ἅρπη

ἅρπη • (hárpē) f (genitive ἅρπης); first declension

hárpē (romanization)
ἅρπης (genitive)
ἡ ᾰ̔́ρπη (nominative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̔́ρπᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ ᾰ̔́ρπαι (nominative plural)
τῆς ᾰ̔́ρπης (genitive singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̔́ρπαιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ᾰ̔ρπῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ ᾰ̔́ρπῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̔́ρπαιν (dative dual)
ταῖς ᾰ̔́ρπαις (dative plural)
τὴν ᾰ̔́ρπην (accusative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̔́ρπᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ᾰ̔́ρπᾱς (accusative plural)
ᾰ̔́ρπη (singular vocative)
ᾰ̔́ρπᾱ (dual vocative)
ᾰ̔́ρπαι (plural vocative)

English: harpe

desc

Greek: αρπακτικό n (arpaktikó, “bird of prey, predator”)

αρπακτικός (arpaktikós, “predatory, rapacious”)

αρπακτικότητα

αρπακτικότητα f (arpaktikótita, “rapacity”)

Latin: harpē

Catalan: arpa

Italian: arpa

Occitan: arpa

Sicilian: arpa

Uncertain, but usually connected with ἁρπάζω (harpázō). Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *srp- (“to reap, harvest; sickle”), with cognates including Latin sarpō, Old Church Slavonic срьпъ (srĭpŭ, “sickle”), and Latvian sirpis. However, there are some difficulties with these connections; for one, *sr̥p- is expected to yield Ancient Greek *ῥαπ- (*rhap-), not ἅρπ- (hárp-). There is possibly a contamination with a Semitic borrowing, Proto-Semitic *x̣arb-.

cog

a bird of prey, hawk, falcon, tiercel or goshawk (falco gentilis)


χίμαρος

grc-noun

χῐ́μᾰρος • (khímaros) m (genitive χῐμᾰ́ρου); second declension

χῐ́μᾰρος (canonical)
khímaros (romanization)
χῐμᾰ́ρου (genitive)
ὁ χῐ́μᾰρος (nominative singular)
τὼ χῐμᾰ́ρω (dual nominative)
οἱ χῐ́μᾰροι (nominative plural)
τοῦ χῐμᾰ́ρου (genitive singular)
τοῖν χῐμᾰ́ροιν (dual genitive)
τῶν χῐμᾰ́ρων (genitive plural)
τῷ χῐμᾰ́ρῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν χῐμᾰ́ροιν (dative dual)
τοῖς χῐμᾰ́ροις (dative plural)
τὸν χῐ́μᾰρον (accusative singular)
τὼ χῐμᾰ́ρω (accusative dual)
τοὺς χῐμᾰ́ρους (accusative plural)
χῐ́μᾰρε (singular vocative)
χῐμᾰ́ρω (dual vocative)
χῐ́μᾰροι (plural vocative)

From Proto-Hellenic *kʰímər, R-stem derivation from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰeym- (“winter, snow”), complementing the n-stem reflex found in χειμών (kheimṓn). Perhaps originally meaning "winter/year-old (goat)".


μυῖα

grc-noun

μυῖᾰ • (muîa) f (genitive μυίᾱς); first declension

μυῖᾰ (canonical)
muîa (romanization)
μυίᾱς (genitive)
ἡ μυῖᾰ (nominative singular)
τὼ μυίᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ μυῖαι (nominative plural)
τῆς μυίᾱς (genitive singular)
τοῖν μυίαιν (dual genitive)
τῶν μυιῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ μυίᾳ (dative singular)
τοῖν μυίαιν (dative dual)
ταῖς μυίαις (dative plural)
τὴν μυῖᾰν (accusative singular)
τὼ μυίᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς μυίᾱς (accusative plural)
μυῖᾰ (singular vocative)
μυίᾱ (dual vocative)
μυῖαι (plural vocative)

English: myiasis

Greek: μύγα (mýga)

Mariupol Greek: мя́на (mjána)

desctree

Pontic Greek: μυία (myía), μυίγι̮α (myígi̮a), μυιμυίγι̮α (myimyígi̮a)
→ Turkish: miya

From Proto-Indo-European *mu-, *mew-, whence also Latin musca, Old Church Slavonic моуха (muxa), Old Armenian մուն (mun), Albanian mizë, Latvian muša, Old English mycg (English midge).


μόναπος

grc-noun

μόνᾰπος • (mónapos) m (genitive μονᾰ́που); second declension

μόνᾰπος (canonical)
mónapos (romanization)
μονᾰ́που (genitive)
ὁ μόνᾰπος (nominative singular)
τὼ μονᾰ́πω (dual nominative)
οἱ μόνᾰποι (nominative plural)
τοῦ μονᾰ́που (genitive singular)
τοῖν μονᾰ́ποιν (dual genitive)
τῶν μονᾰ́πων (genitive plural)
τῷ μονᾰ́πῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν μονᾰ́ποιν (dative dual)
τοῖς μονᾰ́ποις (dative plural)
τὸν μόνᾰπον (accusative singular)
τὼ μονᾰ́πω (accusative dual)
τοὺς μονᾰ́πους (accusative plural)
μόνᾰπε (singular vocative)
μονᾰ́πω (dual vocative)
μόνᾰποι (plural vocative)

From Paeonian, itself probably from Pre-Greek.


μύρμηξ

μύρμηξ • (múrmēx) m (genitive μύρμηκος); third declension

múrmēx (romanization)
μύρμηκος (genitive)
ὁ μύρμηξ (nominative singular)
τὼ μύρμηκε (dual nominative)
οἱ μύρμηκες (nominative plural)
τοῦ μύρμηκος (genitive singular)
τοῖν μυρμήκοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν μυρμήκων (genitive plural)
τῷ μύρμηκῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν μυρμήκοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς μύρμηξῐ (dative plural)
μύρμηξῐν (dative plural)
toîs múrmēxi (dative plural)
toîs múrmēxin (dative plural)
τὸν μύρμηκᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ μύρμηκε (accusative dual)
τοὺς μύρμηκᾰς (accusative plural)
μύρμηξ (singular vocative)
μύρμηκε (dual vocative)
μύρμηκες (plural vocative)

→ English: myrmeco-, -myrmex

Koine Greek: μυρμήκιον (murmḗkion) (from diminutive)

Byzantine Greek: μυρμήγκιν (murmḗnkin)

desctree

Greek: μυρμήγκι (myrmígki)
→ Albanian: merimangë
→ Aromanian: merimangã

desc

→ Latin: myrmecias, myrmecitis, myrmecium

Translingual: Myrmica, Myrmecia

From Proto-Indo-European *morwi-. Related to Old Armenian մրջիւն (mrǰiwn) and Latin formica and perhaps Sanskrit वल्मी (valmī). Despite the suffix -ηκ- (-ēk-), which typically indicates origin from Pre-Greek (cf. Beekes 2014), Beekes considers this to be a genuinely Indo-European term which underwent various tabooistic deformations, comparing Proto-Indo-European *wr̥mis (“worm”) (see ῥόμος (rhómos, “wood-worm”)), and notes that similar forms with a velar suffix are found in other Indo-European cognates: Latin formīca (“ant”), Sanskrit वल्मीक (valmīka, “ant-hill”). Compare ὅρμικας pl (hórmikas, “ants”). βύρμαξ (búrmax) ~ βόρμαξ (bórmax) may be related as well.

a mythical gold-digging animal sometimes identified with ants


χίμαιρα

grc-noun

χῐ́μαιρᾰ • (khímaira) f (genitive χῐμαίρᾱς); first declension

χῐ́μαιρᾰ (canonical)
khímaira (romanization)
χῐμαίρᾱς (genitive)
ἡ χῐ́μαιρᾰ (nominative singular)
τὼ χῐμαίρᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ χῐ́μαιραι (nominative plural)
τῆς χῐμαίρᾱς (genitive singular)
τοῖν χῐμαίραιν (dual genitive)
τῶν χῐμαιρῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ χῐμαίρᾳ (dative singular)
τοῖν χῐμαίραιν (dative dual)
ταῖς χῐμαίραις (dative plural)
τὴν χῐ́μαιρᾰν (accusative singular)
τὼ χῐμαίρᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς χῐμαίρᾱς (accusative plural)
χῐ́μαιρᾰ (singular vocative)
χῐμαίρᾱ (dual vocative)
χῐ́μαιραι (plural vocative)

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 6.181

750 BCE – 650 BCE, Hesiod, Theogony 322

458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 232

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 3.2.12

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hellenica 4.2.20

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Constitution of Sparta 13.8

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Fragments 445

Eustathius 1625.34, (Compare Aristotle, History of Animals 3.21.5)


λαιός

λαιός • (laiós) m (genitive λαιοῦ); second declension

laiós (romanization)
λαιοῦ (genitive)
ὁ λαιός (nominative singular)
τὼ λαιώ (dual nominative)
οἱ λαιοί (nominative plural)
τοῦ λαιοῦ (genitive singular)
τοῖν λαιοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν λαιῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ λαιῷ (dative singular)
τοῖν λαιοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς λαιοῖς (dative plural)
τὸν λαιόν (accusative singular)
τὼ λαιώ (accusative dual)
τοὺς λαιούς (accusative plural)
λαιέ (singular vocative)
λαιώ (dual vocative)
λαιοί (plural vocative)

From *λαιϝός, from Proto-Indo-European *leh₂iwos. Cognates include Latin laevus and Old Church Slavonic лѣвъ (lěvŭ).

Monticola solitarius
Monticola solitarius#Translingual

blue rock thrush, Monticola solitarius (syn. Petrocichla cyanus)


ἀρήν

ᾰ̓ρήν • (arḗn) m or f (genitive ᾰ̓ρνός); third declension

ᾰ̓ρήν (canonical)
arḗn (romanization)
ᾰ̓ρνός (genitive)
ὁ (nominative singular)
ἡ ᾰ̓ρήν (nominative singular)
τὼ ἄρνε (dual nominative)
οἱ (nominative plural)
αἱ ἄρνες (nominative plural)
τοῦ (genitive singular)
τῆς ᾰ̓ρνός (genitive singular)
τοῖν ἀρνοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν ἀρνῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ (dative singular)
τῇ ᾰ̓ρνῐ́ (dative singular)
τοῖν ἀρνοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς (dative plural)
ταῖς ᾰ̓ρνᾰ́σῐ (dative plural)
ᾰ̓ρνᾰ́σῐν (dative plural)
ἄρνεσσῐ (dative plural)
ἄρνεσσῐν (dative plural)
toîs (dative plural)
taîs arnási (dative plural)
taîs arnásin (dative plural)
árnessi (dative plural)
árnessin (dative plural)
τὸν (accusative singular)
τὴν ἄρνα (accusative singular)
τὼ ἄρνε (accusative dual)
τοὺς (accusative plural)
τᾱ̀ς ἄρνας (accusative plural)
ᾰ̓ρήν (singular vocative)
ἄρνε (dual vocative)
ἄρνες (plural vocative)

grc-decl

ᾰ̓ρνᾰ́σῐ(ν), ἄρνεσσῐ(ν)

From Proto-Hellenic *warḗn, from Proto-Indo-European *wr̥h₁ḗn (“lamb”). Cognates include Latin vervēx (“wether”), Sanskrit उरण (úraṇa) and Old Armenian գառն (gaṙn).


σκορπίος

grc-noun

σκορπῐ́ος • (skorpíos) m (genitive σκορπῐ́ου); second declension

σκορπῐ́ος (canonical)
skorpíos (romanization)
σκορπῐ́ου (genitive)
ὁ σκορπῐ́ος (nominative singular)
τὼ σκορπῐ́ω (dual nominative)
οἱ σκορπῐ́οι (nominative plural)
τοῦ σκορπῐ́ου (genitive singular)
τοῖν σκορπῐ́οιν (dual genitive)
τῶν σκορπῐ́ων (genitive plural)
τῷ σκορπῐ́ῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν σκορπῐ́οιν (dative dual)
τοῖς σκορπῐ́οις (dative plural)
τὸν σκορπῐ́ον (accusative singular)
τὼ σκορπῐ́ω (accusative dual)
τοὺς σκορπῐ́ους (accusative plural)
σκορπῐ́ε (singular vocative)
σκορπῐ́ω (dual vocative)
σκορπῐ́οι (plural vocative)

Greek: σκορπιός m (skorpiós)

desctree

→ Latin: scorpiō
→? Albanian: shkrap
Catalan: escorpí
Old French: scorpion
French: scorpion
→ Middle Dutch: scorpioen
Dutch: schorpioen
→ English: scorpion
→ Welsh: sgorpion
→ German: Skorpion
→ Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍀𐌾𐍉 (skaurpjō)
→ Middle Irish: scoirp
Irish: scairp
Italian: scorpione
>? Italian: sgorbio
→ Middle Low German: schorpie
→ Norwegian Bokmål: skorpion
Portuguese: escorpião
Romanian: scorpion
Romansch: scorpiun
→ Russian: скорпио́н m (skorpión)
Sicilian: scurpiuni
Spanish: escorpión

→ Classical Sanskrit: कौर्पि (kaurpi)

Sometimes suggested to be from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to cut”), but Beekes says that it is likely a substrate loanword instead (see Beekes, R.S.P. (2010): Etymological Dictionary of Greek, p. 1358-1359)


κάστωρ

grc-noun

κάστωρ • (kástōr) m (genitive κάστορος); third declension

kástōr (romanization)
κάστορος (genitive)
ὁ κάστωρ (nominative singular)
τὼ κάστορε (dual nominative)
οἱ κάστορες (nominative plural)
τοῦ κάστορος (genitive singular)
τοῖν καστόροιν (dual genitive)
τῶν καστόρων (genitive plural)
τῷ κάστορῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν καστόροιν (dative dual)
τοῖς κάστορσῐ (dative plural)
κάστορσῐν (dative plural)
toîs kástorsi (dative plural)
toîs kástorsin (dative plural)
τὸν κάστορᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ κάστορε (accusative dual)
τοὺς κάστορᾰς (accusative plural)
κάστορ (singular vocative)
κάστορε (dual vocative)
κάστορες (plural vocative)

→ Classical Syriac: ܩܣܛܘܪ (qasṭor)

→ Latin: castor (see there for further descendants)

Of unclear origin.
The traditional theory by Kretschmer derives the word from the name Κᾰ́στωρ (Kástōr, “Castor”), who, in Greek mythology, was known as a savior of women, supposedly for the medicinal effect of castor fluid for women's diseases. However, in the annals of Greek mythology, Castor has never been mentioned in relation with beavers, rendering this derivation as tantamount to folk etymology. In addition, as Schrader and Nehring point out, beavers went extinct in Greece long before the Proto-Hellenics had arrived, which would make the concept of a beaver foreign in the Greek context. It is far more likely that the proper noun Castor is derived from the animal name (perhaps at a time when only the name, but not its characteristics like its musk were remembered), rather than the other way around.
However, beavers were mentioned by Herodotus to exist in the North Pontic area, near the Proto-Indo-European homeland, so it is almost certain the Hellenic tribes were familiar with beavers before venturing into Greece. Thus, there is a chance that the word was inherited from a Proto-Indo-European *kestor- (“beaver, musk”), and was preserved only in Greek. A better candidate for a native Pre-Greek word for "beaver" might be λᾰ́τᾰξ (látax). See also Sanskrit कस्तूरी (kastūrī, “musk”), which was borrowed from the derivative καστόριον (kastórion, “castoreum”).
Note that the main Indo-European word for "beaver", *bʰébʰrus (which did not survive or exist in Hellenic), may be a reduplicative (and thus non-atomic) formation from *bʰerH- (“brown”).


κύκνος

grc-noun

κύκνος • (kúknos) m (genitive κύκνου); second declension

kúknos (romanization)
κύκνου (genitive)
ὁ κῠ́κνος (nominative singular)
τὼ κῠ́κνω (dual nominative)
οἱ κῠ́κνοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ κῠ́κνου (genitive singular)
τοῖν κῠ́κνοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κῠ́κνων (genitive plural)
τῷ κῠ́κνῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν κῠ́κνοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς κῠ́κνοις (dative plural)
τὸν κῠ́κνον (accusative singular)
τὼ κῠ́κνω (accusative dual)
τοὺς κῠ́κνους (accusative plural)
κῠ́κνε (singular vocative)
κῠ́κνω (dual vocative)
κῠ́κνοι (plural vocative)

→ Latin: cycnus

⇒ Latin: cygnus

desc

→ Arabic: قُقْنُس (quqnus), قُقْنُوس (quqnūs)

→ Persian: ققنوس

→ Urdu: ققنس (qaqnus)

⇒ Classical Syriac: ܩܘܩܢܘܣ (qūqnōs), ܩܘܩܢܣ (/qwqns/), ܩܝܩܝܢܘܣ (/qyqynws/)

→ Old Armenian: կիկնոս (kiknos), կիւկնոս (kiwknos)

Perhaps from a Proto-Indo-European *ḱewk- (“white”), with cognates including Sanskrit शोचति (śócati) and शुक्र (śukrá), and possibly Old Norse Hǿnir (“god associated with swans and storks”). Could also be onomatopoeic from the sound of the swan's call (compare Russian кы-кы (ky-ky, “cry of a swan”)).


ταώς

grc-noun

τᾰώς • (taṓs) m (genitive τᾰώ); second declension

τᾰώς (canonical)
taṓs (romanization)
τᾰώ (genitive)
ὁ τᾰώς (nominative singular)
τὼ τᾰώ (dual nominative)
οἱ τᾰῴ (nominative plural)
τοῦ τᾰώ (genitive singular)
τοῖν τᾰῴν (dual genitive)
τῶν τᾰών (genitive plural)
τῷ τᾰῴ (dative singular)
τοῖν τᾰῴν (dative dual)
τοῖς τᾰῴς (dative plural)
τὸν τᾰώ (accusative singular)
τᾰών (accusative singular)
tòn taṓ (accusative singular)
tòn taṓn (accusative singular)
τὼ τᾰώ (accusative dual)
τοὺς τᾰώς (accusative plural)
τᾰώς (singular vocative)
τᾰώ (dual vocative)
τᾰῴ (plural vocative)

From an earlier *ταϝώς (*tawṓs), of Pre-Greek origin; possibly from an Oriental source,perhaps from Dravidian (compare Tamil தோகை (tōkai, “("peacock”)) or a Turkic source (compare Turkish tavuk (“hen”)). Cognates include Latin pāvus, pāvō, and perhaps Hebrew טַוָּס (ṭawwā́s), Aramaic טַוסָא (ṭawsā), Arabic طَاوُوس (ṭāwūs).

cog

Arabic طَاوُوس (ṭāwūs)


στρουθοκάμηλος

grc-noun

στρουθοκᾰ́μηλος

στρουθοκᾰμήλου

στρουθοκᾰ́μηλος • (strouthokámēlos) m or f (genitive στρουθοκᾰμήλου); second declension

στρουθοκᾰ́μηλος (canonical)
strouthokámēlos (romanization)
στρουθοκᾰμήλου (genitive)
ὁ (nominative singular)
ἡ στρουθοκᾰ́μηλος (nominative singular)
τὼ στρουθοκᾰμήλω (dual nominative)
οἱ (nominative plural)
αἱ στρουθοκᾰ́μηλοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ (genitive singular)
τῆς στρουθοκᾰμήλου (genitive singular)
τοῖν στρουθοκᾰμήλοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν στρουθοκᾰμήλων (genitive plural)
τῷ (dative singular)
τῇ στρουθοκᾰμήλῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν στρουθοκᾰμήλοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς (dative plural)
ταῖς στρουθοκᾰμήλοις (dative plural)
τὸν (accusative singular)
τὴν στρουθοκᾰ́μηλον (accusative singular)
τὼ στρουθοκᾰμήλω (accusative dual)
τοὺς (accusative plural)
τᾱ̀ς στρουθοκᾰμήλους (accusative plural)
στρουθοκᾰ́μηλε (singular vocative)
στρουθοκᾰμήλω (dual vocative)
στρουθοκᾰ́μηλοι (plural vocative)

grc-decl

στρουθοκᾰ́μηλος

desc

στρουθοκάμηλος

Greek: στρουθοκάμηλος (strouthokámilos)

desctree

→ Latin: strūthiocamēlus
Translingual: Struthio camelus

→ Old Georgian: სირაქლემი (siraklemi) (calque)
⇒ Georgian: სირაქლემა (siraklema)

desc

страѳокамиль

→ Old Church Slavonic: страѳокамиль (straθokamilĭ)

From στρουθός (strouthós, “sparrow”) + κάμηλος (kámēlos, “camel”), from its camel-like neck.

compound

Struthio camelus
Struthio camelus#Translingual


μῆλον

grc-noun

μῆλον • (mêlon) n (genitive μήλου); second declension

mêlon (romanization)
μήλου (genitive)
τὸ μῆλον (nominative singular)
τὼ μήλω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ μῆλᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ μήλου (genitive singular)
τοῖν μήλοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν μήλων (genitive plural)
τῷ μήλῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν μήλοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς μήλοις (dative plural)
τὸ μῆλον (accusative singular)
τὼ μήλω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ μῆλᾰ (accusative plural)
μῆλον (singular vocative)
μήλω (dual vocative)
μῆλᾰ (plural vocative)
τὸ μᾶλον (nominative singular)
τὼ μᾱ́λω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ μᾶλᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ μᾱ́λω (genitive singular)
τοῖν μᾱ́λοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν μᾱ́λων (genitive plural)
τῷ μᾱ́λῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν μᾱ́λοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς μᾱ́λοις (dative plural)
τὸ μᾶλον (accusative singular)
τὼ μᾱ́λω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ μᾱ́λως (accusative plural)
μᾶλον (singular vocative)
μᾱ́λω (dual vocative)
μᾶλᾰ (plural vocative)

Greek: μήλο (mílo)

Tsakonian: μάλι (máli)

→ Proto-Albanian: *mālā (via Doric μᾶλα (mâla))

Albanian: mollë

→ Latin: mālum, mēlum, mēlo

→ Translingual: Malus

Uncertain. Compare Hittite 𒈠𒀀𒄴𒆷𒀸 (māḫlaš, “grapevine”), Hittite 𒊭𒈠𒇻 (šamalu-, “apple”), Hittite 𒊭𒄠𒇻 (šamlu-, “apple”) and Proto-Kartvelian *msxal- (“pear”).
Multiple theories have been put forth:
Theories on the origin of μῆλον
* Beekes (2010) declares it to be a Pre-Greek Mediterranean substrate borrowing, comparing it with Hittite 𒈠𒀀𒄴𒆷𒀸 (māḫlaš, “grapevine”).
* Kroonen (2016) reconstructs a Proto-Indo-European byform *smh₂l-, from which he also derives Hittite 𒊭𒈠𒇻 (šamalu-), 𒊭𒄠𒇻 (šamlu-) "apple". He also connects this IE form with Proto-Kartvelian *msxal- (“pear”) and proposes that the Indo-European words may have come from a metathesis of that Kartvelian word.
* Fenwick (2016) also argues for an ultimate Indo-European origin, though with differing details, and views the Kartvelian term rather as an IE loan. She reconstructs Proto-Indo-European *méh₂lo- (“cultivated tree, cultivated vine”), with a variant *móh₂lo- (“id.”). This variant is visible in e.g. Hittite 𒈠𒀀𒄴𒆷𒀸 (māḫlaš, “grapevine”), Lydian μῶλαξ (môlax, “type of wine”), and Armenian մոլ (mol, “sucker, runner, stolon”). She takes this variation as evidence of an earlier acrostatic root noun *móh₂l- (“type of culturally important plant”) - which got thematized later on - showing a range of other derived forms. She further treats *móh₂l- itself as a possible archaic *-l- deverbal noun from *meh₂- (“to grow, increase, mature, be fruitful”). She compares this development to that of *webʰl- (“weevil, beetle, worm”), which she derives from *webʰ- (“to weave”)).


μῆλον

mêlon (romanization)
μήλου (genitive)
τὸ μῆλον (nominative singular)
τὼ μήλω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ μῆλᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ μήλου (genitive singular)
τοῖν μήλοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν μήλων (genitive plural)
τῷ μήλῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν μήλοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς μήλοις (dative plural)
τὸ μῆλον (accusative singular)
τὼ μήλω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ μῆλᾰ (accusative plural)
μῆλον (singular vocative)
μήλω (dual vocative)
μῆλᾰ (plural vocative)

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *(s)meh₁l- (“small animal”). Compare Old Irish mil (“small animal”), Dutch maal (“young cow”), Old Church Slavonic малъ (malŭ), Old English smæl (English small). Despite phonetic and semantic similarities, likely unrelated to Old Armenian մալ (mal, “cattle”), which stems from Arabic مَال (māl, “property”) instead.


ἱπποπόταμος

grc-noun

ῐ̔πποπότᾰμος

ῐ̔πποποτᾰ́μου

ῐ̔πποπότᾰμος • (hippopótamos) m (genitive ῐ̔πποποτᾰ́μου); second declension

ῐ̔πποπότᾰμος (canonical)
hippopótamos (romanization)
ῐ̔πποποτᾰ́μου (genitive)
ὁ ῐ̔πποπότᾰμος (nominative singular)
τὼ ῐ̔πποποτᾰ́μω (dual nominative)
οἱ ῐ̔πποπότᾰμοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ ῐ̔πποποτᾰ́μου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ῐ̔πποποτᾰ́μοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ῐ̔πποποτᾰ́μων (genitive plural)
τῷ ῐ̔πποποτᾰ́μῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ῐ̔πποποτᾰ́μοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ῐ̔πποποτᾰ́μοις (dative plural)
τὸν ῐ̔πποπότᾰμον (accusative singular)
τὼ ῐ̔πποποτᾰ́μω (accusative dual)
τοὺς ῐ̔πποποτᾰ́μους (accusative plural)
ῐ̔πποπότᾰμε (singular vocative)
ῐ̔πποποτᾰ́μω (dual vocative)
ῐ̔πποπότᾰμοι (plural vocative)

grc-decl

ῐ̔πποπότᾰμος

desc

→ Arabic: فَرَس نَهْر (faras nahr) (calque)

→ Danish: flodhest (calque)

→ German: Flusspferd (calque)

→ English: river horse (calque)

→ Latin: hippopotamus (see there for further descendants)

→ Old Armenian: գետաձի (getaji) (calque)

From ῐ̔́ππος (híppos, “horse”) + ποτᾰμός (potamós, “river”).


σκίουρος

grc-noun

σκῐ́ουρος • (skíouros) m (genitive σκῐούρου); second declension

σκῐ́ουρος (canonical)
skíouros (romanization)
σκῐούρου (genitive)
ὁ σκῐ́ουρος (nominative singular)
τὼ σκῐούρω (dual nominative)
οἱ σκῐ́ουροι (nominative plural)
τοῦ σκῐούρου (genitive singular)
τοῖν σκῐούροιν (dual genitive)
τῶν σκῐούρων (genitive plural)
τῷ σκῐούρῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν σκῐούροιν (dative dual)
τοῖς σκῐούροις (dative plural)
τὸν σκῐ́ουρον (accusative singular)
τὼ σκῐούρω (accusative dual)
τοὺς σκῐούρους (accusative plural)
σκῐ́ουρε (singular vocative)
σκῐούρω (dual vocative)
σκῐ́ουροι (plural vocative)

→ Armenian: սկյուռ (skyuṙ)

Greek: σκίουρος (skíouros)

→ Latin: sciūrus, sciūrolus (see there for further descendants)

Traditionally explained as a bahuvrihi compound of σκιά (skiá, “shade, shadow”) + οὐρά (ourá, “tail”), thus "(one who) generates shade with its tail", but this could be a folk etymology, and it might actually be Pre-Greek, if the -ουρος (-ouros) is a suffix rather than a standalone word.


κέρκουρος

κέρκουρος • (kérkouros) m (genitive κερκούρου); second declension

kérkouros (romanization)
κερκούρου (genitive)
ὁ κέρκουρος (nominative singular)
τὼ κερκούρω (dual nominative)
οἱ κέρκουροι (nominative plural)
τοῦ κερκούρου (genitive singular)
τοῖν κερκούροιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κερκούρων (genitive plural)
τῷ κερκούρῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν κερκούροιν (dative dual)
τοῖς κερκούροις (dative plural)
τὸν κέρκουρον (accusative singular)
τὼ κερκούρω (accusative dual)
τοὺς κερκούρους (accusative plural)
κέρκουρε (singular vocative)
κερκούρω (dual vocative)
κέρκουροι (plural vocative)

Uncertain. Perhaps from κέρκος (kérkos, “tail”). Could also be of Semitic origin, compare Classical Syriac ܩܪܩܘܪܐ (qarqūrāʾ, “boat”), reshaped under the influence of κέρκος (kérkos) and οὐρά (ourá, “tail”). Compare also Latin cercūrus, Old Armenian կուր (kur).


κορώνη

grc-noun

κορώνη • (korṓnē) f (genitive κορώνης); first declension

korṓnē (romanization)
κορώνης (genitive)
ἡ κορώνη (nominative singular)
τὼ κορώνᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ κορῶναι (nominative plural)
τῆς κορώνης (genitive singular)
τοῖν κορώναιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κορωνῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ κορώνῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν κορώναιν (dative dual)
ταῖς κορώναις (dative plural)
τὴν κορώνην (accusative singular)
τὼ κορώνᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς κορώνᾱς (accusative plural)
κορώνη (singular vocative)
κορώνᾱ (dual vocative)
κορῶναι (plural vocative)

Greek: κουρούνα (kouroúna)

→ Greek: κορώνα (koróna)

→ Latin: corōna (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to turn, bend”). See also κορωνός (korōnós, “curved, bent”).

der

coronoid process of the ulna, apophysis (the part of a bone where the tendon is attached)


φάρυγξ

grc-noun

φᾰ́ρῠγξ • (phárunx) f or m (genitive φᾰ́ρῠγος or φᾰ́ρῠγγος); third declension

φᾰ́ρῠγξ (canonical)
phárunx (romanization)
φᾰ́ρῠγος (genitive)
φᾰ́ρῠγγος (genitive)
ὁ (nominative singular)
ἡ φᾰ́ρῠγξ (nominative singular)
τὼ φᾰ́ρῠγε (dual nominative)
οἱ (nominative plural)
αἱ φᾰ́ρῠγες (nominative plural)
τοῦ (genitive singular)
τῆς φᾰ́ρῠγος (genitive singular)
τοῖν φᾰρῠ́γοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν φᾰρῠ́γων (genitive plural)
τῷ (dative singular)
τῇ φᾰ́ρῠγῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν φᾰρῠ́γοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς (dative plural)
ταῖς φᾰ́ρῠξῐ (dative plural)
φᾰ́ρῠξῐν (dative plural)
toîs (dative plural)
taîs pháruxi (dative plural)
taîs pháruxin (dative plural)
τὸν (accusative singular)
τὴν φᾰ́ρῠγᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ φᾰ́ρῠγε (accusative dual)
τοὺς (accusative plural)
τᾱ̀ς φᾰ́ρῠγᾰς (accusative plural)
φᾰ́ρῠγξ (singular vocative)
φᾰ́ρῠγε (dual vocative)
φᾰ́ρῠγες (plural vocative)
ὁ (nominative singular)
ἡ φᾰ́ρῠγξ (nominative singular)
τὼ φᾰ́ρῠγγε (dual nominative)
οἱ (nominative plural)
αἱ φᾰ́ρῠγγες (nominative plural)
τοῦ (genitive singular)
τῆς φᾰ́ρῠγγος (genitive singular)
τοῖν φᾰρῠ́γγοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν φᾰρῠ́γγων (genitive plural)
τῷ (dative singular)
τῇ φᾰ́ρῠγγῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν φᾰρῠ́γγοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς (dative plural)
ταῖς φᾰ́ρῠγξῐ (dative plural)
φᾰ́ρῠγξῐν (dative plural)
toîs (dative plural)
taîs phárunxi (dative plural)
taîs phárunxin (dative plural)
τὸν (accusative singular)
τὴν φᾰ́ρῠγγᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ φᾰ́ρῠγγε (accusative dual)
τοὺς (accusative plural)
τᾱ̀ς φᾰ́ρῠγγᾰς (accusative plural)
φᾰ́ρῠγξ (singular vocative)
φᾰ́ρῠγγε (dual vocative)
φᾰ́ρῠγγες (plural vocative)

Greek: φάρυγγας (fáryngas)

→ New Latin: pharynx
→ English: pharynx

→ Italian: faringe

According to Frisk an inherited Indo-European word for “throat, gorge”, cognate to Latin frūmen and Old Armenian երբուծ (erbuc), both from Proto-Indo-European *bʰruHg- (“to use, enjoy”), but phonetically this is somewhat problematic as the Greek form requires laryngeal metathesis to *bʰr̥Hug-, turning the root disyllabic, for unknown reasons. Alternatively, it could be related to φᾰ́ρᾰγξ (pháranx, “ravine, cleft, chasm, gully, abyss”) or φᾶρος (phâros, “cloth, cloak”), also of disputed origin.
Beekes pointed out that the prenasalized suffix -ῠγγ- (or -ῠγ-) argues for a Pre-Greek origin. Compare λᾰ́ρῠγξ (lárunx).


ῥόμβος

grc-noun

ῥόμβος • (rhómbos) m (genitive ῥόμβου); second declension

rhómbos (romanization)
ῥόμβου (genitive)
ὁ ῥόμβος (nominative singular)
τὼ ῥόμβω (dual nominative)
οἱ ῥόμβοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ ῥόμβου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ῥόμβοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ῥόμβων (genitive plural)
τῷ ῥόμβῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ῥόμβοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ῥόμβοις (dative plural)
τὸν ῥόμβον (accusative singular)
τὼ ῥόμβω (accusative dual)
τοὺς ῥόμβους (accusative plural)
ῥόμβε (singular vocative)
ῥόμβω (dual vocative)
ῥόμβοι (plural vocative)

→ Greek: ρόμβος (rómvos) (learned)

→ Latin: rhombus (see there for further descendants)

→ Old Armenian: ռումբ (ṙumb) (possibly)

→ Georgian: რუმბი (rumbi) (possibly)

→ Russian: ромб m (romb)

type of fish including the turbot and brill


βελόνη

βελόνη • (belónē) f (genitive βελόνης); first declension

belónē (romanization)
βελόνης (genitive)
ἡ βελόνη (nominative singular)
τὼ βελόνᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ βελόναι (nominative plural)
τῆς βελόνης (genitive singular)
τοῖν βελόναιν (dual genitive)
τῶν βελονῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ βελόνῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν βελόναιν (dative dual)
ταῖς βελόναις (dative plural)
τὴν βελόνην (accusative singular)
τὼ βελόνᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς βελόνᾱς (accusative plural)
βελόνη (singular vocative)
βελόνᾱ (dual vocative)
βελόναι (plural vocative)

Greek: βελόνα (velóna)

Translingual: Belone (garfish)


κίρκος

κίρκος • (kírkos) m (genitive κίρκου); second declension

kírkos (romanization)
κίρκου (genitive)
ὁ κῐ́ρκος (nominative singular)
τὼ κῐ́ρκω (dual nominative)
οἱ κῐ́ρκοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ κῐ́ρκου (genitive singular)
τοῖν κῐ́ρκοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κῐ́ρκων (genitive plural)
τῷ κῐ́ρκῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν κῐ́ρκοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς κῐ́ρκοις (dative plural)
τὸν κῐ́ρκον (accusative singular)
τὼ κῐ́ρκω (accusative dual)
τοὺς κῐ́ρκους (accusative plural)
κῐ́ρκε (singular vocative)
κῐ́ρκω (dual vocative)
κῐ́ρκοι (plural vocative)

→ Latin: circus

→ Translingual: Circus, Circaetus

Compare κρέξ (kréx, “crane, crex”) and κρίκος (kríkos, “ring”) for the "hawk" and "circle" meanings respectively (the different senses may well be of different origin).

(Hesychius) ἡ τοῦ αἰγείρου βλάστησις (hē toû aigeírou blástēsis, “sprouting of the black poplar”)


καρκίνος

καρκῐ́νος • (karkínos) m (genitive καρκῐ́νου); second declension

καρκῐ́νος (canonical)
karkínos (romanization)
καρκῐ́νου (genitive)
ὁ καρκῐ́νος (nominative singular)
τὼ καρκῐ́νω (dual nominative)
οἱ καρκῐ́νᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ καρκῐ́νου (genitive singular)
τοῖν καρκῐ́νοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν καρκῐ́νων (genitive plural)
τῷ καρκῐ́νῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν καρκῐ́νοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς καρκῐ́νοις (dative plural)
τὸν καρκῐ́νον (accusative singular)
τὼ καρκῐ́νω (accusative dual)
τοὺς καρκῐ́νᾰ (accusative plural)
καρκῐ́νε (singular vocative)
καρκῐ́νω (dual vocative)
καρκῐ́νᾰ (plural vocative)

desc

Old Armenian: կարակին (karakin), կարկին (karkin)

Armenian: կարկին (karkin)

Uncertain. Could be from a Proto-Indo-European *karkros, with cognates including Latin cancer, and possibly Sanskrit कर्कट (karkaṭa), although relationship with the latter is less certain. There are elements which point to a non-Indo-European origin, perhaps Pre-Greek.

pair of pincers, a type of torture instrument


φασιανός

grc-noun

φᾱσῐᾱνός • (phāsiānós) m (genitive φᾱσῐᾱνοῦ); second declension

φᾱσῐᾱνός (canonical)
phāsiānós (romanization)
φᾱσῐᾱνοῦ (genitive)
ὁ φᾱσῐᾱνός (nominative singular)
τὼ φᾱσῐᾱνώ (dual nominative)
οἱ φᾱσῐᾱνοί (nominative plural)
τοῦ φᾱσῐᾱνοῦ (genitive singular)
τοῖν φᾱσῐᾱνοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν φᾱσῐᾱνῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ φᾱσῐᾱνῷ (dative singular)
τοῖν φᾱσῐᾱνοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς φᾱσῐᾱνοῖς (dative plural)
τὸν φᾱσῐᾱνόν (accusative singular)
τὼ φᾱσῐᾱνώ (accusative dual)
τοὺς φᾱσῐᾱνούς (accusative plural)
φᾱσῐᾱνέ (singular vocative)
φᾱσῐᾱνώ (dual vocative)
φᾱσῐᾱνοί (plural vocative)

Greek: φασιανός (fasianós)

→ Classical Syriac: ܦܣܝܢܐ (pasyānā)

→ Hebrew: פסיון (pasyon)

→ Latin: phāsiānus (see there for further descendants)

→ Old Armenian: փասիան (pʻasian) (see there for further descendants)

→ Translingual: Phasianus

From Φᾱσῐᾱνός (Phāsiānós, “Phasian”) (with the implied substantive ὄρνις (órnis, “bird”)) from Φᾶσῐς (Phâsis, “Phasis”), from where, it was supposed, the bird spread to the west.

Phasianus colchicus
Phasianus colchicus#Translingual


σταφυλῖνος

στᾰφῠλῖνος • (staphulînos) m (genitive στᾰφῠλῑ́νου); second declension

στᾰφῠλῖνος (canonical)
staphulînos (romanization)
στᾰφῠλῑ́νου (genitive)
ὁ στᾰφῠλῖνος (nominative singular)
τὼ στᾰφῠλῑ́νω (dual nominative)
οἱ στᾰφῠλῖνοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ στᾰφῠλῑ́νου (genitive singular)
τοῖν στᾰφῠλῑ́νοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν στᾰφῠλῑ́νων (genitive plural)
τῷ στᾰφῠλῑ́νῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν στᾰφῠλῑ́νοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς στᾰφῠλῑ́νοις (dative plural)
τὸν στᾰφῠλῖνον (accusative singular)
τὼ στᾰφῠλῑ́νω (accusative dual)
τοὺς στᾰφῠλῑ́νους (accusative plural)
στᾰφῠλῖνε (singular vocative)
στᾰφῠλῑ́νω (dual vocative)
στᾰφῠλῖνοι (plural vocative)

Greek: σταφυλίνος (stafylínos)

Armenian:

→ Middle Armenian: ստեպղին (stepġin)

Armenian: ստեպղին (stepġin)

→ Georgian: სტაფილო (sṭapilo)

→ Latin: staphylīnus

Semitic:

desc

→ Classical Syriac: ܐܣܛܦܠܝܢ (ʾesṭap̄līn)

→ Arabic: إصْطَفْلِين (ʔiṣṭaflīn)

→ Arabic: إصْطَفْلِين (ʔiṣṭaflīn)

From στᾰφῠλή (staphulḗ, “grape”) + -ῖνος (-înos).


ὄστρεον

grc-noun

ὄστρεον • (óstreon) n (genitive ὀστρέου); second declension

óstreon (romanization)
ὀστρέου (genitive)
τὸ ὄστρεον (nominative singular)
τὼ ὀστρέω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ ὄστρεᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ ὀστρέου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ὀστρέοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ὀστρέων (genitive plural)
τῷ ὀστρέῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ὀστρέοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ὀστρέοις (dative plural)
τὸ ὄστρεον (accusative singular)
τὼ ὀστρέω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ ὄστρεᾰ (accusative plural)
ὄστρεον (singular vocative)
ὀστρέω (dual vocative)
ὄστρεᾰ (plural vocative)

→ Latin: ostrum

Italian: ostro

→ English: ostro

Russian: у́стрица (ústrica)

Traditionally assumed to be related to ὀστέον (ostéon, “bone”), though Beekes rejects this connection due to lack of other evidence for an Indo-European pre-form *ostr- (as well as the word category of seafood being generally unlikely to be of Indo-European origin), and instead takes the word as Pre-Greek.


ῥύγχος

ῥῠ́γχος • (rhúnkhos) n (genitive ῥῠ́γχους); third declension

ῥῠ́γχος (canonical)
rhúnkhos (romanization)
ῥῠ́γχους (genitive)
τὸ ῥῠ́γχος (nominative singular)
τὼ ῥῠ́γχει (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ ῥῠ́γχη (nominative plural)
τοῦ ῥῠ́γχους (genitive singular)
τοῖν ῥῠγχοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν ῥῠγχῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ ῥῠ́γχει (dative singular)
τοῖν ῥῠγχοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς ῥῠ́γχεσῐ (dative plural)
ῥῠ́γχεσῐν (dative plural)
toîs rhúnkhesi (dative plural)
toîs rhúnkhesin (dative plural)
τὸ ῥῠ́γχος (accusative singular)
τὼ ῥῠ́γχει (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ ῥῠ́γχη (accusative plural)
ῥῠ́γχος (singular vocative)
ῥῠ́γχει (dual vocative)
ῥῠ́γχη (plural vocative)

Greek: ρύγχος (rýnchos)

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *srungʰ- and related to Old Armenian ռունգն (ṙungn, “nose”). See also Proto-Celtic *srognā (“nose”).


ταινία

ταινῐ́ᾱ • (tainíā) f (genitive ταινῐ́ᾱς); first declension

ταινῐ́ᾱ (canonical)
tainíā (romanization)
ταινῐ́ᾱς (genitive)
ἡ ταινῐ́ᾱ (nominative singular)
τὼ ταινῐ́ᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ ταινῐ́αι (nominative plural)
τῆς ταινῐ́ᾱς (genitive singular)
τοῖν ταινῐ́αιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ταινῐῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ ταινῐ́ᾳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ταινῐ́αιν (dative dual)
ταῖς ταινῐ́αις (dative plural)
τὴν ταινῐ́ᾱν (accusative singular)
τὼ ταινῐ́ᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ταινῐ́ᾱς (accusative plural)
ταινῐ́ᾱ (singular vocative)
ταινῐ́ᾱ (dual vocative)
ταινῐ́αι (plural vocative)

Greek: ταινία (tainía)

→ Latin: taenia

→ Translingual: Taenia

According to Beekes, probably from Proto-Indo-European *ten- (“stretch”), the same root underlying τείνω (teínō, “to stretch”), though the phonological and morphological details are rather unclear. The missing link may be a noun like *ταῖνα (*taîna) or *ταινά (*tainá). The formation of the word is comparable to that of κειρία (keiría, “band, tapeworm”).

band, fillet, headband worn in sign of victory


ἀσπίς

ᾰ̓σπίς • (aspís) f (genitive ᾰ̓σπίδος); third declension

ᾰ̓σπίς (canonical)
aspís (romanization)
ᾰ̓σπίδος (genitive)
ἡ ᾰ̓σπῐ́ς (nominative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓σπῐ́δε (dual nominative)
αἱ ᾰ̓σπῐ́δες (nominative plural)
τῆς ᾰ̓σπῐ́δος (genitive singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓σπῐ́δοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ᾰ̓σπῐ́δων (genitive plural)
τῇ ᾰ̓σπῐ́δῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓σπῐ́δοιν (dative dual)
ταῖς ᾰ̓σπῐ́σῐ (dative plural)
ᾰ̓σπῐ́σῐν (dative plural)
taîs aspísi (dative plural)
taîs aspísin (dative plural)
τὴν ᾰ̓σπῐ́δᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓σπῐ́δε (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ᾰ̓σπῐ́δᾰς (accusative plural)
ἀσπί (singular vocative)
ᾰ̓σπῐ́δε (dual vocative)
ᾰ̓σπῐ́δες (plural vocative)

→ English: aspis

Greek: ασπίδα (aspída)

→ Latin: aspis (see there for further descendants)

→ Ukrainian: га́спид (háspyd), а́спид (áspyd), а́спід (áspid)


τρίγλη

τρῑ́γλη • (trī́glē) f (genitive τρῑ́γλης); first declension

τρῑ́γλη (canonical)
trī́glē (romanization)
τρῑ́γλης (genitive)
ἡ τρῑ́γλη (nominative singular)
τὼ τρῑ́γλᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ τρῖγλαι (nominative plural)
τῆς τρῑ́γλης (genitive singular)
τοῖν τρῑ́γλαιν (dual genitive)
τῶν τρῑγλῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ τρῑ́γλῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν τρῑ́γλαιν (dative dual)
ταῖς τρῑ́γλαις (dative plural)
τὴν τρῑ́γλην (accusative singular)
τὼ τρῑ́γλᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς τρῑ́γλᾱς (accusative plural)
τρῑ́γλη (singular vocative)
τρῑ́γλᾱ (dual vocative)
τρῖγλαι (plural vocative)

Greek: τρίγλη (trígli)

→ Italian: triglia

According to Beekes from τρίζω (trízō, “to crackle, crepitate”), referring to the grunting sound from the friction of the gill cover bones when the fish is taken out of the water.


πάππος

πᾰ́ππος • (páppos) m (genitive πᾰ́ππου); second declension

πᾰ́ππος (canonical)
páppos (romanization)
πᾰ́ππου (genitive)
ὁ πᾰ́ππος (nominative singular)
τὼ πᾰ́ππω (dual nominative)
οἱ πᾰ́πποι (nominative plural)
τοῦ πᾰ́ππου (genitive singular)
τοῖν πᾰ́πποιν (dual genitive)
τῶν πᾰ́ππων (genitive plural)
τῷ πᾰ́ππῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν πᾰ́πποιν (dative dual)
τοῖς πᾰ́πποις (dative plural)
τὸν πᾰ́ππον (accusative singular)
τὼ πᾰ́ππω (accusative dual)
τοὺς πᾰ́ππους (accusative plural)
πᾰ́ππε (singular vocative)
πᾰ́ππω (dual vocative)
πᾰ́πποι (plural vocative)

Byzantine Greek:

Greek: πάππος (páppos)

→ Romani: pàpos

→ Latin: pappus

→ English: pappus

→ Italian: pappo

Reduplicated nursery word; compare πάππας (páppas, “daddy, papa”).


περόνη

περόνη • (perónē) f (genitive περόνης); first declension

perónē (romanization)
περόνης (genitive)
ἡ περόνη (nominative singular)
τὼ περόνᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ περόναι (nominative plural)
τῆς περόνης (genitive singular)
τοῖν περόναιν (dual genitive)
τῶν περονῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ περόνῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν περόναιν (dative dual)
ταῖς περόναις (dative plural)
τὴν περόνην (accusative singular)
τὼ περόνᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς περόνᾱς (accusative plural)
περόνη (singular vocative)
περόνᾱ (dual vocative)
περόναι (plural vocative)

Greek: περόνη (peróni)

⇒ Koine Greek: περόνιον (perónion)

desc

Byzantine Greek: πιρούνιν (piroúnin), περούνιν (peroúnin)

desctree

Greek: πιρούνι (piroúni)
→ Albanian: pirun
→ Aromanian: pirunã
→ Friulian: piron
→ Ladino: piron
→ Mòcheno: paru'
→ Romanian: piron
→ Serbo-Croatian: pirun / пирун
→ Venetian: piron
→ Cimbrian: pirù
→ Lombard: piron

→ English: perone

From πείρω (peírō, “to pierce, run through”), formed with the pattern of ᾰ̓κόνη (akónē, “whetstone, hone”), βελόνη (belónē, “needle”).

(anatomy) radius; (more frequently) fibula, calf bone

(zootomy) ligament below the knee of a horse


χηλή

grc-noun

χηλή • (khēlḗ) f (genitive χηλῆς); first declension

khēlḗ (romanization)
χηλῆς (genitive)
ἡ χηλή (nominative singular)
τὼ χηλᾱ́ (dual nominative)
αἱ χηλαί (nominative plural)
τῆς χηλῆς (genitive singular)
τοῖν χηλαῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν χηλῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ χηλῇ (dative singular)
τοῖν χηλαῖν (dative dual)
ταῖς χηλαῖς (dative plural)
τὴν χηλήν (accusative singular)
τὼ χηλᾱ́ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς χηλᾱ́ς (accusative plural)
χηλή (singular vocative)
χηλᾱ́ (dual vocative)
χηλαί (plural vocative)

→ Latin: chele

→ English: chela

→ Italian: chela

Of unclear origin. Traditionally connected with χηρᾰμός (khēramós, “hole, hollow”), χήμη (khḗmē, “yawning, gaping”), and χάσκω (kháskō, “I yawn, gape”), but the supposed unifying connections are obscure.


γυρῖνος

γῠρῖνος • (gurînos) m (genitive γῠρῑ́νου); second declension

γῠρῖνος (canonical)
gurînos (romanization)
γῠρῑ́νου (genitive)
ὁ γῠρῖνος (nominative singular)
τὼ γῠρῑ́νω (dual nominative)
οἱ γῠρῖνοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ γῠρῑ́νου (genitive singular)
τοῖν γῠρῑ́νοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν γῠρῑ́νων (genitive plural)
τῷ γῠρῑ́νῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν γῠρῑ́νοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς γῠρῑ́νοις (dative plural)
τὸν γῠρῖνον (accusative singular)
τὼ γῠρῑ́νω (accusative dual)
τοὺς γῠρῑ́νους (accusative plural)
γῠρῖνε (singular vocative)
γῠρῑ́νω (dual vocative)
γῠρῖνοι (plural vocative)

Greek: γυρίνος (gyrínos)

→ Italian: girino

→ Portuguese: girino

→ Spanish: girino

From γυρός (gurós, “round”) + -ῖνος (-înos).


κόκκυξ

κόκκῡξ • (kókkūx) m (genitive κόκκῡγος); third declension

κόκκῡξ (canonical)
kókkūx (romanization)
κόκκῡγος (genitive)
ὁ κόκκῡξ (nominative singular)
τὼ κόκκῡγε (dual nominative)
οἱ κόκκῡγες (nominative plural)
τοῦ κόκκῡγος (genitive singular)
τοῖν κοκκῡ́γοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κοκκῡ́γων (genitive plural)
τῷ κόκκῡγῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν κοκκῡ́γοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς κόκκῡξῐ (dative plural)
κόκκῡξῐν (dative plural)
toîs kókkūxi (dative plural)
toîs kókkūxin (dative plural)
τὸν κόκκῡγᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ κόκκῡγε (accusative dual)
τοὺς κόκκῡγᾰς (accusative plural)
κόκκῡξ (singular vocative)
κόκκῡγε (dual vocative)
κόκκῡγες (plural vocative)

→ Latin: coccyx

From Proto-Hellenic *kókkūks, eventually from the same onomatopoeic root of κόκκῡ (kókkū, “cry of the cuckoo”) and κοκκύζω (kokkúzō, “to cry cuckoo”). Compare also English cuckoo, Latin cucūlus (“cuckoo”) and Greek κούκος (koúkos, “cuckoo”), which are all onomatopoeias.


δρυοκολάπτης

δρῠοκολᾰ́πτης

δρῠοκολᾰ́πτου

δρῠοκολᾰ́πτης • (druokoláptēs) m (genitive δρῠοκολᾰ́πτου); second declension

δρῠοκολᾰ́πτης (canonical)
druokoláptēs (romanization)
δρῠοκολᾰ́πτου (genitive)
ὁ δρῠοκολᾰ́πτης (nominative singular)
τὼ δρῠοκολᾰ́πτᾱ (dual nominative)
οἱ δρῠοκολᾰ́πται (nominative plural)
τοῦ δρῠοκολᾰ́πτου (genitive singular)
τοῖν δρῠοκολᾰ́πταιν (dual genitive)
τῶν δρῠοκολᾰπτῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ δρῠοκολᾰ́πτῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν δρῠοκολᾰ́πταιν (dative dual)
τοῖς δρῠοκολᾰ́πταις (dative plural)
τὸν δρῠοκολᾰ́πτην (accusative singular)
τὼ δρῠοκολᾰ́πτᾱ (accusative dual)
τοὺς δρῠοκολᾰ́πτᾱς (accusative plural)
δρῠοκολᾰ́πτᾰ (singular vocative)
δρῠοκολᾰ́πτᾱ (dual vocative)
δρῠοκολᾰ́πται (plural vocative)

grc-decl

δρῠοκολᾰ́πτης

desc

δρυοκολάπτης

Greek: δρυοκολάπτης (dryokoláptis)

From δρῦς (drûs, “wood, oak”) + κολάπτω (koláptō, “to peck”) + -της (-tēs, masculine agent-noun suffix).

af

woodpecker (bird of the subfamily Picinae)


αἴλουρος

grc-noun

αἴλουρος • (aílouros) m or f (genitive αἰλούρου); second declension

aílouros (romanization)
αἰλούρου (genitive)
ὁ (nominative singular)
ἡ αἴλουρος (nominative singular)
τὼ αἰλούρω (dual nominative)
οἱ (nominative plural)
αἱ αἴλουροι (nominative plural)
τοῦ (genitive singular)
τῆς αἰλούρου (genitive singular)
τοῖν αἰλούροιν (dual genitive)
τῶν αἰλούρων (genitive plural)
τῷ (dative singular)
τῇ αἰλούρῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν αἰλούροιν (dative dual)
τοῖς (dative plural)
ταῖς αἰλούροις (dative plural)
τὸν (accusative singular)
τὴν αἴλουρον (accusative singular)
τὼ αἰλούρω (accusative dual)
τοὺς (accusative plural)
τᾱ̀ς αἰλούρους (accusative plural)
αἴλουρε (singular vocative)
αἰλούρω (dual vocative)
αἴλουροι (plural vocative)

Greek: αίλουρος (aílouros)

→ Translingual: Ailurus

→ Latin: aelurus

Pre-Greek. Longstanding tradition holds it to derive from αἰόλος (aiólos, “fast moving, nimble”) + οὐρά (ourá, “tail”); while it has the feel of folk etymology, it may nonetheless be the case. Has also been compared to Latin viverra (“ferret”) and Lithuanian vaiveris (“polecat”).

cat; domestic cat, tom (male), queen (female)


ἄπους

ἄπους • (ápous) m (genitive ἄποδος); third declension

ápous (romanization)
ἄποδος (genitive)
ὁ ἄπους (nominative singular)
τὼ ἄποδε (dual nominative)
οἱ ἄποδες (nominative plural)
τοῦ ἄποδος (genitive singular)
τοῖν ἀπόδοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ἀπόδων (genitive plural)
τῷ ἄποδῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν ἀπόδοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ἄποσῐ (dative plural)
ἄποσῐν (dative plural)
toîs áposi (dative plural)
toîs áposin (dative plural)
τὸν ἄποδᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ ἄποδε (accusative dual)
τοὺς ἄποδᾰς (accusative plural)
ἄπους (singular vocative)
ἄποδε (dual vocative)
ἄποδες (plural vocative)

→ Greek: άπους (ápous)

→ Latin: apūs

→ Translingual: Apus

From ἀ- (a-, “not”) + πούς (poús, “foot”).


κοχλίας

κοχλῐ́ᾱς • (kokhlíās) m (genitive κοχλίου); first declension

κοχλῐ́ᾱς (canonical)
kokhlíās (romanization)
κοχλίου (genitive)
ὁ κοχλῐ́ᾱς (nominative singular)
τὼ κοχλῐ́ᾱ (dual nominative)
οἱ κοχλῐ́αι (nominative plural)
τοῦ κοχλῐ́ου (genitive singular)
τοῖν κοχλῐ́αιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κοχλῐῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ κοχλῐ́ᾳ (dative singular)
τοῖν κοχλῐ́αιν (dative dual)
τοῖς κοχλῐ́αις (dative plural)
τὸν κοχλῐ́ᾱν (accusative singular)
τὼ κοχλῐ́ᾱ (accusative dual)
τοὺς κοχλῐ́ᾱς (accusative plural)
κοχλῐ́ᾱ (singular vocative)
κοχλῐ́ᾱ (dual vocative)
κοχλῐ́αι (plural vocative)

Greek: κοχλίας (kochlías)

→ Latin: coclea

From κόχλος (kókhlos, “shellfish with a spiral shell”) + -ῐ́ᾱς (-íās, nominal suffix).

af

anything twisted spirally:
screw, especially Archimedes screw


διψάς

grc-noun

διψᾰ́ς • (dipsás) f (genitive διψᾰ́δος); third declension

διψᾰ́ς (canonical)
dipsás (romanization)
διψᾰ́δος (genitive)
ἡ διψᾰ́ς (nominative singular)
τὼ διψᾰ́δε (dual nominative)
αἱ διψᾰ́δες (nominative plural)
τῆς διψᾰ́δος (genitive singular)
τοῖν διψᾰ́δοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν διψᾰ́δων (genitive plural)
τῇ διψᾰ́δῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν διψᾰ́δοιν (dative dual)
ταῖς διψᾰ́σῐ (dative plural)
διψᾰ́σῐν (dative plural)
taîs dipsási (dative plural)
taîs dipsásin (dative plural)
τὴν διψᾰ́δᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ διψᾰ́δε (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς διψᾰ́δᾰς (accusative plural)
διψᾰ́ς (singular vocative)
διψᾰ́δε (dual vocative)
διψᾰ́δες (plural vocative)

→ Latin: dipsas

→ Translingual: Dipsas

venomous serpent, whose bite caused intense thirst


ἀράχνη

ᾰ̓ρᾰ́χνη • (arákhnē) f (genitive ᾰ̓ρᾰ́χνης); first declension

ᾰ̓ρᾰ́χνη (canonical)
arákhnē (romanization)
ᾰ̓ρᾰ́χνης (genitive)
ἡ ᾰ̓ρᾰ́χνη (nominative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓ρᾰ́χνᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ ᾰ̓ρᾰ́χναι (nominative plural)
τῆς ᾰ̓ρᾰ́χνης (genitive singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓ρᾰ́χναιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ᾰ̓ρᾰχνῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ ᾰ̓ρᾰ́χνῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓ρᾰ́χναιν (dative dual)
ταῖς ᾰ̓ρᾰ́χναις (dative plural)
τὴν ᾰ̓ρᾰ́χνην (accusative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓ρᾰ́χνᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ᾰ̓ρᾰ́χνᾱς (accusative plural)
ᾰ̓ρᾰ́χνη (singular vocative)
ᾰ̓ρᾰ́χνᾱ (dual vocative)
ᾰ̓ρᾰ́χναι (plural vocative)

> Greek: αράχνη (aráchni) (inherited)

desctree

> Pontic Greek: αράχνα (aráchna), 'ράχνα ('ráchna), 'ράχνα̤ ('ráchnä), αράνα (arána) (inherited)
→ Laz: რახნა (raxna)
→ Turkish: arahna, araḫana, rağna, rahna, raḫna

desc

> Tsakonian: αράχνα (aráchna), αράχλα (aráchla) (inherited)

→? Latin: arānea

desctree

⇒ Translingual: Arachnida
⇒ English: arachnoid
→ French: arachnide
→ English: arachnid

Pre-Greek origin, although related to Latin arānea. Whether it is the source of the Latin term or they both originated from a different common source is unclear. Basque armiarma possibly may be distantly related to the substrate.

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Fragments 286

Feminine form of ᾰ̓ρᾰ́χνης (arákhnēs).
spider web

Feminine form of ᾰ̓ρᾰ́χνης (arákhnēs).
cow parsnip

Feminine form of ᾰ̓ρᾰ́χνης (arákhnēs).
A kind of sundial (mollusc).


βούβαλος

grc-noun

βούβᾰλος • (boúbalos) m (genitive βουβᾰ́λου); second declension

βούβᾰλος (canonical)
boúbalos (romanization)
βουβᾰ́λου (genitive)
ὁ βούβᾰλος (nominative singular)
τὼ βουβᾰ́λω (dual nominative)
οἱ βούβᾰλοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ βουβᾰ́λου (genitive singular)
τοῖν βουβᾰ́λοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν βουβᾰ́λων (genitive plural)
τῷ βουβᾰ́λῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν βουβᾰ́λοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς βουβᾰ́λοις (dative plural)
τὸν βούβᾰλον (accusative singular)
τὼ βουβᾰ́λω (accusative dual)
τοὺς βουβᾰ́λους (accusative plural)
βούβᾰλε (singular vocative)
βουβᾰ́λω (dual vocative)
βούβᾰλοι (plural vocative)

desc

Greek: βούβαλος (voúvalos), βουβάλι (vouváli)

→ Latin: būbalus (see there for further descendants)

Perhaps from βοῦς (boûs), but it may be a loanword from an unknown source (such as Pre-Greek) that was associated with the native word secondarily.

an antelope, possibly a bubal hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus buselaphus)


δασύπους

grc-noun

δᾰσῠ́πους • (dasúpous) m (genitive δᾰσῠ́ποδος); third declension

δᾰσῠ́πους (canonical)
dasúpous (romanization)
δᾰσῠ́ποδος (genitive)
ὁ δᾰσῠ́πους (nominative singular)
τὼ δᾰσῠ́ποδε (dual nominative)
οἱ δᾰσῠ́ποδες (nominative plural)
τοῦ δᾰσῠ́ποδος (genitive singular)
τοῖν δᾰσῠπόδοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν δᾰσῠπόδων (genitive plural)
τῷ δᾰσῠ́ποδῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν δᾰσῠπόδοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς δᾰσῠ́ποσῐ (dative plural)
δᾰσῠ́ποσῐν (dative plural)
toîs dasúposi (dative plural)
toîs dasúposin (dative plural)
τὸν δᾰσῠ́ποδᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ δᾰσῠ́ποδε (accusative dual)
τοὺς δᾰσῠ́ποδᾰς (accusative plural)
δᾰσῠ́πους (singular vocative)
δᾰσῠ́ποδε (dual vocative)
δᾰσῠ́ποδες (plural vocative)

Greek: δασύπους (dasýpous)

→ Latin: dasypūs

→ Translingual: Dasypus

From δασύς (dasús, “hairy, shaggy”) + πούς (poús, “foot”).

af

Lepus europaeus
Lepus europaeus#Translingual

Oryctolagus cuniculus
Oryctolagus cuniculus#Translingual


λεόπαρδος

grc-noun

λεόπαρδος • (leópardos) m (genitive λεοπάρδου); second declension

leópardos (romanization)
λεοπάρδου (genitive)
ὁ λεόπαρδος (nominative singular)
τὼ λεοπάρδω (dual nominative)
οἱ λεόπαρδοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ λεοπάρδου (genitive singular)
τοῖν λεοπάρδοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν λεοπάρδων (genitive plural)
τῷ λεοπάρδῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν λεοπάρδοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς λεοπάρδοις (dative plural)
τὸν λεόπαρδον (accusative singular)
τὼ λεοπάρδω (accusative dual)
τοὺς λεοπάρδους (accusative plural)
λεόπαρδε (singular vocative)
λεοπάρδω (dual vocative)
λεόπαρδοι (plural vocative)

→ Bulgarian: леопа́рд (leopárd)

Greek: λεόπαρδος (leópardos)

→ Latin: leopardus (see there for further descendants)

→ Macedonian: леопард (leopard)

desctree

→ Old Ruthenian: леопардъ (leopard)
Belarusian: леапа́рд (ljeapárd)
Carpathian Rusyn: леопа́рд (leopárd)
Ukrainian: леопа́рд (leopárd)

→ Russian: леопа́рд (leopárd)
→ Kazakh: леопард (leopard)

From λέων (léōn, “lion”) + πάρδος (párdos, “leopard, panther”)


σκολόπενδρα

grc-noun

σκολοπένδρᾱς

σκολόπενδρᾰ • (skolópendra) f (genitive σκολοπένδρᾱς); first declension

σκολόπενδρᾰ (canonical)
skolópendra (romanization)
σκολοπένδρᾱς (genitive)
ἡ σκολόπενδρᾰ (nominative singular)
τὼ σκολοπένδρᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ σκολόπενδραι (nominative plural)
τῆς σκολοπένδρᾱς (genitive singular)
τοῖν σκολοπένδραιν (dual genitive)
τῶν σκολοπενδρῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ σκολοπένδρᾳ (dative singular)
τοῖν σκολοπένδραιν (dative dual)
ταῖς σκολοπένδραις (dative plural)
τὴν σκολόπενδρᾰν (accusative singular)
τὼ σκολοπένδρᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς σκολοπένδρᾱς (accusative plural)
σκολόπενδρᾰ (singular vocative)
σκολοπένδρᾱ (dual vocative)
σκολόπενδραι (plural vocative)

→ Italian: scolopendra

→ French: scolopendre

→ Russian: сколопендра (skolopendra)

Suggested to be a combination of σκόλοψ (skólops, “thorn”) and ἔντερον (énteron, “earthworm”), but Beekes finds this unconvincing and suggests Pre-Greek.

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, History of Animals 2.14,2

the sea scolopendra, an animal from the genus Nereis


πάγουρος

πᾰ́γουρος • (págouros) m (genitive πᾰγούρου); second declension

πᾰ́γουρος (canonical)
págouros (romanization)
πᾰγούρου (genitive)
ὁ πᾰ́γουρος (nominative singular)
τὼ πᾰγούρω (dual nominative)
οἱ πᾰ́γουροι (nominative plural)
τοῦ πᾰγούρου (genitive singular)
τοῖν πᾰγούροιν (dual genitive)
τῶν πᾰγούρων (genitive plural)
τῷ πᾰγούρῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν πᾰγούροιν (dative dual)
τοῖς πᾰγούροις (dative plural)
τὸν πᾰ́γουρον (accusative singular)
τὼ πᾰγούρω (accusative dual)
τοὺς πᾰγούρους (accusative plural)
πᾰ́γουρε (singular vocative)
πᾰγούρω (dual vocative)
πᾰ́γουροι (plural vocative)

Greek: πάγουρος (págouros)

→ Latin: pagūrus

→ Translingual: Pagurus

→ Ottoman Turkish: پاغوریه (pağurya)

Usually interpreted as derived from πάγος (págos, “crag, rock”) + οὐρά (ourá, “tail”). However, this traditional etymology is unconvincing, like in σκίουρος (skíouros, “squirrel”). More probably this is a Pre-Greek word. Furnée compares also φάγρος (phágros, “red porgy”).


χαλινός

grc-noun

χᾰλῑνός • (khalīnós) m (genitive χᾰλῑνοῦ); second declension

χᾰλῑνός (canonical)
khalīnós (romanization)
χᾰλῑνοῦ (genitive)
ὁ χᾰλῑνός (nominative singular)
τὼ χᾰλῑνώ (dual nominative)
οἱ χᾰλῑνοί (nominative plural)
τοῦ χᾰλῑνοῦ (genitive singular)
τοῖν χᾰλῑνοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν χᾰλῑνῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ χᾰλῑνῷ (dative singular)
τοῖν χᾰλῑνοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς χᾰλῑνοῖς (dative plural)
τὸν χᾰλῑνόν (accusative singular)
τὼ χᾰλῑνώ (accusative dual)
τοὺς χᾰλῑνούς (accusative plural)
χᾰλῑνέ (singular vocative)
χᾰλῑνώ (dual vocative)
χᾰλῑνοί (plural vocative)

Greek: χαλινός (chalinós)

desc

→ Arabic: كَالُون (kālūn), كَيْلُون (kaylūn, “lock installed onto something; padlock”)

→ New Latin: chalīnos (“corner of the mouth, the part of the cheek most close to the lips”)

bar or bolt for fastening doors, <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">sera</i>

→ Classical Syriac: ܟܠܴܢܳܐ (klānā, “bar or bolt for fastening doors, sera”)

According to Beekes, a Pre-Greek origin is probable, as it is difficult to explain "χαλ-" from Indo-European and as a suffix "-ιν-" is frequent in Pre-Greek.


βάτος

grc-noun

βᾰ́τος • (bátos) f (genitive βᾰ́του); second declension

βᾰ́τος (canonical)
bátos (romanization)
βᾰ́του (genitive)
ἡ βᾰ́τος (nominative singular)
τὼ βᾰ́τω (dual nominative)
αἱ βᾰ́τοι (nominative plural)
τῆς βᾰ́του (genitive singular)
τοῖν βᾰ́τοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν βᾰ́των (genitive plural)
τῇ βᾰ́τῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν βᾰ́τοιν (dative dual)
ταῖς βᾰ́τοις (dative plural)
τὴν βᾰ́τον (accusative singular)
τὼ βᾰ́τω (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς βᾰ́τους (accusative plural)
βᾰ́τε (singular vocative)
βᾰ́τω (dual vocative)
βᾰ́τοι (plural vocative)

Greek: βάτος (vátos)

→ Amharic: ባጦስ (baṭos)

→ Arabic: بَاطُس (bāṭus)

→ Coptic: ⲃⲁⲧⲟⲥ (batos)

⇒ English: batology

desc

→ Ge'ez: ባጦስ (baṭos), ጳጦስ (p̣aṭos), ጰጦስ (p̣äṭos)

→ Latin: batus

Said by Beekes to be a Mediterranean wanderwort; substrate common to μαντία (mantía, “blackberry”) (Dacian loan), and Albanian man (“mulberry”), Gheg mand.

see βατίς f (batís)


Πράσινοι

grc-proper noun

Πράσινοι • (Prásinoi) m pl (indeclinable)

From Latin prasinī, from Ancient Greek πρᾰ́σῐνος (prásinos, “leek-green”), from πράσον (práson, “leek”) + -ινος (-inos, “-ine: forming adjectives”).

suffix

(Byzantine, sports) the Greens, one of the usual chariot-racing factions of Rome, Constantinople, and other major cities of the empire


κόρις

grc-noun

κόρῐς • (kóris) m (genitive κόρεως or κόρῐος); third declension

κόρῐς (canonical)
kóris (romanization)
κόρεως (genitive)
κόρῐος (genitive)
ὁ κόρῐς (nominative singular)
τὼ κόρει (dual nominative)
οἱ κόρεις (nominative plural)
τοῦ κόρεως (genitive singular)
τοῖν κορέοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κόρεων (genitive plural)
τῷ κόρει (dative singular)
τοῖν κορέοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς κόρεσῐ (dative plural)
κόρεσῐν (dative plural)
toîs kóresi (dative plural)
toîs kóresin (dative plural)
τὸν κόρῐν (accusative singular)
τὼ κόρει (accusative dual)
τοὺς κόρεις (accusative plural)
κόρῐ (singular vocative)
κόρει (dual vocative)
κόρεις (plural vocative)

Greek: κοριός m (koriós, “bedbug”)

desc

⇒ Byzantine Greek: κόριζα (kóriza), *κόριδα (*kórida)

→ Old East Slavic: корида (korida)

⇒ Italiot Greek: κόριδα, κόρικα, κόρεκα

⇒ Italiot Greek: κόριδα, κόρικα, κόρεκα

desctree

⇒ Pontic Greek: κορίδιν (korídin), κόρδα f (kórda) — Thoania
→ Laz: მკორიდა (mǩorida)
→ Turkish: korda — Rize, Trabzon

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)koris (“cutting, gnawing”), from *(s)ker- (“cut”). Cognate to Russian корь (korʹ, “moth”).
Alternatively related to ἀκαρί (akarí, “mite”) via Pre-Greek. Compare also κᾱρῑ́ς (kārī́s, “shrimp”).


ἄγνος

grc-noun

ἄγνος • (ágnos) f (genitive ἄγνου); second declension

ágnos (romanization)
ἄγνου (genitive)
ἡ ᾰ̓́γνος (nominative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓́γνω (dual nominative)
αἱ ᾰ̓́γνοι (nominative plural)
τῆς ᾰ̓́γνου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓́γνοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ᾰ̓́γνων (genitive plural)
τῇ ᾰ̓́γνῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓́γνοιν (dative dual)
ταῖς ᾰ̓́γνοις (dative plural)
τὴν ᾰ̓́γνον (accusative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓́γνω (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ᾰ̓́γνους (accusative plural)
ᾰ̓́γνε (singular vocative)
ᾰ̓́γνω (dual vocative)
ᾰ̓́γνοι (plural vocative)

→ Old Armenian: հագնի (hagni)

From the adjective ἁγνός (hagnós, “chaste”)

Vitex agnus-castus
Vitex agnus-castus#Translingual


βύας

βύᾱς • (búās) m (genitive βύου); first declension

βύᾱς (canonical)
búās (romanization)
βύου (genitive)
ὁ βύᾱς (nominative singular)
τὼ βύᾱ (dual nominative)
οἱ βύαι (nominative plural)
τοῦ βύου (genitive singular)
τοῖν βύαιν (dual genitive)
τῶν βυῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ βύᾳ (dative singular)
τοῖν βύαιν (dative dual)
τοῖς βύαις (dative plural)
τὸν βύᾱν (accusative singular)
τὼ βύᾱ (accusative dual)
τοὺς βύᾱς (accusative plural)
βύᾱ (singular vocative)
βύᾱ (dual vocative)
βύαι (plural vocative)

Onomatopoeic, compare Latin būbō, Bulgarian буч (buč), Old Armenian բու (bu), Persian بوم (bum), Arabic بُوم (būm), Classical Syriac ܒܐܘܐ (baʾwāʾ) and Caucasian languages such as Old Georgian ბუვი (buvi), Chechen бухӏа (buha), and Aghul бу́гьу (búhu).


κνίδη

κνῑ́δη • (knī́dē) f (genitive κνῑ́δης); first declension

κνῑ́δη (canonical)
knī́dē (romanization)
κνῑ́δης (genitive)
ἡ κνῑ́δη (nominative singular)
τὼ κνῑ́δᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ κνῖδαι (nominative plural)
τῆς κνῑ́δης (genitive singular)
τοῖν κνῑ́δαιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κνῑδῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ κνῑ́δῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν κνῑ́δαιν (dative dual)
ταῖς κνῑ́δαις (dative plural)
τὴν κνῑ́δην (accusative singular)
τὼ κνῑ́δᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς κνῑ́δᾱς (accusative plural)
κνῑ́δη (singular vocative)
κνῑ́δᾱ (dual vocative)
κνῖδαι (plural vocative)

→ New Latin: cnida

→ English: cnida

Traditionally derived from κνίζω (knízō, “scratch or gash”); yet the -ι- is long in this word, which may point to Pre-Greek origin, according to Beekes.

Urtica dioica
Urtica dioica#Translingual


λαγώς

λᾰγώς • (lagṓs) m (genitive λᾰγώ); second declension

λᾰγώς (canonical)
lagṓs (romanization)
λᾰγώ (genitive)
ὁ λᾰγώς (nominative singular)
τὼ λᾰγώ (dual nominative)
οἱ λᾰγῴ (nominative plural)
τοῦ λᾰγώ (genitive singular)
τοῖν λᾰγῴν (dual genitive)
τῶν λᾰγών (genitive plural)
τῷ λᾰγῴ (dative singular)
τοῖν λᾰγῴν (dative dual)
τοῖς λᾰγῴς (dative plural)
τὸν λᾰγώ (accusative singular)
λᾰγών (accusative singular)
tòn lagṓ (accusative singular)
tòn lagṓn (accusative singular)
τὼ λᾰγώ (accusative dual)
τοὺς λᾰγώς (accusative plural)
λᾰγώς (singular vocative)
λᾰγώ (dual vocative)
λᾰγῴ (plural vocative)

Greek: λαγός (lagós)

Persian: لاغوس (lâğus) (obsolete)

English: lagomorph

Translingual: Lagos, Lagurus

From *λαγοωυσός (*lagoōusós, “with flabby ears”), from *λαγο- (*lago-) (possibly the same root as English slack) and οὖς (oûs). Typologically compare Ossetian тӕрхъус (tærqus, “hare”, literally “long-ear”).

cog

sea hare (gastropod of the genus Aplysia)


κακκάβη

grc-noun

κᾰκκᾰ́βη • (kakkábē) f (genitive κᾰκκᾰ́βης); first declension

κᾰκκᾰ́βη (canonical)
kakkábē (romanization)
κᾰκκᾰ́βης (genitive)
ἡ κᾰκκᾰ́βη (nominative singular)
τὼ κᾰκκᾰ́βᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ κᾰκκᾰ́βαι (nominative plural)
τῆς κᾰκκᾰ́βης (genitive singular)
τοῖν κᾰκκᾰ́βαιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κᾰκκᾰβῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ κᾰκκᾰ́βῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν κᾰκκᾰ́βαιν (dative dual)
ταῖς κᾰκκᾰ́βαις (dative plural)
τὴν κᾰκκᾰ́βην (accusative singular)
τὼ κᾰκκᾰ́βᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς κᾰκκᾰ́βᾱς (accusative plural)
κᾰκκᾰ́βη (singular vocative)
κᾰκκᾰ́βᾱ (dual vocative)
κᾰκκᾰ́βαι (plural vocative)

Technical loanword of unknown origin. Given the variations and the variant in Latin cascabus, cited by Furnée, the word is likely to be Pre-Greek.

unk

unknown


χοῖρος

grc-noun

χοῖρος • (khoîros) m (genitive χοίρου); second declension

khoîros (romanization)
χοίρου (genitive)
ὁ χοῖρος (nominative singular)
τὼ χοίρω (dual nominative)
οἱ χοῖροι (nominative plural)
τοῦ χοίρου (genitive singular)
τοῖν χοίροιν (dual genitive)
τῶν χοίρων (genitive plural)
τῷ χοίρῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν χοίροιν (dative dual)
τοῖς χοίροις (dative plural)
τὸν χοῖρον (accusative singular)
τὼ χοίρω (accusative dual)
τοὺς χοίρους (accusative plural)
χοῖρε (singular vocative)
χοίρω (dual vocative)
χοῖροι (plural vocative)

Greek: χοίρος (choíros)

Traditionally derived from Proto-Hellenic *kʰóřřos, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰóryos (“pig”) (whence Albanian derr (“id”)), from *ǵʰer- (“to be excited, bristly”) + *-yos (owing to the bristliness of wild pigs), whence *ǵʰḗr (“hedgehog”). But in view of the limited distribution, Beekes suspects a Pre-Greek substrate origin for the Greek and Albanian terms.

af

Νῦν γε χοῖρος φαίνεται.
ἀτὰρ ἐκτραφείς γε κύσθος ἔσται.
Nûn ge khoîros phaínetai.

446 BCE – 386 BCE, Aristophanes, The Archarnians 782–783

Now it looks like a pussy.
But once it's been reared, it'll be a cunt.

(slang, vulgar) female genitalia, especially those belonging to a young woman


κολοφών

grc-noun

κολοφών • (kolophṓn) m (genitive κολοφῶνος); third declension

kolophṓn (romanization)
κολοφῶνος (genitive)
ὁ κολοφών (nominative singular)
τὼ κολοφῶνε (dual nominative)
οἱ κολοφῶνες (nominative plural)
τοῦ κολοφῶνος (genitive singular)
τοῖν κολοφώνοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κολοφώνων (genitive plural)
τῷ κολοφῶνῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν κολοφώνοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς κολοφῶσῐ (dative plural)
κολοφῶσῐν (dative plural)
toîs kolophôsi (dative plural)
toîs kolophôsin (dative plural)
τὸν κολοφῶνᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ κολοφῶνε (accusative dual)
τοὺς κολοφῶνᾰς (accusative plural)
κολοφών (singular vocative)
κολοφῶνε (dual vocative)
κολοφῶνες (plural vocative)

→ French: colophon

Greek: κολοφώνας (kolofónas)

* According to Pokorny cognate with κολώνη (kolṓnē) "hill", Latin collis "hill", the sense of "topping, finishing" derives figuratively from the one of "top".
* According to Strabο (Geographica 14:1:28), from Κολοφών (Kolophṓn, “Colophon”) as coming from the belief that the cavalry of Colophon was so excellent, that it always decided the contest.

(hapax, according to Hesychius) a type of sea fish


ξιφίας

ξῐφῐ́ᾱς • (xiphíās) m (genitive ξῐφῐ́ου); first declension

ξῐφῐ́ᾱς (canonical)
xiphíās (romanization)
ξῐφῐ́ου (genitive)
ὁ ξῐφῐ́ᾱς (nominative singular)
τὼ ξῐφῐ́ᾱ (dual nominative)
οἱ ξῐφῐ́αι (nominative plural)
τοῦ ξῐφῐ́ου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ξῐφῐ́αιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ξῐφῐῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ ξῐφῐ́ᾳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ξῐφῐ́αιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ξῐφῐ́αις (dative plural)
τὸν ξῐφῐ́ᾱν (accusative singular)
τὼ ξῐφῐ́ᾱ (accusative dual)
τοὺς ξῐφῐ́ᾱς (accusative plural)
ξῐφῐ́ᾱ (singular vocative)
ξῐφῐ́ᾱ (dual vocative)
ξῐφῐ́αι (plural vocative)

→ Spanish: Jifia

→ Translingual: Xiphias

From ξῐ́φος (xíphos, “sword”) + -ῐ́ᾱς (-íās, “nominal suffix”).

af

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, History of Animals 2.13.9

Xiphias gladius
Xiphias gladius#Translingual


ὁπλή

grc-noun

ὁπλή • (hoplḗ) f (genitive ὁπλῆς); first declension

hoplḗ (romanization)
ὁπλῆς (genitive)
ἡ ὁπλή (nominative singular)
τὼ ὁπλᾱ́ (dual nominative)
αἱ ὁπλαί (nominative plural)
τῆς ὁπλῆς (genitive singular)
τοῖν ὁπλαῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν ὁπλῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ ὁπλῇ (dative singular)
τοῖν ὁπλαῖν (dative dual)
ταῖς ὁπλαῖς (dative plural)
τὴν ὁπλήν (accusative singular)
τὼ ὁπλᾱ́ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ὁπλᾱ́ς (accusative plural)
ὁπλή (singular vocative)
ὁπλᾱ́ (dual vocative)
ὁπλαί (plural vocative)

Greek: οπλή (oplí)

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad II.536


οἶστρος

οἶστρος • (oîstros) m (genitive οἴστρου); second declension

oîstros (romanization)
οἴστρου (genitive)
ὁ οἶστρος (nominative singular)
τὼ οἴστρω (dual nominative)
οἱ οἶστροι (nominative plural)
τοῦ οἴστρου (genitive singular)
τοῖν οἴστροιν (dual genitive)
τῶν οἴστρων (genitive plural)
τῷ οἴστρῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν οἴστροιν (dative dual)
τοῖς οἴστροις (dative plural)
τὸν οἶστρον (accusative singular)
τὼ οἴστρω (accusative dual)
τοὺς οἴστρους (accusative plural)
οἶστρε (singular vocative)
οἴστρω (dual vocative)
οἶστροι (plural vocative)

desctree

→ Latin: oestrus
⇒ Vulgar Latin: *oestricula
Aromanian: streclji
Romanian: streche
→ Catalan: estre
→ English: oestrus, estrus
→ French: œstre
→ Romanian: estru
→ Italian: estro
→ Middle French: oestrus
→ Piedmontese: estro
→ Portuguese: estro
→ Spanish: estro
→ Translingual: Oestrus

Greek: οίστρος (oístros)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁eys-, used to form words denoting passion; see also Latin ira (“anger”), Lithuanian aistra (“violent passion”), Avestan 𐬀𐬉𐬴𐬨𐬀 (aēṣ̌ma, “anger”).

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, History of Animals 5.31,8

gadfly, breese
an insect which infests tuna


πόρτις

grc-noun

πόρτῐς • (pórtis) f (genitive πόρτῐος); third declension

πόρτῐς (canonical)
pórtis (romanization)
πόρτῐος (genitive)
ἡ πόρτῐς (nominative singular)
τὼ πόρτῐε (dual nominative)
αἱ πόρτῐες (nominative plural)
τῆς πόρτῐος (genitive singular)
τοῖν πορτῐ́οιν (dual genitive)
τῶν πορτῐ́ων (genitive plural)
τῇ πόρτῑ (dative singular)
τοῖν πορτῐ́οιν (dative dual)
ταῖς πόρτῐσῐ (dative plural)
πόρτῐσῐν (dative plural)
taîs pórtisi (dative plural)
taîs pórtisin (dative plural)
τὴν πόρτῐν (accusative singular)
τὼ πόρτῐε (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς πόρτῑς (accusative plural)
πόρτῐᾰς (accusative plural)
πόρτῐ (singular vocative)
πόρτῐε (dual vocative)
πόρτῐες (plural vocative)

From Proto-Indo-European *pértis, from *per- (“to give birth”). Cognates include Sanskrit पृथुक (pṛthuka, “boy; the young of any animal”), Old Armenian որդի (ordi, “child”), and Latin partus (“birth; offspring”).

cog

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 5.162

(poetic) a calf, young heifer (younger than δαμάλη (damálē) says Eustathius)

300 BCE – 200 BCE, Lycophron, Alexandra 102


πῶλος

grc-noun

πῶλος • (pôlos) m or f (genitive πώλου); second declension

pôlos (romanization)
πώλου (genitive)
ὁ πῶλος (nominative singular)
τὼ πώλω (dual nominative)
οἱ πῶλοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ πώλου (genitive singular)
τοῖν πώλοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν πώλων (genitive plural)
τῷ πώλῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν πώλοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς πώλοις (dative plural)
τὸν πῶλον (accusative singular)
τὼ πώλω (accusative dual)
τοὺς πώλους (accusative plural)
πῶλε (singular vocative)
πώλω (dual vocative)
πῶλοι (plural vocative)

Greek: πουλί n (poulí, “bird”)

Greek: πουλάρι n (poulári, “foal”)

From Proto-Indo-European *peh₂w-. Cognates include Latin paulus, Old Armenian ուլ (ul), and Old English fola (English foal).

480 BCE – 406 BCE, Euripides, Fragments 676

a Corinthian coin, from the figure of Pegasus on it


σκύλαξ

σκῠ́λᾰξ • (skúlax) m or f (genitive σκῠ́λᾰκος); third declension

σκῠ́λᾰξ (canonical)
skúlax (romanization)
σκῠ́λᾰκος (genitive)
ὁ (nominative singular)
ἡ σκῠ́λᾰξ (nominative singular)
τὼ σκῠ́λᾰκε (dual nominative)
οἱ (nominative plural)
αἱ σκῠ́λᾰκες (nominative plural)
τοῦ (genitive singular)
τῆς σκῠ́λᾰκος (genitive singular)
τοῖν σκῠλᾰ́κοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν σκῠλᾰ́κων (genitive plural)
τῷ (dative singular)
τῇ σκῠ́λᾰκῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν σκῠλᾰ́κοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς (dative plural)
ταῖς σκῠ́λᾰξῐ (dative plural)
σκῠ́λᾰξῐν (dative plural)
toîs (dative plural)
taîs skúlaxi (dative plural)
taîs skúlaxin (dative plural)
τὸν (accusative singular)
τὴν σκῠ́λᾰκᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ σκῠ́λᾰκε (accusative dual)
τοὺς (accusative plural)
τᾱ̀ς σκῠ́λᾰκᾰς (accusative plural)
σκῠ́λᾰξ (singular vocative)
σκῠ́λᾰκε (dual vocative)
σκῠ́λᾰκες (plural vocative)

Greek: σκύλος m (skýlos, “(male) dog”)

Greek: σκύλα f (skýla, “(female) dog”)

Greek: σκυλί n (skylí, “dog”)

Uncertain. Compare κύλλα (kúlla, “puppy (hapax)”), σκύλιον (skúlion, “dogfish”), σκύλλα (skúlla, “shark”), as well as Old Armenian ցուլ (cʻul, “bull”), Old Irish cuilén (“puppy”), Lithuanian kalė̃ (“bitch, female dog”), and Russian клей (klej). A Proto-Indo-European *(s)kol- (“animal”) is possible, but problematic. Based on the phonetic issues with connecting the similar words mentioned above, Beekes tentatively takes the word as Pre-Greek; it is possible that some, all, or none of the cognates mentioned above are taken from the same substrate continuum.

405 BCE, Euripides, The Bacchae 338

380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 375

young dog, whelp, puppy
(of other young animals) whelp


σκύλιον

σκύλῐον • (skúlion) n (genitive σκῠλίου); second declension

σκύλῐον (canonical)
skúlion (romanization)
σκῠλίου (genitive)
τὸ σκῠ́λῐον (nominative singular)
τὼ σκῠλῐ́ω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ σκῠ́λῐᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ σκῠλῐ́ου (genitive singular)
τοῖν σκῠλῐ́οιν (dual genitive)
τῶν σκῠλῐ́ων (genitive plural)
τῷ σκῠλῐ́ῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν σκῠλῐ́οιν (dative dual)
τοῖς σκῠλῐ́οις (dative plural)
τὸ σκῠ́λῐον (accusative singular)
τὼ σκῠλῐ́ω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ σκῠ́λῐᾰ (accusative plural)
σκῠ́λῐον (singular vocative)
σκῠλῐ́ω (dual vocative)
σκῠ́λῐᾰ (plural vocative)

→ Latin: canicula (calque)

From the root of σκύλαξ (skúlax, “puppy”) + -ιον (-ion, diminutive suffix).

af

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, History of Animals 6.10.10


χαραδριός

grc-noun

χαραδριός • (kharadriós) m (genitive χαραδριοῦ); second declension

kharadriós (romanization)
χαραδριοῦ (genitive)
ὁ χαραδριός (nominative singular)
τὼ χαραδριώ (dual nominative)
οἱ χαραδριοί (nominative plural)
τοῦ χαραδριοῦ (genitive singular)
τοῖν χαραδριοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν χαραδριῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ χαραδριῷ (dative singular)
τοῖν χαραδριοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς χαραδριοῖς (dative plural)
τὸν χαραδριόν (accusative singular)
τὼ χαραδριώ (accusative dual)
τοὺς χαραδριούς (accusative plural)
χαραδριέ (singular vocative)
χαραδριώ (dual vocative)
χαραδριοί (plural vocative)

desctree

→ Old Armenian: քարադր (kʻaradr), քաղանդր (kʻałandr), քաղաթր (kʻałatʻr), քաղարդր (kʻałardr), քաղադր (kʻaładr), քաղդր (kʻałdr), քարադրոս (kʻaradros), քարարդ (kʻarard), քառադր (kʻaṙadr), քաղարդ (kʻałard), քաղանդրոս (kʻałandros), քարադրոն (kʻaradron), կալատրիս (kalatris)
→ Old Georgian: ქალანდრო (kalandro), ქარანდრი (karandri)

desc

→ Old Church Slavonic: харадрїонъ (xaradrionŭ), халадреѡнъ (xaladreonŭ), каладриконъ (kaladrikonŭ), каладринѡнъ (kaladrinonŭ), хадрїонъ (xadrionŭ)

→ Old Georgian: ხარადრიონი (xaradrioni)

→ Latin: charadrius, caladrius

→ Russian: хара́др (xarádr), хара́дрий (xarádrij), кала́дрий (kaládrij), кала́дриус (kaládrius)

The formation is similar to other bird names, like αἰγυπιός (aigupiós), αἰγωλιός (aigōliós) and ἐρῳδιός (erōidiós). Traditionally derived from χαράδρα (kharádra, “dry bed of a river”), but it could be folk etymology.

Ἔστι πετεινὸν, λεγόμενον χαλαδριός
Ésti peteinòn, legómenon khaladriós

(Byzantine) caladrius (a mythical bird that had healing powers)


φώκη

grc-noun

φώκη • (phṓkē) f (genitive φώκης); first declension

phṓkē (romanization)
φώκης (genitive)
ἡ φώκη (nominative singular)
τὼ φώκᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ φῶκαι (nominative plural)
τῆς φώκης (genitive singular)
τοῖν φώκαιν (dual genitive)
τῶν φωκῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ φώκῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν φώκαιν (dative dual)
ταῖς φώκαις (dative plural)
τὴν φώκην (accusative singular)
τὼ φώκᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς φώκᾱς (accusative plural)
φώκη (singular vocative)
φώκᾱ (dual vocative)
φῶκαι (plural vocative)

Greek: φώκια (fókia)

→ Latin: phōca (see there for further descendants), phōcē

→ Old Armenian: փոկ (pʻok)

→ Serbo-Croatian: fȍka/фо̏ка

→ Classical Syriac: ܦܘܩܐ (pōqē)

Of unknown origin. According to Beekes, Pre-Greek.

unk

unknown


φώκαινα

grc-noun

φώκαινᾰ • (phṓkaina) f (genitive φωκαίνης); first declension

φώκαινᾰ (canonical)
phṓkaina (romanization)
φωκαίνης (genitive)
ἡ φώκαινᾰ (nominative singular)
τὼ φωκαίνᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ φώκαιναι (nominative plural)
τῆς φωκαίνης (genitive singular)
τοῖν φωκαίναιν (dual genitive)
τῶν φωκαινῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ φωκαίνῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν φωκαίναιν (dative dual)
ταῖς φωκαίναις (dative plural)
τὴν φώκαινᾰν (accusative singular)
τὼ φωκαίνᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς φωκαίνᾱς (accusative plural)
φώκαινᾰ (singular vocative)
φωκαίνᾱ (dual vocative)
φώκαιναι (plural vocative)

→ Italian: focena

From φώκη (phṓkē, “seal”) + -αινᾰ (-aina).

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, History of Animals 6.12.2

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, History of Animals 8.13.7


φοξῖνος

φοξῖνος • (phoxînos) m (genitive φοξῑ́νου); second declension

phoxînos (romanization)
φοξῑ́νου (genitive)
ὁ φοξῖνος (nominative singular)
τὼ φοξῑ́νω (dual nominative)
οἱ φοξῖνοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ φοξῑ́νου (genitive singular)
τοῖν φοξῑ́νοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν φοξῑ́νων (genitive plural)
τῷ φοξῑ́νῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν φοξῑ́νοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς φοξῑ́νοις (dative plural)
τὸν φοξῖνον (accusative singular)
τὼ φοξῑ́νω (accusative dual)
τοὺς φοξῑ́νους (accusative plural)
φοξῖνε (singular vocative)
φοξῑ́νω (dual vocative)
φοξῖνοι (plural vocative)

→ Translingual: Phoxinus

From φοξός (phoxós, “sharp, pointed”) + -ῖνος (-înos).

af

Δηλοῦσι δ’ ἔνιοι τῶν ποταμίων· εὐθὺς γὰρ γεννώμενοι ὡς εἰπεῖν καὶ μικροὶ ὄντες οἱ φοξῖνοι κυήματ’ ἔχουσιν.

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, History of Animals 6.13.3

Dēloûsi d’ énioi tôn potamíōn; euthùs gàr gennṓmenoi hōs eipeîn kaì mikroì óntes hoi phoxînoi kuḗmat’ ékhousin.

Τίκτουσι δ’ ἐν ταῖς προλιμνάσι τῶν ποταμῶν καὶ τῶν λιμνῶν πρὸς τὰ καλαμώδη, οἷον οἵ τε φοξῖνοι καὶ αἱ πέρκαι.

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, History of Animals 6.14.2

Tíktousi d’ en taîs prolimnási tôn potamôn kaì tôn limnôn pròs tà kalamṓdē, hoîon hoí te phoxînoi kaì hai pérkai.

400 BCE – 300 BCE, Mnesimachus, Philippus 1.33


κύλλα

Hesychius Κ

(hapax) Defined by Hesychius as σκύλαξ (skúlax, “puppy”)


κτῆνος

grc-noun

κτῆνος • (ktênos) n (genitive κτήνους); third declension

ktênos (romanization)
κτήνους (genitive)
τὸ κτῆνος (nominative singular)
τὼ κτήνει (dual nominative)
κτήνεε (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ κτήνεᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ κτήνεος (genitive singular)
κτήνευς (genitive singular)
τοῖν κτηνέοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κτηνέων (genitive plural)
τῷ κτήνει (dative singular)
κτήνεῐ̈ (dative singular)
τοῖν κτηνέοιν (dative dual)
τοῖσῐ (dative plural)
τοῖσῐν κτήνεσῐ (dative plural)
κτήνεσῐν (dative plural)
toîsi ktḗnesi (dative plural)
toîsi ktḗnesin (dative plural)
toîsini (dative plural)
toîsinin (dative plural)
τὸ κτῆνος (accusative singular)
τὼ κτήνει (accusative dual)
κτήνεε (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ κτήνεᾰ (accusative plural)
κτῆνος (singular vocative)
κτήνει (dual vocative)
κτήνεε (dual vocative)
κτήνεᾰ (plural vocative)
τὸ κτῆνος (nominative singular)
τὼ κτήνει (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ κτήνη (nominative plural)
τοῦ κτήνους (genitive singular)
τοῖν κτηνοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν κτηνῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ κτήνει (dative singular)
τοῖν κτηνοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς κτήνεσῐ (dative plural)
κτήνεσῐν (dative plural)
toîs ktḗnesi (dative plural)
toîs ktḗnesin (dative plural)
τὸ κτῆνος (accusative singular)
τὼ κτήνει (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ κτήνη (accusative plural)
κτῆνος (singular vocative)
κτήνει (dual vocative)
κτήνη (plural vocative)

Greek: κτήνος (ktínos)

(chiefly in the plural) A domestic animal, livestock


κυνόμυια

κυνόμυια • (kunómuia) f (genitive κυνομυίας); first declension

kunómuia (romanization)
κυνομυίας (genitive)

κύων (kúōn) + μυῖα (muîa)

compound

κύων (kúōn) + μυῖα (muîa)

300 BCE – 200 BCE, Septuagint, Exodus 8.17


ἀκρίς

grc-noun

ᾰ̓κρῐ́ς • (akrís) f (genitive ᾰ̓κρῐ́δος); third declension

ᾰ̓κρῐ́ς (canonical)
akrís (romanization)
ᾰ̓κρῐ́δος (genitive)
ἡ ᾰ̓κρῐ́ς (nominative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓κρῐ́δε (dual nominative)
αἱ ᾰ̓κρῐ́δες (nominative plural)
τῆς ᾰ̓κρῐ́δος (genitive singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓κρῐ́δοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ᾰ̓κρῐ́δων (genitive plural)
τῇ ᾰ̓κρῐ́δῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓κρῐ́δοιν (dative dual)
ταῖς ᾰ̓κρῐ́σῐ (dative plural)
ᾰ̓κρῐ́σῐν (dative plural)
taîs akrísi (dative plural)
taîs akrísin (dative plural)
τὴν ᾰ̓κρῐ́δᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓κρῐ́δε (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ᾰ̓κρῐ́δᾰς (accusative plural)
ᾰ̓κρῐ́ς (singular vocative)
ᾰ̓κρῐ́δε (dual vocative)
ᾰ̓κρῐ́δες (plural vocative)

Hardly related to κρίζω (krízō, “to creak”). Winter connects it with κέρκα (kérka, “grasshopper”), suggesting a Pre-Greek origin, which is quite probable for a grasshopper.

καὶ ἦν ὁ Ἰωάνης ἐνδεδυμένος τρίχας καμήλου καὶ ζώνην δερματίνην περὶ τὴν ὀσφὺν αὐτοῦ,
καὶ ἔσθων ἀκρίδας καὶ μέλι ἄγριον.
kaì ên ho Iōánēs endeduménos tríkhas kamḗlou kaì zṓnēn dermatínēn perì tḕn osphùn autoû,

And John was clothed in camel hairs and a leather belt around his loins,
and [he was] eating locust( bean)s and wild honey.

locust bean: the fruit of the carob tree


ὄρυξ

ὄρυξ • (órux) m (genitive ὄρῠγος); third declension

órux (romanization)
ὄρῠγος (genitive)
ὁ ὄρῠξ (nominative singular)
τὼ ὄρῠγε (dual nominative)
οἱ ὄρῠγες (nominative plural)
τοῦ ὄρῠγος (genitive singular)
τοῖν ὀρῠ́γοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ὀρῠ́γων (genitive plural)
τῷ ὄρῠγῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν ὀρῠ́γοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ὄρῠξῐ (dative plural)
ὄρῠξῐν (dative plural)
toîs óruxi (dative plural)
toîs óruxin (dative plural)
τὸν ὄρῠγᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ ὄρῠγε (accusative dual)
τοὺς ὄρῠγᾰς (accusative plural)
ὄρῠξ (singular vocative)
ὄρῠγε (dual vocative)
ὄρῠγες (plural vocative)

Related to ὀρύσσω (orússō, “I dig, scrape”), though this is likely a derivative of ὄρυξ. Likely cognate with Latin runcō (“I grub up”). The sense of oryx is likely a loanword accreted by analogy with the animal's pointed horns.

A pickaxe or other sharp iron digging tool


καρίς

κᾱρῑ́ς • (kārī́s) f (genitive κᾱρῖδος); third declension

κᾱρῑ́ς (canonical)
kārī́s (romanization)
κᾱρῖδος (genitive)
ἡ κᾱρῑ́ς (nominative singular)
τὼ κᾱρῖδε (dual nominative)
αἱ κᾱρῖδες (nominative plural)
τῆς κᾱρῖδος (genitive singular)
τοῖν κᾱρῑ́δοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κᾱρῑ́δων (genitive plural)
τῇ κᾱρῖδῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν κᾱρῑ́δοιν (dative dual)
ταῖς κᾱρῖσῐ (dative plural)
κᾱρῖσῐν (dative plural)
taîs kārîsi (dative plural)
taîs kārîsin (dative plural)
τὴν κᾱρῖδᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ κᾱρῖδε (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς κᾱρῖδᾰς (accusative plural)
κᾱρῑ́ς (singular vocative)
κᾱρῖδε (dual vocative)
κᾱρῖδες (plural vocative)

→ Old Armenian: կարիտոս (karitos)

The variations may point to a Pre-Greek word. Frisk derives it as a short popular form of κάραβος (kárabos, “kind of crayfish, beetle”). The exact derivation is unknown, but the element /kaɾ/ connects many names for shrimps, crayfish, scorpions and crabs, about which see Persian خرچنگ (xarčang, “crab”) and Old Armenian կարիճ (karič, “scorpion”).


θύννος

θῠ́ννος • (thúnnos) m (genitive θῠ́ννου); second declension

θῠ́ννος (canonical)
thúnnos (romanization)
θῠ́ννου (genitive)
ὁ θῠ́ννος (nominative singular)
τὼ θῠ́ννω (dual nominative)
οἱ θῠ́ννοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ θῠ́ννου (genitive singular)
τοῖν θῠ́ννοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν θῠ́ννων (genitive plural)
τῷ θῠ́ννῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν θῠ́ννοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς θῠ́ννοις (dative plural)
τὸν θῠ́ννον (accusative singular)
τὼ θῠ́ννω (accusative dual)
τοὺς θῠ́ννους (accusative plural)
θῠ́ννε (singular vocative)
θῠ́ννω (dual vocative)
θῠ́ννοι (plural vocative)

→ Classical Syriac: ܬܘܢܘܣ (tūnnōs)

desctree

→ Latin: thunnus, thynnus, tunnus
French: thon
→ Romanian: ton
→ Turkish: ton
Friulian: ton
Italian: tonno
Occitan: ton
→ Arabic: تُنّ (tunn)
→ Portuguese: atum
→ Spanish: atún
→ English: tuna
→ Arabic: تونة
→ Welsh: tiwna
→ German: Thun, Thunfisch
→ Translingual: Thunnus

→ Old Armenian: թիւնոս (tʻiwnos)

→ Old Georgian: თჳნასი (twinasi)

From Phoenician equivalent to Ugaritic 𐎚𐎐𐎐 (tnn /tunnanu/) and Hebrew תַּנִּין (tannīn, “water animal, sea monster”) and also attested in three tophet stelae at Hadrumetum in the name of the peninsula in front of Monastir 𐤀𐤉𐤕𐤍𐤌 (ʾytnm /ʾī tunnīm/, literally “Island of Tunnies”) referring to its Tonnara.


ἁλιάετος

grc-noun

ᾰ̔λῐᾱ́ετος • (haliā́etos) m (genitive ᾰ̔λῐᾱέτου); second declension

ᾰ̔λῐᾱ́ετος (canonical)
haliā́etos (romanization)
ᾰ̔λῐᾱέτου (genitive)
ὁ ᾰ̔λῐᾱ́ετος (nominative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̔λῐᾱέτω (dual nominative)
οἱ ᾰ̔λῐᾱ́ετοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ ᾰ̔λῐᾱέτου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̔λῐᾱέτοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ᾰ̔λῐᾱέτων (genitive plural)
τῷ ᾰ̔λῐᾱέτῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̔λῐᾱέτοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ᾰ̔λῐᾱέτοις (dative plural)
τὸν ᾰ̔λῐᾱ́ετον (accusative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̔λῐᾱέτω (accusative dual)
τοὺς ᾰ̔λῐᾱέτους (accusative plural)
ᾰ̔λῐᾱ́ετε (singular vocative)
ᾰ̔λῐᾱέτω (dual vocative)
ᾰ̔λῐᾱ́ετοι (plural vocative)

Latin: haliaeetus

Translingual: haliaetus

From ᾰ̔́λς (háls, “salt, sea”) + ᾱ̓ετός (āetós, “eagle”).

af

Pandion haliaetus
Pandion haliaetus#Translingual

Haliaeetus albicilla
Haliaeetus albicilla#Translingual

uncertain: probably osprey (Pandion haliaetus) or white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla)


ἴυγξ

grc-noun

ἴυγξ • (íunx) f (genitive ἴυγγος); third declension

íunx (romanization)
ἴυγγος (genitive)
ἡ ἴυγξ (nominative singular)
τὼ ἴυγγε (dual nominative)
αἱ ἴυγγες (nominative plural)
τῆς ἴυγγος (genitive singular)
τοῖν ἰύγγοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ἰύγγων (genitive plural)
τῇ ἴυγγῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν ἰύγγοιν (dative dual)
ταῖς ἴυγξῐ (dative plural)
ἴυγξῐν (dative plural)
taîs íunxi (dative plural)
taîs íunxin (dative plural)
τὴν ἴυγγᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ ἴυγγε (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ἴυγγᾰς (accusative plural)
ἴυγξ (singular vocative)
ἴυγγε (dual vocative)
ἴυγγες (plural vocative)

desctree

Latin: iynx
→ Translingual: Jynx
→ English: jynx, ⇒ jyngine

From ἰύζω (iúzō, “shout, yell”). Beekes reconstructs Pre-Greek *wʲug-.

425 BCE, Aristophanes, Lysistrata 1110

Jynx torquilla
Jynx torquilla#Translingual

Eurasian wryneck (Jynx torquilla)
(figuratively) spell, charm

Eurasian wryneck (Jynx torquilla)
spell, charm

472 BCE, Aeschylus, The Persians 989

Eurasian wryneck (Jynx torquilla)
passionate yearning

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, History of Animals 2.12.4

350 BCE, Aristotle, Parts of Animals 4.12.35

175 CE – 235 CE, Claudius Aelianus, On the Nature of Animals 6.19

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Memorabilia 3.11.17


βόνασος

grc-noun

βόνᾱσος • (bónāsos) m (genitive βονᾱ́σου); second declension

βόνᾱσος (canonical)
bónāsos (romanization)
βονᾱ́σου (genitive)
ὁ βόνᾱσος (nominative singular)
τὼ βονᾱ́σω (dual nominative)
οἱ βόνᾱσοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ βονᾱ́σου (genitive singular)
τοῖν βονᾱ́σοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν βονᾱ́σων (genitive plural)
τῷ βονᾱ́σῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν βονᾱ́σοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς βονᾱ́σοις (dative plural)
τὸν βόνᾱσον (accusative singular)
τὼ βονᾱ́σω (accusative dual)
τοὺς βονᾱ́σους (accusative plural)
βόνᾱσε (singular vocative)
βονᾱ́σω (dual vocative)
βόνᾱσοι (plural vocative)

→ Latin: bonāsus

Unexplained. Generally considered to be a loanword from an Proto-Indo-European language. There have been attempts to connect it with βόλινθος (bólinthos), which is quite uncertain. Furnée tries to connect it with μόναπος (mónapos).

unk

Unexplained


κυνοκέφαλος

grc-noun

κῠνοκέφᾰλος • (kunoképhalos) m (genitive κῠνοκεφάλου); second declension

κῠνοκέφᾰλος (canonical)
kunoképhalos (romanization)
κῠνοκεφάλου (genitive)
ὁ κῠνοκέφᾰλος (nominative singular)
τὼ κῠνοκεφᾰ́λω (dual nominative)
οἱ κῠνοκέφᾰλοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ κῠνοκεφᾰ́λου (genitive singular)
τοῖν κῠνοκεφᾰ́λοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κῠνοκεφᾰ́λων (genitive plural)
τῷ κῠνοκεφᾰ́λῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν κῠνοκεφᾰ́λοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς κῠνοκεφᾰ́λοις (dative plural)
τὸν κῠνοκέφᾰλον (accusative singular)
τὼ κῠνοκεφᾰ́λω (accusative dual)
τοὺς κῠνοκεφᾰ́λους (accusative plural)
κῠνοκέφᾰλε (singular vocative)
κῠνοκεφᾰ́λω (dual vocative)
κῠνοκέφᾰλοι (plural vocative)

A compound of κύων (kúōn, “dog”) + κέφαλος (képhalos, “head”)


κῆβος

grc-noun

κῆβος • (kêbos) m (genitive κήβου); second declension

kêbos (romanization)
κήβου (genitive)
ὁ κῆβος (nominative singular)
τὼ κήβω (dual nominative)
οἱ κῆβοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ κήβου (genitive singular)
τοῖν κήβοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κήβων (genitive plural)
τῷ κήβῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν κήβοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς κήβοις (dative plural)
τὸν κῆβον (accusative singular)
τὼ κήβω (accusative dual)
τοὺς κήβους (accusative plural)
κῆβε (singular vocative)
κήβω (dual vocative)
κῆβοι (plural vocative)

→ Latin: cephus

→ Translingual: Cebus

The Greek, but also the Latin variants, point to a Pre-Greek word. It was previously compared with Sanskrit कपि (kapi, “ape”) and Hebrew קוּף (qōf, “ape”) and assumed to be a loan from an unknown source.


ὄρτυξ

ὄρτῠξ • (órtux) m (genitive ὄρτῠγος or ὄρτῠκος); third declension

ὄρτῠξ (canonical)
órtux (romanization)
ὄρτῠγος (genitive)
ὄρτῠκος (genitive)
ὁ ὄρτῠξ (nominative singular)
τὼ ὄρτῠγε (dual nominative)
οἱ ὄρτῠγες (nominative plural)
τοῦ ὄρτῠγος (genitive singular)
τοῖν ὀρτῠ́γοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ὀρτῠ́γων (genitive plural)
τῷ ὄρτῠγῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν ὀρτῠ́γοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ὄρτῠξῐ (dative plural)
ὄρτῠξῐν (dative plural)
toîs órtuxi (dative plural)
toîs órtuxin (dative plural)
τὸν ὄρτῠγᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ ὄρτῠγε (accusative dual)
τοὺς ὄρτῠγᾰς (accusative plural)
ὄρτῠξ (singular vocative)
ὄρτῠγε (dual vocative)
ὄρτῠγες (plural vocative)
ὁ ὄρτῠξ (nominative singular)
τὼ ὄρτῠκε (dual nominative)
οἱ ὄρτῠκες (nominative plural)
τοῦ ὄρτῠκος (genitive singular)
τοῖν ὀρτῠ́κοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ὀρτῠ́κων (genitive plural)
τῷ ὄρτῠκῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν ὀρτῠ́κοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ὄρτῠξῐ (dative plural)
ὄρτῠξῐν (dative plural)
toîs órtuxi (dative plural)
toîs órtuxin (dative plural)
τὸν ὄρτῠκᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ ὄρτῠκε (accusative dual)
τοὺς ὄρτῠκᾰς (accusative plural)
ὄρτῠξ (singular vocative)
ὄρτῠκε (dual vocative)
ὄρτῠκες (plural vocative)

→ Latin: ortyx

Presumably from Proto-Indo-European *wort-, whence also Sanskrit वर्तिका (vártikā), वर्तक (vartaka), but this does not account for the alternation of the ending -ῠγος (-ugos) ~ -ῠκος (-ukos), which Beekes considers characteristically Pre-Greek.

Coturnix coturnix
Coturnix coturnix#Translingual


ψάρ

ψᾱ́ρ • (psā́r) m (genitive ψᾱρός); third declension

ψᾱ́ρ (canonical)
psā́r (romanization)
ψᾱρός (genitive)
ὁ ψᾱ́ρ (nominative singular)
τὼ ψᾶρε (dual nominative)
οἱ ψᾶρες (nominative plural)
τοῦ ψᾱρός (genitive singular)
τοῖν ψᾱροῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν ψᾱρῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ ψᾱρῐ́ (dative singular)
τοῖν ψᾱροῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς ψᾱρσῐ́ (dative plural)
ψᾱρσῐ́ν (dative plural)
toîs psārsí (dative plural)
toîs psārsín (dative plural)
τὸν ψᾶρᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ ψᾶρε (accusative dual)
τοὺς ψᾶρᾰς (accusative plural)
ψᾱ́ρ (singular vocative)
ψᾶρε (dual vocative)
ψᾶρες (plural vocative)

From Proto-Hellenic *spḗr, from Proto-Indo-European *spḗr (“sparrow, bird”). Cognate with English sparrow.

der

τῶν δ’ ὥς τε ψαρῶν νέφος ἔρχεται ἠὲ κολοιῶν οὖλον κεκλήγοντες...

And as a cloud of starlings or daws flies, shrieking cries of doom...

tôn d’ hṓs te psarôn néphos érkhetai ēè koloiôn oûlon keklḗgontes...

Sturnus vulgaris
Sturnus vulgaris#Translingual


βράγχιον

grc-noun

βρᾰ́γχῐον • (bránkhion) n (genitive βρᾰγχῐ́ου); second declension

βρᾰ́γχῐον (canonical)
bránkhion (romanization)
βρᾰγχῐ́ου (genitive)
τὸ βρᾰ́γχῐον (nominative singular)
τὼ βρᾰγχῐ́ω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ βρᾰ́γχῐᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ βρᾰγχῐ́ου (genitive singular)
τοῖν βρᾰγχῐ́οιν (dual genitive)
τῶν βρᾰγχῐ́ων (genitive plural)
τῷ βρᾰγχῐ́ῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν βρᾰγχῐ́οιν (dative dual)
τοῖς βρᾰγχῐ́οις (dative plural)
τὸ βρᾰ́γχῐον (accusative singular)
τὼ βρᾰγχῐ́ω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ βρᾰ́γχῐᾰ (accusative plural)
βρᾰ́γχῐον (singular vocative)
βρᾰγχῐ́ω (dual vocative)
βρᾰ́γχῐᾰ (plural vocative)

Greek: βράγχιο (vránchio)

desctree

Latin: branchia
→ Catalan: brànquia
→ English: branchia
→ Spanish: branchia
→ French: branchie
Italian: branchia
Sicilian: vranchia

Possible relation to βρόγχος (brónkhos, “trachea, windpipe, throat”), βρογχία (bronkhía, “system of ducts connecting heart with liver”).


γρύψ

grc-noun

γρῡ́ψ • (grū́ps) m (genitive γρῡπός); third declension

γρῡ́ψ (canonical)
grū́ps (romanization)
γρῡπός (genitive)
ὁ γρῡ́ψ (nominative singular)
τὼ γρῦπε (dual nominative)
οἱ γρῦπες (nominative plural)
τοῦ γρῡπός (genitive singular)
τοῖν γρῡποῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν γρῡπῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ γρῡπῐ́ (dative singular)
τοῖν γρῡποῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς γρῡψῐ́ (dative plural)
γρῡψῐ́ν (dative plural)
toîs grūpsí (dative plural)
toîs grūpsín (dative plural)
τὸν γρῦπᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ γρῦπε (accusative dual)
τοὺς γρῦπᾰς (accusative plural)
γρῡ́ψ (singular vocative)
γρῦπε (dual vocative)
γρῦπες (plural vocative)

Greek: γρύπας (grýpas)

→ Latin: grȳps (see there for further descendants)

→ Russian: грифо́н (grifón)

Uncertain. Commonly linked to γρυπός (grupós, “curved”), which is from Proto-Indo-European *ger- (“to turn, twist, bend, wind”), related to Old English crumb, crump (“bent, crooked”), Old High German krump.
Beekes and Klein dismiss an Indo-European origin and instead suggest Pre-Greek; possibly borrowed via Hittite or some other Anatolian medium from a Semitic word related to Akkadian 𒅗𒆕𒁍 (karūbu) and Hebrew כרוב (kerúv).

der

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 3.116, (compare Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 395)


σφήξ

grc-noun

σφήξ • (sphḗx) m (genitive σφηκός); third declension

sphḗx (romanization)
σφηκός (genitive)
ὁ σφήξ (nominative singular)
τὼ σφῆκε (dual nominative)
οἱ σφῆκες (nominative plural)
τοῦ σφηκός (genitive singular)
τοῖν σφηκοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν σφηκῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ σφηκῐ́ (dative singular)
τοῖν σφηκοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς σφηξῐ́ (dative plural)
σφηξῐ́ν (dative plural)
toîs sphēxí (dative plural)
toîs sphēxín (dative plural)
τὸν σφῆκᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ σφῆκε (accusative dual)
τοὺς σφῆκᾰς (accusative plural)
σφήξ (singular vocative)
σφῆκε (dual vocative)
σφῆκες (plural vocative)

Greek: σφήκα (sfíka)

Translingual (genus name): Sphex

→ English: sphex

Generally considered to be from Proto-Indo-European *bʰey- (“bee”). Beekes rejects this in favor of a Pre-Greek origin possibly shared with ψήν (psḗn, “gall-insect”). Or, possible connection with σφάκελος (sphákelos, “necrosis, spasm, convulsion”), referring to the sting, though the sense remains uncertain.
Compare Latin fūcus (“drone, bee”).


πρόβατον

πρόβατον • (próbaton) n (genitive προβάτου); second declension

próbaton (romanization)
προβάτου (genitive)
τὸ πρόβατον (nominative singular)
τὼ προβάτω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ πρόβατᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ προβάτου (genitive singular)
τοῖν προβάτοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν προβάτων (genitive plural)
τῷ προβάτῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν προβάτοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς προβάτοις (dative plural)
τὸ πρόβατον (accusative singular)
τὼ προβάτω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ πρόβατᾰ (accusative plural)
πρόβατον (singular vocative)
προβάτω (dual vocative)
πρόβατᾰ (plural vocative)

Greek: πρόβατο (próvato)

Mariupol Greek: про́вату (próvatu)

From προβαίνω (probaínō, “to go on”) + -τος (-tos).

, ἀρήν (arḗn)

414 BCE, Aristophanes, The Birds 714

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 2.14

Oppian, Halieutica 1.146

Oppian, Halieutica 3.139

175 CE – 235 CE, Claudius Aelianus, On the Nature of Animals 9.38


ἀρνίον

ἀρνίον • (arníon) n (genitive ἀρνίου); second declension

arníon (romanization)
ἀρνίου (genitive)
τὸ ἀρνῐ́ον (nominative singular)
τὼ ἀρνῐ́ω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ ἀρνῐ́ᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ ἀρνῐ́ου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ἀρνῐ́οιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ἀρνῐ́ων (genitive plural)
τῷ ἀρνῐ́ῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ἀρνῐ́οιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ἀρνῐ́οις (dative plural)
τὸ ἀρνῐ́ον (accusative singular)
τὼ ἀρνῐ́ω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ ἀρνῐ́ᾰ (accusative plural)
ἀρνῐ́ον (singular vocative)
ἀρνῐ́ω (dual vocative)
ἀρνῐ́ᾰ (plural vocative)

Byzantine Greek: ἀρνίν (arnín)

Greek: αρνί (arní)

Mariupol Greek: арны́ (arný)

ἀρήν (arḗn, “lamb, sheep”) + -ιον (-ion, diminutive).

af

125 CE – 200 CE, Lucian, The Dance 43


φάλλαινα

grc-noun

φάλλαινᾰ • (phállaina) f (genitive φαλλαίνης); first declension

φάλλαινᾰ (canonical)
phállaina (romanization)
φαλλαίνης (genitive)
ἡ φάλλαινᾰ (nominative singular)
αἱ φάλλαιναι (nominative plural)
τῆς φαλλαίνης (genitive singular)
τῶν φαλλαινῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ φαλλαίνῃ (dative singular)
ταῖς φαλλαίναις (dative plural)
τὴν φάλλαινᾰν (accusative singular)
τᾱ̀ς φαλλαίνᾱς (accusative plural)
φάλλαινᾰ (singular vocative)
φάλλαιναι (plural vocative)

Greek: φάλαινα (fálaina) (see there for further descendants)

→ Latin: ballaena (see there for further descendants)

Traditionally derived, according to Pokorny, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰel- (“to swell”); see also φαλλός (phallós, “penis, phallus”). However, Beekes considers the word Pre-Greek due to variation between the single and geminate λ in its variant forms.


πνιγεύς

πνῐγεύς • (pnigeús) m (genitive πνῐγέως); third declension

πνῐγεύς (canonical)
pnigeús (romanization)
πνῐγέως (genitive)
ὁ πνῐγεύς (nominative singular)
τὼ πνῐγῆ (dual nominative)
οἱ πνῐγῆς (nominative plural)
πνῐγεῖς (nominative plural)
τοῦ πνῐγέως (genitive singular)
τοῖν πνῐγέοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν πνῐγέων (genitive plural)
τῷ πνῐγεῖ (dative singular)
τοῖν πνῐγέοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς πνῐγεῦσῐ (dative plural)
πνῐγεῦσῐν (dative plural)
toîs pnigeûsi (dative plural)
toîs pnigeûsin (dative plural)
τὸν πνῐγέᾱ (accusative singular)
τὼ πνῐγῆ (accusative dual)
τοὺς πνῐγέᾱς (accusative plural)
πνῐγεῦ (singular vocative)
πνῐγῆ (dual vocative)
πνῐγῆς (plural vocative)
πνῐγεῖς (plural vocative)

From πνῑ́γω (pnī́gō, “to choke, stifle”) + -εύς (-eús, masculine agentive suffix).

suffix

hydraulic instrument in which air is pent up


αἴθυια

grc-noun

αἴθυιᾰ • (aíthuia) f (genitive αἰθυίᾱς); first declension

αἴθυιᾰ (canonical)
aíthuia (romanization)
αἰθυίᾱς (genitive)
ἡ αἴθυιᾰ (nominative singular)
τὼ αἰθυίᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ αἴθυιαι (nominative plural)
τῆς αἰθυίᾱς (genitive singular)
τοῖν αἰθυίαιν (dual genitive)
τῶν αἰθυιῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ αἰθυίᾳ (dative singular)
τοῖν αἰθυίαιν (dative dual)
ταῖς αἰθυίαις (dative plural)
τὴν αἴθυιᾰν (accusative singular)
τὼ αἰθυίᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς αἰθυίᾱς (accusative plural)
αἴθυιᾰ (singular vocative)
αἰθυίᾱ (dual vocative)
αἴθυιαι (plural vocative)

Latin: aethia

Translingual: Aethia (genus name)

Usually derived from αἴθω (aíthō, “to kindle”), comparing αἰθός (aithós, “sparkling, glowing; dark-coloured”). However, Beekes suggests a Pre-Greek origin of the word, in view of the suffix "-υια", found also in ἄγυια (águia, “street, highway”), ἅρπυια (hárpuia, “harpy”) and κώδυια (kṓduia, “head; bulb”).


χέλυς

χέλῡς or χέλῠς • (khélūs or khélus) f (genitive χέλῠος); third declension

χέλῡς (canonical)
χέλῠς (canonical)
khélūs (romanization)
khélus (romanization)
χέλῠος (genitive)
χέλῡς (nominative singular)
χέλῠε (dual nominative)
χέλῠες (nominative plural)
χέλῠος (genitive singular)
χελῠ́οιῐν (dual genitive)
χελῠ́ων (genitive plural)
χέλῠῐ̈ (dative singular)
χέλυι (dative singular)
χελῠ́οιῐν (dative dual)
χελῠ́εσσῐ (dative plural)
χελῠ́εσσῐν (dative plural)
χέλῡσῐ (dative plural)
χέλῡσῐν (dative plural)
χέλῡσσῐ (dative plural)
χέλῡσσῐν (dative plural)
khelúessi (dative plural)
khelúessin (dative plural)
khélūsi (dative plural)
khélūsin (dative plural)
khélūssi (dative plural)
khélūssin (dative plural)
χέλῡν (accusative singular)
χέλῠε (accusative dual)
χέλῡς (accusative plural)
χέλῠᾰς (accusative plural)
χέλῡ (singular vocative)
χέλῠε (dual vocative)
χέλῠες (plural vocative)
ἡ χέλῠς (nominative singular)
τὼ χέλῠε (dual nominative)
αἱ χέλῠες (nominative plural)
τῆς χέλῠος (genitive singular)
τοῖν χελῠ́οιν (dual genitive)
τῶν χελῠ́ων (genitive plural)
τῇ χέλῠῐ̈ (dative singular)
χέλυι (dative singular)
τοῖν χελῠ́οιν (dative dual)
ταῖς χέλῠσῐ (dative plural)
χέλῠσῐν (dative plural)
taîs khélusi (dative plural)
taîs khélusin (dative plural)
τὴν χέλῠν (accusative singular)
τὼ χέλῠε (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς χέλῡς (accusative plural)
χέλῠᾰς (accusative plural)
χέλῠ (singular vocative)
χέλῠε (dual vocative)
χέλῠες (plural vocative)

Latin: chelys

Related to χελώνη (khelṓnē, “tortoise”); see there for more.

315 BCE – 240 BCE, Aratus, Phaenomena 268


ἐμύς

ἐμῠ́ς • (emús) f (genitive ἐμῠ́δος); third declension

ἐμῠ́ς (canonical)
emús (romanization)
ἐμῠ́δος (genitive)
ὁ (nominative singular)
ἡ ἐμῠ́ς (nominative singular)
τὼ ἐμῠ́δε (dual nominative)
οἱ (nominative plural)
αἱ ἐμῠ́δες (nominative plural)
τοῦ (genitive singular)
τῆς ἐμῠ́δος (genitive singular)
τοῖν ἐμῠ́δοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ἐμῠ́δων (genitive plural)
τῷ (dative singular)
τῇ ἐμῠ́δῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν ἐμῠ́δοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς (dative plural)
ταῖς ἐμῠ́σῐ (dative plural)
ἐμῠ́σῐν (dative plural)
toîs (dative plural)
taîs emúsi (dative plural)
taîs emúsin (dative plural)
τὸν (accusative singular)
τὴν ἐμῠ́δᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ ἐμῠ́δε (accusative dual)
τοὺς (accusative plural)
τᾱ̀ς ἐμῠ́δᾰς (accusative plural)
ἐμῠ́ς (singular vocative)
ἐμῠ́δε (dual vocative)
ἐμῠ́δες (plural vocative)

→ Latin: emys

→ English: emys

→ Translingual: Emys

Unknown. Sommer derives it from ἐμέω (eméō, “to vomit”), because the animal, when breathing out below the surface of water, continuously releases air bubbles. However, Beekes states that -ud- is not an Indo-European suffix, concluding that the word is probably Pre-Greek. The variation ἀ-/ἐ- is also proof of substrate origin.

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, History of Animals 5.33

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, History of Animals 8.2


ψώρα

ψώρᾱ • (psṓrā) f (genitive ψώρᾱς); first declension

ψώρᾱ (canonical)
psṓrā (romanization)
ψώρᾱς (genitive)
ἡ ψώρᾱ (nominative singular)
τὼ ψώρᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ ψῶραι (nominative plural)
τῆς ψώρᾱς (genitive singular)
τοῖν ψώραιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ψωρῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ ψώρᾳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ψώραιν (dative dual)
ταῖς ψώραις (dative plural)
τὴν ψώρᾱν (accusative singular)
τὼ ψώρᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ψώρᾱς (accusative plural)
ψώρᾱ (singular vocative)
ψώρᾱ (dual vocative)
ψῶραι (plural vocative)

> Greek: ψώρα (psóra) (inherited)

desctree

> Pontic Greek: ψώρα (psóra) (inherited)
→ Laz: მსორა (msora), სორა (sora)

→ Latin: psōra
→ English: psora (learned)
→ French: psora, psore (learned)

According to Beekes, from the same Pre-Greek root of ψάω (psáō, “to rub, wipe”), ψωμός (psōmós, “morsel, bit”), ψωλός (psōlós, “circumcised”), ψωρός (psōrós, “itchy, mangy”) and ψωχός (psōkhós, “sandy”). The word has also been compared to Lithuanian sóra (“millet”).


σκυτάλη

grc-noun

σκῠτάλη • (skutálē) f (genitive σκῠτάλης); first declension

σκῠτάλη (canonical)
skutálē (romanization)
σκῠτάλης (genitive)
ἡ σκῠτάλη (nominative singular)
τὼ σκῠτάλᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ σκῠτάλαι (nominative plural)
τῆς σκῠτάλης (genitive singular)
τοῖν σκῠτάλαιν (dual genitive)
τῶν σκῠταλῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ σκῠτάλῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν σκῠτάλαιν (dative dual)
ταῖς σκῠτάλαις (dative plural)
τὴν σκῠτάλην (accusative singular)
τὼ σκῠτάλᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς σκῠτάλᾱς (accusative plural)
σκῠτάλη (singular vocative)
σκῠτάλᾱ (dual vocative)
σκῠτάλαι (plural vocative)

desc

إِسْقَاطُولِيّ

→ Arabic: إِسْقَاطُولِيّ (ʔisqāṭūliyy, “the beam of wood or handle or lever used in simple machines”)

→ Latin: scytalē

unk

unknown

A pole or staff like those of a sedan chair

A serpent of uniform roundness and thickness


σπάλαξ

grc-noun

σπᾰ́λᾰξ • (spálax) f (genitive σπᾰ́λᾰκος); third declension

σπᾰ́λᾰξ (canonical)
spálax (romanization)
σπᾰ́λᾰκος (genitive)
ἡ σπᾰ́λᾰξ (nominative singular)
τὼ σπᾰ́λᾰκε (dual nominative)
αἱ σπᾰ́λᾰκες (nominative plural)
τῆς σπᾰ́λᾰκος (genitive singular)
τοῖν σπᾰλᾰ́κοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν σπᾰλᾰ́κων (genitive plural)
τῇ σπᾰ́λᾰκῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν σπᾰλᾰ́κοιν (dative dual)
ταῖς σπᾰ́λᾰξῐ (dative plural)
σπᾰ́λᾰξῐν (dative plural)
taîs spálaxi (dative plural)
taîs spálaxin (dative plural)
τὴν σπᾰ́λᾰκᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ σπᾰ́λᾰκε (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς σπᾰ́λᾰκᾰς (accusative plural)
σπᾰ́λᾰξ (singular vocative)
σπᾰ́λᾰκε (dual vocative)
σπᾰ́λᾰκες (plural vocative)

Translingual: Spalax, Spalacolestes, Spalacolestinae, Spalacotheriidae, Spalacotheridium, Spalacotherium, Spalacotheroides,

According to Beekes, of Pre-Greek origin.

Greater blind mole-rat, Spalax microphthalmus


κίσσα

κίσσᾰ • (kíssa) f (genitive κίσσης); first declension

κίσσᾰ (canonical)
kíssa (romanization)
κίσσης (genitive)
ἡ κῐ́σσᾰ (nominative singular)
τὼ κῐ́σσᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ κῐ́σσαι (nominative plural)
τῆς κῐ́σσης (genitive singular)
τοῖν κῐ́σσαιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κῐσσῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ κῐ́σσῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν κῐ́σσαιν (dative dual)
ταῖς κῐ́σσαις (dative plural)
τὴν κῐ́σσᾰν (accusative singular)
τὼ κῐ́σσᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς κῐ́σσᾱς (accusative plural)
κῐ́σσᾰ (singular vocative)
κῐ́σσᾱ (dual vocative)
κῐ́σσαι (plural vocative)

Greek: κίσσα (kíssa)

→ Translingual: Cissa

From an onomatopoeic root, similar to Sanskrit कीकि (kīki, “jay”), किकिदीवि (kikidīvi, “blue jay; partridge”) and Old English higora (“magpie”).

onomatopoeic

onomatopoeic

Garrulus glandarius
Garrulus glandarius#Translingual


κάμμαρος

grc-noun

κᾰ́μμᾰρος • (kámmaros) m (genitive κᾰμμᾰ́ρου); second declension

κᾰ́μμᾰρος (canonical)
kámmaros (romanization)
κᾰμμᾰ́ρου (genitive)
ὁ κᾰ́μμᾰρος (nominative singular)
τὼ κᾰμμᾰ́ρω (dual nominative)
οἱ κᾰ́μμᾰροι (nominative plural)
τοῦ κᾰμμᾰ́ρου (genitive singular)
τοῖν κᾰμμᾰ́ροιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κᾰμμᾰ́ρων (genitive plural)
τῷ κᾰμμᾰ́ρῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν κᾰμμᾰ́ροιν (dative dual)
τοῖς κᾰμμᾰ́ροις (dative plural)
τὸν κᾰ́μμᾰρον (accusative singular)
τὼ κᾰμμᾰ́ρω (accusative dual)
τοὺς κᾰμμᾰ́ρους (accusative plural)
κᾰ́μμᾰρε (singular vocative)
κᾰμμᾰ́ρω (dual vocative)
κᾰ́μμᾰροι (plural vocative)

desctree

Latin: cammarus
Italian: camarón
Italian: gambero
Occitan: chambre, gambre
Old French: jamble
Portuguese: camarão
Spanish: cámaro, cámbaro, camarón, gámbaro

From Pre-Greek. This term is potentially a cognate of Danish hummer, Old Norse humarr (“lobster”) (which is the source of French homard).

Ps.-Dsc. 3.73

Consolida ajacis
Consolida ajacis#Translingual

Delphinium ajacis
Delphinium ajacis#Translingual

(medicine) a kind of aconite (used as a cooling medicine)

larkspur, Consolida ajacis (syn. Delphinium ajacis)

Ps.-Dsc. 4.75