κύων

grc-noun

κῠ́ων • (kŭ́ōn) m or f (genitive κῠνός); third declension

κῠ́ων (canonical)
kŭ́ōn (romanization)
κῠνός (genitive)
ὁ (nominative singular)
ἡ κῠ́ων (nominative singular)
τὼ κῠ́νε (dual nominative)
οἱ (nominative plural)
αἱ κῠ́νες (nominative plural)
τοῦ (genitive singular)
τῆς κῠνός (genitive singular)
τοῖν κῠνοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν κῠνῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ (dative singular)
τῇ κῠνῐ́ (dative singular)
τοῖν κῠνοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς (dative plural)
ταῖς κῠσῐ́ (dative plural)
κῠσῐ́ν (dative plural)
κῠ́νεσσῐ (dative plural)
τὸν (accusative singular)
τὴν κῠ́νᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ κῠ́νε (accusative dual)
τοὺς (accusative plural)
τᾱ̀ς κῠ́νᾰς (accusative plural)
κῠ́ον (singular vocative)
κῠ́ων (singular vocative)
κῠ́νε (dual vocative)
κῠ́νες (plural vocative)

grc-decl

κῠ́ον, κῠ́ων

κῠσῐ́, κῠσῐ́ν, κῠ́νεσσῐ

Greek: κύων (kýon)

Tsakonian: κούε (koúe)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱwṓ (“dog”). Cognates include Latin canis, Sanskrit श्वन् (śván) and Old English hund (English hound). The final -ν (-n) in the nominative singular which was absent in *ḱwṓ was restored in Greek by analogy to other forms in the paradigm.


μύκης

grc-noun

μῠ́κης • (mŭ́kēs) m (genitive μῠ́κητος); third declension

μῠ́κης (canonical)
mŭ́kēs (romanization)
μῠ́κητος (genitive)
ὁ μῠ́κης (nominative singular)
τὼ μῠ́κητε (dual nominative)
οἱ μῠ́κητες (nominative plural)
τοῦ μῠ́κητος (genitive singular)
τοῖν μῠκήτοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν μῠκήτων (genitive plural)
τῷ μῠ́κητῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν μῠκήτοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς μῠ́κησῐ (dative plural)
μῠ́κησῐν (dative plural)
toîs mŭ́kēsĭ (dative plural)
toîs mŭ́kēsĭn (dative plural)
τὸν μῠ́κητᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ μῠ́κητε (accusative dual)
τοὺς μῠ́κητᾰς (accusative plural)
μῠ́κης (singular vocative)
μῠ́κητε (dual vocative)
μῠ́κητες (plural vocative)

Greek: μύκητας (mýkitas)

→ Italian: micete

→ Classical Syriac: ܡܘܩܝܛܐ, ܡܝܘܩܝܛܐܣ

Translingual: Mycetozoa (taxonomic infraphylum)

Traditionally taken to be a formation in -ητ- from Proto-Indo-European *mew-k- (“slip, slime”), the same root of Latin mūcus (“snivel”); for the development of meaning, compare Proto-Slavic *glìva (“fungus”) beside Lithuanian gléivės (“slime”), from *gleh₁y- (“to be smeary”).

der

any mushroom-shaped object, hence:
chape or cap at the end of a scabbard

any mushroom-shaped object, hence:
penis

fleshy excrescence, such as forms on wounds

any mushroom-shaped object, hence:
(botany) excrescence on trees

any mushroom-shaped object, hence:
excrescence on trees

any mushroom-shaped object, hence:
stump of an olive cut down

any mushroom-shaped object, hence:
snuff of a lamp-wick


ἵππος

grc-noun

ῐ̔́ππος • (hĭ́ppos) m or f (genitive ῐ̔́ππου); second declension

ῐ̔́ππος (canonical)
hĭ́ppos (romanization)
ῐ̔́ππου (genitive)
ὁ (nominative singular)
ἡ ῐ̔́ππος (nominative singular)
τὼ ῐ̔́ππω (dual nominative)
οἱ (nominative plural)
αἱ ῐ̔́πποι (nominative plural)
τοῦ (genitive singular)
τῆς ῐ̔́ππου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ῐ̔́πποιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ῐ̔́ππων (genitive plural)
τῷ (dative singular)
τῇ ῐ̔́ππῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ῐ̔́πποιν (dative dual)
τοῖς (dative plural)
ταῖς ῐ̔́πποις (dative plural)
τὸν (accusative singular)
τὴν ῐ̔́ππον (accusative singular)
τὼ ῐ̔́ππω (accusative dual)
τοὺς (accusative plural)
τᾱ̀ς ῐ̔́ππους (accusative plural)
ῐ̔́ππε (singular vocative)
ῐ̔́ππω (dual vocative)
ῐ̔́πποι (plural vocative)
ῐ̔́ππος (nominative singular)
ῐ̔́ππω (dual nominative)
ῐ̔́πποι (nominative plural)
ῐ̔́ππου (genitive singular)
ῐ̔πποῖο (genitive singular)
ῐ̔́πποιο (genitive singular)
ῐ̔ππόο (genitive singular)
ῐ̔́πποο (genitive singular)
ῐ̔́πποιῐν (dual genitive)
ῐ̔́ππων (genitive plural)
ῐ̔́ππῳ (dative singular)
ῐ̔́πποιῐν (dative dual)
ῐ̔́πποισῐ (dative plural)
ῐ̔́πποισῐν (dative plural)
ῐ̔́πποις (dative plural)
hĭ́ppoisĭ (dative plural)
hĭ́ppoisĭn (dative plural)
hĭ́ppois (dative plural)
ῐ̔́ππον (accusative singular)
ῐ̔́ππω (accusative dual)
ῐ̔́ππους (accusative plural)
ῐ̔́ππε (singular vocative)
ῐ̔́ππω (dual vocative)
ῐ̔́πποι (plural vocative)

Greek: ίππος (íppos)

→ English: hippo-

→ French: hippo-

→ Italian: ippo-

→ Portuguese: hipo-

→ Spanish: hipo-

PIE word
 *h₁éḱwos
From Proto-Hellenic *íkkʷos (compare Mycenaean Greek 𐀂𐀦 (i-qo)), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁éḱwos, from *h₁oh₁ḱu- (“swift”). Unexplained is ι for ε, the word initial heavy breathing (h) and the double π (hίππος instead of expected **έπος), possibly borrowed from another Indo-European language where such a sound change is regular. Cognates include Sanskrit अश्व (áśva), Latin equus, Lithuanian ašva, Gaulish epos, Old Armenian էշ (ēš, “donkey”), Old English eoh, and Old Irish ech.

ἴκκος

mentioned only in the Byzantine Etymologicum Magnum


ἄνθρωπος

ἄνθρωπος • (ánthrōpos) m or f (genitive ἀνθρώπου); second declension

ánthrōpos (romanization)
ἀνθρώπου (genitive)
ὁ (nominative singular)
ἡ ἄνθρωπος (nominative singular)
τὼ ἀνθρώπω (dual nominative)
οἱ (nominative plural)
αἱ ἄνθρωποι (nominative plural)
τοῦ (genitive singular)
τῆς ἀνθρώπου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ἀνθρώποιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ἀνθρώπων (genitive plural)
τῷ (dative singular)
τῇ ἀνθρώπῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ἀνθρώποιν (dative dual)
τοῖς (dative plural)
ταῖς ἀνθρώποις (dative plural)
τὸν (accusative singular)
τὴν ἄνθρωπον (accusative singular)
τὼ ἀνθρώπω (accusative dual)
τοὺς (accusative plural)
τᾱ̀ς ἀνθρώπους (accusative plural)
ἄνθρωπε (singular vocative)
ἀνθρώπω (dual vocative)
ἄνθρωποι (plural vocative)
ὁ (nominative singular)
ἡ ἄνθρωπος (nominative singular)
τὼ ἀνθρώπω (dual nominative)
οἱ (nominative plural)
αἱ ἄνθρωποι (nominative plural)
τοῦ (genitive singular)
τῆς ἀνθρώπου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ἀνθρώποιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ἀνθρώπων (genitive plural)
τῷ (dative singular)
τῇ ἀνθρώπῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ἀνθρώποιν (dative dual)
τοῖσῐ (dative plural)
τοῖσῐν ἀνθρώποισῐ (dative plural)
ἀνθρώποισῐν (dative plural)
ἀνθρώποις (dative plural)
toîsĭ anthrṓpoisĭ (dative plural)
toîsĭ anthrṓpoisĭn (dative plural)
toîsĭnĭ (dative plural)
toîsĭnĭn (dative plural)
anthrṓpois (dative plural)
τὸν (accusative singular)
τὴν ἄνθρωπον (accusative singular)
τὼ ἀνθρώπω (accusative dual)
τοὺς (accusative plural)
τᾱ̀ς ἀνθρώπους (accusative plural)
ἄνθρωπε (singular vocative)
ἀνθρώπω (dual vocative)
ἄνθρωποι (plural vocative)
ἄνθρωπος (nominative singular)
ἀνθρώπω (dual nominative)
ἄνθρωποι (nominative plural)
ἀνθρώπου (genitive singular)
ἀνθρωποῖο (genitive singular)
ἀνθρώποιο (genitive singular)
ἀνθρωπόο (genitive singular)
ἀνθρώποο (genitive singular)
ἀνθρώποιῐν (dual genitive)
ἀνθρώπων (genitive plural)
ἀνθρώπῳ (dative singular)
ἀνθρώποιῐν (dative dual)
ἀνθρώποισῐ (dative plural)
ἀνθρώποισῐν (dative plural)
ἀνθρώποις (dative plural)
anthrṓpoisĭ (dative plural)
anthrṓpoisĭn (dative plural)
anthrṓpois (dative plural)
ἄνθρωπον (accusative singular)
ἀνθρώπω (accusative dual)
ἀνθρώπους (accusative plural)
ἄνθρωπε (singular vocative)
ἀνθρώπω (dual vocative)
ἄνθρωποι (plural vocative)
ἡ ἄνθρωπος (nominative singular)
τὼ ἀνθρώπω (dual nominative)
αἱ ἄνθρωποι (nominative plural)
τῆς ἀνθρώπου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ἀνθρώποιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ἀνθρώπων (genitive plural)
τῇ ἀνθρώπῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ἀνθρώποιν (dative dual)
ταῖς ἀνθρώποις (dative plural)
τὴν ἄνθρωπον (accusative singular)
τὼ ἀνθρώπω (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ἀνθρώπους (accusative plural)
ἄνθρωπε (singular vocative)
ἀνθρώπω (dual vocative)
ἄνθρωποι (plural vocative)
ἡ ἄνθρωπος (nominative singular)
τὼ ἀνθρώπω (dual nominative)
αἱ ἄνθρωποι (nominative plural)
τῆς ἀνθρώπου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ἀνθρώποιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ἀνθρώπων (genitive plural)
τῇ ἀνθρώπῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ἀνθρώποιν (dative dual)
τῇσῐ (dative plural)
τῇσῐν ἀνθρώποισῐ (dative plural)
ἀνθρώποισῐν (dative plural)
ἀνθρώποις (dative plural)
têisĭ anthrṓpoisĭ (dative plural)
têisĭ anthrṓpoisĭn (dative plural)
têisĭnĭ (dative plural)
têisĭnĭn (dative plural)
anthrṓpois (dative plural)
τὴν ἄνθρωπον (accusative singular)
τὼ ἀνθρώπω (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ἀνθρώπους (accusative plural)
ἄνθρωπε (singular vocative)
ἀνθρώπω (dual vocative)
ἄνθρωποι (plural vocative)
ἄνθρωπος (nominative singular)
ἀνθρώπω (dual nominative)
ἄνθρωποι (nominative plural)
ἀνθρώπου (genitive singular)
ἀνθρωποῖο (genitive singular)
ἀνθρώποιο (genitive singular)
ἀνθρωπόο (genitive singular)
ἀνθρώποο (genitive singular)
ἀνθρώποιῐν (dual genitive)
ἀνθρώπων (genitive plural)
ἀνθρώπῳ (dative singular)
ἀνθρώποιῐν (dative dual)
ἀνθρώποισῐ (dative plural)
ἀνθρώποισῐν (dative plural)
ἀνθρώποις (dative plural)
anthrṓpoisĭ (dative plural)
anthrṓpoisĭn (dative plural)
anthrṓpois (dative plural)
ἄνθρωπον (accusative singular)
ἀνθρώπω (accusative dual)
ἀνθρώπους (accusative plural)
ἄνθρωπε (singular vocative)
ἀνθρώπω (dual vocative)
ἄνθρωποι (plural vocative)

→ Greek: άνθρωπος (ánthropos, “man”)

→ English: Anthropos (learned)

First attested in Hellenic as Mycenaean Greek 𐀀𐀵𐀫𐀦 (a-to-ro-qo), of uncertain origin. Scholars used to consider it to be a compound from ἀνήρ (anḗr, “man”) and ὤψ (ṓps, “face, appearance, look”): thus, "he who looks like a man". However, a δ (d) would be expected to develop by epenthesis, as in the genitive ἀνδρός (andrós), yielding *ἀνδρωπος (*andrōpos). Rosén defends this etymology, positing that the original laryngeal *h₃ in the root for ὤψ (ṓps) (from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ókʷs) changed the δ to its aspirated counterpart θ even across the intervening ρ.
Beekes argues that since no convincing Indo-European etymology has been found, the word is probably of Pre-Greek origin; he connects the word with the word δρώψ (drṓps, “man”). According to Beekes (2009:xxix), "Shift of aspiration is found in some cases: θριγκός / τριγχός, ἀθραγένη / ἀνδράχνη".
Garnier proposes a derivation from Proto-Indo-European *h₁n̥dʰéreh₃kʷós (“that which is below”) (from *n̥dʰér + *-h₃kʷ-o-), hence "earthly, human", for this compare with Proto-Indo-European *dʰéǵʰōm (“earth”) whence Latin homō, Old Lithuanian žmuõ (“man”), Old English guma (“man”).
The word is treated in Plato's Cratylus.

lang

θριγκός / τριγχός, ἀθραγένη / ἀνδράχνη

θριγκός / τριγχός, ἀθραγένη / ἀνδράχνη

inh

(sometimes in the plural) all human beings, mankind


πίθηκος

grc-noun

πῐ́θηκος • (pĭ́thēkos) m (genitive πῐθήκου); second declension

πῐ́θηκος (canonical)
pĭ́thēkos (romanization)
πῐθήκου (genitive)
ὁ πῐ́θηκος (nominative singular)
τὼ πῐθήκω (dual nominative)
οἱ πῐ́θηκοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ πῐθήκου (genitive singular)
τοῖν πῐθήκοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν πῐθήκων (genitive plural)
τῷ πῐθήκῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν πῐθήκοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς πῐθήκοις (dative plural)
τὸν πῐ́θηκον (accusative singular)
τὼ πῐθήκω (accusative dual)
τοὺς πῐθήκους (accusative plural)
πῐ́θηκε (singular vocative)
πῐθήκω (dual vocative)
πῐ́θηκοι (plural vocative)

Greek: πίθηκος (píthikos)

→ English: pitheco-

→ Latin: pithēcus

→ Russian: пите́к (piték)

→ Translingual: Pithecus, -pithecus

→ Sicilian: pitecu, pitichinu

Uncertain. Commonly connected with Latin foedus (“ugly”). Beekes argues for an origin as a substrate loan-word or perhaps Pre-Greek. The same suffix can be found in ἱέραξ (hiérax, “falcon”) and μύρμηξ (múrmēx, “ant”).


μαστός

μᾰστός • (măstós) m (genitive μᾰστοῦ); second declension

μᾰστός (canonical)
măstós (romanization)
μᾰστοῦ (genitive)
ὁ μᾰστός (nominative singular)
τὼ μᾰστώ (dual nominative)
οἱ μᾰστοί (nominative plural)
τοῦ μᾰστοῦ (genitive singular)
τοῖν μᾰστοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν μᾰστῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ μᾰστῷ (dative singular)
τοῖν μᾰστοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς μᾰστοῖς (dative plural)
τὸν μᾰστόν (accusative singular)
τὼ μᾰστώ (accusative dual)
τοὺς μᾰστούς (accusative plural)
μᾰστέ (singular vocative)
μᾰστώ (dual vocative)
μᾰστοί (plural vocative)

→ English: mastos

Perhaps related to μαδάω (madáō, “to be moist”). If so, then from Proto-Indo-European *meh₂d- (“wet, glossy, fat, well-fed”).

der

(anatomy) (especially of women) The human breast.

(zootomy, rarely) (of animals) An udder.

(especially of women) The human breast.
(of animals) An udder.


ἀστήρ

grc-noun

ᾰ̓στήρ • (ăstḗr) m (genitive ᾰ̓στέρος); third declension

ᾰ̓στήρ (canonical)
ăstḗr (romanization)
ᾰ̓στέρος (genitive)
ὁ ᾰ̓στήρ (nominative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓στέρε (dual nominative)
οἱ ᾰ̓στέρες (nominative plural)
τοῦ ᾰ̓στέρος (genitive singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓στέροιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ᾰ̓στέρων (genitive plural)
τῷ ᾰ̓στέρῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓στέροιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ᾰ̓́στρᾰσῐ (dative plural)
ᾰ̓στρᾰ́σῐ (dative plural)
τὸν ᾰ̓στέρᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓στέρε (accusative dual)
τοὺς ᾰ̓στέρᾰς (accusative plural)
ᾰ̓στήρ (singular vocative)
ᾰ̓στέρε (dual vocative)
ᾰ̓στέρες (plural vocative)

grc-decl

ᾰ̓́στρᾰσῐ, ᾰ̓στρᾰ́σῐ

⇒ Greek: αστέρας (astéras)

desctree

→ Latin: astēr
→ English: aster
→ Cebuano: aster
→ Esperanto: astero
→ German: Aster
→ Esperanto: astero
→ Ukrainian: а́йстра (ájstra)
→ Middle French: aster
French: aster
→ Romanian: aster
Translingual: Aster, Thalassianthus aster

From Proto-Hellenic *astḗr, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂stḗr.
Cognates include Latin stēlla, Gothic 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌽𐍉 (stairnō), English star, Dutch ster, German Stern, Danish stjerne, Swedish stjärna, Icelandic stjarna, Old Armenian աստղ (astł), Persian ستاره (setâre) and Sanskrit तारा (tārā).


ἄνθος

grc-noun

ᾰ̓́νθος • (ắnthos) n (genitive ᾰ̓́νθεος or ᾰ̓́νθους); third declension

ᾰ̓́νθος (canonical)
ắnthos (romanization)
ᾰ̓́νθεος (genitive)
ᾰ̓́νθους (genitive)
τὸ ᾰ̓́νθος (nominative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓́νθει (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ ᾰ̓́νθη (nominative plural)
τοῦ ᾰ̓́νθους (genitive singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓νθοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν ᾰ̓νθέων (genitive plural)
ᾰ̓νθῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ ᾰ̓́νθει (dative singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓νθοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς ᾰ̓́νθεσῐ (dative plural)
ᾰ̓́νθεσῐν (dative plural)
toîs ắnthesĭ (dative plural)
toîs ắnthesĭn (dative plural)
τὸ ᾰ̓́νθος (accusative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓́νθει (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ ᾰ̓́νθη (accusative plural)
ᾰ̓́νθος (singular vocative)
ᾰ̓́νθει (dual vocative)
ᾰ̓́νθη (plural vocative)
ᾰ̓́νθος (nominative singular)
ᾰ̓́νθει (dual nominative)
ᾰ̓́νθεε (dual nominative)
ᾰ̓́νθεᾰ (nominative plural)
ᾰ̓́νθεος (genitive singular)
ᾰ̓́νθευς (genitive singular)
ᾰ̓νθέοιν (dual genitive)
ᾰ̓νθέων (genitive plural)
ᾰ̓́νθει (dative singular)
ᾰ̓́νθεῐ̈ (dative singular)
ᾰ̓νθέοιν (dative dual)
ᾰ̓́νθεσῐ (dative plural)
ᾰ̓́νθεσῐν (dative plural)
ắnthesĭ (dative plural)
ắnthesĭn (dative plural)
ᾰ̓́νθος (accusative singular)
ᾰ̓́νθει (accusative dual)
ᾰ̓́νθεε (accusative dual)
ᾰ̓́νθεᾰ (accusative plural)
ᾰ̓́νθος (singular vocative)
ᾰ̓́νθει (dual vocative)
ᾰ̓́νθεε (dual vocative)
ᾰ̓́νθεᾰ (plural vocative)

grc-decl

ᾰ̓νθέων, ᾰ̓νθῶν

Greek: άνθος (ánthos)

→⇒ English: anther, antherid

New Latin: Chionanthus

From Proto-Hellenic *ántʰos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éndʰos. Cognate with Vedic Sanskrit अन्धस् (ándhas, “Soma, grass, herb”), Albanian endë, Old Armenian անդ (and, “field”), possibly Old Frisian åndul.


κόκκος

grc-noun

κόκκος • (kókkos) m (genitive κόκκου); second declension

kókkos (romanization)
κόκκου (genitive)
ὁ κόκκος (nominative singular)
τὼ κόκκω (dual nominative)
οἱ κόκκοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ κόκκου (genitive singular)
τοῖν κόκκοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κόκκων (genitive plural)
τῷ κόκκῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν κόκκοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς κόκκοις (dative plural)
τὸν κόκκον (accusative singular)
τὼ κόκκω (accusative dual)
τοὺς κόκκους (accusative plural)
κόκκε (singular vocative)
κόκκω (dual vocative)
κόκκοι (plural vocative)

Greek: κόκκος (kókkos)

→ Latin: coccum (see there for further descendants)

→? Albanian: kokë

Uncertain; possibly from Pre-Greek. Potential cognates include Spanish cuesco (“stone (of fruit)”), though this is rejected by Furnee.

Quercus coccifera
Quercus coccifera#Translingual


ταῦρος

ταῦρος • (taûros) m (genitive ταύρου); second declension

taûros (romanization)
ταύρου (genitive)
ὁ ταῦρος (nominative singular)
τὼ ταύρω (dual nominative)
οἱ ταῦροι (nominative plural)
τοῦ ταύρου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ταύροιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ταύρων (genitive plural)
τῷ ταύρῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ταύροιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ταύροις (dative plural)
τὸν ταῦρον (accusative singular)
τὼ ταύρω (accusative dual)
τοὺς ταύρους (accusative plural)
ταῦρε (singular vocative)
ταύρω (dual vocative)
ταῦροι (plural vocative)

Greek: ταύρος (távros)

→ Dutch: tauros

From Proto-Hellenic *táuros, from Proto-Indo-European *táwros; cognates include Latin taurus, Lithuanian taũras, Old English stēor (English steer), and Albanian ter. The Semitic words bear a resemblance: Aramaic תּוֹר (tor), Arabic ثَوْر (ṯawr), cf Proto-Semitic *ṯawr-; an etymological link is considered possible, either the PIE root was borrowed from the Semitic one, or the opposite, or both were borrowed from a third common source.

οἱ ταῦροί μου καὶ τὰ σιτιστὰ τεθυμένα καὶ πάντα ἕτοιμα

c. 80–90 CE, Gospel of Matthew, 22:4; Novum Testamentum Graece, 28th edition, 2012:

my oxen and my fat calves have been slaughtered, and everything is ready (NRSV)

hoi taûroí mou kaì tà sitistà tethuména kaì pánta hétoima

A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature


σίναπι

σῐ́νᾱπῐ • (sĭ́nāpĭ) n (genitive σῐνᾱ́πεως); third declension

σῐ́νᾱπῐ (canonical)
sĭ́nāpĭ (romanization)
σῐνᾱ́πεως (genitive)
τὸ σῐ́νᾱπῐ (nominative singular)
τὼ σῐνᾱ́πει (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ σῐνᾱ́πη (nominative plural)
σῐνᾱ́πεᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ σῐνᾱ́πεως (genitive singular)
τοῖν σῐνᾱπέοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν σῐνᾱ́πεων (genitive plural)
τῷ σῐνᾱ́πει (dative singular)
τοῖν σῐνᾱπέοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς σῐνᾱ́πεσῐ (dative plural)
σῐνᾱ́πεσῐν (dative plural)
toîs sĭnā́pesĭ (dative plural)
toîs sĭnā́pesĭn (dative plural)
τὸ σῐ́νᾱπῐ (accusative singular)
τὼ σῐνᾱ́πει (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ σῐνᾱ́πη (accusative plural)
σῐνᾱ́πεᾰ (accusative plural)
σῐ́νᾱπῐ (singular vocative)
σῐνᾱ́πει (dual vocative)
σῐνᾱ́πη (plural vocative)
σῐνᾱ́πεᾰ (plural vocative)

desctree

Greek: σινάπι (sinápi)
→ Macedonian: синап (sinap)

→ Amharic: ሰናፍጭ (sänafəč̣č̣)

→? Arabic: صِنَاب (ṣināb)
→ Aragonese: senabe
→ Catalan: senabre
→ Spanish: jenabe, ajenabe, ajenabo, jenabo, jenable

→ Ge'ez: ስናፔ (sənappe), ሰናፔ (sänappe)

→ Gothic: 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌰𐍀𐌹𐍃 (sinapis)

→ Latin: sināpi (see there for further descendants)

→ Samoan: sinapi

→ Tigrinya: ሰናፍጭ (sänafəč̣č̣)

In mid-20th century thought from Demotic snwpt, but Beekes 2010 considers it Pre-Greek.


οὖς

grc-noun

οὖς • (oûs) n (genitive ὠτός); third declension

oûs (romanization)
ὠτός (genitive)
τὸ οὖς (nominative singular)
τὼ ὦτε (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ ὦτᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ ὠτός (genitive singular)
τοῖν ὤτοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ὤτων (genitive plural)
τῷ ὠτῐ́ (dative singular)
τοῖν ὤτοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ὠσῐ́ (dative plural)
ὠσῐ́ν (dative plural)
toîs ōsĭ́(n) (dative plural)
τὸ οὖς (accusative singular)
τὼ ὦτε (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ ὦτᾰ (accusative plural)
οὖς (singular vocative)
ὦτε (dual vocative)
ὦτᾰ (plural vocative)
οὖς (nominative singular)
οὔᾰτᾰ (nominative plural)
οὔᾰτος (genitive singular)
οὐάτων (genitive plural)
οὔᾰτῐ (dative singular)
οὔᾰσῐ (dative plural)
οὔᾰσῐν (dative plural)
ὠσί (dative plural)
ὠσίν (dative plural)
oúăsĭ (dative plural)
oúăsĭn (dative plural)
ōsí (dative plural)
ōsín (dative plural)
οὖς (accusative singular)
οὔᾰτᾰ (accusative plural)
οὖς (singular vocative)
οὔᾰτᾰ (plural vocative)

grc-decl

οὔᾰσῐ(ν), ὠσί(ν)

Koine Greek: ὠτίον (ōtíon), ὠτία (ōtía)

Byzantine Greek: ἀφτίον (aphtíon), ἀφτία (aphtía)

Greek: αφτί (aftí), αυτί (aftí)

Mariupol Greek: фты (fty)

→ English: oto-, ot-

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ṓws (“ear”). Cognate with Old English ēare (English ear), Latin auris, Old Armenian ունկն (unkn), Old Church Slavonic оухо (uxo), and Old Irish áu.


κάμηλος

grc-noun

κᾰ́μηλος • (kắmēlos) m or f (genitive κᾰμήλου); second declension

κᾰ́μηλος (canonical)
kắmēlos (romanization)
κᾰμήλου (genitive)
ὁ (nominative singular)
ἡ κᾰ́μηλος (nominative singular)
τὼ κᾰμήλω (dual nominative)
οἱ (nominative plural)
αἱ κᾰ́μηλοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ (genitive singular)
τῆς κᾰμήλου (genitive singular)
τοῖν κᾰμήλοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κᾰμήλων (genitive plural)
τῷ (dative singular)
τῇ κᾰμήλῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν κᾰμήλοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς (dative plural)
ταῖς κᾰμήλοις (dative plural)
τὸν (accusative singular)
τὴν κᾰ́μηλον (accusative singular)
τὼ κᾰμήλω (accusative dual)
τοὺς (accusative plural)
τᾱ̀ς κᾰμήλους (accusative plural)
κᾰ́μηλε (singular vocative)
κᾰμήλω (dual vocative)
κᾰ́μηλοι (plural vocative)

→ Latin: camēlus (see there for further descendants)

→ Sanskrit: क्रमेल (kramela)

→ Bengali: ক্রমেলক (kromelok)

→ Hindi: क्रमेलक (kramelak)

Ultimately from Proto-Semitic *gamal-; compare Arabic جَمَل (jamal) and Hebrew גָּמָל (gāmā́l), Proto-Nakh *imkal, Old Georgian აქლემი (aklemi) and Tocharian A oṅkaläm (“elephant”).


λέων

λέων • (léōn) m (genitive λέοντος); third declension

léōn (romanization)
λέοντος (genitive)
ὁ λέων (nominative singular)
τὼ λέοντε (dual nominative)
οἱ λέοντες (nominative plural)
τοῦ λέοντος (genitive singular)
τοῖν λεόντοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν λεόντων (genitive plural)
τῷ λέοντῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν λεόντοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς λέουσῐ (dative plural)
λέουσῐν (dative plural)
toîs léousĭ (dative plural)
toîs léousĭn (dative plural)
τὸν λέοντᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ λέοντε (accusative dual)
τοὺς λέοντᾰς (accusative plural)
λέον (singular vocative)
λέοντε (dual vocative)
λέοντες (plural vocative)

→ Coptic: ⲗⲉⲱⲛ (leōn)

→ Greek: λέων (léon) (learned)

→ Latin: leō (see there for further descendants)

Many ancient languages possessed similar words for lion, including Akkadian 𒌨 (labbu) (reconstructed to Proto-Semitic *labiʾ-). It is unclear how they are related and who borrowed from whom. The ultimate source is likely not Indo-European, however.
The τ (t) in the stem λεοντ- (leont-) was influenced by the present participle. The original stem was *λεον- (*leon-), as shown by λέαινα (léaina, “female lion”) and Latin leō. If the stem were originally λεοντ- (leont-), the feminine form would be *λέουσα (*léousa).


ἀλέκτωρ

ᾰ̓λέκτωρ • (ăléktōr) m (genitive ᾰ̓λέκτορος); third declension

ᾰ̓λέκτωρ (canonical)
ăléktōr (romanization)
ᾰ̓λέκτορος (genitive)
ὁ ᾰ̓λέκτωρ (nominative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓λέκτορε (dual nominative)
οἱ ᾰ̓λέκτορες (nominative plural)
τοῦ ᾰ̓λέκτορος (genitive singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓λεκτόροιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ᾰ̓λεκτόρων (genitive plural)
τῷ ᾰ̓λέκτορῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓λεκτόροιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ᾰ̓λέκτορσῐ (dative plural)
ᾰ̓λέκτορσῐν (dative plural)
toîs ăléktorsĭ (dative plural)
toîs ăléktorsĭn (dative plural)
τὸν ᾰ̓λέκτορᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓λέκτορε (accusative dual)
τοὺς ᾰ̓λέκτορᾰς (accusative plural)
ᾰ̓λέκτορ (singular vocative)
ᾰ̓λέκτορε (dual vocative)
ᾰ̓λέκτορες (plural vocative)

Coptic: ⲁⲗⲉⲕⲧⲱⲣ (alektōr)

From ᾰ̓λέξω (ăléxō, “I ward off”) + -τωρ (-tōr, “-er”).

suffix

Κόμπασον θαρσῶν, ἀλέκτωρ ὥστε θηλείας πέλας.

Brag in your bravery like a cock beside his hen.

Kómpason tharsôn, aléktōr hṓste thēleías pélas.

Tz., ad Lyc. 1094


ἀλέκτωρ

ᾰ̓λέκτωρ (canonical)
ăléktōr (romanization)
ᾰ̓́λεκτορ (neuter)
ᾰ̓λέκτωρ (feminine masculine nominative singular)
ᾰ̓́λεκτορ (neuter nominative singular)
ᾰ̓λέκτορε (dual feminine masculine nominative)
ᾰ̓λέκτορε (dual neuter nominative)
ᾰ̓λέκτορες (feminine masculine nominative plural)
ᾰ̓λέκτορᾰ (neuter nominative plural)
ᾰ̓λέκτορος (feminine genitive masculine singular)
ᾰ̓λέκτορος (genitive neuter singular)
ᾰ̓λεκτόροιν (dual feminine genitive masculine)
ᾰ̓λεκτόροιν (dual genitive neuter)
ᾰ̓λεκτόρων (feminine genitive masculine plural)
ᾰ̓λεκτόρων (genitive neuter plural)
ᾰ̓λέκτορῐ (dative feminine masculine singular)
ᾰ̓λέκτορῐ (dative neuter singular)
ᾰ̓λεκτόροιν (dative dual feminine masculine)
ᾰ̓λεκτόροιν (dative dual neuter)
ᾰ̓λέκτορσῐ (dative feminine masculine plural)
ᾰ̓λέκτορσῐν (dative feminine masculine plural)
ăléktorsĭ (dative feminine masculine plural)
ăléktorsĭn (dative feminine masculine plural)
ᾰ̓λέκτορσῐ (dative neuter plural)
ᾰ̓λέκτορσῐν (dative neuter plural)
ăléktorsĭ (dative neuter plural)
ăléktorsĭn (dative neuter plural)
ᾰ̓λέκτορᾰ (accusative feminine masculine singular)
ᾰ̓́λεκτορ (accusative neuter singular)
ᾰ̓λέκτορε (accusative dual feminine masculine)
ᾰ̓λέκτορε (accusative dual neuter)
ᾰ̓λέκτορᾰς (accusative feminine masculine plural)
ᾰ̓λέκτορᾰ (accusative neuter plural)
ᾰ̓́λεκτορ (feminine masculine singular vocative)
ᾰ̓́λεκτορ (neuter singular vocative)
ᾰ̓λέκτορε (dual feminine masculine vocative)
ᾰ̓λέκτορε (dual neuter vocative)
ᾰ̓λέκτορες (feminine masculine plural vocative)
ᾰ̓λέκτορᾰ (neuter plural vocative)
ᾰ̓λεκτόρως (adverbial feminine masculine neuter)

From ᾰ̓- (ă-, “not”) + λέχομαι (lékhomai, “I lay”) + -τωρ (-tōr, “-er”). The meaning is supplied by λέκτρον (léktron, “marriage-bed”).

affix

ἔφη ’γενέθλιός ἐστι τῆς ἀλέκτορος Ἀθηνᾶς καὶ ἄδικος ἡ τῆτες ἡμέρα.'

250 CE – 350 CE, Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae 3.53

He said, "This is the birthday of the unwedded goddess Minerva, and this day is unjust."

éphē ’genéthliós esti tês aléktoros Athēnâs kaì ádikos hē têtes hēméra.'


ζῷον

grc-noun

ζῷον • (zôion) n (genitive ζῴου); second declension

zôion (romanization)
ζῴου (genitive)
τὸ ζῷον (nominative singular)
τὼ ζῴω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ ζῷᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ ζῴου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ζῴοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ζῴων (genitive plural)
τῷ ζῴῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ζῴοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ζῴοις (dative plural)
τὸ ζῷον (accusative singular)
τὼ ζῴω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ ζῷᾰ (accusative plural)
ζῷον (singular vocative)
ζῴω (dual vocative)
ζῷᾰ (plural vocative)

Greek: ζώο (zóo)

→ Coptic: ⲍⲱⲟⲛ (zōon)

→ English: zoon, zoo-, zo-, -zoic

→ Russian: зоо- (zoo-)

⇒ Translingual: Mycetozoa (taxonomic infraphylum)

From Proto-Hellenic *ďṓyyon, from Pre-Hellenic *gʷyōwyon, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷyeh₃w-y-om, from *gʷíh₃weti (“to live”). Cognate with βίος (bíos, “life”). Compare Avestan 𐬘𐬫𐬁𐬌𐬙𐬌 (jyāⁱti), Proto-Slavic *gojь (“life”), Old Armenian կեամ (keam).


κερασός

κερᾰσός • (kerăsós) m (genitive κερᾰσοῦ); second declension

κερᾰσός (canonical)
kerăsós (romanization)
κερᾰσοῦ (genitive)
ὁ κερᾰσός (nominative singular)
τὼ κερᾰσώ (dual nominative)
οἱ κερᾰσοί (nominative plural)
τοῦ κερᾰσοῦ (genitive singular)
τοῖν κερᾰσοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν κερᾰσῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ κερᾰσῷ (dative singular)
τοῖν κερᾰσοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς κερᾰσοῖς (dative plural)
τὸν κερᾰσόν (accusative singular)
τὼ κερᾰσώ (accusative dual)
τοὺς κερᾰσούς (accusative plural)
κερᾰσέ (singular vocative)
κερᾰσώ (dual vocative)
κερᾰσοί (plural vocative)

desctree

(from the Ancient Greek variant κεράσιον (kerásion)) Greek: κεράσι (kerási)
→ Ottoman Turkish: كراس (kiras), كراز (kiraz), كیراز (kiraz), كرس (kires)
Turkish: kiraz
→ Armenian: քիրազ (kʻiraz)
→ Crimean Tatar: kiraz
→ Azerbaijani: gilas

→ Albanian: qershi

desc

→ Arabic: قَرَاسِيَا (qarāsiyā), قَرَاصِيَا (qarāṣiyā), قَارَاسِيَا (qārāsiyā), جَرَاسِيَا (jarāsiyā), شَرَاسِيَا (šarāsiyā) — obsolete (from the Ancient Greek variant κεράσιον (kerásion))

→ Aramaic: (from the Ancient Greek variant κεράσιον (kerásion))

Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: קׅירְסֵי (qirəsē)

Classical Syriac: ܩܪܣܝܐ (qerrassiyā)

→ Latin: cerasus

⇒ Latin: cerasum

q

or from the Ancient Greek variant <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">κεράσιον</i> (kerásion)

⇒ Latin: cerasium (or from the Ancient Greek variant κεράσιον (kerásion))

⇒ Latin: ceresium

⇒ Latin: ceresia (see there for further descendants)

desctree

→ Middle Armenian: կեռաս (keṙas), կերաս (keras)
Armenian: կեռաս (keṙas)

A loanword of uncertain origin, either Anatolian or Pre-Greek based on the intervocalic -σ-.
Comparison with Akkadian 𒅗𒅈𒋗 (/karšu/, “a plant, likely a leek”) is rejected by Rosół and Blažek.
Blažek argues that the ultimate source of the word may well be Semitic, e. g. Akkadian 𒄑𒈢𒆳𒊏 (/kamiššaru, kamaššaru, kameššaru/, “pear-tree”) or Classical Syriac ܟܘܡܬܪܐ (kummaṯrā, “pear”), compare the Aramaic borrowing Arabic كُمَّثْرَى (kummaṯrā, “pear”), where it has to be known that Prunus and Pyrus species can be denoted by the same word, for example إِجَّاص (ʔijjāṣ, “pear; plum”) and Old Armenian տանձ (tanj, “pear”) with Classical Syriac ܬܰܢ̈ܓܳܝܳܬܳܐ f pl (tangāyāṯā, “mahaleb cherry”). He argues that assimilation *-mš- > *-š- is attested in several NW Semitic languages of the 2nd millennium BC, and hypothesizes that metathesis *k-(m)š-r- > *k-r-(m)š- might have happened either in an unidentified mediator language or a Semitic donor or (less probably so) in Greek itself. The change *t > š, necessary for the change of Classical Syriac ܟܘܡܬܪܐ (kummaṯrā) to the Greek word, is to be found in Phoenician and early Aramaic.
Blažek also notes that the related cultural term seems to be widespread in Caucasian languages; compare (not to list over a dozen lemmata) Lak ккурмуз (k:urmuz, “(wild) cherry plum”) and Dargwa гимиргьи (gimirhi, “quince”), reconstructed protoform Proto-Northeast Caucasian *ḵurmäśV / *ḵurmäʒ́V (“some kind of fruit”), and possibly Proto-Northwest Caucasian *mǝrǝgʷǝźʷǝ (“some sort of plum or peach”) with metathesis, attested in some Abkhaz compound words.


νάρδος

grc-noun

νᾰ́ρδος • (nắrdos) f (genitive νᾰ́ρδου); second declension

νᾰ́ρδος (canonical)
nắrdos (romanization)
νᾰ́ρδου (genitive)
ἡ νᾰ́ρδος (nominative singular)
τὼ νᾰ́ρδω (dual nominative)
αἱ νᾰ́ρδοι (nominative plural)
τῆς νᾰ́ρδου (genitive singular)
τοῖν νᾰ́ρδοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν νᾰ́ρδων (genitive plural)
τῇ νᾰ́ρδῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν νᾰ́ρδοιν (dative dual)
ταῖς νᾰ́ρδοις (dative plural)
τὴν νᾰ́ρδον (accusative singular)
τὼ νᾰ́ρδω (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς νᾰ́ρδους (accusative plural)
νᾰ́ρδε (singular vocative)
νᾰ́ρδω (dual vocative)
νᾰ́ρδοι (plural vocative)

Greek: νάρδος (nárdos)

desc

→ Gothic: 𐌽𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌿𐍃 (nardus) (possibly via Latin)

desctree

→ Latin: nardus
→ Catalan: nard
Italian: nardo
→ Middle Dutch: nardus
Dutch: nardus
Old French: narde
French: nard
→ Middle Dutch: narde
→ Middle English: narde
English: nard
Romanian: nard
Spanish: nardo

→ Old Armenian: նարդոս (nardos)

→ Old Georgian: ნარდი (nardi), ნარდიონი (nardioni), ლარდიონი (lardioni)
Georgian: ნარდი (nardi)

→ Old East Slavic: нардъ (nardŭ)

Russian: нард (nard)

→ Serbo-Croatian: на̏рд, nȁrd

From Phoenician (compare Hebrew נֵרְדְּ (nērd), Aramaic נִרְדָּא (nirdā), Akkadian 𒆠𒆗 (HIRIM /lardu/), Arabic رَنْد (rand), Old South Arabian 𐩧𐩬𐩵 (rnd)), possibly from Sanskrit नलद (nálada, “Indian narde”) (although a Semitic-to-Indian loan has also been suggested).

nard oil, a highly prized ointment made from the plant


μέλισσα

grc-noun

μέλισσᾰ • (mélissă) f (genitive μελίσσης); first declension

μέλισσᾰ (canonical)
mélissă (romanization)
μελίσσης (genitive)
ἡ μέλισσᾰ (nominative singular)
τὼ μελίσσᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ μέλισσαι (nominative plural)
τῆς μελίσσης (genitive singular)
τοῖν μελίσσαιν (dual genitive)
τῶν μελισσῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ μελίσσῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν μελίσσαιν (dative dual)
ταῖς μελίσσαις (dative plural)
τὴν μέλισσᾰν (accusative singular)
τὼ μελίσσᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς μελίσσᾱς (accusative plural)
μέλισσᾰ (singular vocative)
μελίσσᾱ (dual vocative)
μέλισσαι (plural vocative)

Greek: μέλισσα (mélissa)

desc

Turkish: melis (“honey bee”), meliz (“honey bee”) — dialectal

→ Translingual: Melissa

Potentially haplologized from *μελιλίχια (*melilíkhia), from Proto-Indo-European *mélit (“honey”) + *leyǵʰ- (“lick”). Compare Albanian bletë and Sanskrit मधुलिह् (madhulih).
Alternatively from Proto-Hellenic *meliťťa, equivalent to μέλιτ- (mélit-) + -ια (-ia).


πτερόν

grc-noun

πτερόν • (pterón) n (genitive πτεροῦ); second declension

pterón (romanization)
πτεροῦ (genitive)
τὸ πτερόν (nominative singular)
τὼ πτερώ (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ πτερᾰ́ (nominative plural)
τοῦ πτεροῦ (genitive singular)
τοῖν πτεροῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν πτερῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ πτερῷ (dative singular)
τοῖν πτεροῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς πτεροῖς (dative plural)
τὸ πτερόν (accusative singular)
τὼ πτερώ (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ πτερᾰ́ (accusative plural)
πτερόν (singular vocative)
πτερώ (dual vocative)
πτερᾰ́ (plural vocative)

Greek: φτερό (fteró)

→ English: ptero-

French: hélicoptère

From Proto-Indo-European *péth₂r̥ (“feather”). Related to πέτομαι (pétomai, “I fly”), as well as to English feather.


ἕλμινς

ἕλμινς • (hélmins) f (genitive ἕλμινθος); third declension

hélmins (romanization)
ἕλμινθος (genitive)
ἡ ἕλμῐνς (nominative singular)
τὼ ἕλμῐνθε (dual nominative)
αἱ ἕλμῐνθες (nominative plural)
τῆς ἕλμῐνθος (genitive singular)
τοῖν ἑλμῐ́νθοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ἑλμῐ́νθων (genitive plural)
τῇ ἕλμῐνθῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν ἑλμῐ́νθοιν (dative dual)
ταῖς ἕλμῐνσῐ (dative plural)
ἕλμῐνσῐν (dative plural)
taîs hélmĭnsĭ (dative plural)
taîs hélmĭnsĭn (dative plural)
τὴν ἕλμῐνθᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ ἕλμῐνθε (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ἕλμῐνθᾰς (accusative plural)
ἕλμιν (singular vocative)
ἕλμῐνθε (dual vocative)
ἕλμῐνθες (plural vocative)

→ English: helminth

→ Irish: heilmint

→ Russian: гельми́нт (gelʹmínt)

Uncertain. The original nominative was probably ἕλμις (hélmis), with ἕλμινς being a back-formation from the oblique forms. There appear to be two related Indo-European roots: *kʷr̥mis, with descendants such as Sanskrit कृमि (kṛmi) and Proto-Slavic *čьrvь; and *wr̥mis, with descendants such as Latin vermis and Old English wyrm (English worm). However, since ἕλμινς has a λ instead of a ρ, and also because of the sequence -νθ-, Beekes argues for a Pre-Greek origin.


δῆμος

δῆμος • (dêmos) m (genitive δήμου); second declension

dêmos (romanization)
δήμου (genitive)
ὁ δῆμος (nominative singular)
τὼ δήμω (dual nominative)
οἱ δῆμοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ δήμου (genitive singular)
τοῖν δήμοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν δήμων (genitive plural)
τῷ δήμῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν δήμοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς δήμοις (dative plural)
τὸν δῆμον (accusative singular)
τὼ δήμω (accusative dual)
τοὺς δήμους (accusative plural)
δῆμε (singular vocative)
δήμω (dual vocative)
δῆμοι (plural vocative)

Greek: δήμος (dímos)

→ English: deme, demos

→ Latin: dēmos

Together with Mycenaean Greek 𐀅𐀗 (da-mo), traceable back to Proto-Hellenic *dā́mos, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *déh₂mos (“part, division”), from *deh₂- (“to share, divide”) + *-mos. Equivalent to δαίομαι (daíomai) + -μος (-mos).

inh+

ἀναγκάζονται δὴ οἶμαι ἀμύνεσθαι, λέγοντές τε ἐν τῷ δήμῳ καὶ πράττοντες ὅπῃ δύνανται

[they] are compelled to defend themselves by speeches in the assembly and any action in their power

anankázontai dḕ oîmai amúnesthai, légontés te en tôi dḗmōi kaì práttontes hópēi dúnantai

free citizens, sovereign people
popular assembly


σαῦρος

grc-noun

σαῦρος • (saûros) m (genitive σαύρου); second declension

saûros (romanization)
σαύρου (genitive)
ὁ σαῦρος (nominative singular)
τὼ σαύρω (dual nominative)
οἱ σαῦροι (nominative plural)
τοῦ σαύρου (genitive singular)
τοῖν σαύροιν (dual genitive)
τῶν σαύρων (genitive plural)
τῷ σαύρῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν σαύροιν (dative dual)
τοῖς σαύροις (dative plural)
τὸν σαῦρον (accusative singular)
τὼ σαύρω (accusative dual)
τοὺς σαύρους (accusative plural)
σαῦρε (singular vocative)
σαύρω (dual vocative)
σαῦροι (plural vocative)

desc

Byzantine Greek: σαυρίς (saurís), σαυρίδιον (saurídion)

Greek: σαυρίδι (savrídi), σταυρίδι (stavrídi), σαφρίδι (safrídi)

→ Ottoman Turkish: استاورید (istavrid)

Turkish: istavrit

→ Belarusian: стаўры́да f (staŭrýda)

→ Bulgarian: сафри́д m (safríd)

→ Russian: ставри́да f (stavrída) (later half of 19ᵗʰ century), rarely страври́да (stravrída)

→ Ukrainian: ставри́да f (stavrýda)

→ Latin:

Galician: xurelo

Italian: sauro

→ New Latin: -saurus (learned)

→ Translingual: -saurus

→ English: -saurus, -saur

→ Translingual: Saurus

Variant of σαύρα (saúra, “lizard”). Others have suggested the word as a variant of σαῦλος (saûlos, “turning, twisting”).

375 BCE – 275 BCE, Alexis 133.1

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, History of Animals 610b.5

129 CE – 216 CE, Galen, Collected Works 6.720


τίτυρος

grc-noun

τῑ́τῠρος • (tī́tŭros) m (genitive τῑτῠ́ρου); second declension

τῑ́τῠρος (canonical)
tī́tŭros (romanization)
τῑτῠ́ρου (genitive)
ὁ τῑ́τῠρος (nominative singular)
τὼ τῑτῠ́ρω (dual nominative)
τοὶ τῑ́τῠροι (nominative plural)
τοῦ τῑτῠ́ροιο (genitive singular)
τοῖν τῑτῠ́ροιν (dual genitive)
τῶν τῑτῠ́ρων (genitive plural)
τῷ τῑτῠ́ρῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν τῑτῠ́ροιν (dative dual)
τοῖς τῑτῠ́ροις (dative plural)
τὸν τῑ́τῠρον (accusative singular)
τὼ τῑτῠ́ρω (accusative dual)
τοὺς τῑτῠ́ρους (accusative plural)
τῑ́τῠρε (singular vocative)
τῑτῠ́ρω (dual vocative)
τῑ́τῠροι (plural vocative)

Furnée compares διθύραμβος (dithúrambos, “dithyramb”), which would contain a variant ot this word, with a suffix -αμβος. Previous proposals include connection with synonymous σάτυρος (sáturos, “satyr”), from Proto-Indo-European *tewh₂- (“to swell”) by Solmsen. This is rejected by Nehring, who considers both words to be loans from Asia Minor. Deroy connects the suffix -τυρος with ταῦρος (taûros, “bull”). According to Beekes, the word is Pre-Greek.


αἴγαγρος

grc-noun

αἴγᾰγρος • (aígăgros) m or f (genitive αἰγᾰ́γρου); second declension

αἴγᾰγρος (canonical)
aígăgros (romanization)
αἰγᾰ́γρου (genitive)
ὁ (nominative singular)
ἡ αἴγᾰγρος (nominative singular)
τὼ αἰγᾰ́γρω (dual nominative)
οἱ (nominative plural)
αἱ αἴγᾰγροι (nominative plural)
τοῦ (genitive singular)
τῆς αἰγᾰ́γρου (genitive singular)
τοῖν αἰγᾰ́γροιν (dual genitive)
τῶν αἰγᾰ́γρων (genitive plural)
τῷ (dative singular)
τῇ αἰγᾰ́γρῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν αἰγᾰ́γροιν (dative dual)
τοῖς (dative plural)
ταῖς αἰγᾰ́γροις (dative plural)
τὸν (accusative singular)
τὴν αἴγᾰγρον (accusative singular)
τὼ αἰγᾰ́γρω (accusative dual)
τοὺς (accusative plural)
τᾱ̀ς αἰγᾰ́γρους (accusative plural)
αἴγᾰγρε (singular vocative)
αἰγᾰ́γρω (dual vocative)
αἴγᾰγροι (plural vocative)

From αἴξ (aíx, “goat”) and ᾰ̓γρός (ăgrós, “land”) (compare with ἄγριος (ágrios, “wild”)).


αἴξ

αἴξ • (aíx) m or f (genitive αἰγός); third declension

aíx (romanization)
αἰγός (genitive)
ὁ (nominative singular)
ἡ αἴξ (nominative singular)
τὼ αἶγε (dual nominative)
οἱ (nominative plural)
αἱ αἶγες (nominative plural)
τοῦ (genitive singular)
τῆς αἰγός (genitive singular)
τοῖν αἰγοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν αἰγῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ (dative singular)
τῇ αἰγῐ́ (dative singular)
τοῖν αἰγοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς (dative plural)
ταῖς αἰξῐ́ (dative plural)
αἰξῐ́ν (dative plural)
toîs (dative plural)
taîs aixĭ́(n) (dative plural)
τὸν (accusative singular)
τὴν αἶγᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ αἶγε (accusative dual)
τοὺς (accusative plural)
τᾱ̀ς αἶγᾰς (accusative plural)
αἴξ (singular vocative)
αἶγε (dual vocative)
αἶγες (plural vocative)

desc

Greek: αίγα (aíga), γίδι (gídi) (from diminutive)

→ Greek: αιξ f (aix) (Katharevousa)

→ Translingual: Aix

From Proto-Hellenic *aíks, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eyǵ- (“goat”). Cognates include Old Armenian այծ (ayc), Sanskrit एड (eḍa), and Albanian dhi.


κάπρος

grc-noun

κᾰ́προς • (kắpros) m (genitive κᾰ́πρου); second declension

κᾰ́προς (canonical)
kắpros (romanization)
κᾰ́πρου (genitive)
ὁ κᾰ́προς (nominative singular)
τὼ κᾰ́πρω (dual nominative)
οἱ κᾰ́προι (nominative plural)
τοῦ κᾰ́πρου (genitive singular)
τοῖν κᾰ́προιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κᾰ́πρων (genitive plural)
τῷ κᾰ́πρῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν κᾰ́προιν (dative dual)
τοῖς κᾰ́προις (dative plural)
τὸν κᾰ́προν (accusative singular)
τὼ κᾰ́πρω (accusative dual)
τοὺς κᾰ́πρους (accusative plural)
κᾰ́πρε (singular vocative)
κᾰ́πρω (dual vocative)
κᾰ́προι (plural vocative)

→ Translingual: Capros

From Proto-Hellenic *kápros, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱapros (“male hooved animal”), possibly from *ḱapr̥ (“penis”). Cognate with Latin caper (“goat”), Old Irish gabor (“goat”).


τράγος

grc-noun

τρᾰ́γος • (trắgos) m (genitive τρᾰ́γου); second declension

τρᾰ́γος (canonical)
trắgos (romanization)
τρᾰ́γου (genitive)
ὁ τρᾰ́γος (nominative singular)
τὼ τρᾰ́γω (dual nominative)
οἱ τρᾰ́γοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ τρᾰ́γου (genitive singular)
τοῖν τρᾰ́γοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν τρᾰ́γων (genitive plural)
τῷ τρᾰ́γῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν τρᾰ́γοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς τρᾰ́γοις (dative plural)
τὸν τρᾰ́γον (accusative singular)
τὼ τρᾰ́γω (accusative dual)
τοὺς τρᾰ́γους (accusative plural)
τρᾰ́γε (singular vocative)
τρᾰ́γω (dual vocative)
τρᾰ́γοι (plural vocative)

Tsakonian: τσ̌άο (tšáo)

→ Latin: tragus

→ English: tragus

From τρᾰ́γω (trắgō, “to gnaw, nibble”) + -ος (-os, “nominal suffix”), literally “gnawer, eater (of sweets)”.

af

age when change of voice and other signs of puberty appears

voice change that takes place in puberty

Τὴν αἶγα ὁ τράγος ἀγαπᾷ.

Triticum spelta
Triticum spelta#Translingual


ἄρκτος

grc-noun

ᾰ̓́ρκτος • (ắrktos) f (genitive ᾰ̓́ρκτου); second declension

ᾰ̓́ρκτος (canonical)
ắrktos (romanization)
ᾰ̓́ρκτου (genitive)
ἡ ᾰ̓́ρκτος (nominative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓́ρκτω (dual nominative)
αἱ ᾰ̓́ρκτοι (nominative plural)
τῆς ᾰ̓́ρκτου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓́ρκτοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ᾰ̓́ρκτων (genitive plural)
τῇ ᾰ̓́ρκτῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓́ρκτοιν (dative dual)
ταῖς ᾰ̓́ρκτοις (dative plural)
τὴν ᾰ̓́ρκτον (accusative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓́ρκτω (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ᾰ̓́ρκτους (accusative plural)
ᾰ̓́ρκτε (singular vocative)
ᾰ̓́ρκτω (dual vocative)
ᾰ̓́ρκτοι (plural vocative)

→ English: Arcturus

desc

Greek: άρκτος (árktos), αρκούδα (arkoúda)

→ Latin: arctus, Arctos, Arctus, Arctūrus

Pontic Greek: άρκος (árkos)

Translingual: Ursus arctos, Ursus arctos horribilis

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ŕ̥tḱos (“bear”). Cognates include Latin ursus, Sanskrit ऋक्ष (ṛ́kṣa), Old Armenian արջ (arǰ), and Albanian ari. The meaning of “north” derives from Ἄρκτος (Árktos, “Ursa Major”), because the constellation is in the northern part of the sky.


γαλαξίας

grc-noun

γᾰλᾰξῐ́ᾱς • (gălăxĭ́ās) m (genitive γᾰλᾰξῐ́ου); first declension

γᾰλᾰξῐ́ᾱς (canonical)
gălăxĭ́ās (romanization)
γᾰλᾰξῐ́ου (genitive)
ὁ γᾰλᾰξῐ́ᾱς (nominative singular)
τὼ γᾰλᾰξῐ́ᾱ (dual nominative)
οἱ γᾰλᾰξῐ́αι (nominative plural)
τοῦ γᾰλᾰξῐ́ου (genitive singular)
τοῖν γᾰλᾰξῐ́αιν (dual genitive)
τῶν γᾰλᾰξῐῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ γᾰλᾰξῐ́ᾳ (dative singular)
τοῖν γᾰλᾰξῐ́αιν (dative dual)
τοῖς γᾰλᾰξῐ́αις (dative plural)
τὸν γᾰλᾰξῐ́ᾱν (accusative singular)
τὼ γᾰλᾰξῐ́ᾱ (accusative dual)
τοὺς γᾰλᾰξῐ́ᾱς (accusative plural)
γᾰλᾰξῐ́ᾱ (singular vocative)
γᾰλᾰξῐ́ᾱ (dual vocative)
γᾰλᾰξῐ́αι (plural vocative)

→ Greek: γαλαξίας m (galaxías)

desctree

→ Latin: galaxias f
⇒ Medieval Latin: galaxia f
→ German: Galaxie f
→ Italian: galassia f
→ Old French: galaxie
Middle French: galaxie
French: galaxie f
→ Middle English: galaxye, galaxie
English: galaxy

→ Latin: Via Lactea f sg (calque)
French: Voie lactée, voie lactée
Galician: Vía Láctea
Italian: Via Lattea
Portuguese: Via Láctea
Spanish: Vía Láctea
→ Middle English: Milky Wey (calque)
English: Milky Way

From γᾰ́λᾰ (gắlă, “milk”) + -ῐ́ᾱς (-ĭ́ās). Originally an adjective.

af

γᾰ́λᾰ (gắlă, “milk”) + -ῐ́ᾱς (-ĭ́ās)

tailor's chalk (with implied λίθος (líthos, “stone”))


ξίφος

grc-noun

ξῐ́φος • (xĭ́phos) n (genitive ξῐ́φεος or ξῐ́φους); third declension

ξῐ́φος (canonical)
xĭ́phos (romanization)
ξῐ́φεος (genitive)
ξῐ́φους (genitive)
τὸ ξῐ́φος (nominative singular)
τὼ ξῐ́φει (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ ξῐ́φη (nominative plural)
τοῦ ξῐ́φους (genitive singular)
τοῖν ξῐφοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν ξῐφῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ ξῐ́φει (dative singular)
τοῖν ξῐφοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς ξῐ́φεσῐ (dative plural)
ξῐ́φεσῐν (dative plural)
toîs xĭ́phesĭ (dative plural)
toîs xĭ́phesĭn (dative plural)
τὸ ξῐ́φος (accusative singular)
τὼ ξῐ́φει (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ ξῐ́φη (accusative plural)
ξῐ́φος (singular vocative)
ξῐ́φει (dual vocative)
ξῐ́φη (plural vocative)

Greek: ξίφος (xífos)

Mariupol Greek: пси́фус (psífus)

Already in Late Mycenaean Greek (Ta-716 from Pylos), attested in the dual 𐀥𐀯𐀟𐀁 (qi-si-pe-e, “two swords”) (mostly ideographically as 𐃉). Probably of Pre-Greek origin, related to and perhaps borrowed from Egyptian zft (“sword, knife”). If the Greek isn't borrowed directly from the Egyptian, perhaps both are from an Old Semitic saïf or sêf, or from a Libyan or "Sea Peoples" word.

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, History of Animals 4.1.21

sword, the short, straight, double-edged sword of the Iron Age and Classical Antiquity.

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Fragments 306

371 BCE – 287 BCE, Theophrastus, Enquiry into Plants 7.13.1

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 1.194


σαύρα

σαύρᾱ • (saúrā) f (genitive σαύρᾱς); first declension

σαύρᾱ (canonical)
saúrā (romanization)
σαύρᾱς (genitive)
ἡ σαύρᾱ (nominative singular)
τὼ σαύρᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ σαῦραι (nominative plural)
τῆς σαύρᾱς (genitive singular)
τοῖν σαύραιν (dual genitive)
τῶν σαυρῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ σαύρᾳ (dative singular)
τοῖν σαύραιν (dative dual)
ταῖς σαύραις (dative plural)
τὴν σαύρᾱν (accusative singular)
τὼ σαύρᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς σαύρᾱς (accusative plural)
σαύρᾱ (singular vocative)
σαύρᾱ (dual vocative)
σαῦραι (plural vocative)

Beekes claims a Pre-Greek origin, due to the semantic category of lizards being "local substrate" and not being conceptualized among the Proto-Indo-Europeans.


φοῖνιξ

φοῖνῐξ • (phoînĭx) m (genitive φοίνῑκος); third declension

φοῖνῐξ (canonical)
phoînĭx (romanization)
φοίνῑκος (genitive)
ὁ φοῖνῐξ (nominative singular)
τὼ φοίνῑκε (dual nominative)
οἱ φοίνῑκες (nominative plural)
τοῦ φοίνῑκος (genitive singular)
τοῖν φοινῑ́κοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν φοινῑ́κων (genitive plural)
τῷ φοίνῑκῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν φοινῑ́κοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς φοίνῑξῐ (dative plural)
φοίνῑξῐν (dative plural)
toîs phoínīxĭ (dative plural)
toîs phoínīxĭn (dative plural)
τὸν φοίνῑκᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ φοίνῑκε (accusative dual)
τοὺς φοίνῑκᾰς (accusative plural)
φοῖνῐξ (singular vocative)
φοίνῑκε (dual vocative)
φοίνῑκες (plural vocative)

Greek: φοίνικας (foínikas)

→ Latin: phoenīx

desctree

→ Old Armenian: փիւնիկ (pʻiwnik), փիւնիկս (pʻiwniks), փիւնիկոս (pʻiwnikos), փիւնիքս (pʻiwnikʻs), փոնիքս (pʻonikʻs)
→ Armenian: փյունիկ (pʻyunik) (learned)
→ Old Georgian: ფუვინკაჲ (puvinḳay)

→ Old Georgian: ფჳნიქსი (pwiniksi)

The etymology surrounding all senses remains somewhat unclear. The fact that the dye came exclusively from Phoenicia assures some connection. However, it is unclear if it comes from native Greek or is a Phoenician loanword. The relationship in the sense of "mythical bird" and Egyptian bnw (“phoenix, Bennu bird”) is clear, but some have argued for a Semitic source (possibly Phoenician), perhaps related to the "dye" sense and the bird's red plumage. It has been argued both that the name of the tree derives from the bird and vice versa; it may be significant that Egyptian bnw can also mean both a mythical bird and the fruit of the date tree. Regardless of the etymology, the word traces back to the Mycenaean era, as evidenced by 𐀡𐀛𐀐 (po-ni-ke) and 𐀡𐀛𐀑𐀠 (po-ni-ki-pi) (most likely date palm). Compare Hebrew פֻּוָּ֕ה (puw·wā, “a clan's name”) and Arabic فُوَّه (fuwwah, “madder”), a plant whose root yields purple-red dye.

cog

(music) A guitar-like instrument invented by the Phoenicians


πτέρυξ

grc-noun

πτέρῠξ • (ptérŭx) f (genitive πτέρῠγος); third declension

πτέρῠξ (canonical)
ptérŭx (romanization)
πτέρῠγος (genitive)
ἡ πτέρῠξ (nominative singular)
τὼ πτέρῠγε (dual nominative)
αἱ πτέρῠγες (nominative plural)
τῆς πτέρῠγος (genitive singular)
τοῖν πτερῠ́γοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν πτερῠ́γων (genitive plural)
τῇ πτέρῠγῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν πτερῠ́γοιν (dative dual)
ταῖς πτέρῠξῐ (dative plural)
πτέρῠξῐν (dative plural)
taîs ptérŭxĭ (dative plural)
taîs ptérŭxĭn (dative plural)
τὴν πτέρῠγᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ πτέρῠγε (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς πτέρῠγᾰς (accusative plural)
πτέρῠξ (singular vocative)
πτέρῠγε (dual vocative)
πτέρῠγες (plural vocative)

Greek: πτέρυγα (ptéryga)

English: pterygo-, pteryg-

Connected with πτερόν (pterón, “feather”), but with an unexplained suffix.

anything like a wing:
(zootomy, in the plural) fins, flippers

anything like a wing:
(in the plural) feathery foliage
ivy (Hedera helix)

anything like a wing:
feathery foliage
ivy (Hedera helix)

broad edge of a sword or axe; (zootomy) beak of a swordfish


ἀμφίσβαινα

ᾰ̓μφῐ́σβαινᾰ

ᾰ̓μφῐσβαίνης

ᾰ̓μφῐ́σβαινᾰ • (ămphĭ́sbaină) f (genitive ᾰ̓μφῐσβαίνης); first declension

ᾰ̓μφῐ́σβαινᾰ (canonical)
ămphĭ́sbaină (romanization)
ᾰ̓μφῐσβαίνης (genitive)
ἡ ᾰ̓μφῐ́σβαινᾰ (nominative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓μφῐσβαίνᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ ᾰ̓μφῐ́σβαιναι (nominative plural)
τῆς ᾰ̓μφῐσβαίνης (genitive singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓μφῐσβαίναιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ᾰ̓μφῐσβαινῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ ᾰ̓μφῐσβαίνῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓μφῐσβαίναιν (dative dual)
ταῖς ᾰ̓μφῐσβαίναις (dative plural)
τὴν ᾰ̓μφῐ́σβαινᾰν (accusative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓μφῐσβαίνᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ᾰ̓μφῐσβαίνᾱς (accusative plural)
ᾰ̓μφῐ́σβαινᾰ (singular vocative)
ᾰ̓μφῐσβαίνᾱ (dual vocative)
ᾰ̓μφῐ́σβαιναι (plural vocative)

grc-decl

ᾰ̓μφῐ́σβαινᾰ

→ Latin: amphisbaena (see there for further descendants)

From ᾰ̓μφῐ́ς (ămphĭ́s, “on both sides”) + βαίνω (baínō, “I go”) + -ᾰ (-ă).

af

a kind of serpent which can go backwards or forwards


ἀψίνθιον

grc-noun

ἀψίνθιον • (apsínthion) n (genitive ἀψινθίου); second declension

apsínthion (romanization)
ἀψινθίου (genitive)
τὸ ἀψίνθιον (nominative singular)
τὼ ἀψινθίω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ ἀψίνθιᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ ἀψινθίου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ἀψινθίοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ἀψινθίων (genitive plural)
τῷ ἀψινθίῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ἀψινθίοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ἀψινθίοις (dative plural)
τὸ ἀψίνθιον (accusative singular)
τὼ ἀψινθίω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ ἀψίνθιᾰ (accusative plural)
ἀψίνθιον (singular vocative)
ἀψινθίω (dual vocative)
ἀψίνθιᾰ (plural vocative)

Greek: αψίνθιον (apsínthion) (Katharevousa), αψινθιά (apsinthiá), αψιθιά (apsithiá)

desctree

أَفْسِنْتِين

→ Arabic: أَفْسِنْتِين (ʔafsintīn), إِفْسَنْتِين (ʔifsantīn)
→ Persian: افسنتین
→ Gujarati: અફસંતીન (aphasantīn)
→ Hindi: अफ़संतीन (afsantīn)
→ Punjabi: ਅਫਸੰਤੀਨ (aphasantīn)

→ Aramaic:

Galilean: אפסינתינון (ap̄sinṭīnōn)

Babylonian: אפסנתין (ap̄sinṭīn)

Syriac: ܐܦܣܢܬܝܢ (ap̄sinṭīn), ܐܦܣܢܬܝܘܢ (ap̄sinṭiōn)

→ Latin: absinthium (see there for further descendants)

desc

→ Old Georgian: აფსინდი (apsindi), აფსინთი (apsinti)

The cluster -ινθ- (-inth-) suggests a Pre-Greek source, as in τέρμινθος (términthos, “terebinth”), ἐρέβινθος (erébinthos, “chickpea”), μίνθη (mínthē, “mint”), ὑάκινθος (huákinthos, “hyacinth”), πλίνθος (plínthos, “brick”), μήρινθος (mḗrinthos, “cord, line”), κήρινθος (kḗrinthos, “bee bread”), λαβύρινθος (labúrinthos, “labyrinth”). Also, the variant ἀσπίνθιον (aspínthion) with /sp/ instead of /ps/ may point to borrowing from Pre-Greek.
Related to the source of Old Armenian աւշինդր (awšindr, “wormwood”).

cog

Ἐν τούτῳ δὲ τῷ τόπῳ ἦν μὲν ἡ γῆ πεδίον ἅπαν ὁμαλὲς ὥσπερ θάλαττα, ἀψινθίου δὲ πλῆρες·

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 1.5.1

In this region the ground was all a plain, flat like the sea, and full of wormwood.

En toútōi dè tôi tópōi ên mèn hē gê pedíon hápan homalès hṓsper thálatta, apsinthíou dè plêres;

Artemisia absinthium
Artemisia absinthium#Translingual


γλαῦξ

grc-noun

γλαῦξ • (glaûx) f (genitive γλαυκός); third declension

glaûx (romanization)
γλαυκός (genitive)
ἡ γλαῦξ (nominative singular)
τὼ γλαῦκε (dual nominative)
αἱ γλαῦκες (nominative plural)
τῆς γλαυκός (genitive singular)
τοῖν γλαυκοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν γλαυκῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ γλαυκῐ́ (dative singular)
τοῖν γλαυκοῖν (dative dual)
ταῖς γλαυξῐ́ (dative plural)
γλαυξῐ́ν (dative plural)
taîs glauxĭ́(n) (dative plural)
τὴν γλαῦκᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ γλαῦκε (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς γλαῦκᾰς (accusative plural)
γλαῦξ (singular vocative)
γλαῦκε (dual vocative)
γλαῦκες (plural vocative)

Greek: γλαύκα (gláfka).

In ancient times considered to derive from γλαυκός (glaukós, “bright”) in reference to their gleaming eyes; possibly pre-Greek according to Beekes.

Athene noctua
Athene noctua#Translingual


ἀκακία

ἀκᾰκίᾱ • (akăkíā) f (genitive ἀκᾰκίᾱς); first declension

ἀκᾰκίᾱ (canonical)
akăkíā (romanization)
ἀκᾰκίᾱς (genitive)
ἡ ἀκᾰκῐ́ᾱ (nominative singular)
αἱ ἀκᾰκῐ́αι (nominative plural)
τῆς ἀκᾰκῐ́ᾱς (genitive singular)
τῶν ἀκᾰκῐῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ ἀκᾰκῐ́ᾳ (dative singular)
ταῖς ἀκᾰκῐ́αις (dative plural)
τὴν ἀκᾰκῐ́ᾱν (accusative singular)
τᾱ̀ς ἀκᾰκῐ́ᾱς (accusative plural)
ἀκᾰκῐ́ᾱ (singular vocative)
ἀκᾰκῐ́αι (plural vocative)

Byzantine Greek: ἀκακία (akakía)

desctree

Latin: acacia
Italian: gaggia
Ligurian: gasîa
Piedmontese: gasìa, gaseja
Venetan: gazia
→ Greek: γαζία (gazía)
→ Dutch: acacia
→ English: acacia
→ French: acacia
→ Moore: kasɩya
→ Italian: acacia
→ Portuguese: acácia
→ Romanian: acacia
→ Spanish: acacia

→ Greek: ακακία (akakía) (learned)

First found from the Egyptiots Aretaios and Dioskurides, a borrowing from Coptic ⲕⲁⲕⲉ (kake), ⲕⲉⲕⲉⲓ (kekei, “darkness”) from Egyptian kkw (“darkness”), acknowledging its providing shade in the desert, with a preformative analogical to ἄκανθα (ákantha).


ψιττακός

grc-noun

ψιττᾰκός • (psittăkós) m (genitive ψιττᾰκοῦ); second declension

ψιττᾰκός (canonical)
psittăkós (romanization)
ψιττᾰκοῦ (genitive)
ὁ ψιττᾰκός (nominative singular)
τὼ ψιττᾰκώ (dual nominative)
οἱ ψιττᾰκοί (nominative plural)
τοῦ ψιττᾰκοῦ (genitive singular)
τοῖν ψιττᾰκοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν ψιττᾰκῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ ψιττᾰκῷ (dative singular)
τοῖν ψιττᾰκοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς ψιττᾰκοῖς (dative plural)
τὸν ψιττᾰκόν (accusative singular)
τὼ ψιττᾰκώ (accusative dual)
τοὺς ψιττᾰκούς (accusative plural)
ψιττᾰκέ (singular vocative)
ψιττᾰκώ (dual vocative)
ψιττᾰκοί (plural vocative)

→ Latin: psittacus
German: Sittich


πάνθηρ

πᾰ́νθηρ • (pắnthēr) m (genitive πᾰ́νθηρος); third declension

πᾰ́νθηρ (canonical)
pắnthēr (romanization)
πᾰ́νθηρος (genitive)
ὁ πᾰ́νθηρ (nominative singular)
τὼ πᾰ́νθηρε (dual nominative)
οἱ πᾰ́νθηρες (nominative plural)
τοῦ πᾰ́νθηρος (genitive singular)
τοῖν πᾰνθήροιν (dual genitive)
τῶν πᾰνθήρων (genitive plural)
τῷ πᾰ́νθηρῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν πᾰνθήροιν (dative dual)
τοῖς πᾰ́νθηρσῐ (dative plural)
πᾰ́νθηρσῐν (dative plural)
toîs pắnthērsĭ (dative plural)
toîs pắnthērsĭn (dative plural)
τὸν πᾰ́νθηρᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ πᾰ́νθηρε (accusative dual)
τοὺς πᾰ́νθηρᾰς (accusative plural)
πᾰ́νθηρ (singular vocative)
πᾰ́νθηρε (dual vocative)
πᾰ́νθηρες (plural vocative)

→ Aramaic:

desc

Classical Syriac: ܦܢܬܘܪ (pntwr /pantōr/), ܦܢܬܝܪ (pntyr /pantīr/), ܦܢܛܝܪ (pnṭyr /panṭīr/)

→ Latin: panther, panthera

→ Old Armenian: պանթեր (pantʻer)

→ Old Church Slavonic: панъѳиръ (panŭθirŭ)

→ Old East Slavic: панъфиръ (panŭfirŭ)

Old Ruthenian: пантеръ (panter), пантиръ (pantir), панфиръ (panfir)

→ Old Georgian: პანფილი (ṗanpili)

Of foreign origin, compare Sogdian 𐼾𐼴𐽀𐼹𐼻𐼸 (pwrδnk), Pashto پړانګ (pṛāng), Persian پلنگ (palang), and Hittite 𒊊𒌉𒀸 (parsnaš, “leopard”). See also πάρδαλις (párdalis). A common folk etymology derives it from πᾰν- (păn-, “all”) + θήρ (thḗr, “beast”) or θήρα (thḗra, “hunt”).


ἀκαλήφη

grc-noun

ἀκᾰλήφη • (akălḗphē) f (genitive ἀκᾰλήφης); first declension

ἀκᾰλήφη (canonical)
akălḗphē (romanization)
ἀκᾰλήφης (genitive)
ἡ ἀκαλήφη (nominative singular)
τὼ ἀκαλήφᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ ἀκαλῆφαι (nominative plural)
τῆς ἀκαλήφης (genitive singular)
τοῖν ἀκαλήφαιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ἀκαληφῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ ἀκαλήφῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν ἀκαλήφαιν (dative dual)
ταῖς ἀκαλήφαις (dative plural)
τὴν ἀκαλήφην (accusative singular)
τὼ ἀκαλήφᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ἀκαλήφᾱς (accusative plural)
ἀκαλήφη (singular vocative)
ἀκαλήφᾱ (dual vocative)
ἀκαλῆφαι (plural vocative)

Unknown. The variation "υ/η" could point to a Pre-Greek word, although there are no clear parallels to it.

Urtica dioica
Urtica dioica#Translingual


βοῦς

βοῦς • (boûs) m or f (genitive βοός); third declension

boûs (romanization)
βοός (genitive)
ὁ (nominative singular)
ἡ βοῦς (nominative singular)
τὼ βόε (dual nominative)
οἱ (nominative plural)
αἱ βόες (nominative plural)
τοῦ (genitive singular)
τῆς βοός (genitive singular)
τοῖν βοοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν βοῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ (dative singular)
τῇ βοΐ (dative singular)
τοῖν βοοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς (dative plural)
ταῖς βουσί (dative plural)
βουσίν (dative plural)
toîs (dative plural)
taîs bousí (dative plural)
taîs bousín (dative plural)
τὸν (accusative singular)
τὴν βοῦν (accusative singular)
τὼ βόε (accusative dual)
τοὺς (accusative plural)
τᾱ̀ς βοῦς (accusative plural)
βοῦ (singular vocative)
βόε (dual vocative)
βόες (plural vocative)
βοῦς (nominative singular)
βόε (dual nominative)
βόες (nominative plural)
βοός (genitive singular)
βοοῖν (dual genitive)
βοῶν (genitive plural)
βοΐ (dative singular)
βοοῖν (dative dual)
βουσί (dative plural)
βουσίν (dative plural)
βόεσσι (dative plural)
βόεσσιν (dative plural)
bousí (dative plural)
bousín (dative plural)
bóessi (dative plural)
bóessin (dative plural)
βοῦν (accusative singular)
βῶν (accusative singular)
βόε (accusative dual)
βόας (accusative plural)
βοῦς (accusative plural)
βοῦ (singular vocative)
βόε (dual vocative)
βόες (plural vocative)

grc-decl

βουσί(ν), βόεσσι(ν)

Greek: βόδι (vódi), βόιδι n (vóidi)

Tsakonian: βου (vou)

⇒ Translingual: Bucephala

From Proto-Hellenic *gʷous (compare Mycenaean Greek 𐀦𐀃 (qo-o)), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷṓws. Cognates include Old English cū (English cow), Irish bó, Latin bōs, and Sanskrit गो (gó).

οἶδ’ ἐπὶ δεξιά, οἶδ’ ἐπ’ ἀριστερὰ νωμῆσαι βῶν
ἀζαλέην, τό μοι ἔστι ταλαύρινον πολεμίζειν·
oîd’ epì dexiá, oîd’ ep’ aristerà nōmêsai bôn

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 7.238–239

I know on the right, and I know on the left how to wield my dried
shield, which to me seems sturdy in fighting:

azaléēn, tó moi ésti talaúrinon polemízein;


ἀλκυών

grc-noun

ἀλκυών • (alkuṓn) f (genitive ἀλκυόνος); third declension

alkuṓn (romanization)
ἀλκυόνος (genitive)
ἡ ἀλκῠών (nominative singular)
τὼ ἀλκῠόνε (dual nominative)
αἱ ἀλκῠόνες (nominative plural)
τῆς ἀλκῠόνος (genitive singular)
τοῖν ἀλκῠόνοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ἀλκῠόνων (genitive plural)
τῇ ἀλκῠόνῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν ἀλκῠόνοιν (dative dual)
ταῖς ἀλκῠόσῐ (dative plural)
ἀλκῠόσῐν (dative plural)
taîs alkŭósĭ (dative plural)
taîs alkŭósĭn (dative plural)
τὴν ἀλκῠόνᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ ἀλκῠόνε (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ἀλκῠόνᾰς (accusative plural)
ἀλκῠών (singular vocative)
ἀλκῠόνε (dual vocative)
ἀλκῠόνες (plural vocative)

→ Classical Syriac: ܐܠܩܐܘܢ (/ʾlqʾwn/)

→ Latin: alcēdō, halcyōn (see there for further descendants)

desc

→ Old Armenian: աղկիոն (ałkion), աղկիովն (ałkiovn)

→ Old Georgian: ალკჳონი (alḳwioni)

Georgian: ალკუნი (alḳuni)

→ Old East Slavic: алкионъ (alkionŭ)

Unknown, apparently from Pre-Greek. The variant ἁλκυών (halkuṓn) arose by folk etymology as ἅλς (háls, “salt”) + κυέω (kuéō, “to conceive”).

ἀλκυών· […] καὶ δαίμων τις ⟨παρὰ Λάκωσι⟩

[5th c. C.E., Hesychius of Alexandria, Γλώσσαι, Α.3101:

alkuṓn: […] and a divinity among the Laconians

alkuṓn; […] kaì daímōn tis ⟨parà Lákōsi⟩


ἄρωμα

grc-noun

ἄρωμα • (árōma) n (genitive ἀρώματος); third declension

árōma (romanization)
ἀρώματος (genitive)
τὸ ἄρωμᾰ (nominative singular)
τὼ ἀρώμᾰτε (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ ἀρώμᾰτᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ ἀρώμᾰτος (genitive singular)
τοῖν ἀρωμᾰ́τοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ἀρωμᾰ́των (genitive plural)
τῷ ἀρώμᾰτῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν ἀρωμᾰ́τοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ἀρώμᾰσῐ (dative plural)
ἀρώμᾰσῐν (dative plural)
toîs arṓmăsĭ (dative plural)
toîs arṓmăsĭn (dative plural)
τὸ ἄρωμᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ ἀρώμᾰτε (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ ἀρώμᾰτᾰ (accusative plural)
ἄρωμᾰ (singular vocative)
ἀρώμᾰτε (dual vocative)
ἀρώμᾰτᾰ (plural vocative)

→ Bulgarian: арома́т (aromát)

→ Georgian: არომატი (aromaṭi)

→ Gothic: 𐌰𐍂𐍉𐌼𐌰𐍄𐌰 (arōmata)

Greek: άρωμα (ároma)

→ Latin: arōma (see there for further descendants)

→ Polish: aromat

Russian: арома́т (aromát)

→ Serbo-Croatian: aróma

Yiddish: אַראָמאַט (aromat)

From a root *ἄρ- (*ár-) of uncertain origin + a suffix -ωμα (-ōma). The root is possibly from αἴρω (aírō, “I take up, raise, exalt”), according to Strong, in the sense of sending off a scent.


καμηλοπάρδαλις

κᾰμηλοπαρδάλεως

κᾰμηλοπάρδᾰλῐς

κᾰμηλοπάρδᾰλῐς • (kămēlopárdălĭs) f (genitive κᾰμηλοπαρδάλεως); third declension

κᾰμηλοπάρδᾰλῐς (canonical)
kămēlopárdălĭs (romanization)
κᾰμηλοπαρδάλεως (genitive)
ἡ καμηλοπάρδαλῐς (nominative singular)
τὼ καμηλοπαρδάλει (dual nominative)
αἱ καμηλοπαρδάλεις (nominative plural)
τῆς καμηλοπαρδάλεως (genitive singular)
τοῖν καμηλοπαρδαλέοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν καμηλοπαρδάλεων (genitive plural)
τῇ καμηλοπαρδάλει (dative singular)
τοῖν καμηλοπαρδαλέοιν (dative dual)
ταῖς καμηλοπαρδάλεσῐ (dative plural)
καμηλοπαρδάλεσῐν (dative plural)
taîs kamēlopardálesĭ (dative plural)
taîs kamēlopardálesĭn (dative plural)
τὴν καμηλοπάρδαλῐν (accusative singular)
τὼ καμηλοπαρδάλει (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς καμηλοπαρδάλεις (accusative plural)
καμηλοπάρδαλῐ (singular vocative)
καμηλοπαρδάλει (dual vocative)
καμηλοπαρδάλεις (plural vocative)

grc-decl

καμηλοπάρδαλῐς

desc

καμηλοπάρδαλη

Greek: καμηλοπάρδαλη (kamilopárdali)

desctree

→ Latin: camēlopardalis
Italian: camelopardo
French: chameaupard
→ Dutch: kameelpaard
→ Afrikaans: kameelperd
→ English: camelopard
→ Swedish: kamelopard

desc

→ Old Georgian: აქლემ-ვეფხი (aklem-vepxi) (partial calque)

From κάμηλος (kámēlos, “camel”) + πάρδαλις (párdalis, “leopard”); from the fact that a giraffe has a long neck like a camel and is spotted like a leopard.


πάρδαλις

grc-noun

πᾰ́ρδᾰλῐς • (pắrdălĭs) f (genitive πᾰρδᾰ́λεως); third declension

πᾰ́ρδᾰλῐς (canonical)
pắrdălĭs (romanization)
πᾰρδᾰ́λεως (genitive)
ἡ πᾰ́ρδᾰλῐς (nominative singular)
τὼ πᾰρδᾰ́λει (dual nominative)
αἱ πᾰρδᾰ́λεις (nominative plural)
τῆς πᾰρδᾰ́λεως (genitive singular)
τοῖν πᾰρδᾰλέοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν πᾰρδᾰ́λεων (genitive plural)
τῇ πᾰρδᾰ́λει (dative singular)
τοῖν πᾰρδᾰλέοιν (dative dual)
ταῖς πᾰρδᾰ́λεσῐ (dative plural)
πᾰρδᾰ́λεσῐν (dative plural)
taîs părdắlesĭ (dative plural)
taîs părdắlesĭn (dative plural)
τὴν πᾰ́ρδᾰλῐν (accusative singular)
τὼ πᾰρδᾰ́λει (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς πᾰρδᾰ́λεις (accusative plural)
πᾰ́ρδᾰλῐ (singular vocative)
πᾰρδᾰ́λει (dual vocative)
πᾰρδᾰ́λεις (plural vocative)

→ Coptic: ⲡⲁⲣⲇⲁⲗⲓⲥ (pardalis)

→ Hebrew: ברדלס

→ Latin: pardalis

⇒ Greek: παρδαλός (pardalós)

Borrowed from a foreign eastern language. Compare various Indo-Iranian terms like Sogdian 𐼾𐼴𐽀𐼹𐼻𐼸 (pwrδnk), Bactrian πορλαγγο-ζινο (porlango-zino), Pashto پړانګ (pṛāng), Persian پلنگ (palang), and Sanskrit पृदाकु (pṛ́dāku). See also πάνθηρ (pánthēr).

cog

πορλαγγοζινο

πορλαγγο-ζινο


νύμφη

grc-noun

νῠ́μφη • (nŭ́mphē) f (genitive νῠ́μφης); first declension

νῠ́μφη (canonical)
nŭ́mphē (romanization)
νῠ́μφης (genitive)
ἡ νῠ́μφη (nominative singular)
τὼ νῠ́μφᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ νῠ́μφαι (nominative plural)
τῆς νῠ́μφης (genitive singular)
τοῖν νῠ́μφαιν (dual genitive)
τῶν νῠμφῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ νῠ́μφῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν νῠ́μφαιν (dative dual)
ταῖς νῠ́μφαις (dative plural)
τὴν νῠ́μφην (accusative singular)
τὼ νῠ́μφᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς νῠ́μφᾱς (accusative plural)
νῠ́μφη (singular vocative)
νῠ́μφᾱ (dual vocative)
νῠ́μφαι (plural vocative)
νῠ́μφη (nominative singular)
νῠ́μφᾱ (dual nominative)
νῠ́μφαι (nominative plural)
νῠ́μφης (genitive singular)
νῠ́μφαιν (dual genitive)
νῠ́μφαιῐν (dual genitive)
νῠ́μφῃῐν (dual genitive)
nŭ́mphain (dual genitive)
nŭ́mphaiĭn (dual genitive)
nŭ́mphēiĭn (dual genitive)
νῠμφᾱ́ων (genitive plural)
νῠμφέ͜ων (genitive plural)
νῠμφῶν (genitive plural)
νῠ́μφῃ (dative singular)
νῠ́μφαιν (dative dual)
νῠ́μφαιῐν (dative dual)
νῠ́μφῃῐν (dative dual)
nŭ́mphain (dative dual)
nŭ́mphaiĭn (dative dual)
nŭ́mphēiĭn (dative dual)
νῠ́μφῃσῐ (dative plural)
νῠ́μφῃσῐν (dative plural)
νῠ́μφῃς (dative plural)
νῠ́μφαις (dative plural)
nŭ́mphēisĭ (dative plural)
nŭ́mphēisĭn (dative plural)
nŭ́mphēis (dative plural)
nŭ́mphais (dative plural)
νῠ́μφην (accusative singular)
νῠ́μφᾱ (accusative dual)
νῠ́μφᾱς (accusative plural)
νῠ́μφη (singular vocative)
νῠ́μφᾰ (singular vocative)
νῠ́μφᾱ (dual vocative)
νῠ́μφαι (plural vocative)

grc-decl

νῠ́μφη, νῠ́μφᾰ

desc

Greek: νύμφη (nýmfi, “nymph; bride”), νύφη (nýfi, “bride; in-law”)

Mariupol Greek: нимф (nimf, “fairy”), ныф (nyf, “bride; in-law”)

→ Latin: lympha, nympha (see there for further descendants)

→ Russian: ни́мфа (nímfa)

Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *snewbʰ- (“to marry, to wed”), and compared with Latin nūbō (“to marry”) (whence English nubile). However, Beekes argues for a Pre-Greek origin, as the preceding theory does not explain the origin of the inner nasal -μ- (-m-); others including Kretschmer have also argued for substrate origin, comparing the proper name Νυμφασία (Numphasía).

der

314 CE – 393 CE, Libanius, Orations 11.28

(Greek mythology, sometimes capitalized) nymph, goddess of lower rank

goddess of springs; (poetry) spring, spring water

(anatomy) hollow between the lower lip and the chin

(zootomy) depression on the shoulder of a horse

129 CE – 216 CE, Galen, Of the Uses of the Different Parts of the Human Body 15.3

(anatomy) clitoris, also the labia minora


βδέλλα

grc-noun

βδέλλᾰ • (bdéllă) f (genitive βδέλλης); first declension

βδέλλᾰ (canonical)
bdéllă (romanization)
βδέλλης (genitive)
ἡ βδέλλᾰ (nominative singular)
τὼ βδέλλᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ βδέλλαι (nominative plural)
τῆς βδέλλης (genitive singular)
τοῖν βδέλλαιν (dual genitive)
τῶν βδελλῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ βδέλλῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν βδέλλαιν (dative dual)
ταῖς βδέλλαις (dative plural)
τὴν βδέλλᾰν (accusative singular)
τὼ βδέλλᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς βδέλλᾱς (accusative plural)
βδέλλᾰ (singular vocative)
βδέλλᾱ (dual vocative)
βδέλλαι (plural vocative)

Albanian: abdhellë

English: bdellatomy

French: bdellomètre

Greek: βδέλλα (vdélla)

From βδάλλω (bdállō, “I milk”, (in the middle voice, of a cow) “I yield to milking”; “I suck”), from Pre-Greek.


ἄκανθος

ἄκᾰνθος • (ákănthos) m or f (genitive ἀκᾰ́νθου); second declension

ἄκᾰνθος (canonical)
ákănthos (romanization)
ἀκᾰ́νθου (genitive)
ὁ ἄκᾰνθος (nominative singular)
τὼ ἀκᾰ́νθω (dual nominative)
οἱ ἄκᾰνθοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ ἀκᾰ́νθου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ἀκᾰ́νθοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ἀκᾰ́νθων (genitive plural)
τῷ ἀκᾰ́νθῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ἀκᾰ́νθοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ἀκᾰ́νθοις (dative plural)
τὸν ἄκᾰνθον (accusative singular)
τὼ ἀκᾰ́νθω (accusative dual)
τοὺς ἀκᾰ́νθους (accusative plural)
ἄκᾰνθε (singular vocative)
ἀκᾰ́νθω (dual vocative)
ἄκᾰνθοι (plural vocative)

desctree

→ Latin: acanthus
→ Catalan: acant
→ Finnish: akantus, akantti
→ English: acanthus
→ French: acanthe
→ Romanian: acantă
→ Irish: acanta-, acantas
→ Italian: acanto
→ Polish: akant (learned)
→ Portuguese: acanto
→ Spanish: acanto
→ Swedish: akantus, akant

From ἀκή (akḗ, “thorn”) + ἄνθος (ánthos, “flower”).


φύλλον

grc-noun

φῠ́λλον • (phŭ́llon) n (genitive φῠ́λλου); second declension

φῠ́λλον (canonical)
phŭ́llon (romanization)
φῠ́λλου (genitive)
τὸ φῠ́λλον (nominative singular)
τὼ φῠ́λλω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ φῠ́λλᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ φῠ́λλου (genitive singular)
τοῖν φῠ́λλοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν φῠ́λλων (genitive plural)
τῷ φῠ́λλῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν φῠ́λλοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς φῠ́λλοις (dative plural)
τὸ φῠ́λλον (accusative singular)
τὼ φῠ́λλω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ φῠ́λλᾰ (accusative plural)
φῠ́λλον (singular vocative)
φῠ́λλω (dual vocative)
φῠ́λλᾰ (plural vocative)

desc

→ English: -phyllous, phyllon, -phyll, phyllo-, -phyllic, -phylline

desctree

Greek: φύλλο (fýllo)
→ English: phyllo, fillo, filo, fyllo

Mariupol Greek: фи́лу (fílu)

Translingual: phylla, phyllus, -phyllum

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰolh₃-yom, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₃- (“leaf, blossom, flower”). Cognates include Latin folium, Old Armenian բողբոջ (bołboǰ), and English blossom.


κράμβη

grc-noun

κρᾰ́μβη • (krắmbē) f (genitive κρᾰ́μβης); first declension

κρᾰ́μβη (canonical)
krắmbē (romanization)
κρᾰ́μβης (genitive)

Greek:

Byzantine Greek: κράμβη (krámbē), Byzantine Greek: κράμπη (krámpē)

Modern Greek: κράμβη (krámvi)

→ Arabic: كُرُنْب (kurunb)

Hijazi Arabic: كرنب (kurunb)

→ Aramaic:

desc

Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: כְּרַנְבִּי (kranbī)

→ Classical Syriac: ܟܪܒܐ (kərāḇā)

→ Coptic: ⲅⲣⲁⲙⲡⲏ (grampē), ⲅⲣⲁⲙⲡⲉ (grampe), ⲕⲣⲁⲙⲡⲏ (krampē)

→ Latin: crambē

→ Middle Iranian: *karamb, *kalamb

desctree

Persian: کلم (kalam), کرم (karam), کرنب (karamb)
Tajik: карам (karam), калам (kalam)
→ Azerbaijani: kələm
→ Kurdish:
Northern Kurdish: kelem
Central Kurdish: کەلەرم (kelerm)
→ Kyrgyz: керем (kerem)
→ Ottoman Turkish: كلم (kelem)
Turkish: kelem
→ Uzbek: karam

→ Old Armenian: կաղամբ (kałamb)
Middle Armenian: կաղամբ (kałamb), կաղամպ (kałamp), կաղանբ (kałanb), կաղամբոս (kałambos)
→ Armenian: կաղամբ (kałamb)
→ Lezgi: клампӏ (klamṗ), гилампӏ (gilamṗ, “turnip, radish”)
→ Old Georgian: კალნაბი (ḳalnabi)
Georgian: კალნაბი (ḳalnabi)
→ Udi: кӏаламб (ḳalamb)

desc

⇒ Ancient Greek: κραμβίδιον (krambídion, diminutive)

→ Arabic: قَرْنَبِيط (qarnabīṭ) (see there for further descendants)

→ Coptic: ⲅⲣⲁⲙⲡⲓⲧ (grampit)

⇒ Ancient Greek: κραμβίον (krambíon) ("decoction of κράμβη")

Byzantine Greek: κραμβίν (krambín), κραμπί(ν), κραμπίον

Usually connected with κράμβος (krámbos, “dry; blight in grapes, when they shrivel”), assuming that the plant was named after its shrunken leaves, but this is rejected by Beekes, who leaves the origin open.

μὰ τὴν κράμβην ― mà tḕn krámbēn ― by the cabbage! (μά + accusative: comic oath)

Albert Socin
Ernst Kuhn
Wilhelm Geiger
de:Christian Bartholomae
de:Paul Horn (Philologe)
ru:Залеман, Карл Германович


πελαργός

grc-noun

πελᾱργός • (pelārgós) m (genitive πελᾱργοῦ); second declension

πελᾱργός (canonical)
pelārgós (romanization)
πελᾱργοῦ (genitive)
ὁ πελᾱργός (nominative singular)
τὼ πελᾱργώ (dual nominative)
οἱ πελᾱργοί (nominative plural)
τοῦ πελᾱργοῦ (genitive singular)
τοῖν πελᾱργοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν πελᾱργῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ πελᾱργῷ (dative singular)
τοῖν πελᾱργοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς πελᾱργοῖς (dative plural)
τὸν πελᾱργόν (accusative singular)
τὼ πελᾱργώ (accusative dual)
τοὺς πελᾱργούς (accusative plural)
πελᾱργέ (singular vocative)
πελᾱργώ (dual vocative)
πελᾱργοί (plural vocative)

Greek: πελαργός (pelargós)

→ Arabic: بِلَّارِج (billārij) (Tunisian, Algerian, Moroccan)

→ Classical Syriac: ܦܝܠܪܓܐ (pīlargā)

The origin is Pre-Greek. Folk-etymologically explained as πελλός (pellós, “dark”) + ἀργός (argós, “white”). Has been linked with Old Armenian արագիլ (aragil).
Witczak (1991) suggests that the word is a compound, with second term continuing otherwise unattested *ἁργός (*hargós), from Proto-Indo-European *sr̥ǵos (“stork”), akin e.g. to Proto-Germanic *sturkaz (“stork”).


γάδος

grc-noun

γάδος • (gádos) m (genitive γάδου); second declension

gádos (romanization)
γάδου (genitive)
ὁ γᾰ́δος (nominative singular)
τὼ γᾰ́δω (dual nominative)
οἱ γᾰ́δοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ γᾰ́δου (genitive singular)
τοῖν γᾰ́δοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν γᾰ́δων (genitive plural)
τῷ γᾰ́δῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν γᾰ́δοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς γᾰ́δοις (dative plural)
τὸν γᾰ́δον (accusative singular)
τὼ γᾰ́δω (accusative dual)
τοὺς γᾰ́δους (accusative plural)
γᾰ́δε (singular vocative)
γᾰ́δω (dual vocative)
γᾰ́δοι (plural vocative)

Greek: γάδος (gádos)

→ Translingual: Gadus

Furnée compares the word with γάζας (gázas, “kind of fish”), assuming a Pre-Greek origin.


λύγξ

λύγξ • (lúnx) f (genitive λυγγός); third declension

lúnx (romanization)
λυγγός (genitive)
ἡ λύγξ (nominative singular)
τὼ λύγγε (dual nominative)
αἱ λύγγες (nominative plural)
τῆς λυγγός (genitive singular)
τοῖν λυγγοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν λυγγῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ λυγγῐ́ (dative singular)
τοῖν λυγγοῖν (dative dual)
ταῖς λυγξῐ́ (dative plural)
λυγξῐ́ν (dative plural)
taîs lunxĭ́(n) (dative plural)
τὴν λῦγγᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ λύγγε (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς λύγγᾰς (accusative plural)
λύγξ (singular vocative)
λύγγε (dual vocative)
λύγγες (plural vocative)

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *lewǵ- (“to break, shatter”). Related to Latin lugeō (“to mourn, grieve”), Sanskrit रुजति (rujati, “to break open, shatter, injure, cause pain”).


ἐλέφας

grc-noun

ἐλέφᾱς • (eléphās) m or f (genitive ἐλέφαντος); third declension

ἐλέφᾱς (canonical)
eléphās (romanization)
ἐλέφαντος (genitive)
ὁ (nominative singular)
ἡ ἐλέφᾱς (nominative singular)
οἱ (nominative plural)
αἱ ἐλέφᾰντες (nominative plural)
τοῦ (genitive singular)
τῆς ἐλέφᾰντος (genitive singular)
ἐλεφᾰ́ντου (genitive singular)
τῶν ἐλεφᾰ́ντων (genitive plural)
τῷ (dative singular)
τῇ ἐλέφᾰντῐ (dative singular)
τοῖς (dative plural)
ταῖς ἐλέφᾱσῐ (dative plural)
ἐλέφᾱσῐν (dative plural)
ἐλεφᾰ́ντοις (dative plural)
τὸν (accusative singular)
τὴν ἐλέφᾰντᾰ (accusative singular)
τοὺς (accusative plural)
τᾱ̀ς ἐλέφᾰντᾰς (accusative plural)
ἐλέφᾰν (singular vocative)
ἐλέφᾰντες (plural vocative)

grc-decl

ἐλέφᾰντος, ἐλεφᾰ́ντου

ἐλέφᾱσῐ / ἐλέφᾱσῐν, ἐλεφᾰ́ντοις

desc

Greek: ελέφας (eléfas), ελέφαντας (eléfantas)

desctree

е҆лефа́нтесъ

→ Old Church Slavonic: е҆лефа́нтъ (e҆lefántŭ), е҆лефа́нтесъ (e҆lefántesŭ)
→ Old Ruthenian: елефа́нтъ (elefánt)
→ Russian: элефа́нт (elefánt) (archaic)

→ Latin: elephās (see there for further descendants)

Probably borrowed from Egyptian ꜣbw Ab-b-w-E26 (reconstructed as earlier /'lu:bu ~ 'lu:baw/, later /ˈʔeːbə/). Cognate with Mycenaean Greek 𐀁𐀩𐀞 (e-re-pa /elephās/); compare also Hittite 𒆷𒄴𒉺𒀸 (laḫpaš, “ivory”), Proto-Berber *eḷu, and Sanskrit इभ (íbha).


ὗς

grc-noun

ὗς • (hûs) m or f (genitive ὑός); third declension

hûs (romanization)
ὑός (genitive)
ὁ (nominative singular)
ἡ ὗς (nominative singular)
τὼ ὕε (dual nominative)
οἱ (nominative plural)
αἱ ὕες (nominative plural)
τοῦ (genitive singular)
τῆς ὑός (genitive singular)
τοῖν ὑοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν ὑῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ (dative singular)
τῇ ὑΐ (dative singular)
τοῖν ὑοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς (dative plural)
ταῖς ὑσί (dative plural)
ὑσίν (dative plural)
toîs (dative plural)
taîs husí (dative plural)
taîs husín (dative plural)
τὸν (accusative singular)
τὴν ὗν (accusative singular)
τὼ ὕε (accusative dual)
τοὺς (accusative plural)
τᾱ̀ς ὗς (accusative plural)
ὗ (singular vocative)
ὕε (dual vocative)
ὕες (plural vocative)
ὗς (nominative singular)
ὕε (dual nominative)
ὕες (nominative plural)
ὑός (genitive singular)
ὑοῖν (dual genitive)
ὑῶν (genitive plural)
ὑΐ (dative singular)
ὑοῖν (dative dual)
ὑσί (dative plural)
ὑσίν (dative plural)
ῠ̔́εσσι (dative plural)
husí (dative plural)
husín (dative plural)
hŭ́essi (dative plural)
ὗν (accusative singular)
ὕε (accusative dual)
ὗς (accusative plural)
ὗ (singular vocative)
ὕε (dual vocative)
ὕες (plural vocative)

grc-decl

ὑσί(ν), ῠ̔́εσσι

Inherited from Proto-Hellenic *hūs, from Proto-Indo-European *suH- (“swine”). Compare Latin sūs, English swine, sow.


τίγρις

grc-noun

τῐ́γρῐς • (tĭ́grĭs) f (genitive τῐ́γρεως); third declension

τῐ́γρῐς (canonical)
tĭ́grĭs (romanization)
τῐ́γρεως (genitive)
ἡ τῐ́γρῐς (nominative singular)
τὼ τῐ́γρει (dual nominative)
αἱ τῐ́γρεις (nominative plural)
τῆς τῐ́γρεως (genitive singular)
τοῖν τῐγρέοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν τῐ́γρεων (genitive plural)
τῇ τῐ́γρει (dative singular)
τοῖν τῐγρέοιν (dative dual)
ταῖς τῐ́γρεσῐ (dative plural)
τῐ́γρεσῐν (dative plural)
taîs tĭ́gresĭ (dative plural)
taîs tĭ́gresĭn (dative plural)
τὴν τῐ́γρῐν (accusative singular)
τὼ τῐ́γρει (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς τῐ́γρεις (accusative plural)
τῐ́γρῐ (singular vocative)
τῐ́γρει (dual vocative)
τῐ́γρεις (plural vocative)

Aramaic: טיגריס

Classical Syriac: ܛܝܓܪܝܣ

Greek: τίγρη (tígri)

Hebrew: טיגריס

→ Latin: tigris

→ English: tiger

→ French: tigre

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: تكیر (tekir)
Turkish: tekir
→ Armenian: թէքիր (tʻēkʻir)

Russian: тигр (tigr)

From an Indo-Iranian language. Some suppose a relation to Avestan 𐬝𐬌𐬔𐬭𐬌 (t̰igri, “arrow”), Old Persian 𐎫𐎥𐎼 (t-g-r, “pointed, sharp”). According to Watkins, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(s)teyg- (“to point, stick”).


σῦς

grc-noun

σῦς • (sûs) m or f (genitive σῠός); third declension

sûs (romanization)
σῠός (genitive)
ὁ (nominative singular)
ἡ σῦς (nominative singular)
τὼ σῠ́ε (dual nominative)
οἱ (nominative plural)
αἱ σῠ́ες (nominative plural)
τοῦ (genitive singular)
τῆς σῠός (genitive singular)
τοῖν σῠοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν σῠῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ (dative singular)
τῇ σῠῐ̈́ (dative singular)
τοῖν σῠοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς (dative plural)
ταῖς σῡσῐ́ (dative plural)
σῡσῐ́ν (dative plural)
σῠσῐ́ (dative plural)
σῠσῐ́ν (dative plural)
toîs (dative plural)
taîs sūsĭ́(n) (dative plural)
sŭsĭ́(n) (dative plural)
τὸν (accusative singular)
τὴν σῦν (accusative singular)
τὼ σῠ́ε (accusative dual)
τοὺς (accusative plural)
τᾱ̀ς σῦς (accusative plural)
σῠ́ᾰς (accusative plural)
σῦ (singular vocative)
σῠ́ε (dual vocative)
σῠ́ες (plural vocative)
σῦς (nominative singular)
σῠ́ε (dual nominative)
σῠ́ες (nominative plural)
σῠός (genitive singular)
σῠ́οιῐν (dual genitive)
σῠῶν (genitive plural)
σῠῐ̈́ (dative singular)
σῠ́οιῐν (dative dual)
σῠ́εσσῐ (dative plural)
σῠ́εσσῐν (dative plural)
sŭ́essĭ (dative plural)
sŭ́essĭn (dative plural)
σῦν (accusative singular)
σῠ́ε (accusative dual)
σῦς (accusative plural)
σῠ́ᾰς (accusative plural)
σῦ (singular vocative)
σῠ́ε (dual vocative)
σῠ́ες (plural vocative)

From Proto-Indo-European *súHs (“swine”); doublet of ὗς (hûs). The reason for the survival of initial /s/ in this form is unknown.


ἔλαφος

ἔλᾰφος • (élăphos) m or f (genitive ἐλᾰ́φου); second declension

ἔλᾰφος (canonical)
élăphos (romanization)
ἐλᾰ́φου (genitive)
ὁ (nominative singular)
ἡ ἔλᾰφος (nominative singular)
τὼ ἐλᾰ́φω (dual nominative)
οἱ (nominative plural)
αἱ ἔλᾰφοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ (genitive singular)
τῆς ἐλᾰ́φου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ἐλᾰ́φοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ἐλᾰ́φων (genitive plural)
τῷ (dative singular)
τῇ ἐλᾰ́φῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ἐλᾰ́φοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς (dative plural)
ταῖς ἐλᾰ́φοις (dative plural)
τὸν (accusative singular)
τὴν ἔλᾰφον (accusative singular)
τὼ ἐλᾰ́φω (accusative dual)
τοὺς (accusative plural)
τᾱ̀ς ἐλᾰ́φους (accusative plural)
ἔλᾰφε (singular vocative)
ἐλᾰ́φω (dual vocative)
ἔλᾰφοι (plural vocative)
ἔλᾰφος (nominative singular)
ἐλᾰ́φω (dual nominative)
ἔλᾰφοι (nominative plural)
ἐλᾰ́φου (genitive singular)
ἐλᾰφοῖο (genitive singular)
ἐλᾰ́φοιο (genitive singular)
ἐλᾰφόο (genitive singular)
ἐλᾰ́φοο (genitive singular)
ἐλᾰ́φοιῐν (dual genitive)
ἐλᾰ́φων (genitive plural)
ἐλᾰ́φῳ (dative singular)
ἐλᾰ́φοιῐν (dative dual)
ἐλᾰ́φοισῐ (dative plural)
ἐλᾰ́φοισῐν (dative plural)
ἐλᾰ́φοις (dative plural)
elắphoisĭ (dative plural)
elắphoisĭn (dative plural)
elắphois (dative plural)
ἔλᾰφον (accusative singular)
ἐλᾰ́φω (accusative dual)
ἐλᾰ́φους (accusative plural)
ἔλᾰφε (singular vocative)
ἐλᾰ́φω (dual vocative)
ἔλᾰφοι (plural vocative)

Greek: ελάφι n (eláfi)

→ Latin: elaphus m (“deer”)

→ Translingual: Elaphus

From Proto-Hellenic *éləpʰos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁éln̥bʰos, from *h₁el- (“deer”). Compare ἐλλός (ellós, “young deer”), Lithuanian élnias (“deer, stag, hart”), Russian оле́нь (olénʹ, “deer”), Russian лось (losʹ, “elk”), Old Armenian եղն (ełn, “hind”).

ὃν τρόπον ἐπιποθεῖ ἡ ἔλαφος ἐπὶ τὰς πηγὰς τῶν ὑδάτων οὕτως ἐπιποθεῖ ἡ ψυχή μου πρὸς σέ ὁ θεός.

As the hart panteth after the water brooks, so panteth my soul after thee, O God. (KJV)

hòn trópon epipotheî hē élaphos epì tàs pēgàs tôn hudátōn hoútōs epipotheî hē psukhḗ mou pròs sé ho theós.

Cervus elaphus
Cervus elaphus#Translingual


βάτραχος

βᾰ́τρᾰχος • (bắtrăkhos) m (genitive βᾰτρᾰ́χου); second declension

βᾰ́τρᾰχος (canonical)
bắtrăkhos (romanization)
βᾰτρᾰ́χου (genitive)
ὁ βᾰ́τρᾰχος (nominative singular)
τὼ βᾰτρᾰ́χω (dual nominative)
οἱ βᾰ́τρᾰχοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ βᾰτρᾰ́χου (genitive singular)
τοῖν βᾰτρᾰ́χοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν βᾰτρᾰ́χων (genitive plural)
τῷ βᾰτρᾰ́χῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν βᾰτρᾰ́χοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς βᾰτρᾰ́χοις (dative plural)
τὸν βᾰ́τρᾰχον (accusative singular)
τὼ βᾰτρᾰ́χω (accusative dual)
τοὺς βᾰτρᾰ́χους (accusative plural)
βᾰ́τρᾰχε (singular vocative)
βᾰτρᾰ́χω (dual vocative)
βᾰ́τρᾰχοι (plural vocative)

Greek: βάτραχος (vátrachos)

Translingual: Batrachus, Batrachia

→ English: batrachotoxin

Seemingly imitative of croaking, with original form something like *βρατ-αχ- (*brat-akh-), but this imitation was probably not formed in Greek, but borrowed from Pre-Greek or Semitic; compare Hebrew צְפַרְדֵּעַ (ṣəp̄ardḗaʿ), Arabic ضَفْدَع (ḍafdaʕ), considering that in the dialect of Zakynthos the frog is matching the Semitic with σπορδακάς (spordakás) – unless of course one must find that Semitic and Greek have borrowed from an unknown third.
Concerning the wide range of dialectal variation, Beekes explains that much may be due to folk etymology or taboo, combined with other phonetic alterations such as vowel displacement and even prenasalization, which indicate substrate origin: “A priori, a local (i.e. Pre-Greek) form is to be expected for all of these forms; the variation α/ο points to this.” The suffix *-χ- (*-kh-) is also found in names of other animals.
An older hypothesis (cf. Pokorny 1959) links Proto-West Germanic *krodu and Latin bruscus (“frog or toad”), all from a hypothetical Proto-Indo-European *gʷredʰ- (“frog, toad”), supposing metathesis (cf. Ionic βρόταχος (brótakhos)) and an original *dʰ whence perhaps the /tʰ/ of the Ionic variant βάθρακος (báthrakos), but this is phonetically very difficult. Moreover, as Beekes explains, the form with /t/ is original, whereas Ionic frequently displaces aspiration in this way.

onomatopoeic

imitative

cog

Hebrew צְפַרְדֵּעַ (ṣəp̄ardḗaʿ)

der

Lophius piscatorius
Lophius piscatorius#Translingual


ἀλώπηξ

grc-noun

ᾰ̓λώπηξ • (ălṓpēx) f (genitive ᾰ̓λώπεκος); third declension

ᾰ̓λώπηξ (canonical)
ălṓpēx (romanization)
ᾰ̓λώπεκος (genitive)
ἡ ᾰ̓λώπηξ (nominative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓λώπεκε (dual nominative)
αἱ ᾰ̓λώπεκες (nominative plural)
τῆς ᾰ̓λώπεκος (genitive singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓λωπέκοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ᾰ̓λωπέκων (genitive plural)
τῇ ᾰ̓λώπεκῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν ᾰ̓λωπέκοιν (dative dual)
ταῖς ᾰ̓λώπεξῐ (dative plural)
ᾰ̓λώπεξῐν (dative plural)
taîs ălṓpexĭ (dative plural)
taîs ălṓpexĭn (dative plural)
τὴν ᾰ̓λώπεκᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ ᾰ̓λώπεκε (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ᾰ̓λώπεκᾰς (accusative plural)
ᾰ̓λώπηξ (singular vocative)
ᾰ̓λώπεκε (dual vocative)
ᾰ̓λώπεκες (plural vocative)

desc

Greek: > αλεπού (alepoú) (inherited), → ἀλώπηξ (alṓpēx), αλώπηξ (alópix) (learned)

Mariupol Greek: алыпу́ (alypú)

Pontic Greek: αλεπός (alepós)

→ Samoan: ālope (learned)

→ Tokelauan: ālope (learned)

→ Translingual: Alopex (learned)

Presumably from earlier Proto-Hellenic *alōpēkos, *alṓpāks. Some linguists have attempted derivation from Proto-Indo-European *h₂lōpeh₂s (stem *h₂lop-); compare Old Armenian աղուէս (ałuēs), Lithuanian lãpė, Latvian lapsa and Sanskrit लोपाश (lopāśá). The many irregular variations on the word may suggest a Mediterranean wanderword instead; compare Luwian [script needed] (ulipna-)/[script needed] (walipna-, “wolf”) and Latin vulpēs (“fox”).

1st century C.E., Gospel of Matthew 8, 20b and Gospel of Luke 9, 58b (Q).
Αἱ ἀλώπεκες φωλεοὺς ἔχουσιν καὶ τὰ πετεινὰ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ κατασκηνώσεις, ὁ δὲ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου οὐκ ἔχει ποῦ τὴν κεφαλὴν κλίνῃ.
Hai alṓpekes phōleoùs ékhousin kaì tà peteinà toû ouranoû kataskēnṓseis, ho dè huiòs toû anthrṓpou ouk ékhei poû tḕn kephalḕn klínēi.

The foxes have holes and the birds of the sky have roosts, but the Son of Man has nothing where he may lay his head.


κεραία

grc-noun

κεραίᾱ • (keraíā) f (genitive κεραίᾱς); first declension

κεραίᾱ (canonical)
keraíā (romanization)
κεραίᾱς (genitive)
ἡ κεραίᾱ (nominative singular)
τὼ κεραίᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ κεραῖαι (nominative plural)
τῆς κεραίᾱς (genitive singular)
τοῖν κεραίαιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κεραιῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ κεραίᾳ (dative singular)
τοῖν κεραίαιν (dative dual)
ταῖς κεραίαις (dative plural)
τὴν κεραίᾱν (accusative singular)
τὼ κεραίᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς κεραίᾱς (accusative plural)
κεραίᾱ (singular vocative)
κεραίᾱ (dual vocative)
κεραῖαι (plural vocative)

From κέρας (kéras, “horn”) + -ῐ́ᾱ (-ĭ́ā).

anything projecting like a horn, hence:
(nautical) yardarm

anything projecting like a horn, hence:
yardarm

anything projecting like a horn, hence:
projecting parts of the huckle bone

(anatomy) supposed teat-like projections inside the womb


καταρράκτης

κᾰταρρᾱ́κτης

κᾰταρρᾱ́κτου

κᾰταρρᾱ́κτης • (kătarrhā́ktēs) m (genitive κᾰταρρᾱ́κτου); first declension

κᾰταρρᾱ́κτης (canonical)
kătarrhā́ktēs (romanization)
κᾰταρρᾱ́κτου (genitive)
ὁ κᾰτᾰρρᾱ́κτης (nominative singular)
τὼ κᾰτᾰρρᾱ́κτᾱ (dual nominative)
οἱ κᾰτᾰρρᾶκται (nominative plural)
τοῦ κᾰτᾰρρᾱ́κτου (genitive singular)
τοῖν κᾰτᾰρρᾱ́κταιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κᾰτᾰρρᾱκτῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ κᾰτᾰρρᾱ́κτῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν κᾰτᾰρρᾱ́κταιν (dative dual)
τοῖς κᾰτᾰρρᾱ́κταις (dative plural)
τὸν κᾰτᾰρρᾱ́κτην (accusative singular)
τὼ κᾰτᾰρρᾱ́κτᾱ (accusative dual)
τοὺς κᾰτᾰρρᾱ́κτᾱς (accusative plural)
κᾰτᾰρρᾶκτᾰ (singular vocative)
κᾰτᾰρρᾱ́κτᾱ (dual vocative)
κᾰτᾰρρᾶκται (plural vocative)

grc-decl

κᾰτᾰρράˉκτης

desc

Greek: καταρράκτης (katarráktis), καταρράχτης (katarráchtis)

→ Aramaic: אגטרגטא (agṭragṭā)

→ Coptic: ⲕⲁⲧⲁϩⲣⲁⲕⲧⲏⲥ (katahraktēs), ⲕⲁⲧⲁⲣⲁⲕⲧⲏⲥ (kataraktēs) — Bohairic

→ Latin: cataracta (see there for further descendants)

From καταρρᾱ́σσω (katarrhā́ssō) + -της (-tēs), the former from κατα- (kata-, “down”) + ῥᾱ́σσω (rhā́ssō, “to strike, dash”).

af

a kind of seabird, perhaps a gull or osprey


λωτός

grc-noun

λωτός • (lōtós) m (genitive λωτοῦ); second declension

lōtós (romanization)
λωτοῦ (genitive)
ὁ λωτός (nominative singular)
τὼ λωτώ (dual nominative)
οἱ λωτοί (nominative plural)
τοῦ λωτοῦ (genitive singular)
τοῖν λωτοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν λωτῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ λωτῷ (dative singular)
τοῖν λωτοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς λωτοῖς (dative plural)
τὸν λωτόν (accusative singular)
τὼ λωτώ (accusative dual)
τοὺς λωτούς (accusative plural)
λωτέ (singular vocative)
λωτώ (dual vocative)
λωτοί (plural vocative)

Greek: λωτός (lotós)

→ Latin: lōtus

Probably from a Semitic source common to Hebrew לוֹט (lōṭ, “myrrh”, literally “covering, envelope”).

cog

Lotus corniculatus
Lotus corniculatus#Translingual

name of various fodder plants:
birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus)

Trigonella foenum-graecum
Trigonella foenum-graecum#Translingual

name of various fodder plants:
fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum)

Nymphaea lotus
Nymphaea lotus#Translingual

Celtis australis
Celtis australis#Translingual

Ziziphus lotus
Ziziphus lotus#Translingual


φηγός

grc-noun

φηγός • (phēgós) f (genitive φηγοῦ); second declension

phēgós (romanization)
φηγοῦ (genitive)
ἡ φηγός (nominative singular)
τὼ φηγώ (dual nominative)
αἱ φηγοί (nominative plural)
τῆς φηγοῦ (genitive singular)
τοῖν φηγοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν φηγῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ φηγῷ (dative singular)
τοῖν φηγοῖν (dative dual)
ταῖς φηγοῖς (dative plural)
τὴν φηγόν (accusative singular)
τὼ φηγώ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς φηγούς (accusative plural)
φηγέ (singular vocative)
φηγώ (dual vocative)
φηγοί (plural vocative)

→ Old Armenian: փեկոն (pʻekon)

From Proto-Hellenic *pʰāgós, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂ǵos. Cognates include Latin fāgus, Old English bēċe (whence English beech), Gothic 𐌱𐍉𐌺𐌰 (bōka, “beech”).


ἄκμων

ἄκμων • (ákmōn) m (genitive ἄκμονος); third declension

ákmōn (romanization)
ἄκμονος (genitive)
ὁ ἄκμων (nominative singular)
τὼ ἄκμονε (dual nominative)
οἱ ἄκμονες (nominative plural)
τοῦ ἄκμονος (genitive singular)
τοῖν ἀκμόνοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ἀκμόνων (genitive plural)
τῷ ἄκμονῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν ἀκμόνοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ἄκμοσῐ (dative plural)
ἄκμοσῐν (dative plural)
toîs ákmosĭ (dative plural)
toîs ákmosĭn (dative plural)
τὸν ἄκμονᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ ἄκμονε (accusative dual)
τοὺς ἄκμονᾰς (accusative plural)
ἄκμον (singular vocative)
ἄκμονε (dual vocative)
ἄκμονες (plural vocative)

desc

⇒ αμόνι (amóni)

Greek: άκμων (ákmon), άκμονας (ákmonas), ⇒ αμόνι (amóni) (from the diminutive)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂éḱmō. Cognates include Sanskrit अश्मन् (aśman), Avestan 𐬀𐬐𐬨𐬀𐬥 (akman), Lithuanian akmuo, and English hammer.


δρῦς

grc-noun

δρῦς • (drûs) f (genitive δρῠός); third declension

drûs (romanization)
δρῠός (genitive)
ἡ δρῦς (nominative singular)
τὼ δρῠ́ε (dual nominative)
αἱ δρῠ́ες (nominative plural)
τῆς δρῠός (genitive singular)
τοῖν δρῠοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν δρῠῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ δρῠῐ̈́ (dative singular)
τοῖν δρῠοῖν (dative dual)
ταῖς δρῠσῐ́ (dative plural)
δρῠσῐ́ν (dative plural)
taîs drŭsĭ́(n) (dative plural)
τὴν δρῦν (accusative singular)
τὼ δρῠ́ε (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς δρῦς (accusative plural)
δρῠ́ᾰς (accusative plural)
δρῦ (singular vocative)
δρῠ́ε (dual vocative)
δρῠ́ες (plural vocative)

From oblique case forms with *drew-, a stem of Proto-Indo-European *dóru (“tree”) (whence also δόρυ (dóru)). Cognates include Albanian dru (“tree”), Sanskrit दारु (dā́ru), Old Persian 𐎭𐎠𐎽𐎢𐎺 (d-a-ru-u-v /dāruv/) (whence Persian دار (dâr)), and Old English trēow (whence English tree).


φάσηλος

φᾰ́σηλος • (phắsēlos) m (genitive φᾰσήλου); second declension

φᾰ́σηλος (canonical)
phắsēlos (romanization)
φᾰσήλου (genitive)
ὁ φᾰ́σηλος (nominative singular)
τὼ φᾰσήλω (dual nominative)
οἱ φᾰ́σηλοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ φᾰσήλου (genitive singular)
τοῖν φᾰσήλοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν φᾰσήλων (genitive plural)
τῷ φᾰσήλῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν φᾰσήλοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς φᾰσήλοις (dative plural)
τὸν φᾰ́σηλον (accusative singular)
τὼ φᾰσήλω (accusative dual)
τοὺς φᾰσήλους (accusative plural)
φᾰ́σηλε (singular vocative)
φᾰσήλω (dual vocative)
φᾰ́σηλοι (plural vocative)

Greek: φασόλι (fasóli)

>? Latin: phasēlus

Uncertain, though apparently from some European substrate. Identical to Latin phasēlus, of which the Greek is likely the etymon, though traditionally the opposite direction has also been proposed. Albanian bathë (“thick bean”), reflecting a root *bʰaḱ-, whence also φακός (phakós), has led to claims of an Illyrian source.


γαλεός

γᾰλεός • (găleós) m (genitive γᾰλεοῦ); second declension

γᾰλεός (canonical)
găleós (romanization)
γᾰλεοῦ (genitive)
ὁ γᾰλεός (nominative singular)
τὼ γᾰλεώ (dual nominative)
οἱ γᾰλεοί (nominative plural)
τοῦ γᾰλεοῦ (genitive singular)
τοῖν γᾰλεοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν γᾰλεῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ γᾰλεῷ (dative singular)
τοῖν γᾰλεοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς γᾰλεοῖς (dative plural)
τὸν γᾰλεόν (accusative singular)
τὼ γᾰλεώ (accusative dual)
τοὺς γᾰλεούς (accusative plural)
γᾰλεέ (singular vocative)
γᾰλεώ (dual vocative)
γᾰλεοί (plural vocative)

Possibly named after the weasel, γαλέη (galéē).


σέλαχος

σέλᾰχος • (sélăkhos) n (genitive σελᾰ́χους); third declension

σέλᾰχος (canonical)
sélăkhos (romanization)
σελᾰ́χους (genitive)
τὸ σέλᾰχος (nominative singular)
τὼ σελᾰ́χει (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ σελᾰ́χη (nominative plural)
τοῦ σελᾰ́χους (genitive singular)
τοῖν σελᾰχοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν σελᾰχῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ σελᾰ́χει (dative singular)
τοῖν σελᾰχοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς σελᾰ́χεσῐ (dative plural)
σελᾰ́χεσῐν (dative plural)
toîs selắkhesĭ (dative plural)
toîs selắkhesĭn (dative plural)
τὸ σέλᾰχος (accusative singular)
τὼ σελᾰ́χει (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ σελᾰ́χη (accusative plural)
σέλᾰχος (singular vocative)
σελᾰ́χει (dual vocative)
σελᾰ́χη (plural vocative)

The formation resembles στέλεχος (stélekhos), τάριχος (tárikhos) and τέμαχος (témakhos). Connected with σέλας (sélas, “light, glow, beam”) already by Galen, because of the phosphorescent light of certain cartilaginous fishes; yet the suffix "-αχ-" may point to a Pre-Greek origin. The old connection with Proto-Germanic *selhaz (“seal”) is untenable.


ὕδρος

ῠ̔́δρος • (hŭ́dros) m (genitive ῠ̔́δρου); second declension

ῠ̔́δρος (canonical)
hŭ́dros (romanization)
ῠ̔́δρου (genitive)
ὁ ῠ̔́δρος (nominative singular)
τὼ ῠ̔́δρω (dual nominative)
οἱ ῠ̔́δροι (nominative plural)
τοῦ ῠ̔́δρου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ῠ̔́δροιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ῠ̔́δρων (genitive plural)
τῷ ῠ̔́δρῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ῠ̔́δροιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ῠ̔́δροις (dative plural)
τὸν ῠ̔́δρον (accusative singular)
τὼ ῠ̔́δρω (accusative dual)
τοὺς ῠ̔́δρους (accusative plural)
ῠ̔́δρε (singular vocative)
ῠ̔́δρω (dual vocative)
ῠ̔́δροι (plural vocative)

From Proto-Indo-European *udrós, from the root *wed-. See also Mycenaean Greek 𐀄𐀈𐀫 (u-do-ro). Cognate with English otter and Sanskrit उद्र (udrá).

A smaller water animal, such as a spider, fish, or lizard.


ἐχῖνος

ἐχῖνος • (ekhînos) m (genitive ἐχῑ́νου); second declension

ekhînos (romanization)
ἐχῑ́νου (genitive)
ὁ ἐχῖνος (nominative singular)
τὼ ἐχῑ́νω (dual nominative)
οἱ ἐχῖνοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ ἐχῑ́νου (genitive singular)
τοῖν ἐχῑ́νοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ἐχῑ́νων (genitive plural)
τῷ ἐχῑ́νῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν ἐχῑ́νοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ἐχῑ́νοις (dative plural)
τὸν ἐχῖνον (accusative singular)
τὼ ἐχῑ́νω (accusative dual)
τοὺς ἐχῑ́νους (accusative plural)
ἐχῖνε (singular vocative)
ἐχῑ́νω (dual vocative)
ἐχῖνοι (plural vocative)

→ English: echino-

desc

Greek: εχίνος (echínos), αχινός (achinós)

→ Latin: echīnus (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Hellenic *hekʰinos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eǵʰis (“hedgehog, hedgehog-like animals”). Cognates include Mycenaean Greek 𐀁𐀑𐀜 (e-ki-no), Old Armenian ոզնի (ozni), Proto-Germanic *igilaz, Albanian esh.


μῦς

grc-noun

μῦς • (mûs) m (genitive μῠός); third declension

mûs (romanization)
μῠός (genitive)
ὁ μῦς (nominative singular)
τὼ μῠ́ε (dual nominative)
οἱ μῠ́ες (nominative plural)
τοῦ μῠός (genitive singular)
τοῖν μῠοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν μῠῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ μῠῐ̈́ (dative singular)
τοῖν μῠοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς μῡσῐ́ (dative plural)
μῡσῐ́ν (dative plural)
μῠσῐ́ (dative plural)
μῠσῐ́ν (dative plural)
toîs mūsĭ́(n) (dative plural)
mŭsĭ́(n) (dative plural)
τὸν μῦν (accusative singular)
τὼ μῠ́ε (accusative dual)
τοὺς μῦς (accusative plural)
μῦ (singular vocative)
μῠ́ε (dual vocative)
μῠ́ες (plural vocative)

grc-decl

μῡσῐ́(ν)/μῠσῐ́(ν)

Greek: μυς (mys)

From Proto-Hellenic *mū́s, from Proto-Indo-European *múh₂s. Cognates include Latin mūs, Sanskrit मूष् (mū́ṣ), Old Armenian մուկն (mukn) and Old English mūs (English mouse).


ἀκτή

grc-noun

ἀκτή • (aktḗ) f (genitive ἀκτῆς); first declension

aktḗ (romanization)
ἀκτῆς (genitive)
ἡ ἀκτή (nominative singular)
τῆς ἀκτῆς (genitive singular)
τῇ ἀκτῇ (dative singular)
τὴν ἀκτήν (accusative singular)
ἀκτή (singular vocative)

Unclear. Perhaps the same as etymology 1.

[…] χάλκειον κάνεον, ἐπὶ δὲ κρόμυον ποτῷ ὄψον,
ἠδὲ μέλι χλωρόν, παρὰ δ’ ἀλφίτου ἱεροῦ ἀκτήν, […]
[…] khálkeion káneon, epì dè krómuon potôi ópson,
ēdè méli khlōrón, parà d’ alphítou hieroû aktḗn, […]

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 11.630–631

1898 translation by Samuel Butler
[…] a vessel of bronze and an onion to give relish to the drink,
with honey and cakes of barley-meal.


κόρυδος

κόρῠδος • (kórŭdos) m (genitive κορῠ́δου); second declension

κόρῠδος (canonical)
kórŭdos (romanization)
κορῠ́δου (genitive)
ὁ κόρῠδος (nominative singular)
τὼ κορῠ́δω (dual nominative)
οἱ κόρῠδοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ κορῠ́δου (genitive singular)
τοῖν κορῠ́δοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κορῠ́δων (genitive plural)
τῷ κορῠ́δῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν κορῠ́δοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς κορῠ́δοις (dative plural)
τὸν κόρῠδον (accusative singular)
τὼ κορῠ́δω (accusative dual)
τοὺς κορῠ́δους (accusative plural)
κόρῠδε (singular vocative)
κορῠ́δω (dual vocative)
κόρῠδοι (plural vocative)

The connection with κόρῠς (kórŭs, “helmet”) may be correct, but only as a variant of the same Pre-Greek word.

Galerida cristata
Galerida cristata#Translingual


φελλός

φελλός • (phellós) m (genitive φελλοῦ); second declension

phellós (romanization)
φελλοῦ (genitive)
ὁ φελλός (nominative singular)
τὼ φελλώ (dual nominative)
οἱ φελλοί (nominative plural)
τοῦ φελλοῦ (genitive singular)
τοῖν φελλοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν φελλῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ φελλῷ (dative singular)
τοῖν φελλοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς φελλοῖς (dative plural)
τὸν φελλόν (accusative singular)
τὼ φελλώ (accusative dual)
τοὺς φελλούς (accusative plural)
φελλέ (singular vocative)
φελλώ (dual vocative)
φελλοί (plural vocative)

Greek: φελλός (fellós)

→ Arabic: فِلّ (fill), فَلّ (fall)

Unknown. The word has been compared with φολίς (pholís, “scale”) and with Russian о́болонь (óbolonʹ, “sapwood, alburnum”) but Beekes finds this improbable.

cog

Quercus suber
Quercus suber#Translingual


ἑρπετόν

grc-noun

ἑρπετόν • (herpetón) n (genitive ἑρπετοῦ); second declension

herpetón (romanization)
ἑρπετοῦ (genitive)
τὸ ἑρπετόν (nominative singular)
τὼ ἑρπετώ (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ ἑρπετᾰ́ (nominative plural)
τοῦ ἑρπετοῦ (genitive singular)
τοῖν ἑρπετοῖν (dual genitive)
τῶν ἑρπετῶν (genitive plural)
τῷ ἑρπετῷ (dative singular)
τοῖν ἑρπετοῖν (dative dual)
τοῖς ἑρπετοῖς (dative plural)
τὸ ἑρπετόν (accusative singular)
τὼ ἑρπετώ (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ ἑρπετᾰ́ (accusative plural)
ἑρπετόν (singular vocative)
ἑρπετώ (dual vocative)
ἑρπετᾰ́ (plural vocative)

English: herpet-

Greek: ερπετό (erpetó)

Substantivized verbal adjective of ἕρπω (hérpō). Compare Sanskrit सर्प (sarpá, “snake, serpent”), Latin serpēns.

creeping animal, reptile, especially a snake


κιθάρα

κῐθᾰ́ρᾱ • (kĭthắrā) f (genitive κῐθᾰ́ρᾱς); first declension

κῐθᾰ́ρᾱ (canonical)
kĭthắrā (romanization)
κῐθᾰ́ρᾱς (genitive)
ἡ κῐθᾰ́ρᾱ (nominative singular)
τὼ κῐθᾰ́ρᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ κῐθᾰ́ραι (nominative plural)
τῆς κῐθᾰ́ρᾱς (genitive singular)
τοῖν κῐθᾰ́ραιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κῐθᾰρῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ κῐθᾰ́ρᾳ (dative singular)
τοῖν κῐθᾰ́ραιν (dative dual)
ταῖς κῐθᾰ́ραις (dative plural)
τὴν κῐθᾰ́ρᾱν (accusative singular)
τὼ κῐθᾰ́ρᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς κῐθᾰ́ρᾱς (accusative plural)
κῐθᾰ́ρᾱ (singular vocative)
κῐθᾰ́ρᾱ (dual vocative)
κῐθᾰ́ραι (plural vocative)

→ Latin: cithara (see there for further descendants)

desctree

→ Aramaic: קיתרא (qīṯārā), ܩܝܬܪܐ (qīṯārā)
→ Arabic: قِيثَارَة (qīṯāra) (see there for further descendants)

→ Old Armenian: կիթառ (kitʻaṙ), կեթառ (ketʻaṙ)
→ Armenian: կիթառ (kitʻaṙ) (learned)

→ Bulgarian: китара (kitára)

According to Beekes, acquired from Pre-Greek. Said Pre-Greek term may be ultimately derived from or at least related to Proto-Hurro-Urartian *kinnar (“lyre, harp”).


λύρα

grc-noun

λῠ́ρᾱ • (lŭ́rā) f (genitive λῠ́ρᾱς); first declension

λῠ́ρᾱ (canonical)
lŭ́rā (romanization)
λῠ́ρᾱς (genitive)
ἡ λῠ́ρᾱ (nominative singular)
τὼ λῠ́ρᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ λῠ́ραι (nominative plural)
τῆς λῠ́ρᾱς (genitive singular)
τοῖν λῠ́ραιν (dual genitive)
τῶν λῠρῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ λῠ́ρᾳ (dative singular)
τοῖν λῠ́ραιν (dative dual)
ταῖς λῠ́ραις (dative plural)
τὴν λῠ́ρᾱν (accusative singular)
τὼ λῠ́ρᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς λῠ́ρᾱς (accusative plural)
λῠ́ρᾱ (singular vocative)
λῠ́ρᾱ (dual vocative)
λῠ́ραι (plural vocative)

→ English: lyre

Greek: λύρα (lýra)

→ Latin: lyra (see there for further descendants)

→ Old High German: līra

→ German: Leier

A Mediterranean Pre-Greek substrate technical loan. Indo-European etymologies should be rejected.


πέρδιξ

πέρδῑξ • (pérdīx) m or f (genitive πέρδῑκος); third declension

πέρδῑξ (canonical)
pérdīx (romanization)
πέρδῑκος (genitive)
ὁ (nominative singular)
ἡ πέρδῑξ (nominative singular)
τὼ πέρδῑκε (dual nominative)
οἱ (nominative plural)
αἱ πέρδῑκες (nominative plural)
τοῦ (genitive singular)
τῆς πέρδῑκος (genitive singular)
τοῖν περδῑ́κοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν περδῑ́κων (genitive plural)
τῷ (dative singular)
τῇ πέρδῑκῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν περδῑ́κοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς (dative plural)
ταῖς πέρδῑξῐ (dative plural)
πέρδῑξῐν (dative plural)
toîs (dative plural)
taîs pérdīxĭ (dative plural)
taîs pérdīxĭn (dative plural)
τὸν (accusative singular)
τὴν πέρδῑκᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ πέρδῑκε (accusative dual)
τοὺς (accusative plural)
τᾱ̀ς πέρδῑκᾰς (accusative plural)
πέρδῑξ (singular vocative)
πέρδῑκε (dual vocative)
πέρδῑκες (plural vocative)

desctree

Greek: πέρδικα (pérdika)
→ Aromanian: pirdic

→ Latin: perdīx (see there for further descendants)

Traditionally explained (such as by Frisk) as a derivative from πέρδομαι (pérdomai, “I fart”), due to the droning sound when partridges take wing. However, Beekes suggests a Pre-Greek origin, as he considers the suffix -ῑκ- (-īk-) to be of substrate origin.