κύων

grc-noun

κῠ́ων • (kúōn) m or f (genitive κῠνός); third declension

κῠ́ων (canonical)
kúōn (romanization)
κῠνός (genitive)
ὁ (nominative singular)
ἡ κῠ́ων (nominative singular)
τὼ κῠ́νε (dual nominative)
οἱ (nominative plural)
αἱ κῠ́νες (nominative plural)
τοῦ (genitive singular)
τῆς κῠνός (genitive singular)
τοῖν κῠνοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν κῠνῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ (dative singular)
τῇ κῠνῐ́ (dative singular)
τοῖν κῠνοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς (dative plural)
ταῖς κῠσῐ́ (dative plural)
κῠσῐ́ν (dative plural)
κῠ́νεσσῐ (dative plural)
τὸν (accusative singular)
τὴν κῠ́νᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ κῠ́νε (accusative dual)
τοὺς (accusative plural)
τᾱ̀ς κῠ́νᾰς (accusative plural)
κῠ́ον (singular vocative)
κῠ́ων (singular vocative)
κῠ́νε (dual vocative)
κῠ́νες (plural vocative)

grc-decl

κῠ́ον, κῠ́ων

κῠσῐ́, κῠσῐ́ν, κῠ́νεσσῐ

Greek: κύων (kýon)

Tsakonian: κούε (koúe)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱwṓ (“dog”). Cognates include Latin canis, Sanskrit श्वन् (śván) and Old English hund (English hound). The final -ν (-n) in the nominative singular which was absent in *ḱwṓ was restored in Greek by analogy to other forms in the paradigm.


ἵππος

grc-noun

ῐ̔́ππος • (híppos) m or f (genitive ῐ̔́ππου); second declension

ῐ̔́ππος (canonical)
híppos (romanization)
ῐ̔́ππου (genitive)
ὁ (nominative singular)
ἡ ῐ̔́ππος (nominative singular)
τὼ ῐ̔́ππω (dual nominative)
οἱ (nominative plural)
αἱ ῐ̔́πποι (nominative plural)
τοῦ (genitive singular)
τῆς ῐ̔́ππου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ῐ̔́πποιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ῐ̔́ππων (genitive plural)
τῷ (dative singular)
τῇ ῐ̔́ππῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ῐ̔́πποιν (dative dual)
τοῖς (dative plural)
ταῖς ῐ̔́πποις (dative plural)
τὸν (accusative singular)
τὴν ῐ̔́ππον (accusative singular)
τὼ ῐ̔́ππω (accusative dual)
τοὺς (accusative plural)
τᾱ̀ς ῐ̔́ππους (accusative plural)
ῐ̔́ππε (singular vocative)
ῐ̔́ππω (dual vocative)
ῐ̔́πποι (plural vocative)
ῐ̔́ππος (nominative singular)
ῐ̔́ππω (dual nominative)
ῐ̔́πποι (nominative plural)
ῐ̔́ππου (genitive singular)
ῐ̔πποῖο (genitive singular)
ῐ̔́πποιο (genitive singular)
ῐ̔ππόο (genitive singular)
ῐ̔́πποο (genitive singular)
ῐ̔́πποιῐν (dual genitive)
ῐ̔́ππων (genitive plural)
ῐ̔́ππῳ (dative singular)
ῐ̔́πποιῐν (dative dual)
ῐ̔́πποισῐ (dative plural)
ῐ̔́πποισῐν (dative plural)
ῐ̔́πποις (dative plural)
híppoisi (dative plural)
híppoisin (dative plural)
híppois (dative plural)
ῐ̔́ππον (accusative singular)
ῐ̔́ππω (accusative dual)
ῐ̔́ππους (accusative plural)
ῐ̔́ππε (singular vocative)
ῐ̔́ππω (dual vocative)
ῐ̔́πποι (plural vocative)

Greek: ίππος (íppos)

→ English: hippo-

→ French: hippo-

→ Italian: ippo-

→ Portuguese: hipo-

PIE word
 *h₁éḱwos
From Proto-Hellenic *íkkʷos (compare Mycenaean Greek 𐀂𐀦 (i-qo)), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁éḱwos, from *h₁oh₁ḱu- (“swift”). Unexplained is ι for ε, the word initial heavy breathing (h) and the double π (hίππος instead of expected **έπος), possibly borrowed from another Indo-European language where such a sound change is regular. Cognates include Sanskrit अश्व (áśva), Latin equus, Lithuanian ašva, Gaulish epos, Old Armenian էշ (ēš, “donkey”), Old English eoh, and Old Irish ech.

ἴκκος

mentioned only in the Byzantine Etymologicum Magnum


ἄνθρωπος

ἄνθρωπος • (ánthrōpos) m or f (genitive ἀνθρώπου); second declension

ánthrōpos (romanization)
ἀνθρώπου (genitive)
ὁ (nominative singular)
ἡ ἄνθρωπος (nominative singular)
τὼ ἀνθρώπω (dual nominative)
οἱ (nominative plural)
αἱ ἄνθρωποι (nominative plural)
τοῦ (genitive singular)
τῆς ἀνθρώπου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ἀνθρώποιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ἀνθρώπων (genitive plural)
τῷ (dative singular)
τῇ ἀνθρώπῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ἀνθρώποιν (dative dual)
τοῖς (dative plural)
ταῖς ἀνθρώποις (dative plural)
τὸν (accusative singular)
τὴν ἄνθρωπον (accusative singular)
τὼ ἀνθρώπω (accusative dual)
τοὺς (accusative plural)
τᾱ̀ς ἀνθρώπους (accusative plural)
ἄνθρωπε (singular vocative)
ἀνθρώπω (dual vocative)
ἄνθρωποι (plural vocative)
ὁ (nominative singular)
ἡ ἄνθρωπος (nominative singular)
τὼ ἀνθρώπω (dual nominative)
οἱ (nominative plural)
αἱ ἄνθρωποι (nominative plural)
τοῦ (genitive singular)
τῆς ἀνθρώπου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ἀνθρώποιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ἀνθρώπων (genitive plural)
τῷ (dative singular)
τῇ ἀνθρώπῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ἀνθρώποιν (dative dual)
τοῖσῐ (dative plural)
τοῖσῐν ἀνθρώποισῐ (dative plural)
ἀνθρώποισῐν (dative plural)
ἀνθρώποις (dative plural)
toîsi anthrṓpoisi (dative plural)
toîsi anthrṓpoisin (dative plural)
toîsini (dative plural)
toîsinin (dative plural)
anthrṓpois (dative plural)
τὸν (accusative singular)
τὴν ἄνθρωπον (accusative singular)
τὼ ἀνθρώπω (accusative dual)
τοὺς (accusative plural)
τᾱ̀ς ἀνθρώπους (accusative plural)
ἄνθρωπε (singular vocative)
ἀνθρώπω (dual vocative)
ἄνθρωποι (plural vocative)
ἄνθρωπος (nominative singular)
ἀνθρώπω (dual nominative)
ἄνθρωποι (nominative plural)
ἀνθρώπου (genitive singular)
ἀνθρωποῖο (genitive singular)
ἀνθρώποιο (genitive singular)
ἀνθρωπόο (genitive singular)
ἀνθρώποο (genitive singular)
ἀνθρώποιῐν (dual genitive)
ἀνθρώπων (genitive plural)
ἀνθρώπῳ (dative singular)
ἀνθρώποιῐν (dative dual)
ἀνθρώποισῐ (dative plural)
ἀνθρώποισῐν (dative plural)
ἀνθρώποις (dative plural)
anthrṓpoisi (dative plural)
anthrṓpoisin (dative plural)
anthrṓpois (dative plural)
ἄνθρωπον (accusative singular)
ἀνθρώπω (accusative dual)
ἀνθρώπους (accusative plural)
ἄνθρωπε (singular vocative)
ἀνθρώπω (dual vocative)
ἄνθρωποι (plural vocative)
ἡ ἄνθρωπος (nominative singular)
τὼ ἀνθρώπω (dual nominative)
αἱ ἄνθρωποι (nominative plural)
τῆς ἀνθρώπου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ἀνθρώποιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ἀνθρώπων (genitive plural)
τῇ ἀνθρώπῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ἀνθρώποιν (dative dual)
ταῖς ἀνθρώποις (dative plural)
τὴν ἄνθρωπον (accusative singular)
τὼ ἀνθρώπω (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ἀνθρώπους (accusative plural)
ἄνθρωπε (singular vocative)
ἀνθρώπω (dual vocative)
ἄνθρωποι (plural vocative)
ἡ ἄνθρωπος (nominative singular)
τὼ ἀνθρώπω (dual nominative)
αἱ ἄνθρωποι (nominative plural)
τῆς ἀνθρώπου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ἀνθρώποιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ἀνθρώπων (genitive plural)
τῇ ἀνθρώπῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ἀνθρώποιν (dative dual)
τῇσῐ (dative plural)
τῇσῐν ἀνθρώποισῐ (dative plural)
ἀνθρώποισῐν (dative plural)
ἀνθρώποις (dative plural)
têisi anthrṓpoisi (dative plural)
têisi anthrṓpoisin (dative plural)
têisini (dative plural)
têisinin (dative plural)
anthrṓpois (dative plural)
τὴν ἄνθρωπον (accusative singular)
τὼ ἀνθρώπω (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ἀνθρώπους (accusative plural)
ἄνθρωπε (singular vocative)
ἀνθρώπω (dual vocative)
ἄνθρωποι (plural vocative)
ἄνθρωπος (nominative singular)
ἀνθρώπω (dual nominative)
ἄνθρωποι (nominative plural)
ἀνθρώπου (genitive singular)
ἀνθρωποῖο (genitive singular)
ἀνθρώποιο (genitive singular)
ἀνθρωπόο (genitive singular)
ἀνθρώποο (genitive singular)
ἀνθρώποιῐν (dual genitive)
ἀνθρώπων (genitive plural)
ἀνθρώπῳ (dative singular)
ἀνθρώποιῐν (dative dual)
ἀνθρώποισῐ (dative plural)
ἀνθρώποισῐν (dative plural)
ἀνθρώποις (dative plural)
anthrṓpoisi (dative plural)
anthrṓpoisin (dative plural)
anthrṓpois (dative plural)
ἄνθρωπον (accusative singular)
ἀνθρώπω (accusative dual)
ἀνθρώπους (accusative plural)
ἄνθρωπε (singular vocative)
ἀνθρώπω (dual vocative)
ἄνθρωποι (plural vocative)

→ Greek: άνθρωπος (ánthropos, “man”)

→ English: Anthropos (learned)

First attested in Hellenic as Mycenaean Greek 𐀀𐀵𐀫𐀦 (a-to-ro-qo), of uncertain origin. Scholars used to consider it to be a compound from ἀνήρ (anḗr, “man”) and ὤψ (ṓps, “face, appearance, look”): thus, "he who looks like a man". However, a δ (d) would be expected to develop by epenthesis, as in the genitive ἀνδρός (andrós), yielding *ἀνδρωπος (*andrōpos). Rosén defends this etymology, positing that the original laryngeal *h₃ in the root for ὤψ (ṓps) (from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ókʷs) changed the δ to its aspirated counterpart θ even across the intervening ρ.
Beekes argues that since no convincing Indo-European etymology has been found, the word is probably of Pre-Greek origin; he connects the word with the word δρώψ (drṓps, “man”). According to Beekes (2009:xxix), "Shift of aspiration is found in some cases: θριγκός / τριγχός, ἀθραγένη / ἀνδράχνη".
Garnier proposes a derivation from Proto-Indo-European *h₁n̥dʰéreh₃kʷós (“that which is below”) (from *n̥dʰér + *-h₃kʷ-o-), hence "earthly, human", for this compare with Proto-Indo-European *dʰéǵʰōm (“earth”) whence Latin homō, Old Lithuanian žmuõ (“man”), Old English guma (“man”).
The word is treated in Plato's Cratylus.

lang

θριγκός / τριγχός, ἀθραγένη / ἀνδράχνη

θριγκός / τριγχός, ἀθραγένη / ἀνδράχνη

inh

(sometimes in the plural) all human beings, mankind


πίθηκος

grc-noun

πῐ́θηκος • (píthēkos) m (genitive πῐθήκου); second declension

πῐ́θηκος (canonical)
píthēkos (romanization)
πῐθήκου (genitive)
ὁ πῐ́θηκος (nominative singular)
τὼ πῐθήκω (dual nominative)
οἱ πῐ́θηκοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ πῐθήκου (genitive singular)
τοῖν πῐθήκοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν πῐθήκων (genitive plural)
τῷ πῐθήκῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν πῐθήκοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς πῐθήκοις (dative plural)
τὸν πῐ́θηκον (accusative singular)
τὼ πῐθήκω (accusative dual)
τοὺς πῐθήκους (accusative plural)
πῐ́θηκε (singular vocative)
πῐθήκω (dual vocative)
πῐ́θηκοι (plural vocative)

Greek: πίθηκος (píthikos)

→ English: pitheco-

→ Latin: pithēcus

→ Russian: пите́к (piték)

→ Translingual: Pithecus, -pithecus

→ Sicilian: pitecu, pitichinu

Uncertain. Commonly connected with Latin foedus (“ugly”). Beekes argues for an origin as a substrate loan-word or perhaps Pre-Greek. The same suffix can be found in ἱέραξ (hiérax, “falcon”) and μύρμηξ (múrmēx, “ant”).


κάμηλος

κᾰ́μηλος • (kámēlos) m or f (genitive κᾰμήλου); second declension

κᾰ́μηλος (canonical)
kámēlos (romanization)
κᾰμήλου (genitive)
ὁ (nominative singular)
ἡ κᾰ́μηλος (nominative singular)
τὼ κᾰμήλω (dual nominative)
οἱ (nominative plural)
αἱ κᾰ́μηλοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ (genitive singular)
τῆς κᾰμήλου (genitive singular)
τοῖν κᾰμήλοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κᾰμήλων (genitive plural)
τῷ (dative singular)
τῇ κᾰμήλῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν κᾰμήλοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς (dative plural)
ταῖς κᾰμήλοις (dative plural)
τὸν (accusative singular)
τὴν κᾰ́μηλον (accusative singular)
τὼ κᾰμήλω (accusative dual)
τοὺς (accusative plural)
τᾱ̀ς κᾰμήλους (accusative plural)
κᾰ́μηλε (singular vocative)
κᾰμήλω (dual vocative)
κᾰ́μηλοι (plural vocative)

→ Latin: camēlus (see there for further descendants)

→ Sanskrit: क्रमेल (kramela)

→ Bengali: ক্রমেলক (kromelok)

→ Hindi: क्रमेलक (kramelak)

Ultimately from Proto-Semitic *gamal-; compare Arabic جَمَل (jamal) and Hebrew גָּמָל (gāmā́l), Proto-Nakh *imkal, Old Georgian აქლემი (aklemi) and Tocharian A oṅkaläm (“elephant”).


ταῦρος

ταῦρος • (taûros) m (genitive ταύρου); second declension

taûros (romanization)
ταύρου (genitive)
ὁ ταῦρος (nominative singular)
τὼ ταύρω (dual nominative)
οἱ ταῦροι (nominative plural)
τοῦ ταύρου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ταύροιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ταύρων (genitive plural)
τῷ ταύρῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ταύροιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ταύροις (dative plural)
τὸν ταῦρον (accusative singular)
τὼ ταύρω (accusative dual)
τοὺς ταύρους (accusative plural)
ταῦρε (singular vocative)
ταύρω (dual vocative)
ταῦροι (plural vocative)

Greek: ταύρος (távros)

→ Dutch: tauros

From Proto-Hellenic *táuros, from Proto-Indo-European *táwros; cognates include Latin taurus, Lithuanian taũras, Old English stēor (English steer), and Albanian ter. The Semitic words bear a resemblance: Aramaic תּוֹר (tor), Arabic ثَوْر (ṯawr), cf Proto-Semitic *ṯawr-; an etymological link is considered possible, either the PIE root was borrowed from the Semitic one, or the opposite, or both were borrowed from a third common source.

οἱ ταῦροί μου καὶ τὰ σιτιστὰ τεθυμένα καὶ πάντα ἕτοιμα

c. 80–90 CE, Gospel of Matthew, 22:4; Novum Testamentum Graece, 28th edition, 2012:

my oxen and my fat calves have been slaughtered, and everything is ready (NRSV)

hoi taûroí mou kaì tà sitistà tethuména kaì pánta hétoima

A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature


λέων

λέων • (léōn) m (genitive λέοντος); third declension

léōn (romanization)
λέοντος (genitive)
ὁ λέων (nominative singular)
τὼ λέοντε (dual nominative)
οἱ λέοντες (nominative plural)
τοῦ λέοντος (genitive singular)
τοῖν λεόντοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν λεόντων (genitive plural)
τῷ λέοντῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν λεόντοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς λέουσῐ (dative plural)
λέουσῐν (dative plural)
toîs léousi (dative plural)
toîs léousin (dative plural)
τὸν λέοντᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ λέοντε (accusative dual)
τοὺς λέοντᾰς (accusative plural)
λέον (singular vocative)
λέοντε (dual vocative)
λέοντες (plural vocative)

→ Coptic: ⲗⲉⲱⲛ (leōn)

→ Greek: λέων (léon) (learned)

→ Latin: leō (see there for further descendants)

Many ancient languages possessed similar words for lion, including Akkadian 𒌨 (labbu) (reconstructed to Proto-Semitic *labiʾ-). It is unclear how they are related and who borrowed from whom. The ultimate source is likely not Indo-European, however.
The τ (t) in the stem λεοντ- (leont-) was influenced by the present participle. The original stem was *λεον- (*leon-), as shown by λέαινα (léaina, “female lion”) and Latin leō. If the stem were originally λεοντ- (leont-), the feminine form would be *λέουσα (*léousa).


τίτυρος

τῑ́τῠρος • (tī́turos) m (genitive τῑτῠ́ρου); second declension

τῑ́τῠρος (canonical)
tī́turos (romanization)
τῑτῠ́ρου (genitive)
ὁ τῑ́τῠρος (nominative singular)
τὼ τῑτῠ́ρω (dual nominative)
τοὶ τῑ́τῠροι (nominative plural)
τοῦ τῑτῠ́ροιο (genitive singular)
τοῖν τῑτῠ́ροιν (dual genitive)
τῶν τῑτῠ́ρων (genitive plural)
τῷ τῑτῠ́ρῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν τῑτῠ́ροιν (dative dual)
τοῖς τῑτῠ́ροις (dative plural)
τὸν τῑ́τῠρον (accusative singular)
τὼ τῑτῠ́ρω (accusative dual)
τοὺς τῑτῠ́ρους (accusative plural)
τῑ́τῠρε (singular vocative)
τῑτῠ́ρω (dual vocative)
τῑ́τῠροι (plural vocative)

Furnée compares διθύραμβος (dithúrambos, “dithyramb”), which would contain a variant ot this word, with a suffix -αμβος. Previous proposals include connection with synonymous σάτυρος (sáturos, “satyr”), from Proto-Indo-European *tewh₂- (“to swell”) by Solmsen. This is rejected by Nehring, who considers both words to be loans from Asia Minor. Deroy connects the suffix -τυρος with ταῦρος (taûros, “bull”). According to Beekes, the word is Pre-Greek.


αἴγαγρος

grc-noun

αἴγᾰγρος • (aígagros) m or f (genitive αἰγᾰ́γρου); second declension

αἴγᾰγρος (canonical)
aígagros (romanization)
αἰγᾰ́γρου (genitive)
ὁ (nominative singular)
ἡ αἴγᾰγρος (nominative singular)
τὼ αἰγᾰ́γρω (dual nominative)
οἱ (nominative plural)
αἱ αἴγᾰγροι (nominative plural)
τοῦ (genitive singular)
τῆς αἰγᾰ́γρου (genitive singular)
τοῖν αἰγᾰ́γροιν (dual genitive)
τῶν αἰγᾰ́γρων (genitive plural)
τῷ (dative singular)
τῇ αἰγᾰ́γρῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν αἰγᾰ́γροιν (dative dual)
τοῖς (dative plural)
ταῖς αἰγᾰ́γροις (dative plural)
τὸν (accusative singular)
τὴν αἴγᾰγρον (accusative singular)
τὼ αἰγᾰ́γρω (accusative dual)
τοὺς (accusative plural)
τᾱ̀ς αἰγᾰ́γρους (accusative plural)
αἴγᾰγρε (singular vocative)
αἰγᾰ́γρω (dual vocative)
αἴγᾰγροι (plural vocative)

From αἴξ (aíx, “goat”) and ᾰ̓γρός (agrós, “land”) (compare with ἄγριος (ágrios, “wild”)).


αἴξ

αἴξ • (aíx) m or f (genitive αἰγός); third declension

aíx (romanization)
αἰγός (genitive)
ὁ (nominative singular)
ἡ αἴξ (nominative singular)
τὼ αἶγε (dual nominative)
οἱ (nominative plural)
αἱ αἶγες (nominative plural)
τοῦ (genitive singular)
τῆς αἰγός (genitive singular)
τοῖν αἰγοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν αἰγῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ (dative singular)
τῇ αἰγῐ́ (dative singular)
τοῖν αἰγοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς (dative plural)
ταῖς αἰξῐ́ (dative plural)
αἰξῐ́ν (dative plural)
toîs (dative plural)
taîs així (dative plural)
taîs aixín (dative plural)
τὸν (accusative singular)
τὴν αἶγᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ αἶγε (accusative dual)
τοὺς (accusative plural)
τᾱ̀ς αἶγᾰς (accusative plural)
αἴξ (singular vocative)
αἶγε (dual vocative)
αἶγες (plural vocative)

desc

Greek: αίγα (aíga), γίδι (gídi) (from diminutive)

→ Greek: αιξ f (aix) (Katharevousa)

→ Translingual: Aix

From Proto-Hellenic *aíks, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eyǵ- (“goat”). Cognates include Old Armenian այծ (ayc), Sanskrit एड (eḍa), and Albanian dhi.


κάπρος

grc-noun

κᾰ́προς • (kápros) m (genitive κᾰ́πρου); second declension

κᾰ́προς (canonical)
kápros (romanization)
κᾰ́πρου (genitive)
ὁ κᾰ́προς (nominative singular)
τὼ κᾰ́πρω (dual nominative)
οἱ κᾰ́προι (nominative plural)
τοῦ κᾰ́πρου (genitive singular)
τοῖν κᾰ́προιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κᾰ́πρων (genitive plural)
τῷ κᾰ́πρῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν κᾰ́προιν (dative dual)
τοῖς κᾰ́προις (dative plural)
τὸν κᾰ́προν (accusative singular)
τὼ κᾰ́πρω (accusative dual)
τοὺς κᾰ́πρους (accusative plural)
κᾰ́πρε (singular vocative)
κᾰ́πρω (dual vocative)
κᾰ́προι (plural vocative)

→ Translingual: Capros

From Proto-Hellenic *kápros, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱapros (“male hooved animal”), possibly from *ḱapr̥ (“penis”). Cognate with Latin caper (“goat”), Old Irish gabor (“goat”).


τράγος

grc-noun

τρᾰ́γος • (trágos) m (genitive τρᾰ́γου); second declension

τρᾰ́γος (canonical)
trágos (romanization)
τρᾰ́γου (genitive)
ὁ τρᾰ́γος (nominative singular)
τὼ τρᾰ́γω (dual nominative)
οἱ τρᾰ́γοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ τρᾰ́γου (genitive singular)
τοῖν τρᾰ́γοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν τρᾰ́γων (genitive plural)
τῷ τρᾰ́γῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν τρᾰ́γοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς τρᾰ́γοις (dative plural)
τὸν τρᾰ́γον (accusative singular)
τὼ τρᾰ́γω (accusative dual)
τοὺς τρᾰ́γους (accusative plural)
τρᾰ́γε (singular vocative)
τρᾰ́γω (dual vocative)
τρᾰ́γοι (plural vocative)

Tsakonian: τσ̌άο (tšáo)

→ Latin: tragus

→ English: tragus

From τρᾰ́γω (trágō, “to gnaw, nibble”) + -ος (-os, “nominal suffix”), literally “gnawer, eater (of sweets)”.

af

age when change of voice and other signs of puberty appears

voice change that takes place in puberty

Τὴν αἶγα ὁ τράγος ἀγαπᾷ.


ἄρκτος

grc-noun

ᾰ̓́ρκτος • (árktos) f (genitive ᾰ̓́ρκτου); second declension

ᾰ̓́ρκτος (canonical)
árktos (romanization)
ᾰ̓́ρκτου (genitive)
ἡ ᾰ̓́ρκτος (nominative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓́ρκτω (dual nominative)
αἱ ᾰ̓́ρκτοι (nominative plural)
τῆς ᾰ̓́ρκτου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓́ρκτοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ᾰ̓́ρκτων (genitive plural)
τῇ ᾰ̓́ρκτῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓́ρκτοιν (dative dual)
ταῖς ᾰ̓́ρκτοις (dative plural)
τὴν ᾰ̓́ρκτον (accusative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓́ρκτω (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ᾰ̓́ρκτους (accusative plural)
ᾰ̓́ρκτε (singular vocative)
ᾰ̓́ρκτω (dual vocative)
ᾰ̓́ρκτοι (plural vocative)

→ English: Arcturus

desc

Greek: άρκτος (árktos), αρκούδα (arkoúda)

→ Latin: arctus, Arctos, Arctus, Arctūrus

Pontic Greek: άρκος (árkos)

Translingual: Ursus arctos, Ursus arctos horribilis

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ŕ̥tḱos (“bear”). Cognates include Latin ursus, Sanskrit ऋक्ष (ṛ́kṣa), Old Armenian արջ (arǰ), and Albanian ari. The meaning of “north” derives from Ἄρκτος (Árktos, “Ursa Major”), because the constellation is in the northern part of the sky.


πάνθηρ

grc-noun

πᾰ́νθηρ • (pánthēr) m (genitive πᾰ́νθηρος); third declension

πᾰ́νθηρ (canonical)
pánthēr (romanization)
πᾰ́νθηρος (genitive)
ὁ πᾰ́νθηρ (nominative singular)
τὼ πᾰ́νθηρε (dual nominative)
οἱ πᾰ́νθηρες (nominative plural)
τοῦ πᾰ́νθηρος (genitive singular)
τοῖν πᾰνθήροιν (dual genitive)
τῶν πᾰνθήρων (genitive plural)
τῷ πᾰ́νθηρῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν πᾰνθήροιν (dative dual)
τοῖς πᾰ́νθηρσῐ (dative plural)
πᾰ́νθηρσῐν (dative plural)
toîs pánthērsi (dative plural)
toîs pánthērsin (dative plural)
τὸν πᾰ́νθηρᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ πᾰ́νθηρε (accusative dual)
τοὺς πᾰ́νθηρᾰς (accusative plural)
πᾰ́νθηρ (singular vocative)
πᾰ́νθηρε (dual vocative)
πᾰ́νθηρες (plural vocative)

→ Aramaic:

desc

Classical Syriac: ܦܢܬܘܪ (pntwr /pantōr/), ܦܢܬܝܪ (pntyr /pantīr/), ܦܢܛܝܪ (pnṭyr /panṭīr/)

→ Latin: panther, panthera

→ Old Armenian: պանթեր (pantʻer)

→ Old Church Slavonic: панъѳиръ (panŭθirŭ)

→ Old East Slavic: панъфиръ (panŭfirŭ)

Old Ruthenian: пантеръ (panter), пантиръ (pantir), панфиръ (panfir)

→ Old Georgian: პანფილი (ṗanpili)

Of foreign origin, compare Sogdian 𐼾𐼴𐽀𐼹𐼻𐼸 (pwrδnk), Pashto پړانګ (pṛāng), Persian پلنگ (palang), and Hittite 𒊊𒌉𒀸 (parsnaš, “leopard”). See also πάρδαλις (párdalis). A common folk etymology derives it from πᾰν- (pan-, “all”) + θήρ (thḗr, “beast”) or θήρα (thḗra, “hunt”).


βοῦς

grc-noun

βοῦς • (boûs) m or f (genitive βοός); third declension

boûs (romanization)
βοός (genitive)
ὁ (nominative singular)
ἡ βοῦς (nominative singular)
τὼ βόε (dual nominative)
οἱ (nominative plural)
αἱ βόες (nominative plural)
τοῦ (genitive singular)
τῆς βοός (genitive singular)
τοῖν βοοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν βοῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ (dative singular)
τῇ βοΐ (dative singular)
τοῖν βοοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς (dative plural)
ταῖς βουσί (dative plural)
βουσίν (dative plural)
toîs (dative plural)
taîs bousí (dative plural)
taîs bousín (dative plural)
τὸν (accusative singular)
τὴν βοῦν (accusative singular)
τὼ βόε (accusative dual)
τοὺς (accusative plural)
τᾱ̀ς βοῦς (accusative plural)
βοῦ (singular vocative)
βόε (dual vocative)
βόες (plural vocative)
βοῦς (nominative singular)
βόε (dual nominative)
βόες (nominative plural)
βοός (genitive singular)
βοοῖν (dual genitive)
βοῶν (genitive plural)
βοΐ (dative singular)
βοοῖν (dative dual)
βουσί (dative plural)
βουσίν (dative plural)
βόεσσι (dative plural)
βόεσσιν (dative plural)
bousí (dative plural)
bousín (dative plural)
bóessi (dative plural)
bóessin (dative plural)
βοῦν (accusative singular)
βῶν (accusative singular)
βόε (accusative dual)
βόας (accusative plural)
βοῦς (accusative plural)
βοῦ (singular vocative)
βόε (dual vocative)
βόες (plural vocative)

grc-decl

βουσί(ν), βόεσσι(ν)

Greek: βόδι (vódi), βόιδι n (vóidi)

Tsakonian: βου (vou)

⇒ Translingual: Bucephala

From Proto-Hellenic *gʷous (compare Mycenaean Greek 𐀦𐀃 (qo-o)), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷṓws. Cognates include Old English cū (English cow), Irish bó, Latin bōs, and Sanskrit गो (gó).

οἶδ’ ἐπὶ δεξιά, οἶδ’ ἐπ’ ἀριστερὰ νωμῆσαι βῶν
ἀζαλέην, τό μοι ἔστι ταλαύρινον πολεμίζειν·
oîd’ epì dexiá, oîd’ ep’ aristerà nōmêsai bôn

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 7.238–239

I know on the right, and I know on the left how to wield my dried
shield, which to me seems sturdy in fighting:

azaléēn, tó moi ésti talaúrinon polemízein;


πάρδαλις

grc-noun

πᾰ́ρδᾰλῐς • (párdalis) f (genitive πᾰρδᾰ́λεως); third declension

πᾰ́ρδᾰλῐς (canonical)
párdalis (romanization)
πᾰρδᾰ́λεως (genitive)
ἡ πᾰ́ρδᾰλῐς (nominative singular)
τὼ πᾰρδᾰ́λει (dual nominative)
αἱ πᾰρδᾰ́λεις (nominative plural)
τῆς πᾰρδᾰ́λεως (genitive singular)
τοῖν πᾰρδᾰλέοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν πᾰρδᾰ́λεων (genitive plural)
τῇ πᾰρδᾰ́λει (dative singular)
τοῖν πᾰρδᾰλέοιν (dative dual)
ταῖς πᾰρδᾰ́λεσῐ (dative plural)
πᾰρδᾰ́λεσῐν (dative plural)
taîs pardálesi (dative plural)
taîs pardálesin (dative plural)
τὴν πᾰ́ρδᾰλῐν (accusative singular)
τὼ πᾰρδᾰ́λει (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς πᾰρδᾰ́λεις (accusative plural)
πᾰ́ρδᾰλῐ (singular vocative)
πᾰρδᾰ́λει (dual vocative)
πᾰρδᾰ́λεις (plural vocative)

→ Coptic: ⲡⲁⲣⲇⲁⲗⲓⲥ (pardalis)

→ Hebrew: ברדלס

→ Latin: pardalis

⇒ Greek: παρδαλός (pardalós)

Borrowed from a foreign eastern language. Compare various Indo-Iranian terms like Sogdian 𐼾𐼴𐽀𐼹𐼻𐼸 (pwrδnk), Bactrian πορλαγγο-ζινο (porlaggo-zino), Pashto پړانګ (pṛāng), Persian پلنگ (palang), and Sanskrit पृदाकु (pṛ́dāku). See also πάνθηρ (pánthēr).

cog

πορλαγγοζινο

πορλαγγο-ζινο


καμηλοπάρδαλις

grc-noun

κᾰμηλοπαρδάλεως

κᾰμηλοπάρδᾰλῐς

κᾰμηλοπάρδᾰλῐς • (kamēlopárdalis) f (genitive κᾰμηλοπαρδάλεως); third declension

κᾰμηλοπάρδᾰλῐς (canonical)
kamēlopárdalis (romanization)
κᾰμηλοπαρδάλεως (genitive)
ἡ καμηλοπάρδαλῐς (nominative singular)
τὼ καμηλοπαρδάλει (dual nominative)
αἱ καμηλοπαρδάλεις (nominative plural)
τῆς καμηλοπαρδάλεως (genitive singular)
τοῖν καμηλοπαρδαλέοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν καμηλοπαρδάλεων (genitive plural)
τῇ καμηλοπαρδάλει (dative singular)
τοῖν καμηλοπαρδαλέοιν (dative dual)
ταῖς καμηλοπαρδάλεσῐ (dative plural)
καμηλοπαρδάλεσῐν (dative plural)
taîs kamēlopardálesi (dative plural)
taîs kamēlopardálesin (dative plural)
τὴν καμηλοπάρδαλῐν (accusative singular)
τὼ καμηλοπαρδάλει (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς καμηλοπαρδάλεις (accusative plural)
καμηλοπάρδαλῐ (singular vocative)
καμηλοπαρδάλει (dual vocative)
καμηλοπαρδάλεις (plural vocative)

grc-decl

καμηλοπάρδαλῐς

desc

καμηλοπάρδαλη

Greek: καμηλοπάρδαλη (kamilopárdali)

desctree

→ Latin: camēlopardalis
Italian: camelopardo
French: chameaupard
→ Dutch: kameelpaard
→ Afrikaans: kameelperd
→ English: camelopard
→ Swedish: kamelopard

desc

→ Old Georgian: აქლემ-ვეფხი (aklem-vepxi) (partial calque)

From κάμηλος (kámēlos, “camel”) + πάρδαλις (párdalis, “leopard”); from the fact that a giraffe has a long neck like a camel and is spotted like a leopard.


λύγξ

grc-noun

λύγξ • (lúnx) f (genitive λυγγός); third declension

lúnx (romanization)
λυγγός (genitive)
ἡ λύγξ (nominative singular)
τὼ λύγγε (dual nominative)
αἱ λύγγες (nominative plural)
τῆς λυγγός (genitive singular)
τοῖν λυγγοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν λυγγῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ λυγγῐ́ (dative singular)
τοῖν λυγγοῖν (dative dual)
ταῖς λυγξῐ́ (dative plural)
λυγξῐ́ν (dative plural)
taîs lunxí (dative plural)
taîs lunxín (dative plural)
τὴν λῦγγᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ λύγγε (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς λύγγᾰς (accusative plural)
λύγξ (singular vocative)
λύγγε (dual vocative)
λύγγες (plural vocative)

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *lewǵ- (“to break, shatter”). Related to Latin lugeō (“to mourn, grieve”), Sanskrit रुजति (rujati, “to break open, shatter, injure, cause pain”).


ἐλέφας

grc-noun

ἐλέφᾱς • (eléphās) m or f (genitive ἐλέφαντος); third declension

ἐλέφᾱς (canonical)
eléphās (romanization)
ἐλέφαντος (genitive)
ὁ (nominative singular)
ἡ ἐλέφᾱς (nominative singular)
οἱ (nominative plural)
αἱ ἐλέφᾰντες (nominative plural)
τοῦ (genitive singular)
τῆς ἐλέφᾰντος (genitive singular)
ἐλεφᾰ́ντου (genitive singular)
τῶν ἐλεφᾰ́ντων (genitive plural)
τῷ (dative singular)
τῇ ἐλέφᾰντῐ (dative singular)
τοῖς (dative plural)
ταῖς ἐλέφᾱσῐ (dative plural)
ἐλέφᾱσῐν (dative plural)
ἐλεφᾰ́ντοις (dative plural)
τὸν (accusative singular)
τὴν ἐλέφᾰντᾰ (accusative singular)
τοὺς (accusative plural)
τᾱ̀ς ἐλέφᾰντᾰς (accusative plural)
ἐλέφᾰν (singular vocative)
ἐλέφᾰντες (plural vocative)

grc-decl

ἐλέφᾰντος, ἐλεφᾰ́ντου

ἐλέφᾱσῐ / ἐλέφᾱσῐν, ἐλεφᾰ́ντοις

desc

Greek: ελέφας (eléfas), ελέφαντας (eléfantas)

desctree

е҆лефа́нтесъ

→ Old Church Slavonic: е҆лефа́нтъ (e҆lefántŭ), е҆лефа́нтесъ (e҆lefántesŭ)
→ Old Ruthenian: елефа́нтъ (elefánt)
→ Russian: элефа́нт (elefánt) (archaic)

→ Latin: elephās (see there for further descendants)

Probably borrowed from Egyptian ꜣbw Ab-b-w-E26 (reconstructed as earlier /'lu:bu ~ 'lu:baw/, later /ˈʔeːbə/). Cognate with Mycenaean Greek 𐀁𐀩𐀞 (e-re-pa /elephās/); compare also Hittite 𒆷𒄴𒉺𒀸 (laḫpaš, “ivory”), Proto-Berber *eḷu, and Sanskrit इभ (íbha).


ὗς

grc-noun

ὗς • (hûs) m or f (genitive ὑός); third declension

hûs (romanization)
ὑός (genitive)
ὁ (nominative singular)
ἡ ὗς (nominative singular)
τὼ ὕε (dual nominative)
οἱ (nominative plural)
αἱ ὕες (nominative plural)
τοῦ (genitive singular)
τῆς ὑός (genitive singular)
τοῖν ὑοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν ὑῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ (dative singular)
τῇ ὑΐ (dative singular)
τοῖν ὑοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς (dative plural)
ταῖς ὑσί (dative plural)
ὑσίν (dative plural)
toîs (dative plural)
taîs husí (dative plural)
taîs husín (dative plural)
τὸν (accusative singular)
τὴν ὗν (accusative singular)
τὼ ὕε (accusative dual)
τοὺς (accusative plural)
τᾱ̀ς ὗς (accusative plural)
ὗ (singular vocative)
ὕε (dual vocative)
ὕες (plural vocative)
ὗς (nominative singular)
ὕε (dual nominative)
ὕες (nominative plural)
ὑός (genitive singular)
ὑοῖν (dual genitive)
ὑῶν (genitive plural)
ὑΐ (dative singular)
ὑοῖν (dative dual)
ὑσί (dative plural)
ὑσίν (dative plural)
ῠ̔́εσσι (dative plural)
husí (dative plural)
husín (dative plural)
húessi (dative plural)
ὗν (accusative singular)
ὕε (accusative dual)
ὗς (accusative plural)
ὗ (singular vocative)
ὕε (dual vocative)
ὕες (plural vocative)

grc-decl

ὑσί(ν), ῠ̔́εσσι

Inherited from Proto-Hellenic *hūs, from Proto-Indo-European *suH- (“swine”). Compare Latin sūs, English swine, sow.


σῦς

grc-noun

σῦς • (sûs) m or f (genitive σῠός); third declension

sûs (romanization)
σῠός (genitive)
ὁ (nominative singular)
ἡ σῦς (nominative singular)
τὼ σῠ́ε (dual nominative)
οἱ (nominative plural)
αἱ σῠ́ες (nominative plural)
τοῦ (genitive singular)
τῆς σῠός (genitive singular)
τοῖν σῠοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν σῠῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ (dative singular)
τῇ σῠῐ̈́ (dative singular)
τοῖν σῠοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς (dative plural)
ταῖς σῡσῐ́ (dative plural)
σῡσῐ́ν (dative plural)
σῠσῐ́ (dative plural)
σῠσῐ́ν (dative plural)
toîs (dative plural)
taîs sūsí (dative plural)
taîs sūsín (dative plural)
susí (dative plural)
susín (dative plural)
τὸν (accusative singular)
τὴν σῦν (accusative singular)
τὼ σῠ́ε (accusative dual)
τοὺς (accusative plural)
τᾱ̀ς σῦς (accusative plural)
σῠ́ᾰς (accusative plural)
σῦ (singular vocative)
σῠ́ε (dual vocative)
σῠ́ες (plural vocative)
σῦς (nominative singular)
σῠ́ε (dual nominative)
σῠ́ες (nominative plural)
σῠός (genitive singular)
σῠ́οιῐν (dual genitive)
σῠῶν (genitive plural)
σῠῐ̈́ (dative singular)
σῠ́οιῐν (dative dual)
σῠ́εσσῐ (dative plural)
σῠ́εσσῐν (dative plural)
súessi (dative plural)
súessin (dative plural)
σῦν (accusative singular)
σῠ́ε (accusative dual)
σῦς (accusative plural)
σῠ́ᾰς (accusative plural)
σῦ (singular vocative)
σῠ́ε (dual vocative)
σῠ́ες (plural vocative)

From Proto-Indo-European *súHs (“swine”); doublet of ὗς (hûs). The reason for the survival of initial /s/ in this form is unknown.


τίγρις

τῐ́γρῐς • (tígris) f (genitive τῐ́γρεως); third declension

τῐ́γρῐς (canonical)
tígris (romanization)
τῐ́γρεως (genitive)
ἡ τῐ́γρῐς (nominative singular)
τὼ τῐ́γρει (dual nominative)
αἱ τῐ́γρεις (nominative plural)
τῆς τῐ́γρεως (genitive singular)
τοῖν τῐγρέοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν τῐ́γρεων (genitive plural)
τῇ τῐ́γρει (dative singular)
τοῖν τῐγρέοιν (dative dual)
ταῖς τῐ́γρεσῐ (dative plural)
τῐ́γρεσῐν (dative plural)
taîs tígresi (dative plural)
taîs tígresin (dative plural)
τὴν τῐ́γρῐν (accusative singular)
τὼ τῐ́γρει (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς τῐ́γρεις (accusative plural)
τῐ́γρῐ (singular vocative)
τῐ́γρει (dual vocative)
τῐ́γρεις (plural vocative)

Aramaic: טיגריס

Classical Syriac: ܛܝܓܪܝܣ

Greek: τίγρη (tígri)

Hebrew: טיגריס

→ Latin: tigris

→ English: tiger

→ French: tigre

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: تكیر (tekir)
Turkish: tekir
→ Armenian: թէքիր (tʻēkʻir)

Russian: тигр (tigr)

From an Indo-Iranian language. Some suppose a relation to Avestan 𐬝𐬌𐬔𐬭𐬌 (t̰igri, “arrow”), Old Persian 𐎫𐎥𐎼 (t-g-r, “pointed, sharp”). According to Watkins, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(s)teyg- (“to point, stick”).


ἔλαφος

grc-noun

ἔλᾰφος • (élaphos) m or f (genitive ἐλᾰ́φου); second declension

ἔλᾰφος (canonical)
élaphos (romanization)
ἐλᾰ́φου (genitive)
ὁ (nominative singular)
ἡ ἔλᾰφος (nominative singular)
τὼ ἐλᾰ́φω (dual nominative)
οἱ (nominative plural)
αἱ ἔλᾰφοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ (genitive singular)
τῆς ἐλᾰ́φου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ἐλᾰ́φοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ἐλᾰ́φων (genitive plural)
τῷ (dative singular)
τῇ ἐλᾰ́φῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ἐλᾰ́φοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς (dative plural)
ταῖς ἐλᾰ́φοις (dative plural)
τὸν (accusative singular)
τὴν ἔλᾰφον (accusative singular)
τὼ ἐλᾰ́φω (accusative dual)
τοὺς (accusative plural)
τᾱ̀ς ἐλᾰ́φους (accusative plural)
ἔλᾰφε (singular vocative)
ἐλᾰ́φω (dual vocative)
ἔλᾰφοι (plural vocative)
ἔλᾰφος (nominative singular)
ἐλᾰ́φω (dual nominative)
ἔλᾰφοι (nominative plural)
ἐλᾰ́φου (genitive singular)
ἐλᾰφοῖο (genitive singular)
ἐλᾰ́φοιο (genitive singular)
ἐλᾰφόο (genitive singular)
ἐλᾰ́φοο (genitive singular)
ἐλᾰ́φοιῐν (dual genitive)
ἐλᾰ́φων (genitive plural)
ἐλᾰ́φῳ (dative singular)
ἐλᾰ́φοιῐν (dative dual)
ἐλᾰ́φοισῐ (dative plural)
ἐλᾰ́φοισῐν (dative plural)
ἐλᾰ́φοις (dative plural)
eláphoisi (dative plural)
eláphoisin (dative plural)
eláphois (dative plural)
ἔλᾰφον (accusative singular)
ἐλᾰ́φω (accusative dual)
ἐλᾰ́φους (accusative plural)
ἔλᾰφε (singular vocative)
ἐλᾰ́φω (dual vocative)
ἔλᾰφοι (plural vocative)

Greek: ελάφι n (eláfi)

→ Latin: elaphus m (“deer”)

→ Translingual: Elaphus

From Proto-Hellenic *éləpʰos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁éln̥bʰos, from *h₁el- (“deer”). Compare ἐλλός (ellós, “young deer”), Lithuanian élnias (“deer, stag, hart”), Russian оле́нь (olénʹ, “deer”), Russian лось (losʹ, “elk”), Old Armenian եղն (ełn, “hind”).

ὃν τρόπον ἐπιποθεῖ ἡ ἔλαφος ἐπὶ τὰς πηγὰς τῶν ὑδάτων οὕτως ἐπιποθεῖ ἡ ψυχή μου πρὸς σέ ὁ θεός.

As the hart panteth after the water brooks, so panteth my soul after thee, O God. (KJV)

hòn trópon epipotheî hē élaphos epì tàs pēgàs tôn hudátōn hoútōs epipotheî hē psukhḗ mou pròs sé ho theós.

Cervus elaphus
Cervus elaphus#Translingual


ἀλώπηξ

ᾰ̓λώπηξ • (alṓpēx) f (genitive ᾰ̓λώπεκος); third declension

ᾰ̓λώπηξ (canonical)
alṓpēx (romanization)
ᾰ̓λώπεκος (genitive)
ἡ ᾰ̓λώπηξ (nominative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓λώπεκε (dual nominative)
αἱ ᾰ̓λώπεκες (nominative plural)
τῆς ᾰ̓λώπεκος (genitive singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓λωπέκοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ᾰ̓λωπέκων (genitive plural)
τῇ ᾰ̓λώπεκῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓λωπέκοιν (dative dual)
ταῖς ᾰ̓λώπεξῐ (dative plural)
ᾰ̓λώπεξῐν (dative plural)
taîs alṓpexi (dative plural)
taîs alṓpexin (dative plural)
τὴν ᾰ̓λώπεκᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓λώπεκε (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ᾰ̓λώπεκᾰς (accusative plural)
ᾰ̓λώπηξ (singular vocative)
ᾰ̓λώπεκε (dual vocative)
ᾰ̓λώπεκες (plural vocative)

desc

Greek: > αλεπού (alepoú) (inherited), → ἀλώπηξ (alṓpēx), αλώπηξ (alópix) (learned)

Mariupol Greek: алыпу́ (alypú)

Pontic Greek: αλεπός (alepós)

→ Samoan: ālope (learned)

→ Tokelauan: ālope (learned)

→ Translingual: Alopex (learned)

Presumably from earlier Proto-Hellenic *alōpēkos, *alṓpāks. Some linguists have attempted derivation from Proto-Indo-European *h₂lōpeh₂s (stem *h₂lop-); compare Old Armenian աղուէս (ałuēs), Lithuanian lãpė, Latvian lapsa and Sanskrit लोपाश (lopāśá). The many irregular variations on the word may suggest a Mediterranean wanderword instead; compare Luwian [script needed] (ulipna-)/[script needed] (walipna-, “wolf”) and Latin vulpēs (“fox”).

1st century C.E., Gospel of Matthew 8, 20b and Gospel of Luke 9, 58b (Q).
Αἱ ἀλώπεκες φωλεοὺς ἔχουσιν καὶ τὰ πετεινὰ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ κατασκηνώσεις, ὁ δὲ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου οὐκ ἔχει ποῦ τὴν κεφαλὴν κλίνῃ.
Hai alṓpekes phōleoùs ékhousin kaì tà peteinà toû ouranoû kataskēnṓseis, ho dè huiòs toû anthrṓpou ouk ékhei poû tḕn kephalḕn klínēi.

The foxes have holes and the birds of the sky have roosts, but the Son of Man has nothing where he may lay his head.


ἄκμων

grc-noun

ἄκμων • (ákmōn) m (genitive ἄκμονος); third declension

ákmōn (romanization)
ἄκμονος (genitive)
ὁ ἄκμων (nominative singular)
τὼ ἄκμονε (dual nominative)
οἱ ἄκμονες (nominative plural)
τοῦ ἄκμονος (genitive singular)
τοῖν ἀκμόνοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ἀκμόνων (genitive plural)
τῷ ἄκμονῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν ἀκμόνοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ἄκμοσῐ (dative plural)
ἄκμοσῐν (dative plural)
toîs ákmosi (dative plural)
toîs ákmosin (dative plural)
τὸν ἄκμονᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ ἄκμονε (accusative dual)
τοὺς ἄκμονᾰς (accusative plural)
ἄκμον (singular vocative)
ἄκμονε (dual vocative)
ἄκμονες (plural vocative)

desc

⇒ αμόνι (amóni)

Greek: άκμων (ákmon), άκμονας (ákmonas), ⇒ αμόνι (amóni) (from the diminutive)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂éḱmō. Cognates include Sanskrit अश्मन् (aśman), Avestan 𐬀𐬐𐬨𐬀𐬥 (akman), Lithuanian akmuo, and English hammer.


μῦς

grc-noun

μῦς • (mûs) m (genitive μῠός); third declension

mûs (romanization)
μῠός (genitive)
ὁ μῦς (nominative singular)
τὼ μῠ́ε (dual nominative)
οἱ μῠ́ες (nominative plural)
τοῦ μῠός (genitive singular)
τοῖν μῠοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν μῠῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ μῠῐ̈́ (dative singular)
τοῖν μῠοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς μῡσῐ́ (dative plural)
μῡσῐ́ν (dative plural)
μῠσῐ́ (dative plural)
μῠσῐ́ν (dative plural)
toîs mūsí (dative plural)
toîs mūsín (dative plural)
musí (dative plural)
musín (dative plural)
τὸν μῦν (accusative singular)
τὼ μῠ́ε (accusative dual)
τοὺς μῦς (accusative plural)
μῦ (singular vocative)
μῠ́ε (dual vocative)
μῠ́ες (plural vocative)

grc-decl

μῡσῐ́(ν)/μῠσῐ́(ν)

Greek: μυς (mys)

From Proto-Hellenic *mū́s, from Proto-Indo-European *múh₂s. Cognates include Latin mūs, Sanskrit मूष् (mū́ṣ), Old Armenian մուկն (mukn) and Old English mūs (English mouse).


ὄϊς

grc-noun

ὄϊς • (óïs) m or f (genitive ὄϊος); third declension

óïs (romanization)
ὄϊος (genitive)
ὄϊς (nominative singular)
ὄϊες (nominative plural)
ὄϊος (genitive singular)
ὀΐων (genitive plural)
ὀῑ̈́ (dative singular)
ὀΐεσσι (dative plural)
ὀΐεσσιν (dative plural)
ὄεσσῐ (dative plural)
ὄεσσῐν (dative plural)
oḯessi (dative plural)
oḯessin (dative plural)
óessi (dative plural)
óessin (dative plural)
ὄϊν (accusative singular)
ὄῑ̈ς (accusative plural)
ὄϊς (singular vocative)
ὄϊες (plural vocative)

grc-decl

ὀΐεσσι(ν), ὄεσσῐ(ν)


οἶς

grc-noun

οἶς • (oîs) m or f (genitive οἰός); third declension

oîs (romanization)
οἰός (genitive)
ὁ (nominative singular)
ἡ οἶς (nominative singular)
τὼ οἶε (dual nominative)
οἱ (nominative plural)
αἱ οἶες (nominative plural)
τοῦ (genitive singular)
τῆς οἰός (genitive singular)
τοῖν οἰοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν οἰῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ (dative singular)
τῇ οἰί (dative singular)
τοῖν οἰοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς (dative plural)
ταῖς οἰσί (dative plural)
οἰσίν (dative plural)
toîs (dative plural)
taîs oisí (dative plural)
taîs oisín (dative plural)
τὸν (accusative singular)
τὴν οἶν (accusative singular)
τὼ οἶε (accusative dual)
τοὺς (accusative plural)
τᾱ̀ς οἶς (accusative plural)
οἶ (singular vocative)
οἶε (dual vocative)
οἶες (plural vocative)

Contracted form of ὄϊς (óïs), from Proto-Hellenic *ówis, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ówis. Cognate with Sanskrit अवि (ávi), Latin ovis, and Old English eowu (English ewe).


στεῖρα

στεῖρα • (steîra) f (genitive στείρας); first declension

steîra (romanization)
στείρας (genitive)

forepart of a ship's keel, continued into the stem or cutwater


κριός

κρῑός • (krīós) m (genitive κρῑοῦ); second declension

κρῑός (canonical)
krīós (romanization)
κρῑοῦ (genitive)
ὁ κρῑός (nominative singular)
τὼ κρῑώ (dual nominative)
οἱ κρῑοί (nominative plural)
τοῦ κρῑοῦ (genitive singular)
τοῖν κρῑοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν κρῑῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ κρῑῷ (dative singular)
τοῖν κρῑοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς κρῑοῖς (dative plural)
τὸν κρῑόν (accusative singular)
τὼ κρῑώ (accusative dual)
τοὺς κρῑούς (accusative plural)
κρῑέ (singular vocative)
κρῑώ (dual vocative)
κρῑοί (plural vocative)

Uncertain. Traditionally connected with κέρας (kéras, “horn”). The chickpea meaning possibly relates to Latin cicer (“chickpea”), Old Armenian սիսեռն (siseṙn, “chickpea”). Beekes argues for an original meaning of “curved”, comparing Lithuanian kreivas, Old East Slavic кривъ (krivŭ).


ἔριφος

grc-noun

ἔρῐφος • (ériphos) m or f (genitive ἐρῐ́φου); second declension

ἔρῐφος (canonical)
ériphos (romanization)
ἐρῐ́φου (genitive)
ὁ (nominative singular)
ἡ ἔρῐφος (nominative singular)
τὼ ἐρῐ́φω (dual nominative)
οἱ (nominative plural)
αἱ ἔρῐφοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ (genitive singular)
τῆς ἐρῐ́φου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ἐρῐ́φοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ἐρῐ́φων (genitive plural)
τῷ (dative singular)
τῇ ἐρῐ́φῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ἐρῐ́φοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς (dative plural)
ταῖς ἐρῐ́φοις (dative plural)
τὸν (accusative singular)
τὴν ἔρῐφον (accusative singular)
τὼ ἐρῐ́φω (accusative dual)
τοὺς (accusative plural)
τᾱ̀ς ἐρῐ́φους (accusative plural)
ἔρῐφε (singular vocative)
ἐρῐ́φω (dual vocative)
ἔρῐφοι (plural vocative)

Perhaps from a Proto-Indo-European *h₁er-, with cognates including Latin ariēs, and Lithuanian ėriukas.


ἀμνός

ἀμνός • (amnós) m (genitive ἀμνοῦ); second declension

amnós (romanization)
ἀμνοῦ (genitive)
ὁ ἀμνός (nominative singular)
τὼ ἀμνώ (dual nominative)
οἱ ἀμνοί (nominative plural)
τοῦ ἀμνοῦ (genitive singular)
τοῖν ἀμνοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν ἀμνῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ ἀμνῷ (dative singular)
τοῖν ἀμνοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς ἀμνοῖς (dative plural)
τὸν ἀμνόν (accusative singular)
τὼ ἀμνώ (accusative dual)
τοὺς ἀμνούς (accusative plural)
ἀμνέ (singular vocative)
ἀμνώ (dual vocative)
ἀμνοί (plural vocative)

Greek: αμνός (amnós)

From Proto-Hellenic *abnós, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂egʷnós. Cognates include Latin agnus, Old Church Slavonic агнѧ (agnę), Old English ēanian (English yean), and Albanian enjë.


ἄλκη

ἄλκη • (álkē) f (genitive ἄλκης); first declension

álkē (romanization)
ἄλκης (genitive)
ἡ ᾰ̓́λκη (nominative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓́λκᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ ᾰ̓́λκαι (nominative plural)
τῆς ᾰ̓́λκης (genitive singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓́λκαιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ᾰ̓λκῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ ᾰ̓́λκῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓́λκαιν (dative dual)
ταῖς ᾰ̓́λκαις (dative plural)
τὴν ᾰ̓́λκην (accusative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓́λκᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ᾰ̓́λκᾱς (accusative plural)
ᾰ̓́λκη (singular vocative)
ᾰ̓́λκᾱ (dual vocative)
ᾰ̓́λκαι (plural vocative)

Greek: άλκη (álki)

Probably borrowed from Proto-Germanic *elhaz, *algiz (“elk”), whence also Latin alcēs.


ἀρνός

ἀρνός • (arnós) m (genitive ἀρνοῦ); second declension

arnós (romanization)
ἀρνοῦ (genitive)
ὁ ἀρνός (nominative singular)
οἱ ἀρνοί (nominative plural)
τοῦ ἀρνοῦ (genitive singular)
τῶν ἀρνῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ ἀρνῷ (dative singular)
τοῖς ἀρνοῖς (dative plural)
τὸν ἀρνόν (accusative singular)
τοὺς ἀρνούς (accusative plural)
ἀρνέ (singular vocative)
ἀρνοί (plural vocative)

Aesop 274

Aesop 296.100b

E Gen α.1209

(Koine, Byzantine) Synonym of ἀρήν (arḗn)


χίμαρος

χῐ́μᾰρος • (khímaros) m (genitive χῐμᾰ́ρου); second declension

χῐ́μᾰρος (canonical)
khímaros (romanization)
χῐμᾰ́ρου (genitive)
ὁ χῐ́μᾰρος (nominative singular)
τὼ χῐμᾰ́ρω (dual nominative)
οἱ χῐ́μᾰροι (nominative plural)
τοῦ χῐμᾰ́ρου (genitive singular)
τοῖν χῐμᾰ́ροιν (dual genitive)
τῶν χῐμᾰ́ρων (genitive plural)
τῷ χῐμᾰ́ρῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν χῐμᾰ́ροιν (dative dual)
τοῖς χῐμᾰ́ροις (dative plural)
τὸν χῐ́μᾰρον (accusative singular)
τὼ χῐμᾰ́ρω (accusative dual)
τοὺς χῐμᾰ́ρους (accusative plural)
χῐ́μᾰρε (singular vocative)
χῐμᾰ́ρω (dual vocative)
χῐ́μᾰροι (plural vocative)

From Proto-Hellenic *kʰímər, R-stem derivation from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰeym- (“winter, snow”), complementing the n-stem reflex found in χειμών (kheimṓn). Perhaps originally meaning "winter/year-old (goat)".


μόναπος

grc-noun

μόνᾰπος • (mónapos) m (genitive μονᾰ́που); second declension

μόνᾰπος (canonical)
mónapos (romanization)
μονᾰ́που (genitive)
ὁ μόνᾰπος (nominative singular)
τὼ μονᾰ́πω (dual nominative)
οἱ μόνᾰποι (nominative plural)
τοῦ μονᾰ́που (genitive singular)
τοῖν μονᾰ́ποιν (dual genitive)
τῶν μονᾰ́πων (genitive plural)
τῷ μονᾰ́πῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν μονᾰ́ποιν (dative dual)
τοῖς μονᾰ́ποις (dative plural)
τὸν μόνᾰπον (accusative singular)
τὼ μονᾰ́πω (accusative dual)
τοὺς μονᾰ́πους (accusative plural)
μόνᾰπε (singular vocative)
μονᾰ́πω (dual vocative)
μόνᾰποι (plural vocative)

From Paeonian, itself probably from Pre-Greek.


χίμαιρα

χῐ́μαιρᾰ • (khímaira) f (genitive χῐμαίρᾱς); first declension

χῐ́μαιρᾰ (canonical)
khímaira (romanization)
χῐμαίρᾱς (genitive)
ἡ χῐ́μαιρᾰ (nominative singular)
τὼ χῐμαίρᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ χῐ́μαιραι (nominative plural)
τῆς χῐμαίρᾱς (genitive singular)
τοῖν χῐμαίραιν (dual genitive)
τῶν χῐμαιρῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ χῐμαίρᾳ (dative singular)
τοῖν χῐμαίραιν (dative dual)
ταῖς χῐμαίραις (dative plural)
τὴν χῐ́μαιρᾰν (accusative singular)
τὼ χῐμαίρᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς χῐμαίρᾱς (accusative plural)
χῐ́μαιρᾰ (singular vocative)
χῐμαίρᾱ (dual vocative)
χῐ́μαιραι (plural vocative)

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 6.181

750 BCE – 650 BCE, Hesiod, Theogony 322

458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 232

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 3.2.12

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hellenica 4.2.20

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Constitution of Sparta 13.8

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Fragments 445

Eustathius 1625.34, (Compare Aristotle, History of Animals 3.21.5)


ἀρήν

ᾰ̓ρήν • (arḗn) m or f (genitive ᾰ̓ρνός); third declension

ᾰ̓ρήν (canonical)
arḗn (romanization)
ᾰ̓ρνός (genitive)
ὁ (nominative singular)
ἡ ᾰ̓ρήν (nominative singular)
τὼ ἄρνε (dual nominative)
οἱ (nominative plural)
αἱ ἄρνες (nominative plural)
τοῦ (genitive singular)
τῆς ᾰ̓ρνός (genitive singular)
τοῖν ἀρνοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν ἀρνῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ (dative singular)
τῇ ᾰ̓ρνῐ́ (dative singular)
τοῖν ἀρνοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς (dative plural)
ταῖς ᾰ̓ρνᾰ́σῐ (dative plural)
ᾰ̓ρνᾰ́σῐν (dative plural)
ἄρνεσσῐ (dative plural)
ἄρνεσσῐν (dative plural)
toîs (dative plural)
taîs arnási (dative plural)
taîs arnásin (dative plural)
árnessi (dative plural)
árnessin (dative plural)
τὸν (accusative singular)
τὴν ἄρνα (accusative singular)
τὼ ἄρνε (accusative dual)
τοὺς (accusative plural)
τᾱ̀ς ἄρνας (accusative plural)
ᾰ̓ρήν (singular vocative)
ἄρνε (dual vocative)
ἄρνες (plural vocative)

grc-decl

ᾰ̓ρνᾰ́σῐ(ν), ἄρνεσσῐ(ν)

From Proto-Hellenic *warḗn, from Proto-Indo-European *wr̥h₁ḗn (“lamb”). Cognates include Latin vervēx (“wether”), Sanskrit उरण (úraṇa) and Old Armenian գառն (gaṙn).


κάστωρ

grc-noun

κάστωρ • (kástōr) m (genitive κάστορος); third declension

kástōr (romanization)
κάστορος (genitive)
ὁ κάστωρ (nominative singular)
τὼ κάστορε (dual nominative)
οἱ κάστορες (nominative plural)
τοῦ κάστορος (genitive singular)
τοῖν καστόροιν (dual genitive)
τῶν καστόρων (genitive plural)
τῷ κάστορῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν καστόροιν (dative dual)
τοῖς κάστορσῐ (dative plural)
κάστορσῐν (dative plural)
toîs kástorsi (dative plural)
toîs kástorsin (dative plural)
τὸν κάστορᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ κάστορε (accusative dual)
τοὺς κάστορᾰς (accusative plural)
κάστορ (singular vocative)
κάστορε (dual vocative)
κάστορες (plural vocative)

→ Classical Syriac: ܩܣܛܘܪ (qasṭor)

→ Latin: castor (see there for further descendants)

Of unclear origin.
The traditional theory by Kretschmer derives the word from the name Κᾰ́στωρ (Kástōr, “Castor”), who, in Greek mythology, was known as a savior of women, supposedly for the medicinal effect of castor fluid for women's diseases. However, in the annals of Greek mythology, Castor has never been mentioned in relation with beavers, rendering this derivation as tantamount to folk etymology. In addition, as Schrader and Nehring point out, beavers went extinct in Greece long before the Proto-Hellenics had arrived, which would make the concept of a beaver foreign in the Greek context. It is far more likely that the proper noun Castor is derived from the animal name (perhaps at a time when only the name, but not its characteristics like its musk were remembered), rather than the other way around.
However, beavers were mentioned by Herodotus to exist in the North Pontic area, near the Proto-Indo-European homeland, so it is almost certain the Hellenic tribes were familiar with beavers before venturing into Greece. Thus, there is a chance that the word was inherited from a Proto-Indo-European *kestor- (“beaver, musk”), and was preserved only in Greek. A better candidate for a native Pre-Greek word for "beaver" might be λᾰ́τᾰξ (látax). See also Sanskrit कस्तूरी (kastūrī, “musk”), which was borrowed from the derivative καστόριον (kastórion, “castoreum”).
Note that the main Indo-European word for "beaver", *bʰébʰrus (which did not survive or exist in Hellenic), may be a reduplicative (and thus non-atomic) formation from *bʰerH- (“brown”).


μῆλον

grc-noun

μῆλον • (mêlon) n (genitive μήλου); second declension

mêlon (romanization)
μήλου (genitive)
τὸ μῆλον (nominative singular)
τὼ μήλω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ μῆλᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ μήλου (genitive singular)
τοῖν μήλοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν μήλων (genitive plural)
τῷ μήλῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν μήλοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς μήλοις (dative plural)
τὸ μῆλον (accusative singular)
τὼ μήλω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ μῆλᾰ (accusative plural)
μῆλον (singular vocative)
μήλω (dual vocative)
μῆλᾰ (plural vocative)
τὸ μᾶλον (nominative singular)
τὼ μᾱ́λω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ μᾶλᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ μᾱ́λω (genitive singular)
τοῖν μᾱ́λοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν μᾱ́λων (genitive plural)
τῷ μᾱ́λῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν μᾱ́λοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς μᾱ́λοις (dative plural)
τὸ μᾶλον (accusative singular)
τὼ μᾱ́λω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ μᾱ́λως (accusative plural)
μᾶλον (singular vocative)
μᾱ́λω (dual vocative)
μᾶλᾰ (plural vocative)

Greek: μήλο (mílo)

Tsakonian: μάλι (máli)

→ Proto-Albanian: *mālā (via Doric μᾶλα (mâla))

Albanian: mollë

→ Latin: mālum, mēlum, mēlo

→ Translingual: Malus

Uncertain. Compare Hittite 𒈠𒀀𒄴𒆷𒀸 (māḫlaš, “grapevine”), Hittite 𒊭𒈠𒇻 (šamalu-, “apple”), Hittite 𒊭𒄠𒇻 (šamlu-, “apple”) and Proto-Kartvelian *msxal- (“pear”).
Multiple theories have been put forth:
Theories on the origin of μῆλον
* Beekes (2010) declares it to be a Pre-Greek Mediterranean substrate borrowing, comparing it with Hittite 𒈠𒀀𒄴𒆷𒀸 (māḫlaš, “grapevine”).
* Kroonen (2016) reconstructs a Proto-Indo-European byform *smh₂l-, from which he also derives Hittite 𒊭𒈠𒇻 (šamalu-), 𒊭𒄠𒇻 (šamlu-) "apple". He also connects this IE form with Proto-Kartvelian *msxal- (“pear”) and proposes that the Indo-European words may have come from a metathesis of that Kartvelian word.
* Fenwick (2016) also argues for an ultimate Indo-European origin, though with differing details, and views the Kartvelian term rather as an IE loan. She reconstructs Proto-Indo-European *méh₂lo- (“cultivated tree, cultivated vine”), with a variant *móh₂lo- (“id.”). This variant is visible in e.g. Hittite 𒈠𒀀𒄴𒆷𒀸 (māḫlaš, “grapevine”), Lydian μῶλαξ (môlax, “type of wine”), and Armenian մոլ (mol, “sucker, runner, stolon”). She takes this variation as evidence of an earlier acrostatic root noun *móh₂l- (“type of culturally important plant”) - which got thematized later on - showing a range of other derived forms. She further treats *móh₂l- itself as a possible archaic *-l- deverbal noun from *meh₂- (“to grow, increase, mature, be fruitful”). She compares this development to that of *webʰl- (“weevil, beetle, worm”), which she derives from *webʰ- (“to weave”)).


μῆλον

mêlon (romanization)
μήλου (genitive)
τὸ μῆλον (nominative singular)
τὼ μήλω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ μῆλᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ μήλου (genitive singular)
τοῖν μήλοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν μήλων (genitive plural)
τῷ μήλῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν μήλοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς μήλοις (dative plural)
τὸ μῆλον (accusative singular)
τὼ μήλω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ μῆλᾰ (accusative plural)
μῆλον (singular vocative)
μήλω (dual vocative)
μῆλᾰ (plural vocative)

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *(s)meh₁l- (“small animal”). Compare Old Irish mil (“small animal”), Dutch maal (“young cow”), Old Church Slavonic малъ (malŭ), Old English smæl (English small). Despite phonetic and semantic similarities, likely unrelated to Old Armenian մալ (mal, “cattle”), which stems from Arabic مَال (māl, “property”) instead.


ἱπποπόταμος

grc-noun

ῐ̔πποπότᾰμος

ῐ̔πποποτᾰ́μου

ῐ̔πποπότᾰμος • (hippopótamos) m (genitive ῐ̔πποποτᾰ́μου); second declension

ῐ̔πποπότᾰμος (canonical)
hippopótamos (romanization)
ῐ̔πποποτᾰ́μου (genitive)
ὁ ῐ̔πποπότᾰμος (nominative singular)
τὼ ῐ̔πποποτᾰ́μω (dual nominative)
οἱ ῐ̔πποπότᾰμοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ ῐ̔πποποτᾰ́μου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ῐ̔πποποτᾰ́μοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ῐ̔πποποτᾰ́μων (genitive plural)
τῷ ῐ̔πποποτᾰ́μῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ῐ̔πποποτᾰ́μοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ῐ̔πποποτᾰ́μοις (dative plural)
τὸν ῐ̔πποπότᾰμον (accusative singular)
τὼ ῐ̔πποποτᾰ́μω (accusative dual)
τοὺς ῐ̔πποποτᾰ́μους (accusative plural)
ῐ̔πποπότᾰμε (singular vocative)
ῐ̔πποποτᾰ́μω (dual vocative)
ῐ̔πποπότᾰμοι (plural vocative)

grc-decl

ῐ̔πποπότᾰμος

desc

→ Arabic: فَرَس نَهْر (faras nahr) (calque)

→ Danish: flodhest (calque)

→ German: Flusspferd (calque)

→ English: river horse (calque)

→ Latin: hippopotamus (see there for further descendants)

→ Old Armenian: գետաձի (getaji) (calque)

From ῐ̔́ππος (híppos, “horse”) + ποτᾰμός (potamós, “river”).


σκίουρος

grc-noun

σκῐ́ουρος • (skíouros) m (genitive σκῐούρου); second declension

σκῐ́ουρος (canonical)
skíouros (romanization)
σκῐούρου (genitive)
ὁ σκῐ́ουρος (nominative singular)
τὼ σκῐούρω (dual nominative)
οἱ σκῐ́ουροι (nominative plural)
τοῦ σκῐούρου (genitive singular)
τοῖν σκῐούροιν (dual genitive)
τῶν σκῐούρων (genitive plural)
τῷ σκῐούρῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν σκῐούροιν (dative dual)
τοῖς σκῐούροις (dative plural)
τὸν σκῐ́ουρον (accusative singular)
τὼ σκῐούρω (accusative dual)
τοὺς σκῐούρους (accusative plural)
σκῐ́ουρε (singular vocative)
σκῐούρω (dual vocative)
σκῐ́ουροι (plural vocative)

→ Armenian: սկյուռ (skyuṙ)

Greek: σκίουρος (skíouros)

→ Latin: sciūrus, sciūrolus (see there for further descendants)

Traditionally explained as a bahuvrihi compound of σκιά (skiá, “shade, shadow”) + οὐρά (ourá, “tail”), thus "(one who) generates shade with its tail", but this could be a folk etymology, and it might actually be Pre-Greek, if the -ουρος (-ouros) is a suffix rather than a standalone word.


αἴλουρος

αἴλουρος • (aílouros) m or f (genitive αἰλούρου); second declension

aílouros (romanization)
αἰλούρου (genitive)
ὁ (nominative singular)
ἡ αἴλουρος (nominative singular)
τὼ αἰλούρω (dual nominative)
οἱ (nominative plural)
αἱ αἴλουροι (nominative plural)
τοῦ (genitive singular)
τῆς αἰλούρου (genitive singular)
τοῖν αἰλούροιν (dual genitive)
τῶν αἰλούρων (genitive plural)
τῷ (dative singular)
τῇ αἰλούρῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν αἰλούροιν (dative dual)
τοῖς (dative plural)
ταῖς αἰλούροις (dative plural)
τὸν (accusative singular)
τὴν αἴλουρον (accusative singular)
τὼ αἰλούρω (accusative dual)
τοὺς (accusative plural)
τᾱ̀ς αἰλούρους (accusative plural)
αἴλουρε (singular vocative)
αἰλούρω (dual vocative)
αἴλουροι (plural vocative)

Greek: αίλουρος (aílouros)

→ Translingual: Ailurus

→ Latin: aelurus

Pre-Greek. Longstanding tradition holds it to derive from αἰόλος (aiólos, “fast moving, nimble”) + οὐρά (ourá, “tail”); while it has the feel of folk etymology, it may nonetheless be the case. Has also been compared to Latin viverra (“ferret”) and Lithuanian vaiveris (“polecat”).

cat; domestic cat, tom (male), queen (female)


βούβαλος

βούβᾰλος • (boúbalos) m (genitive βουβᾰ́λου); second declension

βούβᾰλος (canonical)
boúbalos (romanization)
βουβᾰ́λου (genitive)
ὁ βούβᾰλος (nominative singular)
τὼ βουβᾰ́λω (dual nominative)
οἱ βούβᾰλοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ βουβᾰ́λου (genitive singular)
τοῖν βουβᾰ́λοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν βουβᾰ́λων (genitive plural)
τῷ βουβᾰ́λῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν βουβᾰ́λοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς βουβᾰ́λοις (dative plural)
τὸν βούβᾰλον (accusative singular)
τὼ βουβᾰ́λω (accusative dual)
τοὺς βουβᾰ́λους (accusative plural)
βούβᾰλε (singular vocative)
βουβᾰ́λω (dual vocative)
βούβᾰλοι (plural vocative)

desc

Greek: βούβαλος (voúvalos), βουβάλι (vouváli)

→ Latin: būbalus (see there for further descendants)

Perhaps from βοῦς (boûs), but it may be a loanword from an unknown source (such as Pre-Greek) that was associated with the native word secondarily.

an antelope, possibly a bubal hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus buselaphus)


δασύπους

grc-noun

δᾰσῠ́πους • (dasúpous) m (genitive δᾰσῠ́ποδος); third declension

δᾰσῠ́πους (canonical)
dasúpous (romanization)
δᾰσῠ́ποδος (genitive)
ὁ δᾰσῠ́πους (nominative singular)
τὼ δᾰσῠ́ποδε (dual nominative)
οἱ δᾰσῠ́ποδες (nominative plural)
τοῦ δᾰσῠ́ποδος (genitive singular)
τοῖν δᾰσῠπόδοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν δᾰσῠπόδων (genitive plural)
τῷ δᾰσῠ́ποδῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν δᾰσῠπόδοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς δᾰσῠ́ποσῐ (dative plural)
δᾰσῠ́ποσῐν (dative plural)
toîs dasúposi (dative plural)
toîs dasúposin (dative plural)
τὸν δᾰσῠ́ποδᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ δᾰσῠ́ποδε (accusative dual)
τοὺς δᾰσῠ́ποδᾰς (accusative plural)
δᾰσῠ́πους (singular vocative)
δᾰσῠ́ποδε (dual vocative)
δᾰσῠ́ποδες (plural vocative)

Greek: δασύπους (dasýpous)

→ Latin: dasypūs

→ Translingual: Dasypus

From δασύς (dasús, “hairy, shaggy”) + πούς (poús, “foot”).

af

Lepus europaeus
Lepus europaeus#Translingual


λεόπαρδος

grc-noun

λεόπαρδος • (leópardos) m (genitive λεοπάρδου); second declension

leópardos (romanization)
λεοπάρδου (genitive)
ὁ λεόπαρδος (nominative singular)
τὼ λεοπάρδω (dual nominative)
οἱ λεόπαρδοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ λεοπάρδου (genitive singular)
τοῖν λεοπάρδοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν λεοπάρδων (genitive plural)
τῷ λεοπάρδῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν λεοπάρδοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς λεοπάρδοις (dative plural)
τὸν λεόπαρδον (accusative singular)
τὼ λεοπάρδω (accusative dual)
τοὺς λεοπάρδους (accusative plural)
λεόπαρδε (singular vocative)
λεοπάρδω (dual vocative)
λεόπαρδοι (plural vocative)

→ Bulgarian: леопа́рд (leopárd)

Greek: λεόπαρδος (leópardos)

→ Latin: leopardus (see there for further descendants)

→ Macedonian: леопард (leopard)

desctree

→ Old Ruthenian: леопардъ (leopard), лεѡпа́рдъ (lεopárd), лꙗмпа́ртъ (ljampárt), лемпа́ртъ (lempárt)
Belarusian: леапа́рд (ljeapárd)
Carpathian Rusyn: леопа́рд (leopárd)
Ukrainian: леопа́рд (leopárd)

→ Russian: леопа́рд (leopárd)
→ Kazakh: леопард (leopard)

From λέων (léōn, “lion”) + πάρδος (párdos, “leopard, panther”)


χαλινός

grc-noun

χᾰλῑνός • (khalīnós) m (genitive χᾰλῑνοῦ); second declension

χᾰλῑνός (canonical)
khalīnós (romanization)
χᾰλῑνοῦ (genitive)
ὁ χᾰλῑνός (nominative singular)
τὼ χᾰλῑνώ (dual nominative)
οἱ χᾰλῑνοί (nominative plural)
τοῦ χᾰλῑνοῦ (genitive singular)
τοῖν χᾰλῑνοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν χᾰλῑνῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ χᾰλῑνῷ (dative singular)
τοῖν χᾰλῑνοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς χᾰλῑνοῖς (dative plural)
τὸν χᾰλῑνόν (accusative singular)
τὼ χᾰλῑνώ (accusative dual)
τοὺς χᾰλῑνούς (accusative plural)
χᾰλῑνέ (singular vocative)
χᾰλῑνώ (dual vocative)
χᾰλῑνοί (plural vocative)

Greek: χαλινός (chalinós)

desc

→ Arabic: كَالُون (kālūn), كَيْلُون (kaylūn, “lock installed onto something; padlock”)

→ New Latin: chalīnos (“corner of the mouth, the part of the cheek most close to the lips”)

bar or bolt for fastening doors, <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">sera</i>

→ Classical Syriac: ܟܠܴܢܳܐ (klānā, “bar or bolt for fastening doors, sera”)

According to Beekes, a Pre-Greek origin is probable, as it is difficult to explain "χαλ-" from Indo-European and as a suffix "-ιν-" is frequent in Pre-Greek.


Πράσινοι

grc-proper noun

Πράσινοι • (Prásinoi) m pl (indeclinable)

From Latin prasinī, from Ancient Greek πρᾰ́σῐνος (prásinos, “leek-green”), from πράσον (práson, “leek”) + -ινος (-inos, “-ine: forming adjectives”).

suffix

(Byzantine, sports) the Greens, one of the usual chariot-racing factions of Rome, Constantinople, and other major cities of the empire


λαγώς

grc-noun

λᾰγώς • (lagṓs) m (genitive λᾰγώ); second declension

λᾰγώς (canonical)
lagṓs (romanization)
λᾰγώ (genitive)
ὁ λᾰγώς (nominative singular)
τὼ λᾰγώ (dual nominative)
οἱ λᾰγῴ (nominative plural)
τοῦ λᾰγώ (genitive singular)
τοῖν λᾰγῴν (dual genitive)
τῶν λᾰγών (genitive plural)
τῷ λᾰγῴ (dative singular)
τοῖν λᾰγῴν (dative dual)
τοῖς λᾰγῴς (dative plural)
τὸν λᾰγώ (accusative singular)
λᾰγών (accusative singular)
tòn lagṓ (accusative singular)
tòn lagṓn (accusative singular)
τὼ λᾰγώ (accusative dual)
τοὺς λᾰγώς (accusative plural)
λᾰγώς (singular vocative)
λᾰγώ (dual vocative)
λᾰγῴ (plural vocative)

Greek: λαγός (lagós)

Persian: لاغوس (lâğus) (obsolete)

English: lagomorph

Translingual: Lagos, Lagurus

From *λαγοωυσός (*lagoōusós, “with flabby ears”), from *λαγο- (*lago-) (possibly the same root as English slack) and οὖς (oûs). Typologically compare Ossetian тӕрхъус (tærqus, “hare”, literally “long-ear”).

cog

sea hare (gastropod of the genus Aplysia)


χοῖρος

grc-noun

χοῖρος • (khoîros) m (genitive χοίρου); second declension

khoîros (romanization)
χοίρου (genitive)
ὁ χοῖρος (nominative singular)
τὼ χοίρω (dual nominative)
οἱ χοῖροι (nominative plural)
τοῦ χοίρου (genitive singular)
τοῖν χοίροιν (dual genitive)
τῶν χοίρων (genitive plural)
τῷ χοίρῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν χοίροιν (dative dual)
τοῖς χοίροις (dative plural)
τὸν χοῖρον (accusative singular)
τὼ χοίρω (accusative dual)
τοὺς χοίρους (accusative plural)
χοῖρε (singular vocative)
χοίρω (dual vocative)
χοῖροι (plural vocative)

Greek: χοίρος (choíros)

Traditionally derived from Proto-Hellenic *kʰóřřos, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰóryos (“pig”) (whence Albanian derr (“id”)), from *ǵʰer- (“to be excited, bristly”) + *-yos (owing to the bristliness of wild pigs), whence *ǵʰḗr (“hedgehog”). But in view of the limited distribution, Beekes suspects a Pre-Greek substrate origin for the Greek and Albanian terms.

af

Νῦν γε χοῖρος φαίνεται.
ἀτὰρ ἐκτραφείς γε κύσθος ἔσται.
Nûn ge khoîros phaínetai.

446 BCE – 386 BCE, Aristophanes, The Archarnians 782–783

Now it looks like a pussy.
But once it's been reared, it'll be a cunt.

(slang, vulgar) female genitalia, especially those belonging to a young woman


πόρτις

grc-noun

πόρτῐς • (pórtis) f (genitive πόρτῐος); third declension

πόρτῐς (canonical)
pórtis (romanization)
πόρτῐος (genitive)
ἡ πόρτῐς (nominative singular)
τὼ πόρτῐε (dual nominative)
αἱ πόρτῐες (nominative plural)
τῆς πόρτῐος (genitive singular)
τοῖν πορτῐ́οιν (dual genitive)
τῶν πορτῐ́ων (genitive plural)
τῇ πόρτῑ (dative singular)
τοῖν πορτῐ́οιν (dative dual)
ταῖς πόρτῐσῐ (dative plural)
πόρτῐσῐν (dative plural)
taîs pórtisi (dative plural)
taîs pórtisin (dative plural)
τὴν πόρτῐν (accusative singular)
τὼ πόρτῐε (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς πόρτῑς (accusative plural)
πόρτῐᾰς (accusative plural)
πόρτῐ (singular vocative)
πόρτῐε (dual vocative)
πόρτῐες (plural vocative)

From Proto-Indo-European *pértis, from *per- (“to give birth”). Cognates include Sanskrit पृथुक (pṛthuka, “boy; the young of any animal”), Old Armenian որդի (ordi, “child”), and Latin partus (“birth; offspring”).

cog

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 5.162

(poetic) a calf, young heifer (younger than δαμάλη (damálē) says Eustathius)

300 BCE – 200 BCE, Lycophron, Alexandra 102


πῶλος

grc-noun

πῶλος • (pôlos) m or f (genitive πώλου); second declension

pôlos (romanization)
πώλου (genitive)
ὁ πῶλος (nominative singular)
τὼ πώλω (dual nominative)
οἱ πῶλοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ πώλου (genitive singular)
τοῖν πώλοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν πώλων (genitive plural)
τῷ πώλῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν πώλοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς πώλοις (dative plural)
τὸν πῶλον (accusative singular)
τὼ πώλω (accusative dual)
τοὺς πώλους (accusative plural)
πῶλε (singular vocative)
πώλω (dual vocative)
πῶλοι (plural vocative)

Greek: πουλί n (poulí, “bird”)

Greek: πουλάρι n (poulári, “foal”)

From Proto-Indo-European *peh₂w-. Cognates include Latin paulus, Old Armenian ուլ (ul), and Old English fola (English foal).

480 BCE – 406 BCE, Euripides, Fragments 676

a Corinthian coin, from the figure of Pegasus on it


σκύλαξ

σκῠ́λᾰξ • (skúlax) m or f (genitive σκῠ́λᾰκος); third declension

σκῠ́λᾰξ (canonical)
skúlax (romanization)
σκῠ́λᾰκος (genitive)
ὁ (nominative singular)
ἡ σκῠ́λᾰξ (nominative singular)
τὼ σκῠ́λᾰκε (dual nominative)
οἱ (nominative plural)
αἱ σκῠ́λᾰκες (nominative plural)
τοῦ (genitive singular)
τῆς σκῠ́λᾰκος (genitive singular)
τοῖν σκῠλᾰ́κοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν σκῠλᾰ́κων (genitive plural)
τῷ (dative singular)
τῇ σκῠ́λᾰκῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν σκῠλᾰ́κοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς (dative plural)
ταῖς σκῠ́λᾰξῐ (dative plural)
σκῠ́λᾰξῐν (dative plural)
toîs (dative plural)
taîs skúlaxi (dative plural)
taîs skúlaxin (dative plural)
τὸν (accusative singular)
τὴν σκῠ́λᾰκᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ σκῠ́λᾰκε (accusative dual)
τοὺς (accusative plural)
τᾱ̀ς σκῠ́λᾰκᾰς (accusative plural)
σκῠ́λᾰξ (singular vocative)
σκῠ́λᾰκε (dual vocative)
σκῠ́λᾰκες (plural vocative)

Greek: σκύλος m (skýlos, “(male) dog”)

Greek: σκύλα f (skýla, “(female) dog”)

Greek: σκυλί n (skylí, “dog”)

Uncertain. Compare κύλλα (kúlla, “puppy (hapax)”), σκύλιον (skúlion, “dogfish”), σκύλλα (skúlla, “shark”), as well as Old Armenian ցուլ (cʻul, “bull”), Old Irish cuilén (“puppy”), Lithuanian kalė̃ (“bitch, female dog”), and Russian клей (klej). A Proto-Indo-European *(s)kol- (“animal”) is possible, but problematic. Based on the phonetic issues with connecting the similar words mentioned above, Beekes tentatively takes the word as Pre-Greek; it is possible that some, all, or none of the cognates mentioned above are taken from the same substrate continuum.

405 BCE, Euripides, The Bacchae 338

380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 375

young dog, whelp, puppy
(of other young animals) whelp

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 9.289

750 BCE – 650 BCE, Hesiod, Theogony 834

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 3.32

428 BCE, Euripides, Hippolytus 1277


φώκη

φώκη • (phṓkē) f (genitive φώκης); first declension

phṓkē (romanization)
φώκης (genitive)
ἡ φώκη (nominative singular)
τὼ φώκᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ φῶκαι (nominative plural)
τῆς φώκης (genitive singular)
τοῖν φώκαιν (dual genitive)
τῶν φωκῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ φώκῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν φώκαιν (dative dual)
ταῖς φώκαις (dative plural)
τὴν φώκην (accusative singular)
τὼ φώκᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς φώκᾱς (accusative plural)
φώκη (singular vocative)
φώκᾱ (dual vocative)
φῶκαι (plural vocative)

Greek: φώκια (fókia)

→ Latin: phōca (see there for further descendants), phōcē

→ Old Armenian: փոկ (pʻok)

→ Serbo-Croatian: fȍka/фо̏ка

→ Classical Syriac: ܦܘܩܐ (pōqē)

Of unknown origin. According to Beekes, Pre-Greek.

unk

unknown


φώκαινα

grc-noun

φώκαινᾰ • (phṓkaina) f (genitive φωκαίνης); first declension

φώκαινᾰ (canonical)
phṓkaina (romanization)
φωκαίνης (genitive)
ἡ φώκαινᾰ (nominative singular)
τὼ φωκαίνᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ φώκαιναι (nominative plural)
τῆς φωκαίνης (genitive singular)
τοῖν φωκαίναιν (dual genitive)
τῶν φωκαινῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ φωκαίνῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν φωκαίναιν (dative dual)
ταῖς φωκαίναις (dative plural)
τὴν φώκαινᾰν (accusative singular)
τὼ φωκαίνᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς φωκαίνᾱς (accusative plural)
φώκαινᾰ (singular vocative)
φωκαίνᾱ (dual vocative)
φώκαιναι (plural vocative)

→ Italian: focena

From φώκη (phṓkē, “seal”) + -αινᾰ (-aina).

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, History of Animals 6.12.2

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, History of Animals 8.13.7


ὄρυξ

ὄρυξ • (órux) m (genitive ὄρῠγος); third declension

órux (romanization)
ὄρῠγος (genitive)
ὁ ὄρῠξ (nominative singular)
τὼ ὄρῠγε (dual nominative)
οἱ ὄρῠγες (nominative plural)
τοῦ ὄρῠγος (genitive singular)
τοῖν ὀρῠ́γοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ὀρῠ́γων (genitive plural)
τῷ ὄρῠγῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν ὀρῠ́γοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ὄρῠξῐ (dative plural)
ὄρῠξῐν (dative plural)
toîs óruxi (dative plural)
toîs óruxin (dative plural)
τὸν ὄρῠγᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ ὄρῠγε (accusative dual)
τοὺς ὄρῠγᾰς (accusative plural)
ὄρῠξ (singular vocative)
ὄρῠγε (dual vocative)
ὄρῠγες (plural vocative)

Related to ὀρύσσω (orússō, “I dig, scrape”), though this is likely a derivative of ὄρυξ. Likely cognate with Latin runcō (“I grub up”). The sense of oryx is likely a loanword accreted by analogy with the animal's pointed horns.

A pickaxe or other sharp iron digging tool


βόνασος

βόνᾱσος • (bónāsos) m (genitive βονᾱ́σου); second declension

βόνᾱσος (canonical)
bónāsos (romanization)
βονᾱ́σου (genitive)
ὁ βόνᾱσος (nominative singular)
τὼ βονᾱ́σω (dual nominative)
οἱ βόνᾱσοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ βονᾱ́σου (genitive singular)
τοῖν βονᾱ́σοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν βονᾱ́σων (genitive plural)
τῷ βονᾱ́σῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν βονᾱ́σοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς βονᾱ́σοις (dative plural)
τὸν βόνᾱσον (accusative singular)
τὼ βονᾱ́σω (accusative dual)
τοὺς βονᾱ́σους (accusative plural)
βόνᾱσε (singular vocative)
βονᾱ́σω (dual vocative)
βόνᾱσοι (plural vocative)

→ Latin: bonāsus

Unexplained. Generally considered to be a loanword from an Proto-Indo-European language. There have been attempts to connect it with βόλινθος (bólinthos), which is quite uncertain. Furnée tries to connect it with μόναπος (mónapos).

unk

Unexplained


κῆβος

grc-noun

κῆβος • (kêbos) m (genitive κήβου); second declension

kêbos (romanization)
κήβου (genitive)
ὁ κῆβος (nominative singular)
τὼ κήβω (dual nominative)
οἱ κῆβοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ κήβου (genitive singular)
τοῖν κήβοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κήβων (genitive plural)
τῷ κήβῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν κήβοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς κήβοις (dative plural)
τὸν κῆβον (accusative singular)
τὼ κήβω (accusative dual)
τοὺς κήβους (accusative plural)
κῆβε (singular vocative)
κήβω (dual vocative)
κῆβοι (plural vocative)

→ Latin: cephus

→ Translingual: Cebus

The Greek, but also the Latin variants, point to a Pre-Greek word. It was previously compared with Sanskrit कपि (kapi, “ape”) and Hebrew קוּף (qōf, “ape”) and assumed to be a loan from an unknown source.


κυνοκέφαλος

κῠνοκέφᾰλος • (kunoképhalos) m (genitive κῠνοκεφάλου); second declension

κῠνοκέφᾰλος (canonical)
kunoképhalos (romanization)
κῠνοκεφάλου (genitive)
ὁ κῠνοκέφᾰλος (nominative singular)
τὼ κῠνοκεφᾰ́λω (dual nominative)
οἱ κῠνοκέφᾰλοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ κῠνοκεφᾰ́λου (genitive singular)
τοῖν κῠνοκεφᾰ́λοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κῠνοκεφᾰ́λων (genitive plural)
τῷ κῠνοκεφᾰ́λῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν κῠνοκεφᾰ́λοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς κῠνοκεφᾰ́λοις (dative plural)
τὸν κῠνοκέφᾰλον (accusative singular)
τὼ κῠνοκεφᾰ́λω (accusative dual)
τοὺς κῠνοκεφᾰ́λους (accusative plural)
κῠνοκέφᾰλε (singular vocative)
κῠνοκεφᾰ́λω (dual vocative)
κῠνοκέφᾰλοι (plural vocative)

A compound of κύων (kúōn, “dog”) + κέφαλος (képhalos, “head”)


πρόβατον

grc-noun

πρόβατον • (próbaton) n (genitive προβάτου); second declension

próbaton (romanization)
προβάτου (genitive)
τὸ πρόβατον (nominative singular)
τὼ προβάτω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ πρόβατᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ προβάτου (genitive singular)
τοῖν προβάτοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν προβάτων (genitive plural)
τῷ προβάτῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν προβάτοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς προβάτοις (dative plural)
τὸ πρόβατον (accusative singular)
τὼ προβάτω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ πρόβατᾰ (accusative plural)
πρόβατον (singular vocative)
προβάτω (dual vocative)
πρόβατᾰ (plural vocative)

Greek: πρόβατο (próvato)

Mariupol Greek: про́вату (próvatu)

From προβαίνω (probaínō, “to go on”) + -τος (-tos).

, ἀρήν (arḗn)

414 BCE, Aristophanes, The Birds 714

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 2.14


ἀρνίον

ἀρνίον • (arníon) n (genitive ἀρνίου); second declension

arníon (romanization)
ἀρνίου (genitive)
τὸ ἀρνῐ́ον (nominative singular)
τὼ ἀρνῐ́ω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ ἀρνῐ́ᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ ἀρνῐ́ου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ἀρνῐ́οιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ἀρνῐ́ων (genitive plural)
τῷ ἀρνῐ́ῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ἀρνῐ́οιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ἀρνῐ́οις (dative plural)
τὸ ἀρνῐ́ον (accusative singular)
τὼ ἀρνῐ́ω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ ἀρνῐ́ᾰ (accusative plural)
ἀρνῐ́ον (singular vocative)
ἀρνῐ́ω (dual vocative)
ἀρνῐ́ᾰ (plural vocative)

Byzantine Greek: ἀρνίν (arnín)

Greek: αρνί (arní)

Mariupol Greek: арны́ (arný)

ἀρήν (arḗn, “lamb, sheep”) + -ιον (-ion, diminutive).

af

125 CE – 200 CE, Lucian, The Dance 43


φάλλαινα

grc-noun

φάλλαινᾰ • (phállaina) f (genitive φαλλαίνης); first declension

φάλλαινᾰ (canonical)
phállaina (romanization)
φαλλαίνης (genitive)
ἡ φάλλαινᾰ (nominative singular)
αἱ φάλλαιναι (nominative plural)
τῆς φαλλαίνης (genitive singular)
τῶν φαλλαινῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ φαλλαίνῃ (dative singular)
ταῖς φαλλαίναις (dative plural)
τὴν φάλλαινᾰν (accusative singular)
τᾱ̀ς φαλλαίνᾱς (accusative plural)
φάλλαινᾰ (singular vocative)
φάλλαιναι (plural vocative)

Greek: φάλαινα (fálaina) (see there for further descendants)

→ Latin: ballaena (see there for further descendants)

Traditionally derived, according to Pokorny, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰel- (“to swell”); see also φαλλός (phallós, “penis, phallus”). However, Beekes considers the word Pre-Greek due to variation between the single and geminate λ in its variant forms.


πνιγεύς

πνῐγεύς • (pnigeús) m (genitive πνῐγέως); third declension

πνῐγεύς (canonical)
pnigeús (romanization)
πνῐγέως (genitive)
ὁ πνῐγεύς (nominative singular)
τὼ πνῐγῆ (dual nominative)
οἱ πνῐγῆς (nominative plural)
πνῐγεῖς (nominative plural)
τοῦ πνῐγέως (genitive singular)
τοῖν πνῐγέοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν πνῐγέων (genitive plural)
τῷ πνῐγεῖ (dative singular)
τοῖν πνῐγέοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς πνῐγεῦσῐ (dative plural)
πνῐγεῦσῐν (dative plural)
toîs pnigeûsi (dative plural)
toîs pnigeûsin (dative plural)
τὸν πνῐγέᾱ (accusative singular)
τὼ πνῐγῆ (accusative dual)
τοὺς πνῐγέᾱς (accusative plural)
πνῐγεῦ (singular vocative)
πνῐγῆ (dual vocative)
πνῐγῆς (plural vocative)
πνῐγεῖς (plural vocative)

From πνῑ́γω (pnī́gō, “to choke, stifle”) + -εύς (-eús, masculine agentive suffix).

suffix

hydraulic instrument in which air is pent up


σπάλαξ

grc-noun

σπᾰ́λᾰξ • (spálax) f (genitive σπᾰ́λᾰκος); third declension

σπᾰ́λᾰξ (canonical)
spálax (romanization)
σπᾰ́λᾰκος (genitive)
ἡ σπᾰ́λᾰξ (nominative singular)
τὼ σπᾰ́λᾰκε (dual nominative)
αἱ σπᾰ́λᾰκες (nominative plural)
τῆς σπᾰ́λᾰκος (genitive singular)
τοῖν σπᾰλᾰ́κοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν σπᾰλᾰ́κων (genitive plural)
τῇ σπᾰ́λᾰκῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν σπᾰλᾰ́κοιν (dative dual)
ταῖς σπᾰ́λᾰξῐ (dative plural)
σπᾰ́λᾰξῐν (dative plural)
taîs spálaxi (dative plural)
taîs spálaxin (dative plural)
τὴν σπᾰ́λᾰκᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ σπᾰ́λᾰκε (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς σπᾰ́λᾰκᾰς (accusative plural)
σπᾰ́λᾰξ (singular vocative)
σπᾰ́λᾰκε (dual vocative)
σπᾰ́λᾰκες (plural vocative)

Translingual: Spalax, Spalacolestes, Spalacolestinae, Spalacotheriidae, Spalacotheridium, Spalacotherium, Spalacotheroides,

According to Beekes, of Pre-Greek origin.

Greater blind mole-rat, Spalax microphthalmus


γυλιός

γῠλῐός • (guliós) m (genitive γῠλῐοῦ); second declension

γῠλῐός (canonical)
guliós (romanization)
γῠλῐοῦ (genitive)
ὁ γῠλῐός (nominative singular)
τὼ γῠλῐώ (dual nominative)
οἱ γῠλῐοί (nominative plural)
τοῦ γῠλῐοῦ (genitive singular)
τοῖν γῠλῐοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν γῠλῐῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ γῠλῐῷ (dative singular)
τοῖν γῠλῐοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς γῠλῐοῖς (dative plural)
τὸν γῠλῐόν (accusative singular)
τὼ γῠλῐώ (accusative dual)
τοὺς γῠλῐούς (accusative plural)
γῠλῐέ (singular vocative)
γῠλῐώ (dual vocative)
γῠλῐοί (plural vocative)

Greek: γυλιός (gyliós)

Unknown. It has been compared with Old Norse kýll (“bag for victuals”) and Old High German kiulla (“bag”). Maybe related to γύαλον (gúalon, “hollow of a cuirass”). According to Pokorny, from Proto-Indo-European *gew- (“to bend, bow, arch, vault, curve”).


δελφίς

grc-noun

δελφῑ́ς • (delphī́s) m (genitive δελφῖνος); third declension

δελφῑ́ς (canonical)
delphī́s (romanization)
δελφῖνος (genitive)
ὁ δελφῑ́ς (nominative singular)
τὼ δελφῖνε (dual nominative)
οἱ δελφῖνες (nominative plural)
τοῦ δελφῖνος (genitive singular)
τοῖν δελφῑ́νοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν δελφῑ́νων (genitive plural)
τῷ δελφῖνῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν δελφῑ́νοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς δελφῖσῐ (dative plural)
δελφῖσῐν (dative plural)
toîs delphîsi (dative plural)
toîs delphîsin (dative plural)
τὸν δελφῖνᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ δελφῖνε (accusative dual)
τοὺς δελφῖνᾰς (accusative plural)
δελφῑ́ς (singular vocative)
δελφῖνε (dual vocative)
δελφῖνες (plural vocative)

Greek: δελφίνι (delfíni)

desc

→ Arabic: دُلْفِين (dulfīn), دَرْفِيل (darfīl)

→ Latin: delphīnus (see there for further descendants)

→ Translingual: Delphinus

→ Old East Slavic: делфи́съ (delfísŭ)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷelbʰ- (“womb”), with formation similar to ἀκτίς (aktís), γλωχίς (glōkhís), and ὠδίς (ōdís), thus originally meaning "fish with a womb". Cognate with δελφύς (delphús, “womb”).


ὕστριξ

grc-noun

ῠ̔́στρῐξ • (hústrix) m or f (genitive ῠ̔́στρῐχος); third declension

ῠ̔́στρῐξ (canonical)
hústrix (romanization)
ῠ̔́στρῐχος (genitive)
ὁ ῠ̔́στρῐξ (nominative singular)
τὼ ῠ̔́στρῐχε (dual nominative)
οἱ ῠ̔́στρῐχες (nominative plural)
τοῦ ῠ̔́στρῐχος (genitive singular)
τοῖν ῠ̔στρῐ́χοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ῠ̔στρῐ́χων (genitive plural)
τῷ ῠ̔́στρῐχῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν ῠ̔στρῐ́χοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ῠ̔́στρῐξῐ (dative plural)
ῠ̔́στρῐξῐν (dative plural)
toîs hústrixi (dative plural)
toîs hústrixin (dative plural)
τὸν ῠ̔́στρῐχᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ ῠ̔́στρῐχε (accusative dual)
τοὺς ῠ̔́στρῐχᾰς (accusative plural)
ῠ̔́στρῐξ (singular vocative)
ῠ̔́στρῐχε (dual vocative)
ῠ̔́στρῐχες (plural vocative)

Latin: hystrix

Italian: istrice

Translingual: Hystrix

Often analysed as ὗς (hûs, “swine”) + θρίξ (thríx, “hair”), or alternatively with the first element being the base of ῠ̔́στερος (hústeros, “latter”). However, Beekes cites the nasalization seen in the variant genitive plural form ὑστρίγγων (hustríngōn) – as if from ὕστριγξ (hústrinx) – as proof of Pre-Greek origin.

Hystrix cristata
Wikispecies:Hystrix cristata


ὕραξ

ῠ̔́ρᾰξ • (húrax) m (genitive ῠ̔́ρᾰκος); third declension

ῠ̔́ρᾰξ (canonical)
húrax (romanization)
ῠ̔́ρᾰκος (genitive)
ὁ ῠ̔́ρᾰξ (nominative singular)
τὼ ῠ̔́ρᾰκε (dual nominative)
οἱ ῠ̔́ρᾰκες (nominative plural)
τοῦ ῠ̔́ρᾰκος (genitive singular)
τοῖν ῠ̔ρᾰ́κοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ῠ̔ρᾰ́κων (genitive plural)
τῷ ῠ̔́ρᾰκῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν ῠ̔ρᾰ́κοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ῠ̔́ρᾰξῐ (dative plural)
ῠ̔́ρᾰξῐν (dative plural)
toîs húraxi (dative plural)
toîs húraxin (dative plural)
τὸν ῠ̔́ρᾰκᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ ῠ̔́ρᾰκε (accusative dual)
τοὺς ῠ̔́ρᾰκᾰς (accusative plural)
ῠ̔́ρᾰξ (singular vocative)
ῠ̔́ρᾰκε (dual vocative)
ῠ̔́ρᾰκες (plural vocative)

Greek: ύρακας (ýrakas)

→ Translingual: Hyrax

Judging by the -αξ ending, Pre-Greek. Latin sorex is probably from the same source (with a structure *sVr-Vk-).

shrewmouse (mammal of the family Soricidae)


τάρανδος

τάρανδος • (tárandos) m (genitive τᾰράνδου); second declension

tárandos (romanization)
τᾰράνδου (genitive)
ὁ τάρανδος (nominative singular)
τὼ ταράνδω (dual nominative)
οἱ τάρανδοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ ταράνδου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ταράνδοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ταράνδων (genitive plural)
τῷ ταράνδῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ταράνδοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ταράνδοις (dative plural)
τὸν τάρανδον (accusative singular)
τὼ ταράνδω (accusative dual)
τοὺς ταράνδους (accusative plural)
τάρανδε (singular vocative)
ταράνδω (dual vocative)
τάρανδοι (plural vocative)

→ Greek: τάρανδος (tárandos)

→ Latin: tarandus

Unknown. Isebaert suggests the term is borrowed from Scythian, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱerh₂- (“horn”), however the expected outcome in contemporary Proto-Sarmatian would likely be *sarand(ar), not **θaran-tara-, as he reconstructs. Alternatively borrowed from Proto-Finno-Ugric *šardo, *šardō, *šordō. There doesn't appear to be any link to Ancient Greek ταῦρος (taûros).


κυνίδιον

κῠνῐ́δῐον • (kunídion) n (genitive κῠνῐδῐ́ου); second declension

κῠνῐ́δῐον (canonical)
kunídion (romanization)
κῠνῐδῐ́ου (genitive)
τὸ κῠνῐ́δῐον (nominative singular)
τὼ κῠνῐδῐ́ω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ κῠνῐ́δῐᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ κῠνῐδῐ́ου (genitive singular)
τοῖν κῠνῐδῐ́οιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κῠνῐδῐ́ων (genitive plural)
τῷ κῠνῐδῐ́ῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν κῠνῐδῐ́οιν (dative dual)
τοῖς κῠνῐδῐ́οις (dative plural)
τὸ κῠνῐ́δῐον (accusative singular)
τὼ κῠνῐδῐ́ω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ κῠνῐ́δῐᾰ (accusative plural)
κῠνῐ́δῐον (singular vocative)
κῠνῐδῐ́ω (dual vocative)
κῠνῐ́δῐᾰ (plural vocative)

From κῠ́ων (kúōn, stem: κῠν- (kun-)) + -ῐ́δῐον (-ídion).

af

stem: <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">κῠν-</i> (kun-)

446 BCE – 386 BCE, Aristophanes, The Acharnians 542

380 BCE, Plato, Euthydemus 298e

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Oeconomicus 13.8

110 BCE – 35 BCE, Philodemus, On Frank Criticism 10.O.

446 BCE – 411 BCE, Eupolis, Collected Works 207

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Rhetoric 1406b.28


βασσάρα

grc-noun

βᾰσσᾰ́ρᾱ • (bassárā) f (genitive βᾰσσᾰ́ρᾱς); first declension

βᾰσσᾰ́ρᾱ (canonical)
bassárā (romanization)
βᾰσσᾰ́ρᾱς (genitive)
ἡ βᾰσσᾰ́ρᾱ (nominative singular)
τὼ βᾰσσᾰ́ρᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ βᾰσσᾰ́ραι (nominative plural)
τῆς βᾰσσᾰ́ρᾱς (genitive singular)
τοῖν βᾰσσᾰ́ραιν (dual genitive)
τῶν βᾰσσᾰρῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ βᾰσσᾰ́ρᾳ (dative singular)
τοῖν βᾰσσᾰ́ραιν (dative dual)
ταῖς βᾰσσᾰ́ραις (dative plural)
τὴν βᾰσσᾰ́ρᾱν (accusative singular)
τὼ βᾰσσᾰ́ρᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς βᾰσσᾰ́ρᾱς (accusative plural)
βᾰσσᾰ́ρᾱ (singular vocative)
βᾰσσᾰ́ρᾱ (dual vocative)
βᾰσσᾰ́ραι (plural vocative)

→ Coptic: ⲃⲁϣⲟⲣ (bašor), ⲃⲁϣⲁⲣ (bašar)

→ New Latin: bassariscus

Herodotus calls the word Libyan, which seems supported by the etymological connection with Coptic ⲃⲁϣⲁⲣ (bašar); Černý, however, regards the Coptic as a loanword from Greek. Szemerényi further tries to maintain the connection with Hittite [script needed] (u̯aššuu̯ar, “clothing”), rightly rejected by Neumann.

cog

Vulpes vulpes
Vulpes vulpes#Translingual

dress of Thracian bacchanals, made of fox skins


νυκτερίς

grc-noun

νῠκτερῐ́ς • (nukterís) f (genitive νῠκτερῐ́δος); third declension

νῠκτερῐ́ς (canonical)
nukterís (romanization)
νῠκτερῐ́δος (genitive)
ἡ νῠκτερῐ́ς (nominative singular)
τὼ νῠκτερῐ́δε (dual nominative)
αἱ νῠκτερῐ́δες (nominative plural)
τῆς νῠκτερῐ́δος (genitive singular)
τοῖν νῠκτερῐ́δοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν νῠκτερῐ́δων (genitive plural)
τῇ νῠκτερῐ́δῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν νῠκτερῐ́δοιν (dative dual)
ταῖς νῠκτερῐ́σῐ (dative plural)
νῠκτερῐ́σῐν (dative plural)
taîs nukterísi (dative plural)
taîs nukterísin (dative plural)
τὴν νῠκτερῐ́δᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ νῠκτερῐ́δε (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς νῠκτερῐ́δᾰς (accusative plural)
νῠκτερῐ́ς (singular vocative)
νῠκτερῐ́δε (dual vocative)
νῠκτερῐ́δες (plural vocative)

Greek: νυχτερίδα (nychterída)

From νῠ́κτερος (núkteros, “nocturnal”), from νῠ́ξ (núx, “night”).


σαγματοπασμαγάδια

σαγματοπασμαγαδίων

σαγματοπασμαγάδια • (sagmatopasmagádia) n pl (genitive σαγματοπασμαγαδίων); second declension

sagmatopasmagádia (romanization)
σαγματοπασμαγαδίων (genitive)
τᾰ̀ σαγματοπασμαγάδιᾰ (nominative plural)
τῶν σαγματοπασμαγαδίων (genitive plural)
τοῖς σαγματοπασμαγαδίοις (dative plural)
τᾰ̀ σαγματοπασμαγάδιᾰ (accusative plural)
σαγματοπασμαγάδιᾰ (plural vocative)

grc-decl

σαγματοπασμαγάδιον

σάγμα (ságma, “saddle”) + πασμαγάνδιον (pasmagándion, “welding blanket”), the second element being from Persian پشماگند (pašmâgand).

af

πασμαγάνδιον

c. 10th century, Constantine Porphyrogenitus, Three Treatises on Imperial Military Expeditions. Translated by J. F. Haldon, Vienna 1990, C 119-122.

(Byzantine, plural only) saddle and welding blanket


ἡνία

grc-noun

ἡνίᾰ • (hēnía) n pl (genitive ἡνίων); second declension

ἡνίᾱ • (hēníā) f (genitive ἡνίᾱς); first declension

ἡνίᾰ (canonical)
hēnía (romanization)
ἡνίων (genitive)
ἡνίᾱ (canonical)
hēníā (romanization)
ἡνίᾱς (genitive)
ἡνῐ́ᾰ (nominative plural)
ἡνῐ́ων (genitive plural)
ἡνῐ́οισῐ (dative plural)
ἡνῐ́οισῐν (dative plural)
ἡνῐ́οις (dative plural)
hēníoisi (dative plural)
hēníoisin (dative plural)
hēníois (dative plural)
ἡνῐ́ᾰ (accusative plural)
ἡνῐ́ᾰ (plural vocative)
ἡ ἡνῐ́ᾱ (nominative singular)
αἱ ἡνῐ́αι (nominative plural)
τῆς ἡνῐ́ᾱς (genitive singular)
τῶν ἡνῐῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ ἡνῐ́ᾳ (dative singular)
ταῖς ἡνῐ́αις (dative plural)
τὴν ἡνῐ́ᾱν (accusative singular)
τᾱ̀ς ἡνῐ́ᾱς (accusative plural)
ἡνῐ́ᾱ (singular vocative)
ἡνῐ́αι (plural vocative)

According to Beekes from Proto-Indo-European *h₂em- (“to grasp”) and cognate with Latin ānsa (“handle”) and Lithuanian ąsà (“handle”).


θώς

θώς • (thṓs) m or f (genitive θωός); third declension

thṓs (romanization)
θωός (genitive)
ὁ θώς (nominative singular)
τὼ θῶε (dual nominative)
οἱ θῶες (nominative plural)
τοῦ θωός (genitive singular)
τοῖν θώοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν θώων (genitive plural)
τῷ θῷ (dative singular)
θῶῐ̈ (dative singular)
τοῖν θώοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς θωσῐ́ (dative plural)
θωσῐ́ν (dative plural)
toîs thōsí (dative plural)
toîs thōsín (dative plural)
τὸν θῶ (accusative singular)
θῶᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ θῶε (accusative dual)
τοὺς θῶᾰς (accusative plural)
θώς (singular vocative)
θῶε (dual vocative)
θῶες (plural vocative)

Latin: thōs

⇒ Byzantine Greek:

Pontic Greek: θώπεκας (thópekas)

→ Old Armenian: թեպեկ (tʻepek)

According to Beekes it could be related to θῶσθαι (thôsthai, “to eat”) or alternatively from Pre-Greek.


σάγμα

σάγμᾰ • (ságma) n (genitive σάγμᾰτος); third declension

σάγμᾰ (canonical)
ságma (romanization)
σάγμᾰτος (genitive)
τὸ σᾰ́γμᾰ (nominative singular)
τὼ σᾰ́γμᾰτε (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ σᾰ́γμᾰτᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ σᾰ́γμᾰτος (genitive singular)
τοῖν σᾰγμᾰ́τοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν σᾰγμᾰ́των (genitive plural)
τῷ σᾰ́γμᾰτῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν σᾰγμᾰ́τοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς σᾰ́γμᾰσῐ (dative plural)
σᾰ́γμᾰσῐν (dative plural)
toîs ságmasi (dative plural)
toîs ságmasin (dative plural)
τὸ σᾰ́γμᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ σᾰ́γμᾰτε (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ σᾰ́γμᾰτᾰ (accusative plural)
σᾰ́γμᾰ (singular vocative)
σᾰ́γμᾰτε (dual vocative)
σᾰ́γμᾰτᾰ (plural vocative)

Latin: sagma

→ French: somme

→ German: Saum

→ Italian: salma, soma

From σάττω (sáttō, “I cram, I stuff”) and the suffix -μα (-ma). Possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *twenk- (“to press, squeeze”) (Proto-Germanic *þwangiz).

der

A covering, a clothing; the covering of a shield


σίαλος

grc-noun

σίᾰλος • (síalos) m (genitive σῐάλου); second declension

σίᾰλος (canonical)
síalos (romanization)
σῐάλου (genitive)
ὁ σῐ́ᾰλος (nominative singular)
τὼ σῐᾰ́λω (dual nominative)
οἱ σῐ́ᾰλοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ σῐᾰ́λου (genitive singular)
τοῖν σῐᾰ́λοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν σῐᾰ́λων (genitive plural)
τῷ σῐᾰ́λῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν σῐᾰ́λοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς σῐᾰ́λοις (dative plural)
τὸν σῐ́ᾰλον (accusative singular)
τὼ σῐᾰ́λω (accusative dual)
τοὺς σῐᾰ́λους (accusative plural)
σῐ́ᾰλε (singular vocative)
σῐᾰ́λω (dual vocative)
σῐ́ᾰλοι (plural vocative)

The word has been connected with Ancient Greek σίαλον (síalon, “spittle, slobber”), Old English þwīnan (“to become weak”) and Proto-Slavic *tyti (“to become fat”) but all these proposals seem unconvincing. Beekes suggests a Pre-Greek origin.


ἐλλός

grc-noun

ἐλλός • (ellós) m (genitive ἐλλοῦ); second declension

ellós (romanization)
ἐλλοῦ (genitive)
ὁ ἐλλός (nominative singular)
τὼ ἐλλώ (dual nominative)
οἱ ἐλλοί (nominative plural)
τοῦ ἐλλοῦ (genitive singular)
τοῖν ἐλλοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν ἐλλῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ ἐλλῷ (dative singular)
τοῖν ἐλλοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς ἐλλοῖς (dative plural)
τὸν ἐλλόν (accusative singular)
τὼ ἐλλώ (accusative dual)
τοὺς ἐλλούς (accusative plural)
ἐλλέ (singular vocative)
ἐλλώ (dual vocative)
ἐλλοί (plural vocative)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁el-nó-s, from *h₁el- (“deer”). Compare ἔλαφος (élaphos, “red deer”), Lithuanian elnias (“deer, stag, hart”), Russian оле́нь (olénʹ, “deer”), Russian лось (losʹ, “elk”), Old Armenian եղն (ełn, “hind”).


νεβρός

νεβρός • (nebrós) m (genitive νεβροῦ); second declension

nebrós (romanization)
νεβροῦ (genitive)
ὁ νεβρός (nominative singular)
τὼ νεβρώ (dual nominative)
οἱ νεβροί (nominative plural)
τοῦ νεβροῦ (genitive singular)
τοῖν νεβροῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν νεβρῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ νεβρῷ (dative singular)
τοῖν νεβροῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς νεβροῖς (dative plural)
τὸν νεβρόν (accusative singular)
τὼ νεβρώ (accusative dual)
τοὺς νεβρούς (accusative plural)
νεβρέ (singular vocative)
νεβρώ (dual vocative)
νεβροί (plural vocative)

Some have tried a connection with Old Armenian ներկ (nerk, “color”), deriving both from a Proto-Indo-European root *(s)negʷro-, because often the deer and the hind are called after their variegated color (compare πρόξ (próx, “roe deer”) and περκνός (perknós, “dusky”)). Others derive it from Proto-Indo-European *negʷ- (“naked”).


πρόξ

πρόξ • (próx) f (genitive προκός); third declension

próx (romanization)
προκός (genitive)
ἡ πρόξ (nominative singular)
τὼ πρόκε (dual nominative)
αἱ πρόκες (nominative plural)
τῆς προκός (genitive singular)
τοῖν προκοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν προκῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ προκῐ́ (dative singular)
τοῖν προκοῖν (dative dual)
ταῖς προξῐ́ (dative plural)
προξῐ́ν (dative plural)
taîs proxí (dative plural)
taîs proxín (dative plural)
τὴν πρόκᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ πρόκε (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς πρόκᾰς (accusative plural)
πρόξ (singular vocative)
πρόκε (dual vocative)
πρόκες (plural vocative)

From Proto-Indo-European *perḱ- (“motley, coloured”). Cognate with Ancient Greek περκνός (perknós, “dusky”) and Proto-Germanic *farwō (“colour”).


βόλινθος

grc-noun

βόλινθος • (bólinthos) m (genitive βολίνθου); second declension

bólinthos (romanization)
βολίνθου (genitive)
ὁ βόλινθος (nominative singular)
τὼ βολίνθω (dual nominative)
οἱ βόλινθοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ βολίνθου (genitive singular)
τοῖν βολίνθοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν βολίνθων (genitive plural)
τῷ βολίνθῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν βολίνθοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς βολίνθοις (dative plural)
τὸν βόλινθον (accusative singular)
τὼ βολίνθω (accusative dual)
τοὺς βολίνθους (accusative plural)
βόλινθε (singular vocative)
βολίνθω (dual vocative)
βόλινθοι (plural vocative)


χλούνης

χλούνης • (khloúnēs) m (genitive χλούνου); first declension

khloúnēs (romanization)
χλούνου (genitive)
ὁ χλούνης (nominative singular)
τὼ χλούνᾱ (dual nominative)
οἱ χλοῦναι (nominative plural)
τοῦ χλούνου (genitive singular)
τοῖν χλούναιν (dual genitive)
τῶν χλουνῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ χλούνῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν χλούναιν (dative dual)
τοῖς χλούναις (dative plural)
τὸν χλούνην (accusative singular)
τὼ χλούνᾱ (accusative dual)
τοὺς χλούνᾱς (accusative plural)
χλούνη (singular vocative)
χλούνᾱ (dual vocative)
χλοῦναι (plural vocative)

Unknown, but perhaps contracted form χλοεύνης, see also the definition below.

unk

Unknown

A wild boar described as τομίας (tomías, “castrated”), μονιός (moniós, “solitary”), ἀφριστής (aphristḗs, “foaming at the mouth”) and χλοεύνης (khloeúnēs, “couching in the grass”)


γαλέη

grc-noun

γᾰλέη • (galéē) f (genitive γᾰλέης); first declension

γᾰλέη (canonical)
galéē (romanization)
γᾰλέης (genitive)
ἡ γᾰλέη (nominative singular)
τὼ γᾰλέᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ γᾰλέαι (nominative plural)
τῆς γᾰλέης (genitive singular)
τοῖν γᾰλέαιν (dual genitive)
τῶν γᾰλεῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ γᾰλέῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν γᾰλέαιν (dative dual)
ταῖς γᾰλέαις (dative plural)
τὴν γᾰλέην (accusative singular)
τὼ γᾰλέᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς γᾰλέᾱς (accusative plural)
γᾰλέη (singular vocative)
γᾰλέᾱ (dual vocative)
γᾰλέαι (plural vocative)

→⇒ English: galeanthropy, galeophobia

desc

→⇒ Translingual: Cheirogaleus, Dasogale, Galidia, Petrogale, Phascogale, Planigale, Spilogale

From Proto-Indo-European *gl̥h₁éys (“weasel, mouse”) and cognate with Latin glīs (“dormouse”), Sanskrit गिरि (girí, “mouse”). According to Beekes, the word originally indicated the skin and later the animal itself.

der

name given to various animals of the Mustelidae family, like martens, weasels and polecats


δαμάλης

grc-noun

δαμάλης • (damálēs) m (genitive δαμάλου); first declension

damálēs (romanization)
δαμάλου (genitive)
ὁ δᾰμᾰ́λης (nominative singular)
τὼ δᾰμᾰ́λᾱ (dual nominative)
οἱ δᾰμᾰ́λαι (nominative plural)
τοῦ δᾰμᾰ́λου (genitive singular)
τοῖν δᾰμᾰ́λαιν (dual genitive)
τῶν δᾰμᾰλῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ δᾰμᾰ́λῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν δᾰμᾰ́λαιν (dative dual)
τοῖς δᾰμᾰ́λαις (dative plural)
τὸν δᾰμᾰ́λην (accusative singular)
τὼ δᾰμᾰ́λᾱ (accusative dual)
τοὺς δᾰμᾰ́λᾱς (accusative plural)
δᾰμᾰ́λη (singular vocative)
δᾰμᾰ́λᾱ (dual vocative)
δᾰμᾰ́λαι (plural vocative)

From Proto-Indo-European *demh₂- (“to domesticate, tame”) and cognate with Latin domō (“I tame”).


δάνδηξ

grc-noun

δάνδηξ • (dándēx) m (genitive δάνδηκος); third declension

dándēx (romanization)
δάνδηκος (genitive)
ὁ δάνδηξ (nominative singular)
τὼ δάνδηκε (dual nominative)
οἱ δάνδηκες (nominative plural)
τοῦ δάνδηκος (genitive singular)
τοῖν δανδήκοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν δανδήκων (genitive plural)
τῷ δάνδηκῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν δανδήκοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς δάνδηξῐ (dative plural)
δάνδηξῐν (dative plural)
toîs dándēxi (dative plural)
toîs dándēxin (dative plural)
τὸν δάνδηκᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ δάνδηκε (accusative dual)
τοὺς δάνδηκᾰς (accusative plural)
δάνδηξ (singular vocative)
δάνδηκε (dual vocative)
δάνδηκες (plural vocative)


μόσχος

μόσχος • (móskhos) m (genitive μόσχου); second declension

móskhos (romanization)
μόσχου (genitive)
ὁ μόσχος (nominative singular)
τὼ μόσχω (dual nominative)
οἱ μόσχοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ μόσχου (genitive singular)
τοῖν μόσχοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν μόσχων (genitive plural)
τῷ μόσχῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν μόσχοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς μόσχοις (dative plural)
τὸν μόσχον (accusative singular)
τὼ μόσχω (accusative dual)
τοὺς μόσχους (accusative plural)
μόσχε (singular vocative)
μόσχω (dual vocative)
μόσχοι (plural vocative)

→ Classical Syriac: ܡܘܣܟܘܣ

According to Beekes, related to Armenian մոզի (mozi, “two-year-old bull”) and maybe from a Proto-Indo-European *mosǵʰ-o- (“young of an animal; young shoot”). The appurtenance of Lithuanian mãzgas (“bud of a tree; knot”) to the Greco-Armenian terms is less certain and straightforward.


ἴξαλος

grc-noun

ἴξᾰλος • (íxalos) m (genitive ἰξάλου); second declension

ἴξᾰλος (canonical)
íxalos (romanization)
ἰξάλου (genitive)
ὁ ἴξᾰλος (nominative singular)
τὼ ἰξᾰ́λω (dual nominative)
οἱ ἴξᾰλοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ ἰξᾰ́λου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ἰξᾰ́λοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ἰξᾰ́λων (genitive plural)
τῷ ἰξᾰ́λῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ἰξᾰ́λοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ἰξᾰ́λοις (dative plural)
τὸν ἴξᾰλον (accusative singular)
τὼ ἰξᾰ́λω (accusative dual)
τοὺς ἰξᾰ́λους (accusative plural)
ἴξᾰλε (singular vocative)
ἰξᾰ́λω (dual vocative)
ἴξᾰλοι (plural vocative)

According to Furnée and Beekes, from Pre-Greek.


σμίνθος

σμίνθος • (smínthos) m (genitive σμίνθου); second declension

smínthos (romanization)
σμίνθου (genitive)
ὁ σμῐ́νθος (nominative singular)
τὼ σμῐ́νθω (dual nominative)
οἱ σμῐ́νθοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ σμῐ́νθου (genitive singular)
τοῖν σμῐ́νθοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν σμῐ́νθων (genitive plural)
τῷ σμῐ́νθῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν σμῐ́νθοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς σμῐ́νθοις (dative plural)
τὸν σμῐ́νθον (accusative singular)
τὼ σμῐ́νθω (accusative dual)
τοὺς σμῐ́νθους (accusative plural)
σμῐ́νθε (singular vocative)
σμῐ́νθω (dual vocative)
σμῐ́νθοι (plural vocative)

According to Beekes, either from Pre-Greek or Anatolian.


καλλίας

καλλίᾱς • (kallíās) m (genitive καλλίου); first declension

καλλίᾱς (canonical)
kallíās (romanization)
καλλίου (genitive)
ὁ καλλίᾱς (nominative singular)
τὼ καλλίᾱ (dual nominative)
οἱ καλλίαι (nominative plural)
τοῦ καλλίου (genitive singular)
τοῖν καλλίαιν (dual genitive)
τῶν καλλιῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ καλλίᾳ (dative singular)
τοῖν καλλίαιν (dative dual)
τοῖς καλλίαις (dative plural)
τὸν καλλίᾱν (accusative singular)
τὼ καλλίᾱ (accusative dual)
τοὺς καλλίᾱς (accusative plural)
καλλίᾱ (singular vocative)
καλλίᾱ (dual vocative)
καλλίαι (plural vocative)

According to Beekes, perhaps a euphemistic usage of the personal name Καλλίας (Kallías), which has been connected with κάλλος (kállos, “beauty”).


κάττα

κάττα • (kátta) f (genitive κάττης); first declension

kátta (romanization)
κάττης (genitive)
ἡ κᾰ́ττᾰ (nominative singular)
τὼ κᾰ́ττᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ κᾰ́τται (nominative plural)
τῆς κᾰ́ττης (genitive singular)
τοῖν κᾰ́τταιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κᾰττῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ κᾰ́ττῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν κᾰ́τταιν (dative dual)
ταῖς κᾰ́τταις (dative plural)
τὴν κᾰ́ττᾰν (accusative singular)
τὼ κᾰ́ττᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς κᾰ́ττᾱς (accusative plural)
κᾰ́ττᾰ (singular vocative)
κᾰ́ττᾱ (dual vocative)
κᾰ́τται (plural vocative)

Mariupol Greek: ка́та (káta)

Per Babiniotis, borrowed into Koiné Greek from Late Latin catta (“female cat”); see there for further information.
Per Beekes, of unknown ultimate origin, but related to the Latin counterpart as well as cognates in various other European languages.
Replaced αἴλουρος (aílouros) in later usage.


ψάλιον

ψάλῐον • (psálion) n (genitive ψᾰλίου); second declension

ψάλῐον (canonical)
psálion (romanization)
ψᾰλίου (genitive)
τὸ ψάλῐον (nominative singular)
τὼ ψαλῐ́ω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ ψάλῐᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ ψαλῐ́ου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ψαλῐ́οιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ψαλῐ́ων (genitive plural)
τῷ ψαλῐ́ῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ψαλῐ́οιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ψαλῐ́οις (dative plural)
τὸ ψάλῐον (accusative singular)
τὼ ψαλῐ́ω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ ψάλῐᾰ (accusative plural)
ψάλῐον (singular vocative)
ψαλῐ́ω (dual vocative)
ψάλῐᾰ (plural vocative)

Greek: ψάλιο (psálio)

With ψέλιον (psélion, “armlet worn by the Persians”) and ψαλόν (psalón, “kind of bridle”) an Iranian borrowing; synonymous to Classical Persian افسار (afsār, “curb chain, halter, headstall”), and note also افسر (afsar, “diadem”).


γίννος

grc-noun

γίννος • (gínnos) m (genitive γίννου); second declension

gínnos (romanization)
γίννου (genitive)
ὁ γῐ́ννος (nominative singular)
τὼ γῐ́ννω (dual nominative)
οἱ γῐ́ννοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ γῐ́ννου (genitive singular)
τοῖν γῐ́ννοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν γῐ́ννων (genitive plural)
τῷ γῐ́ννῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν γῐ́ννοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς γῐ́ννοις (dative plural)
τὸν γῐ́ννον (accusative singular)
τὼ γῐ́ννω (accusative dual)
τοὺς γῐ́ννους (accusative plural)
γῐ́ννε (singular vocative)
γῐ́ννω (dual vocative)
γῐ́ννοι (plural vocative)

According to Beekes, probably of Pre-Greek origin. It can hardly be from γίγνομαι (gígnomai).


πτέλας

head

πτέλας • (ptélas)

A possible cognate would be πτελέα (pteléa, “elm”), but this leaves much unexplained. The connection with Lithuanian kiaũlė (“pig, swine”) and Sanskrit किरि (kiri, “boar, hog”) should also be rejected. The connection with πελιτνός (pelitnós) and πελιός (peliós) is arbitrary. The word may well be Pre-Greek, in view of the initial "πτ-".


ἴκτις

grc-noun

ἴκτῐς • (íktis) f (genitive ἴκτῐδος); third declension

ἴκτῐς (canonical)
íktis (romanization)
ἴκτῐδος (genitive)
ἡ ῐ̓́κτῐς (nominative singular)
τὼ ῐ̓́κτῐδε (dual nominative)
αἱ ῐ̓́κτῐδες (nominative plural)
τῆς ῐ̓́κτῐδος (genitive singular)
τοῖν ῐ̓κτῐ́δοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ῐ̓κτῐ́δων (genitive plural)
τῇ ῐ̓́κτῐδῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν ῐ̓κτῐ́δοιν (dative dual)
ταῖς ῐ̓́κτῐσῐ (dative plural)
ῐ̓́κτῐσῐν (dative plural)
taîs íktisi (dative plural)
taîs íktisin (dative plural)
τὴν ῐ̓́κτῐδᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ ῐ̓́κτῐδε (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ῐ̓́κτῐδᾰς (accusative plural)
ῐ̓́κτῐς (singular vocative)
ῐ̓́κτῐδε (dual vocative)
ῐ̓́κτῐδες (plural vocative)

Compare Old Armenian աքիս (akʻis). Beekes gives no etymology.

unk

no etymology


ψαλόν

Apparently near-synonymous with χαλινός (khalinós, “bridle”). From the same root as ψάλιον (psálion, “curb-chain”), ψέλιον (psélion, “anklet worn by the Persians”).

ψαλόν· εἶδος χαλινοῦ

[5th c. C.E., Hesychius of Alexandria, Γλώσσαι, Ψ:


βρέντιον

grc-noun

βρέντῐον • (bréntion) n (genitive βρεντίου); second declension

βρέντῐον (canonical)
bréntion (romanization)
βρεντίου (genitive)
τὸ βρέντῐον (nominative singular)
τὼ βρεντῐ́ω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ βρέντῐᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ βρεντῐ́ου (genitive singular)
τοῖν βρεντῐ́οιν (dual genitive)
τῶν βρεντῐ́ων (genitive plural)
τῷ βρεντῐ́ῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν βρεντῐ́οιν (dative dual)
τοῖς βρεντῐ́οις (dative plural)
τὸ βρέντῐον (accusative singular)
τὼ βρεντῐ́ω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ βρέντῐᾰ (accusative plural)
βρέντῐον (singular vocative)
βρεντῐ́ω (dual vocative)
βρέντῐᾰ (plural vocative)

A Messapic word like βρένδος (bréndos, “deer”), possibly also found in place names like Βρεντέσιον (Brentésion, “Brindisi”). Further possible cognates are Latvian briedis (“deer”), Old Prussian braidis (“elk”), Elfdalian brinde (“elk”) and Albanian bri (“horn, antler”).


τράγαινα

τράγαινᾰ • (trágaina) f (genitive τρᾰγαίνης); first declension

τράγαινᾰ (canonical)
trágaina (romanization)
τρᾰγαίνης (genitive)
ἡ τρᾰ́γαινᾰ (nominative singular)
τὼ τρᾰγαίνᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ τρᾰ́γαιναι (nominative plural)
τῆς τρᾰγαίνης (genitive singular)
τοῖν τρᾰγαίναιν (dual genitive)
τῶν τρᾰγαινῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ τρᾰγαίνῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν τρᾰγαίναιν (dative dual)
ταῖς τρᾰγαίναις (dative plural)
τὴν τρᾰ́γαινᾰν (accusative singular)
τὼ τρᾰγαίνᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς τρᾰγαίνᾱς (accusative plural)
τρᾰ́γαινᾰ (singular vocative)
τρᾰγαίνᾱ (dual vocative)
τρᾰ́γαιναι (plural vocative)

From τράγος (trágos, “goat”) + -αινᾰ (-aina).