σίλφιον

grc-noun

σῐ́λφῐον • (sĭ́lphĭon) n (genitive σῐλφῐ́ου); second declension

σῐ́λφῐον (canonical)
sĭ́lphĭon (romanization)
σῐλφῐ́ου (genitive)
τὸ σῐ́λφῐον (nominative singular)
τὼ σῐλφῐ́ω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ σῐ́λφῐᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ σῐλφῐ́ου (genitive singular)
τοῖν σῐλφῐ́οιν (dual genitive)
τῶν σῐλφῐ́ων (genitive plural)
τῷ σῐλφῐ́ῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν σῐλφῐ́οιν (dative dual)
τοῖς σῐλφῐ́οις (dative plural)
τὸ σῐ́λφῐον (accusative singular)
τὼ σῐλφῐ́ω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ σῐ́λφῐᾰ (accusative plural)
σῐ́λφῐον (singular vocative)
σῐλφῐ́ω (dual vocative)
σῐ́λφῐᾰ (plural vocative)


κάραβος

κᾱ́ρᾰβος • (kā́răbos) m (genitive κᾱρᾰ́βου); second declension

κᾱ́ρᾰβος (canonical)
kā́răbos (romanization)
κᾱρᾰ́βου (genitive)
ὁ κᾱ́ρᾰβος (nominative singular)
τὼ κᾱρᾰ́βω (dual nominative)
οἱ κᾱ́ρᾰβοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ κᾱρᾰ́βου (genitive singular)
τοῖν κᾱρᾰ́βοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κᾱρᾰ́βων (genitive plural)
τῷ κᾱρᾰ́βῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν κᾱρᾰ́βοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς κᾱρᾰ́βοις (dative plural)
τὸν κᾱ́ρᾰβον (accusative singular)
τὼ κᾱρᾰ́βω (accusative dual)
τοὺς κᾱρᾰ́βους (accusative plural)
κᾱ́ρᾰβε (singular vocative)
κᾱρᾰ́βω (dual vocative)
κᾱ́ρᾰβοι (plural vocative)

→ Old Armenian: կարապոս (karapos)

Origin unclear; the irregular suffix and phonetics suggest a Pre-Greek, Ancient Macedonian, or Semitic loan. Also see Latin scarabaeus, carabus, Armenian քարբ (kʻarb); Arabic عَقْرَب (ʕaqrab) and قَارِب (qārib), likely from the same substrate source.

a kind of beetle, probably a longhorn beetle


κίχλη

κῐ́χλη • (kĭ́khlē) f (genitive κῐ́χλης); first declension

κῐ́χλη (canonical)
kĭ́khlē (romanization)
κῐ́χλης (genitive)
ἡ κῐ́χλη (nominative singular)
τὼ κῐ́χλᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ κῐ́χλαι (nominative plural)
τῆς κῐ́χλης (genitive singular)
τοῖν κῐ́χλαιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κῐχλῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ κῐ́χλῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν κῐ́χλαιν (dative dual)
ταῖς κῐ́χλαις (dative plural)
τὴν κῐ́χλην (accusative singular)
τὼ κῐ́χλᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς κῐ́χλᾱς (accusative plural)
κῐ́χλη (singular vocative)
κῐ́χλᾱ (dual vocative)
κῐ́χλαι (plural vocative)

→ New Latin: Cichla (learned)

⇒ New Latin: Cichlidae

→ English: cichlid (learned)

→ French: cichlidé (learned)

→ Swedish: ciklid (learned)


κόσσυφος

κόσσῠφος • (kóssŭphos) m (genitive κοσσῠ́φου); second declension

κόσσῠφος (canonical)
kóssŭphos (romanization)
κοσσῠ́φου (genitive)
ὁ κόσσῠφος (nominative singular)
τὼ κοσσῠ́φω (dual nominative)
οἱ κόσσῠφοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ κοσσῠ́φου (genitive singular)
τοῖν κοσσῠ́φοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κοσσῠ́φων (genitive plural)
τῷ κοσσῠ́φῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν κοσσῠ́φοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς κοσσῠ́φοις (dative plural)
τὸν κόσσῠφον (accusative singular)
τὼ κοσσῠ́φω (accusative dual)
τοὺς κοσσῠ́φους (accusative plural)
κόσσῠφε (singular vocative)
κοσσῠ́φω (dual vocative)
κόσσῠφοι (plural vocative)

desc

Greek: κότσυφος m (kótsyfos, “blackbird”)

κοτσύφι n (kotsýfi, “blackbird”)

Κοσσυφοπέδιο n (Kossyfopédio, “Kosovo”)

Κοσσυφοπόλις n (Kossyfopólis, “Kosovo”)

Has been connected with Proto-Slavic *kosъ (“blackbird”) and with Ancient Greek κόπτω (kóptō, “to strike, to blow”), but according to Beekes, of Pre-Greek origin.


περιστερά

grc-noun

περιστερᾱ́ • (peristerā́) f (genitive περιστερᾶς); first declension

περιστερᾱ́ (canonical)
peristerā́ (romanization)
περιστερᾶς (genitive)
ἡ περιστερᾱ́ (nominative singular)
τὼ περιστερᾱ́ (dual nominative)
αἱ περιστεραί (nominative plural)
τῆς περιστερᾶς (genitive singular)
τοῖν περιστεραῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν περιστερῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ περιστερᾷ (dative singular)
τοῖν περιστεραῖν (dative dual)
ταῖς περιστεραῖς (dative plural)
τὴν περιστερᾱ́ν (accusative singular)
τὼ περιστερᾱ́ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς περιστερᾱ́ς (accusative plural)
περιστερᾱ́ (singular vocative)
περιστερᾱ́ (dual vocative)
περιστεραί (plural vocative)

desc

English: peristeria, peristerion, peristerite, peristeronic, peristeropodous, philoperisteron

Pre-Greek. Or from Semitic origin perah Ishtar [?] ("a bird of goddess Ishtar").


ἀλεκτρυών

grc-noun

ᾰ̓λεκτρῠόνος

ᾰ̓λεκτρῠών • (ălektrŭṓn) m or f (genitive ᾰ̓λεκτρῠόνος); third declension

ᾰ̓λεκτρῠών (canonical)
ălektrŭṓn (romanization)
ᾰ̓λεκτρῠόνος (genitive)
ὁ (nominative singular)
ἡ ᾰ̓λεκτρῠών (nominative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓λεκτρῠόνε (dual nominative)
οἱ (nominative plural)
αἱ ᾰ̓λεκτρῠόνες (nominative plural)
τοῦ (genitive singular)
τῆς ᾰ̓λεκτρῠόνος (genitive singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓λεκτρῠόνοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ᾰ̓λεκτρῠόνων (genitive plural)
τῷ (dative singular)
τῇ ᾰ̓λεκτρῠόνῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓λεκτρῠόνοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς (dative plural)
ταῖς ᾰ̓λεκτρῠόσῐ (dative plural)
ᾰ̓λεκτρῠόσῐν (dative plural)
toîs (dative plural)
taîs ălektrŭósĭ (dative plural)
taîs ălektrŭósĭn (dative plural)
τὸν (accusative singular)
τὴν ᾰ̓λεκτρῠόνᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓λεκτρῠόνε (accusative dual)
τοὺς (accusative plural)
τᾱ̀ς ᾰ̓λεκτρῠόνᾰς (accusative plural)
ᾰ̓λεκτρῠών (singular vocative)
ᾰ̓λεκτρῠόνε (dual vocative)
ᾰ̓λεκτρῠόνες (plural vocative)

grc-decl

ᾰ̓λεκτρῠόνος

From ᾰ̓λέκτωρ (ăléktōr, “cock, rooster”) + -υών (-uṓn, an obscure suffix also appearing in ἀλκυών (alkuṓn, “kingfisher”)). The first element is the agentive noun of ᾰ̓λέξω (ăléxō, “ward off”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂lek-s-, an *s-derivative of *h₂lek- (“protect”). Compare Mycenaean Greek 𐀀𐀨𐀓𐀶𐀬𐀺 (a-ra-ku-tu-ru-wo /Alektruōn/).

affix

an obscure suffix also appearing in <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">ἀλκυών</i> (alkuṓn, “kingfisher”)


κίγκλος

grc-noun

κίγκλος • (kínklos) m (genitive κίγκλου); second declension

kínklos (romanization)
κίγκλου (genitive)
ὁ κῐ́γκλος (nominative singular)
τὼ κῐ́γκλω (dual nominative)
οἱ κῐ́γκλοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ κῐ́γκλου (genitive singular)
τοῖν κῐ́γκλοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κῐ́γκλων (genitive plural)
τῷ κῐ́γκλῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν κῐ́γκλοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς κῐ́γκλοις (dative plural)
τὸν κῐ́γκλον (accusative singular)
τὼ κῐ́γκλω (accusative dual)
τοὺς κῐ́γκλους (accusative plural)
κῐ́γκλε (singular vocative)
κῐ́γκλω (dual vocative)
κῐ́γκλοι (plural vocative)

Translingual: Cinclus

The variations show that the word is Pre-Greek, thus not related to Sanskrit चञ्चल (cañcala, “nimble, shaking, flickering”).

cog

Cinclus cinclus
Cinclus cinclus#Translingual


πέλεια

grc-noun

πέλειᾰ • (péleiă) f (genitive πελείᾱς); first declension

πέλειᾰ (canonical)
péleiă (romanization)
πελείᾱς (genitive)
ἡ πέλειᾰ (nominative singular)
τὼ πελείᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ πέλειαι (nominative plural)
τῆς πελείᾱς (genitive singular)
τοῖν πελείαιν (dual genitive)
τῶν πελειῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ πελείᾳ (dative singular)
τοῖν πελείαιν (dative dual)
ταῖς πελείαις (dative plural)
τὴν πέλειᾰν (accusative singular)
τὼ πελείᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς πελείᾱς (accusative plural)
πέλειᾰ (singular vocative)
πελείᾱ (dual vocative)
πέλειαι (plural vocative)

From a hypothetical u-stem *πελύς (*pelús, “gray”), from Proto-Indo-European *pelH- (“gray”). Compare Latin palumbēs (“dove”).

a prophetic priestess of Dodona (usually in plural)


βωλίτης

βωλῑ́της • (bōlī́tēs) m (genitive βωλῑ́του); first declension

βωλῑ́της (canonical)
bōlī́tēs (romanization)
βωλῑ́του (genitive)
ὁ βωλῑ́της (nominative singular)
τὼ βωλῑ́τᾱ (dual nominative)
οἱ βωλῖται (nominative plural)
τοῦ βωλῑ́του (genitive singular)
τοῖν βωλῑ́ταιν (dual genitive)
τῶν βωλῑτῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ βωλῑ́τῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν βωλῑ́ταιν (dative dual)
τοῖς βωλῑ́ταις (dative plural)
τὸν βωλῑ́την (accusative singular)
τὼ βωλῑ́τᾱ (accusative dual)
τοὺς βωλῑ́τᾱς (accusative plural)
βωλῖτᾰ (singular vocative)
βωλῑ́τᾱ (dual vocative)
βωλῖται (plural vocative)

According to Beekes, the original form βωλήτης (bōlḗtēs) was borrowed from Latin bōlētus, named after the town Boletum (present day Boltaña in Spain, famous for its mushrooms). βωλίτης was remodelled after its derivatives and borrowed back into Latin again by Pliny. The meaning of "root" is influenced by βῶλος (bôlos).
Perhaps cognate with Proto-Slavic *bъdla.

mushroom, especially champignon (Agaricus bisporus)


ἀετός

ᾱ̓ετός • (āetós) m (genitive ᾱ̓ετοῦ); second declension

ᾱ̓ετός (canonical)
āetós (romanization)
ᾱ̓ετοῦ (genitive)
ὁ ᾱ̓ετός (nominative singular)
τὼ ᾱ̓ετώ (dual nominative)
οἱ ᾱ̓ετοί (nominative plural)
τοῦ ᾱ̓ετοῦ (genitive singular)
τοῖν ᾱ̓ετοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν ᾱ̓ετῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ ᾱ̓ετῷ (dative singular)
τοῖν ᾱ̓ετοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς ᾱ̓ετοῖς (dative plural)
τὸν ᾱ̓ετόν (accusative singular)
τὼ ᾱ̓ετώ (accusative dual)
τοὺς ᾱ̓ετούς (accusative plural)
ᾱ̓ετέ (singular vocative)
ᾱ̓ετώ (dual vocative)
ᾱ̓ετοί (plural vocative)

Greek: αϊτός m (aïtós) / αετός m (aetós, “eagle”), χαρταετός (chartaetós, “kite (toy)”)

desc

Translingual: Circaetus, Ictinaetus, Gypaetus, Haliaeetus (via ἁλιαίετος (haliaíetos, “osprey”)), Hieraaetus,

→ Samoan: aeto

→ Tokelauan: āeto

From Proto-Hellenic *ayyetós, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewyetós, from *h₂éwis (“bird”). Cognate with Sanskrit वि (ví), Latin avis, Old Armenian հաւ (haw).


χήν

grc-noun

χήν • (khḗn) m or f (genitive χηνός); third declension

khḗn (romanization)
χηνός (genitive)
ὁ (nominative singular)
ἡ χήν (nominative singular)
τὼ χῆνε (dual nominative)
οἱ (nominative plural)
αἱ χῆνες (nominative plural)
τοῦ (genitive singular)
τῆς χηνός (genitive singular)
τοῖν χηνοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν χηνῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ (dative singular)
τῇ χηνῐ́ (dative singular)
τοῖν χηνοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς (dative plural)
ταῖς χησῐ́ (dative plural)
χησῐ́ν (dative plural)
toîs (dative plural)
taîs khēsĭ́(n) (dative plural)
τὸν (accusative singular)
τὴν χῆνᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ χῆνε (accusative dual)
τοὺς (accusative plural)
τᾱ̀ς χῆνᾰς (accusative plural)
χήν (singular vocative)
χῆνε (dual vocative)
χῆνες (plural vocative)

Greek: χήνα (chína)

From Proto-Hellenic *kʰā́n, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰh₂éns (“goose”). Cognates include Sanskrit हंस (haṃsá), Latin ānser, Russian гусь (gusʹ), Old English gōs (English goose), and Albanian gatë (“heron”).


ὄϊς

ὄϊς • (óïs) m or f (genitive ὄϊος); third declension

óïs (romanization)
ὄϊος (genitive)
ὄϊς (nominative singular)
ὄϊες (nominative plural)
ὄϊος (genitive singular)
ὀΐων (genitive plural)
ὀῑ̈́ (dative singular)
ὀΐεσσι (dative plural)
ὀΐεσσιν (dative plural)
ὄεσσῐ (dative plural)
ὄεσσῐν (dative plural)
oḯessi (dative plural)
oḯessin (dative plural)
óessĭ (dative plural)
óessĭn (dative plural)
ὄϊν (accusative singular)
ὄῑ̈ς (accusative plural)
ὄϊς (singular vocative)
ὄϊες (plural vocative)

grc-decl

ὀΐεσσι(ν), ὄεσσῐ(ν)


οἶς

grc-noun

οἶς • (oîs) m or f (genitive οἰός); third declension

oîs (romanization)
οἰός (genitive)
ὁ (nominative singular)
ἡ οἶς (nominative singular)
τὼ οἶε (dual nominative)
οἱ (nominative plural)
αἱ οἶες (nominative plural)
τοῦ (genitive singular)
τῆς οἰός (genitive singular)
τοῖν οἰοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν οἰῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ (dative singular)
τῇ οἰί (dative singular)
τοῖν οἰοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς (dative plural)
ταῖς οἰσί (dative plural)
οἰσίν (dative plural)
toîs (dative plural)
taîs oisí (dative plural)
taîs oisín (dative plural)
τὸν (accusative singular)
τὴν οἶν (accusative singular)
τὼ οἶε (accusative dual)
τοὺς (accusative plural)
τᾱ̀ς οἶς (accusative plural)
οἶ (singular vocative)
οἶε (dual vocative)
οἶες (plural vocative)

Contracted form of ὄϊς (óïs), from Proto-Hellenic *ówis, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ówis. Cognate with Sanskrit अवि (ávi), Latin ovis, and Old English eowu (English ewe).


οὖθαρ

οὖθᾰρ • (oûthăr) n (genitive οὔθᾰτος); third declension

οὖθᾰρ (canonical)
oûthăr (romanization)
οὔθᾰτος (genitive)
τὸ οὖθᾰρ (nominative singular)
τὼ οὔθᾰτε (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ οὔθᾰτᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ οὔθᾰτος (genitive singular)
τοῖν οὐθᾰ́τοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν οὐθᾰ́των (genitive plural)
τῷ οὔθᾰτῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν οὐθᾰ́τοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς οὔθᾰσῐ (dative plural)
οὔθᾰσῐν (dative plural)
toîs oúthăsĭ (dative plural)
toîs oúthăsĭn (dative plural)
τὸ οὖθᾰρ (accusative singular)
τὼ οὔθᾰτε (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ οὔθᾰτᾰ (accusative plural)
οὖθᾰρ (singular vocative)
οὔθᾰτε (dual vocative)
οὔθᾰτᾰ (plural vocative)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁ówHdʰr̥. Cognates include Vedic Sanskrit ऊधर् (ū́dhar), Latin ūber, Old English ūder, and modern English udder.


ἔγχελυς

ἔγχελῠς • (énkhelŭs) f (genitive ἐγχέλῠος); third declension

ἔγχελῠς (canonical)
énkhelŭs (romanization)
ἐγχέλῠος (genitive)
ἡ ἔγχελῠς (nominative singular)
τὼ ἐγχέλῠε (dual nominative)
αἱ ἐγχέλῠες (nominative plural)
τῆς ἐγχέλῠος (genitive singular)
τοῖν ἐγχελῠ́οιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ἐγχελῠ́ων (genitive plural)
τῇ ἐγχέλῠῐ̈ (dative singular)
ἐγχέλυι (dative singular)
τοῖν ἐγχελῠ́οιν (dative dual)
ταῖς ἐγχέλῠσῐ (dative plural)
ἐγχέλῠσῐν (dative plural)
taîs enkhélŭsĭ (dative plural)
taîs enkhélŭsĭn (dative plural)
τὴν ἔγχελῠν (accusative singular)
τὼ ἐγχέλῠε (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ἐγχέλῡς (accusative plural)
ἐγχέλῠᾰς (accusative plural)
ἔγχελῠ (singular vocative)
ἐγχέλῠε (dual vocative)
ἐγχέλῠες (plural vocative)

q

from diminutive <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">ἐγχέλειον</i> (enkhéleion), through Koine and Byzantine Greek

Greek: χέλι (chéli) (from diminutive ἐγχέλειον (enkhéleion), through Koine and Byzantine Greek)

desc

→ Classical Syriac: ܐܢܩܗܠܝܣ, ܐܢܩܠܣܐ, ܐܢܩܠܝܣ

→ Arabic: أَنْقَلِيس (ʔanqalīs)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂engʷʰ- (“water-worm, eel”). Cognate with Latin anguilla (“eel”), Old High German angar (“mealworm, larva, grub”) (Modern German Engerling), Russian у́горь (úgorʹ), Lithuanian ungurỹs.
Influenced by ἔχις (ékhis, “snake”), in a same way Latin anguilla (“eel”) was influenced by anguis (“snake”), but unfortunately no Indo-European form can be reconstructed due to similar changes in other daughter languages, commonly attributed to a taboo. Cognate with Old Prussian angurgis and Albanian ngjalë. Compare Finnish ankerias (a Baltic loan).


ψύλλα

grc-noun

ψῠ́λλᾰ • (psŭ́llă) f (genitive ψῠ́λλης); first declension

ψῠ́λλᾰ (canonical)
psŭ́llă (romanization)
ψῠ́λλης (genitive)
ἡ ψῠ́λλᾰ (nominative singular)
τὼ ψῠ́λλᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ ψῠ́λλαι (nominative plural)
τῆς ψῠ́λλης (genitive singular)
τοῖν ψῠ́λλαιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ψῠλλῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ ψῠ́λλῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν ψῠ́λλαιν (dative dual)
ταῖς ψῠ́λλαις (dative plural)
τὴν ψῠ́λλᾰν (accusative singular)
τὼ ψῠ́λλᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ψῠ́λλᾱς (accusative plural)
ψῠ́λλᾰ (singular vocative)
ψῠ́λλᾱ (dual vocative)
ψῠ́λλαι (plural vocative)

From Proto-Indo-European *plusy(e)h₂ (“flea”) by metathesis. Cognates include Latin pūlex, Sanskrit प्लुषि (plúṣi), Old Armenian լու (lu), Old English flēah, flēa (English flea), Albanian plesht.

τούτων δὲ οἱ μὲν Ψυλλοτοξόται ἐπὶ ψυλλῶν μεγάλων ἱππάζονται, ὅθεν καὶ τὴν προσηγορίαν ἔχουσιν.

125 CE – 200 CE, Lucian, True Story 1.13

The flea-archers ride on great fleas, which is also where they get their name from.

toútōn dè hoi mèn Psullotoxótai epì psullôn megálōn hippázontai, hóthen kaì tḕn prosēgorían ékhousin.


τετράων

τετράων • (tetráōn) m (genitive τετράωνος); third declension

tetráōn (romanization)
τετράωνος (genitive)
ὁ τετράων (nominative singular)
τὼ τετράωνε (dual nominative)
οἱ τετράωνες (nominative plural)
τοῦ τετράωνος (genitive singular)
τοῖν τετραώνοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν τετραώνων (genitive plural)
τῷ τετράωνῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν τετραώνοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς τετράωσῐ (dative plural)
τετράωσῐν (dative plural)
toîs tetráōsĭ (dative plural)
toîs tetráōsĭn (dative plural)
τὸν τετράωνᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ τετράωνε (accusative dual)
τοὺς τετράωνᾰς (accusative plural)
τετράων (singular vocative)
τετράωνε (dual vocative)
τετράωνες (plural vocative)


στρουθός

στρουθός • (strouthós) m or f (genitive στρουθοῦ); second declension

strouthós (romanization)
στρουθοῦ (genitive)
ὁ στρουθός (nominative singular)
τὼ στρουθώ (dual nominative)
οἱ στρουθοί (nominative plural)
τοῦ στρουθοῦ (genitive singular)
τοῖν στρουθοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν στρουθῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ στρουθῷ (dative singular)
τοῖν στρουθοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς στρουθοῖς (dative plural)
τὸν στρουθόν (accusative singular)
τὼ στρουθώ (accusative dual)
τοὺς στρουθούς (accusative plural)
στρουθέ (singular vocative)
στρουθώ (dual vocative)
στρουθοί (plural vocative)

The etymology remains highly uncertain, but Beekes suggests a Pre-Greek origin.

Passer domesticus
Passer domesticus#Translingual


κριός

κρῑός • (krīós) m (genitive κρῑοῦ); second declension

κρῑός (canonical)
krīós (romanization)
κρῑοῦ (genitive)
ὁ κρῑός (nominative singular)
τὼ κρῑώ (dual nominative)
οἱ κρῑοί (nominative plural)
τοῦ κρῑοῦ (genitive singular)
τοῖν κρῑοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν κρῑῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ κρῑῷ (dative singular)
τοῖν κρῑοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς κρῑοῖς (dative plural)
τὸν κρῑόν (accusative singular)
τὼ κρῑώ (accusative dual)
τοὺς κρῑούς (accusative plural)
κρῑέ (singular vocative)
κρῑώ (dual vocative)
κρῑοί (plural vocative)

Uncertain. Traditionally connected with κέρας (kéras, “horn”). The chickpea meaning possibly relates to Latin cicer (“chickpea”), Old Armenian սիսեռն (siseṙn, “chickpea”). Beekes argues for an original meaning of “curved”, comparing Lithuanian kreivas, Old East Slavic кривъ (krivŭ).


κόραξ

grc-noun

κόρᾰξ • (kórăx) m (genitive κόρᾰκος); third declension

κόρᾰξ (canonical)
kórăx (romanization)
κόρᾰκος (genitive)
ὁ κόρᾰξ (nominative singular)
τὼ κόρᾰκε (dual nominative)
οἱ κόρᾰκες (nominative plural)
τοῦ κόρᾰκος (genitive singular)
τοῖν κορᾰ́κοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κορᾰ́κων (genitive plural)
τῷ κόρᾰκῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν κορᾰ́κοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς κόρᾰξῐ (dative plural)
κόρᾰξῐν (dative plural)
toîs kórăxĭ (dative plural)
toîs kórăxĭn (dative plural)
τὸν κόρᾰκᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ κόρᾰκε (accusative dual)
τοὺς κόρᾰκᾰς (accusative plural)
κόρᾰξ (singular vocative)
κόρᾰκε (dual vocative)
κόρᾰκες (plural vocative)

Greek: κόρακας (kórakas)

Greek: κοράκι (koráki)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker-. Cognates include Latin corvus, cornix. Also see κορώνη (korṓnē, “crow”).


κέδρος

κέδρος • (kédros) f (genitive κέδρου); second declension

kédros (romanization)
κέδρου (genitive)
ἡ κέδρος (nominative singular)
τὼ κέδρω (dual nominative)
αἱ κέδροι (nominative plural)
τῆς κέδρου (genitive singular)
τοῖν κέδροιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κέδρων (genitive plural)
τῇ κέδρῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν κέδροιν (dative dual)
ταῖς κέδροις (dative plural)
τὴν κέδρον (accusative singular)
τὼ κέδρω (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς κέδρους (accusative plural)
κέδρε (singular vocative)
κέδρω (dual vocative)
κέδροι (plural vocative)

Greek: κέδρος (kédros)

→ Latin: cedrus (see there for further descendants)

→? Latin: citrus (possibly, via Etruscan) (see there for further descendants)

Unknown. Perhaps a Mediterranean Pre-Greek borrowing, maybe the same word as Arabic قَطْرَان (qaṭrān, “resin, tar”) and related to Akkadian 𒌑𒆐𒊏𒀀𒉡 (^(U₂)qat₆-ra-a-nu /qatrānu/, “cedar resin”), particularly considering the region to which the genus Cedrus is native. Compare also قَطَر (qaṭar, “Qatar”) and its root related to the dribbling of resins, secretions, and other aromatic resinous woods like agarwood. Note also Old Armenian ցիրդ (cʻird).


γέρανος

grc-noun

γέρᾰνος • (gérănos) m or f (genitive γερᾰ́νου); second declension

γέρᾰνος (canonical)
gérănos (romanization)
γερᾰ́νου (genitive)
ὁ (nominative singular)
ἡ γέρᾰνος (nominative singular)
τὼ γερᾰ́νω (dual nominative)
οἱ (nominative plural)
αἱ γέρᾰνοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ (genitive singular)
τῆς γερᾰ́νου (genitive singular)
τοῖν γερᾰ́νοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν γερᾰ́νων (genitive plural)
τῷ (dative singular)
τῇ γερᾰ́νῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν γερᾰ́νοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς (dative plural)
ταῖς γερᾰ́νοις (dative plural)
τὸν (accusative singular)
τὴν γέρᾰνον (accusative singular)
τὼ γερᾰ́νω (accusative dual)
τοὺς (accusative plural)
τᾱ̀ς γερᾰ́νους (accusative plural)
γέρᾰνε (singular vocative)
γερᾰ́νω (dual vocative)
γέρᾰνοι (plural vocative)

From Proto-Indo-European *gerh₂-. Cognates include Old Armenian կռունկ (kṙunk), Latin grūs, and Old English cran (English crane).


χελιδών

χελῑδών • (khelīdṓn) f (genitive χελῑδόνος); third declension

χελῑδών (canonical)
khelīdṓn (romanization)
χελῑδόνος (genitive)
ἡ χελῑδών (nominative singular)
τὼ χελῑδόνε (dual nominative)
αἱ χελῑδόνες (nominative plural)
τῆς χελῑδόνος (genitive singular)
τοῖν χελῑδόνοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν χελῑδόνων (genitive plural)
τῇ χελῑδόνῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν χελῑδόνοιν (dative dual)
ταῖς χελῑδόσῐ (dative plural)
χελῑδόσῐν (dative plural)
taîs khelīdósĭ (dative plural)
taîs khelīdósĭn (dative plural)
τὴν χελῑδόνᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ χελῑδόνε (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς χελῑδόνᾰς (accusative plural)
χελῑδοῖ (singular vocative)
χελῑδόνε (dual vocative)
χελῑδόνες (plural vocative)

Latin: chelīdōn

The irregular form and suffix -ιδ (-id) lead Beekes to suggest a Mediterranean Pre-Greek origin, as he doesn't find a connection to Proto-Indo-European *gʰel- (“to cry out”) (cognate with Middle High German glien (“to cry”), Old High German gellan (“to cry”)) convincing. Compare also Latin hirundō (“swallow (bird)”), which may be from the same substrate source.


χελώνη

grc-noun

χελώνη • (khelṓnē) f (genitive χελώνης); first declension

khelṓnē (romanization)
χελώνης (genitive)
ἡ χελώνη (nominative singular)
τὼ χελώνᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ χελῶναι (nominative plural)
τῆς χελώνης (genitive singular)
τοῖν χελώναιν (dual genitive)
τῶν χελωνῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ χελώνῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν χελώναιν (dative dual)
ταῖς χελώναις (dative plural)
τὴν χελώνην (accusative singular)
τὼ χελώνᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς χελώνᾱς (accusative plural)
χελώνη (singular vocative)
χελώνᾱ (dual vocative)
χελῶναι (plural vocative)

desc

Greek: χελώνα f (chelóna, “tortoise, turtle”)

→ Spanish: quelonio

→ Translingual: Chelonia, Chelonia

→ English: chelonian

Traditionally derived from a Proto-Indo-European *gʰel(H)-ewH- (“tortoise, turtle-like animal”), and compared with Proto-Slavic *žely (“turtle, tortoise”); also related to χέλυς (khélus, “tortoise”).
However, Furnee and Chantraine consider the word a Pre-Greek borrowing based on the variant χέλυμνα (khélumna) (which yielded *χελυϝνα (*kheluwna) > χελῡ́νη (khelū́nē), χελύννα (khelúnna)) displaying μ/ϝ consonantal interchange, as well as the variant χελῡ́νη (khelū́nē) having -ῡ́ν- in its form, which is highly unusual if inherited from Proto-Indo-European.
Beekes favors the Pre-Greek derivation, and additionally separates the Slavic words etymologically, considering the Slavic to derive from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃- (“green, yellow”). There doesn't seem to be a good reason to separate the Slavic terms, however; even if not inherited, there is a possibility that the Greek and Slavic terms were borrowed from the same substrate source, in addition to the *ǵʰelh₃- theory being rejected by linguists such as Schmeja.
Another theory by Mastrelli, based on work by Frisk, derives the word from χεῖλος (kheîlos, “lip, jaw”), taking the tortoise as a "sharp-jawed creature".
See also Ancient Greek χηλή (khēlḗ, “hoof; claw; jawbone”), and Sanskrit हर्मुट (harmuṭa) (< *harmulta).


βρῶμα

grc-noun

βρῶμᾰ • (brômă) n (genitive βρώμᾰτος); third declension

βρῶμᾰ (canonical)
brômă (romanization)
βρώμᾰτος (genitive)
τὸ βρῶμᾰ (nominative singular)
τὼ βρώμᾰτε (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ βρώμᾰτᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ βρώμᾰτος (genitive singular)
τοῖν βρωμᾰ́τοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν βρωμᾰ́των (genitive plural)
τῷ βρώμᾰτῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν βρωμᾰ́τοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς βρώμᾰσῐ (dative plural)
βρώμᾰσῐν (dative plural)
toîs brṓmăsĭ (dative plural)
toîs brṓmăsĭn (dative plural)
τὸ βρῶμᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ βρώμᾰτε (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ βρώμᾰτᾰ (accusative plural)
βρῶμᾰ (singular vocative)
βρώμᾰτε (dual vocative)
βρώμᾰτᾰ (plural vocative)

→ Italian: bruma

→ Sicilian: bromu

→ Maltese: bram

→ Spanish: broma

From the root of βιβρώσκω (bibrṓskō, “I eat”) + -μᾰ (-mă, object noun suffix).

affix

a shipworm (Teredo navalis) that bores into wooden piers, ships, etc.


στεῖρα

grc-noun

στεῖρα • (steîra) f (genitive στείρας); first declension

steîra (romanization)
στείρας (genitive)

forepart of a ship's keel, continued into the stem or cutwater


ἔριφος

ἔρῐφος • (érĭphos) m or f (genitive ἐρῐ́φου); second declension

ἔρῐφος (canonical)
érĭphos (romanization)
ἐρῐ́φου (genitive)
ὁ (nominative singular)
ἡ ἔρῐφος (nominative singular)
τὼ ἐρῐ́φω (dual nominative)
οἱ (nominative plural)
αἱ ἔρῐφοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ (genitive singular)
τῆς ἐρῐ́φου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ἐρῐ́φοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ἐρῐ́φων (genitive plural)
τῷ (dative singular)
τῇ ἐρῐ́φῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ἐρῐ́φοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς (dative plural)
ταῖς ἐρῐ́φοις (dative plural)
τὸν (accusative singular)
τὴν ἔρῐφον (accusative singular)
τὼ ἐρῐ́φω (accusative dual)
τοὺς (accusative plural)
τᾱ̀ς ἐρῐ́φους (accusative plural)
ἔρῐφε (singular vocative)
ἐρῐ́φω (dual vocative)
ἔρῐφοι (plural vocative)

Perhaps from a Proto-Indo-European *h₁er-, with cognates including Latin ariēs, and Lithuanian ėriukas.


ὄροβος

ὄροβος • (órobos) m (genitive ὀρόβου); second declension

órobos (romanization)
ὀρόβου (genitive)
ὁ ὄροβος (nominative singular)
τὼ ὀρόβω (dual nominative)
οἱ ὄροβοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ ὀρόβου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ὀρόβοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ὀρόβων (genitive plural)
τῷ ὀρόβῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ὀρόβοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ὀρόβοις (dative plural)
τὸν ὄροβον (accusative singular)
τὼ ὀρόβω (accusative dual)
τοὺς ὀρόβους (accusative plural)
ὄροβε (singular vocative)
ὀρόβω (dual vocative)
ὄροβοι (plural vocative)

Probably a Mediterranean substrate borrowing, and likely related to ἐρέβινθος (erébinthos, “chickpea”). Compare Proto-Germanic *arwīts, Latin ervum.

Vicia ervilia
Vicia ervilia#Translingual


ἀμνός

ἀμνός • (amnós) m (genitive ἀμνοῦ); second declension

amnós (romanization)
ἀμνοῦ (genitive)
ὁ ἀμνός (nominative singular)
τὼ ἀμνώ (dual nominative)
οἱ ἀμνοί (nominative plural)
τοῦ ἀμνοῦ (genitive singular)
τοῖν ἀμνοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν ἀμνῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ ἀμνῷ (dative singular)
τοῖν ἀμνοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς ἀμνοῖς (dative plural)
τὸν ἀμνόν (accusative singular)
τὼ ἀμνώ (accusative dual)
τοὺς ἀμνούς (accusative plural)
ἀμνέ (singular vocative)
ἀμνώ (dual vocative)
ἀμνοί (plural vocative)

Greek: αμνός (amnós)

From Proto-Hellenic *abnós, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂egʷnós. Cognates include Latin agnus, Old Church Slavonic агнѧ (agnę), Old English ēanian (English yean), and Albanian enjë.


κράταιγος

κρᾰ́ταιγος • (krắtaigos) m (genitive κρᾰταίγου); second declension

κρᾰ́ταιγος (canonical)
krắtaigos (romanization)
κρᾰταίγου (genitive)
ὁ κρᾰ́ταιγος (nominative singular)
τὼ κρᾰταίγω (dual nominative)
οἱ κρᾰ́ταιγοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ κρᾰταίγου (genitive singular)
τοῖν κρᾰταίγοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κρᾰταίγων (genitive plural)
τῷ κρᾰταίγῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν κρᾰταίγοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς κρᾰταίγοις (dative plural)
τὸν κρᾰ́ταιγον (accusative singular)
τὼ κρᾰταίγω (accusative dual)
τοὺς κρᾰταίγους (accusative plural)
κρᾰ́ταιγε (singular vocative)
κρᾰταίγω (dual vocative)
κρᾰ́ταιγοι (plural vocative)

Uncertain. Perhaps from κρᾰτῠ́ς (krătŭ́s, “strong, mighty”) + the same αἰγ- (aig-) of αἰγίλωψ (aigílōps).

Crataegus heldreichii
Crataegus heldreichii#Translingual


ἄλφιτον

ἄλφιτον • (álphiton) n (genitive ἀλφίτου); second declension

álphiton (romanization)
ἀλφίτου (genitive)
τὸ ἄλφιτον (nominative singular)
τὼ ἀλφίτω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ ἄλφιτᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ ἀλφίτου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ἀλφίτοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ἀλφίτων (genitive plural)
τῷ ἀλφίτῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ἀλφίτοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ἀλφίτοις (dative plural)
τὸ ἄλφιτον (accusative singular)
τὼ ἀλφίτω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ ἄλφιτᾰ (accusative plural)
ἄλφιτον (singular vocative)
ἀλφίτω (dual vocative)
ἄλφιτᾰ (plural vocative)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂élbʰit. Cognates include Albanian elb.

δώδεκα πᾶσαι ἐπεῤῥώοντο γυναῖκες ἄλφιτα τεύχουσαι καὶ ἀλείατα, μυελὸν ἀνδρῶν

c. 8th century BCE, Homer, “Rhapsody υ”, in Odyssey, 107-8:

twelve maidens, day by day, toiled grinding barleymeal and wheatmeal, the marrow of man

dṓdeka pâsai eperrhṓonto gunaîkes álphita teúkhousai kaì aleíata, muelòn andrôn

οἱ ἀστοὶ ἄλευρά τε καὶ ἄλφιτα ἐποίευν πάντες ἐπὶ μῆνας συχνούς

430 BCE, Herodotus, “Book VII, Polyymnia”, in Histories, section 119:

the citizens continued to make wheatmeal and barleymeal for many months

hoi astoì áleurá te kaì álphita epoíeun pántes epì mênas sukhnoús


ἄλκη

ἄλκη • (álkē) f (genitive ἄλκης); first declension

álkē (romanization)
ἄλκης (genitive)
ἡ ᾰ̓́λκη (nominative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓́λκᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ ᾰ̓́λκαι (nominative plural)
τῆς ᾰ̓́λκης (genitive singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓́λκαιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ᾰ̓λκῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ ᾰ̓́λκῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓́λκαιν (dative dual)
ταῖς ᾰ̓́λκαις (dative plural)
τὴν ᾰ̓́λκην (accusative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓́λκᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ᾰ̓́λκᾱς (accusative plural)
ᾰ̓́λκη (singular vocative)
ᾰ̓́λκᾱ (dual vocative)
ᾰ̓́λκαι (plural vocative)

Greek: άλκη (álki)

Probably borrowed from Proto-Germanic *elhaz, *algiz (“elk”), whence also Latin alcēs.


νῆττα

νῆττᾰ • (nêttă) f (genitive νήττης); first declension

νῆττᾰ (canonical)
nêttă (romanization)
νήττης (genitive)
ἡ νῆττᾰ (nominative singular)
τὼ νήττᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ νῆτται (nominative plural)
τῆς νήττης (genitive singular)
τοῖν νήτταιν (dual genitive)
τῶν νηττῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ νήττῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν νήτταιν (dative dual)
ταῖς νήτταις (dative plural)
τὴν νῆττᾰν (accusative singular)
τὼ νήττᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς νήττᾱς (accusative plural)
νῆττᾰ (singular vocative)
νήττᾱ (dual vocative)
νῆτται (plural vocative)

Translingual: Netta

From Proto-Hellenic *nāťťa, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énh₂ts.


ἄσπρις

ἄσπρῐς • (ásprĭs) f (genitive ἄσπρῐδος); third declension

ἄσπρῐς (canonical)
ásprĭs (romanization)
ἄσπρῐδος (genitive)
ἡ ἄσπρῐς (nominative singular)
τὼ ἄσπρῐδε (dual nominative)
αἱ ἄσπρῐδες (nominative plural)
τῆς ἄσπρῐδος (genitive singular)
τοῖν ἀσπρῐ́δοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ἀσπρῐ́δων (genitive plural)
τῇ ἄσπρῐδῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν ἀσπρῐ́δοιν (dative dual)
ταῖς ἄσπρῐσῐ (dative plural)
ἄσπρῐσῐν (dative plural)
taîs ásprĭsĭ (dative plural)
taîs ásprĭsĭn (dative plural)
τὴν ἄσπρῐδᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ ἄσπρῐδε (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ἄσπρῐδᾰς (accusative plural)
ἄσπρῐς (singular vocative)
ἄσπρῐδε (dual vocative)
ἄσπρῐδες (plural vocative)

Unclear. Could be related to Old High German aspa, but the connection is problematic.

Quercus cerris
Quercus cerris#Translingual


ἄρκευθος

ἄρκευθος • (árkeuthos) f (genitive ἀρκεύθου); second declension

árkeuthos (romanization)
ἀρκεύθου (genitive)
ἡ ἄρκευθος (nominative singular)
τὼ ἀρκεύθω (dual nominative)
αἱ ἄρκευθοι (nominative plural)
τῆς ἀρκεύθου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ἀρκεύθοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ἀρκεύθων (genitive plural)
τῇ ἀρκεύθῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ἀρκεύθοιν (dative dual)
ταῖς ἀρκεύθοις (dative plural)
τὴν ἄρκευθον (accusative singular)
τὼ ἀρκεύθω (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ἀρκεύθους (accusative plural)
ἄρκευθε (singular vocative)
ἀρκεύθω (dual vocative)
ἄρκευθοι (plural vocative)

Unclear. Has been derived from ἄρκυς (árkus, “net”). Has also been derived from Proto-Indo-European, with cognates such as Russian раки́та (rakíta). Beekes argues for a Pre-Greek origin, comparing the Hesychian gloss ἄργετος (árgetos, “juniper”).

Juniperus phoenicea
Juniperus phoenicea#Translingual

Juniperus oxycedrus
Juniperus oxycedrus#Translingual


αἰγίλωψ

αἰγῐ́λωψ • (aigĭ́lōps) m (genitive αἰγῐ́λωπος); third declension

αἰγῐ́λωψ (canonical)
aigĭ́lōps (romanization)
αἰγῐ́λωπος (genitive)
ὁ αἰγῐ́λωψ (nominative singular)
τὼ αἰγῐ́λωπε (dual nominative)
οἱ αἰγῐ́λωπες (nominative plural)
τοῦ αἰγῐ́λωπος (genitive singular)
τοῖν αἰγῐλώποιν (dual genitive)
τῶν αἰγῐλώπων (genitive plural)
τῷ αἰγῐ́λωπῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν αἰγῐλώποιν (dative dual)
τοῖς αἰγῐ́λωψῐ (dative plural)
αἰγῐ́λωψῐν (dative plural)
toîs aigĭ́lōpsĭ (dative plural)
toîs aigĭ́lōpsĭn (dative plural)
τὸν αἰγῐ́λωπᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ αἰγῐ́λωπε (accusative dual)
τοὺς αἰγῐ́λωπᾰς (accusative plural)
αἰγῐ́λωψ (singular vocative)
αἰγῐ́λωπε (dual vocative)
αἰγῐ́λωπες (plural vocative)

desctree

→ Latin: aegilōps m, aegilōpa f (Medieval form)
→ Translingual: Aegilops
→ English: aegilops
→ French: égilope

Unclear.
# The oak sense has been argued to retain a Proto-Indo-European *h₂eyǵ- (“oak”) whence Proto-Germanic *aiks (“oak”) and Latin aesculus (“some oak”).
# However, the haver-grass sense has been argued to derive from αἴγιλος (aígilos, “haver-grass”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eyǵ- (“goat”) (whence αἴξ (aíx)).
# For the lachrymal fistula sense, see also ἀγχίλωψ (ankhílōps).

unk

Unclear

Turkey oak (Quercus cerris) or valonia oak (Quercus ithaburensis subsp. macrolepis)


οὐρά

grc-noun

οὐρᾱ́ • (ourā́) f (genitive οὐρᾶς); first declension

οὐρᾱ́ (canonical)
ourā́ (romanization)
οὐρᾶς (genitive)
ἡ οὐρᾱ́ (nominative singular)
τὼ οὐρᾱ́ (dual nominative)
αἱ οὐραί (nominative plural)
τῆς οὐρᾶς (genitive singular)
τοῖν οὐραῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν οὐρῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ οὐρᾷ (dative singular)
τοῖν οὐραῖν (dative dual)
ταῖς οὐραῖς (dative plural)
τὴν οὐρᾱ́ν (accusative singular)
τὼ οὐρᾱ́ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς οὐρᾱ́ς (accusative plural)
οὐρᾱ́ (singular vocative)
οὐρᾱ́ (dual vocative)
οὐραί (plural vocative)

Greek: ουρά (ourá)

Latin: Ischnura

Translingual: Lagurus

Translingual: Anura

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ers- (“tail, butt”) (alternatively reconstructed as Proto-Indo-European *h₃érsos (“backside, buttocks”)), and related to ὄρρος (órrhos, “butt, ass”); see there for more. The connection with οὐραχός (ourakhós, “urachus”), while semantically sound, is phonetically unclear, due to the latter's strange suffix -αχός (-akhós), which has led Beekes to consider a possible Pre-Greek origin for the words (though he still seems to favor Indo-European origin for οὐρά (ourá), at least).

der

(of an army marching) the rear-guard, rear


ὄρχις

grc-noun

ὄρχις • (órkhis) m or f (genitive ὄρχεως or ὄρχῐος); third declension

órkhis (romanization)
ὄρχεως (genitive)
ὄρχῐος (genitive)
ὁ (nominative singular)
ἡ ὄρχῐς (nominative singular)
τὼ ὄρχει (dual nominative)
οἱ (nominative plural)
αἱ ὄρχεις (nominative plural)
τοῦ (genitive singular)
τῆς ὄρχεως (genitive singular)
τοῖν ὀρχέοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ὄρχεων (genitive plural)
τῷ (dative singular)
τῇ ὄρχει (dative singular)
τοῖν ὀρχέοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς (dative plural)
ταῖς ὄρχεσῐ (dative plural)
ὄρχεσῐν (dative plural)
toîs (dative plural)
taîs órkhesĭ (dative plural)
taîs órkhesĭn (dative plural)
τὸν (accusative singular)
τὴν ὄρχῐν (accusative singular)
τὼ ὄρχει (accusative dual)
τοὺς (accusative plural)
τᾱ̀ς ὄρχεις (accusative plural)
ὄρχῐ (singular vocative)
ὄρχει (dual vocative)
ὄρχεις (plural vocative)

⇒ Byzantine Greek: ὀρχίδιον (orkhídion)

Greek: αρχίδι (archídi)

→ Greek: όρχις m (órchis)

→ Latin: orchis (see there for further descendants)

→ English: orchi-

→ Italian: orchi-

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁órǵʰis (“testicle”). Cognates include Old Armenian որձիք (orjikʻ, “idem”), Avestan 𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬌 (ər^əzi), Hittite [script needed] (arkiš), Albanian herdhe, and Irish uirghe.
The "orchid" sense is likely for the characteristically oblong shape of the plant's roots.


πέπλος

πέπλος • (péplos) m (genitive πέπλου); second declension

péplos (romanization)
πέπλου (genitive)
ὁ πέπλος (nominative singular)
τὼ πέπλω (dual nominative)
οἱ πέπλοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ πέπλου (genitive singular)
τοῖν πέπλοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν πέπλων (genitive plural)
τῷ πέπλῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν πέπλοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς πέπλοις (dative plural)
τὸν πέπλον (accusative singular)
τὼ πέπλω (accusative dual)
τοὺς πέπλους (accusative plural)
πέπλε (singular vocative)
πέπλω (dual vocative)
πέπλοι (plural vocative)

→ English: peplos

desc

Greek: πέπλος m (péplos), πέπλο n (péplo)

→ Italian: peplo

Maybe a reduplicated formation from Proto-Indo-European *pel- (“to fold”) and so cognate with the Ancient Greek suffix -πλόος (-plóos).

upper garment or full-length mantle in one piece, worn by women

(at Athens) embroidered robe carried in procession at the Panathenaea


ῥόμος

grc-noun

ῥόμος • (rhómos) m (genitive ῥόμου); second declension

rhómos (romanization)
ῥόμου (genitive)
ὁ ῥόμος (nominative singular)
τὼ ῥόμω (dual nominative)
οἱ ῥόμοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ ῥόμου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ῥόμοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ῥόμων (genitive plural)
τῷ ῥόμῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ῥόμοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ῥόμοις (dative plural)
τὸν ῥόμον (accusative singular)
τὼ ῥόμω (accusative dual)
τοὺς ῥόμους (accusative plural)
ῥόμε (singular vocative)
ῥόμω (dual vocative)
ῥόμοι (plural vocative)

From Proto-Indo-European *wr̥mis. Cognates include Latin vermis, Russian ве́рмие (vérmije), Albanian rrime, and Old English wyrm (English worm).


ἀρνός

ἀρνός • (arnós) m (genitive ἀρνοῦ); second declension

arnós (romanization)
ἀρνοῦ (genitive)
ὁ ἀρνός (nominative singular)
οἱ ἀρνοί (nominative plural)
τοῦ ἀρνοῦ (genitive singular)
τῶν ἀρνῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ ἀρνῷ (dative singular)
τοῖς ἀρνοῖς (dative plural)
τὸν ἀρνόν (accusative singular)
τοὺς ἀρνούς (accusative plural)
ἀρνέ (singular vocative)
ἀρνοί (plural vocative)

Aesop 274

Aesop 296.100b

E Gen α.1209

(Koine, Byzantine) Synonym of ἀρήν (arḗn)


βουνιάς

βουνιάς • (bouniás) f (genitive βουνιάδος); third declension

bouniás (romanization)
βουνιάδος (genitive)
ἡ βουνῐᾰ́ς (nominative singular)
τὼ βουνῐᾰ́δε (dual nominative)
αἱ βουνῐᾰ́δες (nominative plural)
τῆς βουνῐᾰ́δος (genitive singular)
τοῖν βουνῐᾰ́δοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν βουνῐᾰ́δων (genitive plural)
τῇ βουνῐᾰ́δῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν βουνῐᾰ́δοιν (dative dual)
ταῖς βουνῐᾰ́σῐ (dative plural)
βουνῐᾰ́σῐν (dative plural)
taîs bounĭắsĭ (dative plural)
taîs bounĭắsĭn (dative plural)
τὴν βουνῐᾰ́δᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ βουνῐᾰ́δε (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς βουνῐᾰ́δᾰς (accusative plural)
βουνῐᾰ́ς (singular vocative)
βουνῐᾰ́δε (dual vocative)
βουνῐᾰ́δες (plural vocative)

q

→? Arabic: بُوشَاد (būšād), بُرْشَاد (buršād), بُورْشَاد (būršād), بُوشْيَاد (būšyād) (a word quoted after lost authors in medieval herbaries and drugbooks and reckoned “Persian”, after Vullers mayhaps mutilated from Dioskurides)

→ Latin: būnias

From βουνός (bounós, “hill”) + -ιάς (-iás).

Brassica napus
Brassica napus#Translingual


ῥάπυς

grc-noun

ῥᾰ́πῠς • (rhắpŭs) f (genitive ῥᾰ́πῠος); third declension

ῥᾰ́πῠς (canonical)
rhắpŭs (romanization)
ῥᾰ́πῠος (genitive)
ἡ ῥᾰ́πῠς (nominative singular)
τὼ ῥᾰ́πῠε (dual nominative)
αἱ ῥᾰ́πῠες (nominative plural)
τῆς ῥᾰ́πῠος (genitive singular)
τοῖν ῥᾰπῠ́οιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ῥᾰπῠ́ων (genitive plural)
τῇ ῥᾰ́πῠῐ̈ (dative singular)
ῥᾰ́πυι (dative singular)
τοῖν ῥᾰπῠ́οιν (dative dual)
ταῖς ῥᾰ́πῠσῐ (dative plural)
ῥᾰ́πῠσῐν (dative plural)
taîs rhắpŭsĭ (dative plural)
taîs rhắpŭsĭn (dative plural)
τὴν ῥᾰ́πῠν (accusative singular)
τὼ ῥᾰ́πῠε (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ῥᾰ́πῡς (accusative plural)
ῥᾰ́πῠᾰς (accusative plural)
ῥᾰ́πῠ (singular vocative)
ῥᾰ́πῠε (dual vocative)
ῥᾰ́πῠες (plural vocative)

A number of similar words for turnip exist in European languages, but inconsistencies lend to the idea of multiple borrowings, rather than a Proto-Indo-European origin. Compare Latin rapus, Old High German ruoba, Lithuanian rópė. Also see ῥάφανος (rháphanos, “cabbage”). Compare, however, Albanian rrapë, which supposedly comes from Proto-Indo-European *(s)rā́ps (“radish, rape”).


ἅρπη

ἅρπη • (hárpē) f (genitive ἅρπης); first declension

hárpē (romanization)
ἅρπης (genitive)
ἡ ᾰ̔́ρπη (nominative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̔́ρπᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ ᾰ̔́ρπαι (nominative plural)
τῆς ᾰ̔́ρπης (genitive singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̔́ρπαιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ᾰ̔ρπῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ ᾰ̔́ρπῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̔́ρπαιν (dative dual)
ταῖς ᾰ̔́ρπαις (dative plural)
τὴν ᾰ̔́ρπην (accusative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̔́ρπᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ᾰ̔́ρπᾱς (accusative plural)
ᾰ̔́ρπη (singular vocative)
ᾰ̔́ρπᾱ (dual vocative)
ᾰ̔́ρπαι (plural vocative)

English: harpe

desc

Greek: αρπακτικό n (arpaktikó, “bird of prey, predator”)

αρπακτικός (arpaktikós, “predatory, rapacious”)

αρπακτικότητα

αρπακτικότητα f (arpaktikótita, “rapacity”)

Latin: harpē

Catalan: arpa

Italian: arpa

Occitan: arpa

Sicilian: arpa

Uncertain, but usually connected with ἁρπάζω (harpázō). Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *srp- (“to reap, harvest; sickle”), with cognates including Latin sarpō, Old Church Slavonic срьпъ (srĭpŭ, “sickle”), and Latvian sirpis. However, there are some difficulties with these connections; for one, *sr̥p- is expected to yield Ancient Greek *ῥαπ- (*rhap-), not ἅρπ- (hárp-). There is possibly a contamination with a Semitic borrowing, Proto-Semitic *x̣arb-. Possibly from a Mediterranean substrate term related to the source of Latin sarpa (“heron”).

cog

a bird of prey, hawk, falcon, tiercel or goshawk (falco gentilis)


αἴγιλος

grc-noun

αἴγῐλος • (aígĭlos) f (genitive αἰγῐ́λου); second declension

αἴγῐλος (canonical)
aígĭlos (romanization)
αἰγῐ́λου (genitive)
ἡ αἴγῐλος (nominative singular)
τὼ αἰγῐ́λω (dual nominative)
αἱ αἴγῐλοι (nominative plural)
τῆς αἰγῐ́λου (genitive singular)
τοῖν αἰγῐ́λοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν αἰγῐ́λων (genitive plural)
τῇ αἰγῐ́λῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν αἰγῐ́λοιν (dative dual)
ταῖς αἰγῐ́λοις (dative plural)
τὴν αἴγῐλον (accusative singular)
τὼ αἰγῐ́λω (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς αἰγῐ́λους (accusative plural)
αἴγῐλε (singular vocative)
αἰγῐ́λω (dual vocative)
αἴγῐλοι (plural vocative)

From αἴξ (aíx, “goat”). Considered present in the toponym Ancient Greek Αἴγιλα f (Aígila), Αἰγιλία f (Aigilía) which is also attested as Mycenaean Greek 𐁀𐀑𐀨 (ha-ki-ra) in Na 856.

Alternative form of αἰγίλωψ (aigílōps, “haver-grass”)


λίνον

λῐ́νον • (lĭ́non) n (genitive λῐ́νου); second declension

λῐ́νον (canonical)
lĭ́non (romanization)
λῐ́νου (genitive)
τὸ λῐ́νον (nominative singular)
τὼ λῐ́νω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ λῐ́νᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ λῐ́νου (genitive singular)
τοῖν λῐ́νοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν λῐ́νων (genitive plural)
τῷ λῐ́νῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν λῐ́νοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς λῐ́νοις (dative plural)
τὸ λῐ́νον (accusative singular)
τὼ λῐ́νω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ λῐ́νᾰ (accusative plural)
λῐ́νον (singular vocative)
λῐ́νω (dual vocative)
λῐ́νᾰ (plural vocative)

Uncertain. Could be from Proto-Indo-European *linom, with cognates including Old Church Slavonic льнъ (lĭnŭ), Latin līnum, and Gothic 𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌽 (lein). However, the Latin and Germanic forms have a long i. Could also be a loanword to Latin and Ancient Greek which other languages borrowed.

Linum usitatissimum
Linum usitatissimum#Translingual

anything made of flax:
cord, fishing line, thread

(figuratively) thread of destiny spun by the Fates

anything made of flax:
thread of destiny spun by the Fates

anything made of flax:
fishing net, hunting net

(in the plural) linen cloths or garments

anything made of flax:
linen cloths or garments

anything made of flax:
flax for spinning


χίμαιρα

χῐ́μαιρᾰ • (khĭ́mairă) f (genitive χῐμαίρᾱς); first declension

χῐ́μαιρᾰ (canonical)
khĭ́mairă (romanization)
χῐμαίρᾱς (genitive)
ἡ χῐ́μαιρᾰ (nominative singular)
τὼ χῐμαίρᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ χῐ́μαιραι (nominative plural)
τῆς χῐμαίρᾱς (genitive singular)
τοῖν χῐμαίραιν (dual genitive)
τῶν χῐμαιρῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ χῐμαίρᾳ (dative singular)
τοῖν χῐμαίραιν (dative dual)
ταῖς χῐμαίραις (dative plural)
τὴν χῐ́μαιρᾰν (accusative singular)
τὼ χῐμαίρᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς χῐμαίρᾱς (accusative plural)
χῐ́μαιρᾰ (singular vocative)
χῐμαίρᾱ (dual vocative)
χῐ́μαιραι (plural vocative)

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 6.181

750 BCE – 650 BCE, Hesiod, Theogony 322

458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 232

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 3.2.12

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hellenica 4.2.20

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Constitution of Sparta 13.8

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Fragments 445

Eustathius 1625.34, (Compare Aristotle, History of Animals 3.21.5)


χίμαρος

χῐ́μᾰρος • (khĭ́măros) m (genitive χῐμᾰ́ρου); second declension

χῐ́μᾰρος (canonical)
khĭ́măros (romanization)
χῐμᾰ́ρου (genitive)
ὁ χῐ́μᾰρος (nominative singular)
τὼ χῐμᾰ́ρω (dual nominative)
οἱ χῐ́μᾰροι (nominative plural)
τοῦ χῐμᾰ́ρου (genitive singular)
τοῖν χῐμᾰ́ροιν (dual genitive)
τῶν χῐμᾰ́ρων (genitive plural)
τῷ χῐμᾰ́ρῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν χῐμᾰ́ροιν (dative dual)
τοῖς χῐμᾰ́ροις (dative plural)
τὸν χῐ́μᾰρον (accusative singular)
τὼ χῐμᾰ́ρω (accusative dual)
τοὺς χῐμᾰ́ρους (accusative plural)
χῐ́μᾰρε (singular vocative)
χῐμᾰ́ρω (dual vocative)
χῐ́μᾰροι (plural vocative)

From Proto-Hellenic *kʰímər, R-stem derivation from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰeym- (“winter, snow”), complementing the n-stem reflex found in χειμών (kheimṓn). Perhaps originally meaning "winter/year-old (goat)".


μόναπος

grc-noun

μόνᾰπος • (mónăpos) m (genitive μονᾰ́που); second declension

μόνᾰπος (canonical)
mónăpos (romanization)
μονᾰ́που (genitive)
ὁ μόνᾰπος (nominative singular)
τὼ μονᾰ́πω (dual nominative)
οἱ μόνᾰποι (nominative plural)
τοῦ μονᾰ́που (genitive singular)
τοῖν μονᾰ́ποιν (dual genitive)
τῶν μονᾰ́πων (genitive plural)
τῷ μονᾰ́πῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν μονᾰ́ποιν (dative dual)
τοῖς μονᾰ́ποις (dative plural)
τὸν μόνᾰπον (accusative singular)
τὼ μονᾰ́πω (accusative dual)
τοὺς μονᾰ́πους (accusative plural)
μόνᾰπε (singular vocative)
μονᾰ́πω (dual vocative)
μόνᾰποι (plural vocative)

From Paeonian, itself probably from Pre-Greek.


μόρον

μόρον • (móron) n (genitive μόρου); second declension

móron (romanization)
μόρου (genitive)
τὸ μόρον (nominative singular)
τὼ μόρω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ μόρᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ μόρου (genitive singular)
τοῖν μόροιν (dual genitive)
τῶν μόρων (genitive plural)
τῷ μόρῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν μόροιν (dative dual)
τοῖς μόροις (dative plural)
τὸ μόρον (accusative singular)
τὼ μόρω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ μόρᾰ (accusative plural)
μόρον (singular vocative)
μόρω (dual vocative)
μόρᾰ (plural vocative)

Greek: μούρο (moúro)

→ Latin: mōrum

→? Turkish: mor (“purple”)

From Proto-Indo-European *mórom (“mulberry, blackberry”). Compare Middle Irish merenn (“mulberry”), Welsh merwydden, Old Armenian մոր (mor, “blackberry”).


μύρμηξ

grc-noun

μύρμηξ • (múrmēx) m (genitive μύρμηκος); third declension

múrmēx (romanization)
μύρμηκος (genitive)
ὁ μύρμηξ (nominative singular)
τὼ μύρμηκε (dual nominative)
οἱ μύρμηκες (nominative plural)
τοῦ μύρμηκος (genitive singular)
τοῖν μυρμήκοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν μυρμήκων (genitive plural)
τῷ μύρμηκῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν μυρμήκοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς μύρμηξῐ (dative plural)
μύρμηξῐν (dative plural)
toîs múrmēxĭ (dative plural)
toîs múrmēxĭn (dative plural)
τὸν μύρμηκᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ μύρμηκε (accusative dual)
τοὺς μύρμηκᾰς (accusative plural)
μύρμηξ (singular vocative)
μύρμηκε (dual vocative)
μύρμηκες (plural vocative)

→ English: myrmeco-, -myrmex

Koine Greek: μυρμήκιον (murmḗkion) (from diminutive)

Byzantine Greek: μυρμήγκιν (murmḗnkin)

desctree

Greek: μυρμήγκι (myrmígki)
→ Albanian: merimangë
→ Aromanian: merimangã

desc

→ Latin: myrmecias, myrmecitis, myrmecium

Translingual: Myrmica, Myrmecia, Myrmex

From Proto-Indo-European *morwi-. Related to Old Armenian մրջիւն (mrǰiwn) and Latin formica and perhaps Sanskrit वल्मी (valmī). Despite the suffix -ηκ- (-ēk-), which typically indicates origin from Pre-Greek (cf. Beekes 2014), Beekes considers this to be a genuinely Indo-European term which underwent various tabooistic deformations, comparing Proto-Indo-European *wr̥mis (“worm”) (see ῥόμος (rhómos, “wood-worm”)), and notes that similar forms with a velar suffix are found in other Indo-European cognates: Latin formīca (“ant”), Sanskrit वल्मीक (valmīka, “ant-hill”). Compare ὅρμικας pl (hórmikas, “ants”). βύρμαξ (búrmax) ~ βόρμαξ (bórmax) may be related as well.

a mythical gold-digging animal sometimes identified with ants


μυῖα

grc-noun

μυῖᾰ • (muîă) f (genitive μυίᾱς); first declension

μυῖᾰ (canonical)
muîă (romanization)
μυίᾱς (genitive)
ἡ μυῖᾰ (nominative singular)
τὼ μυίᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ μυῖαι (nominative plural)
τῆς μυίᾱς (genitive singular)
τοῖν μυίαιν (dual genitive)
τῶν μυιῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ μυίᾳ (dative singular)
τοῖν μυίαιν (dative dual)
ταῖς μυίαις (dative plural)
τὴν μυῖᾰν (accusative singular)
τὼ μυίᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς μυίᾱς (accusative plural)
μυῖᾰ (singular vocative)
μυίᾱ (dual vocative)
μυῖαι (plural vocative)

English: myiasis

Greek: μύγα (mýga)

Mariupol Greek: мя́на (mjána)

desctree

Pontic Greek: μυία (myía), μυίγι̮α (myígi̮a), μυιμυίγι̮α (myimyígi̮a)
→ Turkish: miya

From Proto-Indo-European *mu-, *mew-, whence also Latin musca, Old Church Slavonic моуха (muxa), Old Armenian մուն (mun), Albanian mizë, Latvian muša, Old English mycg (English midge).


λαιός

grc-noun

λαιός • (laiós) m (genitive λαιοῦ); second declension

laiós (romanization)
λαιοῦ (genitive)
ὁ λαιός (nominative singular)
τὼ λαιώ (dual nominative)
οἱ λαιοί (nominative plural)
τοῦ λαιοῦ (genitive singular)
τοῖν λαιοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν λαιῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ λαιῷ (dative singular)
τοῖν λαιοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς λαιοῖς (dative plural)
τὸν λαιόν (accusative singular)
τὼ λαιώ (accusative dual)
τοὺς λαιούς (accusative plural)
λαιέ (singular vocative)
λαιώ (dual vocative)
λαιοί (plural vocative)

From *λαιϝός, from Proto-Indo-European *leh₂iwos. Cognates include Latin laevus and Old Church Slavonic лѣвъ (lěvŭ).

Monticola solitarius
Monticola solitarius#Translingual

blue rock thrush, Monticola solitarius (syn. Petrocichla cyanus)


κόστος

κόστος • (kóstos) m (genitive κόστου); second declension

kóstos (romanization)
κόστου (genitive)
ὁ κόστος (nominative singular)
τὼ κόστω (dual nominative)
οἱ κόστοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ κόστου (genitive singular)
τοῖν κόστοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κόστων (genitive plural)
τῷ κόστῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν κόστοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς κόστοις (dative plural)
τὸν κόστον (accusative singular)
τὼ κόστω (accusative dual)
τοὺς κόστους (accusative plural)
κόστε (singular vocative)
κόστω (dual vocative)
κόστοι (plural vocative)

→ Latin: costus

→ English: costus

→ Translingual: Costus

Saussurea costus
Saussurea costus#Translingual

costus (Saussurea costus), used as a spice


ἀρήν

ᾰ̓ρήν • (ărḗn) m or f (genitive ᾰ̓ρνός); third declension

ᾰ̓ρήν (canonical)
ărḗn (romanization)
ᾰ̓ρνός (genitive)
ὁ (nominative singular)
ἡ ᾰ̓ρήν (nominative singular)
τὼ ἄρνε (dual nominative)
οἱ (nominative plural)
αἱ ἄρνες (nominative plural)
τοῦ (genitive singular)
τῆς ᾰ̓ρνός (genitive singular)
τοῖν ἀρνοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν ἀρνῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ (dative singular)
τῇ ᾰ̓ρνῐ́ (dative singular)
τοῖν ἀρνοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς (dative plural)
ταῖς ᾰ̓ρνᾰ́σῐ (dative plural)
ᾰ̓ρνᾰ́σῐν (dative plural)
ἄρνεσσῐ (dative plural)
ἄρνεσσῐν (dative plural)
toîs (dative plural)
taîs ărnắsĭ (dative plural)
taîs ărnắsĭn (dative plural)
árnessĭ (dative plural)
árnessĭn (dative plural)
τὸν (accusative singular)
τὴν ἄρνα (accusative singular)
τὼ ἄρνε (accusative dual)
τοὺς (accusative plural)
τᾱ̀ς ἄρνας (accusative plural)
ᾰ̓ρήν (singular vocative)
ἄρνε (dual vocative)
ἄρνες (plural vocative)

grc-decl

ᾰ̓ρνᾰ́σῐ(ν), ἄρνεσσῐ(ν)

From Proto-Hellenic *warḗn, from Proto-Indo-European *wr̥h₁ḗn (“lamb”). Cognates include Latin vervēx (“wether”), Sanskrit उरण (úraṇa) and Old Armenian գառն (gaṙn).


κάκτος

grc-noun

κᾰ́κτος • (kắktos) f or m (genitive κᾰ́κτου); second declension

κᾰ́κτος (canonical)
kắktos (romanization)
κᾰ́κτου (genitive)
ὁ (nominative singular)
ἡ κᾰ́κτος (nominative singular)
τὼ κᾰ́κτω (dual nominative)
οἱ (nominative plural)
αἱ κᾰ́κτοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ (genitive singular)
τῆς κᾰ́κτου (genitive singular)
τοῖν κᾰ́κτοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κᾰ́κτων (genitive plural)
τῷ (dative singular)
τῇ κᾰ́κτῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν κᾰ́κτοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς (dative plural)
ταῖς κᾰ́κτοις (dative plural)
τὸν (accusative singular)
τὴν κᾰ́κτον (accusative singular)
τὼ κᾰ́κτω (accusative dual)
τοὺς (accusative plural)
τᾱ̀ς κᾰ́κτους (accusative plural)
κᾰ́κτε (singular vocative)
κᾰ́κτω (dual vocative)
κᾰ́κτοι (plural vocative)

Greek: κάκτος (káktos)

Latin: cactus (see there for further descendants)

A foreign loan, possibly from Pre-Greek.

371 BCE – 287 BCE, Theophrastus, Enquiry into Plants 6.4.10

340 BCE – 285 BCE, Philitas, Collected Works 16

300 BCE – 200 BCE, Theocritus, Collected Works 10.4

Antig., Mir. 8

40 CE – 90 CE, Dioscorides, Alex. 33

Cynara cardunculus
Cynara cardunculus#Translingual

(feminine) the cardoon, Cynara cardunculus


γόνος

γόνος • (gónos) m or f (genitive γόνου); second declension

gónos (romanization)
γόνου (genitive)
ὁ (nominative singular)
ἡ γόνος (nominative singular)
τὼ γόνω (dual nominative)
οἱ (nominative plural)
αἱ γόνοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ (genitive singular)
τῆς γόνου (genitive singular)
τοῖν γόνοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν γόνων (genitive plural)
τῷ (dative singular)
τῇ γόνῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν γόνοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς (dative plural)
ταῖς γόνοις (dative plural)
τὸν (accusative singular)
τὴν γόνον (accusative singular)
τὼ γόνω (accusative dual)
τοὺς (accusative plural)
τᾱ̀ς γόνους (accusative plural)
γόνε (singular vocative)
γόνω (dual vocative)
γόνοι (plural vocative)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵónh₁os (“race”). Equivalent to γίγνομαι (gígnomai) + -ος (-os). Cognate to Sanskrit जन (jana, “human, race, people”).


ἱπποφοβάς

grc-noun

ῐ̔πποφοβᾰ́δος

ῐ̔πποφοβᾰ́ς • (hĭppophobắs) f (genitive ῐ̔πποφοβᾰ́δος); third declension

ῐ̔πποφοβᾰ́ς (canonical)
hĭppophobắs (romanization)
ῐ̔πποφοβᾰ́δος (genitive)
ἡ ῐ̔πποφοβᾰ́ς (nominative singular)
τὼ ῐ̔πποφοβᾰ́δε (dual nominative)
αἱ ῐ̔πποφοβᾰ́δες (nominative plural)
τῆς ῐ̔πποφοβᾰ́δος (genitive singular)
τοῖν ῐ̔πποφοβᾰ́δοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ῐ̔πποφοβᾰ́δων (genitive plural)
τῇ ῐ̔πποφοβᾰ́δῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν ῐ̔πποφοβᾰ́δοιν (dative dual)
ταῖς ῐ̔πποφοβᾰ́σῐ (dative plural)
ῐ̔πποφοβᾰ́σῐν (dative plural)
taîs hĭppophobắsĭ (dative plural)
taîs hĭppophobắsĭn (dative plural)
τὴν ῐ̔πποφοβᾰ́δᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ ῐ̔πποφοβᾰ́δε (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ῐ̔πποφοβᾰ́δᾰς (accusative plural)
ῐ̔πποφοβᾰ́ς (singular vocative)
ῐ̔πποφοβᾰ́δε (dual vocative)
ῐ̔πποφοβᾰ́δες (plural vocative)

grc-decl

ῐ̔πποφοβᾰ́δος

From ῐ̔́ππος (hĭ́ppos, “horse”) + φόβος (phóbos, “fear”) + -ᾰ́ς (-ắs).


σκορπίος

grc-noun

σκορπῐ́ος • (skorpĭ́os) m (genitive σκορπῐ́ου); second declension

σκορπῐ́ος (canonical)
skorpĭ́os (romanization)
σκορπῐ́ου (genitive)
ὁ σκορπῐ́ος (nominative singular)
τὼ σκορπῐ́ω (dual nominative)
οἱ σκορπῐ́οι (nominative plural)
τοῦ σκορπῐ́ου (genitive singular)
τοῖν σκορπῐ́οιν (dual genitive)
τῶν σκορπῐ́ων (genitive plural)
τῷ σκορπῐ́ῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν σκορπῐ́οιν (dative dual)
τοῖς σκορπῐ́οις (dative plural)
τὸν σκορπῐ́ον (accusative singular)
τὼ σκορπῐ́ω (accusative dual)
τοὺς σκορπῐ́ους (accusative plural)
σκορπῐ́ε (singular vocative)
σκορπῐ́ω (dual vocative)
σκορπῐ́οι (plural vocative)

Greek: σκορπιός m (skorpiós)

desctree

→ Latin: scorpiō, scorpios, scorpius
→? Albanian: shkrap
Catalan: escorpí
Old French: scorpion
French: scorpion
→ Middle Dutch: scorpioen
Dutch: schorpioen
→ English: scorpion
→ Welsh: sgorpion
→ German: Skorpion
→ Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍀𐌾𐍉 (skaurpjō)
→ Middle Irish: scoirp
Irish: scairp
Italian: scorpione
>? Italian: sgorbio
→ Middle Low German: schorpie
→ Norwegian Bokmål: skorpion
Portuguese: escorpião
Romanian: scorpion
Romansch: scorpiun
→ Russian: скорпио́н m (skorpión)
Sicilian: scurpiuni
Spanish: escorpión

→ Classical Sanskrit: कौर्पि (kaurpi)

Sometimes suggested to be from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to cut”), but Beekes notes that it is more likely a Pre-Greek loanword instead, with a pre-form along the lines of *karaᵐp-, and possibly related to κᾱ́ρᾰβος (kā́răbos, “beetle, crustacean”), κερᾰ́μβῠξ (kerắmbŭx, “longhorn beetle”), κηρᾰφῐ́ς (kērăphĭ́s, “a kind of locust”).


πύξος

grc-noun

πῠ́ξος • (pŭ́xos) f (genitive πῠ́ξου); second declension

πῠ́ξος (canonical)
pŭ́xos (romanization)
πῠ́ξου (genitive)
ὁ πῠ́ξος (nominative singular)
τὼ πῠ́ξω (dual nominative)
οἱ πῠ́ξοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ πῠ́ξου (genitive singular)
τοῖν πῠ́ξοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν πῠ́ξων (genitive plural)
τῷ πῠ́ξῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν πῠ́ξοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς πῠ́ξοις (dative plural)
τὸν πῠ́ξον (accusative singular)
τὼ πῠ́ξω (accusative dual)
τοὺς πῠ́ξους (accusative plural)
πῠ́ξε (singular vocative)
πῠ́ξω (dual vocative)
πῠ́ξοι (plural vocative)

Probably a substrate loanword from Italy, related to Latin buxus (“box tree”). Attempts by Scardigli, who looks for the origin of the term in Asia Minor, and by Carnoy, who connects it to Proto-Indo-European *bʰewgʰ- (“to bend”), are unconvincing.

cog

Buxus sempervirens
Buxus sempervirens#Translingual


ἐλαία

grc-noun

ἐλαίᾱ • (elaíā) f (genitive ἐλαίᾱς); first declension

ἐλαίᾱ (canonical)
elaíā (romanization)
ἐλαίᾱς (genitive)
ἡ ἐλαίᾱ (nominative singular)
τὼ ἐλαίᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ ἐλαῖαι (nominative plural)
τῆς ἐλαίᾱς (genitive singular)
τοῖν ἐλαίαιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ἐλαιῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ ἐλαίᾳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ἐλαίαιν (dative dual)
ταῖς ἐλαίαις (dative plural)
τὴν ἐλαίᾱν (accusative singular)
τὼ ἐλαίᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ἐλαίᾱς (accusative plural)
ἐλαίᾱ (singular vocative)
ἐλαίᾱ (dual vocative)
ἐλαῖαι (plural vocative)

Greek: ελαία f (elaía)

Greek: ελιά f (eliá)

Latin: oliva

From Proto-Hellenic *elaíwā (whence also Mycenaean Greek 𐀁𐀨𐀷 (e-ra-wa)). Probably a borrowing from a Mediterranean Pre-Greek source, which also gave Old Armenian եւղ (ewł, “oil”).


δωράκινον

δωράκινον • (dōrákinon) n (genitive δωρακίνου); second declension

dōrákinon (romanization)
δωρακίνου (genitive)
τὸ δωράκινον (nominative singular)
τᾰ̀ δωράκινᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ δωρακίνου (genitive singular)
τῶν δωρακίνων (genitive plural)
τῷ δωρακίνῳ (dative singular)
τοῖς δωρακίνοις (dative plural)
τὸ δωράκινον (accusative singular)
τᾰ̀ δωράκινᾰ (accusative plural)
δωράκινον (singular vocative)
δωράκινᾰ (plural vocative)

Byzantine Greek: ῥοδάκινον (rhodákinon)

Greek: ροδάκινο (rodákino)

desc

Pontic Greek: ροδάκινον (rodákinon), ροδάκινο (rodákino), ροδάκιν (rodákin), ροδάκ' (rodák'), δοράκινο (dorákino)

Tsakonian: ροδάτσ̌ινε (rodátšine)

→ Aramaic:

Classical Syriac: ܕܘܪܩܝܢܐ (dōraqqīnā, dūrqīnā)

From Latin dūracinum, nominative neuter singular of dūracinus (“hard-berried”).

Geoponica, 3 1.4

Geoponica, 10 13.1

(Late Koine, Early Byzantine) a type of peach ("kingstone")


κάστωρ

grc-noun

κάστωρ • (kástōr) m (genitive κάστορος); third declension

kástōr (romanization)
κάστορος (genitive)
ὁ κάστωρ (nominative singular)
τὼ κάστορε (dual nominative)
οἱ κάστορες (nominative plural)
τοῦ κάστορος (genitive singular)
τοῖν καστόροιν (dual genitive)
τῶν καστόρων (genitive plural)
τῷ κάστορῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν καστόροιν (dative dual)
τοῖς κάστορσῐ (dative plural)
κάστορσῐν (dative plural)
toîs kástorsĭ (dative plural)
toîs kástorsĭn (dative plural)
τὸν κάστορᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ κάστορε (accusative dual)
τοὺς κάστορᾰς (accusative plural)
κάστορ (singular vocative)
κάστορε (dual vocative)
κάστορες (plural vocative)

→ Classical Syriac: ܩܣܛܘܪ (qasṭor)

→ Latin: castor (see there for further descendants)

The existence of Sanskrit कस्तूरी (kastūrī, “musk”), Sanskrit कस्तूरिका (kastūrikā, “musk-deer, musk”), and related terms points to reconstructing Proto-Indo-European *kestor- (“beaver, musk”) or a similar lemma. Note also Sanskrit कशीका (kaśīkā́, “weasel”), Sanskrit कश (káśa, “a type of rodent”), with etymologically suspect ś.
Beekes' assertion that the Sanskrit terms were derived from the Greek is absurd, given the attestation of the Indic terms not only in Classical Sanskrit, but also early Buddhist Pali and Jain Ardhamagadhi Prakrit, as well as India being the primary source of European musk. More plausible is that καστόριον (kastórion, “castoreum”) is a borrowing from Sanskrit, given its late attestation in Greek, although it is equally likely that the Greek terms were internally developed.
The traditional theory by Kretschmer derives the word from the name Κᾰ́στωρ (Kắstōr, “Castor”), who, in Greek mythology, was known as a savior of women, supposedly for the medicinal effect of castor fluid for women's diseases. Whether or not Castor was mentioned in relation to beavers in Greek mythology, the relationship between the two is presumably of Indo-European vintage, as reflected in Sanskrit नकुल (nakulá, “mongoose, weasel; Castor”), which similarly refers to both animal and the specific horse-twin. Beavers did not exist in Greece proper, as pointed out by some, but were nonetheless mentioned by Herodotus to exist in the North Pontic area, near the Proto-Indo-European homeland, so it is almost certain the Hellenic tribes were familiar with beavers before venturing into Greece.
A candidate for a native Pre-Greek word for "beaver" might be λᾰ́τᾰξ (lắtăx).
Note that the main Indo-European word for "beaver", *bʰébʰrus (which did not survive or exist in Hellenic), may be a reduplicative (and thus non-atomic) formation from *bʰerH- (“brown”).


κύκνος

grc-noun

κύκνος • (kúknos) m (genitive κύκνου); second declension

kúknos (romanization)
κύκνου (genitive)
ὁ κῠ́κνος (nominative singular)
τὼ κῠ́κνω (dual nominative)
οἱ κῠ́κνοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ κῠ́κνου (genitive singular)
τοῖν κῠ́κνοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κῠ́κνων (genitive plural)
τῷ κῠ́κνῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν κῠ́κνοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς κῠ́κνοις (dative plural)
τὸν κῠ́κνον (accusative singular)
τὼ κῠ́κνω (accusative dual)
τοὺς κῠ́κνους (accusative plural)
κῠ́κνε (singular vocative)
κῠ́κνω (dual vocative)
κῠ́κνοι (plural vocative)

→ Latin: cycnus

⇒ Latin: cygnus

desc

→ Arabic: قُقْنُس (quqnus), قُقْنُوس (quqnūs)

→ Persian: ققنوس, ققنس (qaqnos)

→ Urdu: ققنس (qaqnus)

⇒ Classical Syriac: ܩܘܩܢܘܣ (qūqnōs), ܩܘܩܢܣ (/qwqns/), ܩܝܩܝܢܘܣ (/qyqynws/)

→ Old Armenian: կիկնոս (kiknos), կիւկնոս (kiwknos)

Perhaps from a Proto-Indo-European *ḱewk- (“white”), with cognates including Sanskrit शोचति (śócati) and शुक्र (śukrá), and possibly Old Norse Hǿnir (“god associated with swans and storks”). Could also be onomatopoeic from the sound of the swan's call (compare Russian кы-кы (ky-ky, “cry of a swan”)).


ταώς

grc-noun

τᾰώς • (tăṓs) m (genitive τᾰώ); second declension

τᾰώς (canonical)
tăṓs (romanization)
τᾰώ (genitive)
ὁ τᾰώς (nominative singular)
τὼ τᾰώ (dual nominative)
οἱ τᾰῴ (nominative plural)
τοῦ τᾰώ (genitive singular)
τοῖν τᾰῴν (dual genitive)
τῶν τᾰών (genitive plural)
τῷ τᾰῴ (dative singular)
τοῖν τᾰῴν (dative dual)
τοῖς τᾰῴς (dative plural)
τὸν τᾰώ (accusative singular)
τᾰών (accusative singular)
tòn tăṓ (accusative singular)
tòn tăṓn (accusative singular)
τὼ τᾰώ (accusative dual)
τοὺς τᾰώς (accusative plural)
τᾰώς (singular vocative)
τᾰώ (dual vocative)
τᾰῴ (plural vocative)

From an earlier *ταϝώς (*tawṓs), of Pre-Greek origin; possibly from an Oriental source, perhaps from Dravidian (compare Tamil தோகை (tōkai, “("peacock”)) or a Turkic source (compare Turkish tavuk (“hen”)). Cognates include Latin pāvus, pāvō, and perhaps Hebrew טַוָּס (ṭawwā́s), Aramaic טַוסָא (ṭawsā), Arabic طَاوُوس (ṭāwūs).

cog

Arabic طَاوُوس (ṭāwūs)


πήγανον

grc-noun

πήγᾰνον • (pḗgănon) n (genitive πηγᾰ́νου); second declension

πήγᾰνον (canonical)
pḗgănon (romanization)
πηγᾰ́νου (genitive)
τὸ πήγᾰνον (nominative singular)
τὼ πηγᾰ́νω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ πήγᾰνᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ πηγᾰ́νου (genitive singular)
τοῖν πηγᾰ́νοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν πηγᾰ́νων (genitive plural)
τῷ πηγᾰ́νῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν πηγᾰ́νοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς πηγᾰ́νοις (dative plural)
τὸ πήγᾰνον (accusative singular)
τὼ πηγᾰ́νω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ πήγᾰνᾰ (accusative plural)
πήγᾰνον (singular vocative)
πηγᾰ́νω (dual vocative)
πήγᾰνᾰ (plural vocative)

→ Aramaic:

desc

Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: פיגנא (peygānā)

desctree

Classical Syriac: ܦܝܓܢܐ (peygānā), ܦܓܢܐ (feggān), ܦܝܓܘܢ (feygōn), ܦܐܓܢܘܢ (feggānōn), ܦܝܓܐܢܘܢ (feygānōn)
→ Old Armenian: փեգանայ (pʻeganay), փեգենայ (pʻegenay)

desc

→ Arabic: فَيْجَن (fayjan), فَيْجَل (fayjal)

→ Latin: pēganum

Translingual: Peganum

→ Persian: پیغن (payğan)

→ Ottoman Turkish: پیغن (peyğan)

Compare Old Georgian ტეგანი (ṭegani, “rue”).


θερμός

grc-noun

θερμός • (thermós) m (genitive θερμοῦ); second declension

thermós (romanization)
θερμοῦ (genitive)
ὁ θερμός (nominative singular)
τὼ θερμώ (dual nominative)
οἱ θερμοί (nominative plural)
τοῦ θερμοῦ (genitive singular)
τοῖν θερμοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν θερμῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ θερμῷ (dative singular)
τοῖν θερμοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς θερμοῖς (dative plural)
τὸν θερμόν (accusative singular)
τὼ θερμώ (accusative dual)
τοὺς θερμούς (accusative plural)
θερμέ (singular vocative)
θερμώ (dual vocative)
θερμοί (plural vocative)

From Akkadian 𒋻𒄷 (TAR.MUŠ₈ /tarmuš/), from Sumerian 𒋻𒄷 (TAR.MUŠ₈ /tarmuš/). Cognate to Coptic ⲑⲁⲣⲙⲟⲩⲥ (tharmous), Aramaic תורמוסא / ܬܘܪܡܣܐ (tūrmūsā, “lupine”), Arabic تُرْمُس (turmus).
An alternative theory by Stromberg (favored by Beekes) considers the word a nominalization of Etymology 1, with regular accent shift.

cog

Aramaic תורמוסא


στρουθοκάμηλος

grc-noun

στρουθοκᾰ́μηλος

στρουθοκᾰμήλου

στρουθοκᾰ́μηλος • (strouthokắmēlos) m or f (genitive στρουθοκᾰμήλου); second declension

στρουθοκᾰ́μηλος (canonical)
strouthokắmēlos (romanization)
στρουθοκᾰμήλου (genitive)
ὁ (nominative singular)
ἡ στρουθοκᾰ́μηλος (nominative singular)
τὼ στρουθοκᾰμήλω (dual nominative)
οἱ (nominative plural)
αἱ στρουθοκᾰ́μηλοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ (genitive singular)
τῆς στρουθοκᾰμήλου (genitive singular)
τοῖν στρουθοκᾰμήλοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν στρουθοκᾰμήλων (genitive plural)
τῷ (dative singular)
τῇ στρουθοκᾰμήλῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν στρουθοκᾰμήλοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς (dative plural)
ταῖς στρουθοκᾰμήλοις (dative plural)
τὸν (accusative singular)
τὴν στρουθοκᾰ́μηλον (accusative singular)
τὼ στρουθοκᾰμήλω (accusative dual)
τοὺς (accusative plural)
τᾱ̀ς στρουθοκᾰμήλους (accusative plural)
στρουθοκᾰ́μηλε (singular vocative)
στρουθοκᾰμήλω (dual vocative)
στρουθοκᾰ́μηλοι (plural vocative)

grc-decl

στρουθοκᾰ́μηλος

desc

στρουθοκάμηλος

Greek: στρουθοκάμηλος (strouthokámilos)

desctree

→ Latin: strūthiocamēlus
Translingual: Struthio camelus

→ Old Georgian: სირაქლემი (siraklemi) (calque)
⇒ Georgian: სირაქლემა (siraklema)

desc

страѳокамиль

→ Old Church Slavonic: страѳокамиль (straθokamilĭ)

From στρουθός (strouthós, “sparrow”) + κάμηλος (kámēlos, “camel”), from its camel-like neck.

etymon

στρουθός>sparrow

κάμηλος>camel

compound

Struthio camelus
Struthio camelus#Translingual


μῆλον

grc-noun

μῆλον • (mêlon) n (genitive μήλου); second declension

mêlon (romanization)
μήλου (genitive)
τὸ μῆλον (nominative singular)
τὼ μήλω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ μῆλᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ μήλου (genitive singular)
τοῖν μήλοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν μήλων (genitive plural)
τῷ μήλῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν μήλοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς μήλοις (dative plural)
τὸ μῆλον (accusative singular)
τὼ μήλω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ μῆλᾰ (accusative plural)
μῆλον (singular vocative)
μήλω (dual vocative)
μῆλᾰ (plural vocative)
τὸ μᾶλον (nominative singular)
τὼ μᾱ́λω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ μᾶλᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ μᾱ́λω (genitive singular)
τοῖν μᾱ́λοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν μᾱ́λων (genitive plural)
τῷ μᾱ́λῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν μᾱ́λοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς μᾱ́λοις (dative plural)
τὸ μᾶλον (accusative singular)
τὼ μᾱ́λω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ μᾱ́λως (accusative plural)
μᾶλον (singular vocative)
μᾱ́λω (dual vocative)
μᾶλᾰ (plural vocative)

Greek: μήλο (mílo)

desctree

→ Latin: mēlum
Aromanian: mer, meru
Italian: mela
Friulian: mêl
Neapolitan: mìlo, méla
Romanian: măr
Romansch: mel, mail, meil
Sassarese: mera
Spanish: mela

Uncertain. Compare Hittite 𒈠𒀀𒄴𒆷𒀸 (māḫlaš, “grapevine”), Hittite 𒊭𒈠𒇻 (šamalu-, “apple”), Hittite 𒊭𒄠𒇻 (šamlu-, “apple”) and Proto-Kartvelian *msxal- (“pear”).
Multiple theories have been put forth:
Theories on the origin of μῆλον
* Beekes (2010) declares it to be a Pre-Greek Mediterranean substrate borrowing, comparing it with Hittite 𒈠𒀀𒄴𒆷𒀸 (māḫlaš, “grapevine”).
* Kroonen (2016) reconstructs a Proto-Indo-European byform *smh₂l-, from which he also derives Hittite 𒊭𒈠𒇻 (šamalu-), 𒊭𒄠𒇻 (šamlu-) "apple". He also connects this IE form with Proto-Kartvelian *msxal- (“pear”) and proposes that the Indo-European words may have come from a metathesis of that Kartvelian word.
* Fenwick (2016) also argues for an ultimate Indo-European origin, though with differing details, and views the Kartvelian term rather as an IE loan. She reconstructs Proto-Indo-European *méh₂lo- (“cultivated tree, cultivated vine”), with a variant *móh₂lo- (“id.”). This variant is visible in e.g. Hittite 𒈠𒀀𒄴𒆷𒀸 (māḫlaš, “grapevine”), Lydian μῶλαξ (môlax, “type of wine”), and Armenian մոլ (mol, “sucker, runner, stolon”). She takes this variation as evidence of an earlier acrostatic root noun *móh₂l- (“type of culturally important plant”) - which got thematized later on - showing a range of other derived forms. She further treats *móh₂l- itself as a possible archaic *-l- deverbal noun from *meh₂- (“to grow, increase, mature, be fruitful”). She compares this development to that of *webʰl- (“weevil, beetle, worm”), which she derives from *webʰ- (“to weave”)).


μῆλον

mêlon (romanization)
μήλου (genitive)
τὸ μῆλον (nominative singular)
τὼ μήλω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ μῆλᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ μήλου (genitive singular)
τοῖν μήλοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν μήλων (genitive plural)
τῷ μήλῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν μήλοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς μήλοις (dative plural)
τὸ μῆλον (accusative singular)
τὼ μήλω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ μῆλᾰ (accusative plural)
μῆλον (singular vocative)
μήλω (dual vocative)
μῆλᾰ (plural vocative)

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *(s)meh₁l- (“small animal”). Compare Old Irish mil (“small animal”), Dutch maal (“young cow”), Old Church Slavonic малъ (malŭ), Old English smæl (English small). Despite phonetic and semantic similarities, likely unrelated to Old Armenian մալ (mal, “cattle”), which stems from Arabic مَال (māl, “property”) instead.


ἔβενος

grc-noun

ἔβενος • (ébenos) f or m (genitive ἐβένου); second declension

ébenos (romanization)
ἐβένου (genitive)
ὁ ἔβενος (nominative singular)
τὼ ἐβένω (dual nominative)
οἱ ἔβενοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ ἐβένου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ἐβένοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ἐβένων (genitive plural)
τῷ ἐβένῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ἐβένοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ἐβένοις (dative plural)
τὸν ἔβενον (accusative singular)
τὼ ἐβένω (accusative dual)
τοὺς ἐβένους (accusative plural)
ἔβενε (singular vocative)
ἐβένω (dual vocative)
ἔβενοι (plural vocative)

Greek: έβενος (évenos)

→ Armenian: էբենոս (ēbenos)

→ Latin: hebenus, ebenus (see there for further descendants)

→ Middle Persian: ʾpnws (abnūs)

desc

Persian: ابنوس (abnus), آبنوس (ābnūs, ābenūs), آبنوز (ābnūz) (see there for further descendants)

→ Classical Syriac: ܐܒܢܘܣܐ (ʾaḇnūsāʾ)

→ Old Armenian: եբենոս (ebenos), ոպնիազ (opniaz)

Armenian: եբենոս (ebenos)

Borrowed from Egyptian hbnj, U13:n-Z4:M3


ἱπποπόταμος

grc-noun

ῐ̔πποπότᾰμος

ῐ̔πποποτᾰ́μου

ῐ̔πποπότᾰμος • (hĭppopótămos) m (genitive ῐ̔πποποτᾰ́μου); second declension

ῐ̔πποπότᾰμος (canonical)
hĭppopótămos (romanization)
ῐ̔πποποτᾰ́μου (genitive)
ὁ ῐ̔πποπότᾰμος (nominative singular)
τὼ ῐ̔πποποτᾰ́μω (dual nominative)
οἱ ῐ̔πποπότᾰμοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ ῐ̔πποποτᾰ́μου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ῐ̔πποποτᾰ́μοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ῐ̔πποποτᾰ́μων (genitive plural)
τῷ ῐ̔πποποτᾰ́μῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ῐ̔πποποτᾰ́μοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ῐ̔πποποτᾰ́μοις (dative plural)
τὸν ῐ̔πποπότᾰμον (accusative singular)
τὼ ῐ̔πποποτᾰ́μω (accusative dual)
τοὺς ῐ̔πποποτᾰ́μους (accusative plural)
ῐ̔πποπότᾰμε (singular vocative)
ῐ̔πποποτᾰ́μω (dual vocative)
ῐ̔πποπότᾰμοι (plural vocative)

grc-decl

ῐ̔πποπότᾰμος

desc

→ Arabic: فَرَس نَهْر (faras nahr) (calque)

→ Danish: flodhest (calque)

→ German: Flusspferd (calque)

→ English: river horse (calque)

→ Latin: hippopotamus (see there for further descendants)

→ Old Armenian: գետաձի (getaji) (calque)

From ῐ̔́ππος (hĭ́ppos, “horse”) + ποτᾰμός (potămós, “river”).


σκίουρος

grc-noun

σκῐ́ουρος • (skĭ́ouros) m (genitive σκῐούρου); second declension

σκῐ́ουρος (canonical)
skĭ́ouros (romanization)
σκῐούρου (genitive)
ὁ σκῐ́ουρος (nominative singular)
τὼ σκῐούρω (dual nominative)
οἱ σκῐ́ουροι (nominative plural)
τοῦ σκῐούρου (genitive singular)
τοῖν σκῐούροιν (dual genitive)
τῶν σκῐούρων (genitive plural)
τῷ σκῐούρῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν σκῐούροιν (dative dual)
τοῖς σκῐούροις (dative plural)
τὸν σκῐ́ουρον (accusative singular)
τὼ σκῐούρω (accusative dual)
τοὺς σκῐούρους (accusative plural)
σκῐ́ουρε (singular vocative)
σκῐούρω (dual vocative)
σκῐ́ουροι (plural vocative)

→ Armenian: սկյուռ (skyuṙ)

Greek: σκίουρος (skíouros)

→ Latin: sciūrus, sciūrolus (see there for further descendants)

Traditionally explained as a bahuvrihi compound of σκιά (skiá, “shade, shadow”) + οὐρά (ourá, “tail”), thus "(one who) generates shade with its tail", but this could be a folk etymology, and it might actually be Pre-Greek, if the -ουρος (-ouros) is a suffix rather than a standalone word.


ἀμυγδάλη

ᾰ̓μῠγδᾰ́λη • (ămŭgdắlē) f (genitive ᾰ̓μῠγδᾰ́λης); first declension

ᾰ̓μῠγδᾰ́λη (canonical)
ămŭgdắlē (romanization)
ᾰ̓μῠγδᾰ́λης (genitive)
ἡ ᾰ̓μῠγδᾰ́λη (nominative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓μῠγδᾰ́λᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ ᾰ̓μῠγδᾰ́λαι (nominative plural)
τῆς ᾰ̓μῠγδᾰ́λης (genitive singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓μῠγδᾰ́λαιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ᾰ̓μῠγδᾰλῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ ᾰ̓μῠγδᾰ́λῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓μῠγδᾰ́λαιν (dative dual)
ταῖς ᾰ̓μῠγδᾰ́λαις (dative plural)
τὴν ᾰ̓μῠγδᾰ́λην (accusative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓μῠγδᾰ́λᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ᾰ̓μῠγδᾰ́λᾱς (accusative plural)
ᾰ̓μῠγδᾰ́λη (singular vocative)
ᾰ̓μῠγδᾰ́λᾱ (dual vocative)
ᾰ̓μῠγδᾰ́λαι (plural vocative)

Greek: αμύγδαλο (amýgdalo)

→ Latin: amygdala

Unknown.
According to Beekes, γδ-σγ alternations in the word's variants indicate "a typical" Pre-Greek substrate word, tentatively reconstructed as *amutʸgala. He also supports Furnée's comparison with μύκηρος (múkēros, “almond, kind of a nut”) and a couple of Anatolian words related to sweetness, such as Hittite [script needed] (mitgaimi-, “sweet bread”).
Alternatively, Blažek considers it possible to allow for Semitic provenance, namely to contain the term present in Hebrew שָׁקֵד (šāqḗḏ, “almond”), see there for variants, while accounting for the Greek /al/ by deeming a blend with the term in Hebrew דֶּקֶל (déqel, “palm tree; date”) to participate, imagining derivations *midqalā “place planted with date-palms” and miṯqadā “place planted with almond-trees” and hybridized miṯqalā.


κέρκουρος

grc-noun

κέρκουρος • (kérkouros) m (genitive κερκούρου); second declension

kérkouros (romanization)
κερκούρου (genitive)
ὁ κέρκουρος (nominative singular)
τὼ κερκούρω (dual nominative)
οἱ κέρκουροι (nominative plural)
τοῦ κερκούρου (genitive singular)
τοῖν κερκούροιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κερκούρων (genitive plural)
τῷ κερκούρῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν κερκούροιν (dative dual)
τοῖς κερκούροις (dative plural)
τὸν κέρκουρον (accusative singular)
τὼ κερκούρω (accusative dual)
τοὺς κερκούρους (accusative plural)
κέρκουρε (singular vocative)
κερκούρω (dual vocative)
κέρκουροι (plural vocative)

Uncertain. Perhaps from κέρκος (kérkos, “tail”). Could also be of Semitic origin, compare Classical Syriac ܩܪܩܘܪܐ (qarqūrāʾ, “boat”), reshaped under the influence of κέρκος (kérkos) and οὐρά (ourá, “tail”). Compare also Latin cercūrus, Old Armenian կուր (kur).


κορώνη

grc-noun

κορώνη • (korṓnē) f (genitive κορώνης); first declension

korṓnē (romanization)
κορώνης (genitive)
ἡ κορώνη (nominative singular)
τὼ κορώνᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ κορῶναι (nominative plural)
τῆς κορώνης (genitive singular)
τοῖν κορώναιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κορωνῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ κορώνῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν κορώναιν (dative dual)
ταῖς κορώναις (dative plural)
τὴν κορώνην (accusative singular)
τὼ κορώνᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς κορώνᾱς (accusative plural)
κορώνη (singular vocative)
κορώνᾱ (dual vocative)
κορῶναι (plural vocative)

Greek: κουρούνα (kouroúna)

→ Greek: κορώνα (koróna)

→ Latin: corōna (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱor-u- (“crow, raven”), apparently of imitative origin and with similar formations across multiple Indo-European branches; see Latin cornīx (“crow”) for more.
The senses referring to curved objects have been separated by linguists in the past from the "crow" sense, though it is likely that they are from the same etymological origin, with semantic extension "shaped like a crow's beak or claws" > "curved object".

der

coronoid process of the ulna, apophysis (the part of a bone where the tendon is attached)


πραικόκιον

grc-noun

πραικόκῐον • (praikókĭon) n (genitive πραικοκῐ́ου); second declension

πραικόκῐον (canonical)
praikókĭon (romanization)
πραικοκῐ́ου (genitive)
τὸ πραικόκῐον (nominative singular)
τὼ πραικοκῐ́ω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ πραικόκῐᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ πραικοκῐ́ου (genitive singular)
τοῖν πραικοκῐ́οιν (dual genitive)
τῶν πραικοκῐ́ων (genitive plural)
τῷ πραικοκῐ́ῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν πραικοκῐ́οιν (dative dual)
τοῖς πραικοκῐ́οις (dative plural)
τὸ πραικόκῐον (accusative singular)
τὼ πραικοκῐ́ω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ πραικόκῐᾰ (accusative plural)
πραικόκῐον (singular vocative)
πραικοκῐ́ω (dual vocative)
πραικόκῐᾰ (plural vocative)

desctree

Byzantine Greek: βερικοκκῐ́ᾱ (berikokkĭ́ā), βρεκοκκία (brekokkía)
→ Classical Syriac: ܒܰܪܩܽܘܩܳܐ (barqūqā), ܒܰܪܩܽܘܩܳܝܳܐ (barqūqāyā)
→ Arabic: برقوق (burqūq, barqūq) (see there for further descendants)

Borrowed from Latin praecoquum (“precocious”), variant of praecox (“early-ripe”), apparently because the apricot was considered a "precocious" variant of the peach. βερίκοκκον (beríkokkon) (whence modern Greek βερίκοκο (veríkoko)) is traditionally connected and considered as a variant form; however, the details of its relation to and phonetic development from πραικόκιον (praikókion) are unclear.


φάρυγξ

grc-noun

φᾰ́ρῠγξ • (phắrŭnx) f or m (genitive φᾰ́ρῠγος or φᾰ́ρῠγγος); third declension

φᾰ́ρῠγξ (canonical)
phắrŭnx (romanization)
φᾰ́ρῠγος (genitive)
φᾰ́ρῠγγος (genitive)
ὁ (nominative singular)
ἡ φᾰ́ρῠγξ (nominative singular)
τὼ φᾰ́ρῠγε (dual nominative)
οἱ (nominative plural)
αἱ φᾰ́ρῠγες (nominative plural)
τοῦ (genitive singular)
τῆς φᾰ́ρῠγος (genitive singular)
τοῖν φᾰρῠ́γοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν φᾰρῠ́γων (genitive plural)
τῷ (dative singular)
τῇ φᾰ́ρῠγῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν φᾰρῠ́γοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς (dative plural)
ταῖς φᾰ́ρῠξῐ (dative plural)
φᾰ́ρῠξῐν (dative plural)
toîs (dative plural)
taîs phắrŭxĭ (dative plural)
taîs phắrŭxĭn (dative plural)
τὸν (accusative singular)
τὴν φᾰ́ρῠγᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ φᾰ́ρῠγε (accusative dual)
τοὺς (accusative plural)
τᾱ̀ς φᾰ́ρῠγᾰς (accusative plural)
φᾰ́ρῠγξ (singular vocative)
φᾰ́ρῠγε (dual vocative)
φᾰ́ρῠγες (plural vocative)
ὁ (nominative singular)
ἡ φᾰ́ρῠγξ (nominative singular)
τὼ φᾰ́ρῠγγε (dual nominative)
οἱ (nominative plural)
αἱ φᾰ́ρῠγγες (nominative plural)
τοῦ (genitive singular)
τῆς φᾰ́ρῠγγος (genitive singular)
τοῖν φᾰρῠ́γγοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν φᾰρῠ́γγων (genitive plural)
τῷ (dative singular)
τῇ φᾰ́ρῠγγῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν φᾰρῠ́γγοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς (dative plural)
ταῖς φᾰ́ρῠγξῐ (dative plural)
φᾰ́ρῠγξῐν (dative plural)
toîs (dative plural)
taîs phắrŭnxĭ (dative plural)
taîs phắrŭnxĭn (dative plural)
τὸν (accusative singular)
τὴν φᾰ́ρῠγγᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ φᾰ́ρῠγγε (accusative dual)
τοὺς (accusative plural)
τᾱ̀ς φᾰ́ρῠγγᾰς (accusative plural)
φᾰ́ρῠγξ (singular vocative)
φᾰ́ρῠγγε (dual vocative)
φᾰ́ρῠγγες (plural vocative)

Greek: φάρυγγας (fáryngas)

→ New Latin: pharynx
→ English: pharynx

→ Italian: faringe

According to Frisk an inherited Indo-European word for “throat, gorge”, cognate to Latin frūmen and Old Armenian երբուծ (erbuc), both from Proto-Indo-European *bʰruHg- (“to use, enjoy”), but phonetically this is somewhat problematic as the Greek form requires laryngeal metathesis to *bʰr̥Hug-, turning the root disyllabic, for unknown reasons. Alternatively, it could be related to φᾰ́ρᾰγξ (phắrănx, “ravine, cleft, chasm, gully, abyss”) or φᾶρος (phâros, “cloth, cloak”), also of disputed origin.
Beekes pointed out that the prenasalized suffix -ῠγγ- (or -ῠγ-) argues for a Pre-Greek origin. Compare λᾰ́ρῠγξ (lắrŭnx).


ζιζάνιον

grc-noun

ζῐζᾰ́νῐον • (zĭzắnĭon) n (genitive ζῐζᾰνῐ́ου); second declension

ζῐζᾰ́νῐον (canonical)
zĭzắnĭon (romanization)
ζῐζᾰνῐ́ου (genitive)
τὸ ζῐζᾰ́νῐον (nominative singular)
τὼ ζῐζᾰνῐ́ω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ ζῐζᾰ́νῐᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ ζῐζᾰνῐ́ου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ζῐζᾰνῐ́οιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ζῐζᾰνῐ́ων (genitive plural)
τῷ ζῐζᾰνῐ́ῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ζῐζᾰνῐ́οιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ζῐζᾰνῐ́οις (dative plural)
τὸ ζῐζᾰ́νῐον (accusative singular)
τὼ ζῐζᾰνῐ́ω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ ζῐζᾰ́νῐᾰ (accusative plural)
ζῐζᾰ́νῐον (singular vocative)
ζῐζᾰνῐ́ω (dual vocative)
ζῐζᾰ́νῐᾰ (plural vocative)

Greek: ζιζάνιο n (zizánio, “weed”)

desctree

→ Latin: zizanium, zizannium, zizania, zizannia
→ Catalan: zitzània
→ English: zizania
→ Italian: zizzania
→ Sicilian: zizzània
Spanish: cizaña
Translingual: Zizania

Loaned through an Aramaic form attested as Jewish Babylonian Aramaic זזניא, זזנייא, Mishnaic Hebrew זזנין, Classical Syriac ܙܺܽܝܙܳܢܳܐ (zīzānā, “ryegrass”), from Sumerian 𒍣𒍝𒀭 (zizān, “wheat”). See also living Arabic زِوَان (ziwān) for the term’s semantic range.

cog

Lolium temulentum
Lolium temulentum#Translingual


ῥόμβος

grc-noun

ῥόμβος • (rhómbos) m (genitive ῥόμβου); second declension

rhómbos (romanization)
ῥόμβου (genitive)
ὁ ῥόμβος (nominative singular)
τὼ ῥόμβω (dual nominative)
οἱ ῥόμβοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ ῥόμβου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ῥόμβοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ῥόμβων (genitive plural)
τῷ ῥόμβῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ῥόμβοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ῥόμβοις (dative plural)
τὸν ῥόμβον (accusative singular)
τὼ ῥόμβω (accusative dual)
τοὺς ῥόμβους (accusative plural)
ῥόμβε (singular vocative)
ῥόμβω (dual vocative)
ῥόμβοι (plural vocative)

→ Greek: ρόμβος (rómvos) (learned)

→ Latin: rhombus (see there for further descendants)

→ Old Armenian: ռումբ (ṙumb) (possibly)

→ Georgian: რუმბი (rumbi) (possibly)

→ Russian: ромб m (romb)

type of fish including the turbot and brill


βελόνη

βελόνη • (belónē) f (genitive βελόνης); first declension

belónē (romanization)
βελόνης (genitive)
ἡ βελόνη (nominative singular)
τὼ βελόνᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ βελόναι (nominative plural)
τῆς βελόνης (genitive singular)
τοῖν βελόναιν (dual genitive)
τῶν βελονῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ βελόνῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν βελόναιν (dative dual)
ταῖς βελόναις (dative plural)
τὴν βελόνην (accusative singular)
τὼ βελόνᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς βελόνᾱς (accusative plural)
βελόνη (singular vocative)
βελόνᾱ (dual vocative)
βελόναι (plural vocative)

Greek: βελόνα (velóna)

Translingual: Belone (garfish)


κυπάρισσος

κῠπᾰ́ρῐσσος • (kŭpắrĭssos) f (genitive κῠπᾰρῐ́σσου); second declension

κῠπᾰ́ρῐσσος (canonical)
kŭpắrĭssos (romanization)
κῠπᾰρῐ́σσου (genitive)
ὁ κῠπᾰ́ρῐσσος (nominative singular)
τὼ κῠπᾰρῐ́σσω (dual nominative)
οἱ κῠπᾰ́ρῐσσοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ κῠπᾰρῐ́σσου (genitive singular)
τοῖν κῠπᾰρῐ́σσοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κῠπᾰρῐ́σσων (genitive plural)
τῷ κῠπᾰρῐ́σσῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν κῠπᾰρῐ́σσοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς κῠπᾰρῐ́σσοις (dative plural)
τὸν κῠπᾰ́ρῐσσον (accusative singular)
τὼ κῠπᾰρῐ́σσω (accusative dual)
τοὺς κῠπᾰρῐ́σσους (accusative plural)
κῠπᾰ́ρῐσσε (singular vocative)
κῠπᾰρῐ́σσω (dual vocative)
κῠπᾰ́ρῐσσοι (plural vocative)

Greek: κυπαρίσσι (kyparíssi)

→ Romanian: chiparos

desctree

→ Latin: cupressus, cypressus (Late Latin), cyparissus (only in Virgil)
→ Aragonese: cupreso (Sarrablés)
Catalan: ciprés, ciprer, xiprer
→ English: cypress
→ French: cyprès
→ Italian: cipresso
→ Norman: cyprès (Jersey)
Piedmontese: sipress
Portuguese: cipreste
→ Spanish: ciprés

→ Old Armenian: կիպարիս (kiparis)

→ Old Georgian: კჳპაროსი (ḳwiṗarosi), კჳპაროზი (ḳwiṗarozi)
Georgian: კვიპაროსი (ḳviṗarosi)

→ Russian: кипари́с (kiparís)

Probably from a Mediterranean Pre-Greek language; compare Hebrew כֹּפֶר / כּוֺפֶר (kōp̱er, “pitch, tar; henna”), Aramaic כּוּפְרָא / ܟܘܦܪܐ (kūp̄rā, “pitch, tar; henna”), Ugaritic 𐎋𐎔𐎗 (kpr, “henna”), Mycenaean Greek 𐀓𐀞𐀫 (ku-pa-ro, debatable plant), Coptic ⲕⲟⲩⲡⲣ (koupr, “henna”), Demotic qwpr (“henna”), Egyptian qwpr (a given name), Dongolawi kofrē (“henna”), all ultimately from Akkadian 𒇒𒌓𒀀 (kupru, “bitumen, pitch”) from Akkadian 𒅗𒉺𒊒 (kapāru, “to smear, to daub on”).
"Gopher" was the name of the tree whose wood was used to make the ark (Genesis 6:14).

bor

כֹּפֶר / כּוֺפֶר

cog

Aramaic כּוּפְרָא

der

Cupressus sempervirens
Cupressus sempervirens#Translingual


καρκίνος

grc-noun

καρκῐ́νος • (karkĭ́nos) m (genitive καρκῐ́νου); second declension

καρκῐ́νος (canonical)
karkĭ́nos (romanization)
καρκῐ́νου (genitive)
ὁ καρκῐ́νος (nominative singular)
τὼ καρκῐ́νω (dual nominative)
οἱ καρκῐ́νᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ καρκῐ́νου (genitive singular)
τοῖν καρκῐ́νοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν καρκῐ́νων (genitive plural)
τῷ καρκῐ́νῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν καρκῐ́νοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς καρκῐ́νοις (dative plural)
τὸν καρκῐ́νον (accusative singular)
τὼ καρκῐ́νω (accusative dual)
τοὺς καρκῐ́νᾰ (accusative plural)
καρκῐ́νε (singular vocative)
καρκῐ́νω (dual vocative)
καρκῐ́νᾰ (plural vocative)

desc

Old Armenian: կարակին (karakin), կարկին (karkin)

Armenian: կարկին (karkin)

Uncertain. Could be from a Proto-Indo-European *karkros, with cognates including Latin cancer, and possibly Sanskrit कर्कट (karkaṭa), although relationship with the latter is less certain. There are elements which point to a non-Indo-European origin, perhaps Pre-Greek.

pair of pincers, a type of torture instrument


κίρκος

grc-noun

κίρκος • (kírkos) m (genitive κίρκου); second declension

kírkos (romanization)
κίρκου (genitive)
ὁ κῐ́ρκος (nominative singular)
τὼ κῐ́ρκω (dual nominative)
οἱ κῐ́ρκοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ κῐ́ρκου (genitive singular)
τοῖν κῐ́ρκοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κῐ́ρκων (genitive plural)
τῷ κῐ́ρκῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν κῐ́ρκοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς κῐ́ρκοις (dative plural)
τὸν κῐ́ρκον (accusative singular)
τὼ κῐ́ρκω (accusative dual)
τοὺς κῐ́ρκους (accusative plural)
κῐ́ρκε (singular vocative)
κῐ́ρκω (dual vocative)
κῐ́ρκοι (plural vocative)

→ Latin: circus

→ Translingual: Circus, Circaetus

Compare κρέξ (kréx, “crane, crex”) and κρίκος (kríkos, “ring”) for the "hawk" and "circle" meanings respectively (the different senses may well be of different origin).

(Hesychius) ἡ τοῦ αἰγείρου βλάστησις (hē toû aigeírou blástēsis, “sprouting of the black poplar”)


φασιανός

φᾱσῐᾱνός • (phāsĭānós) m (genitive φᾱσῐᾱνοῦ); second declension

φᾱσῐᾱνός (canonical)
phāsĭānós (romanization)
φᾱσῐᾱνοῦ (genitive)
ὁ φᾱσῐᾱνός (nominative singular)
τὼ φᾱσῐᾱνώ (dual nominative)
οἱ φᾱσῐᾱνοί (nominative plural)
τοῦ φᾱσῐᾱνοῦ (genitive singular)
τοῖν φᾱσῐᾱνοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν φᾱσῐᾱνῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ φᾱσῐᾱνῷ (dative singular)
τοῖν φᾱσῐᾱνοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς φᾱσῐᾱνοῖς (dative plural)
τὸν φᾱσῐᾱνόν (accusative singular)
τὼ φᾱσῐᾱνώ (accusative dual)
τοὺς φᾱσῐᾱνούς (accusative plural)
φᾱσῐᾱνέ (singular vocative)
φᾱσῐᾱνώ (dual vocative)
φᾱσῐᾱνοί (plural vocative)

Greek: φασιανός (fasianós)

→ Classical Syriac: ܦܣܝܢܐ (pasyānā)

→ Hebrew: פסיון (pasyon)

→ Latin: phāsiānus (see there for further descendants)

→ Old Armenian: փասիան (pʻasian) (see there for further descendants)

→ Translingual: Phasianus

From Φᾱσῐᾱνός (Phāsĭānós, “Phasian”) (with the implied substantive ὄρνις (órnis, “bird”)) from Φᾶσῐς (Phâsĭs, “Phasis”), from where, it was supposed, the bird spread to the west.

Phasianus colchicus
Phasianus colchicus#Translingual


κριθή

κρῑθή • (krīthḗ) f (genitive κρῑθῆς); first declension

κρῑθή (canonical)
krīthḗ (romanization)
κρῑθῆς (genitive)
ἡ κρῑθή (nominative singular)
τὼ κρῑθᾱ́ (dual nominative)
αἱ κρῑθαί (nominative plural)
τῆς κρῑθῆς (genitive singular)
τοῖν κρῑθαῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν κρῑθῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ κρῑθῇ (dative singular)
τοῖν κρῑθαῖν (dative dual)
ταῖς κρῑθαῖς (dative plural)
τὴν κρῑθήν (accusative singular)
τὼ κρῑθᾱ́ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς κρῑθᾱ́ς (accusative plural)
κρῑθή (singular vocative)
κρῑθᾱ́ (dual vocative)
κρῑθαί (plural vocative)

→ English: crith

Uncertain. Traditionally derived from a Proto-Indo-European *gʰérsdʰ-o/eh₂-, with cognates including Latin hordeum, Old High German gersta, but there are phonetic difficulties with this. Rather closer are Albanian drithë, Old Armenian գարի (gari), as if from a Proto-Indo-European *gʰr̥yo-. Or perhaps of Proto-Albanian/Illyrian origin, which may explain the vowel. Egyptian origin has also been considered. Beekes, not convinced by any proposal, suggests an old Wanderwort; others have suggested a substrate. He notes that the Epic form points to an original root noun *krītʰ-.


ἀκόνιτον

ᾰ̓κόνῑτον • (ăkónīton) n (genitive ᾰ̓κονῑ́του); second declension

ᾰ̓κόνῑτον (canonical)
ăkónīton (romanization)
ᾰ̓κονῑ́του (genitive)
τὸ ᾰ̓κόνῑτον (nominative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓κονῑ́τω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ ᾰ̓κόνῑτᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ ᾰ̓κονῑ́του (genitive singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓κονῑ́τοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ᾰ̓κονῑ́των (genitive plural)
τῷ ᾰ̓κονῑ́τῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓κονῑ́τοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ᾰ̓κονῑ́τοις (dative plural)
τὸ ᾰ̓κόνῑτον (accusative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓κονῑ́τω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ ᾰ̓κόνῑτᾰ (accusative plural)
ᾰ̓κόνῑτον (singular vocative)
ᾰ̓κονῑ́τω (dual vocative)
ᾰ̓κόνῑτᾰ (plural vocative)

desc

→ Classical Syriac: ܝܐܩܢܝܛܘܢ (yʔqnyṭwn), ܩܘܢܝܛܘܢ (qwnyṭwn)

→ Latin: aconītum (see there for further descendants)

→ Old Armenian: ակոնիտոն (akoniton), ակոնիտովն (akonitovn), անկոնիտովն (ankonitovn)

→ Old Georgian: აკონიტონი (aḳoniṭoni)

Derived from ᾰ̓κόνῑτος (ăkónītos, “without struggle, without force or fight”, literally “without dust”). This originates from the privative prefix ἀ- (a-, “without”) and the verb κονίω (koníō, “to roll into the dust, to sprinkle or cover with dust”), or metaphorically "to prepare for combat." The root word κόνις (kónis) refers to "dust."
While it may be tempting to interpret akónītos as "invincible" due to its deadly nature, this would be incorrect. A more accurate interpretation suggests that the herb renders one powerless, unable to fight back, leading to a metaphorical 'biting of the dust' at the very spot where it is encountered. This explanation aligns with the semantic attributes uniquely associated with this phytonym.
Compare further the semantics of φθορά (phthorá) in Greek and phthora in Latin, which carry meanings of "destruction," "death," "passing out of existence," "loss," "damage," and even "seduction," "rape," "miscarriage," or "abortion." These terms denote the same species in different languages, such as modern Spanish tuera, and refer to other poisonous plants in the ranunculaceous family. The form antiphthora and variations like antithora and anthora are similarly formed with privative meanings.
Further, terms like κώνειον (kṓneion, “hemlock”) and κονή (konḗ, “hemlock”) are derived in a similar manner, often referring to plants notorious for their lethal properties, and are frequently confused in regions where neither is native.

Aconitum napellus
Aconitum napellus#Translingual


σταφυλῖνος

grc-noun

στᾰφῠλῖνος • (stăphŭlînos) m (genitive στᾰφῠλῑ́νου); second declension

στᾰφῠλῖνος (canonical)
stăphŭlînos (romanization)
στᾰφῠλῑ́νου (genitive)
ὁ στᾰφῠλῖνος (nominative singular)
τὼ στᾰφῠλῑ́νω (dual nominative)
οἱ στᾰφῠλῖνοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ στᾰφῠλῑ́νου (genitive singular)
τοῖν στᾰφῠλῑ́νοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν στᾰφῠλῑ́νων (genitive plural)
τῷ στᾰφῠλῑ́νῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν στᾰφῠλῑ́νοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς στᾰφῠλῑ́νοις (dative plural)
τὸν στᾰφῠλῖνον (accusative singular)
τὼ στᾰφῠλῑ́νω (accusative dual)
τοὺς στᾰφῠλῑ́νους (accusative plural)
στᾰφῠλῖνε (singular vocative)
στᾰφῠλῑ́νω (dual vocative)
στᾰφῠλῖνοι (plural vocative)

Greek: σταφυλίνος (stafylínos)

Armenian:

→ Middle Armenian: ստեպղին (stepġin)

Armenian: ստեպղին (stepġin)

→ Georgian: სტაფილო (sṭapilo)

→ Latin: staphylīnus

Semitic:

desc

→ Classical Syriac: ܐܣܛܦܠܝܢ (ʾesṭap̄līn)

→ Arabic: إصْطَفْلِين (ʔiṣṭaflīn)

→ Arabic: إصْطَفْلِين (ʔiṣṭaflīn)

From στᾰφῠλή (stăphŭlḗ, “grape”) + -ῖνος (-înos).


ποτήριον

grc-noun

ποτήρῐον • (potḗrĭon) n (genitive ποτηρῐ́ου); second declension

ποτήρῐον (canonical)
potḗrĭon (romanization)
ποτηρῐ́ου (genitive)
τὸ ποτήρῐον (nominative singular)
τὼ ποτηρῐ́ω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ ποτήρῐᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ ποτηρῐ́ου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ποτηρῐ́οιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ποτηρῐ́ων (genitive plural)
τῷ ποτηρῐ́ῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ποτηρῐ́οιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ποτηρῐ́οις (dative plural)
τὸ ποτήρῐον (accusative singular)
τὼ ποτηρῐ́ω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ ποτήρῐᾰ (accusative plural)
ποτήρῐον (singular vocative)
ποτηρῐ́ω (dual vocative)
ποτήρῐᾰ (plural vocative)

Greek:

Modern Greek: ποτήρι (potíri)

Tsakonian: ποκήρι (pokíri)

→ Latin: poterium

Diminutive of ποτήρ (potḗr, “cup”), from πίνω (pínō, “I drink”)

goat's thorn (Astragalus spp., eg, Astragalus poterium, Astragalus tragacanthus)


ὄστρεον

ὄστρεον • (óstreon) n (genitive ὀστρέου); second declension

óstreon (romanization)
ὀστρέου (genitive)
τὸ ὄστρεον (nominative singular)
τὼ ὀστρέω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ ὄστρεᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ ὀστρέου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ὀστρέοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ὀστρέων (genitive plural)
τῷ ὀστρέῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ὀστρέοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ὀστρέοις (dative plural)
τὸ ὄστρεον (accusative singular)
τὼ ὀστρέω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ ὄστρεᾰ (accusative plural)
ὄστρεον (singular vocative)
ὀστρέω (dual vocative)
ὄστρεᾰ (plural vocative)

→ Latin: ostrum

Italian: ostro

→ English: ostro

Russian: у́стрица (ústrica)

Traditionally assumed to be related to ὀστέον (ostéon, “bone”), though Beekes rejects this connection due to lack of other evidence for an Indo-European pre-form *ostr- (as well as the word category of seafood being generally unlikely to be of Indo-European origin), and instead takes the word as Pre-Greek.


δάκτυλος

δᾰ́κτῠλος • (dắktŭlos) m (genitive δᾰκτῠ́λου); second declension

δᾰ́κτῠλος (canonical)
dắktŭlos (romanization)
δᾰκτῠ́λου (genitive)
ὁ δᾰ́κτῠλος (nominative singular)
τὼ δᾰκτῠ́λω (dual nominative)
οἱ δᾰ́κτῠλοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ δᾰκτῠ́λου (genitive singular)
τοῖν δᾰκτῠ́λοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν δᾰκτῠ́λων (genitive plural)
τῷ δᾰκτῠ́λῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν δᾰκτῠ́λοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς δᾰκτῠ́λοις (dative plural)
τὸν δᾰ́κτῠλον (accusative singular)
τὼ δᾰκτῠ́λω (accusative dual)
τοὺς δᾰκτῠ́λους (accusative plural)
δᾰ́κτῠλε (singular vocative)
δᾰκτῠ́λω (dual vocative)
δᾰ́κτῠλοι (plural vocative)

grc-decl

Poetic Greek uses <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">δᾰ́κτῠλᾰ</i> (dắktŭlă) as a plural.

English: dactyl, dactylo-

French: dactyle

Greek: δάχτυλο (dáchtylo)

Russian: да́ктиль (dáktilʹ)

Uncertain; probably Pre-Greek. Possibly related to Latin digitus, though the details are unclear. Note also Boeotian Greek δακκύλιος (dakkúlios).
The sense "date" is probably a folk-etymological alteration of a word from a Semitic source such as Arabic دَقَل (daqal, “variety of date palm”) or Hebrew דֶּקֶל (deqel, “date palm”).


δάφνη

grc-noun

δᾰ́φνη • (dắphnē) f (genitive δᾰ́φνης); first declension

δᾰ́φνη (canonical)
dắphnē (romanization)
δᾰ́φνης (genitive)
ἡ δᾰ́φνη (nominative singular)
τὼ δᾰ́φνᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ δᾰ́φναι (nominative plural)
τῆς δᾰ́φνης (genitive singular)
τοῖν δᾰ́φναιν (dual genitive)
τῶν δᾰφνῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ δᾰ́φνῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν δᾰ́φναιν (dative dual)
ταῖς δᾰ́φναις (dative plural)
τὴν δᾰ́φνην (accusative singular)
τὼ δᾰ́φνᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς δᾰ́φνᾱς (accusative plural)
δᾰ́φνη (singular vocative)
δᾰ́φνᾱ (dual vocative)
δᾰ́φναι (plural vocative)

desctree

Greek: δάφνη (dáfni)
→ Albanian: dafinë, defën, dafan, dhafnë, dhefme — dialectal
→ Aromanian: dafin, dafnu, dafni /dafne, dhafni /dhafne, dafnjauã, dhafnjauã; dafnã, dafinã
→ Bulgarian: дафи́на (dafína)
→ Macedonian: дафина (dafina)
→ Romanian: dafin, dafină, afin, afină
→ Serbo-Croatian: dàfīn /да̀фӣн
→ Sicilian: dàfina, nafra, afra — Calabria
→ Ottoman Turkish: دفنه (defne), تفنه (tefne)
Turkish: defne
→ Azerbaijani: dəfnə
→ Middle Armenian: թէֆնէ (tʻēfnē)
→ Uzbek: dafna

→ Albanian: dafinë

→ Arabic: دِفْلَى (diflā), دِفْلَة (difla), تِفْلَة (tifla)
→ Classical Mandaic: ࡃࡐࡋࡀ
→ Middle Armenian: տֆլայ (tflay), տիֆլայ (tiflay)
→ Spanish: adelfa
→ Cebuano: adelpa
→ Hiligaynon: adelpa
→ Tagalog: adelpa

→ Hebrew: דַּפְנָה (dafná)

→ Late Latin: daphinus

Romanian: dafin, afin

Translingual: Daphne

→ English: daphne

→ Old Armenian: դափնի (dapʻni), դաբնի (dabni), դափնէ (dapʻnē), դափնիդ (dapʻnid), դաբնիդ (dabnid), դաբնիա (dabnia), դաբնիդայ (dabniday), դաբնիդեայ (dabnideay), դափնիտեայ (dapʻniteay), դաբնընդեմ (dabnəndem)
Armenian: դափնի (dapʻni)
→? Old Georgian: დაფნი (dapni)
Middle Georgian: დაფნი (dapni)
⇒ Georgian: დაფნა (dapna)

→? Old Georgian: დაფნი (dapni)

Beekes reconstructs possible Pre-Greek stem *dakʷ-(n-).

Laurus nobilis
Laurus nobilis#Translingual


ῥύγχος

grc-noun

ῥῠ́γχος • (rhŭ́nkhos) n (genitive ῥῠ́γχους); third declension

ῥῠ́γχος (canonical)
rhŭ́nkhos (romanization)
ῥῠ́γχους (genitive)
τὸ ῥῠ́γχος (nominative singular)
τὼ ῥῠ́γχει (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ ῥῠ́γχη (nominative plural)
τοῦ ῥῠ́γχους (genitive singular)
τοῖν ῥῠγχοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν ῥῠγχῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ ῥῠ́γχει (dative singular)
τοῖν ῥῠγχοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς ῥῠ́γχεσῐ (dative plural)
ῥῠ́γχεσῐν (dative plural)
toîs rhŭ́nkhesĭ (dative plural)
toîs rhŭ́nkhesĭn (dative plural)
τὸ ῥῠ́γχος (accusative singular)
τὼ ῥῠ́γχει (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ ῥῠ́γχη (accusative plural)
ῥῠ́γχος (singular vocative)
ῥῠ́γχει (dual vocative)
ῥῠ́γχη (plural vocative)

Greek: ρύγχος (rýnchos)

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *srungʰ- and related to Old Armenian ռունգն (ṙungn, “nose”). See also Proto-Celtic *srognā (“nose”).


ταινία

ταινῐ́ᾱ • (tainĭ́ā) f (genitive ταινῐ́ᾱς); first declension

ταινῐ́ᾱ (canonical)
tainĭ́ā (romanization)
ταινῐ́ᾱς (genitive)
ἡ ταινῐ́ᾱ (nominative singular)
τὼ ταινῐ́ᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ ταινῐ́αι (nominative plural)
τῆς ταινῐ́ᾱς (genitive singular)
τοῖν ταινῐ́αιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ταινῐῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ ταινῐ́ᾳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ταινῐ́αιν (dative dual)
ταῖς ταινῐ́αις (dative plural)
τὴν ταινῐ́ᾱν (accusative singular)
τὼ ταινῐ́ᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ταινῐ́ᾱς (accusative plural)
ταινῐ́ᾱ (singular vocative)
ταινῐ́ᾱ (dual vocative)
ταινῐ́αι (plural vocative)

Greek: ταινία (tainía)

→ Latin: taenia

→ Translingual: Taenia

According to Beekes, probably from Proto-Indo-European *ten- (“stretch”), the same root underlying τείνω (teínō, “to stretch”), though the phonological and morphological details are rather unclear. The missing link may be a noun like *ταῖνα (*taîna) or *ταινά (*tainá). The formation of the word is comparable to that of κειρία (keiría, “band, tapeworm”).

band, fillet, headband worn in sign of victory


πεύκη

πεύκη • (peúkē) f (genitive πεύκης); first declension

peúkē (romanization)
πεύκης (genitive)
ἡ πεύκη (nominative singular)
τὼ πεύκᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ πεῦκαι (nominative plural)
τῆς πεύκης (genitive singular)
τοῖν πεύκαιν (dual genitive)
τῶν πευκῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ πεύκῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν πεύκαιν (dative dual)
ταῖς πεύκαις (dative plural)
τὴν πεύκην (accusative singular)
τὼ πεύκᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς πεύκᾱς (accusative plural)
πεύκη (singular vocative)
πεύκᾱ (dual vocative)
πεῦκαι (plural vocative)

Greek: πεύκο (péfko)