ἀσπίς

ᾰ̓σπίς • (ăspís) f (genitive ᾰ̓σπίδος); third declension

ᾰ̓σπίς (canonical)
ăspís (romanization)
ᾰ̓σπίδος (genitive)
ἡ ᾰ̓σπῐ́ς (nominative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓σπῐ́δε (dual nominative)
αἱ ᾰ̓σπῐ́δες (nominative plural)
τῆς ᾰ̓σπῐ́δος (genitive singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓σπῐ́δοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ᾰ̓σπῐ́δων (genitive plural)
τῇ ᾰ̓σπῐ́δῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓σπῐ́δοιν (dative dual)
ταῖς ᾰ̓σπῐ́σῐ (dative plural)
ᾰ̓σπῐ́σῐν (dative plural)
taîs ăspĭ́sĭ (dative plural)
taîs ăspĭ́sĭn (dative plural)
τὴν ᾰ̓σπῐ́δᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓σπῐ́δε (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ᾰ̓σπῐ́δᾰς (accusative plural)
ἀσπί (singular vocative)
ᾰ̓σπῐ́δε (dual vocative)
ᾰ̓σπῐ́δες (plural vocative)

→ English: aspis

Greek: ασπίδα (aspída)

→ Latin: aspis (see there for further descendants)

→ Ukrainian: га́спид (háspyd), а́спид (áspyd), а́спід (áspid)

For the "shield" sense, traditionally derived from ἀ- (a-) + σπίζω (spízō, “to extend”). Beekes implicitly rejects this theory, and instead endorses Melchet's derivation from Proto-Indo-European *h₂esp-i-s, from *h₂esp- (“to cut”), whence also Latin asper (“rough, sharp”), Hittite [script needed] (ḫasp-, “to cut down”).
The "snake" sense is most likely a semantic extension of the "shield" sense above, named after the "shield" formed by the cobra's neck when it rises up or attacks.


ἀράχιδνα

grc-noun

ἀράχιδνα • (arákhidna) f (genitive ἀρᾰχίδνης); first declension

arákhidna (romanization)
ἀρᾰχίδνης (genitive)
ἡ ᾰ̓ρᾰ́χῐδνᾰ (nominative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓ρᾰχῐ́δνᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ ᾰ̓ρᾰ́χῐδναι (nominative plural)
τῆς ᾰ̓ρᾰχῐ́δνης (genitive singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓ρᾰχῐ́δναιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ᾰ̓ρᾰχῐδνῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ ᾰ̓ρᾰχῐ́δνῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓ρᾰχῐ́δναιν (dative dual)
ταῖς ᾰ̓ρᾰχῐ́δναις (dative plural)
τὴν ᾰ̓ρᾰ́χῐδνᾰν (accusative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓ρᾰχῐ́δνᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ᾰ̓ρᾰχῐ́δνᾱς (accusative plural)
ᾰ̓ρᾰ́χῐδνᾰ (singular vocative)
ᾰ̓ρᾰχῐ́δνᾱ (dual vocative)
ᾰ̓ρᾰ́χῐδναι (plural vocative)

→ English: arachidonic, arachidic

desctree

→ Russian: ара́хис (aráxis)
→ Estonian: arahhis

→ French: arachide
→ Czech: arašíd
→ Slovak: arašid
→ Slovene: arašid

Translingual: Dioscorea arachidna

Related to ἄρακος (árakos, “a leguminous plant”).

371 BCE – 287 BCE, Theophrastus, Enquiry into Plants 1.1.7

371 BCE – 287 BCE, Theophrastus, Enquiry into Plants 1.6.12


κύμινον

grc-noun

κύμῑνον • (kúmīnon) n (genitive κυμίνου); second declension

κύμῑνον (canonical)
kúmīnon (romanization)
κυμίνου (genitive)
τὸ κύμῑνον (nominative singular)
τὼ κυμῑ́νω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ κύμῑνᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ κυμῑ́νου (genitive singular)
τοῖν κυμῑ́νοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κυμῑ́νων (genitive plural)
τῷ κυμῑ́νῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν κυμῑ́νοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς κυμῑ́νοις (dative plural)
τὸ κύμῑνον (accusative singular)
τὼ κυμῑ́νω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ κύμῑνᾰ (accusative plural)
κύμῑνον (singular vocative)
κυμῑ́νω (dual vocative)
κύμῑνᾰ (plural vocative)

→ Latin: cumīnum (see there for further descendants)

→ Coptic: ⲕⲓⲙⲓⲛⲟⲩ (kiminou)

Cognate with Mycenaean Greek 𐀓𐀖𐀜 (ku-mi-no), borrowed from Semitic, compare Ge'ez ከሚን (kämin), ካሚን (kamin), ከሙን (kämun), ከሜን (kämen), Arabic كَمُّون (kammūn), Hebrew כַּמֹּון (kammōn), Aramaic כַּמֹּונָֹא / ܩܰܡܽܘܢܳܐ (kammōnā, “cumin”), ultimately from Akkadian 𒂵𒈬𒉡 (Ú.GAMUN /kamūnu/, “cumin”). Note also Old Armenian չաման (čʻaman).

cog

Aramaic כַּמֹּונָֹא


φακός

grc-noun

φᾰκός • (phăkós) m (genitive φᾰκοῦ); second declension

φᾰκός (canonical)
phăkós (romanization)
φᾰκοῦ (genitive)
ὁ φᾰκός (nominative singular)
τὼ φᾰκώ (dual nominative)
οἱ φᾰκοί (nominative plural)
τοῦ φᾰκοῦ (genitive singular)
τοῖν φᾰκοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν φᾰκῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ φᾰκῷ (dative singular)
τοῖν φᾰκοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς φᾰκοῖς (dative plural)
τὸν φᾰκόν (accusative singular)
τὼ φᾰκώ (accusative dual)
τοὺς φᾰκούς (accusative plural)
φᾰκέ (singular vocative)
φᾰκώ (dual vocative)
φᾰκοί (plural vocative)

Disputed. From a root *bʰaḱ- shared with Albanian bathë (“broad bean”). The initial *bʰa- is also found in Latin faba (“bean”), Proto-Slavic *bòbъ (“bean”) and Proto-Germanic *baunō (“bean”). Alternatively akin to ἀφάκη (aphákē, “vetch”), in which case possibly from Pre-Greek. An Illyrian origin has also been proposed, in which case the word could be a doublet of φάσηλος (phásēlos, “cowpea”).
However note Classical Syriac ܦܘܗܘ (pāhū), ܦܐܟܘ (paḵū, “lentil”) vs ܦܘܗܐ (pāhā, pāhū, “pimple, pustule, sore”), paralleling Akkadian 𒄘𒌉 (GU₂.TUR /kakkû/, “lentil”) already found in Old Akkadian vs. 𒆕𒆪𒌈 (kak-ku-tum /kakkūtu/, “single lentil; pimple, acne, pustule?”).
It is likely that the terms mentioned above are all related and derived from an ancient European and Mediterranean substrate word for "bean", which was borrowed by various groups in the area, particularly considering that the words for various beans in Indo-Aryan, a branch of Indo-European removed from this area, do not resemble the above terms.

Lens culinaris
Lens culinaris#Translingual


βολβός

βολβός • (bolbós) m (genitive βολβοῦ); second declension

bolbós (romanization)
βολβοῦ (genitive)
ὁ βολβός (nominative singular)
τὼ βολβώ (dual nominative)
οἱ βολβοί (nominative plural)
τοῦ βολβοῦ (genitive singular)
τοῖν βολβοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν βολβῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ βολβῷ (dative singular)
τοῖν βολβοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς βολβοῖς (dative plural)
τὸν βολβόν (accusative singular)
τὼ βολβώ (accusative dual)
τοὺς βολβούς (accusative plural)
βολβέ (singular vocative)
βολβώ (dual vocative)
βολβοί (plural vocative)

Greek: βολβός (volvós)

→ Latin: bulbus (see there for further descendants)

The form of the word is expressive, with a kind of reduplication. There are no direct relatives and it is reminiscent of words for round and globular objects, like Latin bulla (“water bubble”) and Latvian burbulis (“water bubble”). Further, similar to Armenian բողկ (boġk, “radish”), Sanskrit बल्बज (balbaja, “Indian goosegrass”), and Albanian bajgë.


πικρίς

grc-noun

πικρῐ́ς • (pikrĭ́s) f (genitive πικρῐ́δος); third declension

πικρῐ́ς (canonical)
pikrĭ́s (romanization)
πικρῐ́δος (genitive)
ἡ πικρῐ́ς (nominative singular)
τὼ πικρῐ́δε (dual nominative)
αἱ πικρῐ́δες (nominative plural)
τῆς πικρῐ́δος (genitive singular)
τοῖν πικρῐ́δοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν πικρῐ́δων (genitive plural)
τῇ πικρῐ́δῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν πικρῐ́δοιν (dative dual)
ταῖς πικρῐ́σῐ (dative plural)
πικρῐ́σῐν (dative plural)
taîs pikrĭ́sĭ (dative plural)
taîs pikrĭ́sĭn (dative plural)
τὴν πικρῐ́δᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ πικρῐ́δε (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς πικρῐ́δᾰς (accusative plural)
πικρῐ́ς (singular vocative)
πικρῐ́δε (dual vocative)
πικρῐ́δες (plural vocative)

→ Translingual: Picris

From πικρός (pikrós, “bitter”) + -ίς (-ís).


τρίγλη

τρῑ́γλη • (trī́glē) f (genitive τρῑ́γλης); first declension

τρῑ́γλη (canonical)
trī́glē (romanization)
τρῑ́γλης (genitive)
ἡ τρῑ́γλη (nominative singular)
τὼ τρῑ́γλᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ τρῖγλαι (nominative plural)
τῆς τρῑ́γλης (genitive singular)
τοῖν τρῑ́γλαιν (dual genitive)
τῶν τρῑγλῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ τρῑ́γλῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν τρῑ́γλαιν (dative dual)
ταῖς τρῑ́γλαις (dative plural)
τὴν τρῑ́γλην (accusative singular)
τὼ τρῑ́γλᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς τρῑ́γλᾱς (accusative plural)
τρῑ́γλη (singular vocative)
τρῑ́γλᾱ (dual vocative)
τρῖγλαι (plural vocative)

Greek: τρίγλη (trígli)

→ Italian: triglia

According to Beekes from τρίζω (trízō, “to crackle, crepitate”), referring to the grunting sound from the friction of the gill cover bones when the fish is taken out of the water.


σῦκον

σῦκον • (sûkon) n (genitive σῡ́κου); second declension

sûkon (romanization)
σῡ́κου (genitive)
τὸ σῦκον (nominative singular)
τὼ σῡ́κω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ σῦκᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ σῡ́κου (genitive singular)
τοῖν σῡ́κοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν σῡ́κων (genitive plural)
τῷ σῡ́κῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν σῡ́κοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς σῡ́κοις (dative plural)
τὸ σῦκον (accusative singular)
τὼ σῡ́κω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ σῦκᾰ (accusative plural)
σῦκον (singular vocative)
σῡ́κω (dual vocative)
σῦκᾰ (plural vocative)

Greek: σύκο (sýko)

→ Latin: syconus

→ English: syconus

→ Portuguese: sícono

Since long, connected with Latin fīcus and Old Armenian թուզ (tʻuz), and considered a borrowing from a Mediterranean (Pre-Greek) or Anatolian substrate source, from which Hebrew שִׁקְמָה (šiqmā́, “sycamore fig”) – borrowed into συκάμινος (sukáminos) – and possibly Proto-Slavic *tyky (“gourd”) are also adduced. Martirosyan reconstructs a Mediterranean proto-form *tʰuōiḱo- or *tʰū(i)ḱo- (“fig”), Beekes suggests *tʲuk-. The use of words for fruits (fig, plum etc.) in the sense of “vulva” is very common cross-linguistically.


πάππος

grc-noun

πᾰ́ππος • (pắppos) m (genitive πᾰ́ππου); second declension

πᾰ́ππος (canonical)
pắppos (romanization)
πᾰ́ππου (genitive)
ὁ πᾰ́ππος (nominative singular)
τὼ πᾰ́ππω (dual nominative)
οἱ πᾰ́πποι (nominative plural)
τοῦ πᾰ́ππου (genitive singular)
τοῖν πᾰ́πποιν (dual genitive)
τῶν πᾰ́ππων (genitive plural)
τῷ πᾰ́ππῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν πᾰ́πποιν (dative dual)
τοῖς πᾰ́πποις (dative plural)
τὸν πᾰ́ππον (accusative singular)
τὼ πᾰ́ππω (accusative dual)
τοὺς πᾰ́ππους (accusative plural)
πᾰ́ππε (singular vocative)
πᾰ́ππω (dual vocative)
πᾰ́πποι (plural vocative)

Byzantine Greek:

Greek: πάππος (páppos)

Mariupol Greek: па́пус (pápus)

→ Romani: pàpos

→ Latin: pappus

Aromanian: pap

→ English: pappus

→ Italian: pappo

Reduplicated nursery word; compare πάππας (páppas, “daddy, papa”).


δίσκος

δίσκος • (dískos) m (genitive δίσκου); second declension

dískos (romanization)
δίσκου (genitive)
ὁ δῐ́σκος (nominative singular)
τὼ δῐ́σκω (dual nominative)
οἱ δῐ́σκοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ δῐ́σκου (genitive singular)
τοῖν δῐ́σκοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν δῐ́σκων (genitive plural)
τῷ δῐ́σκῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν δῐ́σκοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς δῐ́σκοις (dative plural)
τὸν δῐ́σκον (accusative singular)
τὼ δῐ́σκω (accusative dual)
τοὺς δῐ́σκους (accusative plural)
δῐ́σκε (singular vocative)
δῐ́σκω (dual vocative)
δῐ́σκοι (plural vocative)

Greek: δίσκος (dískos)
→ Romanian: disc

→ Russian: диск (disk)

→ Aramaic:

Palestinian Aramaic: דיסקוס / ܕܝܣܩܘܣ

→ Latin: discus (see there for further descendants)

Furnée pointed out that the traditional derivation from *δίκ-σκος (*dík-skos), from δικεῖν (dikeîn, “to cast”) is hardly possible, because the suffix “-σκο-” is rare in nominal derivation. Therefore, he suggested to start from *δισκ- (*disk-), a variant (as opposed to direct formation) of δικεῖν (dikeîn), which has Pre-Greek origin. See also δίκτυον (díktuon, “fishing net; strick”).


περόνη

περόνη • (perónē) f (genitive περόνης); first declension

perónē (romanization)
περόνης (genitive)
ἡ περόνη (nominative singular)
τὼ περόνᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ περόναι (nominative plural)
τῆς περόνης (genitive singular)
τοῖν περόναιν (dual genitive)
τῶν περονῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ περόνῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν περόναιν (dative dual)
ταῖς περόναις (dative plural)
τὴν περόνην (accusative singular)
τὼ περόνᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς περόνᾱς (accusative plural)
περόνη (singular vocative)
περόνᾱ (dual vocative)
περόναι (plural vocative)

Greek: περόνη (peróni)

⇒ Koine Greek: περόνιον (perónion)

desc

Byzantine Greek: πιρούνιν (piroúnin), περούνιν (peroúnin)

desctree

Greek: πιρούνι (piroúni)
→ Albanian: pirun
→ Aromanian: pirunã
→ Friulian: piron
→ Ladino: piron
→ Mòcheno: paru'
→ Romanian: piron
→ Serbo-Croatian: pirun / пирун
→ Venetan: piron
→ Cimbrian: pirù
→ Lombard: piron

→ English: perone

From πείρω (peírō, “to pierce, run through”), formed with the pattern of ᾰ̓κόνη (ăkónē, “whetstone, hone”), βελόνη (belónē, “needle”).

(anatomy) radius; (more frequently) fibula, calf bone

(zootomy) ligament below the knee of a horse


χηλή

grc-noun

χηλή • (khēlḗ) f (genitive χηλῆς); first declension

khēlḗ (romanization)
χηλῆς (genitive)
ἡ χηλή (nominative singular)
τὼ χηλᾱ́ (dual nominative)
αἱ χηλαί (nominative plural)
τῆς χηλῆς (genitive singular)
τοῖν χηλαῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν χηλῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ χηλῇ (dative singular)
τοῖν χηλαῖν (dative dual)
ταῖς χηλαῖς (dative plural)
τὴν χηλήν (accusative singular)
τὼ χηλᾱ́ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς χηλᾱ́ς (accusative plural)
χηλή (singular vocative)
χηλᾱ́ (dual vocative)
χηλαί (plural vocative)

→ Latin: chele

→ English: chela

→ Italian: chela

Of unclear origin. Traditionally connected with χηρᾰμός (khērămós, “hole, hollow”), χήμη (khḗmē, “yawning, gaping”), and χάσκω (kháskō, “I yawn, gape”), but the supposed unifying connections are obscure. Compare also χελώνη (khelṓnē, “turtle”), also of unclear origin, which could be related through Pre-Greek if it originally referred to the hard shell.


γυρῖνος

γῠρῖνος • (gŭrînos) m (genitive γῠρῑ́νου); second declension

γῠρῖνος (canonical)
gŭrînos (romanization)
γῠρῑ́νου (genitive)
ὁ γῠρῖνος (nominative singular)
τὼ γῠρῑ́νω (dual nominative)
οἱ γῠρῖνοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ γῠρῑ́νου (genitive singular)
τοῖν γῠρῑ́νοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν γῠρῑ́νων (genitive plural)
τῷ γῠρῑ́νῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν γῠρῑ́νοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς γῠρῑ́νοις (dative plural)
τὸν γῠρῖνον (accusative singular)
τὼ γῠρῑ́νω (accusative dual)
τοὺς γῠρῑ́νους (accusative plural)
γῠρῖνε (singular vocative)
γῠρῑ́νω (dual vocative)
γῠρῖνοι (plural vocative)

Greek: γυρίνος (gyrínos)

→ Italian: girino

→ Portuguese: girino

→ Spanish: girino


κόκκυξ

κόκκῡξ • (kókkūx) m (genitive κόκκῡγος); third declension

κόκκῡξ (canonical)
kókkūx (romanization)
κόκκῡγος (genitive)
ὁ κόκκῡξ (nominative singular)
τὼ κόκκῡγε (dual nominative)
οἱ κόκκῡγες (nominative plural)
τοῦ κόκκῡγος (genitive singular)
τοῖν κοκκῡ́γοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κοκκῡ́γων (genitive plural)
τῷ κόκκῡγῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν κοκκῡ́γοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς κόκκῡξῐ (dative plural)
κόκκῡξῐν (dative plural)
toîs kókkūxĭ (dative plural)
toîs kókkūxĭn (dative plural)
τὸν κόκκῡγᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ κόκκῡγε (accusative dual)
τοὺς κόκκῡγᾰς (accusative plural)
κόκκῡξ (singular vocative)
κόκκῡγε (dual vocative)
κόκκῡγες (plural vocative)

→ Latin: coccyx

From Proto-Hellenic *kókkūks, eventually from the same onomatopoeic root of κόκκῡ (kókkū, “cry of the cuckoo”) and κοκκύζω (kokkúzō, “to cry cuckoo”). Compare also English cuckoo, Latin cucūlus (“cuckoo”) and Greek κούκος (koúkos, “cuckoo”), which are all onomatopoeias.


δρυοκολάπτης

δρῠοκολᾰ́πτης

δρῠοκολᾰ́πτου

δρῠοκολᾰ́πτης • (drŭokolắptēs) m (genitive δρῠοκολᾰ́πτου); second declension

δρῠοκολᾰ́πτης (canonical)
drŭokolắptēs (romanization)
δρῠοκολᾰ́πτου (genitive)
ὁ δρῠοκολᾰ́πτης (nominative singular)
τὼ δρῠοκολᾰ́πτᾱ (dual nominative)
οἱ δρῠοκολᾰ́πται (nominative plural)
τοῦ δρῠοκολᾰ́πτου (genitive singular)
τοῖν δρῠοκολᾰ́πταιν (dual genitive)
τῶν δρῠοκολᾰπτῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ δρῠοκολᾰ́πτῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν δρῠοκολᾰ́πταιν (dative dual)
τοῖς δρῠοκολᾰ́πταις (dative plural)
τὸν δρῠοκολᾰ́πτην (accusative singular)
τὼ δρῠοκολᾰ́πτᾱ (accusative dual)
τοὺς δρῠοκολᾰ́πτᾱς (accusative plural)
δρῠοκολᾰ́πτᾰ (singular vocative)
δρῠοκολᾰ́πτᾱ (dual vocative)
δρῠοκολᾰ́πται (plural vocative)

grc-decl

δρῠοκολᾰ́πτης

desc

δρυοκολάπτης

Greek: δρυοκολάπτης (dryokoláptis)

From δρῦς (drûs, “wood, oak”) + κολάπτω (koláptō, “to peck”) + -της (-tēs, masculine agent-noun suffix).

af

woodpecker (bird of the subfamily Picinae)


ἀγαρικόν

grc-noun

ἀγᾰρῐκόν • (agărĭkón) n (genitive ἀγᾰρῐκοῦ); second declension

ἀγᾰρῐκόν (canonical)
agărĭkón (romanization)
ἀγᾰρῐκοῦ (genitive)
τὸ ἀγαρικόν (nominative singular)
τὼ ἀγαρικώ (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ ἀγαρικᾰ́ (nominative plural)
τοῦ ἀγαρικοῦ (genitive singular)
τοῖν ἀγαρικοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν ἀγαρικῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ ἀγαρικῷ (dative singular)
τοῖν ἀγαρικοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς ἀγαρικοῖς (dative plural)
τὸ ἀγαρικόν (accusative singular)
τὼ ἀγαρικώ (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ ἀγαρικᾰ́ (accusative plural)
ἀγαρικόν (singular vocative)
ἀγαρικώ (dual vocative)
ἀγαρικᾰ́ (plural vocative)

→ Latin: agaricum

→ English: agaric

→ French: agaric

Said to be from Ἁγαρία (Hagaría), a place in Sarmatia where the mushroom grew. The placename is from Iranian and could possibly be from Proto-Indo-European *aǵ-r̥-, verbal noun from *h₂eǵ- (“to drive”), meaning something like "driving or gathering land."


ἄγρωστις

ᾰ̓́γρωστῐς • (ắgrōstĭs) f (genitive ᾰ̓γρώστῐδος or ᾰ̓γρώστεως); third declension

ᾰ̓́γρωστῐς (canonical)
ắgrōstĭs (romanization)
ᾰ̓γρώστῐδος (genitive)
ᾰ̓γρώστεως (genitive)
ἡ ᾰ̓́γρωστῐς (nominative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓γρώστῐδε (dual nominative)
αἱ ᾰ̓γρώστῐδες (nominative plural)
τῆς ᾰ̓γρώστῐδος (genitive singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓γρωστῐ́δοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ᾰ̓γρωστῐ́δων (genitive plural)
τῇ ᾰ̓γρώστῐδῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓γρωστῐ́δοιν (dative dual)
ταῖς ᾰ̓γρώστῐσῐ (dative plural)
ᾰ̓γρώστῐσῐν (dative plural)
taîs ăgrṓstĭsĭ (dative plural)
taîs ăgrṓstĭsĭn (dative plural)
τὴν ᾰ̓γρώστῐδᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓γρώστῐδε (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ᾰ̓γρώστῐδᾰς (accusative plural)
ᾰ̓́γρωστῐς (singular vocative)
ᾰ̓γρώστῐδε (dual vocative)
ᾰ̓γρώστῐδες (plural vocative)
ἡ ᾰ̓́γρωστῐς (nominative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓γρώστει (dual nominative)
αἱ ᾰ̓γρώστεις (nominative plural)
τῆς ᾰ̓γρώστεως (genitive singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓γρωστέοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ᾰ̓γρώστεων (genitive plural)
τῇ ᾰ̓γρώστει (dative singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓γρωστέοιν (dative dual)
ταῖς ᾰ̓γρώστεσῐ (dative plural)
ᾰ̓γρώστεσῐν (dative plural)
taîs ăgrṓstesĭ (dative plural)
taîs ăgrṓstesĭn (dative plural)
τὴν ᾰ̓́γρωστῐν (accusative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓γρώστει (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ᾰ̓γρώστεις (accusative plural)
ᾰ̓́γρωστῐ (singular vocative)
ᾰ̓γρώστει (dual vocative)
ᾰ̓γρώστεις (plural vocative)

Translingual: Agrostis

Compare ᾰ̓γρώτης (ăgrṓtēs, “of the field”)

Elymus repens
Elymus repens#Translingual

a grass that mules fed on, perhaps Elymus repens


αἴλουρος

αἴλουρος • (aílouros) m or f (genitive αἰλούρου); second declension

aílouros (romanization)
αἰλούρου (genitive)
ὁ (nominative singular)
ἡ αἴλουρος (nominative singular)
τὼ αἰλούρω (dual nominative)
οἱ (nominative plural)
αἱ αἴλουροι (nominative plural)
τοῦ (genitive singular)
τῆς αἰλούρου (genitive singular)
τοῖν αἰλούροιν (dual genitive)
τῶν αἰλούρων (genitive plural)
τῷ (dative singular)
τῇ αἰλούρῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν αἰλούροιν (dative dual)
τοῖς (dative plural)
ταῖς αἰλούροις (dative plural)
τὸν (accusative singular)
τὴν αἴλουρον (accusative singular)
τὼ αἰλούρω (accusative dual)
τοὺς (accusative plural)
τᾱ̀ς αἰλούρους (accusative plural)
αἴλουρε (singular vocative)
αἰλούρω (dual vocative)
αἴλουροι (plural vocative)

Greek: αίλουρος (aílouros)

→ Translingual: Ailurus

→ Latin: aelurus

Pre-Greek. Longstanding tradition holds it to derive from αἰόλος (aiólos, “fast moving, nimble”) + οὐρά (ourá, “tail”); while it has the feel of folk etymology, it may nonetheless be the case. Has also been compared to Latin viverra (“ferret”) and Lithuanian vaiveris (“polecat”).

cat; domestic cat, tom (male), queen (female)


ἄπους

ἄπους • (ápous) m (genitive ἄποδος); third declension

ápous (romanization)
ἄποδος (genitive)
ὁ ἄπους (nominative singular)
τὼ ἄποδε (dual nominative)
οἱ ἄποδες (nominative plural)
τοῦ ἄποδος (genitive singular)
τοῖν ἀπόδοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ἀπόδων (genitive plural)
τῷ ἄποδῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν ἀπόδοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ἄποσῐ (dative plural)
ἄποσῐν (dative plural)
toîs áposĭ (dative plural)
toîs áposĭn (dative plural)
τὸν ἄποδᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ ἄποδε (accusative dual)
τοὺς ἄποδᾰς (accusative plural)
ἄπους (singular vocative)
ἄποδε (dual vocative)
ἄποδες (plural vocative)

→ Greek: άπους (ápous)

→ Latin: apūs

→ Translingual: Apus

From ἀ- (a-, “not”) + πούς (poús, “foot”).


ἄλευρον

ἄλευρον • (áleuron) n (genitive ἀλεύρου); second declension

áleuron (romanization)
ἀλεύρου (genitive)
τὸ ᾰ̓́λευρον (nominative singular)
τᾰ̀ ᾰ̓́λευρᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ ᾰ̓λεύρου (genitive singular)
τῶν ᾰ̓λεύρων (genitive plural)
τῷ ᾰ̓λεύρῳ (dative singular)
τοῖς ᾰ̓λεύροις (dative plural)
τὸ ᾰ̓́λευρον (accusative singular)
τᾰ̀ ᾰ̓́λευρᾰ (accusative plural)
ᾰ̓́λευρον (singular vocative)
ᾰ̓́λευρᾰ (plural vocative)

→ English: aleurone

→ French: aleurone

Greek: άλευρο (álevro), αλεύρι (alévri)

→ Italian: aleurone

→ Translingual: Aleuron

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂leh₁wr̥. Cognate with Old Armenian ալեւր (alewr).

Οἱ ἀστοὶ ἄλευρά τε καὶ ἄλφιτα ἐποίευν πάντες ἐπὶ μῆνας συχνούς.

430 BCE, Herodotus, “Book VII, Polyymnia”, in Histories, section 119:

The citizens continued to make wheatmeal and barleymeal for many months.

Hoi astoì áleurá te kaì álphita epoíeun pántes epì mênas sukhnoús.

, ἀλέατα (aléata) (Homeric)


ἀλόη

ἀλόη • (alóē) f (genitive ἀλόης); first declension

alóē (romanization)
ἀλόης (genitive)
ἡ ἀλόη (nominative singular)
τὼ ἀλόᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ ἀλόαι (nominative plural)
τῆς ἀλόης (genitive singular)
τοῖν ἀλόαιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ἀλοῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ ἀλόῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν ἀλόαιν (dative dual)
ταῖς ἀλόαις (dative plural)
τὴν ἀλόην (accusative singular)
τὼ ἀλόᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ἀλόᾱς (accusative plural)
ἀλόη (singular vocative)
ἀλόᾱ (dual vocative)
ἀλόαι (plural vocative)

Greek: αλόη f (alói)

→ Aramaic:

desc

Jewish Palestinian Aramaic: אלויס, אלווס, אלוה

Classical Syriac: ܐܠܘܐܐ, ܐܠܘܐ

Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: אילווא

→ Latin: aloē (see there for further descendants)

desctree

→ Old Armenian: հալուէ (haluē)
→ Armenian: հալվե (halve) (learned)

desc

→ Old Georgian: ჰალოჲ (haloy), ალოვჱ (alovē), ალოეჱ (aloeē), ალოჲ (aloy)

Georgian: ალოე (aloe)

As with ἀγᾰ́λοχον (agắlokhon, “agalloch”), a loanword from an Eastern language. First attested in the 1st century CE, so apparently acquired via Aramaic, attested in like meaning in Classical Syriac ܥܠܘܝ (ʕalway, ʕelway), Christian Palestinian Aramaic ܥܠܘܐ, ܥܠܘܝܬܐ, Classical Mandaic ࡏࡋࡅࡀࡉࡀ (ʕluaia), ࡀࡋࡅࡀࡉ (ʔluai), from Old Tamil 𑀅𑀓𑀺𑀮𑁰 (akil); compare அகில் (akil, “agarwood”).


κοχλίας

grc-noun

κοχλῐ́ᾱς • (kokhlĭ́ās) m (genitive κοχλίου); first declension

κοχλῐ́ᾱς (canonical)
kokhlĭ́ās (romanization)
κοχλίου (genitive)
ὁ κοχλῐ́ᾱς (nominative singular)
τὼ κοχλῐ́ᾱ (dual nominative)
οἱ κοχλῐ́αι (nominative plural)
τοῦ κοχλῐ́ου (genitive singular)
τοῖν κοχλῐ́αιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κοχλῐῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ κοχλῐ́ᾳ (dative singular)
τοῖν κοχλῐ́αιν (dative dual)
τοῖς κοχλῐ́αις (dative plural)
τὸν κοχλῐ́ᾱν (accusative singular)
τὼ κοχλῐ́ᾱ (accusative dual)
τοὺς κοχλῐ́ᾱς (accusative plural)
κοχλῐ́ᾱ (singular vocative)
κοχλῐ́ᾱ (dual vocative)
κοχλῐ́αι (plural vocative)

Greek: κοχλίας (kochlías)

→ Latin: coclea

From κόχλος (kókhlos, “shellfish with a spiral shell”) + -ῐ́ᾱς (-ĭ́ās, nominal suffix).

af

anything twisted spirally:
screw, especially Archimedes screw


διψάς

grc-noun

διψᾰ́ς • (dipsắs) f (genitive διψᾰ́δος); third declension

διψᾰ́ς (canonical)
dipsắs (romanization)
διψᾰ́δος (genitive)
ἡ διψᾰ́ς (nominative singular)
τὼ διψᾰ́δε (dual nominative)
αἱ διψᾰ́δες (nominative plural)
τῆς διψᾰ́δος (genitive singular)
τοῖν διψᾰ́δοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν διψᾰ́δων (genitive plural)
τῇ διψᾰ́δῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν διψᾰ́δοιν (dative dual)
ταῖς διψᾰ́σῐ (dative plural)
διψᾰ́σῐν (dative plural)
taîs dipsắsĭ (dative plural)
taîs dipsắsĭn (dative plural)
τὴν διψᾰ́δᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ διψᾰ́δε (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς διψᾰ́δᾰς (accusative plural)
διψᾰ́ς (singular vocative)
διψᾰ́δε (dual vocative)
διψᾰ́δες (plural vocative)

→ Latin: dipsas

→ Translingual: Dipsas

venomous serpent, whose bite caused intense thirst


ἀράχνη

ᾰ̓ρᾰ́χνη • (ărắkhnē) f (genitive ᾰ̓ρᾰ́χνης); first declension

ᾰ̓ρᾰ́χνη (canonical)
ărắkhnē (romanization)
ᾰ̓ρᾰ́χνης (genitive)
ἡ ᾰ̓ρᾰ́χνη (nominative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓ρᾰ́χνᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ ᾰ̓ρᾰ́χναι (nominative plural)
τῆς ᾰ̓ρᾰ́χνης (genitive singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓ρᾰ́χναιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ᾰ̓ρᾰχνῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ ᾰ̓ρᾰ́χνῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓ρᾰ́χναιν (dative dual)
ταῖς ᾰ̓ρᾰ́χναις (dative plural)
τὴν ᾰ̓ρᾰ́χνην (accusative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓ρᾰ́χνᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ᾰ̓ρᾰ́χνᾱς (accusative plural)
ᾰ̓ρᾰ́χνη (singular vocative)
ᾰ̓ρᾰ́χνᾱ (dual vocative)
ᾰ̓ρᾰ́χναι (plural vocative)

> Greek: αράχνη (aráchni) (inherited)

desctree

> Pontic Greek: αράχνα (aráchna), 'ράχνα ('ráchna), 'ράχνα̤ ('ráchnä), αράνα (arána) (inherited)
→ Laz: რახნა (raxna)
→ Turkish: arahna, araḫana, rağna, rahna, raḫna

desc

> Tsakonian: αράχνα (aráchna), αράχλα (aráchla) (inherited)

→? Latin: arānea

desctree

⇒ Translingual: Arachnida
⇒ English: arachnoid
→ French: arachnide
→ English: arachnid

Pre-Greek origin, although related to Latin arānea. Whether it is the source of the Latin term or they both originated from a different common source is unclear. Basque armiarma and Basque aramu possibly may be distantly related to the substrate.

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Fragments 286

Feminine form of ᾰ̓ρᾰ́χνης (ărắkhnēs).
spider web

Feminine form of ᾰ̓ρᾰ́χνης (ărắkhnēs).
cow parsnip

Feminine form of ᾰ̓ρᾰ́χνης (ărắkhnēs).
A kind of sundial (mollusc).


σταφυλή

grc-noun

σταφυλή • (staphulḗ) f (genitive σταφυλῆς); first declension

staphulḗ (romanization)
σταφυλῆς (genitive)
ἡ σταφυλή (nominative singular)
τὼ σταφυλᾱ́ (dual nominative)
αἱ σταφυλαί (nominative plural)
τῆς σταφυλῆς (genitive singular)
τοῖν σταφυλαῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν σταφυλῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ σταφυλῇ (dative singular)
τοῖν σταφυλαῖν (dative dual)
ταῖς σταφυλαῖς (dative plural)
τὴν σταφυλήν (accusative singular)
τὼ σταφυλᾱ́ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς σταφυλᾱ́ς (accusative plural)
σταφυλή (singular vocative)
σταφυλᾱ́ (dual vocative)
σταφυλαί (plural vocative)

desc

⇒ Byzantine Greek: σταφύλιον (staphúlion)

Greek: σταφύλι (stafýli)

Though traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *stebʰ- (“to be stiff; post”) (compare Sanskrit स्तम्भ (stambha, “pillar”), Old English stæf (“staff”)) via an assumed intermediate sense “stem”, according to Beekes, the word is clearly Pre-Greek, along with the related στέμφυλα (stémphula, “bunch of (pressed) olives or grapes”) and ἀσταφίς (astaphís, “dried grapes”). It must be noted that the usual Avar word for “grape” is цӏибил (cʼibil) and is internally derived in Caucasian.


κύαμος

grc-noun

κῠ́ᾰμος • (kŭ́ămos) m (genitive κῠᾰ́μου); second declension

κῠ́ᾰμος (canonical)
kŭ́ămos (romanization)
κῠᾰ́μου (genitive)
ὁ κῠ́ᾰμος (nominative singular)
τὼ κῠᾰ́μω (dual nominative)
οἱ κῠ́ᾰμοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ κῠᾰ́μου (genitive singular)
τοῖν κῠᾰ́μοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κῠᾰ́μων (genitive plural)
τῷ κῠᾰ́μῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν κῠᾰ́μοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς κῠᾰ́μοις (dative plural)
τὸν κῠ́ᾰμον (accusative singular)
τὼ κῠᾰ́μω (accusative dual)
τοὺς κῠᾰ́μους (accusative plural)
κῠ́ᾰμε (singular vocative)
κῠᾰ́μω (dual vocative)
κῠ́ᾰμοι (plural vocative)

Beekes suggests a Pre-Greek origin due to the presence of variations and rejects a derivation from κυέω (kuéō). Possibly connected to Classical Syriac ܓܘܡܐ (gūmā), Jewish Babylonian Aramaic גוגמא, גגמא (“bean”).


βούβαλος

βούβᾰλος • (boúbălos) m (genitive βουβᾰ́λου); second declension

βούβᾰλος (canonical)
boúbălos (romanization)
βουβᾰ́λου (genitive)
ὁ βούβᾰλος (nominative singular)
τὼ βουβᾰ́λω (dual nominative)
οἱ βούβᾰλοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ βουβᾰ́λου (genitive singular)
τοῖν βουβᾰ́λοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν βουβᾰ́λων (genitive plural)
τῷ βουβᾰ́λῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν βουβᾰ́λοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς βουβᾰ́λοις (dative plural)
τὸν βούβᾰλον (accusative singular)
τὼ βουβᾰ́λω (accusative dual)
τοὺς βουβᾰ́λους (accusative plural)
βούβᾰλε (singular vocative)
βουβᾰ́λω (dual vocative)
βούβᾰλοι (plural vocative)

desc

Greek: βούβαλος (voúvalos), βουβάλι (vouváli)

→ Latin: būbalus (see there for further descendants)

Perhaps from βοῦς (boûs), but it may be a loanword from an unknown source (such as Pre-Greek) that was associated with the native word secondarily.

an antelope, possibly a bubal hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus buselaphus)


δασύπους

grc-noun

δᾰσῠ́πους • (dăsŭ́pous) m (genitive δᾰσῠ́ποδος); third declension

δᾰσῠ́πους (canonical)
dăsŭ́pous (romanization)
δᾰσῠ́ποδος (genitive)
ὁ δᾰσῠ́πους (nominative singular)
τὼ δᾰσῠ́ποδε (dual nominative)
οἱ δᾰσῠ́ποδες (nominative plural)
τοῦ δᾰσῠ́ποδος (genitive singular)
τοῖν δᾰσῠπόδοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν δᾰσῠπόδων (genitive plural)
τῷ δᾰσῠ́ποδῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν δᾰσῠπόδοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς δᾰσῠ́ποσῐ (dative plural)
δᾰσῠ́ποσῐν (dative plural)
toîs dăsŭ́posĭ (dative plural)
toîs dăsŭ́posĭn (dative plural)
τὸν δᾰσῠ́ποδᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ δᾰσῠ́ποδε (accusative dual)
τοὺς δᾰσῠ́ποδᾰς (accusative plural)
δᾰσῠ́πους (singular vocative)
δᾰσῠ́ποδε (dual vocative)
δᾰσῠ́ποδες (plural vocative)

Greek: δασύπους (dasýpous)

→ Latin: dasypūs

→ Translingual: Dasypus

From δασύς (dasús, “hairy, shaggy”) + πούς (poús, “foot”).

af

Lepus europaeus
Lepus europaeus#Translingual


λεόπαρδος

grc-noun

λεόπαρδος • (leópardos) m (genitive λεοπάρδου); second declension

leópardos (romanization)
λεοπάρδου (genitive)
ὁ λεόπαρδος (nominative singular)
τὼ λεοπάρδω (dual nominative)
οἱ λεόπαρδοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ λεοπάρδου (genitive singular)
τοῖν λεοπάρδοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν λεοπάρδων (genitive plural)
τῷ λεοπάρδῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν λεοπάρδοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς λεοπάρδοις (dative plural)
τὸν λεόπαρδον (accusative singular)
τὼ λεοπάρδω (accusative dual)
τοὺς λεοπάρδους (accusative plural)
λεόπαρδε (singular vocative)
λεοπάρδω (dual vocative)
λεόπαρδοι (plural vocative)

→ Bulgarian: леопа́рд (leopárd)

Greek: λεόπαρδος (leópardos)

→ Latin: leopardus (see there for further descendants)

→ Macedonian: леопард (leopard)

desctree

→ Old Ruthenian: леопардъ (leopard), лεѡпа́рдъ (lεopárd), лꙗмпа́ртъ (ljampárt), лемпа́ртъ (lempárt)
Belarusian: леапа́рд (ljeapárd)
Carpathian Rusyn: леопа́рд (leopárd)
Ukrainian: леопа́рд (leopárd)

→ Russian: леопа́рд (leopárd)
→ Kazakh: леопард (leopard)

From λέων (léōn, “lion”) + πάρδος (párdos, “leopard, panther”)


πάγουρος

grc-noun

πᾰ́γουρος • (pắgouros) m (genitive πᾰγούρου); second declension

πᾰ́γουρος (canonical)
pắgouros (romanization)
πᾰγούρου (genitive)
ὁ πᾰ́γουρος (nominative singular)
τὼ πᾰγούρω (dual nominative)
οἱ πᾰ́γουροι (nominative plural)
τοῦ πᾰγούρου (genitive singular)
τοῖν πᾰγούροιν (dual genitive)
τῶν πᾰγούρων (genitive plural)
τῷ πᾰγούρῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν πᾰγούροιν (dative dual)
τοῖς πᾰγούροις (dative plural)
τὸν πᾰ́γουρον (accusative singular)
τὼ πᾰγούρω (accusative dual)
τοὺς πᾰγούρους (accusative plural)
πᾰ́γουρε (singular vocative)
πᾰγούρω (dual vocative)
πᾰ́γουροι (plural vocative)

Greek: πάγουρος (págouros)

→ Latin: pagūrus

→ Translingual: Pagurus

→ Ottoman Turkish: پاغوریه (pağurya)

Usually interpreted as derived from πάγος (págos, “crag, rock”) + οὐρά (ourá, “tail”). However, this traditional etymology is unconvincing, like in σκίουρος (skíouros, “squirrel”). More probably this is a Pre-Greek word. Furnée compares also φάγρος (phágros, “red porgy”).


σκολόπενδρα

grc-noun

σκολοπένδρᾱς

σκολόπενδρᾰ • (skolópendră) f (genitive σκολοπένδρᾱς); first declension

σκολόπενδρᾰ (canonical)
skolópendră (romanization)
σκολοπένδρᾱς (genitive)
ἡ σκολόπενδρᾰ (nominative singular)
τὼ σκολοπένδρᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ σκολόπενδραι (nominative plural)
τῆς σκολοπένδρᾱς (genitive singular)
τοῖν σκολοπένδραιν (dual genitive)
τῶν σκολοπενδρῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ σκολοπένδρᾳ (dative singular)
τοῖν σκολοπένδραιν (dative dual)
ταῖς σκολοπένδραις (dative plural)
τὴν σκολόπενδρᾰν (accusative singular)
τὼ σκολοπένδρᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς σκολοπένδρᾱς (accusative plural)
σκολόπενδρᾰ (singular vocative)
σκολοπένδρᾱ (dual vocative)
σκολόπενδραι (plural vocative)

→ Italian: scolopendra

→ French: scolopendre

→ Russian: сколопендра (skolopendra)

Suggested to be a combination of σκόλοψ (skólops, “thorn”) and ἔντερον (énteron, “earthworm”), but Beekes finds this unconvincing and suggests Pre-Greek.

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, History of Animals 2.14,2

the sea scolopendra, an animal from the genus Nereis


χαλινός

χᾰλῑνός • (khălīnós) m (genitive χᾰλῑνοῦ); second declension

χᾰλῑνός (canonical)
khălīnós (romanization)
χᾰλῑνοῦ (genitive)
ὁ χᾰλῑνός (nominative singular)
τὼ χᾰλῑνώ (dual nominative)
οἱ χᾰλῑνοί (nominative plural)
τοῦ χᾰλῑνοῦ (genitive singular)
τοῖν χᾰλῑνοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν χᾰλῑνῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ χᾰλῑνῷ (dative singular)
τοῖν χᾰλῑνοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς χᾰλῑνοῖς (dative plural)
τὸν χᾰλῑνόν (accusative singular)
τὼ χᾰλῑνώ (accusative dual)
τοὺς χᾰλῑνούς (accusative plural)
χᾰλῑνέ (singular vocative)
χᾰλῑνώ (dual vocative)
χᾰλῑνοί (plural vocative)

Greek: χαλινός (chalinós)

desc

→ Arabic: كَالُون (kālūn), كَيْلُون (kaylūn, “lock installed onto something; padlock”)

→ New Latin: chalīnos (“corner of the mouth, the part of the cheek most close to the lips”)

bar or bolt for fastening doors, <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">sera</i>

→ Classical Syriac: ܟܠܴܢܳܐ (klānā, “bar or bolt for fastening doors, sera”)

According to Beekes, a Pre-Greek origin is probable, as it is difficult to explain "χαλ-" from Indo-European and as a suffix "-ιν-" is frequent in Pre-Greek.


ἰάσμη

grc-noun

ἰάσμη • (iásmē) f (genitive ἰάσμης); first declension

iásmē (romanization)
ἰάσμης (genitive)
ἡ ἰάσμη (nominative singular)
τὼ ἰάσμᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ ἰάσμαι (nominative plural)
τῆς ἰάσμης (genitive singular)
τοῖν ἰάσμαιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ἰασμῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ ἰάσμῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν ἰάσμαιν (dative dual)
ταῖς ἰάσμαις (dative plural)
τὴν ἰάσμην (accusative singular)
τὼ ἰάσμᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ἰάσμᾱς (accusative plural)
ἰάσμη (singular vocative)
ἰάσμᾱ (dual vocative)
ἰάσμαι (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Iranian. Compare Middle Persian [script needed] (yʾsmn /yāsman/), Persian یاسمن (yâsaman).

cog

Jasminum officinale
Jasminum officinale#Translingual


βάτος

grc-noun

βᾰ́τος • (bắtos) f (genitive βᾰ́του); second declension

βᾰ́τος (canonical)
bắtos (romanization)
βᾰ́του (genitive)
ἡ βᾰ́τος (nominative singular)
τὼ βᾰ́τω (dual nominative)
αἱ βᾰ́τοι (nominative plural)
τῆς βᾰ́του (genitive singular)
τοῖν βᾰ́τοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν βᾰ́των (genitive plural)
τῇ βᾰ́τῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν βᾰ́τοιν (dative dual)
ταῖς βᾰ́τοις (dative plural)
τὴν βᾰ́τον (accusative singular)
τὼ βᾰ́τω (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς βᾰ́τους (accusative plural)
βᾰ́τε (singular vocative)
βᾰ́τω (dual vocative)
βᾰ́τοι (plural vocative)

Greek: βάτος (vátos)

→ Amharic: ባጦስ (baṭos)

→ Arabic: بَاطُس (bāṭus)

→ Coptic: ⲃⲁⲧⲟⲥ (batos)

⇒ English: batology

desc

→ Ge'ez: ባጦስ (baṭos), ጳጦስ (p̣aṭos), ጰጦስ (p̣äṭos)

→ Latin: batus

Said by Beekes to be a Mediterranean wanderwort; substrate common to μαντία (mantía, “blackberry”) (Dacian loan), and Albanian man (“mulberry”), Gheg mand.

see βατίς f (batís)


μῶλυ

grc-noun

μῶλῠ • (môlŭ) n (genitive μώλῠος); third declension

μῶλῠ (canonical)
môlŭ (romanization)
μώλῠος (genitive)
τὸ μῶλῠ (nominative singular)
τὼ μώλῠε (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ μώλῠᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ μώλῠος (genitive singular)
τοῖν μωλῠ́οιν (dual genitive)
τῶν μωλῠ́ων (genitive plural)
τῷ μώλῠῐ̈ (dative singular)
τοῖν μωλῠ́οιν (dative dual)
τοῖς μώλῠσῐ (dative plural)
μώλῠσῐν (dative plural)
toîs mṓlŭsĭ (dative plural)
toîs mṓlŭsĭn (dative plural)
τὸ μῶλῠ (accusative singular)
τὼ μώλῠε (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ μώλῠᾰ (accusative plural)
μῶλῠ (singular vocative)
μώλῠε (dual vocative)
μώλῠᾰ (plural vocative)

→ Latin: mōly
→ English: moly

→ Ottoman Turkish: مولی (moli)

Generally compared to Sanskrit मूल (mū́la, “root, radish”). However, Beekes prefers to connect the word with μώλυζα (mṓluza, “head of garlic”), which has a non-Greek suffix. According to Beekes, this noun must consequently be of Pre-Greek origin too. For the υ-stem, compare μίσυ (mísu), βράθυ (bráthu) and σῶρυ (sôru). According to Beekes, all proposed Indo-European etymologies must be rejected.

(in later writers) kind of garlic (Allium nigrum)


Πράσινοι

grc-proper noun

Πράσινοι • (Prásinoi) m pl (indeclinable)

From Latin prasinī, from Ancient Greek πρᾰ́σῐνος (prắsĭnos, “leek-green”), from πράσον (práson, “leek”) + -ινος (-inos, “-ine: forming adjectives”).

suffix

(Byzantine, sports) the Greens, one of the usual chariot-racing factions of Rome, Constantinople, and other major cities of the empire


ἄρακος

grc-noun

ᾰ̓́ρᾰκος • (ắrăkos) m (genitive ᾰ̓ρᾰ́κου); second declension

ᾰ̓́ρᾰκος (canonical)
ắrăkos (romanization)
ᾰ̓ρᾰ́κου (genitive)
ὁ ᾰ̓́ρᾰκος (nominative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓ρᾰ́κω (dual nominative)
οἱ ᾰ̓́ρᾰκοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ ᾰ̓ρᾰ́κου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓ρᾰ́κοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ᾰ̓ρᾰ́κων (genitive plural)
τῷ ᾰ̓ρᾰ́κῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓ρᾰ́κοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ᾰ̓ρᾰ́κοις (dative plural)
τὸν ᾰ̓́ρᾰκον (accusative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓ρᾰ́κω (accusative dual)
τοὺς ᾰ̓ρᾰ́κους (accusative plural)
ᾰ̓́ρᾰκε (singular vocative)
ᾰ̓ρᾰ́κω (dual vocative)
ᾰ̓́ρᾰκοι (plural vocative)

Greek: αρακάς m (arakás, “vetch, peas”)

→ Greek: άρακος (árakos) (learned)

→ Translingual: Arachis

→ New Latin: arachis

Likely of Pre-Greek substrate origin, due to the κ-χ interchange with the variant ἄραχος (árakhos), and the suffix -ιδνα (-idna) in the derivative ἀραχιδνα (arakhidna). According to Beekes, not related to Latin arinca (“kind of spelt; olyra”).


κόρις

κόρῐς • (kórĭs) m (genitive κόρεως or κόρῐος); third declension

κόρῐς (canonical)
kórĭs (romanization)
κόρεως (genitive)
κόρῐος (genitive)
ὁ κόρῐς (nominative singular)
τὼ κόρει (dual nominative)
οἱ κόρεις (nominative plural)
τοῦ κόρεως (genitive singular)
τοῖν κορέοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κόρεων (genitive plural)
τῷ κόρει (dative singular)
τοῖν κορέοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς κόρεσῐ (dative plural)
κόρεσῐν (dative plural)
toîs kóresĭ (dative plural)
toîs kóresĭn (dative plural)
τὸν κόρῐν (accusative singular)
τὼ κόρει (accusative dual)
τοὺς κόρεις (accusative plural)
κόρῐ (singular vocative)
κόρει (dual vocative)
κόρεις (plural vocative)

Greek: κοριός m (koriós, “bedbug”)

desc

⇒ Byzantine Greek: κόριζα (kóriza), *κόριδα (*kórida)

→ Old East Slavic: корида (korida)

⇒ Italiot Greek: κόριδα, κόρικα, κόρεκα

⇒ Italiot Greek: κόριδα, κόρικα, κόρεκα

desctree

⇒ Pontic Greek: κορίδιν (korídin), κόρδα f (kórda) — Thoania
→ Laz: მკორიდა (mǩorida), კორიდა (ǩorida) — alternative spelling
→ Turkish: korda — Rize, Trabzon

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)koris (“cutting, gnawing”), from *(s)ker- (“cut”). Cognate to Russian корь (korʹ, “moth”).
Alternatively related to ἀκαρί (akarí, “mite”) via Pre-Greek. Compare also κᾱρῑ́ς (kārī́s, “shrimp”).


ἄγνος

grc-noun

ἄγνος • (ágnos) f (genitive ἄγνου); second declension

ágnos (romanization)
ἄγνου (genitive)
ἡ ᾰ̓́γνος (nominative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓́γνω (dual nominative)
αἱ ᾰ̓́γνοι (nominative plural)
τῆς ᾰ̓́γνου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓́γνοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ᾰ̓́γνων (genitive plural)
τῇ ᾰ̓́γνῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓́γνοιν (dative dual)
ταῖς ᾰ̓́γνοις (dative plural)
τὴν ᾰ̓́γνον (accusative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓́γνω (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ᾰ̓́γνους (accusative plural)
ᾰ̓́γνε (singular vocative)
ᾰ̓́γνω (dual vocative)
ᾰ̓́γνοι (plural vocative)

→ Old Armenian: հագնի (hagni)

From the adjective ἁγνός (hagnós, “chaste”)

Vitex agnus-castus
Vitex agnus-castus#Translingual


μέσπιλον

μέσπιλον • (méspilon) n (genitive μεσπίλου); second declension

méspilon (romanization)
μεσπίλου (genitive)
τὸ μέσπῐλον (nominative singular)
τὼ μεσπῐ́λω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ μέσπῐλᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ μεσπῐ́λου (genitive singular)
τοῖν μεσπῐ́λοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν μεσπῐ́λων (genitive plural)
τῷ μεσπῐ́λῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν μεσπῐ́λοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς μεσπῐ́λοις (dative plural)
τὸ μέσπῐλον (accusative singular)
τὼ μεσπῐ́λω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ μέσπῐλᾰ (accusative plural)
μέσπῐλον (singular vocative)
μεσπῐ́λω (dual vocative)
μέσπῐλᾰ (plural vocative)

desc

Byzantine Greek: μούσπουλον (moúspoulon)

Greek: μούσμουλο (moúsmoulo) (see there for further descendants)

→ Latin: mespilum, mespila, *nespila, *nespira, *nespirum (see there for further descendants)

A loanword of Pre-Greek origin because no Indo-European cognates can be found, as plant names are more frequently borrowed and, particularly concerning this term, the medlar is native to the regions of Iran, southwest Asia and southeastern Europe and its Black Sea coasts so that it was unknown to the speakers of Proto-Indo-European and borrowing became necessary. Possibly a cognate to Proto-Kartvelian *sxmarṭl- (“medlar”) with metathesis of the initial consonants.

Mespilus germanica
Mespilus germanica#Translingual


ἁμαμηλίς

grc-noun

ᾰ̔μᾰμηλῐ́δος

ᾰ̔μᾰμηλῐ́ς • (hămămēlĭ́s) f (genitive ᾰ̔μᾰμηλῐ́δος); third declension

ᾰ̔μᾰμηλῐ́ς (canonical)
hămămēlĭ́s (romanization)
ᾰ̔μᾰμηλῐ́δος (genitive)
ἡ ᾰ̔μᾰμηλῐ́ς (nominative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̔μᾰμηλῐ́δε (dual nominative)
αἱ ᾰ̔μᾰμηλῐ́δες (nominative plural)
τῆς ᾰ̔μᾰμηλῐ́δος (genitive singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̔μᾰμηλῐ́δοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ᾰ̔μᾰμηλῐ́δων (genitive plural)
τῇ ᾰ̔μᾰμηλῐ́δῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̔μᾰμηλῐ́δοιν (dative dual)
ταῖς ᾰ̔μᾰμηλῐ́σῐ (dative plural)
ᾰ̔μᾰμηλῐ́σῐν (dative plural)
taîs hămămēlĭ́sĭ (dative plural)
taîs hămămēlĭ́sĭn (dative plural)
τὴν ᾰ̔μᾰμηλῐ́δᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̔μᾰμηλῐ́δε (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ᾰ̔μᾰμηλῐ́δᾰς (accusative plural)
ᾰ̔μᾰμηλῐ́ς (singular vocative)
ᾰ̔μᾰμηλῐ́δε (dual vocative)
ᾰ̔μᾰμηλῐ́δες (plural vocative)

grc-decl

ᾰ̔μᾰμηλῐ́δος

Translingual: Hamamelis

ᾰ̔́μᾰ (hắmă, “at the same time [with]”) + μῆλον (mêlon, “apple”) = “[which blossoms] at the same time [as the] apple [tree]”

compound

a tree with fruit like the pear, a kind of medlar (Mespilus, now Crataegus sect. Mespilus) or service tree (Sorbus)


ἄνηθον

grc-noun

ἄνηθον • (ánēthon) n (genitive ἀνήθου); second declension

ánēthon (romanization)
ἀνήθου (genitive)
τὸ ἄνηθον (nominative singular)
τὼ ἀνήθω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ ἄνηθᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ ἀνήθου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ἀνήθοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ἀνήθων (genitive plural)
τῷ ἀνήθῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ἀνήθοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ἀνήθοις (dative plural)
τὸ ἄνηθον (accusative singular)
τὼ ἀνήθω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ ἄνηθᾰ (accusative plural)
ἄνηθον (singular vocative)
ἀνήθω (dual vocative)
ἄνηθᾰ (plural vocative)

Greek: άνηθος (ánithos)

→ Latin: anethum

→ Translingual: Anethum

Most likely Pre-Greek. Not to be confused with ἄννησον (ánnēson).

Anethum graveolens
Anethum graveolens#Translingual


ἀστράγαλος

ἀστράγᾰλος • (astrágălos) m (genitive ἀστρᾰγάλου); second declension

ἀστράγᾰλος (canonical)
astrágălos (romanization)
ἀστρᾰγάλου (genitive)
ὁ ᾰ̓στρᾰ́γᾰλος (nominative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓στρᾰγᾰ́λω (dual nominative)
οἱ ᾰ̓στρᾰ́γᾰλοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ ᾰ̓στρᾰγᾰ́λου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓στρᾰγᾰ́λοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ᾰ̓στρᾰγᾰ́λων (genitive plural)
τῷ ᾰ̓στρᾰγᾰ́λῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓στρᾰγᾰ́λοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ᾰ̓στρᾰγᾰ́λοις (dative plural)
τὸν ᾰ̓στρᾰ́γᾰλον (accusative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓στρᾰγᾰ́λω (accusative dual)
τοὺς ᾰ̓στρᾰγᾰ́λους (accusative plural)
ᾰ̓στρᾰ́γᾰλε (singular vocative)
ᾰ̓στρᾰγᾰ́λω (dual vocative)
ᾰ̓στρᾰ́γᾰλοι (plural vocative)

grc-decl

ᾰ̓στρᾰ́γᾰλος

Greek: αστράγαλος (astrágalos)

Translingual: Astragalus

Generally considered to be a derivation in "-λ-" of ὀστέον (ostéon, “bone”), but this cannot be correct. According to Beekes, it is probably a Pre-Greek word. Compare ὄστρακον (óstrakon).

(in the plural) dice, or a game played with them


βάλανος

grc-noun

βᾰ́λᾰνος • (bắlănos) f (genitive βᾰλᾰ́νου); second declension

βᾰ́λᾰνος (canonical)
bắlănos (romanization)
βᾰλᾰ́νου (genitive)
ἡ βᾰ́λᾰνος (nominative singular)
τὼ βᾰλᾰ́νω (dual nominative)
αἱ βᾰ́λᾰνοι (nominative plural)
τῆς βᾰλᾰ́νου (genitive singular)
τοῖν βᾰλᾰ́νοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν βᾰλᾰ́νων (genitive plural)
τῇ βᾰλᾰ́νῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν βᾰλᾰ́νοιν (dative dual)
ταῖς βᾰλᾰ́νοις (dative plural)
τὴν βᾰ́λᾰνον (accusative singular)
τὼ βᾰλᾰ́νω (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς βᾰλᾰ́νους (accusative plural)
βᾰ́λᾰνε (singular vocative)
βᾰλᾰ́νω (dual vocative)
βᾰ́λᾰνοι (plural vocative)

desc

Greek: βάλανος (válanos), βαλανίδι (valanídi), βελανίδι (velanídi)

desctree

→ Latin: balanus, balana, balania (late)
Catalan: bàlan
French: balane
Italian: balano
Portuguese: bálano
Spanish: bálano
→ English: balanus
→ French: balanus (learned)
→ Translingual: Balanus

From Proto-Hellenic *gʷə́lanos, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gʷelh₂- (“acorn”); see there for cognates. Probably unrelated to Ancient Greek βᾰλᾰνεῖον (bălăneîon, “bath, bathroom”).


βοτάνη

grc-noun

βοτᾰ́νη • (botắnē) f (genitive βοτᾰ́νης); first declension

βοτᾰ́νη (canonical)
botắnē (romanization)
βοτᾰ́νης (genitive)
ἡ βοτᾰ́νη (nominative singular)
τὼ βοτᾰ́νᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ βοτᾰ́ναι (nominative plural)
τῆς βοτᾰ́νης (genitive singular)
τοῖν βοτᾰ́ναιν (dual genitive)
τῶν βοτᾰνῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ βοτᾰ́νῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν βοτᾰ́ναιν (dative dual)
ταῖς βοτᾰ́ναις (dative plural)
τὴν βοτᾰ́νην (accusative singular)
τὼ βοτᾰ́νᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς βοτᾰ́νᾱς (accusative plural)
βοτᾰ́νη (singular vocative)
βοτᾰ́νᾱ (dual vocative)
βοτᾰ́ναι (plural vocative)

From βόσκω (bóskō, “to feed, tend”) + -ᾰ́νη (-ắnē, instrument noun suffix).


βύας

grc-noun

βύᾱς • (búās) m (genitive βύου); first declension

βύᾱς (canonical)
búās (romanization)
βύου (genitive)
ὁ βύᾱς (nominative singular)
τὼ βύᾱ (dual nominative)
οἱ βύαι (nominative plural)
τοῦ βύου (genitive singular)
τοῖν βύαιν (dual genitive)
τῶν βυῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ βύᾳ (dative singular)
τοῖν βύαιν (dative dual)
τοῖς βύαις (dative plural)
τὸν βύᾱν (accusative singular)
τὼ βύᾱ (accusative dual)
τοὺς βύᾱς (accusative plural)
βύᾱ (singular vocative)
βύᾱ (dual vocative)
βύαι (plural vocative)

Onomatopoeic, compare Latin būbō, Bulgarian буч (buč), Old Armenian բու (bu), Persian بوم (bum), Arabic بُوم (būm), Classical Syriac ܒܐܘܐ (baʾwāʾ) and Caucasian languages such as Old Georgian ბუვი (buvi), Chechen бухӏа (buha), and Aghul бу́гьу (búhu).


ἰτέα

ῑ̓τέᾱ • (ītéā) f (genitive ῑ̓τέᾱς); first declension

ῑ̓τέᾱ (canonical)
ītéā (romanization)
ῑ̓τέᾱς (genitive)
ἡ ῑ̓τέᾱ (nominative singular)
τὼ ῑ̓τέᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ ῑ̓τέαι (nominative plural)
τῆς ῑ̓τέᾱς (genitive singular)
τοῖν ῑ̓τέαιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ῑ̓τεῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ ῑ̓τέᾳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ῑ̓τέαιν (dative dual)
ταῖς ῑ̓τέαις (dative plural)
τὴν ῑ̓τέᾱν (accusative singular)
τὼ ῑ̓τέᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ῑ̓τέᾱς (accusative plural)
ῑ̓τέᾱ (singular vocative)
ῑ̓τέᾱ (dual vocative)
ῑ̓τέαι (plural vocative)

Greek: ιτιά (itiá)

From Proto-Hellenic [Term?], from Proto-Indo-European *wéh₁itis, with remodeling of the suffix like in other tree names (compare ἀκτέᾱ (aktéā, “elder (tree)”) and πτελέᾱ (pteléā, “elm”)).


συκέα

σῡκέᾱ • (sūkéā) f (genitive σῡκέᾱς); first declension

σῡκέᾱ (canonical)
sūkéā (romanization)
σῡκέᾱς (genitive)
ᾱ̔ σῡκέᾱ (nominative singular)
τὼ σῡκέᾱ (dual nominative)
ταὶ σῡκέαι (nominative plural)
τᾶς σῡκέᾱς (genitive singular)
τοῖν σῡκέαιν (dual genitive)
τᾶν σῡκεᾶν (genitive plural)
τᾷ σῡκέᾳ (dative singular)
τοῖν σῡκέαιν (dative dual)
ταῖς σῡκέαις (dative plural)
τᾱ̀ν σῡκέᾱν (accusative singular)
τὼ σῡκέᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς σῡκέᾱς (accusative plural)
σῡκέᾱ (singular vocative)
σῡκέᾱ (dual vocative)
σῡκέαι (plural vocative)

Greek: συκιά f (sykiá, “fig tree”)


κνίδη

κνῑ́δη • (knī́dē) f (genitive κνῑ́δης); first declension

κνῑ́δη (canonical)
knī́dē (romanization)
κνῑ́δης (genitive)
ἡ κνῑ́δη (nominative singular)
τὼ κνῑ́δᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ κνῖδαι (nominative plural)
τῆς κνῑ́δης (genitive singular)
τοῖν κνῑ́δαιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κνῑδῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ κνῑ́δῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν κνῑ́δαιν (dative dual)
ταῖς κνῑ́δαις (dative plural)
τὴν κνῑ́δην (accusative singular)
τὼ κνῑ́δᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς κνῑ́δᾱς (accusative plural)
κνῑ́δη (singular vocative)
κνῑ́δᾱ (dual vocative)
κνῖδαι (plural vocative)

→ New Latin: cnida

→ English: cnida

Traditionally derived from κνίζω (knízō, “scratch or gash”); yet the -ι- is long in this word, which may point to Pre-Greek origin, according to Beekes.

Urtica dioica
Urtica dioica#Translingual


λαγώς

λᾰγώς • (lăgṓs) m (genitive λᾰγώ); second declension

λᾰγώς (canonical)
lăgṓs (romanization)
λᾰγώ (genitive)
ὁ λᾰγώς (nominative singular)
τὼ λᾰγώ (dual nominative)
οἱ λᾰγῴ (nominative plural)
τοῦ λᾰγώ (genitive singular)
τοῖν λᾰγῴν (dual genitive)
τῶν λᾰγών (genitive plural)
τῷ λᾰγῴ (dative singular)
τοῖν λᾰγῴν (dative dual)
τοῖς λᾰγῴς (dative plural)
τὸν λᾰγώ (accusative singular)
λᾰγών (accusative singular)
tòn lăgṓ (accusative singular)
tòn lăgṓn (accusative singular)
τὼ λᾰγώ (accusative dual)
τοὺς λᾰγώς (accusative plural)
λᾰγώς (singular vocative)
λᾰγώ (dual vocative)
λᾰγῴ (plural vocative)

Greek: λαγός (lagós)

Persian: لاغوس (lâğus) (obsolete)

English: lagomorph

Translingual: Lagos, Lagurus

From *λαγοωυσός (*lagoōusós, “with flabby ears”), from *λαγο- (*lago-) (possibly the same root as English slack) and οὖς (oûs). Typologically compare Ossetian тӕрхъус (tærqus, “hare”, literally “long-ear”).

cog

sea hare (gastropod of the genus Aplysia)


ὄα

grc-noun

ὄᾱ • (óā) f (genitive ὄᾱς); first declension

ὄᾱ (canonical)
óā (romanization)
ὄᾱς (genitive)
ἡ ὄᾱ (nominative singular)
τὼ ὄᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ ὄαι (nominative plural)
τῆς ὄᾱς (genitive singular)
τοῖν ὄαιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ὀῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ ὄᾳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ὄαιν (dative dual)
ταῖς ὄαις (dative plural)
τὴν ὄᾱν (accusative singular)
τὼ ὄᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ὄᾱς (accusative plural)
ὄᾱ (singular vocative)
ὄᾱ (dual vocative)
ὄαι (plural vocative)

From Proto-Hellenic *oiwa, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eyHw-.

Sorbus domestica
Sorbus domestica#Translingual

The service tree (Sorbus domestica), whose fruit is the ὄον


χοῖρος

χοῖρος • (khoîros) m (genitive χοίρου); second declension

khoîros (romanization)
χοίρου (genitive)
ὁ χοῖρος (nominative singular)
τὼ χοίρω (dual nominative)
οἱ χοῖροι (nominative plural)
τοῦ χοίρου (genitive singular)
τοῖν χοίροιν (dual genitive)
τῶν χοίρων (genitive plural)
τῷ χοίρῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν χοίροιν (dative dual)
τοῖς χοίροις (dative plural)
τὸν χοῖρον (accusative singular)
τὼ χοίρω (accusative dual)
τοὺς χοίρους (accusative plural)
χοῖρε (singular vocative)
χοίρω (dual vocative)
χοῖροι (plural vocative)

Greek: χοίρος (choíros)

Traditionally derived from Proto-Hellenic *kʰóřřos, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰóryos (“pig”) (whence Albanian derr (“id”)), from *ǵʰer- (“to be excited, bristly”) + *-yos (owing to the bristliness of wild pigs), whence *ǵʰḗr (“hedgehog”). But in view of the limited distribution, Beekes suspects a Pre-Greek substrate origin for the Greek and Albanian terms.

af

Νῦν γε χοῖρος φαίνεται.
ἀτὰρ ἐκτραφείς γε κύσθος ἔσται.
Nûn ge khoîros phaínetai.

446 BCE – 386 BCE, Aristophanes, The Archarnians 782–783

Now it looks like a pussy.
But once it's been reared, it'll be a cunt.

(slang, vulgar) female genitalia, especially those belonging to a young woman


ὄον

grc-noun

ὄον • (óon) n (genitive ὄου); second declension

óon (romanization)
ὄου (genitive)
τὸ ὄον (nominative singular)
τὼ ὄω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ ὄᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ ὄου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ὄοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ὄων (genitive plural)
τῷ ὄῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ὄοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ὄοις (dative plural)
τὸ ὄον (accusative singular)
τὼ ὄω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ ὄᾰ (accusative plural)
ὄον (singular vocative)
ὄω (dual vocative)
ὄᾰ (plural vocative)


κακκάβη

κᾰκκᾰ́βη • (kăkkắbē) f (genitive κᾰκκᾰ́βης); first declension

κᾰκκᾰ́βη (canonical)
kăkkắbē (romanization)
κᾰκκᾰ́βης (genitive)
ἡ κᾰκκᾰ́βη (nominative singular)
τὼ κᾰκκᾰ́βᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ κᾰκκᾰ́βαι (nominative plural)
τῆς κᾰκκᾰ́βης (genitive singular)
τοῖν κᾰκκᾰ́βαιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κᾰκκᾰβῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ κᾰκκᾰ́βῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν κᾰκκᾰ́βαιν (dative dual)
ταῖς κᾰκκᾰ́βαις (dative plural)
τὴν κᾰκκᾰ́βην (accusative singular)
τὼ κᾰκκᾰ́βᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς κᾰκκᾰ́βᾱς (accusative plural)
κᾰκκᾰ́βη (singular vocative)
κᾰκκᾰ́βᾱ (dual vocative)
κᾰκκᾰ́βαι (plural vocative)

Technical loanword of unknown origin. Given the variations and the variant in Latin cascabus, cited by Furnée, the word is likely to be Pre-Greek.

unk

unknown


ἄφυλλος

áphullos (romanization)
ἄφυλλον (neuter)
ἄφυλλος (feminine masculine nominative singular)
ἄφυλλον (neuter nominative singular)
ἀφύλλω (dual feminine masculine nominative)
ἀφύλλω (dual neuter nominative)
ἄφυλλοι (feminine masculine nominative plural)
ἄφυλλᾰ (neuter nominative plural)
ἀφύλλου (feminine genitive masculine singular)
ἀφύλλου (genitive neuter singular)
ἀφύλλοιν (dual feminine genitive masculine)
ἀφύλλοιν (dual genitive neuter)
ἀφύλλων (feminine genitive masculine plural)
ἀφύλλων (genitive neuter plural)
ἀφύλλῳ (dative feminine masculine singular)
ἀφύλλῳ (dative neuter singular)
ἀφύλλοιν (dative dual feminine masculine)
ἀφύλλοιν (dative dual neuter)
ἀφύλλοις (dative feminine masculine plural)
ἀφύλλοις (dative neuter plural)
ἄφυλλον (accusative feminine masculine singular)
ἄφυλλον (accusative neuter singular)
ἀφύλλω (accusative dual feminine masculine)
ἀφύλλω (accusative dual neuter)
ἀφύλλους (accusative feminine masculine plural)
ἄφυλλᾰ (accusative neuter plural)
ἄφυλλε (feminine masculine singular vocative)
ἄφυλλον (neuter singular vocative)
ἀφύλλω (dual feminine masculine vocative)
ἀφύλλω (dual neuter vocative)
ἄφυλλοι (feminine masculine plural vocative)
ἄφυλλᾰ (neuter plural vocative)
ἀφύλλως (adverbial feminine masculine neuter)
ἀφυλλότερος (comparative feminine masculine neuter)
ἀφυλλότᾰτος (feminine masculine neuter superlative)

Greek: άφυλος (áfylos)

Latin: aphyllus (see there for further descendants)

From ἀ- (a-, “not”) + φύλλον (phúllon, “leaf”).


κολοφών

grc-noun

κολοφών • (kolophṓn) m (genitive κολοφῶνος); third declension

kolophṓn (romanization)
κολοφῶνος (genitive)
ὁ κολοφών (nominative singular)
τὼ κολοφῶνε (dual nominative)
οἱ κολοφῶνες (nominative plural)
τοῦ κολοφῶνος (genitive singular)
τοῖν κολοφώνοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κολοφώνων (genitive plural)
τῷ κολοφῶνῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν κολοφώνοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς κολοφῶσῐ (dative plural)
κολοφῶσῐν (dative plural)
toîs kolophôsĭ (dative plural)
toîs kolophôsĭn (dative plural)
τὸν κολοφῶνᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ κολοφῶνε (accusative dual)
τοὺς κολοφῶνᾰς (accusative plural)
κολοφών (singular vocative)
κολοφῶνε (dual vocative)
κολοφῶνες (plural vocative)

→ French: colophon

Greek: κολοφώνας (kolofónas)

* According to Pokorny cognate with κολώνη (kolṓnē) "hill", Latin collis "hill", the sense of "topping, finishing" derives figuratively from the one of "top".
* According to Strabο (Geographica 14:1:28), from Κολοφών (Kolophṓn, “Colophon”) as coming from the belief that the cavalry of Colophon was so excellent, that it always decided the contest.

(hapax, according to Hesychius) a type of sea fish


ξιφίας

ξῐφῐ́ᾱς • (xĭphĭ́ās) m (genitive ξῐφῐ́ου); first declension

ξῐφῐ́ᾱς (canonical)
xĭphĭ́ās (romanization)
ξῐφῐ́ου (genitive)
ὁ ξῐφῐ́ᾱς (nominative singular)
τὼ ξῐφῐ́ᾱ (dual nominative)
οἱ ξῐφῐ́αι (nominative plural)
τοῦ ξῐφῐ́ου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ξῐφῐ́αιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ξῐφῐῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ ξῐφῐ́ᾳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ξῐφῐ́αιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ξῐφῐ́αις (dative plural)
τὸν ξῐφῐ́ᾱν (accusative singular)
τὼ ξῐφῐ́ᾱ (accusative dual)
τοὺς ξῐφῐ́ᾱς (accusative plural)
ξῐφῐ́ᾱ (singular vocative)
ξῐφῐ́ᾱ (dual vocative)
ξῐφῐ́αι (plural vocative)

→ Spanish: Jifia

→ Translingual: Xiphias

From ξῐ́φος (xĭ́phos, “sword”) + -ῐ́ᾱς (-ĭ́ās, “nominal suffix”).

af

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, History of Animals 2.13.9

Xiphias gladius
Xiphias gladius#Translingual


οἶστρος

grc-noun

οἶστρος • (oîstros) m (genitive οἴστρου); second declension

oîstros (romanization)
οἴστρου (genitive)
ὁ οἶστρος (nominative singular)
τὼ οἴστρω (dual nominative)
οἱ οἶστροι (nominative plural)
τοῦ οἴστρου (genitive singular)
τοῖν οἴστροιν (dual genitive)
τῶν οἴστρων (genitive plural)
τῷ οἴστρῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν οἴστροιν (dative dual)
τοῖς οἴστροις (dative plural)
τὸν οἶστρον (accusative singular)
τὼ οἴστρω (accusative dual)
τοὺς οἴστρους (accusative plural)
οἶστρε (singular vocative)
οἴστρω (dual vocative)
οἶστροι (plural vocative)

desctree

→ Latin: oestrus
⇒ Vulgar Latin: *oestricula
Aromanian: streclji
Romanian: streche
→ Catalan: estre
→ English: oestrus, estrus
→ French: œstre
→ Romanian: estru
→ Italian: estro
→ Middle French: oestrus
→ Piedmontese: estro
→ Portuguese: estro
→ Spanish: estro
→ Translingual: Oestrus

Greek: οίστρος (oístros)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁eys-, used to form words denoting passion; see also Latin ira (“anger”), Lithuanian aistra (“violent passion”), Avestan 𐬀𐬉𐬴𐬨𐬀 (aēṣ̌ma, “anger”).

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, History of Animals 5.31,8

gadfly, breese
an insect which infests tuna


ὁπλή

grc-noun

ὁπλή • (hoplḗ) f (genitive ὁπλῆς); first declension

hoplḗ (romanization)
ὁπλῆς (genitive)
ἡ ὁπλή (nominative singular)
τὼ ὁπλᾱ́ (dual nominative)
αἱ ὁπλαί (nominative plural)
τῆς ὁπλῆς (genitive singular)
τοῖν ὁπλαῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν ὁπλῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ ὁπλῇ (dative singular)
τοῖν ὁπλαῖν (dative dual)
ταῖς ὁπλαῖς (dative plural)
τὴν ὁπλήν (accusative singular)
τὼ ὁπλᾱ́ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ὁπλᾱ́ς (accusative plural)
ὁπλή (singular vocative)
ὁπλᾱ́ (dual vocative)
ὁπλαί (plural vocative)

Greek: οπλή (oplí)

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad II.536


πόρτις

πόρτῐς • (pórtĭs) f (genitive πόρτῐος); third declension

πόρτῐς (canonical)
pórtĭs (romanization)
πόρτῐος (genitive)
ἡ πόρτῐς (nominative singular)
τὼ πόρτῐε (dual nominative)
αἱ πόρτῐες (nominative plural)
τῆς πόρτῐος (genitive singular)
τοῖν πορτῐ́οιν (dual genitive)
τῶν πορτῐ́ων (genitive plural)
τῇ πόρτῑ (dative singular)
τοῖν πορτῐ́οιν (dative dual)
ταῖς πόρτῐσῐ (dative plural)
πόρτῐσῐν (dative plural)
taîs pórtĭsĭ (dative plural)
taîs pórtĭsĭn (dative plural)
τὴν πόρτῐν (accusative singular)
τὼ πόρτῐε (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς πόρτῑς (accusative plural)
πόρτῐᾰς (accusative plural)
πόρτῐ (singular vocative)
πόρτῐε (dual vocative)
πόρτῐες (plural vocative)

From Proto-Indo-European *pértis, from *per- (“to give birth”). Cognates include Sanskrit पृथुक (pṛthuka, “boy; the young of any animal”), Old Armenian որդի (ordi, “child”), and Latin partus (“birth; offspring”).

cog

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 5.162

(poetic) a calf, young heifer (younger than δαμάλη (damálē) says Eustathius)

300 BCE – 200 BCE, Lycophron, Alexandra 102


πῶλος

grc-noun

πῶλος • (pôlos) m or f (genitive πώλου); second declension

pôlos (romanization)
πώλου (genitive)
ὁ πῶλος (nominative singular)
τὼ πώλω (dual nominative)
οἱ πῶλοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ πώλου (genitive singular)
τοῖν πώλοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν πώλων (genitive plural)
τῷ πώλῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν πώλοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς πώλοις (dative plural)
τὸν πῶλον (accusative singular)
τὼ πώλω (accusative dual)
τοὺς πώλους (accusative plural)
πῶλε (singular vocative)
πώλω (dual vocative)
πῶλοι (plural vocative)

Greek: πουλί n (poulí, “bird”)

Greek: πουλάρι n (poulári, “foal”)

From Proto-Indo-European *peh₂w-. Cognates include Latin paulus, Old Armenian ուլ (ul), and Old English fola (English foal).

480 BCE – 406 BCE, Euripides, Fragments 676

a Corinthian coin, from the figure of Pegasus on it


παγκράτιον

πᾰγκρᾰ́τῐον • (pănkrắtĭon) n (genitive πᾰγκρᾰτῐ́ου); second declension

πᾰγκρᾰ́τῐον (canonical)
pănkrắtĭon (romanization)
πᾰγκρᾰτῐ́ου (genitive)
τὸ πᾰγκρᾰ́τῐον (nominative singular)
τὼ πᾰγκρᾰτῐ́ω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ πᾰγκρᾰ́τῐᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ πᾰγκρᾰτῐ́ου (genitive singular)
τοῖν πᾰγκρᾰτῐ́οιν (dual genitive)
τῶν πᾰγκρᾰτῐ́ων (genitive plural)
τῷ πᾰγκρᾰτῐ́ῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν πᾰγκρᾰτῐ́οιν (dative dual)
τοῖς πᾰγκρᾰτῐ́οις (dative plural)
τὸ πᾰγκρᾰ́τῐον (accusative singular)
τὼ πᾰγκρᾰτῐ́ω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ πᾰγκρᾰ́τῐᾰ (accusative plural)
πᾰγκρᾰ́τῐον (singular vocative)
πᾰγκρᾰτῐ́ω (dual vocative)
πᾰγκρᾰ́τῐᾰ (plural vocative)

From παγκρατής (pankratḗs, “all powerful”) + -ιον (-ion), from πᾰν- (păn-, “all, every”) + κράτος (krátos, “strength, power”).

affix

Pedanius Dioscorides, Materia Medica 2.203

Drimia maritima
Drimia maritima#Translingual


σκύλαξ

grc-noun

σκῠ́λᾰξ • (skŭ́lăx) m or f (genitive σκῠ́λᾰκος); third declension

σκῠ́λᾰξ (canonical)
skŭ́lăx (romanization)
σκῠ́λᾰκος (genitive)
ὁ (nominative singular)
ἡ σκῠ́λᾰξ (nominative singular)
τὼ σκῠ́λᾰκε (dual nominative)
οἱ (nominative plural)
αἱ σκῠ́λᾰκες (nominative plural)
τοῦ (genitive singular)
τῆς σκῠ́λᾰκος (genitive singular)
τοῖν σκῠλᾰ́κοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν σκῠλᾰ́κων (genitive plural)
τῷ (dative singular)
τῇ σκῠ́λᾰκῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν σκῠλᾰ́κοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς (dative plural)
ταῖς σκῠ́λᾰξῐ (dative plural)
σκῠ́λᾰξῐν (dative plural)
toîs (dative plural)
taîs skŭ́lăxĭ (dative plural)
taîs skŭ́lăxĭn (dative plural)
τὸν (accusative singular)
τὴν σκῠ́λᾰκᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ σκῠ́λᾰκε (accusative dual)
τοὺς (accusative plural)
τᾱ̀ς σκῠ́λᾰκᾰς (accusative plural)
σκῠ́λᾰξ (singular vocative)
σκῠ́λᾰκε (dual vocative)
σκῠ́λᾰκες (plural vocative)

Greek: σκύλος m (skýlos, “(male) dog”)

Greek: σκύλα f (skýla, “(female) dog”)

Greek: σκυλί n (skylí, “dog”)

Uncertain. Compare κύλλα (kúlla, “puppy (hapax)”), σκύλιον (skúlion, “dogfish”), σκύλλα (skúlla, “shark”), as well as Old Armenian ցուլ (cʻul, “bull”), Old Irish cuilén (“puppy”), Lithuanian kalė̃ (“bitch, female dog”), and Russian клей (klej). A Proto-Indo-European *(s)kol- (“animal”) is possible, but problematic. Based on the phonetic issues with connecting the similar words mentioned above, Beekes tentatively takes the word as Pre-Greek; it is possible that some, all, or none of the cognates mentioned above are taken from the same substrate continuum.

405 BCE, Euripides, The Bacchae 338

380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 375

young dog, whelp, puppy
(of other young animals) whelp

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 9.289

750 BCE – 650 BCE, Hesiod, Theogony 834

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 3.32

428 BCE, Euripides, Hippolytus 1277


σκύλιον

σκύλῐον • (skúlĭon) n (genitive σκῠλίου); second declension

σκύλῐον (canonical)
skúlĭon (romanization)
σκῠλίου (genitive)
τὸ σκῠ́λῐον (nominative singular)
τὼ σκῠλῐ́ω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ σκῠ́λῐᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ σκῠλῐ́ου (genitive singular)
τοῖν σκῠλῐ́οιν (dual genitive)
τῶν σκῠλῐ́ων (genitive plural)
τῷ σκῠλῐ́ῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν σκῠλῐ́οιν (dative dual)
τοῖς σκῠλῐ́οις (dative plural)
τὸ σκῠ́λῐον (accusative singular)
τὼ σκῠλῐ́ω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ σκῠ́λῐᾰ (accusative plural)
σκῠ́λῐον (singular vocative)
σκῠλῐ́ω (dual vocative)
σκῠ́λῐᾰ (plural vocative)

→ Latin: canicula (calque)

From the root of σκύλαξ (skúlax, “puppy”) + -ιον (-ion, diminutive suffix).

af

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, History of Animals 6.10.10


χαραδριός

grc-noun

χαραδριός • (kharadriós) m (genitive χαραδριοῦ); second declension

kharadriós (romanization)
χαραδριοῦ (genitive)
ὁ χαραδριός (nominative singular)
τὼ χαραδριώ (dual nominative)
οἱ χαραδριοί (nominative plural)
τοῦ χαραδριοῦ (genitive singular)
τοῖν χαραδριοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν χαραδριῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ χαραδριῷ (dative singular)
τοῖν χαραδριοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς χαραδριοῖς (dative plural)
τὸν χαραδριόν (accusative singular)
τὼ χαραδριώ (accusative dual)
τοὺς χαραδριούς (accusative plural)
χαραδριέ (singular vocative)
χαραδριώ (dual vocative)
χαραδριοί (plural vocative)

desctree

→ Old Armenian: քարադր (kʻaradr), քաղանդր (kʻałandr), քաղաթր (kʻałatʻr), քաղարդր (kʻałardr), քաղադր (kʻaładr), քաղդր (kʻałdr), քարադրոս (kʻaradros), քարարդ (kʻarard), քառադր (kʻaṙadr), քաղարդ (kʻałard), քաղանդրոս (kʻałandros), քարադրոն (kʻaradron), կալատրիս (kalatris)
→ Old Georgian: ქალანდრო (kalandro), ქარანდრი (karandri)

desc

→ Old Church Slavonic: харадрїонъ (xaradrionŭ), халадреѡнъ (xaladreonŭ), каладриконъ (kaladrikonŭ), каладринѡнъ (kaladrinonŭ), хадрїонъ (xadrionŭ)

→ Old Georgian: ხარადრიონი (xaradrioni)

→ Latin: charadrius, caladrius

→ Russian: хара́др (xarádr), хара́дрий (xarádrij), кала́дрий (kaládrij), кала́дриус (kaládrius)

The formation is similar to other bird names, like αἰγυπιός (aigupiós), αἰγωλιός (aigōliós) and ἐρῳδιός (erōidiós). Traditionally derived from χαράδρα (kharádra, “dry bed of a river”), but it could be folk etymology.

Ἔστι πετεινὸν, λεγόμενον χαλαδριός
Ésti peteinòn, legómenon khaladriós

(Byzantine) caladrius (a mythical bird that had healing powers)


φώκη

grc-noun

φώκη • (phṓkē) f (genitive φώκης); first declension

phṓkē (romanization)
φώκης (genitive)
ἡ φώκη (nominative singular)
τὼ φώκᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ φῶκαι (nominative plural)
τῆς φώκης (genitive singular)
τοῖν φώκαιν (dual genitive)
τῶν φωκῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ φώκῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν φώκαιν (dative dual)
ταῖς φώκαις (dative plural)
τὴν φώκην (accusative singular)
τὼ φώκᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς φώκᾱς (accusative plural)
φώκη (singular vocative)
φώκᾱ (dual vocative)
φῶκαι (plural vocative)

Greek: φώκια (fókia)

→ Latin: phōca (see there for further descendants), phōcē

→ Old Armenian: փոկ (pʻok)

→ Serbo-Croatian: fȍka/фо̏ка

→ Classical Syriac: ܦܘܩܐ (pōqē)

Of unknown origin. According to Beekes, Pre-Greek.

unk

unknown


φῦκος

grc-noun

φῦκος • (phûkos) n (genitive φῡ́κους); third declension

phûkos (romanization)
φῡ́κους (genitive)
φῦκος (nominative singular)
φῡ́κει (dual nominative)
φῡ́κεε (dual nominative)
φῡ́κεᾰ (nominative plural)
φῡ́κεος (genitive singular)
φῡ́κευς (genitive singular)
φῡκέοιν (dual genitive)
φῡκέων (genitive plural)
φῡ́κει (dative singular)
φῡ́κεῐ̈ (dative singular)
φῡκέοιν (dative dual)
φῡ́κεσῐ (dative plural)
φῡ́κεσῐν (dative plural)
phū́kesĭ (dative plural)
phū́kesĭn (dative plural)
φῦκος (accusative singular)
φῡ́κει (accusative dual)
φῡ́κεε (accusative dual)
φῡ́κεᾰ (accusative plural)
φῦκος (singular vocative)
φῡ́κει (dual vocative)
φῡ́κεε (dual vocative)
φῡ́κεᾰ (plural vocative)

Borrowed from a Semitic language, such as Hebrew פּוּךְ (pūk, “eye-rouge, antimony”).

der

orchil made of φῦκος (phûkos) and used as rouge by Greek women


φοξῖνος

grc-noun

φοξῖνος • (phoxînos) m (genitive φοξῑ́νου); second declension

phoxînos (romanization)
φοξῑ́νου (genitive)
ὁ φοξῖνος (nominative singular)
τὼ φοξῑ́νω (dual nominative)
οἱ φοξῖνοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ φοξῑ́νου (genitive singular)
τοῖν φοξῑ́νοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν φοξῑ́νων (genitive plural)
τῷ φοξῑ́νῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν φοξῑ́νοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς φοξῑ́νοις (dative plural)
τὸν φοξῖνον (accusative singular)
τὼ φοξῑ́νω (accusative dual)
τοὺς φοξῑ́νους (accusative plural)
φοξῖνε (singular vocative)
φοξῑ́νω (dual vocative)
φοξῖνοι (plural vocative)

→ Translingual: Phoxinus

From φοξός (phoxós, “sharp, pointed”) + -ῖνος (-înos).

af

Δηλοῦσι δ’ ἔνιοι τῶν ποταμίων· εὐθὺς γὰρ γεννώμενοι ὡς εἰπεῖν καὶ μικροὶ ὄντες οἱ φοξῖνοι κυήματ’ ἔχουσιν.

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, History of Animals 6.13.3

Dēloûsi d’ énioi tôn potamíōn; euthùs gàr gennṓmenoi hōs eipeîn kaì mikroì óntes hoi phoxînoi kuḗmat’ ékhousin.

Τίκτουσι δ’ ἐν ταῖς προλιμνάσι τῶν ποταμῶν καὶ τῶν λιμνῶν πρὸς τὰ καλαμώδη, οἷον οἵ τε φοξῖνοι καὶ αἱ πέρκαι.

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, History of Animals 6.14.2

Tíktousi d’ en taîs prolimnási tôn potamôn kaì tôn limnôn pròs tà kalamṓdē, hoîon hoí te phoxînoi kaì hai pérkai.

400 BCE – 300 BCE, Mnesimachus, Philippus 1.33


φώκαινα

grc-noun

φώκαινᾰ • (phṓkaină) f (genitive φωκαίνης); first declension

φώκαινᾰ (canonical)
phṓkaină (romanization)
φωκαίνης (genitive)
ἡ φώκαινᾰ (nominative singular)
τὼ φωκαίνᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ φώκαιναι (nominative plural)
τῆς φωκαίνης (genitive singular)
τοῖν φωκαίναιν (dual genitive)
τῶν φωκαινῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ φωκαίνῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν φωκαίναιν (dative dual)
ταῖς φωκαίναις (dative plural)
τὴν φώκαινᾰν (accusative singular)
τὼ φωκαίνᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς φωκαίνᾱς (accusative plural)
φώκαινᾰ (singular vocative)
φωκαίνᾱ (dual vocative)
φώκαιναι (plural vocative)

→ Italian: focena

From φώκη (phṓkē, “seal”) + -αινᾰ (-aină).

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, History of Animals 6.12.2

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, History of Animals 8.13.7


κύλλα

Hesychius Κ

(hapax) Defined by Hesychius as σκύλαξ (skúlax, “puppy”)


κτῆνος

κτῆνος • (ktênos) n (genitive κτήνους); third declension

ktênos (romanization)
κτήνους (genitive)
τὸ κτῆνος (nominative singular)
τὼ κτήνει (dual nominative)
κτήνεε (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ κτήνεᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ κτήνεος (genitive singular)
κτήνευς (genitive singular)
τοῖν κτηνέοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κτηνέων (genitive plural)
τῷ κτήνει (dative singular)
κτήνεῐ̈ (dative singular)
τοῖν κτηνέοιν (dative dual)
τοῖσῐ (dative plural)
τοῖσῐν κτήνεσῐ (dative plural)
κτήνεσῐν (dative plural)
toîsĭ ktḗnesĭ (dative plural)
toîsĭ ktḗnesĭn (dative plural)
toîsĭnĭ (dative plural)
toîsĭnĭn (dative plural)
τὸ κτῆνος (accusative singular)
τὼ κτήνει (accusative dual)
κτήνεε (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ κτήνεᾰ (accusative plural)
κτῆνος (singular vocative)
κτήνει (dual vocative)
κτήνεε (dual vocative)
κτήνεᾰ (plural vocative)
τὸ κτῆνος (nominative singular)
τὼ κτήνει (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ κτήνη (nominative plural)
τοῦ κτήνους (genitive singular)
τοῖν κτηνοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν κτηνῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ κτήνει (dative singular)
τοῖν κτηνοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς κτήνεσῐ (dative plural)
κτήνεσῐν (dative plural)
toîs ktḗnesĭ (dative plural)
toîs ktḗnesĭn (dative plural)
τὸ κτῆνος (accusative singular)
τὼ κτήνει (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ κτήνη (accusative plural)
κτῆνος (singular vocative)
κτήνει (dual vocative)
κτήνη (plural vocative)

Greek: κτήνος (ktínos)

(chiefly in the plural) A domestic animal, livestock


κυνόμυια

κυνόμυια • (kunómuia) f (genitive κυνομυίας); first declension

kunómuia (romanization)
κυνομυίας (genitive)

κύων (kúōn) + μυῖα (muîa)

compound

κύων (kúōn) + μυῖα (muîa)

300 BCE – 200 BCE, Septuagint, Exodus 8.17


ἀκρίς

grc-noun

ᾰ̓κρῐ́ς • (ăkrĭ́s) f (genitive ᾰ̓κρῐ́δος); third declension

ᾰ̓κρῐ́ς (canonical)
ăkrĭ́s (romanization)
ᾰ̓κρῐ́δος (genitive)
ἡ ᾰ̓κρῐ́ς (nominative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓κρῐ́δε (dual nominative)
αἱ ᾰ̓κρῐ́δες (nominative plural)
τῆς ᾰ̓κρῐ́δος (genitive singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓κρῐ́δοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ᾰ̓κρῐ́δων (genitive plural)
τῇ ᾰ̓κρῐ́δῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓κρῐ́δοιν (dative dual)
ταῖς ᾰ̓κρῐ́σῐ (dative plural)
ᾰ̓κρῐ́σῐν (dative plural)
taîs ăkrĭ́sĭ (dative plural)
taîs ăkrĭ́sĭn (dative plural)
τὴν ᾰ̓κρῐ́δᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓κρῐ́δε (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ᾰ̓κρῐ́δᾰς (accusative plural)
ᾰ̓κρῐ́ς (singular vocative)
ᾰ̓κρῐ́δε (dual vocative)
ᾰ̓κρῐ́δες (plural vocative)

Hardly related to κρίζω (krízō, “to creak”). Winter connects it with κέρκα (kérka, “grasshopper”), suggesting a Pre-Greek origin, which is quite probable for a grasshopper.

καὶ ἦν ὁ Ἰωάνης ἐνδεδυμένος τρίχας καμήλου καὶ ζώνην δερματίνην περὶ τὴν ὀσφὺν αὐτοῦ,
καὶ ἔσθων ἀκρίδας καὶ μέλι ἄγριον.
kaì ên ho Iōánēs endeduménos tríkhas kamḗlou kaì zṓnēn dermatínēn perì tḕn osphùn autoû,

And John was clothed in camel hairs and a leather belt around his loins,
and [he was] eating locust( bean)s and wild honey.

locust bean: the fruit of the carob tree


πλάτανος

πλᾰ́τᾰνος • (plắtănos) f (genitive πλᾰτᾰ́νου); second declension

πλᾰ́τᾰνος (canonical)
plắtănos (romanization)
πλᾰτᾰ́νου (genitive)
ἡ πλᾰ́τᾰνος (nominative singular)
τὼ πλᾰτᾰ́νω (dual nominative)
αἱ πλᾰ́τᾰνοι (nominative plural)
τῆς πλᾰτᾰ́νου (genitive singular)
τοῖν πλᾰτᾰ́νοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν πλᾰτᾰ́νων (genitive plural)
τῇ πλᾰτᾰ́νῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν πλᾰτᾰ́νοιν (dative dual)
ταῖς πλᾰτᾰ́νοις (dative plural)
τὴν πλᾰ́τᾰνον (accusative singular)
τὼ πλᾰτᾰ́νω (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς πλᾰτᾰ́νους (accusative plural)
πλᾰ́τᾰνε (singular vocative)
πλᾰτᾰ́νω (dual vocative)
πλᾰ́τᾰνοι (plural vocative)

→ Latin: platanus

→ Translingual: Platanus

Traditionally derived from πλατύς (platús, “broad, flat”), or taken to be inherited directly from Proto-Indo-European *pl̥th₂enós (“wide, broad”), under the assumption that the tree was named after its broad leaves or flat patches of bark. However, based on the opaque morphology of the oldest attested form πλατάνιστος (platánistos), Beekes rejects this etymology, and in view of the "local botanic" semantic category, derives the word from Pre-Greek. Thus, the resemblance with πλατύς (platús) was shaped later by folk etymology.

inh

Platanus orientalis
Platanus orientalis#Translingual


ὄρυξ

grc-noun

ὄρυξ • (órux) m (genitive ὄρῠγος); third declension

órux (romanization)
ὄρῠγος (genitive)
ὁ ὄρῠξ (nominative singular)
τὼ ὄρῠγε (dual nominative)
οἱ ὄρῠγες (nominative plural)
τοῦ ὄρῠγος (genitive singular)
τοῖν ὀρῠ́γοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ὀρῠ́γων (genitive plural)
τῷ ὄρῠγῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν ὀρῠ́γοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ὄρῠξῐ (dative plural)
ὄρῠξῐν (dative plural)
toîs órŭxĭ (dative plural)
toîs órŭxĭn (dative plural)
τὸν ὄρῠγᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ ὄρῠγε (accusative dual)
τοὺς ὄρῠγᾰς (accusative plural)
ὄρῠξ (singular vocative)
ὄρῠγε (dual vocative)
ὄρῠγες (plural vocative)

Related to ὀρύσσω (orússō, “I dig, scrape”), though this is likely a derivative of ὄρυξ. Likely cognate with Latin runcō (“I grub up”). The sense of oryx is likely a loanword accreted by analogy with the animal's pointed horns.

A pickaxe or other sharp iron digging tool


στάχυς

στᾰ́χῡς or στᾰ́χῠς • (stắkhūs or stắkhŭs) m (genitive στᾰ́χῠος); third declension

στᾰ́χῡς (canonical)
στᾰ́χῠς (canonical)
stắkhūs (romanization)
stắkhŭs (romanization)
στᾰ́χῠος (genitive)
στᾰ́χῡς (nominative singular)
στᾰ́χῠε (dual nominative)
στᾰ́χῠες (nominative plural)
στᾰ́χῠος (genitive singular)
στᾰχῠ́οιῐν (dual genitive)
στᾰχῠ́ων (genitive plural)
στᾰ́χῠῐ̈ (dative singular)
στᾰ́χυι (dative singular)
στᾰχῠ́οιῐν (dative dual)
στᾰχῠ́εσσῐ (dative plural)
στᾰχῠ́εσσῐν (dative plural)
στᾰ́χῡσῐ (dative plural)
στᾰ́χῡσῐν (dative plural)
στᾰ́χῡσσῐ (dative plural)
στᾰ́χῡσσῐν (dative plural)
stăkhŭ́essĭ (dative plural)
stăkhŭ́essĭn (dative plural)
stắkhūsĭ (dative plural)
stắkhūsĭn (dative plural)
stắkhūssĭ (dative plural)
stắkhūssĭn (dative plural)
στᾰ́χῡν (accusative singular)
στᾰ́χῠε (accusative dual)
στᾰ́χῡς (accusative plural)
στᾰ́χῠᾰς (accusative plural)
στᾰ́χῡ (singular vocative)
στᾰ́χῠε (dual vocative)
στᾰ́χῠες (plural vocative)
ὁ στᾰ́χῠς (nominative singular)
τὼ στᾰ́χῠε (dual nominative)
οἱ στᾰ́χῠες (nominative plural)
τοῦ στᾰ́χῠος (genitive singular)
τοῖν στᾰχῠ́οιν (dual genitive)
τῶν στᾰχῠ́ων (genitive plural)
τῷ στᾰ́χῠῐ̈ (dative singular)
στᾰ́χυι (dative singular)
τοῖν στᾰχῠ́οιν (dative dual)
τοῖς στᾰ́χῠσῐ (dative plural)
στᾰ́χῠσῐν (dative plural)
toîs stắkhŭsĭ (dative plural)
toîs stắkhŭsĭn (dative plural)
τὸν στᾰ́χῠν (accusative singular)
τὼ στᾰ́χῠε (accusative dual)
τοὺς στᾰ́χῡς (accusative plural)
στᾰ́χῠᾰς (accusative plural)
στᾰ́χῠ (singular vocative)
στᾰ́χῠε (dual vocative)
στᾰ́χῠες (plural vocative)

Translingual: Stachys

Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *stngʰ-u-s, from a root *ste(n)gʰ- (“to stick”), and compared with Proto-Germanic *stinganą (“to sting, stick out”), Lithuanian stangùs (“fixed, stiff”), Latvian stingt (“to harden”). However, in addition to the accentuation of the Baltic terms implying a more likely proto-form of *steng-, the variant ἄσταχυς (ástakhus) could also suggest a Pre-Greek origin, which is endorsed by Beekes; see also στόνυξ (stónux, “sharp point”) and στόχος (stókhos, “erection of stone”).

cog

Spica, a star in the constellation Virgo


σκόροδον

head

σκόροδον • (skórodon)

Greek: σκόρδο (skórdo)

desc

→ Russian: скорода́ (skorodá), ско́рда (skórda)

→ Ossetian: скъуда (sk’uda), скъода (sk’oda)

→ Coptic: ⲥⲕⲁⲣⲧⲱⲛ (skartōn)

A Mediterranean substrate word of the shape *skʰodoro, found also in Old Armenian խստոր (xstor, “garlic”) and Albanian hudhër (“id”).


καρίς

grc-noun

κᾱρῑ́ς • (kārī́s) f (genitive κᾱρῖδος); third declension

κᾱρῑ́ς (canonical)
kārī́s (romanization)
κᾱρῖδος (genitive)
ἡ κᾱρῑ́ς (nominative singular)
τὼ κᾱρῖδε (dual nominative)
αἱ κᾱρῖδες (nominative plural)
τῆς κᾱρῖδος (genitive singular)
τοῖν κᾱρῑ́δοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κᾱρῑ́δων (genitive plural)
τῇ κᾱρῖδῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν κᾱρῑ́δοιν (dative dual)
ταῖς κᾱρῖσῐ (dative plural)
κᾱρῖσῐν (dative plural)
taîs kārîsĭ (dative plural)
taîs kārîsĭn (dative plural)
τὴν κᾱρῖδᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ κᾱρῖδε (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς κᾱρῖδᾰς (accusative plural)
κᾱρῑ́ς (singular vocative)
κᾱρῖδε (dual vocative)
κᾱρῖδες (plural vocative)

→ Old Armenian: կարիտոս (karitos)

The variations may point to a Pre-Greek word. Frisk derives it as a short popular form of κάραβος (kárabos, “kind of crayfish, beetle”). The exact derivation is unknown, but the element /kaɾ/ connects many names for shrimps, crayfish, scorpions and crabs, about which see Persian خرچنگ (xarčang, “crab”) and Old Armenian կարիճ (karič, “scorpion”).


θύννος

θῠ́ννος • (thŭ́nnos) m (genitive θῠ́ννου); second declension

θῠ́ννος (canonical)
thŭ́nnos (romanization)
θῠ́ννου (genitive)
ὁ θῠ́ννος (nominative singular)
τὼ θῠ́ννω (dual nominative)
οἱ θῠ́ννοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ θῠ́ννου (genitive singular)
τοῖν θῠ́ννοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν θῠ́ννων (genitive plural)
τῷ θῠ́ννῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν θῠ́ννοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς θῠ́ννοις (dative plural)
τὸν θῠ́ννον (accusative singular)
τὼ θῠ́ννω (accusative dual)
τοὺς θῠ́ννους (accusative plural)
θῠ́ννε (singular vocative)
θῠ́ννω (dual vocative)
θῠ́ννοι (plural vocative)

desctree

→ Latin: thunnus, thynnus, tunnus
Middle French: thon
→ English: tunny, thunny (archaic)
→ Irish: tuinnín
French: thon
→ Romanian: ton
→ Turkish: ton
Friulian: ton
Italian: tonno
Occitan: ton
→ Arabic: تُنّ (tunn)
→ Portuguese: atum
→ Spanish: atún
→ English: tuna
→ Arabic: تونة
→ Welsh: tiwna
→ German: Thun, Thunfisch
→ Translingual: Thunnus

→ Old Armenian: թիւնոս (tʻiwnos)

→ Old Georgian: თჳნასი (twinasi)

→ Classical Syriac: ܬܘܢܘܣ (tūnnōs)

From Phoenician equivalent to Ugaritic 𐎚𐎐𐎐 (tnn /tunnanu/) and Hebrew תַּנִּין (tannīn, “water animal, sea monster”) and also attested in three tophet stelae at Hadrumetum in the name of the peninsula in front of Monastir 𐤀𐤉𐤕𐤍𐤌 (ʾytnm /ʾī tunnīm/, literally “Island of Tunnies”) referring to its Tonnara.


ἄκανθα

grc-noun

ᾰ̓́κᾰνθᾰ • (ắkănthă) f (genitive ᾰ̓κᾰ́νθης); first declension

ᾰ̓́κᾰνθᾰ (canonical)
ắkănthă (romanization)
ᾰ̓κᾰ́νθης (genitive)
ἡ ᾰ̓́κᾰνθᾰ (nominative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓κᾰ́νθᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ ᾰ̓́κᾰνθαι (nominative plural)
τῆς ᾰ̓κᾰ́νθης (genitive singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓κᾰ́νθαιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ᾰ̓κᾰνθῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ ᾰ̓κᾰ́νθῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓κᾰ́νθαιν (dative dual)
ταῖς ᾰ̓κᾰ́νθαις (dative plural)
τὴν ᾰ̓́κᾰνθᾰν (accusative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓κᾰ́νθᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ᾰ̓κᾰ́νθᾱς (accusative plural)
ᾰ̓́κᾰνθᾰ (singular vocative)
ᾰ̓κᾰ́νθᾱ (dual vocative)
ᾰ̓́κᾰνθαι (plural vocative)

→ Greek: άκανθα (ákantha)

desc

→ Arabic: أَقَنْثَا (ʔaqanṯā)

→ Arabic: أَقَنْثَا (ʔaqanṯā)

→ New Latin: acantha

→ English: acantha

Presumably from ἀκή (akḗ, “thorn”) + ἄνθος (ánthos, “flower”). Probably not related to Sanskrit कण्टक (káṇṭaka, “thorn, thornbush; prick, needle”).

cog

Vachellia nilotica
Vachellia nilotica#Translingual

ϣⲟⲛϯ ϣⲟⲛϯ#Coptic

(Egypt) specifically Vachellia nilotica (phono-semantic matching of Coptic ϣⲟⲛϯ (šonti))


ἁλιάετος

grc-noun

ᾰ̔λῐᾱ́ετος • (hălĭā́etos) m (genitive ᾰ̔λῐᾱέτου); second declension

ᾰ̔λῐᾱ́ετος (canonical)
hălĭā́etos (romanization)
ᾰ̔λῐᾱέτου (genitive)
ὁ ᾰ̔λῐᾱ́ετος (nominative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̔λῐᾱέτω (dual nominative)
οἱ ᾰ̔λῐᾱ́ετοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ ᾰ̔λῐᾱέτου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̔λῐᾱέτοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ᾰ̔λῐᾱέτων (genitive plural)
τῷ ᾰ̔λῐᾱέτῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̔λῐᾱέτοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ᾰ̔λῐᾱέτοις (dative plural)
τὸν ᾰ̔λῐᾱ́ετον (accusative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̔λῐᾱέτω (accusative dual)
τοὺς ᾰ̔λῐᾱέτους (accusative plural)
ᾰ̔λῐᾱ́ετε (singular vocative)
ᾰ̔λῐᾱέτω (dual vocative)
ᾰ̔λῐᾱ́ετοι (plural vocative)

Latin: haliaeetus

Translingual: haliaetus

From ᾰ̔́λς (hắls, “salt, sea”) + ᾱ̓ετός (āetós, “eagle”).

af

Pandion haliaetus
Pandion haliaetus#Translingual

Haliaeetus albicilla
Haliaeetus albicilla#Translingual

uncertain: probably osprey (Pandion haliaetus) or white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla)


ὀρίγανον

grc-noun

ὀρῑ́γᾰνον • (orī́gănon) n (genitive ὀρῑγᾰ́νου); second declension

ὀρῑ́γᾰνον (canonical)
orī́gănon (romanization)
ὀρῑγᾰ́νου (genitive)
τὸ ὀρῑ́γᾰνον (nominative singular)
τὼ ὀρῑγᾰ́νω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ ὀρῑ́γᾰνᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ ὀρῑγᾰ́νου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ὀρῑγᾰ́νοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ὀρῑγᾰ́νων (genitive plural)
τῷ ὀρῑγᾰ́νῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ὀρῑγᾰ́νοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ὀρῑγᾰ́νοις (dative plural)
τὸ ὀρῑ́γᾰνον (accusative singular)
τὼ ὀρῑγᾰ́νω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ ὀρῑ́γᾰνᾰ (accusative plural)
ὀρῑ́γᾰνον (singular vocative)
ὀρῑγᾰ́νω (dual vocative)
ὀρῑ́γᾰνᾰ (plural vocative)

Latin: orīganum

Disputed; some sources claim a compound of ὄρος (óros, “mountain”) + γάνος (gános, “brightness, freshness”), though Beekes suspects that the word is a foreign borrowing and was folk-etymologically adapted to more closely resemble the supposed component words given above.


ἴυγξ

grc-noun

ἴυγξ • (íunx) f (genitive ἴυγγος); third declension

íunx (romanization)
ἴυγγος (genitive)
ἡ ἴυγξ (nominative singular)
τὼ ἴυγγε (dual nominative)
αἱ ἴυγγες (nominative plural)
τῆς ἴυγγος (genitive singular)
τοῖν ἰύγγοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ἰύγγων (genitive plural)
τῇ ἴυγγῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν ἰύγγοιν (dative dual)
ταῖς ἴυγξῐ (dative plural)
ἴυγξῐν (dative plural)
taîs íunxĭ (dative plural)
taîs íunxĭn (dative plural)
τὴν ἴυγγᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ ἴυγγε (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ἴυγγᾰς (accusative plural)
ἴυγξ (singular vocative)
ἴυγγε (dual vocative)
ἴυγγες (plural vocative)

desctree

Latin: iynx
→ Translingual: Jynx
→ English: jynx, ⇒ jyngine

From ἰύζω (iúzō, “shout, yell”). Beekes reconstructs Pre-Greek *wʲug-.

425 BCE, Aristophanes, Lysistrata 1110

Jynx torquilla
Jynx torquilla#Translingual

Eurasian wryneck (Jynx torquilla)
(figuratively) spell, charm

Eurasian wryneck (Jynx torquilla)
spell, charm

472 BCE, Aeschylus, The Persians 989

Eurasian wryneck (Jynx torquilla)
passionate yearning

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, History of Animals 2.12.4

350 BCE, Aristotle, Parts of Animals 4.12.35

175 CE – 235 CE, Claudius Aelianus, On the Nature of Animals 6.19

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Memorabilia 3.11.17


βόνασος

grc-noun

βόνᾱσος • (bónāsos) m (genitive βονᾱ́σου); second declension

βόνᾱσος (canonical)
bónāsos (romanization)
βονᾱ́σου (genitive)
ὁ βόνᾱσος (nominative singular)
τὼ βονᾱ́σω (dual nominative)
οἱ βόνᾱσοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ βονᾱ́σου (genitive singular)
τοῖν βονᾱ́σοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν βονᾱ́σων (genitive plural)
τῷ βονᾱ́σῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν βονᾱ́σοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς βονᾱ́σοις (dative plural)
τὸν βόνᾱσον (accusative singular)
τὼ βονᾱ́σω (accusative dual)
τοὺς βονᾱ́σους (accusative plural)
βόνᾱσε (singular vocative)
βονᾱ́σω (dual vocative)
βόνᾱσοι (plural vocative)

→ Latin: bonāsus

Unexplained. Generally considered to be a loanword from an Proto-Indo-European language. There have been attempts to connect it with βόλινθος (bólinthos), which is quite uncertain. Furnée tries to connect it with μόναπος (mónapos).

unk

Unexplained


κῆβος

grc-noun

κῆβος • (kêbos) m (genitive κήβου); second declension

kêbos (romanization)
κήβου (genitive)
ὁ κῆβος (nominative singular)
τὼ κήβω (dual nominative)
οἱ κῆβοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ κήβου (genitive singular)
τοῖν κήβοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κήβων (genitive plural)
τῷ κήβῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν κήβοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς κήβοις (dative plural)
τὸν κῆβον (accusative singular)
τὼ κήβω (accusative dual)
τοὺς κήβους (accusative plural)
κῆβε (singular vocative)
κήβω (dual vocative)
κῆβοι (plural vocative)

→ Latin: cephus

→ Translingual: Cebus

The Greek, but also the Latin variants, point to a Pre-Greek word. It was previously compared with Sanskrit कपि (kapi, “ape”) and Hebrew קוּף (qōf, “ape”) and assumed to be a loan from an unknown source.


κυνοκέφαλος

κῠνοκέφᾰλος • (kŭnoképhălos) m (genitive κῠνοκεφάλου); second declension

κῠνοκέφᾰλος (canonical)
kŭnoképhălos (romanization)
κῠνοκεφάλου (genitive)
ὁ κῠνοκέφᾰλος (nominative singular)
τὼ κῠνοκεφᾰ́λω (dual nominative)
οἱ κῠνοκέφᾰλοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ κῠνοκεφᾰ́λου (genitive singular)
τοῖν κῠνοκεφᾰ́λοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κῠνοκεφᾰ́λων (genitive plural)
τῷ κῠνοκεφᾰ́λῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν κῠνοκεφᾰ́λοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς κῠνοκεφᾰ́λοις (dative plural)
τὸν κῠνοκέφᾰλον (accusative singular)
τὼ κῠνοκεφᾰ́λω (accusative dual)
τοὺς κῠνοκεφᾰ́λους (accusative plural)
κῠνοκέφᾰλε (singular vocative)
κῠνοκεφᾰ́λω (dual vocative)
κῠνοκέφᾰλοι (plural vocative)

A compound of κύων (kúōn, “dog”) + κέφαλος (képhalos, “head”)


ὄρτυξ

grc-noun

ὄρτῠξ • (órtŭx) m (genitive ὄρτῠγος or ὄρτῠκος); third declension

ὄρτῠξ (canonical)
órtŭx (romanization)
ὄρτῠγος (genitive)
ὄρτῠκος (genitive)
ὁ ὄρτῠξ (nominative singular)
τὼ ὄρτῠγε (dual nominative)
οἱ ὄρτῠγες (nominative plural)
τοῦ ὄρτῠγος (genitive singular)
τοῖν ὀρτῠ́γοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ὀρτῠ́γων (genitive plural)
τῷ ὄρτῠγῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν ὀρτῠ́γοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ὄρτῠξῐ (dative plural)
ὄρτῠξῐν (dative plural)
toîs órtŭxĭ (dative plural)
toîs órtŭxĭn (dative plural)
τὸν ὄρτῠγᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ ὄρτῠγε (accusative dual)
τοὺς ὄρτῠγᾰς (accusative plural)
ὄρτῠξ (singular vocative)
ὄρτῠγε (dual vocative)
ὄρτῠγες (plural vocative)
ὁ ὄρτῠξ (nominative singular)
τὼ ὄρτῠκε (dual nominative)
οἱ ὄρτῠκες (nominative plural)
τοῦ ὄρτῠκος (genitive singular)
τοῖν ὀρτῠ́κοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ὀρτῠ́κων (genitive plural)
τῷ ὄρτῠκῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν ὀρτῠ́κοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ὄρτῠξῐ (dative plural)
ὄρτῠξῐν (dative plural)
toîs órtŭxĭ (dative plural)
toîs órtŭxĭn (dative plural)
τὸν ὄρτῠκᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ ὄρτῠκε (accusative dual)
τοὺς ὄρτῠκᾰς (accusative plural)
ὄρτῠξ (singular vocative)
ὄρτῠκε (dual vocative)
ὄρτῠκες (plural vocative)

→ Latin: ortyx

Presumably from Proto-Indo-European *wort-, whence also Sanskrit वर्तिका (vártikā), वर्तक (vartaka), but this does not account for the alternation of the ending -ῠγος (-ŭgos) ~ -ῠκος (-ŭkos), which Beekes considers characteristically Pre-Greek.

Coturnix coturnix
Coturnix coturnix#Translingual


ὑάκινθος

ῠ̔ᾰ́κινθος • (hŭắkinthos) m (genitive ῠ̔ᾰκίνθου); second declension

ῠ̔ᾰ́κινθος (canonical)
hŭắkinthos (romanization)
ῠ̔ᾰκίνθου (genitive)
ὁ ὑάκινθος (nominative singular)
τὼ ὑακίνθω (dual nominative)
οἱ ὑάκινθοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ ὑακίνθου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ὑακίνθοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ὑακίνθων (genitive plural)
τῷ ὑακίνθῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ὑακίνθοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ὑακίνθοις (dative plural)
τὸν ὑάκινθον (accusative singular)
τὼ ὑακίνθω (accusative dual)
τοὺς ὑακίνθους (accusative plural)
ὑάκινθε (singular vocative)
ὑακίνθω (dual vocative)
ὑάκινθοι (plural vocative)

Greek: υάκινθος (yákinthos)

desc

→ Classical Syriac: ܝܩܘܢܕܐ (yāqūndāʾ, yaqqūndāʾ), ܝܘܩܢܛܐ (yūqanṭāʾ, “jacinth”)

יָקִינְתּוֹן

→ Hebrew: יָקִינְתּוֹן (yakintón)

desctree

→ Latin: hyacinthus
→ Catalan: jacint
→ English: hyacinth
→ French: hyacinthe
→ German: Hyazinthe
→ Russian: гиаци́нт (giacínt)
→ Old French: jacinte
French: jacinthe
→ Middle English: jacynct, jacinct, jacinctus, jacinkte, jacint, jacyncte, jacyngh, jacynt, jasynkt
English: jacinth
Scots: jacinct (obsolete)
→ Middle High German: jāchant
→ Polish: jachant
→ Old East Slavic: ꙗхонт (jaxont)
Russian: я́хонт (jáxont)
Ukrainian: я́хонт (jáxont)
→ Hungarian: jácint
→ Italian: giacinto
→ Spanish: jacinto
→ Serbo-Croatian: hijàcint / хија̀цинт
→ Swedish: hyacint
→ Finnish: hyasintti

desc

→ Middle Persian: yʾknd (yākand, “ruby”)

Persian: یاکند (yâkand)

desctree

→ Old Armenian: յակինթ (yakintʻ), յակինթոս (yakintʻos), յակունդ (yakund), յակինդ (yakind), յաթինկոս (yatʻinkos) — misspelling
Middle Armenian: յակինթ (yakintʻ)
→ Armenian: հակինթ (hakintʻ)
→ Georgian: იაკინთი (iaḳinti)

desc

→ Old Church Slavonic: акинтъ (akintŭ), акунтъ (akuntŭ), ꙗкинфъ (jakinfŭ)

→ Parthian:

Manichaean script: 𐫏𐫀𐫐𐫇𐫗𐫅 (yʾkwnd /yākund/)

→ Sogdian: [script needed] (yγwth /yaγūt/, “ruby”)

desctree

→ Arabic: يَاقُوت (yāqūt)
→ Afar: yaagút
→ Bengali: ইয়াকুত (iẏakut), এয়াকুত (eẏakut)
→ Swahili: yakuti
→ Northern Kurdish: yaqût
→ Middle Armenian: եաղութ (eaġutʻ)
→ Persian: یاقوت (yâqut)
→ Ottoman Turkish: یاقوت (yakut)
Turkish: yakut
→ Albanian: jakut
→ Romanian: iacut
→ Serbo-Croatian: jàkut /ја̀кут
→ Ubykh: еқуҭ (ekut)
→ Hindustani:
Hindi: याक़ूत (yāqūt)
Urdu: یَاقُوت (yāqūt)
→ Uyghur: ياقۇت (yaqut)
→ Uzbek: yoqut

Of Pre-Greek or other Mediterranean substrate origin and possibly related to Latin vaccinium. Note the Pre-Greek suffix -ινθ- (-inth-).

Scilla bifolia
Wikispecies:Scilla bifolia

Consolida ajacis
Consolida ajacis#Translingual

Delphinium ajacis
Delphinium ajacis#Translingual

The larkspur (Consolida ajacis, syn. Delphinium ajacis)

Huákinthos, “dark red, purple”, again see Latin vaccinium


βύβλος

grc-noun

βῠ́βλος • (bŭ́blos) f (genitive βῠ́βλου); second declension

βῠ́βλος (canonical)
bŭ́blos (romanization)
βῠ́βλου (genitive)
ἡ βῠ́βλος (nominative singular)
τὼ βῠ́βλω (dual nominative)
αἱ βῠ́βλοι (nominative plural)
τῆς βῠ́βλου (genitive singular)
τοῖν βῠ́βλοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν βῠ́βλων (genitive plural)
τῇ βῠ́βλῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν βῠ́βλοιν (dative dual)
ταῖς βῠ́βλοις (dative plural)
τὴν βῠ́βλον (accusative singular)
τὼ βῠ́βλω (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς βῠ́βλους (accusative plural)
βῠ́βλε (singular vocative)
βῠ́βλω (dual vocative)
βῠ́βλοι (plural vocative)

Traditionally derived from Βύβλος (Búblos, “Byblos (ancient city)”) (whence it was imported). However, it has been suggested that the town was named after this word rather than the other way around (which would render the Semitic etymologies given for the town name as folk etymology), and that the word is of Pre-Greek origin.

papyrus (both in reference to the plant and writings using the paper-like material derived from the plant)


λείριον

λείριον • (leírion) n (genitive λειρίου); second declension

leírion (romanization)
λειρίου (genitive)
τὸ λείριον (nominative singular)
τὼ λειρίω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ λείριᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ λειρίου (genitive singular)
τοῖν λειρίοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν λειρίων (genitive plural)
τῷ λειρίῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν λειρίοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς λειρίοις (dative plural)
τὸ λείριον (accusative singular)
τὼ λειρίω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ λείριᾰ (accusative plural)
λείριον (singular vocative)
λειρίω (dual vocative)
λείριᾰ (plural vocative)

Greek: λειρί (leirí, “cock's comb”)

→ Latin: līlium (see there for further descendants)

→ Translingual: Lilium

→ Serbo-Croatian: lijȇr

Borrowed from an eastern Mediterranean substrate language. One likely candidate is the ancestor of Fayyumic Coptic ϩⲗⲏⲣⲓ (hlēri) (compare Sahidic Coptic ϩⲣⲏⲣⲉ (hrēre)). Similar words in other languages, probably from the same source, include Albanian lule (“flower”), Hittite [script needed] (alil-, “flower”).


κρίνον

grc-noun

κρῐ́νον • (krĭ́non) n (genitive κρῐ́νου); second declension

κρῐ́νον (canonical)
krĭ́non (romanization)
κρῐ́νου (genitive)
τὸ κρῐ́νον (nominative singular)
τὼ κρῐ́νω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ κρῐ́νᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ κρῐ́νου (genitive singular)
τοῖν κρῐ́νοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κρῐ́νων (genitive plural)
τῷ κρῐ́νῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν κρῐ́νοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς κρῐ́νοις (dative plural)
τὸ κρῐ́νον (accusative singular)
τὼ κρῐ́νω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ κρῐ́νᾰ (accusative plural)
κρῐ́νον (singular vocative)
κρῐ́νω (dual vocative)
κρῐ́νᾰ (plural vocative)
τᾰ̀ κρῐ́νεᾰ (nominative plural)
τῶν κρῐνέων (genitive plural)
τοῖσῐ (dative plural)
τοῖσῐν κρῐ́νεσῐ (dative plural)
κρῐ́νεσῐν (dative plural)
toîsĭ krĭ́nesĭ (dative plural)
toîsĭ krĭ́nesĭn (dative plural)
toîsĭnĭ (dative plural)
toîsĭnĭn (dative plural)
τᾰ̀ κρῐ́νεᾰ (accusative plural)
κρῐ́νεᾰ (plural vocative)

Greek: κρίνο (kríno)

Unknown; presumedly of foreign or substrate origin.

καταμάθετε τὰ κρίνα τοῦ ἀγροῦ πῶς αὐξάνουσιν· οὐ κοπιῶσιν οὐδὲ νήθουσιν·

70 CE – 110 CE, The Gospel of Matthew 6:28

See how the flowers of the field grow. They do not labor or spin.

katamáthete tà krína toû agroû pôs auxánousin; ou kopiôsin oudè nḗthousin;


ζιγγίβερις

ζιγγίβερῐς • (zingíberĭs) f (genitive ζιγγῐβέρεως); third declension

ζιγγίβερῐς (canonical)
zingíberĭs (romanization)
ζιγγῐβέρεως (genitive)
ἡ ζιγγίβερῐς (nominative singular)
τῆς ζιγγιβέρεως (genitive singular)
τῇ ζιγγιβέρει (dative singular)
τὴν ζιγγίβερῐν (accusative singular)
ζιγγίβερῐ (singular vocative)

desc

Greek: ζιγγίβερη f (zingíveri), ζιγγίβερι n (zingíveri), ζίγγιβερ n (zíngiver), ζινζίβεριν n (zinzíverin), ζιντζίβερ n (zintzíver), ζιτζίβερ n (zitzíver), ζιτζίβερι n (zitzíveri), ζιτζίβερις f (zitzíveris)

→ Latin: zingiberi (see there for further descendants)

זַנְגְּבִילָא

→ Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: זַנְגְּבִילָא (zingivila)

→ Hebrew: גִּנְבָּר (ginbār)

Via unattested Middle Iranian from Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀲𑀺𑀁𑀕𑀺𑀯𑁂𑀭 (siṃgivera), which see for comparisons.

Diosc. 2.190


μάραθον

grc-noun

μᾰ́ρᾰθον • (mắrăthon) n (genitive μᾰρᾰ́θου); second declension

μᾰ́ρᾰθον (canonical)
mắrăthon (romanization)
μᾰρᾰ́θου (genitive)
τὸ μᾰ́ρᾰθον (nominative singular)
τὼ μᾰρᾰ́θω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ μᾰ́ρᾰθᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ μᾰρᾰ́θου (genitive singular)
τοῖν μᾰρᾰ́θοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν μᾰρᾰ́θων (genitive plural)
τῷ μᾰρᾰ́θῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν μᾰρᾰ́θοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς μᾰρᾰ́θοις (dative plural)
τὸ μᾰ́ρᾰθον (accusative singular)
τὼ μᾰρᾰ́θω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ μᾰ́ρᾰθᾰ (accusative plural)
μᾰ́ρᾰθον (singular vocative)
μᾰρᾰ́θω (dual vocative)
μᾰ́ρᾰθᾰ (plural vocative)

grc-decl

The Greek Word Study Tool at Perseus gives μαραθών as the genitive plural

→? Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: maraj

> Greek: μάραθο (máratho) (inherited)

desctree

→ Latin: marathrum, marathum, maratum
>? Romanian: mărar
→? Old Church Slavonic: молотрь (molotrĭ)
>? Dalmatian:
→ Serbo-Croatian: mȍtar (“sea fennel”)

Probably a Pre-Greek loan of foreign origin. Compare Albanian maraj.


ψάρ

grc-noun

ψᾱ́ρ • (psā́r) m (genitive ψᾱρός); third declension

ψᾱ́ρ (canonical)
psā́r (romanization)
ψᾱρός (genitive)
ὁ ψᾱ́ρ (nominative singular)
τὼ ψᾶρε (dual nominative)
οἱ ψᾶρες (nominative plural)
τοῦ ψᾱρός (genitive singular)
τοῖν ψᾱροῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν ψᾱρῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ ψᾱρῐ́ (dative singular)
τοῖν ψᾱροῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς ψᾱρσῐ́ (dative plural)
ψᾱρσῐ́ν (dative plural)
toîs psārsĭ́(n) (dative plural)
τὸν ψᾶρᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ ψᾶρε (accusative dual)
τοὺς ψᾶρᾰς (accusative plural)
ψᾱ́ρ (singular vocative)
ψᾶρε (dual vocative)
ψᾶρες (plural vocative)

From Proto-Hellenic *spḗr, from Proto-Indo-European *spḗr (“sparrow, bird”). Cognate with English sparrow.

der

τῶν δ’ ὥς τε ψαρῶν νέφος ἔρχεται ἠὲ κολοιῶν οὖλον κεκλήγοντες...

And as a cloud of starlings or daws flies, shrieking cries of doom...

tôn d’ hṓs te psarôn néphos érkhetai ēè koloiôn oûlon keklḗgontes...

Sturnus vulgaris
Sturnus vulgaris#Translingual


βράγχιον

grc-noun

βρᾰ́γχῐον • (brắnkhĭon) n (genitive βρᾰγχῐ́ου); second declension

βρᾰ́γχῐον (canonical)
brắnkhĭon (romanization)
βρᾰγχῐ́ου (genitive)
τὸ βρᾰ́γχῐον (nominative singular)
τὼ βρᾰγχῐ́ω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ βρᾰ́γχῐᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ βρᾰγχῐ́ου (genitive singular)
τοῖν βρᾰγχῐ́οιν (dual genitive)
τῶν βρᾰγχῐ́ων (genitive plural)
τῷ βρᾰγχῐ́ῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν βρᾰγχῐ́οιν (dative dual)
τοῖς βρᾰγχῐ́οις (dative plural)
τὸ βρᾰ́γχῐον (accusative singular)
τὼ βρᾰγχῐ́ω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ βρᾰ́γχῐᾰ (accusative plural)
βρᾰ́γχῐον (singular vocative)
βρᾰγχῐ́ω (dual vocative)
βρᾰ́γχῐᾰ (plural vocative)

Greek: βράγχιο (vránchio)

desctree

Latin: branchia
→ Catalan: brànquia
→ English: branchia
→ Spanish: branchia
→ French: branchie
Italian: branchia
Sicilian: vranchia

Possible relation to βρόγχος (brónkhos, “trachea, windpipe, throat”), βρογχία (bronkhía, “system of ducts connecting heart with liver”).


γρύψ

grc-noun

γρῡ́ψ • (grū́ps) m (genitive γρῡπός); third declension

γρῡ́ψ (canonical)
grū́ps (romanization)
γρῡπός (genitive)
ὁ γρῡ́ψ (nominative singular)
τὼ γρῦπε (dual nominative)
οἱ γρῦπες (nominative plural)
τοῦ γρῡπός (genitive singular)
τοῖν γρῡποῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν γρῡπῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ γρῡπῐ́ (dative singular)
τοῖν γρῡποῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς γρῡψῐ́ (dative plural)
γρῡψῐ́ν (dative plural)
toîs grūpsĭ́(n) (dative plural)
τὸν γρῦπᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ γρῦπε (accusative dual)
τοὺς γρῦπᾰς (accusative plural)
γρῡ́ψ (singular vocative)
γρῦπε (dual vocative)
γρῦπες (plural vocative)

Greek: γρύπας (grýpas)

→ Latin: grȳps (see there for further descendants)

→ Russian: грифо́н (grifón)

Uncertain. Commonly linked to γρυπός (grupós, “curved”), which is from Proto-Indo-European *ger- (“to turn, twist, bend, wind”), related to Old English crumb, crump (“bent, crooked”), Old High German krump.
Beekes and Klein dismiss an Indo-European origin and instead suggest Pre-Greek; possibly borrowed via Hittite or some other Anatolian medium from a Semitic word related to Akkadian 𒅗𒆕𒁍 (karūbu) and Hebrew כרוב (kerúv), in which case a doublet of χερούβ (kheroúb).

der

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 3.116, (compare Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 395)


σῖτος

grc-noun

σῖτος • (sîtos) m (genitive σῑ́του); second declension

sîtos (romanization)
σῑ́του (genitive)
ὁ σῖτος (nominative singular)
τοῦ σῑ́του (genitive singular)
τῷ σῑ́τῳ (dative singular)
τὸν σῖτον (accusative singular)
σῖτε (singular vocative)
τᾰ̀ σῖτᾰ (nominative plural)
τῶν σῑ́των (genitive plural)
τοῖς σῑ́τοις (dative plural)
τᾰ̀ σῖτᾰ (accusative plural)
σῖτᾰ (plural vocative)

→ English: sito-

Greek: σίτος (sítos)

→ Italian: sito-

Of uncertain origin, though probably of Indo-European origin. Similar words in other languages include Proto-Balto-Slavic *géiˀta (“grain, corn”), Proto-Germanic *hwaitijaz (“wheat”), Basque zitu (“corn, harvest”), and Sumerian [script needed] (zid, “flour”), which are often taken as donor languages to Greek.
A more recent theory by Janda has explained it as the substantivization of an adjective *σῑτό- (*sītó-, “threshed”), derived from Proto-Indo-European *tih₂-tó- (“struck”), a participle from the newly suggested verbal root *tyeh₂- (“to strike, hit”), which is apparently also seen in Hittite [script needed] (zāḫ-ᶦ, “to hit, beat”). Then σῆμα (sêma, “sign, mark”) (< *tiéh₂-mn (“what is carved”)), σῶμα (sôma, “corpse”) (< *tióh₂-mn (“the killed one”)), and σῑμός (sīmós, “snub-nosed”) (< *tih₂-mó- (“flattened”)) could be related. Beekes is doubtful of Janda's derivation, due to the wide range of supposed meanings within only one language (Greek) and the lack of a direct "strike" meaning within Greek.

cog

grain, corn (in the British sense, encompassing wheat and barley, the cereal grains used by the ancient Greeks)


σφήξ

grc-noun

σφήξ • (sphḗx) m (genitive σφηκός); third declension

sphḗx (romanization)
σφηκός (genitive)
ὁ σφήξ (nominative singular)
τὼ σφῆκε (dual nominative)
οἱ σφῆκες (nominative plural)
τοῦ σφηκός (genitive singular)
τοῖν σφηκοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν σφηκῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ σφηκῐ́ (dative singular)
τοῖν σφηκοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς σφηξῐ́ (dative plural)
σφηξῐ́ν (dative plural)
toîs sphēxĭ́(n) (dative plural)
τὸν σφῆκᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ σφῆκε (accusative dual)
τοὺς σφῆκᾰς (accusative plural)
σφήξ (singular vocative)
σφῆκε (dual vocative)
σφῆκες (plural vocative)

Greek: σφήκα (sfíka)

Translingual (genus name): Sphex

→ English: sphex

Generally considered to be from Proto-Indo-European *bʰey- (“bee”). Beekes rejects this in favor of a Pre-Greek origin possibly shared with ψήν (psḗn, “gall-insect”). Or, possible connection with σφάκελος (sphákelos, “necrosis, spasm, convulsion”), referring to the sting, though the sense remains uncertain.
Compare Latin fūcus (“drone, bee”).