὀρέων / ὄρεσφι

ὄρεσῐ(ν) / ὄρεσσῐ(ν) / ὄρεσφι

Greek: όρος m (óros, “mountain”)

→ English: oro-

⇒ Italian: oro-

Either from ὄρνυμι (órnumi, “I raise”), or possibly directly from a Proto-Indo-European *h₃eros; either way, derived from the root *h₃er- (“to rise, spring, stir”).
Compare Sanskrit ऋष्व (ṛṣvá). Possibly related are the personal names Ὀρειάς (Oreiás), Mycenaean Greek 𐀃𐀩𐁀 (o-re-ha, “Oreās”), and Ὀρέστης (Oréstēs), Mycenaean Greek 𐀃𐀩𐀲 (o-re-ta, “Orestās”).
The sense "desert" is a semantic loan from Demotic tw (“mountain, desert”), from Egyptian ḏw (“mountain”).


σπῆλυγξ

grc-noun

σπῆλῠγξ • (spêlunx) f (genitive σπήλῠγγος); third declension

σπῆλῠγξ (canonical)
spêlunx (romanization)
σπήλῠγγος (genitive)
ἡ σπῆλῠγξ (nominative singular)
τὼ σπήλῠγγε (dual nominative)
αἱ σπήλῠγγες (nominative plural)
τῆς σπήλῠγγος (genitive singular)
τοῖν σπηλῠ́γγοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν σπηλῠ́γγων (genitive plural)
τῇ σπήλῠγγῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν σπηλῠ́γγοιν (dative dual)
ταῖς σπήλῠγξῐ (dative plural)
σπήλῠγξῐν (dative plural)
taîs spḗlunxi (dative plural)
taîs spḗlunxin (dative plural)
τὴν σπήλῠγγᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ σπήλῠγγε (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς σπήλῠγγᾰς (accusative plural)
σπῆλῠγξ (singular vocative)
σπήλῠγγε (dual vocative)
σπήλῠγγες (plural vocative)

Latin: spēlunca


νῆσος

νῆσος • (nêsos) f (genitive νήσου); second declension

nêsos (romanization)
νήσου (genitive)
ἡ νῆσος (nominative singular)
τὼ νήσω (dual nominative)
αἱ νῆσοι (nominative plural)
τῆς νήσου (genitive singular)
τοῖν νήσοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν νήσων (genitive plural)
τῇ νήσῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν νήσοιν (dative dual)
ταῖς νήσοις (dative plural)
τὴν νῆσον (accusative singular)
τὼ νήσω (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς νήσους (accusative plural)
νῆσε (singular vocative)
νήσω (dual vocative)
νῆσοι (plural vocative)
ἡ νῆσος (nominative singular)
τὼ νήσω (dual nominative)
αἱ νῆσοι (nominative plural)
τῆς νήσου (genitive singular)
τοῖν νήσοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν νήσων (genitive plural)
τῇ νήσῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν νήσοιν (dative dual)
τῇσῐ (dative plural)
τῇσῐν νήσοισῐ (dative plural)
νήσοισῐν (dative plural)
νήσοις (dative plural)
têisi nḗsoisi (dative plural)
têisi nḗsoisin (dative plural)
têisini (dative plural)
têisinin (dative plural)
nḗsois (dative plural)
τὴν νῆσον (accusative singular)
τὼ νήσω (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς νήσους (accusative plural)
νῆσε (singular vocative)
νήσω (dual vocative)
νῆσοι (plural vocative)

→ Coptic: ⲛⲏⲥⲟⲥ (nēsos)

desc

→ English: Austronesia, Indonesia, Macaronesia, Melanesia, Micronesia, Polynesia

Greek: νήσος (nísos), νησί (nisí)

→ Latin: nēsus

Uncertain. Has traditionally been connected with νήχω (nḗkhō, “I swim”) from Proto-Indo-European *(s)neh₂- (“to flow, to swim”). If its meaning “island” has developed from a more original meaning “headland, cape”, it may be, like Proto-Germanic *nasją (“foothill; headland, cape”) and Bulgarian нос (nos, “nose; cape, promontory”), a derivation from Proto-Indo-European *néh₂s (“nose”); in more landsman environments, compare the developments of Minaean 𐩱𐩬𐩰 (ʾnf, “wall of a city”) from “nose” and Arabic جَزِيرَة (jazīra, “island”) apparently from “bridge”.
However, in that case, the origin of -s-, which is not usually preserved in Greek, remains to be explained, possibly requiring a borrowing from another Indo-European language (though Furnée suspects a Pre-Greek origin, and Beekes Aegean).


Ἐνετία

grc-proper noun

Ἐνετίᾱ • (Enetíā) f (genitive Ἐνετίᾱς); first declension

Ἐνετίᾱ (canonical)
Enetíā (romanization)
Ἐνετίᾱς (genitive)
ἡ Ἐνετίᾱ (nominative singular)
τῆς Ἐνετίᾱς (genitive singular)
τῇ Ἐνετίᾳ (dative singular)
τὴν Ἐνετίᾱν (accusative singular)
Ἐνετίᾱ (singular vocative)

desc

Greek: Ενετία (Enetía), Βενετία (Venetía)

From Ἐνετοί (Enetoí, “Eneti; Veneti; Venetians”) + -ίᾱ (-íā).

af

(Koine, Byzantine) Venice (a port city in northeastern Italy; former capital of an independent republic).


ἄκρον

grc-noun

ᾰ̓́κρον • (ákron) n (genitive ᾰ̓́κρου); second declension

ᾰ̓́κρον (canonical)
ákron (romanization)
ᾰ̓́κρου (genitive)
τὸ ᾰ̓́κρον (nominative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓́κρω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ ᾰ̓́κρᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ ᾰ̓́κρου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓́κροιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ᾰ̓́κρων (genitive plural)
τῷ ᾰ̓́κρῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓́κροιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ᾰ̓́κροις (dative plural)
τὸ ᾰ̓́κρον (accusative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓́κρω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ ᾰ̓́κρᾰ (accusative plural)
ᾰ̓́κρον (singular vocative)
ᾰ̓́κρω (dual vocative)
ᾰ̓́κρᾰ (plural vocative)

Greek: άκρο (ákro)

(in the plural, logic) the major and minor points of syllogism


Κοῖος

grc-proper noun

Κοῖος • (Koîos) m (genitive Κοίου); second declension

Koîos (romanization)
Κοίου (genitive)
ὁ Κοῖος (nominative singular)
τοῦ Κοίου (genitive singular)
τῷ Κοίῳ (dative singular)
τὸν Κοῖον (accusative singular)
Κοῖε (singular vocative)

Possibly derived from κοῖος (koîos), also spelt ποῖος (poîos, “what?, which?, of what kind?, of what nature?”).


ταινία

grc-noun

ταινῐ́ᾱ • (tainíā) f (genitive ταινῐ́ᾱς); first declension

ταινῐ́ᾱ (canonical)
tainíā (romanization)
ταινῐ́ᾱς (genitive)
ἡ ταινῐ́ᾱ (nominative singular)
τὼ ταινῐ́ᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ ταινῐ́αι (nominative plural)
τῆς ταινῐ́ᾱς (genitive singular)
τοῖν ταινῐ́αιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ταινῐῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ ταινῐ́ᾳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ταινῐ́αιν (dative dual)
ταῖς ταινῐ́αις (dative plural)
τὴν ταινῐ́ᾱν (accusative singular)
τὼ ταινῐ́ᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ταινῐ́ᾱς (accusative plural)
ταινῐ́ᾱ (singular vocative)
ταινῐ́ᾱ (dual vocative)
ταινῐ́αι (plural vocative)

Greek: ταινία (tainía)

→ Latin: taenia

→ Translingual: Taenia

According to Beekes, probably from Proto-Indo-European *ten- (“stretch”), the same root underlying τείνω (teínō, “to stretch”), though the phonological and morphological details are rather unclear. The missing link may be a noun like *ταῖνα (*taîna) or *ταινά (*tainá). The formation of the word is comparable to that of κειρία (keiría, “band, tapeworm”).

band, fillet, headband worn in sign of victory


Σύρτις

grc-proper noun

Σῠ́ρτῐς • (Súrtis) f (genitive Σῠ́ρτεως or Σῠ́ρτῐος); third declension

Σῠ́ρτῐς (canonical)
Súrtis (romanization)
Σῠ́ρτεως (genitive)
Σῠ́ρτῐος (genitive)
ἡ Σῠ́ρτῐς (nominative singular)
τῆς Σῠ́ρτεως (genitive singular)
τῇ Σῠ́ρτει (dative singular)
τὴν Σῠ́ρτῐν (accusative singular)
Σῠ́ρτῐ (singular vocative)
ἡ Σῠ́ρτῐς (nominative singular)
τῆς Σῠ́ρτῐος (genitive singular)
τῇ Σῠ́ρτῑ (dative singular)
τὴν Σῠ́ρτῐν (accusative singular)
Σῠ́ρτῐ (singular vocative)

Uncertain, but possibly from συρτός (surtós, “swept, dragged along”), from σῡ́ρειν (sū́rein, “to drag along”) after the proverbially treacherous effect of the wind and the waves on the quicksand of the area. The figurative sense of "destruction" derives from the difficulty of navigating the gulfs due to shoreward drag produced.

τὸ δὲ ἔθνος τοῦτο ἐστὶ μὲν Λιβυκόν, νέμεται δὲ τὴν Σύρτιν τε καὶ τὴν πρὸς ἠῶ χώρην τῆς Σύρτιος οὐκ ἐπὶ πολλόν.

Gulf of Sidra (a gulf of the Mediterranean, Libya)

Συνεχὴς δ’ἐστὶν ἡ μικρὰ σύρτις, ἣν καὶ Λωτοφαγῖτιν σύρτιν λέγουσιν.

Gulf of Gabes (a gulf of the Mediterranean, Libya)


κρημνός

grc-noun

κρημνός • (krēmnós) m (genitive κρημνοῦ); second declension

krēmnós (romanization)
κρημνοῦ (genitive)
ὁ κρημνός (nominative singular)
τὼ κρημνώ (dual nominative)
οἱ κρημνοί (nominative plural)
τοῦ κρημνοῦ (genitive singular)
τοῖν κρημνοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν κρημνῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ κρημνῷ (dative singular)
τοῖν κρημνοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς κρημνοῖς (dative plural)
τὸν κρημνόν (accusative singular)
τὼ κρημνώ (accusative dual)
τοὺς κρημνούς (accusative plural)
κρημνέ (singular vocative)
κρημνώ (dual vocative)
κρημνοί (plural vocative)

Traditionally considered an old verbal noun from κρεμάννυμι (kremánnumi, “to hang”), however Beekes finds this impossible and leaves the etymology unexplained. Since a root-final -α- would be expected, and landscape terms are often borrowed from substrate languages, the word is probably Pre-Greek. The suffix -(ᾱ)μν-ο- (-(ā)mn-o-) is also considered Pre-Greek by Beekes.

unk

unexplained


ἀνθύπατος

grc-noun

ᾰ̓νθῠ́πᾰτος • (anthúpatos) m (genitive ᾰ̓νθῠπᾰ́του); second declension

ᾰ̓νθῠ́πᾰτος (canonical)
anthúpatos (romanization)
ᾰ̓νθῠπᾰ́του (genitive)
ὁ ᾰ̓νθῠ́πᾰτος (nominative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓νθῠπᾰ́τω (dual nominative)
οἱ ᾰ̓νθῠ́πᾰτοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ ᾰ̓νθῠπᾰ́του (genitive singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓νθῠπᾰ́τοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ᾰ̓νθῠπᾰ́των (genitive plural)
τῷ ᾰ̓νθῠπᾰ́τῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓νθῠπᾰ́τοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ᾰ̓νθῠπᾰ́τοις (dative plural)
τὸν ᾰ̓νθῠ́πᾰτον (accusative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓νθῠπᾰ́τω (accusative dual)
τοὺς ᾰ̓νθῠπᾰ́τους (accusative plural)
ᾰ̓νθῠ́πᾰτε (singular vocative)
ᾰ̓νθῠπᾰ́τω (dual vocative)
ᾰ̓νθῠ́πᾰτοι (plural vocative)

ανθύπατος m (anthýpatos)

From ᾰ̓ντῐ- (anti-, “before”) + ῠ̔́πᾰτος (húpatos, “consul”).


λειμών

grc-noun

λειμών • (leimṓn) m (genitive λειμῶνος); third declension

leimṓn (romanization)
λειμῶνος (genitive)
ὁ λειμών (nominative singular)
τὼ λειμῶνε (dual nominative)
οἱ λειμῶνες (nominative plural)
τοῦ λειμῶνος (genitive singular)
τοῖν λειμώνοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν λειμώνων (genitive plural)
τῷ λειμῶνῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν λειμώνοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς λειμῶσῐ (dative plural)
λειμῶσῐν (dative plural)
toîs leimôsi (dative plural)
toîs leimôsin (dative plural)
τὸν λειμῶνᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ λειμῶνε (accusative dual)
τοὺς λειμῶνᾰς (accusative plural)
λειμών (singular vocative)
λειμῶνε (dual vocative)
λειμῶνες (plural vocative)

Perhaps related to λίμνη (límnē, “marshy lake”) and λιμήν (limḗn) via Proto-Indo-European *(s)leym- (see *léymō (“lake”)). Has been compared to Latin līmus in the "mud" and "oblique" senses, līmen (“threshold”), Latvian leja (“dale, valley”), as well as λείβω (leíbō, “to pour”).


Ὄασις

grc-proper noun

Ὄᾰσῐς • (Óasis) f (genitive Ὀᾰ́σεως or Ὀᾰ́σῐος); third declension

Ὄᾰσῐς (canonical)
Óasis (romanization)
Ὀᾰ́σεως (genitive)
Ὀᾰ́σῐος (genitive)
ἡ Ὄᾰσῐς (nominative singular)
τὼ Ὀᾰ́σει (dual nominative)
αἱ Ὀᾰ́σεις (nominative plural)
τῆς Ὀᾰ́σεως (genitive singular)
τοῖν Ὀᾰσέοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν Ὀᾰ́σεων (genitive plural)
τῇ Ὀᾰ́σει (dative singular)
τοῖν Ὀᾰσέοιν (dative dual)
ταῖς Ὀᾰ́σεσῐ (dative plural)
Ὀᾰ́σεσῐν (dative plural)
taîs Oásesi (dative plural)
taîs Oásesin (dative plural)
τὴν Ὄᾰσῐν (accusative singular)
τὼ Ὀᾰ́σει (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς Ὀᾰ́σεις (accusative plural)
Ὄᾰσῐ (singular vocative)
Ὀᾰ́σει (dual vocative)
Ὀᾰ́σεις (plural vocative)
ἡ Ὄᾰσῐς (nominative singular)
τὼ Ὀᾰ́σῐε (dual nominative)
αἱ Ὀᾰ́σῐες (nominative plural)
τῆς Ὀᾰ́σῐος (genitive singular)
τοῖν Ὀᾰσῐ́οιν (dual genitive)
τῶν Ὀᾰσῐ́ων (genitive plural)
τῇ Ὀᾰ́σῑ (dative singular)
τοῖν Ὀᾰσῐ́οιν (dative dual)
ταῖς Ὀᾰ́σῐσῐ (dative plural)
Ὀᾰ́σῐσῐν (dative plural)
taîs Oásisi (dative plural)
taîs Oásisin (dative plural)
τὴν Ὄᾰσῐν (accusative singular)
τὼ Ὀᾰ́σῐε (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς Ὀᾰ́σῑς (accusative plural)
Ὀᾰ́σῐᾰς (accusative plural)
Ὄᾰσῐ (singular vocative)
Ὀᾰ́σῐε (dual vocative)
Ὀᾰ́σῐες (plural vocative)

→ Armenian: ովասիս (ovasis) (learned)

→ Latin: Oasis (see there for further descendants)

From Demotic wḥj, earlier hieroglyphic G43-V28-G1-X1:N25 wḥꜣt (also meaning “cauldron”). Compare Bohairic Coptic ⲟⲩⲁϩⲓ (ouahi), Sahidic Coptic ⲟⲩⲁϩⲉ (ouahe), and Arabic واحة (wāḥa).

ἐπειδὴ ἐκ τῆς Ὀάσιος ταύτης ἰέναι διὰ τῆς ψάμμου ἐπὶ σφέας, γενέσθαι τε αὐτοὺς μεταξύ κου μάλιστα αὐτῶν τε καὶ τῆς Ὀάσιος, ἄριστον αἱρεομένοισι αὐτοῖσι ἐπιπνεῦσαι νότον μέγαν τε καὶ ἐξαίσιον, φορέοντα δὲ θῖνας τῆς ψάμμου καταχῶσαι σφέας, καὶ τρόπῳ τοιούτῳ ἀφανισθῆναι.

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 3.26

epeidḕ ek tês Oásios taútēs iénai dià tês psámmou epì sphéas, genésthai te autoùs metaxú kou málista autôn te kaì tês Oásios, áriston haireoménoisi autoîsi epipneûsai nóton mégan te kaì exaísion, phoréonta dè thînas tês psámmou katakhôsai sphéas, kaì trópōi toioútōi aphanisthênai.

any one of the cities in the Libyan Desert


Ἰνωπός

Ἰ̄νωπός • (Īnōpós) m (genitive Ἰ̄νωποῦ); second declension

Ἰ̄νωπός (canonical)
Īnōpós (romanization)
Ἰ̄νωποῦ (genitive)
ὁ Ἰ̄νωπός (nominative singular)
τοῦ Ἰ̄νωποῦ (genitive singular)
τῷ Ἰ̄νωπῷ (dative singular)
τὸν Ἰ̄νωπόν (accusative singular)
Ἰ̄νωπέ (singular vocative)

Latin: Īnōpus

Perhaps a combination of the same root as ἰνόω (inóō, “make strong; flow, pour”) and Proto-Indo-European *h₂ep- (“water”).

a fountain and river in the island of Delos, where Leto brought forth Apollo and Artemis (It is said to have risen and fallen at the same time with the Nile, and hence was supposed to be connected with it by a subterranean channel.)


ἄλσος

grc-noun

ἄλσος • (álsos) n (genitive ἄλσεος or ἄλσους); third declension

álsos (romanization)
ἄλσεος (genitive)
ἄλσους (genitive)
τὸ ᾰ̓́λσος (nominative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓́λσει (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ ᾰ̓́λση (nominative plural)
τοῦ ᾰ̓́λσους (genitive singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓λσοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν ᾰ̓λσῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ ᾰ̓́λσει (dative singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓λσοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς ᾰ̓́λσεσῐ (dative plural)
ᾰ̓́λσεσῐν (dative plural)
toîs álsesi (dative plural)
toîs álsesin (dative plural)
τὸ ᾰ̓́λσος (accusative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓́λσει (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ ᾰ̓́λση (accusative plural)
ᾰ̓́λσος (singular vocative)
ᾰ̓́λσει (dual vocative)
ᾰ̓́λση (plural vocative)

Greek: άλσος (álsos)

Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *h₂el- (“to grow, nourish”), the same root of Latin alō, alumnus, oleō and English old. On the other hand, Beekes connects the word with the proper noun Ἄλτις (Áltis), the name of a sacred enclosure dedicated to Zeus in Olympia; on this basis one could reconstruct the noun as *alti̯os. Furnée accepts the equation, but interprets it in the context of other instances of an interchange of dental and sibilant in Pre-Greek words, like ἄννησον (ánnēson) and ἄνηθον (ánēthon).

der

(transferred sense) any hallowed precinct, even one without trees


Ἀβιληνή

grc-proper noun

Ἀβιληνή • (Abilēnḗ) f (genitive Ἀβιληνῆς); first declension

Abilēnḗ (romanization)
Ἀβιληνῆς (genitive)
ἡ Ἀβιληνή (nominative singular)
τῆς Ἀβιληνῆς (genitive singular)
τῇ Ἀβιληνῇ (dative singular)
τὴν Ἀβιληνήν (accusative singular)
Ἀβιληνή (singular vocative)

Ἐν ἔτει δὲ πεντεκαιδεκάτῳ τῆς ἡγεμονίας Τιβερίου Καίσαρος, ἡγεμονεύοντος Ποντίου Πιλάτου τῆς Ἰουδαίας, καὶ τετραρχοῦντος τῆς Γαλιλαίας Ἡρῴδου, Φιλίππου δὲ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ αὐτοῦ τετραρχοῦντος τῆς Ἰτουραίας καὶ Τραχωνίτιδος χώρας, καὶ Λυσανίου τῆς Ἀβιληνῆς τετραρχοῦντος, […]

Now in the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar, Pontius Pilate being governor of Judaea, and Herod being tetrarch of Galilee, and his brother Philip tetrarch of Ituraea and of the region of Trachonitis, and Lysanias the tetrarch of Abilene, […] (KJV)


ἕλος

grc-noun

ἕλος • (hélos) n (genitive ἕλεος or ἕλους); third declension

hélos (romanization)
ἕλεος (genitive)
ἕλους (genitive)
τὸ ἕλος (nominative singular)
τὼ ἕλει (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ ἕλη (nominative plural)
τοῦ ἕλους (genitive singular)
τοῖν ἑλοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν ἑλῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ ἕλει (dative singular)
τοῖν ἑλοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς ἕλεσῐ (dative plural)
ἕλεσῐν (dative plural)
toîs hélesi (dative plural)
toîs hélesin (dative plural)
τὸ ἕλος (accusative singular)
τὼ ἕλει (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ ἕλη (accusative plural)
ἕλος (singular vocative)
ἕλει (dual vocative)
ἕλη (plural vocative)
ἕλος (nominative singular)
ἕλει (dual nominative)
ἕλεε (dual nominative)
ἕλεᾰ (nominative plural)
ἕλεος (genitive singular)
ἕλευς (genitive singular)
ἑλέοιν (dual genitive)
ἑλέων (genitive plural)
ἕλει (dative singular)
ἕλεῐ̈ (dative singular)
ἑλέοιν (dative dual)
ἕλεσῐ (dative plural)
ἕλεσῐν (dative plural)
hélesi (dative plural)
hélesin (dative plural)
ἕλος (accusative singular)
ἕλει (accusative dual)
ἕλεε (accusative dual)
ἕλεᾰ (accusative plural)
ἕλος (singular vocative)
ἕλει (dual vocative)
ἕλεε (dual vocative)
ἕλεᾰ (plural vocative)
τὸ ἕλος (nominative singular)
τὼ ἕλει (dual nominative)
ἕλεε (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ ἕλεᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ ἕλεος (genitive singular)
ἕλευς (genitive singular)
τοῖν ἑλέοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ἑλέων (genitive plural)
τῷ ἕλει (dative singular)
ἕλεῐ̈ (dative singular)
τοῖν ἑλέοιν (dative dual)
τοῖσῐ (dative plural)
τοῖσῐν ἕλεσῐ (dative plural)
ἕλεσῐν (dative plural)
toîsi hélesi (dative plural)
toîsi hélesin (dative plural)
toîsini (dative plural)
toîsinin (dative plural)
τὸ ἕλος (accusative singular)
τὼ ἕλει (accusative dual)
ἕλεε (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ ἕλεᾰ (accusative plural)
ἕλος (singular vocative)
ἕλει (dual vocative)
ἕλεε (dual vocative)
ἕλεᾰ (plural vocative)

Translingual: Elodea

English: helophyte

Greek: έλος (élos)

Coptic: ϩⲉⲗⲟⲥ (helos)

From Proto-Hellenic *hélos, from Proto-Indo-European *sélos ~ *séles- (“marsh”). Cognate with Sanskrit सरस् (sáras) and perhaps Old Armenian եղտիւր (ełtiwr).

der

300 BCE – 250 BCE, Apollonius of Rhodes, Argonautica 2.1283


σπέος

grc-noun

σπέος • (spéos) n (genitive σπείους); third declension

spéos (romanization)
σπείους (genitive)
σπέος (nominative singular)
σπεῖος (nominative singular)
σπείους (genitive singular)
σπείων (genitive plural)
σπῆῐ̈ (dative singular)
σπέσσῐ (dative plural)
σπήεσσῐ (dative plural)
σπέος (accusative singular)
σπεῖος (accusative singular)
σπέος (singular vocative)
σπεῖος (singular vocative)

grc-decl

σπέος, σπεῖος

σπέσσῐ, σπήεσσῐ

According to Beekes, the word is undoubtedly from Pre-Greek.

τὸν δ’ οἶον, νόστου κεχρημένον ἠδὲ γυναικός,
νύμφη πότνι’ ἔρῡκε Καλυψώ, δῖα θεᾱ́ων,
ἐν σπέσσι γλαφυροῖσι, λιλαιομένη πόσιν εἶναι.
tòn d’ oîon, nóstou kekhrēménon ēdè gunaikós,
númphē pótni’ érūke Kalupsṓ, dîa theā́ōn,

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 1.13–15

[Odysseus] alone, longing for homecoming and his wife,
the revered nymph Calypso, brightest of goddesses, detained
in hollow caves, longing for him to be her husband.

en spéssi glaphuroîsi, lilaioménē pósin eînai.


ἀριθμητικόν

grc-noun

ἀριθμητῐκόν • (arithmētikón) n (genitive ἀριθμητῐκοῦ); second declension

ἀριθμητῐκόν (canonical)
arithmētikón (romanization)
ἀριθμητῐκοῦ (genitive)
τὸ ἀριθμητῐκόν (nominative singular)
τᾰ̀ ἀριθμητῐκᾰ́ (nominative plural)
τοῦ ἀριθμητῐκοῦ (genitive singular)
τῶν ἀριθμητῐκῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ ἀριθμητῐκῷ (dative singular)
τοῖς ἀριθμητῐκοῖς (dative plural)
τὸ ἀριθμητῐκόν (accusative singular)
τᾰ̀ ἀριθμητῐκᾰ́ (accusative plural)
ἀριθμητῐκόν (singular vocative)
ἀριθμητῐκᾰ́ (plural vocative)


λιμήν

λῐμήν • (limḗn) m (genitive λῐμένος); third declension

λῐμήν (canonical)
limḗn (romanization)
λῐμένος (genitive)
ὁ λῐμήν (nominative singular)
τὼ λῐμένε (dual nominative)
οἱ λῐμένες (nominative plural)
τοῦ λῐμένος (genitive singular)
τοῖν λῐμένοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν λῐμένων (genitive plural)
τῷ λῐμένῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν λῐμένοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς λῐμέσῐ (dative plural)
λῐμέσῐν (dative plural)
toîs limési (dative plural)
toîs limésin (dative plural)
τὸν λῐμένᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ λῐμένε (accusative dual)
τοὺς λῐμένᾰς (accusative plural)
λῐμήν (singular vocative)
λῐμένε (dual vocative)
λῐμένες (plural vocative)

⇒ Greek: λιμένας (liménas)

→ Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܠܡܹܐܢܵܐ (lmēnā)

→ Hebrew: נָמֵל (namél) (with metathesis)

Ablaut derivation from Proto-Indo-European *léymō (“lake”); compare λίμνη (límnē). See λειμών (leimṓn) for a descendant in a different ablaut grade.

τάδε μὲν γάρ […] φαίνεται λιμὴν στενόν τινα ἔχων εἴσπλουν
táde mèn gár[…] phaínetai limḕn stenón tina ékhōn eísploun

For this is apparently a harbor having a narrow entrance.


Ὀασῖται

Ὀᾰσῖται • (Oasîtai) m pl (genitive Ὀᾰσῑτῶν); first declension

Ὀᾰσῖται (canonical)
Oasîtai (romanization)
Ὀᾰσῑτῶν (genitive)
οἱ Ὀᾰσῖται (nominative plural)
τῶν Ὀᾰσῑτῶν (genitive plural)
τοῖς Ὀᾰσῑ́ταις (dative plural)
τοὺς Ὀᾰσῑ́τᾱς (accusative plural)
Ὀᾰσῖται (plural vocative)

af

Ὄᾰσῐς (Óasis) + -ῑ́της (-ī́tēs)


Ἄλβις

grc-proper noun

Ἄλβῐς • (Álbis) f (genitive Ἄλβῐος or Ἄλβῐδος); third declension

Ἄλβῐς (canonical)
Álbis (romanization)
Ἄλβῐος (genitive)
Ἄλβῐδος (genitive)
ἡ Ᾰ̓́λβῐς (nominative singular)
τῆς Ᾰ̓́λβῐος (genitive singular)
τῇ Ᾰ̓́λβῑ (dative singular)
τὴν Ᾰ̓́λβῐν (accusative singular)
Ᾰ̓́λβῐ (singular vocative)
ἡ Ἄλβις (nominative singular)
τῆς Ἄλβιδος (genitive singular)
τῇ Ἄλβιδῐ (dative singular)
τὴν Ἄλβιδᾰ (accusative singular)
Ἄλβις (singular vocative)

Borrowed from Latin Albis, from Proto-Germanic *albī.

Οἱ δὲ Ῥωμαῖοι τὰ ἑσπέρια τῆς Εὐρώπης ἅπαντα μέχρι Ἄλβιος ποταμοῦ τοῦ τὴν Γερμανίαν δίχα διαιροῦντος τά τε πέραν Ἴστρου τὰ μέχρι Τύρα ποταμοῦ.

1854 translation by H. C. Hamilton and W. Falconer
And the Romans [have discovered to us] the entire west of Europe as far as the river Elbe, which divides Germany, and the country beyond the Ister to the river Dniester.

Hoi dè Rhōmaîoi tà hespéria tês Eurṓpēs hápanta mékhri Álbios potamoû toû tḕn Germanían díkha diairoûntos tá te péran Ístrou tà mékhri Túra potamoû.

Κἂν πλείω δὲ γνώριμα ὑπῆρξεν, εἰ ἐπέτρεπε τοῖς στρατηγοῖς ὁ Σεβαστὸς διαβαίνειν τὸν Ἄλβιν, μετιοῦσι τοὺς ἐκεῖσε ἀπανισταμένους.

1854 translation by H. C. Hamilton and W. Falconer
and we should have become acquainted with a greater number of their tribes, if Augustus had permitted his generals to pass the Elbe, in pursuit of those who had fled thither.

Kàn pleíō dè gnṓrima hupêrxen, ei epétrepe toîs stratēgoîs ho Sebastòs diabaínein tòn Álbin, metioûsi toùs ekeîse apanistaménous.

90 CE – 168 CE, Ptolemy, Geography 2.11.1


Ἴσειον

grc-noun

Ἴσειον • (Íseion) n (genitive Ἰσείου); second declension

Íseion (romanization)
Ἰσείου (genitive)
τὸ Ἴσειον (nominative singular)
τὼ Ἰσείω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ Ἴσειᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ Ἰσείου (genitive singular)
τοῖν Ἰσείοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν Ἰσείων (genitive plural)
τῷ Ἰσείῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν Ἰσείοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς Ἰσείοις (dative plural)
τὸ Ἴσειον (accusative singular)
τὼ Ἰσείω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ Ἴσειᾰ (accusative plural)
Ἴσειον (singular vocative)
Ἰσείω (dual vocative)
Ἴσειᾰ (plural vocative)

English: Iseion

Latin: Iseum, Isium

Greek: Ίσειο (Íseio)

From Ἶσις (Îsis, “Isis”) + -ιον (-ion, forming nouns of associated places).

af

An Iseum: a temple of the Egyptian goddess Isis.


Κέστρος

grc-proper noun

Κέστρος • (Késtros) m (genitive Κέστρου); second declension

Késtros (romanization)
Κέστρου (genitive)
ὁ Κέστρος (nominative singular)
τοῦ Κέστρου (genitive singular)
τῷ Κέστρῳ (dative singular)
τὸν Κέστρον (accusative singular)
Κέστρε (singular vocative)

→ Latin: Cestrus


Αἴσηπος

Αἴσηπος • (Aísēpos) m (genitive Αἰσήπου); second declension

Aísēpos (romanization)
Αἰσήπου (genitive)
ὁ Αἴσηπος (nominative singular)
τοῦ Αἰσήπου (genitive singular)
τῷ Αἰσήπῳ (dative singular)
τὸν Αἴσηπον (accusative singular)
Αἴσηπε (singular vocative)

Latin: Aesēpus

Aesepus (an important river in Mysia, modern-day Turkey)


Νέδη

Νέδη • (Nédē) f (genitive Νέδης); first declension

Nédē (romanization)
Νέδης (genitive)
ἡ Νέδη (nominative singular)
τῆς Νέδης (genitive singular)
τῇ Νέδῃ (dative singular)
τὴν Νέδην (accusative singular)
Νέδη (singular vocative)

Latin: Neda


Ἕλωρος

Ἕλωρος • (Hélōros) m (genitive Ἑλώρου); second declension

Hélōros (romanization)
Ἑλώρου (genitive)
ὁ Ἕλωρος (nominative singular)
τοῦ Ἑλώρου (genitive singular)
τῷ Ἑλώρῳ (dative singular)
τὸν Ἕλωρον (accusative singular)
Ἕλωρε (singular vocative)

Latin: Helōrus


ῥάχις

grc-noun

ῥάχῐς • (rhákhis) f (genitive ῥάχῐος or ῥάχεως); third declension

ῥάχῐς (canonical)
rhákhis (romanization)
ῥάχῐος (genitive)
ῥάχεως (genitive)
ἡ ῥᾰ́χῐς (nominative singular)
τὼ ῥᾰ́χει (dual nominative)
αἱ ῥᾰ́χεις (nominative plural)
τῆς ῥάχῐος (genitive singular)
ῥάχεως (genitive singular)
τοῖν ῥᾰχέοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ῥᾰ́χεων (genitive plural)
τῇ ῥάχει (dative singular)
ῥάχῑ (dative singular)
τοῖν ῥᾰχέοιν (dative dual)
ταῖς ῥᾰ́χεσῐ (dative plural)
ῥᾰ́χεσῐν (dative plural)
taîs rhákhesi (dative plural)
taîs rhákhesin (dative plural)
τὴν ῥᾰ́χῐν (accusative singular)
τὼ ῥᾰ́χει (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ῥᾰ́χεις (accusative plural)
ῥᾰ́χῐ (singular vocative)
ῥᾰ́χει (dual vocative)
ῥᾰ́χεις (plural vocative)

grc-decl

ῥάχῐος/ῥάχεως

Greek: ράχη (ráchi)

→ English: rachis

→ Italian: rachide

According to Beekes of Pre-Greek origin or related to Lithuanian ražis (“stubble”). Compare ῥαχός (rhakhós, “thorn hedge”).

anything ridged like a backbone:
(botany) midrib of a leaf

anything ridged like a backbone:
midrib of a leaf


Ἄναυρος

grc-proper noun

Ἄναυρος • (Ánauros) m (genitive Ἀναύρου); second declension

Ánauros (romanization)
Ἀναύρου (genitive)
ὁ Ἄναυρος (nominative singular)
τοῦ Ἀναύρου (genitive singular)
τῷ Ἀναύρῳ (dative singular)
τὸν Ἄναυρον (accusative singular)
Ἄναυρε (singular vocative)

Latin: Anaurus


Ἐρασῖνος

Ἐρᾰσῖνος • (Erasînos) m (genitive Ἐρᾰσῑ́νου); second declension

Ἐρᾰσῖνος (canonical)
Erasînos (romanization)
Ἐρᾰσῑ́νου (genitive)
ὁ Ἐρᾰσῖνος (nominative singular)
τοῦ Ἐρᾰσῑ́νου (genitive singular)
τῷ Ἐρᾰσῑ́νῳ (dative singular)
τὸν Ἐρᾰσῖνον (accusative singular)
Ἐρᾰσῖνε (singular vocative)

→ Latin: Erasīnus


Κίος

Κίος • (Kíos) f (genitive Κίου); second declension

Kíos (romanization)
Κίου (genitive)
ἡ Κῐ́ος (nominative singular)
τῆς Κῐ́ου (genitive singular)
τῇ Κῐ́ῳ (dative singular)
τὴν Κῐ́ον (accusative singular)
Κῐ́ε (singular vocative)

Latin: Cius


Διάγων

Διάγων • (Diágōn) m (genitive Διάγονος); third declension

Diágōn (romanization)
Διάγονος (genitive)
ὁ Διάγων (nominative singular)
τοῦ Διάγονος (genitive singular)
τῷ Διάγονῐ (dative singular)
τὸν Διάγονᾰ (accusative singular)
Διάγον (singular vocative)

Latin: Diagōn


νάπη

grc-noun

νάπη • (nápē) f (genitive νάπης); first declension

nápē (romanization)
νάπης (genitive)
ἡ νάπη (nominative singular)
τὼ νάπᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ νάπαι (nominative plural)
τῆς νάπης (genitive singular)
τοῖν νάπαιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ναπῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ νάπῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν νάπαιν (dative dual)
ταῖς νάπαις (dative plural)
τὴν νάπην (accusative singular)
τὼ νάπᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς νάπᾱς (accusative plural)
νάπη (singular vocative)
νάπᾱ (dual vocative)
νάπαι (plural vocative)

According to Beekes, probably of Pre-Greek origin.


Ἀνθηδών

grc-proper noun

Ἀνθηδών • (Anthēdṓn) f (genitive Ἀνθηδόνος); third declension

Anthēdṓn (romanization)
Ἀνθηδόνος (genitive)
ἡ Ἀνθηδών (nominative singular)
τῆς Ἀνθηδόνος (genitive singular)
τῇ Ἀνθηδόνῐ (dative singular)
τὴν Ἀνθηδόνᾰ (accusative singular)
Ἀνθηδών (singular vocative)

→ Latin: Anthedon

Anthedon (a region, a Boeotia in Greece)


ἄναυρος

grc-noun

ἄναυρος • (ánauros) m (genitive ἀναύρου); second declension

ánauros (romanization)
ἀναύρου (genitive)
ὁ ἄναυρος (nominative singular)
τὼ ἀναύρω (dual nominative)
οἱ ἄναυροι (nominative plural)
τοῦ ἀναύρου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ἀναύροιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ἀναύρων (genitive plural)
τῷ ἀναύρῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ἀναύροιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ἀναύροις (dative plural)
τὸν ἄναυρον (accusative singular)
τὼ ἀναύρω (accusative dual)
τοὺς ἀναύρους (accusative plural)
ἄναυρε (singular vocative)
ἀναύρω (dual vocative)
ἄναυροι (plural vocative)

According to Beekes, of Pre-Greek origin. Others have interpreted the word as “waterless”, with ἀν- (an-, “alpha privativum”) + an unknown word for water (connected with the name of various rivers, like Metaurus, Pisaurus and Avara). Niemeyer connects the word to Proto-Germanic *auraz (“wet sand or earth, mud; water, sea”)


τάρφος

grc-noun

τάρφος • (tárphos) n (genitive τάρφεος); third declension

tárphos (romanization)
τάρφεος (genitive)
τᾰ́ρφος (nominative singular)
τᾰ́ρφει (dual nominative)
τᾰ́ρφεε (dual nominative)
τᾰ́ρφεᾰ (nominative plural)
τᾰ́ρφεος (genitive singular)
τᾰ́ρφευς (genitive singular)
τᾰρφέοιν (dual genitive)
τᾰρφέων (genitive plural)
τᾰ́ρφει (dative singular)
τᾰ́ρφεῐ̈ (dative singular)
τᾰρφέοιν (dative dual)
τᾰ́ρφεσῐ (dative plural)
τᾰ́ρφεσῐν (dative plural)
tárphesi (dative plural)
tárphesin (dative plural)
τᾰ́ρφος (accusative singular)
τᾰ́ρφει (accusative dual)
τᾰ́ρφεε (accusative dual)
τᾰ́ρφεᾰ (accusative plural)
τᾰ́ρφος (singular vocative)
τᾰ́ρφει (dual vocative)
τᾰ́ρφεε (dual vocative)
τᾰ́ρφεᾰ (plural vocative)

Unknown. Usually derived from τρέφω (tréphō, “to feed”) but the development is irregular and the semantics are not compelling.


βῆσσα

βῆσσᾰ • (bêssa) f (genitive βήσσης); first declension

βῆσσᾰ (canonical)
bêssa (romanization)
βήσσης (genitive)
ἡ βῆσσᾰ (nominative singular)
τὼ βήσσᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ βῆσσαι (nominative plural)
τῆς βήσσης (genitive singular)
τοῖν βήσσαιν (dual genitive)
τῶν βησσῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ βήσσῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν βήσσαιν (dative dual)
ταῖς βήσσαις (dative plural)
τὴν βῆσσᾰν (accusative singular)
τὼ βήσσᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς βήσσᾱς (accusative plural)
βῆσσᾰ (singular vocative)
βήσσᾱ (dual vocative)
βῆσσαι (plural vocative)

Traditionally it has been connected with βαθύς (bathús, “deep”), as an e-grade root variant but Furnée doesn't dismiss a Pre-Greek origin and links the noun to the gloss βρῆσσαι (brêssai) found in Hesychius.


Βοάγριος

grc-proper noun

Βοάγριος • (Boágrios) m (genitive Βοαγρίου); second declension

Boágrios (romanization)
Βοαγρίου (genitive)
ὁ Βοάγρῐος (nominative singular)
τοῦ Βοαγρῐ́ου (genitive singular)
τῷ Βοαγρῐ́ῳ (dative singular)
τὸν Βοάγρῐον (accusative singular)
Βοάγρῐε (singular vocative)

→ Latin: Boagrius


Βούδορος

Βούδορος • (Boúdoros) m (genitive Βουδόρου); second declension

Boúdoros (romanization)
Βουδόρου (genitive)
ὁ Βούδορος (nominative singular)
τοῦ Βουδόρου (genitive singular)
τῷ Βουδόρῳ (dative singular)
τὸν Βούδορον (accusative singular)
Βούδορε (singular vocative)

→ Latin: Būdorus


Βαθυνίας

Βᾰθῠνίᾱς • (Bathuníās) m (genitive Βᾰθῠνίου); first declension

Βᾰθῠνίᾱς (canonical)
Bathuníās (romanization)
Βᾰθῠνίου (genitive)
ὁ Βᾰθῠνίᾱς (nominative singular)
τοῦ Βᾰθῠνίου (genitive singular)
τῷ Βᾰθῠνίᾳ (dative singular)
τὸν Βᾰθῠνίᾱν (accusative singular)
Βᾰθῠνίᾱ (singular vocative)

Latin: Bathyniās


πάτελλα

grc-noun

πάτελλα • (pátella) f (genitive πατέλλης); first declension

pátella (romanization)
πατέλλης (genitive)
ἡ πάτελλᾰ (nominative singular)
τὼ πατέλλᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ πάτελλαι (nominative plural)
τῆς πατέλλης (genitive singular)
τοῖν πατέλλαιν (dual genitive)
τῶν πατελλῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ πατέλλῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν πατέλλαιν (dative dual)
ταῖς πατέλλαις (dative plural)
τὴν πάτελλᾰν (accusative singular)
τὼ πατέλλᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς πατέλλᾱς (accusative plural)
πάτελλᾰ (singular vocative)
πατέλλᾱ (dual vocative)
πάτελλαι (plural vocative)

150–200, Sammelbuch griechischer Urkunden aus Ägypten VI 9042, 2


σκόπελος

σκόπελος • (skópelos) m (genitive σκοπέλου); second declension

skópelos (romanization)
σκοπέλου (genitive)
ὁ σκόπελος (nominative singular)
τὼ σκοπέλω (dual nominative)
οἱ σκόπελοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ σκοπέλου (genitive singular)
τοῖν σκοπέλοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν σκοπέλων (genitive plural)
τῷ σκοπέλῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν σκοπέλοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς σκοπέλοις (dative plural)
τὸν σκόπελον (accusative singular)
τὼ σκοπέλω (accusative dual)
τοὺς σκοπέλους (accusative plural)
σκόπελε (singular vocative)
σκοπέλω (dual vocative)
σκόπελοι (plural vocative)

desctree

Latin: scopulus
Italian: scoppio (“cliff”) (medieval hapax, Umbria)
Vulgar Latin: *scoculum (see there for further descendants)
→ Italian: scopulo (learned)

Maybe related to σκέπτομαι (sképtomai, “to look at”) if the original meaning of the word is watchtower.