τράγος

grc-noun

τρᾰ́γος • (trágos) m (genitive τρᾰ́γου); second declension

τρᾰ́γος (canonical)
trágos (romanization)
τρᾰ́γου (genitive)
ὁ τρᾰ́γος (nominative singular)
τὼ τρᾰ́γω (dual nominative)
οἱ τρᾰ́γοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ τρᾰ́γου (genitive singular)
τοῖν τρᾰ́γοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν τρᾰ́γων (genitive plural)
τῷ τρᾰ́γῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν τρᾰ́γοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς τρᾰ́γοις (dative plural)
τὸν τρᾰ́γον (accusative singular)
τὼ τρᾰ́γω (accusative dual)
τοὺς τρᾰ́γους (accusative plural)
τρᾰ́γε (singular vocative)
τρᾰ́γω (dual vocative)
τρᾰ́γοι (plural vocative)

Tsakonian: τσ̌άο (tšáo)

→ Latin: tragus

→ English: tragus

From τρᾰ́γω (trágō, “to gnaw, nibble”) + -ος (-os, “nominal suffix”), literally “gnawer, eater (of sweets)”.

af

age when change of voice and other signs of puberty appears

voice change that takes place in puberty

Τὴν αἶγα ὁ τράγος ἀγαπᾷ.


ἀκτή

grc-noun

ἀκτή • (aktḗ) f (genitive ἀκτῆς); first declension

aktḗ (romanization)
ἀκτῆς (genitive)
ἡ ἀκτή (nominative singular)
τὼ ἀκτᾱ́ (dual nominative)
αἱ ἀκταί (nominative plural)
τῆς ἀκτῆς (genitive singular)
τοῖν ἀκταῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν ἀκτῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ ἀκτῇ (dative singular)
τοῖν ἀκταῖν (dative dual)
ταῖς ἀκταῖς (dative plural)
τὴν ἀκτήν (accusative singular)
τὼ ἀκτᾱ́ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ἀκτᾱ́ς (accusative plural)
ἀκτή (singular vocative)
ἀκτᾱ́ (dual vocative)
ἀκταί (plural vocative)

Unclear. Perhaps the same as etymology 1.

[…] χάλκειον κάνεον, ἐπὶ δὲ κρόμυον ποτῷ ὄψον,
ἠδὲ μέλι χλωρόν, παρὰ δ’ ἀλφίτου ἱεροῦ ἀκτήν, […]
[…] khálkeion káneon, epì dè krómuon potôi ópson,
ēdè méli khlōrón, parà d’ alphítou hieroû aktḗn, […]

Homer Iliad, 630-631 (Samuel Butler, 1898 translation)

[…] a vessel of bronze and an onion to give relish to the drink, with honey and cakes of barley-meal.


ἄλφιτον

ἄλφιτον • (álphiton) n (genitive ἀλφίτου); second declension

álphiton (romanization)
ἀλφίτου (genitive)
τὸ ἄλφιτον (nominative singular)
τὼ ἀλφίτω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ ἄλφιτᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ ἀλφίτου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ἀλφίτοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ἀλφίτων (genitive plural)
τῷ ἀλφίτῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ἀλφίτοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ἀλφίτοις (dative plural)
τὸ ἄλφιτον (accusative singular)
τὼ ἀλφίτω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ ἄλφιτᾰ (accusative plural)
ἄλφιτον (singular vocative)
ἀλφίτω (dual vocative)
ἄλφιτᾰ (plural vocative)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂élbʰit. Cognates include Albanian elb.

δώδεκα πᾶσαι ἐπεῤῥώοντο γυναῖκες ἄλφιτα τεύχουσαι καὶ ἀλείατα, μυελὸν ἀνδρῶν

c. 8th century BCE, Homer, “Rhapsody υ”, in Odyssey, 107-8:

twelve maidens, day by day, toiled grinding barleymeal and wheatmeal, the marrow of man

dṓdeka pâsai eperrhṓonto gunaîkes álphita teúkhousai kaì aleíata, muelòn andrôn

οἱ ἀστοὶ ἄλευρά τε καὶ ἄλφιτα ἐποίευν πάντες ἐπὶ μῆνας συχνούς

430 BCE, Herodotus, “Book VII, Polyymnia”, in Histories, section 119:

the citizens continued to make wheatmeal and barleymeal for many months

hoi astoì áleurá te kaì álphita epoíeun pántes epì mênas sukhnoús


αἰγίλωψ

αἰγῐ́λωψ • (aigílōps) m (genitive αἰγῐ́λωπος); third declension

αἰγῐ́λωψ (canonical)
aigílōps (romanization)
αἰγῐ́λωπος (genitive)
ὁ αἰγῐ́λωψ (nominative singular)
τὼ αἰγῐ́λωπε (dual nominative)
οἱ αἰγῐ́λωπες (nominative plural)
τοῦ αἰγῐ́λωπος (genitive singular)
τοῖν αἰγῐλώποιν (dual genitive)
τῶν αἰγῐλώπων (genitive plural)
τῷ αἰγῐ́λωπῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν αἰγῐλώποιν (dative dual)
τοῖς αἰγῐ́λωψῐ (dative plural)
αἰγῐ́λωψῐν (dative plural)
toîs aigílōpsi (dative plural)
toîs aigílōpsin (dative plural)
τὸν αἰγῐ́λωπᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ αἰγῐ́λωπε (accusative dual)
τοὺς αἰγῐ́λωπᾰς (accusative plural)
αἰγῐ́λωψ (singular vocative)
αἰγῐ́λωπε (dual vocative)
αἰγῐ́λωπες (plural vocative)

desctree

→ Latin: aegilōps m, aegilōpa f (Medieval form)
→ Translingual: Aegilops
→ English: aegilops
→ French: égilope

Unclear.
# The oak sense has been argued to retain a Proto-Indo-European *h₂eyǵ- (“oak”) whence Proto-Germanic *aiks (“oak”) and Latin aesculus (“some oak”).
# However, the haver-grass sense has been argued to derive from αἴγιλος (aígilos, “haver-grass”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eyǵ- (“goat”) (whence αἴξ (aíx)).
# For the lachrymal fistula sense, see also ἀγχίλωψ (ankhílōps).

unk

Unclear

Quercus cerris
Quercus cerris#Translingual

Turkey oak (Quercus cerris) or valonia oak (Quercus ithaburensis subsp. macrolepis)


αἴγιλος

grc-noun

αἴγῐλος • (aígilos) f (genitive αἰγῐ́λου); second declension

αἴγῐλος (canonical)
aígilos (romanization)
αἰγῐ́λου (genitive)
ἡ αἴγῐλος (nominative singular)
τὼ αἰγῐ́λω (dual nominative)
αἱ αἴγῐλοι (nominative plural)
τῆς αἰγῐ́λου (genitive singular)
τοῖν αἰγῐ́λοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν αἰγῐ́λων (genitive plural)
τῇ αἰγῐ́λῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν αἰγῐ́λοιν (dative dual)
ταῖς αἰγῐ́λοις (dative plural)
τὴν αἴγῐλον (accusative singular)
τὼ αἰγῐ́λω (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς αἰγῐ́λους (accusative plural)
αἴγῐλε (singular vocative)
αἰγῐ́λω (dual vocative)
αἴγῐλοι (plural vocative)

From αἴξ (aíx, “goat”). Considered present in the toponym Ancient Greek Αἴγιλα f (Aígila), Αἰγιλία f (Aigilía) which is also attested as Mycenaean Greek 𐁀𐀑𐀨 (ha-ki-ra) in Na 856.

Alternative form of αἰγίλωψ (aigílōps, “haver-grass”)


ζιζάνιον

ζῐζᾰ́νῐον • (zizánion) n (genitive ζῐζᾰνῐ́ου); second declension

ζῐζᾰ́νῐον (canonical)
zizánion (romanization)
ζῐζᾰνῐ́ου (genitive)
τὸ ζῐζᾰ́νῐον (nominative singular)
τὼ ζῐζᾰνῐ́ω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ ζῐζᾰ́νῐᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ ζῐζᾰνῐ́ου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ζῐζᾰνῐ́οιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ζῐζᾰνῐ́ων (genitive plural)
τῷ ζῐζᾰνῐ́ῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ζῐζᾰνῐ́οιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ζῐζᾰνῐ́οις (dative plural)
τὸ ζῐζᾰ́νῐον (accusative singular)
τὼ ζῐζᾰνῐ́ω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ ζῐζᾰ́νῐᾰ (accusative plural)
ζῐζᾰ́νῐον (singular vocative)
ζῐζᾰνῐ́ω (dual vocative)
ζῐζᾰ́νῐᾰ (plural vocative)

Greek: ζιζάνιο n (zizánio, “weed”)

desctree

→ Latin: zizanium, zizannium, zizania, zizannia
→ Catalan: zitzània
→ English: zizania
→ Italian: zizzania
→ Sicilian: zizzània
Spanish: cizaña
Translingual: Zizania

Loaned through an Aramaic form attested as Jewish Babylonian Aramaic זזניא, זזנייא, Mishnaic Hebrew זזנין, Classical Syriac ܙܺܽܝܙܳܢܳܐ (zīzānā, “ryegrass”), from Sumerian 𒍣𒍝𒀭 (zizān, “wheat”). See also living Arabic زِوَان (ziwān) for the term’s semantic range.

cog

Lolium temulentum
Lolium temulentum#Translingual


κριθή

grc-noun

κρῑθή • (krīthḗ) f (genitive κρῑθῆς); first declension

κρῑθή (canonical)
krīthḗ (romanization)
κρῑθῆς (genitive)
ἡ κρῑθή (nominative singular)
τὼ κρῑθᾱ́ (dual nominative)
αἱ κρῑθαί (nominative plural)
τῆς κρῑθῆς (genitive singular)
τοῖν κρῑθαῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν κρῑθῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ κρῑθῇ (dative singular)
τοῖν κρῑθαῖν (dative dual)
ταῖς κρῑθαῖς (dative plural)
τὴν κρῑθήν (accusative singular)
τὼ κρῑθᾱ́ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς κρῑθᾱ́ς (accusative plural)
κρῑθή (singular vocative)
κρῑθᾱ́ (dual vocative)
κρῑθαί (plural vocative)

→ English: crith

Uncertain. Traditionally derived from a Proto-Indo-European *gʰérsdʰ-o/eh₂-, with cognates including Latin hordeum, Old High German gersta, but there are phonetic difficulties with this. Rather closer are Albanian drithë, Old Armenian գարի (gari), as if from a Proto-Indo-European *gʰr̥yo-. Or perhaps of Proto-Albanian/Illyrian origin, which may explain the vowel. Egyptian origin has also been considered. Beekes, not convinced by any proposal, suggests an old Wanderwort; others have suggested a substrate. He notes that the Epic form points to an original root noun *krītʰ-.


ἄλευρον

ἄλευρον • (áleuron) n (genitive ἀλεύρου); second declension

áleuron (romanization)
ἀλεύρου (genitive)
τὸ ᾰ̓́λευρον (nominative singular)
τᾰ̀ ᾰ̓́λευρᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ ᾰ̓λεύρου (genitive singular)
τῶν ᾰ̓λεύρων (genitive plural)
τῷ ᾰ̓λεύρῳ (dative singular)
τοῖς ᾰ̓λεύροις (dative plural)
τὸ ᾰ̓́λευρον (accusative singular)
τᾰ̀ ᾰ̓́λευρᾰ (accusative plural)
ᾰ̓́λευρον (singular vocative)
ᾰ̓́λευρᾰ (plural vocative)

→ English: aleurone

→ French: aleurone

Greek: άλευρο (álevro), αλεύρι (alévri)

→ Italian: aleurone

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂leh₁wr̥. Cognate with Old Armenian ալեւր (alewr).

Οἱ ἀστοὶ ἄλευρά τε καὶ ἄλφιτα ἐποίευν πάντες ἐπὶ μῆνας συχνούς.

The citizens continued to make wheatmeal and barleymeal for many months.

Hoi astoì áleurá te kaì álphita epoíeun pántes epì mênas sukhnoús.

, ἀλέατα (aléata) (Homeric)


ἄγρωστις

ᾰ̓́γρωστῐς • (ágrōstis) f (genitive ᾰ̓γρώστῐδος or ᾰ̓γρώστεως); third declension

ᾰ̓́γρωστῐς (canonical)
ágrōstis (romanization)
ᾰ̓γρώστῐδος (genitive)
ᾰ̓γρώστεως (genitive)
ἡ ᾰ̓́γρωστῐς (nominative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓γρώστῐδε (dual nominative)
αἱ ᾰ̓γρώστῐδες (nominative plural)
τῆς ᾰ̓γρώστῐδος (genitive singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓γρωστῐ́δοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ᾰ̓γρωστῐ́δων (genitive plural)
τῇ ᾰ̓γρώστῐδῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓γρωστῐ́δοιν (dative dual)
ταῖς ᾰ̓γρώστῐσῐ (dative plural)
ᾰ̓γρώστῐσῐν (dative plural)
taîs agrṓstisi (dative plural)
taîs agrṓstisin (dative plural)
τὴν ᾰ̓γρώστῐδᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓γρώστῐδε (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ᾰ̓γρώστῐδᾰς (accusative plural)
ᾰ̓́γρωστῐς (singular vocative)
ᾰ̓γρώστῐδε (dual vocative)
ᾰ̓γρώστῐδες (plural vocative)
ἡ ᾰ̓́γρωστῐς (nominative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓γρώστει (dual nominative)
αἱ ᾰ̓γρώστεις (nominative plural)
τῆς ᾰ̓γρώστεως (genitive singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓γρωστέοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ᾰ̓γρώστεων (genitive plural)
τῇ ᾰ̓γρώστει (dative singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓γρωστέοιν (dative dual)
ταῖς ᾰ̓γρώστεσῐ (dative plural)
ᾰ̓γρώστεσῐν (dative plural)
taîs agrṓstesi (dative plural)
taîs agrṓstesin (dative plural)
τὴν ᾰ̓́γρωστῐν (accusative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓γρώστει (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ᾰ̓γρώστεις (accusative plural)
ᾰ̓́γρωστῐ (singular vocative)
ᾰ̓γρώστει (dual vocative)
ᾰ̓γρώστεις (plural vocative)

Translingual: Agrostis

Compare ᾰ̓γρώτης (agrṓtēs, “of the field”)

Elymus repens
Elymus repens#Translingual

a grass that mules fed on, perhaps Elymus repens


σῖτος

σῖτος • (sîtos) m (genitive σῑ́του); second declension

sîtos (romanization)
σῑ́του (genitive)
ὁ σῖτος (nominative singular)
τοῦ σῑ́του (genitive singular)
τῷ σῑ́τῳ (dative singular)
τὸν σῖτον (accusative singular)
σῖτε (singular vocative)
τᾰ̀ σῖτᾰ (nominative plural)
τῶν σῑ́των (genitive plural)
τοῖς σῑ́τοις (dative plural)
τᾰ̀ σῖτᾰ (accusative plural)
σῖτᾰ (plural vocative)

→ English: sito-

Greek: σίτος (sítos)

→ Italian: sito-

Of uncertain origin, though probably of Indo-European origin. Similar words in other languages include Proto-Balto-Slavic *géiˀta (“grain, corn”), Proto-Germanic *hwaitijaz (“wheat”), Basque zitu (“corn, harvest”), and Sumerian [script needed] (zid, “flour”), which are often taken as donor languages to Greek.
A more recent theory by Janda has explained it as the substantivization of an adjective *σῑτό- (*sītó-, “threshed”), derived from Proto-Indo-European *tih₂-tó- (“struck”), a participle from the newly suggested verbal root *tyeh₂- (“to strike, hit”), which is apparently also seen in Hittite [script needed] (zāḫ-ᶦ, “to hit, beat”). Then σῆμα (sêma, “sign, mark”) (< *tiéh₂-mn (“what is carved”)), σῶμα (sôma, “corpse”) (< *tióh₂-mn (“the killed one”)), and σῑμός (sīmós, “snub-nosed”) (< *tih₂-mó- (“flattened”)) could be related. Beekes is doubtful of Janda's derivation, due to the wide range of supposed meanings within only one language (Greek) and the lack of a direct "strike" meaning within Greek.

cog

grain, corn (in the British sense, encompassing wheat and barley, the cereal grains used by the ancient Greeks)


ὄρυζα

grc-noun

ὄρυζᾰ • (óruza) f (genitive ὀρύζης); first declension

ὄρυζᾰ (canonical)
óruza (romanization)
ὀρύζης (genitive)
ἡ ὄρυζᾰ (nominative singular)
τὼ ὀρύζᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ ὄρυζαι (nominative plural)
τῆς ὀρύζης (genitive singular)
τοῖν ὀρύζαιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ὀρυζῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ ὀρύζῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν ὀρύζαιν (dative dual)
ταῖς ὀρύζαις (dative plural)
τὴν ὄρυζᾰν (accusative singular)
τὼ ὀρύζᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ὀρύζᾱς (accusative plural)
ὄρυζᾰ (singular vocative)
ὀρύζᾱ (dual vocative)
ὄρυζαι (plural vocative)

Greek: όρυζα (óryza)

desctree

→ Arabic: رُزّ (ruzz), أَرُزّ (ʔaruzz), *رَوْز (*rawz)
Hijazi Arabic: رُز (ruzz)
Maltese: ross
→? Afar: rúddi (possibly from Amharic)
→ Amharic: ሩዝ (ruz)
→ Middle Armenian: ռուզ (ṙuz)
→ Ottoman Turkish: رز (rüz)
→ Middle Armenian: ըռուզ (əṙuz)
→ Ottoman Turkish: ارز (ürüz, erz)
Andalusian Arabic: روز (rawz)
→ Asturian: arroz
→ Old Galician-Portuguese:
Galician: arroz
Portuguese: arroz
→ Kaingang: aronh
→ Old Spanish: arroz
Spanish: arroz
→ Navajo: alóós
→ Ye'kwana: ado
Ladino: arroz
Moroccan Arabic: روز (rūz)
→ Tarifit: aṛṛuẓ
South Levantine Arabic: روز (rōz)

desc

→ Aramaic: אורז (ˀwrz /ˀŏroz/), ארוזא (ˀrwzˀ /ˀurŭzā/)

Classical Syriac: ܐܘܪܘܙܐ (ʾōrūzā)

he-l

אורז / אֹרֶז ('órez)

→ Hebrew: אורז / אֹרֶז ('órez)

→ Latin: orīza, oryza, (Late Latin) risus

→ Bulgarian: ориз (oriz)

→ Macedonian: ориз (oriz)

→ Middle High German: rīs

German: Reis

→ Polish: ryż

→ Ukrainian: риж (ryž)

→ Latvian: rīss

→ Middle Low German: rīs

→ Old Norse: rís

Danish: ris

Faroese: rís

Icelandic: hrís

Norwegian Bokmål: ris

Norwegian Nynorsk: ris

Swedish: ris

→ Russian: рис (ris)

→ Italian: riso

→ Old French: ris

French: riz

→ Middle English: rys

English: rice

Tok Pisin: rais

→ Irish: rís

→ Translingual: Oryza

→ Laz: ორზა (orza)

desc

→ Mingrelian: ორზა (orza), ორჷზა (orəza), ორიზა (oriza)

→ Old Armenian: որիզ (oriz)

Etymology tree
Proto-Iranian *wrinǰišder.
Ancient Greek ὄρυζα (óruza)
A borrowing from an Eastern Iranian language, from Proto-Iranian *wrinǰiš or *wriHǰíš; compare Pashto وريژې pl (wriže). See the Iranian forms listed at Old Persian *vrinjiš, especially those without the nasal infix.


πόα

grc-noun

πόᾰ • (póa) f (genitive ποᾱς); first declension

πόᾰ (canonical)
póa (romanization)
ποᾱς (genitive)
ἡ πόᾰ (nominative singular)
τὼ πόᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ πόαι (nominative plural)
τῆς πόᾱς (genitive singular)
τοῖν πόαιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ποῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ πόᾳ (dative singular)
τοῖν πόαιν (dative dual)
ταῖς πόαις (dative plural)
τὴν πόᾰν (accusative singular)
τὼ πόᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς πόᾱς (accusative plural)
πόᾰ (singular vocative)
πόᾱ (dual vocative)
πόαι (plural vocative)

Greek: πόα (póa)

→ Latin: hermūpoa

→ Translingual: Poa

From Proto-Hellenic *póiwā, from Proto-Indo-European *póyH-weh₂, from *peyH-. Cognate with Lithuanian pieva (“meadow”).


ζειά

ζειᾱ́ • (zeiā́) f (genitive ζειᾱ́ς); first declension

ζειᾱ́ (canonical)
zeiā́ (romanization)
ζειᾱ́ς (genitive)
ἡ ζειᾱ́ (nominative singular)
τὼ ζειᾱ́ (dual nominative)
αἱ ζειαί (nominative plural)
τῆς ζειᾶς (genitive singular)
τοῖν ζειαῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν ζειῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ ζειᾷ (dative singular)
τοῖν ζειαῖν (dative dual)
ταῖς ζειαῖς (dative plural)
τὴν ζειᾱ́ν (accusative singular)
τὼ ζειᾱ́ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ζειᾱ́ς (accusative plural)
ζειᾱ́ (singular vocative)
ζειᾱ́ (dual vocative)
ζειαί (plural vocative)

desctree

→ Latin: zēa
→ English: zea, ⇒ zein
→ Italian: zea
→ Translingual: Zea

From Proto-Hellenic *dzeyyā́, from Proto-Indo-European *yéwos (“barley, cereal”). Compare Persian جو (jow, “barley, rye”).

inh

πὰρ δ’ ἔβαλον ζειάς, ἀνὰ δὲ κρῖ λευκὸν ἔμειξαν

They threw down spelt, and mixed gray barley with it

pàr d’ ébalon zeiás, anà dè krî leukòn émeixan

ἀπὸ πυρῶν καὶ κριθέων ὧλλοι ζώουσι, Αἰγυπτίων δὲ τῷ ποιευμένῳ ἀπὸ τούτων τὴν ζόην ὄνειδος μέγιστον ἐστί, ἀλλὰ ἀπὸ ὀλυρέων ποιεῦνται σιτία, τὰς ζειὰς μετεξέτεροι καλέουσι.
apò purôn kaì krithéōn hôlloi zṓousi, Aiguptíōn dè tôi poieuménōi apò toútōn tḕn zóēn óneidos mégiston estí, allà apò oluréōn poieûntai sitía, tàs zeiàs metexéteroi kaléousi.
1910 translation by George Rawlinson
[O]thers make barley and wheat their food; it is a disgrace to do so in Egypt, where the grain they live on is spelt, which some call ["zeiā́"].

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 2.36

τὸν δὲ νέον σῖτον ξὺν τῇ καλάμῃ ἀποκείμενον· ἦσαν δὲ ζειαὶ αἱ πλεῖσται.

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 5.4.27

1890 translation by H. G. Dakyns
[B]ut the new corn was laid up apart with the straw-stalk and ear together, and this was for the most part spelt.

tòn dè néon sîton xùn têi kalámēi apokeímenon; êsan dè zeiaì hai pleîstai.

Triticum monococcum
Triticum monococcum#Translingual

einkorn wheat, Triticum monococcum, used as fodder for horses


δόναξ

grc-noun

δόνᾰξ • (dónax) m (genitive δόνᾰκος); third declension

δόνᾰξ (canonical)
dónax (romanization)
δόνᾰκος (genitive)
ὁ δόνᾰξ (nominative singular)
τὼ δόνᾰκε (dual nominative)
οἱ δόνᾰκες (nominative plural)
τοῦ δόνᾰκος (genitive singular)
τοῖν δονᾰ́κοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν δονᾰ́κων (genitive plural)
τῷ δόνᾰκῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν δονᾰ́κοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς δόνᾰξῐ (dative plural)
δόνᾰξῐν (dative plural)
toîs dónaxi (dative plural)
toîs dónaxin (dative plural)
τὸν δόνᾰκᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ δόνᾰκε (accusative dual)
τοὺς δόνᾰκᾰς (accusative plural)
δόνᾰξ (singular vocative)
δόνᾰκε (dual vocative)
δόνᾰκες (plural vocative)

desctree

Latin: donax
English: donax
Translingual: Donax

According to Beekes, of Pre-Greek origin. The word has also been compared with Ancient Greek δονέω (donéō, “to shake”), Latvian duonis (“reed”) and Proto-Germanic *tainaz (“rod, twig”).

A kind of reed, the donax (Arundo donax)

Anything made of reed
A shaft of an arrow

Anything made of reed
The bridge of the lyre


σπάρτον

grc-noun

σπᾰ́ρτον • (spárton) n (genitive σπᾰ́ρτου); second declension

σπᾰ́ρτον (canonical)
spárton (romanization)
σπᾰ́ρτου (genitive)
τὸ σπᾰ́ρτον (nominative singular)
τὼ σπᾰ́ρτω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ σπᾰ́ρτᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ σπᾰ́ρτου (genitive singular)
τοῖν σπᾰ́ρτοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν σπᾰ́ρτων (genitive plural)
τῷ σπᾰ́ρτῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν σπᾰ́ρτοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς σπᾰ́ρτοις (dative plural)
τὸ σπᾰ́ρτον (accusative singular)
τὼ σπᾰ́ρτω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ σπᾰ́ρτᾰ (accusative plural)
σπᾰ́ρτον (singular vocative)
σπᾰ́ρτω (dual vocative)
σπᾰ́ρτᾰ (plural vocative)
τὸ σπἆρτον (nominative singular)
τὼ σπᾱ̓́ρτω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ σπἆρτᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ σπᾱ̓́ρτω (genitive singular)
τοῖν σπᾱ̓́ρτοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν σπᾱ̓́ρτων (genitive plural)
τῷ σπᾱ̓́ρτῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν σπᾱ̓́ρτοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς σπᾱ̓́ρτοις (dative plural)
τὸ σπἆρτον (accusative singular)
τὼ σπᾱ̓́ρτω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ σπᾱ̓́ρτως (accusative plural)
σπἆρτον (singular vocative)
σπᾱ̓́ρτω (dual vocative)
σπἆρτᾰ (plural vocative)

→ Latin: spartum

Spanish: esparto

→ English: esparto

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *spr̥-to, from *sper- (“to twist, turn”) and thus related to σπεῖρα (speîra, “coil, twist”); see there for more cognates.


ἀκοστή

ἀκοστή • (akostḗ) f (genitive ἀκοστῆς); first declension

akostḗ (romanization)
ἀκοστῆς (genitive)
ἡ ἀκοστή (nominative singular)
τὼ ἀκοστᾱ́ (dual nominative)
αἱ ἀκοσταί (nominative plural)
τῆς ἀκοστῆς (genitive singular)
τοῖν ἀκοσταῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν ἀκοστῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ ἀκοστῇ (dative singular)
τοῖν ἀκοσταῖν (dative dual)
ταῖς ἀκοσταῖς (dative plural)
τὴν ἀκοστήν (accusative singular)
τὼ ἀκοστᾱ́ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ἀκοστᾱ́ς (accusative plural)
ἀκοστή (singular vocative)
ἀκοστᾱ́ (dual vocative)
ἀκοσταί (plural vocative)

Unknown, maybe substrate. Compare perhaps Proto-Slavic *(j)ęčьmy (“barley”). Beekes rejects a connection to Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱ- (“sharp, pointed”) (cf. in particular Latin acus (“bran, awn”), Gothic 𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌰 (ahana, “awn, chaff”), Proto-West Germanic *agil (“awn”)), suggesting instead a foreign origin.
See also ἄχυρον (ákhuron, “chaff, bran; debris, slag”), traditionally linked to the above but now understood to be Pre-Greek.

noncog

200 BCE – 100 BCE, Nicander, Alexipharmaca 106


αἶρα

grc-noun

αἶρᾰ • (aîra) f (genitive αἴρας); first declension

αἶρᾰ (canonical)
aîra (romanization)
αἴρας (genitive)
ἡ αἶρᾰ (nominative singular)
τὼ αἴρᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ αἶραι (nominative plural)
τῆς αἴρᾱς (genitive singular)
τοῖν αἴραιν (dual genitive)
τῶν αἰρῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ αἴρᾳ (dative singular)
τοῖν αἴραιν (dative dual)
ταῖς αἴραις (dative plural)
τὴν αἶρᾰν (accusative singular)
τὼ αἴρᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς αἴρᾱς (accusative plural)
αἶρᾰ (singular vocative)
αἴρᾱ (dual vocative)
αἶραι (plural vocative)

Perhaps related to Sanskrit एरका (erakā, “a kind of grass”).

cog

371 BCE – 287 BCE, Theophrastus, Enquiry into Plants 1.5.2

446 BCE – 386 BCE, Aristophanes, Fragments 412

5th century BC, Pherecrates, 188

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, On Sleep 456b.30

300 BCE – 200 BCE, Herodas, 6 100


ὄλυρα

grc-noun

ὄλῡρᾰ • (ólūra) f (genitive ὀλῡ́ρης); first declension

ὄλῡρᾰ (canonical)
ólūra (romanization)
ὀλῡ́ρης (genitive)
ἡ ὄλῡρᾰ (nominative singular)
τὼ ὀλῡ́ρᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ ὄλῡραι (nominative plural)
τῆς ὀλῡ́ρης (genitive singular)
τοῖν ὀλῡ́ραιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ὀλῡρῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ ὀλῡ́ρῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν ὀλῡ́ραιν (dative dual)
ταῖς ὀλῡ́ραις (dative plural)
τὴν ὄλῡρᾰν (accusative singular)
τὼ ὀλῡ́ρᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ὀλῡ́ρᾱς (accusative plural)
ὄλῡρᾰ (singular vocative)
ὀλῡ́ρᾱ (dual vocative)
ὄλῡραι (plural vocative)

Latin: olȳra

Beekes suggests a Pre-Greek origin, compare likely cognate Old Armenian ոլոռն (oloṙn); for more see Arabic خُلَّر (ḵullar).


μελίνη

μελίνη • (melínē) f (genitive μελίνης); first declension

melínē (romanization)
μελίνης (genitive)
ἡ μελίνη (nominative singular)
τὼ μελίνᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ μελίναι (nominative plural)
τῆς μελίνης (genitive singular)
τοῖν μελίναιν (dual genitive)
τῶν μελινῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ μελίνῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν μελίναιν (dative dual)
ταῖς μελίναις (dative plural)
τὴν μελίνην (accusative singular)
τὼ μελίνᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς μελίνᾱς (accusative plural)
μελίνη (singular vocative)
μελίνᾱ (dual vocative)
μελίναι (plural vocative)

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *melh₂- (“to grind, crush”), tha same source of Latin milium (“millet”) and Lithuanian málnos (“millet”).

der

Setaria italica
Setaria italica#Translingual


κέγχρος

grc-noun

κέγχρος • (kénkhros) m (genitive κέγχρου); second declension

kénkhros (romanization)
κέγχρου (genitive)
ὁ κέγχρος (nominative singular)
τὼ κέγχρω (dual nominative)
οἱ κέγχροι (nominative plural)
τοῦ κέγχρου (genitive singular)
τοῖν κέγχροιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κέγχρων (genitive plural)
τῷ κέγχρῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν κέγχροιν (dative dual)
τοῖς κέγχροις (dative plural)
τὸν κέγχρον (accusative singular)
τὼ κέγχρω (accusative dual)
τοὺς κέγχρους (accusative plural)
κέγχρε (singular vocative)
κέγχρω (dual vocative)
κέγχροι (plural vocative)

Greek: κεχρί (kechrí)

→ Translingual: Cenchrus

From Proto-Hellenic *kʰénkʰros, mostly derived from Proto-Indo-European *gʰer-gʰ-r-o- (“pulverized”), reduplicated from the root *gʰer- (“to rub, grind”) with dissimilation r…r > n…r, and further connected with Ancient Greek χερμάς (khermás), χεράς (kherás, “pebble, gravel”), but the etymology remains unclear. Per Beekes, this and similar words may be of Pre-Greek origin.

Panicum miliaceum
Panicum miliaceum#Translingual

anything in small grains
speck, sty in the eye


βρίζα

βρίζᾰ • (bríza) f (genitive βρίζης); first declension

βρίζᾰ (canonical)
bríza (romanization)
βρίζης (genitive)
ἡ βρῐ́ζᾰ (nominative singular)
τὼ βρῐ́ζᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ βρῐ́ζαι (nominative plural)
τῆς βρῐ́ζης (genitive singular)
τοῖν βρῐ́ζαιν (dual genitive)
τῶν βρῐζῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ βρῐ́ζῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν βρῐ́ζαιν (dative dual)
ταῖς βρῐ́ζαις (dative plural)
τὴν βρῐ́ζᾰν (accusative singular)
τὼ βρῐ́ζᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς βρῐ́ζᾱς (accusative plural)
βρῐ́ζᾰ (singular vocative)
βρῐ́ζᾱ (dual vocative)
βρῐ́ζαι (plural vocative)

→ Translingual: Briza

From Thracian *briza (“spelt, rye”). Possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *breǵʰ-, related to Norwegian brok (“kind of grass”), or related to Sanskrit व्रीहि (vrīhi, “grain, rice”), ὄρυζα (óruza, “rice”), but this is less likely.

Secale cereale
Secale cereale#Translingual

rye (Secale cereale) in Thrace and Macedonia

bg:Иван Дуриданов


βρόμος

βρόμος • (brómos) m (genitive βρόμου); second declension

brómos (romanization)
βρόμου (genitive)
ὁ βρόμος (nominative singular)
τὼ βρόμω (dual nominative)
οἱ βρόμοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ βρόμου (genitive singular)
τοῖν βρόμοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν βρόμων (genitive plural)
τῷ βρόμῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν βρόμοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς βρόμοις (dative plural)
τὸν βρόμον (accusative singular)
τὼ βρόμω (accusative dual)
τοὺς βρόμους (accusative plural)
βρόμε (singular vocative)
βρόμω (dual vocative)
βρόμοι (plural vocative)

Translingual: Bromus

According to Beekes, of Pre-Greek origin, based on the alternating ρο/ορ vocalism.


κάχρυς

κάχρῠς • (kákhrus) f (genitive κάχρῠος); third declension

κάχρῠς (canonical)
kákhrus (romanization)
κάχρῠος (genitive)
ἡ κᾰ́χρῠς (nominative singular)
τὼ κᾰ́χρῠε (dual nominative)
αἱ κᾰ́χρῠες (nominative plural)
τῆς κᾰ́χρῠος (genitive singular)
τοῖν κᾰχρῠ́οιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κᾰχρῠ́ων (genitive plural)
τῇ κᾰ́χρῠῐ̈ (dative singular)
κᾰ́χρυι (dative singular)
τοῖν κᾰχρῠ́οιν (dative dual)
ταῖς κᾰ́χρῠσῐ (dative plural)
κᾰ́χρῠσῐν (dative plural)
taîs kákhrusi (dative plural)
taîs kákhrusin (dative plural)
τὴν κᾰ́χρῠν (accusative singular)
τὼ κᾰ́χρῠε (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς κᾰ́χρῡς (accusative plural)
κᾰ́χρῠᾰς (accusative plural)
κᾰ́χρῠ (singular vocative)
κᾰ́χρῠε (dual vocative)
κᾰ́χρῠες (plural vocative)

The word has been connected with κέγχρος (kénkhros, “millet”), but the meaning of this noun rather points towards a connection with κάγκανος (kánkanos, “arid, barren”). Probably of Pre-Greek origin.


σχοῖνος

σχοῖνος • (skhoînos) m (genitive σχοίνου); second declension

skhoînos (romanization)
σχοίνου (genitive)
ὁ σχοῖνος (nominative singular)
τὼ σχοίνω (dual nominative)
οἱ σχοῖνοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ σχοίνου (genitive singular)
τοῖν σχοίνοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν σχοίνων (genitive plural)
τῷ σχοίνῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν σχοίνοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς σχοίνοις (dative plural)
τὸν σχοῖνον (accusative singular)
τὼ σχοίνω (accusative dual)
τοὺς σχοίνους (accusative plural)
σχοῖνε (singular vocative)
σχοίνω (dual vocative)
σχοῖνοι (plural vocative)

Latin: schoenus

Translingual: Schoenus

rush, especially camel hay (Cymbopogon schoenanthus)


ἔλυμος

ἔλῠμος • (élumos) m (genitive ἐλῠ́μου); second declension

ἔλῠμος (canonical)
élumos (romanization)
ἐλῠ́μου (genitive)
ὁ ἔλῠμος (nominative singular)
τὼ ἐλῠ́μω (dual nominative)
οἱ ἔλῠμοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ ἐλῠ́μου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ἐλῠ́μοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ἐλῠ́μων (genitive plural)
τῷ ἐλῠ́μῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ἐλῠ́μοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ἐλῠ́μοις (dative plural)
τὸν ἔλῠμον (accusative singular)
τὼ ἐλῠ́μω (accusative dual)
τοὺς ἐλῠ́μους (accusative plural)
ἔλῠμε (singular vocative)
ἐλῠ́μω (dual vocative)
ἔλῠμοι (plural vocative)

Unknown. There appears no reason for connection with εἰλύω (eilúō).


θύαρος

θύαρος • (thúaros) m (genitive θυάρου); second declension

thúaros (romanization)
θυάρου (genitive)
ὁ θύαρος (nominative singular)
τὼ θυάρω (dual nominative)
οἱ θύαροι (nominative plural)
τοῦ θυάρου (genitive singular)
τοῖν θυάροιν (dual genitive)
τῶν θυάρων (genitive plural)
τῷ θυάρῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν θυάροιν (dative dual)
τοῖς θυάροις (dative plural)
τὸν θύαρον (accusative singular)
τὼ θυάρω (accusative dual)
τοὺς θυάρους (accusative plural)
θύαρε (singular vocative)
θυάρω (dual vocative)
θύαροι (plural vocative)

The formation is similar to κόμαρος (kómaros) and κίσθαρος (kístharos). The suffix in "-αρος" points to a Pre-Greek word and connection with θύω (thúō, “to rage, seethe”) is a mere guess.

(Koine) ryegrass, darnel (Lolium temulentum)


φαλαρίς

φᾰλᾱρῐ́ς • (phalārís) f (genitive φᾰλᾱρῐ́δος); third declension

φᾰλᾱρῐ́ς (canonical)
phalārís (romanization)
φᾰλᾱρῐ́δος (genitive)
ἡ φᾰλᾱρῐ́ς (nominative singular)
τὼ φᾰλᾱρῐ́δε (dual nominative)
αἱ φᾰλᾱρῐ́δες (nominative plural)
τῆς φᾰλᾱρῐ́δος (genitive singular)
τοῖν φᾰλᾱρῐ́δοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν φᾰλᾱρῐ́δων (genitive plural)
τῇ φᾰλᾱρῐ́δῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν φᾰλᾱρῐ́δοιν (dative dual)
ταῖς φᾰλᾱρῐ́σῐ (dative plural)
φᾰλᾱρῐ́σῐν (dative plural)
taîs phalārísi (dative plural)
taîs phalārísin (dative plural)
τὴν φᾰλᾱρῐ́δᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ φᾰλᾱρῐ́δε (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς φᾰλᾱρῐ́δᾰς (accusative plural)
φᾰλᾱρῐ́ς (singular vocative)
φᾰλᾱρῐ́δε (dual vocative)
φᾰλᾱρῐ́δες (plural vocative)

Greek: φαλαρίδα (falarída)

→ Translingual: Phalaris

From φάλαρος (phálaros, “having a patch of white”) + -ῐ́ς (-ís).


ὁλκός

grc-noun

ὁλκός • (holkós) m (genitive ὁλκοῦ); second declension

holkós (romanization)
ὁλκοῦ (genitive)
ὁ ὁλκός (nominative singular)
τὼ ὁλκώ (dual nominative)
οἱ ὁλκοί (nominative plural)
τοῦ ὁλκοῦ (genitive singular)
τοῖν ὁλκοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν ὁλκῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ ὁλκῷ (dative singular)
τοῖν ὁλκοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς ὁλκοῖς (dative plural)
τὸν ὁλκόν (accusative singular)
τὼ ὁλκώ (accusative dual)
τοὺς ὁλκούς (accusative plural)
ὁλκέ (singular vocative)
ὁλκώ (dual vocative)
ὁλκοί (plural vocative)

→ Latin: holcus

Translingual: Holcus

From Proto-Indo-European *selk- (“to pull, drag”), whence also ὁλκή (holkḗ, “dragging, drawing”), ἕλκω (hélkō, “to draw, drag”), Latin sulcus (“furrow”) and Old English sulh (“plough”).


ἀμπελόδεσμος

grc-noun

ἀμπελοδέσμου

ἀμπελόδεσμος • (ampelódesmos) m (genitive ἀμπελοδέσμου); second declension

ampelódesmos (romanization)
ἀμπελοδέσμου (genitive)
ὁ ἀμπελόδεσμος (nominative singular)
τὼ ἀμπελοδέσμω (dual nominative)
οἱ ἀμπελόδεσμοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ ἀμπελοδέσμου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ἀμπελοδέσμοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ἀμπελοδέσμων (genitive plural)
τῷ ἀμπελοδέσμῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ἀμπελοδέσμοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ἀμπελοδέσμοις (dative plural)
τὸν ἀμπελόδεσμον (accusative singular)
τὼ ἀμπελοδέσμω (accusative dual)
τοὺς ἀμπελοδέσμους (accusative plural)
ἀμπελόδεσμε (singular vocative)
ἀμπελοδέσμω (dual vocative)
ἀμπελόδεσμοι (plural vocative)

grc-decl

ἀμπελόδεσμος

→ Translingual: Ampelodesmos

From ἄμπελος (ámpelos, “vine”) + δεσμός (desmós, “bond, fetter”).

compound

esparto (Lygeum spartum), used for tying up vines


σάκχαρ

grc-noun

σᾰ́κχαρ • (sákkhar) n (genitive σᾰ́κχαρος); third declension

σᾰ́κχαρ (canonical)
sákkhar (romanization)
σᾰ́κχαρος (genitive)
τὸ σᾰ́κχαρ (nominative singular)
τὼ σᾰ́κχαρε (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ σᾰ́κχαρᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ σᾰ́κχαρος (genitive singular)
τοῖν σᾰκχάροιν (dual genitive)
τῶν σᾰκχάρων (genitive plural)
τῷ σᾰ́κχαρῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν σᾰκχάροιν (dative dual)
τοῖς σᾰ́κχαρσῐ (dative plural)
σᾰ́κχαρσῐν (dative plural)
toîs sákkharsi (dative plural)
toîs sákkharsin (dative plural)
τὸ σᾰ́κχαρ (accusative singular)
τὼ σᾰ́κχαρε (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ σᾰ́κχαρᾰ (accusative plural)
σᾰ́κχαρ (singular vocative)
σᾰ́κχαρε (dual vocative)
σᾰ́κχαρᾰ (plural vocative)
τὸ σᾰ́κχαρ (nominative singular)
τὼ σᾰ́κχαρε (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ σᾰ́κχαρᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ σᾰ́κχαρος (genitive singular)
τοῖν σᾰκχάροιν (dual genitive)
τῶν σᾰκχάρων (genitive plural)
τῷ σᾰ́κχαρῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν σᾰκχάροιν (dative dual)
τοῖς σᾰ́κχαρσῐ (dative plural)
σᾰ́κχαρσῐν (dative plural)
toîs sákkharsi (dative plural)
toîs sákkharsin (dative plural)
τὸ σᾰ́κχαρ (accusative singular)
τὼ σᾰ́κχαρε (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ σᾰ́κχαρᾰ (accusative plural)
σᾰ́κχαρ (singular vocative)
σᾰ́κχαρε (dual vocative)
σᾰ́κχαρᾰ (plural vocative)

Byzantine Greek: ζάχαρις (zákharis)

desctree

Greek: ζάχαρη (záchari)
→ Aromanian: zahãri
→ Bulgarian: захар (zahar)
→ Romanian: zahăr

→ Coptic: ⲍⲁⲭⲣⲓ (zakhri)

→ Latin: saccharon

New Latin: saccharum (see there for further descendants)

→ Old East Slavic: сахаръ (saxarŭ)

Old Ruthenian: са́харъ (sáxar)
Belarusian: са́хар (sáxar) (dialectal)
Ukrainian: са́хар (sáxar)

Russian: са́хар (sáxar) (see there for further descendants)

From Pali sakkharā, from Sanskrit शर्करा (śárkarā, “grit, gravel; ground or candied sugar”).

der

Saccharum officinarum
Saccharum officinarum#Translingual


μνάσιον

grc-noun

μνᾰ́σῐον • (mnásion) n (genitive μνᾰ́σῐ́ου); second declension

μνᾰ́σῐον (canonical)
mnásion (romanization)
μνᾰ́σῐ́ου (genitive)
τὸ μνᾰ́σῐον (nominative singular)
τὼ μνᾰσῐ́ω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ μνᾰ́σῐᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ μνᾰσῐ́ου (genitive singular)
τοῖν μνᾰσῐ́οιν (dual genitive)
τῶν μνᾰσῐ́ων (genitive plural)
τῷ μνᾰσῐ́ῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν μνᾰσῐ́οιν (dative dual)
τοῖς μνᾰσῐ́οις (dative plural)
τὸ μνᾰ́σῐον (accusative singular)
τὼ μνᾰσῐ́ω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ μνᾰ́σῐᾰ (accusative plural)
μνᾰ́σῐον (singular vocative)
μνᾰσῐ́ω (dual vocative)
μνᾰ́σῐᾰ (plural vocative)

Cyperus esculentus
Cyperus esculentus#Translingual

earth almond (Cyperus esculentus), nutgrass


τίφη

τῐ́φη • (típhē) f (genitive τῐ́φης); first declension

τῐ́φη (canonical)
típhē (romanization)
τῐ́φης (genitive)
ἡ τῐ́φη (nominative singular)
τὼ τῐ́φᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ τῐ́φαι (nominative plural)
τῆς τῐ́φης (genitive singular)
τοῖν τῐ́φαιν (dual genitive)
τῶν τῐφῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ τῐ́φῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν τῐ́φαιν (dative dual)
ταῖς τῐ́φαις (dative plural)
τὴν τῐ́φην (accusative singular)
τὼ τῐ́φᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς τῐ́φᾱς (accusative plural)
τῐ́φη (singular vocative)
τῐ́φᾱ (dual vocative)
τῐ́φαι (plural vocative)


πύρνος

πῠ́ρνος • (púrnos) m (genitive πῠ́ρνου); second declension

πῠ́ρνος (canonical)
púrnos (romanization)
πῠ́ρνου (genitive)
ὁ πῠ́ρνος (nominative singular)
τὼ πῠ́ρνω (dual nominative)
οἱ πῠ́ρνοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ πῠ́ρνου (genitive singular)
τοῖν πῠ́ρνοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν πῠ́ρνων (genitive plural)
τῷ πῠ́ρνῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν πῠ́ρνοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς πῠ́ρνοις (dative plural)
τὸν πῠ́ρνον (accusative singular)
τὼ πῠ́ρνω (accusative dual)
τοὺς πῠ́ρνους (accusative plural)
πῠ́ρνε (singular vocative)
πῠ́ρνω (dual vocative)
πῠ́ρνοι (plural vocative)

The word is obsolete and without etymology. It was compared with πορύναν (porúnan, “kneaded mass, cake”) and τορύνη (torúnē, “kind of grain”) by Fick, adducing Sanskrit चर्वति (carvati, “to eat, chew”) and चूर्ण (cūrṇa, “dust, powder”) as well. This would lead to the reconstruction of Proto-Indo-European *kʷeru-, which requires a pre-form *τερύνα (*terúna) for τορύνη (torúnē). However, this leaves the υ-vowel in πύρνος unexplained. According to Szemerényi, this word is syncopated from πύρινος (púrinos, “made of wheat”), but this is contestable for several reasons. Furnée connects the word with Basque apur (“crumb”); this etymology seems unreliable, but in any case, the word may well be Pre-Greek.

unk

without etymology


βροῦλον

grc-noun

βροῦλον • (broûlon) n (genitive βρούλου); second declension

broûlon (romanization)
βρούλου (genitive)
τὸ βροῦλον (nominative singular)
τὼ βρούλω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ βροῦλᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ βρούλου (genitive singular)
τοῖν βρούλοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν βρούλων (genitive plural)
τῷ βρούλῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν βρούλοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς βρούλοις (dative plural)
τὸ βροῦλον (accusative singular)
τὼ βρούλω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ βροῦλᾰ (accusative plural)
βροῦλον (singular vocative)
βρούλω (dual vocative)
βροῦλᾰ (plural vocative)

Greek: βούρλο (voúrlo)


ὀξύσχοινος

ὀξῠ́σχοινος • (oxúskhoinos) m (genitive ὀξῠσχοίνου); second declension

ὀξῠ́σχοινος (canonical)
oxúskhoinos (romanization)
ὀξῠσχοίνου (genitive)
ὁ ὀξῠ́σχοινος (nominative singular)
τὼ ὀξῠσχοίνω (dual nominative)
οἱ ὀξῠ́σχοινοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ ὀξῠσχοίνου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ὀξῠσχοίνοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ὀξῠσχοίνων (genitive plural)
τῷ ὀξῠσχοίνῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ὀξῠσχοίνοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ὀξῠσχοίνοις (dative plural)
τὸν ὀξῠ́σχοινον (accusative singular)
τὼ ὀξῠσχοίνω (accusative dual)
τοὺς ὀξῠσχοίνους (accusative plural)
ὀξῠ́σχοινε (singular vocative)
ὀξῠσχοίνω (dual vocative)
ὀξῠ́σχοινοι (plural vocative)

From ὀξύς (oxús, “sharp”) + σχοῖνος (skhoînos, “rush”).


οὐλοχύται

grc-noun

οὐλοχύται • (oulokhútai) f pl (genitive οὐλοχῠτῶν); first declension

oulokhútai (romanization)
οὐλοχῠτῶν (genitive)
οὐλοχῠ́ται (nominative plural)
οὐλοχῠτᾱ́ων (genitive plural)
οὐλοχῠτέ͜ων (genitive plural)
οὐλοχῠτῶν (genitive plural)
οὐλοχῠ́τῃσῐ (dative plural)
οὐλοχῠ́τῃσῐν (dative plural)
οὐλοχῠ́τῃς (dative plural)
οὐλοχῠ́ταις (dative plural)
oulokhútēisi (dative plural)
oulokhútēisin (dative plural)
oulokhútēis (dative plural)
oulokhútais (dative plural)
οὐλοχῠ́τᾱς (accusative plural)
οὐλοχῠ́ται (plural vocative)

οὐλαί (oulaí, “barley”) + χυτός (khutós, “poured”)

af

(plural only) barley that is poured (over the head of a sacrificial victim)


καλαμάγρωστις

grc-noun

κᾰλᾰμᾰ́γρωστῐς

κᾰλᾰμᾰγρώστεως

κᾰλᾰμᾰ́γρωστῐς • (kalamágrōstis) f (genitive κᾰλᾰμᾰγρώστεως); third declension

κᾰλᾰμᾰ́γρωστῐς (canonical)
kalamágrōstis (romanization)
κᾰλᾰμᾰγρώστεως (genitive)
ἡ κᾰλᾰμᾰ́γρωστῐς (nominative singular)
τὼ κᾰλᾰμᾰγρώστει (dual nominative)
αἱ κᾰλᾰμᾰγρώστεις (nominative plural)
τῆς κᾰλᾰμᾰγρώστεως (genitive singular)
τοῖν κᾰλᾰμᾰγρωστέοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κᾰλᾰμᾰγρώστεων (genitive plural)
τῇ κᾰλᾰμᾰγρώστει (dative singular)
τοῖν κᾰλᾰμᾰγρωστέοιν (dative dual)
ταῖς κᾰλᾰμᾰγρώστεσῐ (dative plural)
κᾰλᾰμᾰγρώστεσῐν (dative plural)
taîs kalamagrṓstesi (dative plural)
taîs kalamagrṓstesin (dative plural)
τὴν κᾰλᾰμᾰ́γρωστῐν (accusative singular)
τὼ κᾰλᾰμᾰγρώστει (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς κᾰλᾰμᾰγρώστεις (accusative plural)
κᾰλᾰμᾰ́γρωστῐ (singular vocative)
κᾰλᾰμᾰγρώστει (dual vocative)
κᾰλᾰμᾰγρώστεις (plural vocative)

grc-decl

κᾰλᾰμᾰ́γρωστῐς

κᾰλᾰμᾰγρώστεως

→ Translingual: Calamagrostis

From κάλαμος (kálamos, “reed”) + ἄγρωστις (ágrōstis, “quckgrass”).

compound

Egyptian crowfoot grass (Dactyloctenium aegyptium)


ἐλίμαρ

head

ἐλίμαρ • (elímar)

Furnée connects this word to ἔλυμος (élumos, “millet”); however, this is unclear. Beekes prefers a Pre-Greek origin, in view of the suffix -αρ.

Hesychius' gives the definition as: kind of grain similar to millet


κριθίδιον

grc-noun

κριθίδιον • (krithídion) n (genitive κριθιδίου); second declension

krithídion (romanization)
κριθιδίου (genitive)


σπαργάνιον

σπᾰργᾰ́νῐον • (spargánion) n (genitive σπᾰργᾰνῐ́ου); second declension

σπᾰργᾰ́νῐον (canonical)
spargánion (romanization)
σπᾰργᾰνῐ́ου (genitive)
τὸ σπᾰργᾰ́νῐον (nominative singular)
τὼ σπᾰργᾰνῐ́ω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ σπᾰργᾰ́νῐᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ σπᾰργᾰνῐ́ου (genitive singular)
τοῖν σπᾰργᾰνῐ́οιν (dual genitive)
τῶν σπᾰργᾰνῐ́ων (genitive plural)
τῷ σπᾰργᾰνῐ́ῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν σπᾰργᾰνῐ́οιν (dative dual)
τοῖς σπᾰργᾰνῐ́οις (dative plural)
τὸ σπᾰργᾰ́νῐον (accusative singular)
τὼ σπᾰργᾰνῐ́ω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ σπᾰργᾰ́νῐᾰ (accusative plural)
σπᾰργᾰ́νῐον (singular vocative)
σπᾰργᾰνῐ́ω (dual vocative)
σπᾰργᾰ́νῐᾰ (plural vocative)

→ English: sparganium

→ Translingual: Sparganium

From σπάργανον (spárganon, “band for swaddling infants”) + -ιον (-ion, diminutive suffix).


ἄλφι

From Proto-Hellenic *álpʰi, possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂élbʰi(t) (“barley”), thus the original meaning may have been “barley-flour”; this word may itself be derived from the root *h₂elbʰ- (“white”). Compare Proto-Albanian *albi (“barley”) (whence modern Albanian elb) and Proto-Iranian *arpacyaH (“barley”).


φλέως

grc-noun

φλέως • (phléōs) m (genitive φλέω); second declension

phléōs (romanization)
φλέω (genitive)
ὁ φλέως (nominative singular)
τὼ φλέω (dual nominative)
οἱ φλέῳ (nominative plural)
τοῦ φλέω (genitive singular)
τοῖν φλέῳν (dual genitive)
τῶν φλέων (genitive plural)
τῷ φλέῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν φλέῳν (dative dual)
τοῖς φλέῳς (dative plural)
τὸν φλέω (accusative singular)
φλέων (accusative singular)
tòn phléō (accusative singular)
tòn phléōn (accusative singular)
τὼ φλέω (accusative dual)
τοὺς φλέως (accusative plural)
φλέως (singular vocative)
φλέω (dual vocative)
φλέῳ (plural vocative)

→ Latin: phleos

→ Italian: fleo

→ Translingual: Phleum

For this word, DELG assumes *φληϝ-ο- (*phlēw-o-), beside *φλωϝ-ο- (*phlōw-o-) for φλόος (phlóos, “rind, skin, slough”). Often derived from the verb φλέω (phléō, “to overflow, flood”), but Chantraine adds the word may just as well be a loan; this would agree with Beekes's suggestion of a Pre-Greek origin of the noun.


ἀλωπέκουρος

ἀλωπέκουρος • (alōpékouros) m (genitive ἀλωπεκούρου); second declension

alōpékouros (romanization)
ἀλωπεκούρου (genitive)
ὁ ἀλωπέκουρος (nominative singular)
τὼ ἀλωπεκούρω (dual nominative)
οἱ ἀλωπέκουροι (nominative plural)
τοῦ ἀλωπεκούρου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ἀλωπεκούροιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ἀλωπεκούρων (genitive plural)
τῷ ἀλωπεκούρῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ἀλωπεκούροιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ἀλωπεκούροις (dative plural)
τὸν ἀλωπέκουρον (accusative singular)
τὼ ἀλωπεκούρω (accusative dual)
τοὺς ἀλωπεκούρους (accusative plural)
ἀλωπέκουρε (singular vocative)
ἀλωπεκούρω (dual vocative)
ἀλωπέκουροι (plural vocative)

→ Latin: alōpecūros

→ Translingual: Alopecurus

From ἀλώπηξ (alṓpēx, “fox”) + οὐρά (ourá, “tail”) + -ος (-os).


ἀλφηστής

grc-noun

ἀλφηστής • (alphēstḗs) m (genitive -ου); first declension

Two possibile etymologies have been given. Traditionally it was interpreted as a derivative of ἀλφάνω (alphánō, “to produce, to earn”), therefore meaning “industrious”. After the 19th century another interpretation has been given, translating it as “bread eater”, and deriving it from ἄλφι (álphi, “flour”), with the addition of a suffix that means “to eat”.


ῥοῦς

ῥοῦς • (rhoûs) m (genitive ῥοῦ); second declension

ῥοῦς • (rhoûs) m (genitive ῥοός); third declension

rhoûs (romanization)
ῥοῦ (genitive)
rhoûs (romanization)
ῥοός (genitive)
ὁ ῥοῦς (nominative singular)
τὼ ῥώ (dual nominative)
οἱ ῥοῖ (nominative plural)
τοῦ ῥοῦ (genitive singular)
τοῖν ῥοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν ῥῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ ῥῷ (dative singular)
τοῖν ῥοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς ῥοῖς (dative plural)
τὸν ῥοῦν (accusative singular)
τὼ ῥώ (accusative dual)
τοὺς ῥοῦς (accusative plural)
ῥοῦ (singular vocative)
ῥώ (dual vocative)
ῥοῖ (plural vocative)
ὁ (nominative singular)
ἡ ῥοῦς (nominative singular)
τὼ ῥόε (dual nominative)
οἱ (nominative plural)
αἱ ῥόες (nominative plural)
τοῦ (genitive singular)
τῆς ῥοός (genitive singular)
τοῖν ῥοοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν ῥοῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ (dative singular)
τῇ ῥοΐ (dative singular)
τοῖν ῥοοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς (dative plural)
ταῖς ῥουσί (dative plural)
ῥουσίν (dative plural)
toîs (dative plural)
taîs rhousí (dative plural)
taîs rhousín (dative plural)
τὸν (accusative singular)
τὴν ῥοῦν (accusative singular)
τὼ ῥόε (accusative dual)
τοὺς (accusative plural)
τᾱ̀ς ῥοῦς (accusative plural)
ῥοῦ (singular vocative)
ῥόε (dual vocative)
ῥόες (plural vocative)

→ Translingual: Rhus

(At least in the sense of stream, flow) Contracted form of ῥόος (rhóos, “flow”), ultimately from ῥέω (rhéō, “to flow”).


πάσπαλος

πᾰ́σπᾰλος • (páspalos) m (genitive πᾰσπᾰ́λου); second declension

πᾰ́σπᾰλος (canonical)
páspalos (romanization)
πᾰσπᾰ́λου (genitive)
ὁ πᾰ́σπᾰλος (nominative singular)
τὼ πᾰσπᾰ́λω (dual nominative)
οἱ πᾰ́σπᾰλοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ πᾰσπᾰ́λου (genitive singular)
τοῖν πᾰσπᾰ́λοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν πᾰσπᾰ́λων (genitive plural)
τῷ πᾰσπᾰ́λῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν πᾰσπᾰ́λοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς πᾰσπᾰ́λοις (dative plural)
τὸν πᾰ́σπᾰλον (accusative singular)
τὼ πᾰσπᾰ́λω (accusative dual)
τοὺς πᾰσπᾰ́λους (accusative plural)
πᾰ́σπᾰλε (singular vocative)
πᾰσπᾰ́λω (dual vocative)
πᾰ́σπᾰλοι (plural vocative)

→ Translingual: Paspalum

From πᾰσπᾰ́λη (paspálē, “the finest meal”) + -ος (-os).


χῖδρον

grc-noun

χῖδρον • (khîdron) n (genitive χῑ́δρου); second declension

khîdron (romanization)
χῑ́δρου (genitive)
τὸ χῖδρον (nominative singular)
τὼ χῑ́δρω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ χῖδρᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ χῑ́δρου (genitive singular)
τοῖν χῑ́δροιν (dual genitive)
τῶν χῑ́δρων (genitive plural)
τῷ χῑ́δρῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν χῑ́δροιν (dative dual)
τοῖς χῑ́δροις (dative plural)
τὸ χῖδρον (accusative singular)
τὼ χῑ́δρω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ χῖδρᾰ (accusative plural)
χῖδρον (singular vocative)
χῑ́δρω (dual vocative)
χῖδρᾰ (plural vocative)

Pisani insuccesfully attempted to link the word to κριθή (krithḗ, “barley”). According to Beekes, it is a Pre-Greek word.

(mostly in the plural) unripe wheaten groats, rubbed from the ear in the hands


δρακοντίας

δρᾰκοντῐ́ᾱς • (drakontíās) m (genitive δρᾰκοντῐ́ου); first declension

δρᾰκοντῐ́ᾱς (canonical)
drakontíās (romanization)
δρᾰκοντῐ́ου (genitive)
ὁ δρᾰκοντῐ́ᾱς (nominative singular)
τὼ δρᾰκοντῐ́ᾱ (dual nominative)
οἱ δρᾰκοντῐ́αι (nominative plural)
τοῦ δρᾰκοντῐ́ου (genitive singular)
τοῖν δρᾰκοντῐ́αιν (dual genitive)
τῶν δρᾰκοντῐῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ δρᾰκοντῐ́ᾳ (dative singular)
τοῖν δρᾰκοντῐ́αιν (dative dual)
τοῖς δρᾰκοντῐ́αις (dative plural)
τὸν δρᾰκοντῐ́ᾱν (accusative singular)
τὼ δρᾰκοντῐ́ᾱ (accusative dual)
τοὺς δρᾰκοντῐ́ᾱς (accusative plural)
δρᾰκοντῐ́ᾱ (singular vocative)
δρᾰκοντῐ́ᾱ (dual vocative)
δρᾰκοντῐ́αι (plural vocative)

From δρᾰ́κων (drákōn, “dragon”) + -ῐ́ᾱς (-íās).


πτισάνη

grc-noun

πτῐσᾰ́νη • (ptisánē) f (genitive πτῐσᾰ́νης); first declension

πτῐσᾰ́νη (canonical)
ptisánē (romanization)
πτῐσᾰ́νης (genitive)
ἡ πτῐσᾰ́νη (nominative singular)
τὼ πτῐσᾰ́νᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ πτῐσᾰ́ναι (nominative plural)
τῆς πτῐσᾰ́νης (genitive singular)
τοῖν πτῐσᾰ́ναιν (dual genitive)
τῶν πτῐσᾰνῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ πτῐσᾰ́νῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν πτῐσᾰ́ναιν (dative dual)
ταῖς πτῐσᾰ́ναις (dative plural)
τὴν πτῐσᾰ́νην (accusative singular)
τὼ πτῐσᾰ́νᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς πτῐσᾰ́νᾱς (accusative plural)
πτῐσᾰ́νη (singular vocative)
πτῐσᾰ́νᾱ (dual vocative)
πτῐσᾰ́ναι (plural vocative)

desctree

→ Latin: tisana
Catalan: tisana
Middle French: tizane, tisane
English: tisane
French: tisane
Romanian: tizană
German: Ptisane
Italian: tisana
Portuguese: tisana
Sicilian: tisana
Spanish: tisana

From πτῐ́σσω (ptíssō, “to winnow grain”) + -ᾰ́νη (-ánē, nominal suffix), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *peys- (“to crush”).


ζιβυθίδες

grc-noun

ζιβυθίδες • (zibuthídes) ? (indeclinable)

→ Latin: zibythides

From Thracian *zibut (“illustrious”), suffixed with the Greek ending -ιδες (-ides).

the aristocracy of the ancient Thracians

bg:Иван Дуриданов


ἄλειαρ

ἄλειαρ • (áleiar) n (genitive ἀλείατος); third declension

áleiar (romanization)
ἀλείατος (genitive)
τὸ ἄλειᾰρ (nominative singular)
τὼ ἀλείᾰτε (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ ἀλείᾰτᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ ἀλείᾰτος (genitive singular)
τοῖν ἀλειᾰ́τοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ἀλειᾰ́των (genitive plural)
τῷ ἀλείᾰτῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν ἀλειᾰ́τοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ἀλείᾰσῐ (dative plural)
ἀλείᾰσῐν (dative plural)
toîs aleíasi (dative plural)
toîs aleíasin (dative plural)
τὸ ἄλειᾰρ (accusative singular)
τὼ ἀλείᾰτε (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ ἀλείᾰτᾰ (accusative plural)
ἄλειᾰρ (singular vocative)
ἀλείᾰτε (dual vocative)
ἀλείᾰτᾰ (plural vocative)

Related ἀλέω (aléō, “to grind”), with the alternative form ἄλεαρ (álear) from earlier ἄλεϝαρ (álewar) showing the connection to Proto-Indo-European *h₂leh₁wr̥, whence also Old Armenian ալիւր (aliwr, “flour”).

δώδεκα πᾶσαι ἐπεῤῥώοντο γυναῖκες ἄλφιτα τεύχουσαι καὶ ἀλείατα, μυελὸν ἀνδρῶν

wheat-groats, coarse wheaten flour, wheatmeal