testosteroni

testosteroni (nominative singular)
testosteronit (nominative plural)
testosteroni (accusative nominative singular)
testosteronit (accusative nominative plural)
testosteronin (accusative genitive singular)
testosteronit (accusative genitive plural)
testosteronin (genitive singular)
testosteronien (genitive plural)
testosteronia (partitive singular)
testosteroneja (partitive plural)
testosteronissa (inessive singular)
testosteroneissa (inessive plural)
testosteronista (elative singular)
testosteroneista (elative plural)
testosteroniin (illative singular)
testosteroneihin (illative plural)
testosteronilla (adessive singular)
testosteroneilla (adessive plural)
testosteronilta (ablative singular)
testosteroneilta (ablative plural)
testosteronille (allative singular)
testosteroneille (allative plural)
testosteronina (essive singular)
testosteroneina (essive plural)
testosteroniksi (singular translative)
testosteroneiksi (plural translative)
testosteronitta (abessive singular)
testosteroneitta (abessive plural)
testosteronein (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
testosteronini (nominative singular)
testosteronini (nominative plural)
testosteronini (accusative nominative singular)
testosteronini (accusative nominative plural)
testosteronini (accusative genitive singular)
testosteronini (accusative genitive plural)
testosteronini (genitive singular)
testosteronieni (genitive plural)
testosteroniani (partitive singular)
testosteronejani (partitive plural)
testosteronissani (inessive singular)
testosteroneissani (inessive plural)
testosteronistani (elative singular)
testosteroneistani (elative plural)
testosteroniini (illative singular)
testosteroneihini (illative plural)
testosteronillani (adessive singular)
testosteroneillani (adessive plural)
testosteroniltani (ablative singular)
testosteroneiltani (ablative plural)
testosteronilleni (allative singular)
testosteroneilleni (allative plural)
testosteroninani (essive singular)
testosteroneinani (essive plural)
testosteronikseni (singular translative)
testosteroneikseni (plural translative)
testosteronittani (abessive singular)
testosteroneittani (abessive plural)
testosteroneineni (comitative plural)
testosteronisi (nominative singular)
testosteronisi (nominative plural)
testosteronisi (accusative nominative singular)
testosteronisi (accusative nominative plural)
testosteronisi (accusative genitive singular)
testosteronisi (accusative genitive plural)
testosteronisi (genitive singular)
testosteroniesi (genitive plural)
testosteroniasi (partitive singular)
testosteronejasi (partitive plural)
testosteronissasi (inessive singular)
testosteroneissasi (inessive plural)
testosteronistasi (elative singular)
testosteroneistasi (elative plural)
testosteroniisi (illative singular)
testosteroneihisi (illative plural)
testosteronillasi (adessive singular)
testosteroneillasi (adessive plural)
testosteroniltasi (ablative singular)
testosteroneiltasi (ablative plural)
testosteronillesi (allative singular)
testosteroneillesi (allative plural)
testosteroninasi (essive singular)
testosteroneinasi (essive plural)
testosteroniksesi (singular translative)
testosteroneiksesi (plural translative)
testosteronittasi (abessive singular)
testosteroneittasi (abessive plural)
testosteroneinesi (comitative plural)
testosteronimme (nominative singular)
testosteronimme (nominative plural)
testosteronimme (accusative nominative singular)
testosteronimme (accusative nominative plural)
testosteronimme (accusative genitive singular)
testosteronimme (accusative genitive plural)
testosteronimme (genitive singular)
testosteroniemme (genitive plural)
testosteroniamme (partitive singular)
testosteronejamme (partitive plural)
testosteronissamme (inessive singular)
testosteroneissamme (inessive plural)
testosteronistamme (elative singular)
testosteroneistamme (elative plural)
testosteroniimme (illative singular)
testosteroneihimme (illative plural)
testosteronillamme (adessive singular)
testosteroneillamme (adessive plural)
testosteroniltamme (ablative singular)
testosteroneiltamme (ablative plural)
testosteronillemme (allative singular)
testosteroneillemme (allative plural)
testosteroninamme (essive singular)
testosteroneinamme (essive plural)
testosteroniksemme (singular translative)
testosteroneiksemme (plural translative)
testosteronittamme (abessive singular)
testosteroneittamme (abessive plural)
testosteroneinemme (comitative plural)
testosteroninne (nominative singular)
testosteroninne (nominative plural)
testosteroninne (accusative nominative singular)
testosteroninne (accusative nominative plural)
testosteroninne (accusative genitive singular)
testosteroninne (accusative genitive plural)
testosteroninne (genitive singular)
testosteronienne (genitive plural)
testosteronianne (partitive singular)
testosteronejanne (partitive plural)
testosteronissanne (inessive singular)
testosteroneissanne (inessive plural)
testosteronistanne (elative singular)
testosteroneistanne (elative plural)
testosteroniinne (illative singular)
testosteroneihinne (illative plural)
testosteronillanne (adessive singular)
testosteroneillanne (adessive plural)
testosteroniltanne (ablative singular)
testosteroneiltanne (ablative plural)
testosteronillenne (allative singular)
testosteroneillenne (allative plural)
testosteroninanne (essive singular)
testosteroneinanne (essive plural)
testosteroniksenne (singular translative)
testosteroneiksenne (plural translative)
testosteronittanne (abessive singular)
testosteroneittanne (abessive plural)
testosteroneinenne (comitative plural)
testosteroninsa (nominative singular)
testosteroninsa (nominative plural)
testosteroninsa (accusative nominative singular)
testosteroninsa (accusative nominative plural)
testosteroninsa (accusative genitive singular)
testosteroninsa (accusative genitive plural)
testosteroninsa (genitive singular)
testosteroniensa (genitive plural)
testosteroniaan (partitive singular)
testosteroniansa (partitive singular)
testosteronejaan (partitive plural)
testosteronejansa (partitive plural)
testosteronissaan (inessive singular)
testosteronissansa (inessive singular)
testosteroneissaan (inessive plural)
testosteroneissansa (inessive plural)
testosteronistaan (elative singular)
testosteronistansa (elative singular)
testosteroneistaan (elative plural)
testosteroneistansa (elative plural)
testosteroniinsa (illative singular)
testosteroneihinsa (illative plural)
testosteronillaan (adessive singular)
testosteronillansa (adessive singular)
testosteroneillaan (adessive plural)
testosteroneillansa (adessive plural)
testosteroniltaan (ablative singular)
testosteroniltansa (ablative singular)
testosteroneiltaan (ablative plural)
testosteroneiltansa (ablative plural)
testosteronilleen (allative singular)
testosteronillensa (allative singular)
testosteroneilleen (allative plural)
testosteroneillensa (allative plural)
testosteroninaan (essive singular)
testosteroninansa (essive singular)
testosteroneinaan (essive plural)
testosteroneinansa (essive plural)
testosteronikseen (singular translative)
testosteroniksensa (singular translative)
testosteroneikseen (plural translative)
testosteroneiksensa (plural translative)
testosteronittaan (abessive singular)
testosteronittansa (abessive singular)
testosteroneittaan (abessive plural)
testosteroneittansa (abessive plural)
testosteroneineen (comitative plural)
testosteroneinensa (comitative plural)

Internationalism (see English testosterone).


NDP

en-noun

NDP (countable and uncountable, plural NDPs)

nucleoside diphosphate
w:nucleoside diphosphate

(biochemistry) Initialism of nucleoside diphosphate.

Norrie disease protein
w:Norrie disease protein

(biochemistry) Initialism of Norrie disease protein.


titina

/t͡ʃiˈt͡ʃĩ.nɐ/

/t͡ʃiˈt͡ʃĩ.nɐ/

(bird with grey feathers spotted in white)


progesteroni

progesteroni (nominative singular)
progesteronit (nominative plural)
progesteroni (accusative nominative singular)
progesteronit (accusative nominative plural)
progesteronin (accusative genitive singular)
progesteronit (accusative genitive plural)
progesteronin (genitive singular)
progesteronien (genitive plural)
progesteronia (partitive singular)
progesteroneja (partitive plural)
progesteronissa (inessive singular)
progesteroneissa (inessive plural)
progesteronista (elative singular)
progesteroneista (elative plural)
progesteroniin (illative singular)
progesteroneihin (illative plural)
progesteronilla (adessive singular)
progesteroneilla (adessive plural)
progesteronilta (ablative singular)
progesteroneilta (ablative plural)
progesteronille (allative singular)
progesteroneille (allative plural)
progesteronina (essive singular)
progesteroneina (essive plural)
progesteroniksi (singular translative)
progesteroneiksi (plural translative)
progesteronitta (abessive singular)
progesteroneitta (abessive plural)
progesteronein (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
progesteronini (nominative singular)
progesteronini (nominative plural)
progesteronini (accusative nominative singular)
progesteronini (accusative nominative plural)
progesteronini (accusative genitive singular)
progesteronini (accusative genitive plural)
progesteronini (genitive singular)
progesteronieni (genitive plural)
progesteroniani (partitive singular)
progesteronejani (partitive plural)
progesteronissani (inessive singular)
progesteroneissani (inessive plural)
progesteronistani (elative singular)
progesteroneistani (elative plural)
progesteroniini (illative singular)
progesteroneihini (illative plural)
progesteronillani (adessive singular)
progesteroneillani (adessive plural)
progesteroniltani (ablative singular)
progesteroneiltani (ablative plural)
progesteronilleni (allative singular)
progesteroneilleni (allative plural)
progesteroninani (essive singular)
progesteroneinani (essive plural)
progesteronikseni (singular translative)
progesteroneikseni (plural translative)
progesteronittani (abessive singular)
progesteroneittani (abessive plural)
progesteroneineni (comitative plural)
progesteronisi (nominative singular)
progesteronisi (nominative plural)
progesteronisi (accusative nominative singular)
progesteronisi (accusative nominative plural)
progesteronisi (accusative genitive singular)
progesteronisi (accusative genitive plural)
progesteronisi (genitive singular)
progesteroniesi (genitive plural)
progesteroniasi (partitive singular)
progesteronejasi (partitive plural)
progesteronissasi (inessive singular)
progesteroneissasi (inessive plural)
progesteronistasi (elative singular)
progesteroneistasi (elative plural)
progesteroniisi (illative singular)
progesteroneihisi (illative plural)
progesteronillasi (adessive singular)
progesteroneillasi (adessive plural)
progesteroniltasi (ablative singular)
progesteroneiltasi (ablative plural)
progesteronillesi (allative singular)
progesteroneillesi (allative plural)
progesteroninasi (essive singular)
progesteroneinasi (essive plural)
progesteroniksesi (singular translative)
progesteroneiksesi (plural translative)
progesteronittasi (abessive singular)
progesteroneittasi (abessive plural)
progesteroneinesi (comitative plural)
progesteronimme (nominative singular)
progesteronimme (nominative plural)
progesteronimme (accusative nominative singular)
progesteronimme (accusative nominative plural)
progesteronimme (accusative genitive singular)
progesteronimme (accusative genitive plural)
progesteronimme (genitive singular)
progesteroniemme (genitive plural)
progesteroniamme (partitive singular)
progesteronejamme (partitive plural)
progesteronissamme (inessive singular)
progesteroneissamme (inessive plural)
progesteronistamme (elative singular)
progesteroneistamme (elative plural)
progesteroniimme (illative singular)
progesteroneihimme (illative plural)
progesteronillamme (adessive singular)
progesteroneillamme (adessive plural)
progesteroniltamme (ablative singular)
progesteroneiltamme (ablative plural)
progesteronillemme (allative singular)
progesteroneillemme (allative plural)
progesteroninamme (essive singular)
progesteroneinamme (essive plural)
progesteroniksemme (singular translative)
progesteroneiksemme (plural translative)
progesteronittamme (abessive singular)
progesteroneittamme (abessive plural)
progesteroneinemme (comitative plural)
progesteroninne (nominative singular)
progesteroninne (nominative plural)
progesteroninne (accusative nominative singular)
progesteroninne (accusative nominative plural)
progesteroninne (accusative genitive singular)
progesteroninne (accusative genitive plural)
progesteroninne (genitive singular)
progesteronienne (genitive plural)
progesteronianne (partitive singular)
progesteronejanne (partitive plural)
progesteronissanne (inessive singular)
progesteroneissanne (inessive plural)
progesteronistanne (elative singular)
progesteroneistanne (elative plural)
progesteroniinne (illative singular)
progesteroneihinne (illative plural)
progesteronillanne (adessive singular)
progesteroneillanne (adessive plural)
progesteroniltanne (ablative singular)
progesteroneiltanne (ablative plural)
progesteronillenne (allative singular)
progesteroneillenne (allative plural)
progesteroninanne (essive singular)
progesteroneinanne (essive plural)
progesteroniksenne (singular translative)
progesteroneiksenne (plural translative)
progesteronittanne (abessive singular)
progesteroneittanne (abessive plural)
progesteroneinenne (comitative plural)
progesteroninsa (nominative singular)
progesteroninsa (nominative plural)
progesteroninsa (accusative nominative singular)
progesteroninsa (accusative nominative plural)
progesteroninsa (accusative genitive singular)
progesteroninsa (accusative genitive plural)
progesteroninsa (genitive singular)
progesteroniensa (genitive plural)
progesteroniaan (partitive singular)
progesteroniansa (partitive singular)
progesteronejaan (partitive plural)
progesteronejansa (partitive plural)
progesteronissaan (inessive singular)
progesteronissansa (inessive singular)
progesteroneissaan (inessive plural)
progesteroneissansa (inessive plural)
progesteronistaan (elative singular)
progesteronistansa (elative singular)
progesteroneistaan (elative plural)
progesteroneistansa (elative plural)
progesteroniinsa (illative singular)
progesteroneihinsa (illative plural)
progesteronillaan (adessive singular)
progesteronillansa (adessive singular)
progesteroneillaan (adessive plural)
progesteroneillansa (adessive plural)
progesteroniltaan (ablative singular)
progesteroniltansa (ablative singular)
progesteroneiltaan (ablative plural)
progesteroneiltansa (ablative plural)
progesteronilleen (allative singular)
progesteronillensa (allative singular)
progesteroneilleen (allative plural)
progesteroneillensa (allative plural)
progesteroninaan (essive singular)
progesteroninansa (essive singular)
progesteroneinaan (essive plural)
progesteroneinansa (essive plural)
progesteronikseen (singular translative)
progesteroniksensa (singular translative)
progesteroneikseen (plural translative)
progesteroneiksensa (plural translative)
progesteronittaan (abessive singular)
progesteronittansa (abessive singular)
progesteroneittaan (abessive plural)
progesteroneittansa (abessive plural)
progesteroneineen (comitative plural)
progesteroneinensa (comitative plural)

Internationalism (see English progesterone).


inversi

inversi-inversi (plural)
invers (alternative)

Internationalism, borrowed from Dutch inversie, from French inversion.

(biochemistry) a chemical reaction converting sucrose into glucose and fructose.


reflectin

reflectin (countable and uncountable, plural reflectins)

(biochemistry) A protein, found in certain squids, that self-organizes into a film of regularly spaced stripes, the separation of which functions as a tunable diffraction grating to produce a range of reflective colours in the animal's skin


ormonale

From ormone + -ale, on the model of English hormonal.

(biochemistry, relational) hormone; hormonal


transthyretin

transthyretin (countable and uncountable, plural transthyretins)

transthyretins (plural)
TTR (abbreviation)

From trans- (“denoting change or transfer”) + thyr(oxine) + ret(inol) + -in (“protein”).

af

(biochemistry) a protein found in human blood serum and cerebrospinal fluid that functions as a carrier of the thyroid hormone thyroxine and the retinol-binding protein


vektori

vektori (nominative singular)
vektorit (nominative plural)
vektori (accusative nominative singular)
vektorit (accusative nominative plural)
vektorin (accusative genitive singular)
vektorit (accusative genitive plural)
vektorin (genitive singular)
vektorien (genitive plural)
vektoreiden (genitive plural)
vektoreitten (genitive plural)
vektoria (partitive singular)
vektoreita (partitive plural)
vektoreja (partitive plural)
vektorissa (inessive singular)
vektoreissa (inessive plural)
vektorista (elative singular)
vektoreista (elative plural)
vektoriin (illative singular)
vektoreihin (illative plural)
vektorilla (adessive singular)
vektoreilla (adessive plural)
vektorilta (ablative singular)
vektoreilta (ablative plural)
vektorille (allative singular)
vektoreille (allative plural)
vektorina (essive singular)
vektoreina (essive plural)
vektoriksi (singular translative)
vektoreiksi (plural translative)
vektoritta (abessive singular)
vektoreitta (abessive plural)
vektorein (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
vektorini (nominative singular)
vektorini (nominative plural)
vektorini (accusative nominative singular)
vektorini (accusative nominative plural)
vektorini (accusative genitive singular)
vektorini (accusative genitive plural)
vektorini (genitive singular)
vektorieni (genitive plural)
vektoreideni (genitive plural)
vektoreitteni (genitive plural)
vektoriani (partitive singular)
vektoreitani (partitive plural)
vektorejani (partitive plural)
vektorissani (inessive singular)
vektoreissani (inessive plural)
vektoristani (elative singular)
vektoreistani (elative plural)
vektoriini (illative singular)
vektoreihini (illative plural)
vektorillani (adessive singular)
vektoreillani (adessive plural)
vektoriltani (ablative singular)
vektoreiltani (ablative plural)
vektorilleni (allative singular)
vektoreilleni (allative plural)
vektorinani (essive singular)
vektoreinani (essive plural)
vektorikseni (singular translative)
vektoreikseni (plural translative)
vektorittani (abessive singular)
vektoreittani (abessive plural)
vektoreineni (comitative plural)
vektorisi (nominative singular)
vektorisi (nominative plural)
vektorisi (accusative nominative singular)
vektorisi (accusative nominative plural)
vektorisi (accusative genitive singular)
vektorisi (accusative genitive plural)
vektorisi (genitive singular)
vektoriesi (genitive plural)
vektoreidesi (genitive plural)
vektoreittesi (genitive plural)
vektoriasi (partitive singular)
vektoreitasi (partitive plural)
vektorejasi (partitive plural)
vektorissasi (inessive singular)
vektoreissasi (inessive plural)
vektoristasi (elative singular)
vektoreistasi (elative plural)
vektoriisi (illative singular)
vektoreihisi (illative plural)
vektorillasi (adessive singular)
vektoreillasi (adessive plural)
vektoriltasi (ablative singular)
vektoreiltasi (ablative plural)
vektorillesi (allative singular)
vektoreillesi (allative plural)
vektorinasi (essive singular)
vektoreinasi (essive plural)
vektoriksesi (singular translative)
vektoreiksesi (plural translative)
vektorittasi (abessive singular)
vektoreittasi (abessive plural)
vektoreinesi (comitative plural)
vektorimme (nominative singular)
vektorimme (nominative plural)
vektorimme (accusative nominative singular)
vektorimme (accusative nominative plural)
vektorimme (accusative genitive singular)
vektorimme (accusative genitive plural)
vektorimme (genitive singular)
vektoriemme (genitive plural)
vektoreidemme (genitive plural)
vektoreittemme (genitive plural)
vektoriamme (partitive singular)
vektoreitamme (partitive plural)
vektorejamme (partitive plural)
vektorissamme (inessive singular)
vektoreissamme (inessive plural)
vektoristamme (elative singular)
vektoreistamme (elative plural)
vektoriimme (illative singular)
vektoreihimme (illative plural)
vektorillamme (adessive singular)
vektoreillamme (adessive plural)
vektoriltamme (ablative singular)
vektoreiltamme (ablative plural)
vektorillemme (allative singular)
vektoreillemme (allative plural)
vektorinamme (essive singular)
vektoreinamme (essive plural)
vektoriksemme (singular translative)
vektoreiksemme (plural translative)
vektorittamme (abessive singular)
vektoreittamme (abessive plural)
vektoreinemme (comitative plural)
vektorinne (nominative singular)
vektorinne (nominative plural)
vektorinne (accusative nominative singular)
vektorinne (accusative nominative plural)
vektorinne (accusative genitive singular)
vektorinne (accusative genitive plural)
vektorinne (genitive singular)
vektorienne (genitive plural)
vektoreidenne (genitive plural)
vektoreittenne (genitive plural)
vektorianne (partitive singular)
vektoreitanne (partitive plural)
vektorejanne (partitive plural)
vektorissanne (inessive singular)
vektoreissanne (inessive plural)
vektoristanne (elative singular)
vektoreistanne (elative plural)
vektoriinne (illative singular)
vektoreihinne (illative plural)
vektorillanne (adessive singular)
vektoreillanne (adessive plural)
vektoriltanne (ablative singular)
vektoreiltanne (ablative plural)
vektorillenne (allative singular)
vektoreillenne (allative plural)
vektorinanne (essive singular)
vektoreinanne (essive plural)
vektoriksenne (singular translative)
vektoreiksenne (plural translative)
vektorittanne (abessive singular)
vektoreittanne (abessive plural)
vektoreinenne (comitative plural)
vektorinsa (nominative singular)
vektorinsa (nominative plural)
vektorinsa (accusative nominative singular)
vektorinsa (accusative nominative plural)
vektorinsa (accusative genitive singular)
vektorinsa (accusative genitive plural)
vektorinsa (genitive singular)
vektoriensa (genitive plural)
vektoreidensa (genitive plural)
vektoreittensa (genitive plural)
vektoriaan (partitive singular)
vektoriansa (partitive singular)
vektoreitaan (partitive plural)
vektorejaan (partitive plural)
vektoreitansa (partitive plural)
vektorejansa (partitive plural)
vektorissaan (inessive singular)
vektorissansa (inessive singular)
vektoreissaan (inessive plural)
vektoreissansa (inessive plural)
vektoristaan (elative singular)
vektoristansa (elative singular)
vektoreistaan (elative plural)
vektoreistansa (elative plural)
vektoriinsa (illative singular)
vektoreihinsa (illative plural)
vektorillaan (adessive singular)
vektorillansa (adessive singular)
vektoreillaan (adessive plural)
vektoreillansa (adessive plural)
vektoriltaan (ablative singular)
vektoriltansa (ablative singular)
vektoreiltaan (ablative plural)
vektoreiltansa (ablative plural)
vektorilleen (allative singular)
vektorillensa (allative singular)
vektoreilleen (allative plural)
vektoreillensa (allative plural)
vektorinaan (essive singular)
vektorinansa (essive singular)
vektoreinaan (essive plural)
vektoreinansa (essive plural)
vektorikseen (singular translative)
vektoriksensa (singular translative)
vektoreikseen (plural translative)
vektoreiksensa (plural translative)
vektorittaan (abessive singular)
vektorittansa (abessive singular)
vektoreittaan (abessive plural)
vektoreittansa (abessive plural)
vektoreineen (comitative plural)
vektoreinensa (comitative plural)


DNase

(biochemistry) Abbreviation of deoxyribonuclease.


deoxyribonuclease

(biochemistry, genetics) Any of several enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of DNA.


talin

Talin showed two isoforms in rohu, where as talin-1 and talin-2 in model vertebrates produces two talins through alternative mRNA splicing [75 ].

2015 July 6, “Construction, De-Novo Assembly and Analysis of Transcriptome for Identification of Reproduction-Related Genes and Pathways from Rohu, Labeo rohita (Hamilton)”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any of a group of cytoskeletal proteins


primosome

From Latin primus (“first”) + -some (“nucleic unit”).

(biochemistry, genetics) A complex of proteins required for the initiation of bacterial DNA synthesis


cyclic nucleotide

en-noun

cyclic nucleotide (plural cyclic nucleotides)

(biochemistry, genetics) Any nucleotide in which the phosphate group is bonded to two hydroxyl groups on the same sugar


cytochalasin

From Ancient Greek κύτος ("a vessel") + χαλαρός ("to slacken, loosen').

(biochemistry) Any of several related fungal metabolites that have an effect on cytokinesis while not affecting karyokinesis


anandamide

anandamide (countable and uncountable, plural anandamides)

From Sanskrit आनन्द (ānanda, “bliss, happiness”) + -amide.

af

(biochemistry) A derivative of arachidonic acid that occurs naturally in the brain and in some foods (such as chocolate) and that binds to the same brain receptors as the cannabinoids (such as tetrahydrocannabinol) derived from cannabis.


protease inhibitor

en-noun

protease inhibitor (plural protease inhibitors)

(biochemistry) Any molecule that inhibits the function of proteases (enzymes that aid the cleavage of proteins), e.g. alpha-1 antitrypsin.


HAART

(pharmacology, virology) Initialism of highly active antiretroviral therapy.


lignocellulose

lignocellulose (countable and uncountable, plural lignocelluloses)

(biochemistry) The combination of lignin and cellulose in the structural cells of woody plants.

лигноцеллюло́за

the combination of lignin and cellulose in the structural cells of woody plants


lignocellulosic

Lignocellulosic materials represent the most significant fraction of the terrestrial phytobiomass, the largest source of organic compounds in the biosphere.

2011, Marcos Silveira Buckeridge, Routes to Cellulosic Ethanol, page 54:

(biochemistry) Of, pertaining to, or derived from lignocellulose; used especially to describe the products of biomass.


bioremediation

bioremediation (countable and uncountable, plural bioremediations)

(biochemistry) The use of biological organisms, usually microorganisms, to remove contaminants, especially from polluted water

bioremediació

use of biological organisms to remove contaminants


proteina

proteina (nominative singular)
proteiny (nominative plural)
proteiny (genitive singular)
protein (genitive plural)
proteinie (dative singular)
proteinom (dative plural)
proteinę (accusative singular)
proteiny (accusative plural)
proteiną (instrumental singular)
proteinami (instrumental plural)
proteinie (locative singular)
proteinach (locative plural)
proteino (singular vocative)
proteiny (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English protein, French protéine, German Protein, ultimately from Ancient Greek πρωτεῖος (prōteîos).

(biochemistry) protein (large, complex molecule composed of long chains of amino acids)


aktin

a globular structural protein that polymerizes in a helical fashion to form an actin filament (or microfilament).

(biochemistry) actin:
one of the six isoforms of actin.


cypin

(biochemistry) A cytosolic protein that regulates neuron branching.


крахмал

Borrowed from Russian крахма́л (kraxmál), from Polish krochmal, from German Kraftmehl.

Kazakh alphabets#Arabic script
Kazakh alphabets#Cyrillic script
Kazakh alphabets#Latin script
kk:крахмал


крахмал

ru-noun+

крахма́льный

крахма́л • (kraxmál) m inan (genitive крахма́ла, nominative plural крахма́лы, genitive plural крахма́лов, relational adjective крахма́льный)

крахма́л (canonical)
kraxmál (romanization)
крахма́ла (genitive)
крахма́лы (nominative plural)
крахма́лов (genitive plural)
крахма́льный (adjective relational)
крахма́л (nominative singular)
крахма́лы (nominative plural)
крахма́ла (genitive singular)
крахма́лов (genitive plural)
крахма́лу (dative singular)
крахма́лам (dative plural)
крахма́л (accusative singular)
крахма́лы (accusative plural)
крахма́лом (instrumental singular)
крахма́лами (instrumental plural)
крахма́ле (prepositional singular)
крахма́лах (plural prepositional)
крахма́лу (partitive singular)

→ Ingrian: krahmala

→ Kazakh: крахмал (kraxmal)

Borrowed from Polish krochmal, from German Kraftmehl.

Карто́фель широко́ испо́льзуют для получе́ния таки́х проду́ктов, как крахма́л, спирт, глюко́за и др.

1952, “Овощи и грибы. Картофель”, in Книга о вкусной и здоровой пище, Москва: Пищепромиздат; English translation from The Book of Tasty and Healthy Food, (Please provide a date or year):

Kartófelʹ širokó ispólʹzujut dlja polučénija takíx prodúktov, kak kraxmál, spirt, gljukóza i dr.


topoisomerase

/ˌtɒpəʊˌaɪˈsɒməˌɹeɪs/

/ˌtɑpoʊˌaɪˈsɑməˌɹeɪs/

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes that affect the topology of DNA, especially ones that relax supercoiling.


fehérje

fehérjék (plural)
fehérje (nominative singular)
fehérjék (nominative plural)
fehérjét (accusative singular)
fehérjéket (accusative plural)
fehérjének (dative singular)
fehérjéknek (dative plural)
fehérjével (instrumental singular)
fehérjékkel (instrumental plural)
fehérjéért (causal-final singular)
fehérjékért (causal-final plural)
fehérjévé (singular translative)
fehérjékké (plural translative)
fehérjéig (singular terminative)
fehérjékig (plural terminative)
fehérjeként (essive-formal singular)
fehérjékként (essive-formal plural)
fehérjében (inessive singular)
fehérjékben (inessive plural)
fehérjén (singular superessive)
fehérjéken (plural superessive)
fehérjénél (adessive singular)
fehérjéknél (adessive plural)
fehérjébe (illative singular)
fehérjékbe (illative plural)
fehérjére (singular sublative)
fehérjékre (plural sublative)
fehérjéhez (allative singular)
fehérjékhez (allative plural)
fehérjéből (elative singular)
fehérjékből (elative plural)
fehérjéről (delative singular)
fehérjékről (delative plural)
fehérjétől (ablative singular)
fehérjéktől (ablative plural)
fehérjéé (singular)
fehérjéké (plural)
fehérjééi (singular)
fehérjékéi (plural)
fehérjém (first-person possessed-single possessive singular)
fehérjéim (first-person possessed-many possessive singular)
fehérjéd (possessed-single possessive second-person singular)
fehérjéid (possessed-many possessive second-person singular)
fehérjéje (possessed-single possessive singular third-person)
fehérjéi (possessed-many possessive singular third-person)
fehérjénk (first-person plural possessed-single possessive)
fehérjéink (first-person plural possessed-many possessive)
fehérjétek (plural possessed-single possessive second-person)
fehérjéitek (plural possessed-many possessive second-person)
fehérjéjük (plural possessed-single possessive third-person)
fehérjéik (plural possessed-many possessive third-person)

From fehér (“white”) + -je (“…’s, of…; its”, possessive suffix). The second sense (“protein”) is its lexicalization, created during the Hungarian language reform, which took place in the 18th–19th centuries; an ellipsis of tojásfehérje (“white [part] of [an/the] egg”). Compare sárgája.


amb

This genus is distinguished from Duplopollis Krutzsch, 1959a, and Cupanieidites Cookson and Pike, 1954, by being syncolpate rather than syncolporate and by the islands at the angles of the amb.

1970, Robert Max Kosanke, editor, Symposium on Palynology of the Late Cretaceous and Early Tertiary:

(palynology) The outline of a spore or pollen grain, as seen in a polar view.


amb

(palynology) amb (outline of a spore or pollen grain)


interferon

From interfere + -on, from its role interfering with viral replication.

(biochemistry) Any of a group of glycoproteins, produced by the immune system, that prevent viral replication in infected cells.

干擾素

any of a group of glycoproteins, that prevent viral replication in infected cells


interferon

interferoni (plural)
interferon (accusative indefinite nominative singular)
interferonul (accusative definite nominative singular)
interferoni (accusative indefinite nominative singular)
interferonii (accusative definite nominative plural)
interferon (indefinite singular)
interferonului (definite singular)
interferoni (indefinite singular)
interferonilor (definite plural)
interferonule (singular vocative)
interferonilor (vocative)

Borrowed from English interferon or French interféron.


żółć

żółć (nominative singular)
żółci (genitive singular)
żółci (dative singular)
żółć (accusative singular)
żółcią (instrumental singular)
żółci (locative singular)
żółci (singular vocative)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *zьlčь (“bile”), from Proto-Balto-Slavic *źulʔ-, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰlh₃-. Related to *zelenъ and was under influence of *žьltъ.

inh+

Ponieważ żółć pęcherzykowa ma mocniéyszy kolor, większą gorycz i iest gęstsza od téy, która prosto z wątroby do kiszek udaie się […]

1820, Sylwan: Dziennik nauk leśnych i Myśliwych, volume I, page 63:

Because blister bile has a stronger color, a stronger bitterness, and is thicker than the bile straight from liver, it is useful for guts […]

Następuje emulgowanie tłuszczu i w tym procesie największą rolę odgrywa żółć.

1986, Krystyna Flis, Wanda Konaszewska, Podstawy żywienia człowieka, WSiP, →ISBN, page 99:

Next is the emulsification of fat and bile plays the biggest role here.

Po przejściu z kanalików do przewodzików żółciowych, a następnie do głównych przewodów żółciowych, żółć podlega dalszej reabsorpcji i wydzielaniu.

2013, Courtney M. Townsend, Chirurgia Sabiston, Elsevier Health Sciences, →ISBN, page 376:

After passing through frmo the channels do the biliary ductules, and then to the main biliary ductules, bile undergoes further reabsorbtion and emission.

(biochemistry) bile (liquid produced by the liver)


DAG

en-noun

DAG (countable and uncountable, plural DAGs)

(biochemistry) Initialism of diacylglycerol.


calmodulin

calmodulin (countable and uncountable, plural calmodulins)

Two distinct anti-allergic drugs, amlexanox and cromolyn, bind to the same kinds of calcium binding proteins, except calmodulin, in bovine lung extract.

2006, Journal of the National Cancer Institute:

(biochemistry) A calcium-binding protein found in all nucleated cells


biophotolysis

biophotolysis (plural biophotolysises or biophotolyses)

biophotolysises (plural)
biophotolyses (plural)

(biochemistry) The photolysis of a biochemical compound; but especially the production of hydrogen by the action of light on algae or any other organism


ceruloplasmina

it-noun

ceruloplasmina f (plural ceruloplasmine)


ceruloplasmina

pt-noun

ceruloplasmina f (plural ceruloplasminas)


ceruloplasmin

en-noun

ceruloplasmin (countable and uncountable, plural ceruloplasmins)

ceruloplasmins (plural)
caeruloplasmin (alternative)

cerulo (derived from Latin caeruleus (“colored blue”)) + plasmin

(biochemistry) A blue metalloprotein that contains copper; it acts as a ferroxidase in association with transferrin.


dismutase

Furthermore, wedelolactone also increased the activities of superoxidase dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and decreased the level of the lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA) in the liver, therefore decreasing the activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT).

2015 July 14, “Wedelolactone Regulates Lipid Metabolism and Improves Hepatic Steatosis Partly by AMPK Activation and Up-Regulation of Expression of PPARα/LPL and LDLR”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes that catalyze dismutation reactions.

Dismutase

any of several enzymes that catalyze dismutation reactions


dismutation

dismutation (countable and uncountable, plural dismutations)

(biochemistry) A disproportionation reaction, especially in a biological context, in which oxidized and reduced forms of a chemical species are produced simultaneously


dehydrogenase

This led to a search in the filtrate for a dehydrogenase which should activate lactate in preference to the other three substances.

1928, Marjory Stephenson, “On lactic dehydrogenase: A cell-free enzyme preparation obtained from bacteria”, in Biochemical Journal:

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes that catalyze the removal of hydrogen (a proton) from biological compounds.


brassinosteroid

(biochemistry) Any of a family of steroidal plant hormones produced by members of the genus Brassica; the brassins


human chorionic gonadotropin

human chorionic gonadotropin (uncountable)

as hCG (abbreviation)
HCG (abbreviation)

(medicine, biochemistry) A peptide hormone, produced during pregnancy, that prevents the breakdown of the corpus luteum and maintains progesterone production.


pektin

pektin (nominative singular)
pektiny (nominative plural)
pektinu (genitive singular)
pektinů (genitive plural)
pektinu (dative singular)
pektinům (dative plural)
pektin (accusative singular)
pektiny (accusative plural)
pektine (singular vocative)
pektiny (plural vocative)
pektinu (locative singular)
pektinech (locative plural)
pektinem (instrumental singular)
pektiny (instrumental plural)


pektin

pektin (indefinite nominative singular)
pektins (genitive indefinite singular)
pektinet (definite nominative singular)
pektinets (definite genitive singular)
pektin (indefinite nominative plural)
pektins (genitive indefinite plural)
pektinen (definite nominative plural)
pektinens (definite genitive plural)
pektin (indefinite nominative singular)
pektins (genitive indefinite singular)
pektinen (definite nominative singular)
pektinens (definite genitive singular)
pektiner (indefinite nominative plural)
pektiners (genitive indefinite plural)
pektinerna (definite nominative plural)
pektinernas (definite genitive plural)


αργινίνη

arginíni (romanization)
αργινίνη (nominative singular)
αργινίνης (genitive singular)
αργινίνη (accusative singular)
αργινίνη (singular vocative)


アルギニン

[a̠ɾɯ̟ɡʲiɲ̟ĩɴ]


λυσίνη

head

λυσίνη • (lysíni) f

el-noun

λυσίνη • (lysíni) f

lysíni (romanization)
λυσίνη (nominative singular)
λυσίνης (genitive singular)
λυσίνη (accusative singular)
λυσίνη (singular vocative)


lizino

eo-head

lizino (uncountable, accusative lizinon)


lysiini

lysiini (nominative singular)
lysiinit (nominative plural)
lysiini (accusative nominative singular)
lysiinit (accusative nominative plural)
lysiinin (accusative genitive singular)
lysiinit (accusative genitive plural)
lysiinin (genitive singular)
lysiinien (genitive plural)
lysiiniä (partitive singular)
lysiinejä (partitive plural)
lysiinissä (inessive singular)
lysiineissä (inessive plural)
lysiinistä (elative singular)
lysiineistä (elative plural)
lysiiniin (illative singular)
lysiineihin (illative plural)
lysiinillä (adessive singular)
lysiineillä (adessive plural)
lysiiniltä (ablative singular)
lysiineiltä (ablative plural)
lysiinille (allative singular)
lysiineille (allative plural)
lysiininä (essive singular)
lysiineinä (essive plural)
lysiiniksi (singular translative)
lysiineiksi (plural translative)
lysiinittä (abessive singular)
lysiineittä (abessive plural)
lysiinein (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
lysiinini (nominative singular)
lysiinini (nominative plural)
lysiinini (accusative nominative singular)
lysiinini (accusative nominative plural)
lysiinini (accusative genitive singular)
lysiinini (accusative genitive plural)
lysiinini (genitive singular)
lysiinieni (genitive plural)
lysiiniäni (partitive singular)
lysiinejäni (partitive plural)
lysiinissäni (inessive singular)
lysiineissäni (inessive plural)
lysiinistäni (elative singular)
lysiineistäni (elative plural)
lysiiniini (illative singular)
lysiineihini (illative plural)
lysiinilläni (adessive singular)
lysiineilläni (adessive plural)
lysiiniltäni (ablative singular)
lysiineiltäni (ablative plural)
lysiinilleni (allative singular)
lysiineilleni (allative plural)
lysiininäni (essive singular)
lysiineinäni (essive plural)
lysiinikseni (singular translative)
lysiineikseni (plural translative)
lysiinittäni (abessive singular)
lysiineittäni (abessive plural)
lysiineineni (comitative plural)
lysiinisi (nominative singular)
lysiinisi (nominative plural)
lysiinisi (accusative nominative singular)
lysiinisi (accusative nominative plural)
lysiinisi (accusative genitive singular)
lysiinisi (accusative genitive plural)
lysiinisi (genitive singular)
lysiiniesi (genitive plural)
lysiiniäsi (partitive singular)
lysiinejäsi (partitive plural)
lysiinissäsi (inessive singular)
lysiineissäsi (inessive plural)
lysiinistäsi (elative singular)
lysiineistäsi (elative plural)
lysiiniisi (illative singular)
lysiineihisi (illative plural)
lysiinilläsi (adessive singular)
lysiineilläsi (adessive plural)
lysiiniltäsi (ablative singular)
lysiineiltäsi (ablative plural)
lysiinillesi (allative singular)
lysiineillesi (allative plural)
lysiininäsi (essive singular)
lysiineinäsi (essive plural)
lysiiniksesi (singular translative)
lysiineiksesi (plural translative)
lysiinittäsi (abessive singular)
lysiineittäsi (abessive plural)
lysiineinesi (comitative plural)
lysiinimme (nominative singular)
lysiinimme (nominative plural)
lysiinimme (accusative nominative singular)
lysiinimme (accusative nominative plural)
lysiinimme (accusative genitive singular)
lysiinimme (accusative genitive plural)
lysiinimme (genitive singular)
lysiiniemme (genitive plural)
lysiiniämme (partitive singular)
lysiinejämme (partitive plural)
lysiinissämme (inessive singular)
lysiineissämme (inessive plural)
lysiinistämme (elative singular)
lysiineistämme (elative plural)
lysiiniimme (illative singular)
lysiineihimme (illative plural)
lysiinillämme (adessive singular)
lysiineillämme (adessive plural)
lysiiniltämme (ablative singular)
lysiineiltämme (ablative plural)
lysiinillemme (allative singular)
lysiineillemme (allative plural)
lysiininämme (essive singular)
lysiineinämme (essive plural)
lysiiniksemme (singular translative)
lysiineiksemme (plural translative)
lysiinittämme (abessive singular)
lysiineittämme (abessive plural)
lysiineinemme (comitative plural)
lysiininne (nominative singular)
lysiininne (nominative plural)
lysiininne (accusative nominative singular)
lysiininne (accusative nominative plural)
lysiininne (accusative genitive singular)
lysiininne (accusative genitive plural)
lysiininne (genitive singular)
lysiinienne (genitive plural)
lysiiniänne (partitive singular)
lysiinejänne (partitive plural)
lysiinissänne (inessive singular)
lysiineissänne (inessive plural)
lysiinistänne (elative singular)
lysiineistänne (elative plural)
lysiiniinne (illative singular)
lysiineihinne (illative plural)
lysiinillänne (adessive singular)
lysiineillänne (adessive plural)
lysiiniltänne (ablative singular)
lysiineiltänne (ablative plural)
lysiinillenne (allative singular)
lysiineillenne (allative plural)
lysiininänne (essive singular)
lysiineinänne (essive plural)
lysiiniksenne (singular translative)
lysiineiksenne (plural translative)
lysiinittänne (abessive singular)
lysiineittänne (abessive plural)
lysiineinenne (comitative plural)
lysiininsä (nominative singular)
lysiininsä (nominative plural)
lysiininsä (accusative nominative singular)
lysiininsä (accusative nominative plural)
lysiininsä (accusative genitive singular)
lysiininsä (accusative genitive plural)
lysiininsä (genitive singular)
lysiiniensä (genitive plural)
lysiiniään (partitive singular)
lysiiniänsä (partitive singular)
lysiinejään (partitive plural)
lysiinejänsä (partitive plural)
lysiinissään (inessive singular)
lysiinissänsä (inessive singular)
lysiineissään (inessive plural)
lysiineissänsä (inessive plural)
lysiinistään (elative singular)
lysiinistänsä (elative singular)
lysiineistään (elative plural)
lysiineistänsä (elative plural)
lysiiniinsä (illative singular)
lysiineihinsä (illative plural)
lysiinillään (adessive singular)
lysiinillänsä (adessive singular)
lysiineillään (adessive plural)
lysiineillänsä (adessive plural)
lysiiniltään (ablative singular)
lysiiniltänsä (ablative singular)
lysiineiltään (ablative plural)
lysiineiltänsä (ablative plural)
lysiinilleen (allative singular)
lysiinillensä (allative singular)
lysiineilleen (allative plural)
lysiineillensä (allative plural)
lysiininään (essive singular)
lysiininänsä (essive singular)
lysiineinään (essive plural)
lysiineinänsä (essive plural)
lysiinikseen (singular translative)
lysiiniksensä (singular translative)
lysiineikseen (plural translative)
lysiineiksensä (plural translative)
lysiinittään (abessive singular)
lysiinittänsä (abessive singular)
lysiineittään (abessive plural)
lysiineittänsä (abessive plural)
lysiineineen (comitative plural)
lysiineinensä (comitative plural)


cysteinyl

(biochemistry) Of, pertaining to, or derived from the amino acid cysteine


cysteinyl leukotriene

en-noun

cysteinyl leukotriene (plural cysteinyl leukotrienes)

(biochemistry) Any of several leukotriene that are combined with cysteine


jasmonic acid

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) An oxylipin lipid, containing a cyclopentanone ring, related to the prostaglandins; its esters, the jasmonates, are responsible for the smell of jasmine and act as plant hormones


oxylipin

(biochemistry) oxygenated natural products which are formed from fatty acids by pathways involving at least one step of dioxygen-dependent oxidation; many of them have physiological importance


bakterie

bakterie (nominative singular)
bakterie (nominative plural)
bakterie (genitive singular)
bakterií (genitive plural)
bakterii (dative singular)
bakteriím (dative plural)
bakterii (accusative singular)
bakterie (accusative plural)
bakterie (singular vocative)
bakterie (plural vocative)
bakterii (locative singular)
bakteriích (locative plural)
bakterií (instrumental singular)
bakteriemi (instrumental plural)
baktérie (alternative)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek βακτήριον (baktḗrion).


bakterie

head

bakterie c (singular definite bakterien, plural indefinite bakterier)

bakterien (definite singular)
bakterier (indefinite plural)
bakterie (indefinite nominative singular)
bakterien (definite nominative singular)
bakterier (indefinite nominative plural)
bakterierne (definite nominative plural)
bakteries (genitive indefinite singular)
bakteriens (definite genitive singular)
bakteriers (genitive indefinite plural)
bakteriernes (definite genitive plural)

/bɑɡˈteɐ̯ˀiə/

From Ancient Greek βακτήριον (baktḗrion).


bakterie

bakterien (definite singular)
bakterier (indefinite plural)
bakteriene (definite plural)


bakterie

bakterien (definite singular)
bakteriar (indefinite plural)
bakteriane (definite plural)


bakterie

bakterie (indefinite nominative singular)
bakteries (genitive indefinite singular)
bakterien (definite nominative singular)
bakteriens (definite genitive singular)
bakterier (indefinite nominative plural)
bakteriers (genitive indefinite plural)
bakterierna (definite nominative plural)
bakteriernas (definite genitive plural)


selluloosa

selluloosa (nominative singular)
selluloosat (nominative plural)
selluloosa (accusative nominative singular)
selluloosat (accusative nominative plural)
selluloosan (accusative genitive singular)
selluloosat (accusative genitive plural)
selluloosan (genitive singular)
selluloosien (genitive plural)
selluloosain (genitive plural rare)
selluloosaa (partitive singular)
selluloosia (partitive plural)
selluloosassa (inessive singular)
selluloosissa (inessive plural)
selluloosasta (elative singular)
selluloosista (elative plural)
selluloosaan (illative singular)
selluloosiin (illative plural)
selluloosalla (adessive singular)
selluloosilla (adessive plural)
selluloosalta (ablative singular)
selluloosilta (ablative plural)
selluloosalle (allative singular)
selluloosille (allative plural)
selluloosana (essive singular)
selluloosina (essive plural)
selluloosaksi (singular translative)
selluloosiksi (plural translative)
selluloosatta (abessive singular)
selluloositta (abessive plural)
selluloosin (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
selluloosani (nominative singular)
selluloosani (nominative plural)
selluloosani (accusative nominative singular)
selluloosani (accusative nominative plural)
selluloosani (accusative genitive singular)
selluloosani (accusative genitive plural)
selluloosani (genitive singular)
selluloosieni (genitive plural)
selluloosaini (genitive plural rare)
selluloosaani (partitive singular)
selluloosiani (partitive plural)
selluloosassani (inessive singular)
selluloosissani (inessive plural)
selluloosastani (elative singular)
selluloosistani (elative plural)
selluloosaani (illative singular)
selluloosiini (illative plural)
selluloosallani (adessive singular)
selluloosillani (adessive plural)
selluloosaltani (ablative singular)
selluloosiltani (ablative plural)
selluloosalleni (allative singular)
selluloosilleni (allative plural)
selluloosanani (essive singular)
selluloosinani (essive plural)
selluloosakseni (singular translative)
selluloosikseni (plural translative)
selluloosattani (abessive singular)
selluloosittani (abessive plural)
selluloosineni (comitative plural)
selluloosasi (nominative singular)
selluloosasi (nominative plural)
selluloosasi (accusative nominative singular)
selluloosasi (accusative nominative plural)
selluloosasi (accusative genitive singular)
selluloosasi (accusative genitive plural)
selluloosasi (genitive singular)
selluloosiesi (genitive plural)
selluloosaisi (genitive plural rare)
selluloosaasi (partitive singular)
selluloosiasi (partitive plural)
selluloosassasi (inessive singular)
selluloosissasi (inessive plural)
selluloosastasi (elative singular)
selluloosistasi (elative plural)
selluloosaasi (illative singular)
selluloosiisi (illative plural)
selluloosallasi (adessive singular)
selluloosillasi (adessive plural)
selluloosaltasi (ablative singular)
selluloosiltasi (ablative plural)
selluloosallesi (allative singular)
selluloosillesi (allative plural)
selluloosanasi (essive singular)
selluloosinasi (essive plural)
selluloosaksesi (singular translative)
selluloosiksesi (plural translative)
selluloosattasi (abessive singular)
selluloosittasi (abessive plural)
selluloosinesi (comitative plural)
selluloosamme (nominative singular)
selluloosamme (nominative plural)
selluloosamme (accusative nominative singular)
selluloosamme (accusative nominative plural)
selluloosamme (accusative genitive singular)
selluloosamme (accusative genitive plural)
selluloosamme (genitive singular)
selluloosiemme (genitive plural)
selluloosaimme (genitive plural rare)
selluloosaamme (partitive singular)
selluloosiamme (partitive plural)
selluloosassamme (inessive singular)
selluloosissamme (inessive plural)
selluloosastamme (elative singular)
selluloosistamme (elative plural)
selluloosaamme (illative singular)
selluloosiimme (illative plural)
selluloosallamme (adessive singular)
selluloosillamme (adessive plural)
selluloosaltamme (ablative singular)
selluloosiltamme (ablative plural)
selluloosallemme (allative singular)
selluloosillemme (allative plural)
selluloosanamme (essive singular)
selluloosinamme (essive plural)
selluloosaksemme (singular translative)
selluloosiksemme (plural translative)
selluloosattamme (abessive singular)
selluloosittamme (abessive plural)
selluloosinemme (comitative plural)
selluloosanne (nominative singular)
selluloosanne (nominative plural)
selluloosanne (accusative nominative singular)
selluloosanne (accusative nominative plural)
selluloosanne (accusative genitive singular)
selluloosanne (accusative genitive plural)
selluloosanne (genitive singular)
selluloosienne (genitive plural)
selluloosainne (genitive plural rare)
selluloosaanne (partitive singular)
selluloosianne (partitive plural)
selluloosassanne (inessive singular)
selluloosissanne (inessive plural)
selluloosastanne (elative singular)
selluloosistanne (elative plural)
selluloosaanne (illative singular)
selluloosiinne (illative plural)
selluloosallanne (adessive singular)
selluloosillanne (adessive plural)
selluloosaltanne (ablative singular)
selluloosiltanne (ablative plural)
selluloosallenne (allative singular)
selluloosillenne (allative plural)
selluloosananne (essive singular)
selluloosinanne (essive plural)
selluloosaksenne (singular translative)
selluloosiksenne (plural translative)
selluloosattanne (abessive singular)
selluloosittanne (abessive plural)
selluloosinenne (comitative plural)
selluloosansa (nominative singular)
selluloosansa (nominative plural)
selluloosansa (accusative nominative singular)
selluloosansa (accusative nominative plural)
selluloosansa (accusative genitive singular)
selluloosansa (accusative genitive plural)
selluloosansa (genitive singular)
selluloosiensa (genitive plural)
selluloosainsa (genitive plural rare)
selluloosaansa (partitive singular)
selluloosiaan (partitive plural)
selluloosiansa (partitive plural)
selluloosassaan (inessive singular)
selluloosassansa (inessive singular)
selluloosissaan (inessive plural)
selluloosissansa (inessive plural)
selluloosastaan (elative singular)
selluloosastansa (elative singular)
selluloosistaan (elative plural)
selluloosistansa (elative plural)
selluloosaansa (illative singular)
selluloosiinsa (illative plural)
selluloosallaan (adessive singular)
selluloosallansa (adessive singular)
selluloosillaan (adessive plural)
selluloosillansa (adessive plural)
selluloosaltaan (ablative singular)
selluloosaltansa (ablative singular)
selluloosiltaan (ablative plural)
selluloosiltansa (ablative plural)
selluloosalleen (allative singular)
selluloosallensa (allative singular)
selluloosilleen (allative plural)
selluloosillensa (allative plural)
selluloosanaan (essive singular)
selluloosanansa (essive singular)
selluloosinaan (essive plural)
selluloosinansa (essive plural)
selluloosakseen (singular translative)
selluloosaksensa (singular translative)
selluloosikseen (plural translative)
selluloosiksensa (plural translative)
selluloosattaan (abessive singular)
selluloosattansa (abessive singular)
selluloosittaan (abessive plural)
selluloosittansa (abessive plural)
selluloosineen (comitative plural)
selluloosinensa (comitative plural)

[ˈs̠e̞lːuˌlo̞ːs̠ɑ̝]

Internationalism (see French cellulose).


dopa

(biochemistry) The amino acid dihydroxyphenylalanine that is generated in the liver from tyrosine and then converted into dopamine in the brain.


biotransformation

en-noun

biotransformation (countable and uncountable, plural biotransformations)

(biochemistry) The changes (both chemical and physical) that occur to a substance (especially a drug) by the actions of enzymes within an organism.


biosynthetic

(biochemistry) of or pertaining to biosynthesis


allosteric

en-adj

allosteric (comparative more allosteric, superlative most allosteric)

more allosteric (comparative)
most allosteric (superlative)

From allo- (“other”) + steric (“arrangement of atoms in space”).

prefix

(biochemistry, of an enzyme) That binds a compound on an inactive site and thus changes macromolecular conformation or dynamics in order to become either active or inactive

تَفَارُغِيّ

of an enzyme: that binds a compound on an inactive site


albumina

albumina (nominative singular)
albuminy (nominative plural)
albuminy (genitive singular)
albumin (genitive plural)
albuminie (dative singular)
albuminom (dative plural)
albuminę (accusative singular)
albuminy (accusative plural)
albuminą (instrumental singular)
albuminami (instrumental plural)
albuminie (locative singular)
albuminach (locative plural)
albumino (singular vocative)
albuminy (plural vocative)
albumin (alternative)

From Latin albūmen + -ina. First attested in 1807.

ref

Jędrzej Śniadecki (1807) Początki chemii dla uzycia słuchaczow akademickich ułozone. T. 2 (in Polish), page 117

albumina in Narodowy Fotokorpus Języka Polskiego

ludzka albumina

albumina znakowana

surowicza albumina wołowa

wydalanie albumin z moczem

stężenie albumin

roztwór albuminy

zawartość albumin

poziom albumin

albuminy osocza

albumina jaja

przyjmować albuminę


albumina

Borrowed from Spanish albúmina with a shift of stress, from Latin albūminem. Doublet of albumen.


physiologic pH

(biochemistry) The pH that normally prevails in the human body. It is approximately 7.4.


endorfiini

endorfiini (nominative singular)
endorfiinit (nominative plural)
endorfiini (accusative nominative singular)
endorfiinit (accusative nominative plural)
endorfiinin (accusative genitive singular)
endorfiinit (accusative genitive plural)
endorfiinin (genitive singular)
endorfiinien (genitive plural)
endorfiinia (partitive singular)
endorfiineja (partitive plural)
endorfiinissa (inessive singular)
endorfiineissa (inessive plural)
endorfiinista (elative singular)
endorfiineista (elative plural)
endorfiiniin (illative singular)
endorfiineihin (illative plural)
endorfiinilla (adessive singular)
endorfiineilla (adessive plural)
endorfiinilta (ablative singular)
endorfiineilta (ablative plural)
endorfiinille (allative singular)
endorfiineille (allative plural)
endorfiinina (essive singular)
endorfiineina (essive plural)
endorfiiniksi (singular translative)
endorfiineiksi (plural translative)
endorfiinitta (abessive singular)
endorfiineitta (abessive plural)
endorfiinein (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
endorfiinini (nominative singular)
endorfiinini (nominative plural)
endorfiinini (accusative nominative singular)
endorfiinini (accusative nominative plural)
endorfiinini (accusative genitive singular)
endorfiinini (accusative genitive plural)
endorfiinini (genitive singular)
endorfiinieni (genitive plural)
endorfiiniani (partitive singular)
endorfiinejani (partitive plural)
endorfiinissani (inessive singular)
endorfiineissani (inessive plural)
endorfiinistani (elative singular)
endorfiineistani (elative plural)
endorfiiniini (illative singular)
endorfiineihini (illative plural)
endorfiinillani (adessive singular)
endorfiineillani (adessive plural)
endorfiiniltani (ablative singular)
endorfiineiltani (ablative plural)
endorfiinilleni (allative singular)
endorfiineilleni (allative plural)
endorfiininani (essive singular)
endorfiineinani (essive plural)
endorfiinikseni (singular translative)
endorfiineikseni (plural translative)
endorfiinittani (abessive singular)
endorfiineittani (abessive plural)
endorfiineineni (comitative plural)
endorfiinisi (nominative singular)
endorfiinisi (nominative plural)
endorfiinisi (accusative nominative singular)
endorfiinisi (accusative nominative plural)
endorfiinisi (accusative genitive singular)
endorfiinisi (accusative genitive plural)
endorfiinisi (genitive singular)
endorfiiniesi (genitive plural)
endorfiiniasi (partitive singular)
endorfiinejasi (partitive plural)
endorfiinissasi (inessive singular)
endorfiineissasi (inessive plural)
endorfiinistasi (elative singular)
endorfiineistasi (elative plural)
endorfiiniisi (illative singular)
endorfiineihisi (illative plural)
endorfiinillasi (adessive singular)
endorfiineillasi (adessive plural)
endorfiiniltasi (ablative singular)
endorfiineiltasi (ablative plural)
endorfiinillesi (allative singular)
endorfiineillesi (allative plural)
endorfiininasi (essive singular)
endorfiineinasi (essive plural)
endorfiiniksesi (singular translative)
endorfiineiksesi (plural translative)
endorfiinittasi (abessive singular)
endorfiineittasi (abessive plural)
endorfiineinesi (comitative plural)
endorfiinimme (nominative singular)
endorfiinimme (nominative plural)
endorfiinimme (accusative nominative singular)
endorfiinimme (accusative nominative plural)
endorfiinimme (accusative genitive singular)
endorfiinimme (accusative genitive plural)
endorfiinimme (genitive singular)
endorfiiniemme (genitive plural)
endorfiiniamme (partitive singular)
endorfiinejamme (partitive plural)
endorfiinissamme (inessive singular)
endorfiineissamme (inessive plural)
endorfiinistamme (elative singular)
endorfiineistamme (elative plural)
endorfiiniimme (illative singular)
endorfiineihimme (illative plural)
endorfiinillamme (adessive singular)
endorfiineillamme (adessive plural)
endorfiiniltamme (ablative singular)
endorfiineiltamme (ablative plural)
endorfiinillemme (allative singular)
endorfiineillemme (allative plural)
endorfiininamme (essive singular)
endorfiineinamme (essive plural)
endorfiiniksemme (singular translative)
endorfiineiksemme (plural translative)
endorfiinittamme (abessive singular)
endorfiineittamme (abessive plural)
endorfiineinemme (comitative plural)
endorfiininne (nominative singular)
endorfiininne (nominative plural)
endorfiininne (accusative nominative singular)
endorfiininne (accusative nominative plural)
endorfiininne (accusative genitive singular)
endorfiininne (accusative genitive plural)
endorfiininne (genitive singular)
endorfiinienne (genitive plural)
endorfiinianne (partitive singular)
endorfiinejanne (partitive plural)
endorfiinissanne (inessive singular)
endorfiineissanne (inessive plural)
endorfiinistanne (elative singular)
endorfiineistanne (elative plural)
endorfiiniinne (illative singular)
endorfiineihinne (illative plural)
endorfiinillanne (adessive singular)
endorfiineillanne (adessive plural)
endorfiiniltanne (ablative singular)
endorfiineiltanne (ablative plural)
endorfiinillenne (allative singular)
endorfiineillenne (allative plural)
endorfiininanne (essive singular)
endorfiineinanne (essive plural)
endorfiiniksenne (singular translative)
endorfiineiksenne (plural translative)
endorfiinittanne (abessive singular)
endorfiineittanne (abessive plural)
endorfiineinenne (comitative plural)
endorfiininsa (nominative singular)
endorfiininsa (nominative plural)
endorfiininsa (accusative nominative singular)
endorfiininsa (accusative nominative plural)
endorfiininsa (accusative genitive singular)
endorfiininsa (accusative genitive plural)
endorfiininsa (genitive singular)
endorfiiniensa (genitive plural)
endorfiiniaan (partitive singular)
endorfiiniansa (partitive singular)
endorfiinejaan (partitive plural)
endorfiinejansa (partitive plural)
endorfiinissaan (inessive singular)
endorfiinissansa (inessive singular)
endorfiineissaan (inessive plural)
endorfiineissansa (inessive plural)
endorfiinistaan (elative singular)
endorfiinistansa (elative singular)
endorfiineistaan (elative plural)
endorfiineistansa (elative plural)
endorfiiniinsa (illative singular)
endorfiineihinsa (illative plural)
endorfiinillaan (adessive singular)
endorfiinillansa (adessive singular)
endorfiineillaan (adessive plural)
endorfiineillansa (adessive plural)
endorfiiniltaan (ablative singular)
endorfiiniltansa (ablative singular)
endorfiineiltaan (ablative plural)
endorfiineiltansa (ablative plural)
endorfiinilleen (allative singular)
endorfiinillensa (allative singular)
endorfiineilleen (allative plural)
endorfiineillensa (allative plural)
endorfiininaan (essive singular)
endorfiininansa (essive singular)
endorfiineinaan (essive plural)
endorfiineinansa (essive plural)
endorfiinikseen (singular translative)
endorfiiniksensa (singular translative)
endorfiineikseen (plural translative)
endorfiineiksensa (plural translative)
endorfiinittaan (abessive singular)
endorfiinittansa (abessive singular)
endorfiineittaan (abessive plural)
endorfiineittansa (abessive plural)
endorfiineineen (comitative plural)
endorfiineinensa (comitative plural)

Internationalism (see French endorphine).


fibronectin

en-noun

fibronectin (countable and uncountable, plural fibronectins)

(biochemistry) An adhesive blood glycoprotein that has several cellular functions


adenovirus

Internationalism, borrowed from English adenovirus.


affosfórun

is-noun

affosfórun f (genitive singular affosfórunar, nominative plural affosfóranir)

affosfórunar (genitive singular)
affosfóranir (nominative plural)
affosfórun (indefinite nominative singular)
affosfórunin (definite nominative singular)
affosfóranir (indefinite nominative plural)
affosfóranirnar (definite nominative plural)
affosfórun (accusative indefinite singular)
affosfórunina (accusative definite singular)
affosfóranir (accusative indefinite plural)
affosfóranirnar (accusative definite plural)
affosfórun (dative indefinite singular)
affosfóruninni (dative definite singular)
affosfórunum (dative indefinite plural)
affosfórununum (dative definite plural)
affosfórunar (genitive indefinite singular)
affosfórunarinnar (definite genitive singular)
affosfórana (genitive indefinite plural)
affosfórananna (definite genitive plural)

From af- (“de-”) + fosfórun (“phosphorylation”).


bioorganic

(biochemistry) Of or relating to the role of organic compounds in biological processes.


Bakterium

de-noun

Bakterium n (strong, genitive Bakteriums, plural Bakterien)

Bakteriums (genitive)
Bakterien (plural)
Bakterium (nominative singular)
Bakterien (definite nominative plural)
Bakteriums (genitive singular)
Bakterien (definite genitive plural)
Bakterium (dative singular)
Bakterien (dative definite plural)
Bakterium (accusative singular)
Bakterien (accusative definite plural)


ferritin

ferritins (plural)
ferratin (alternative)

From Latin ferrātus (“iron-bearing”) and -in; compare also ferri- and ferro-.

Coordinate term: transferrin (key protein of extracellular iron transport)

(biochemistry) Any of a family of iron-carrying globular protein complexes consisting of 24 protein subunits; the key protein of intracellular iron storage.

ferritina

any of a family of iron-carrying globular protein complexes consisting of 24 protein subunits


gastrin

en-noun

gastrin (countable and uncountable, plural gastrins)

(biochemistry) A hormone that stimulates the production of gastric acid in the stomach


gastric acid

gastric acid (countable and uncountable, plural gastric acids)

(biochemistry) The acidic secretion of the stomach; mostly hydrochloric acid.


reuptake

reuptake (countable and uncountable, plural reuptakes)

The class of antidepressants most commonly associated with sexual dysfunction is selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or SSRIs, which treat depression by ultimately increasing levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin in the brain.

2024 March 21, Kristen Rogers, “If antidepressants are killing your sex life, here’s what you can do”, in CNN:

(biochemistry) Specifically, the reabsorption of a neurotransmitter by a neuron after the transmission of a neural impulse across a synapse.

recaptació neuronal

reabsorption of neurotransmitter by neuron


reuptake

en-verb

reuptake (third-person singular simple present reuptakes, present participle reuptaking, simple past reuptook, past participle reuptaken)

reuptakes (present singular third-person)
reuptaking (participle present)
reuptook (past)
reuptaken (participle past)

(chiefly biochemistry, transitive) To take up again; to reabsorb.


secretin

(biochemistry) A peptide hormone, secreted by the duodenum, that serves to regulate its acidity


adrenocorticotrophin

adrenocorticotropic hormone
adrenocorticotropic hormone


adrenocorticotropic hormone

en-noun

adrenocorticotropic hormone (plural adrenocorticotropic hormones)

(biochemistry) A peptide hormone, secreted by the pituitary gland, that stimulates the secretion of other hormones


biomineralization

biomineralization (countable and uncountable, plural biomineralizations)

This process of ‘biomineralization’ is used today to reclaim gold from the Youanmi deposits of Western Australia.

2002, Philip Ball, The Elements: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford, published 2004, page 51:

(biochemistry) The formation of hard mineral deposits within a living organism; especially the process whereby bone and similar structural material is formed.


androstadienone

androstadienone (countable and uncountable, plural androstadienones)

(biochemistry) A derivative of testosterone reported to have pheromone activity in humans


androstenone

androstenone (countable and uncountable, plural androstenones)

(biochemistry) A steroid, specifically 5α-androst-16-en-4-one, found in human sweat; reported to be a pheromone.


allelochemical

(biochemistry, ecology) Having allelopathic effects.


aromatase

aromatase (countable and uncountable, plural aromatases)

/əˈɹoʊ̯məteɪ̯s/

/əˈɹoʊ̯məteɪ̯z/

(biochemistry) An enzyme responsible for aromatization of androgen hormones into estrogens.


aromatase

(biochemistry) aromatase (enzyme responsible for aromatisation of androgen hormones)


estrógeno

(biochemistry, steroids) estrogen (hormone secreted by the ovaries)


estrógeno

Borrowed from English estrogen. By surface analysis, estro + -geno.


andrógeno

/ɐ̃ˈdɾɔ.ʒɨ.nu/


dehydroepiandrosterone

dehydroepiandrosterone (countable and uncountable, plural dehydroepiandrosterones)

(biochemistry) An androgen hormone, secreted by the adrenal cortex; a synthetic version is used as a dietary supplement


flóra

flórák (plural)
flóra (nominative singular)
flórák (nominative plural)
flórát (accusative singular)
flórákat (accusative plural)
flórának (dative singular)
flóráknak (dative plural)
flórával (instrumental singular)
flórákkal (instrumental plural)
flóráért (causal-final singular)
flórákért (causal-final plural)
flórává (singular translative)
flórákká (plural translative)
flóráig (singular terminative)
flórákig (plural terminative)
flóraként (essive-formal singular)
flórákként (essive-formal plural)
flórában (inessive singular)
flórákban (inessive plural)
flórán (singular superessive)
flórákon (plural superessive)
flóránál (adessive singular)
flóráknál (adessive plural)
flórába (illative singular)
flórákba (illative plural)
flórára (singular sublative)
flórákra (plural sublative)
flórához (allative singular)
flórákhoz (allative plural)
flórából (elative singular)
flórákból (elative plural)
flóráról (delative singular)
flórákról (delative plural)
flórától (ablative singular)
flóráktól (ablative plural)
flóráé (singular)
flóráké (plural)
flóráéi (singular)
flórákéi (plural)
flórám (first-person possessed-single possessive singular)
flóráim (first-person possessed-many possessive singular)
flórád (possessed-single possessive second-person singular)
flóráid (possessed-many possessive second-person singular)
flórája (possessed-single possessive singular third-person)
flórái (possessed-many possessive singular third-person)
flóránk (first-person plural possessed-single possessive)
flóráink (first-person plural possessed-many possessive)
flórátok (plural possessed-single possessive second-person)
flóráitok (plural possessed-many possessive second-person)
flórájuk (plural possessed-single possessive third-person)
flóráik (plural possessed-many possessive third-person)

From Latin Flōra (“Flora, the goddess of flowers”), from flōs (“blossom”).

bor

(microbiology) flora (microorganisms that inhabit some part of the body)


pseudovirion

(virology) A synthetic viral particle that cannot replicate, used to inject foreign nucleic acid into a cell.


galactosidase

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of a galactoside


galactoside

(biochemistry) Any of several glycosides containing galactose


catabolite

(biochemistry) Any substance produced during catabolism


methylase

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes that catalyze methylation, especially of nucleic acids


septin

From septum + -in: in yeast cells, they compartmentalize parts of the cell and build scaffolding to provide structural support during cell division at the septum.

(biochemistry) Any of a class of proteins that have functions related to cytokinesis.


hopanoid

From Hopea (genus of plant from which the substance was originally derived), from J Hope (Scottish botanist).

(biochemistry) Any of a class of pentacyclic compounds, somewhat similar to steroids, that have various functions in prokaryotes


cryptochrome

(biochemistry) Any of several light-sensitive flavoproteins, involved in the circadian rhythms of plants and animals, and possibly also in the sensing of magnetic fields.


deoksiribonukleiinihappo

deoksiribonukleiinihappo (nominative singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihapot (nominative plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihappo (accusative nominative singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihapot (accusative nominative plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihapon (accusative genitive singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihapot (accusative genitive plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihapon (genitive singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihappojen (genitive plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihappoa (partitive singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihappoja (partitive plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihapossa (inessive singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihapoissa (inessive plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihaposta (elative singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihapoista (elative plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihappoon (illative singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihappoihin (illative plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihapolla (adessive singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihapoilla (adessive plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihapolta (ablative singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihapoilta (ablative plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihapolle (allative singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihapoille (allative plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihappona (essive singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihappoina (essive plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihapoksi (singular translative)
deoksiribonukleiinihapoiksi (plural translative)
deoksiribonukleiinihapotta (abessive singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihapoitta (abessive plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihapoin (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
deoksiribonukleiinihapponi (nominative singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihapponi (nominative plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihapponi (accusative nominative singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihapponi (accusative nominative plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihapponi (accusative genitive singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihapponi (accusative genitive plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihapponi (genitive singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihappojeni (genitive plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihappoani (partitive singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihappojani (partitive plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihapossani (inessive singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihapoissani (inessive plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihapostani (elative singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihapoistani (elative plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihappooni (illative singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihappoihini (illative plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihapollani (adessive singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihapoillani (adessive plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihapoltani (ablative singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihapoiltani (ablative plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihapolleni (allative singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihapoilleni (allative plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihapponani (essive singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihappoinani (essive plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihapokseni (singular translative)
deoksiribonukleiinihapoikseni (plural translative)
deoksiribonukleiinihapottani (abessive singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihapoittani (abessive plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihappoineni (comitative plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihapposi (nominative singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihapposi (nominative plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihapposi (accusative nominative singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihapposi (accusative nominative plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihapposi (accusative genitive singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihapposi (accusative genitive plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihapposi (genitive singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihappojesi (genitive plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihappoasi (partitive singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihappojasi (partitive plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihapossasi (inessive singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihapoissasi (inessive plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihapostasi (elative singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihapoistasi (elative plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihappoosi (illative singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihappoihisi (illative plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihapollasi (adessive singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihapoillasi (adessive plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihapoltasi (ablative singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihapoiltasi (ablative plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihapollesi (allative singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihapoillesi (allative plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihapponasi (essive singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihappoinasi (essive plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihapoksesi (singular translative)
deoksiribonukleiinihapoiksesi (plural translative)
deoksiribonukleiinihapottasi (abessive singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihapoittasi (abessive plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihappoinesi (comitative plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihappomme (nominative singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihappomme (nominative plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihappomme (accusative nominative singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihappomme (accusative nominative plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihappomme (accusative genitive singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihappomme (accusative genitive plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihappomme (genitive singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihappojemme (genitive plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihappoamme (partitive singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihappojamme (partitive plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihapossamme (inessive singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihapoissamme (inessive plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihapostamme (elative singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihapoistamme (elative plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihappoomme (illative singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihappoihimme (illative plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihapollamme (adessive singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihapoillamme (adessive plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihapoltamme (ablative singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihapoiltamme (ablative plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihapollemme (allative singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihapoillemme (allative plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihapponamme (essive singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihappoinamme (essive plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihapoksemme (singular translative)
deoksiribonukleiinihapoiksemme (plural translative)
deoksiribonukleiinihapottamme (abessive singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihapoittamme (abessive plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihappoinemme (comitative plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihapponne (nominative singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihapponne (nominative plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihapponne (accusative nominative singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihapponne (accusative nominative plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihapponne (accusative genitive singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihapponne (accusative genitive plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihapponne (genitive singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihappojenne (genitive plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihappoanne (partitive singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihappojanne (partitive plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihapossanne (inessive singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihapoissanne (inessive plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihapostanne (elative singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihapoistanne (elative plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihappoonne (illative singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihappoihinne (illative plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihapollanne (adessive singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihapoillanne (adessive plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihapoltanne (ablative singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihapoiltanne (ablative plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihapollenne (allative singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihapoillenne (allative plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihapponanne (essive singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihappoinanne (essive plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihapoksenne (singular translative)
deoksiribonukleiinihapoiksenne (plural translative)
deoksiribonukleiinihapottanne (abessive singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihapoittanne (abessive plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihappoinenne (comitative plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihapponsa (nominative singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihapponsa (nominative plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihapponsa (accusative nominative singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihapponsa (accusative nominative plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihapponsa (accusative genitive singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihapponsa (accusative genitive plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihapponsa (genitive singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihappojensa (genitive plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihappoaan (partitive singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihappoansa (partitive singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihappojaan (partitive plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihappojansa (partitive plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihapossaan (inessive singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihapossansa (inessive singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihapoissaan (inessive plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihapoissansa (inessive plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihapostaan (elative singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihapostansa (elative singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihapoistaan (elative plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihapoistansa (elative plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihappoonsa (illative singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihappoihinsa (illative plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihapollaan (adessive singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihapollansa (adessive singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihapoillaan (adessive plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihapoillansa (adessive plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihapoltaan (ablative singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihapoltansa (ablative singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihapoiltaan (ablative plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihapoiltansa (ablative plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihapolleen (allative singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihapollensa (allative singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihapoilleen (allative plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihapoillensa (allative plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihapponaan (essive singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihapponansa (essive singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihappoinaan (essive plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihappoinansa (essive plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihapokseen (singular translative)
deoksiribonukleiinihapoksensa (singular translative)
deoksiribonukleiinihapoikseen (plural translative)
deoksiribonukleiinihapoiksensa (plural translative)
deoksiribonukleiinihapottaan (abessive singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihapottansa (abessive singular)
deoksiribonukleiinihapoittaan (abessive plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihapoittansa (abessive plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihappoineen (comitative plural)
deoksiribonukleiinihappoinensa (comitative plural)

Calque of English deoxyribonucleic acid.

deoxyribonucleic acid
deoxyribonucleic acid

(genetics, biochemistry) deoxyribonucleic acid


paramylon

From para- and Ancient Greek ἄμυλον (ámulon, “starch”).

(biochemistry) A carbohydrate similar to starch, synthesized along with starch by the chloroplasts found in Euglena.


dNTP

dNTPs (plural)
dntp (alternative)
DNTP (alternative)

(biochemistry) Initialism of deoxynucleotide triphosphate, a basic building block of DNA.


parkin

en-noun

parkin (usually uncountable, plural parkins)

(biochemistry) A particular protein, mutations in which are associated with Parkinson's disease.


metal homeostasis

First used as a set phrase in cytogenetic studies in the early 1980s.

(biochemistry) The ability of individual cells to maintain a healthy level of metals within the cell.


angiotensin converting enzyme

angiotensin converting enzyme (plural angiotensin converting enzymes)

angiotensin converting enzymes (plural)
angiotensin-converting enzyme (alternative)

2001: Angiotensin is generated in the blood from an inactive precursor called renin. The conversion requires an enzyme known as Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE). — Leslie Iversen, Drugs: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford 2001, p. 43)

(biochemistry) An enzyme which catalyzes the creation of angiotensin, and is a strong vasoconstrictor.

human recombinant soluble angiotensin converting enzyme 2


cyclo-oxygenase

(biochemistry) Alternative spelling of cyclooxygenase


peptidomimetic

(biochemistry) A small protein-like chain designed to mimic a peptide, but with altered chemical properties.


gamma-aminobutyric acid

(biochemistry) An amino acid found in the nervous systems of vertebrates and acting as an inhibitory neurotransmitter. Abbreviated as GABA.


exoribonuclease

(biochemistry) A ribonuclease that catalyzes the exonucleolytic cleavage of nucleotides from a ribonucleotide chain.


transwell

From trans- + well, originally from the Transwell brand of inserts.

In one experiment, Pneumocystis was inoculated into transwells and treated according to the cultivation protocol for 56 days (Table 4).

2005, Melanie T. Cushion, Peter D. Walzer, Pneumocystis Pneumonia, page 655:

(medicine, microbiology) A membrane insert used for cell cultures, between agar wells.


farnesylate

en-verb

farnesylate (third-person singular simple present farnesylates, present participle farnesylating, simple past and past participle farnesylated)

farnesylates (present singular third-person)
farnesylating (participle present)
farnesylated (participle past)
farnesylated (past)

From farnesyl + -ate (verb-forming suffix).

(biochemistry) To attach a farnesyl group to a protein.


farnesyl

From farnesol + -yl. Thus ultimately from Farnese via Vachellia farnesiana (sweet acacia tree) and its namesake Odoardo Cardinal Farnese.

(biochemistry) The univalent radical derived from farnesol.


chemoattractant

(biochemistry) A substance inducing positive chemotaxis in motile cells.


colocalize

colocalize (third-person singular simple present colocalizes, present participle colocalizing, simple past and past participle colocalized)

colocalizes (present singular third-person)
colocalizing (participle present)
colocalized (participle past)
colocalized (past)
co-localize (alternative)

(biochemistry) To occur together in the same cell.


phagotrophic

/ˌfeɪɡəˈtɹəʊfɪk/

(microbiology) Feeding by engulfing a food cell or particle and ingesting it in a phagocytic vacuole, in the manner of some flagellates.


fluorophore

fluorophores (plural)
fluorophor (alternative)

The ideal fluorophore is a small, hydrophilic molecule with a long emission wavelength, large Stokes shift, high extinction coefficient, and high quantum efficiency.

2006, Christian M. Apfel, Thilo Enderle, “Assays for High-Throughput Screening in Drug Discovery,”, in Combinatorial Chemistry: From Theory to Application, →ISBN, page 629:

(biochemistry) A molecule or functional group which is capable of fluorescence.


glutamatergic

en-adj

glutamatergic (comparative more glutamatergic, superlative most glutamatergic)

more glutamatergic (comparative)
most glutamatergic (superlative)

Unlike ketamine, esketamine, and nitrous oxide, scopolamine directly affects the cholinergic pathway but does not directly modulate the glutamatergic pathway.

2019, Madhukar H. Trivedi, editor, Depression, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 228:

(biochemistry, neurology) Of or pertaining to the neurotransmission of glutamate.


antifeedant

(biochemistry) Any substance that inhibits normal feeding behaviour.


ladder polyether

en-noun

ladder polyether (plural ladder polyethers)

(biochemistry) Any of several naturally occurring organic compounds having a series of oxygen-containing heterocyclic rings arranged in the form of a ladder; most are poisonous


HSE

herpes simplex encephalitis
w:Herpesviral encephalitis

(virology, neurology) Initialism of herpes simplex encephalitis.


korona

Clipping of èrànkòrónà or fáírọọsì-kòrónà, ultimately from English corona.

(pathology, virology) COVID-19 (disease and virus)

COVID-19 (disease and virus)
COVID-19 pandemic


qPCR

Similar experiments in humans have been hampered because so far very few anti-human V_β (hV_β) monoclonal antibodies are available, although some important data have been generated with a labor-intensive quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR).

1991 October 1, Yongwon Choi, “A Method for Production of Antibodies to Human T-Cell Receptor β-Chain Variable Regions”, in PNAS, volume 88, number 19, page 8357:

Quantitative or Real-Time PCR Real-time PCR, also called qPCR, is known as the second generation of PCR because it could be used to amplify and simultaneously quantify several target DNA molecules.

2014, Luis M. Botana, Seafood and Freshwater Toxins: Pharmacology, Physiology, and Detection, Third Edition:

This cheap and simple chemistry is optimal for single plex qPCRs. For multiplex qPCRs, specific chemistries which make use of probes are required.

2014, Harald Seitz, Molecular Diagnostics, page 61:

polymerase chain reaction
polymerase chain reaction

(biochemistry, genetics) A quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR).


stereoelectronic

(biochemistry) Of or pertaining to the dependence of certain molecular properties upon the relative nuclear geometry in a given electron state.


adrénaline

Borrowed from English adrenaline. Genericized trademark.

(biochemistry) adrenaline (epinephrine, the hormone and neurotransmitter)


cathepsin

Borrowed from German Kathepsin, from Ancient Greek καθέψω (kathépsō), from κατά (katá, “down”) + ἕψω (hépsō, “boil”).

affix

Grassmann and Dyckerhoff (1930) showed that cysteine and cyanide inhibited the action of ereptic aminopolyase, while they accelerated the action of proteases such as cathepsin.

1931, A Pirie, BE Holmes, “The cause of inactivation of the Rous sarcoma filtrate during incubation”, in British journal of experimental pathology:

(biochemistry) Any of a family of proteases primarily active within lysosomes.


hyaloplasm

en-noun

hyaloplasm (countable and uncountable, plural hyaloplasms)

(microbiology) A structureless fluid in cells; cytosol


posttranslational

(genetics, biochemistry) Of or pertaining to the period after a protein has been translated from mRNA.


intraresidue

/ɪntɹəˈɹɛzɪdu/

(biochemistry, spectroscopy) Occurring in or arising from the residue of an amino acid, the portion which has been incorporated into a protein's final structure.


ectodomain

(biochemistry) The portion of a polypeptide on a cell membrane that extends beyond the membrane into the extracellular space.


thermolabile

en-adj

thermolabile (comparative more thermolabile, superlative most thermolabile)

more thermolabile (comparative)
most thermolabile (superlative)

(biochemistry) Subject to destruction/decomposition or change in response to heat.


homomultimer

(biochemistry) A multimeric protein consisting of two or more identical components.


amelogenin

en-noun

amelogenin (usually uncountable, plural amelogenins)

(biochemistry) A protein found in the enamel of teeth


occlusion body

occlusion body (plural occlusion bodies)

(virology) A crystalline protein matrix which occludes the nucleocapsid in some viruses.


trithorax

(biochemistry) A protein (or one of a larger group) whose function is to modify gene expression


polycomb

From poly- + comb, in reference to the sex comb.

(biochemistry) A protein (or one of a larger group) whose function is to modify gene expression via changes to chromatin


antraks

From Dutch antrax, from Ancient Greek ἄνθραξ (ánthrax, literally “charcoal”).


neuropeptide

(biochemistry) Any of several peptides, such as endorphins, that function as neurotransmitters.

neuropèptid

peptide that function as a neurotransmitter


neurochemistry

en-noun

neurochemistry (usually uncountable, plural neurochemistries)

(biochemistry) The branch of neuroscience concerned with the chemistry of the nervous system


orexin

From Ancient Greek ὄρεξις (órexis, “appetite”) + -in.

der

(biochemistry) Either of two neuropeptide hormones found in vertebrates; the hypocretins.


helicase

(biochemistry) An enzyme required for DNA unwinding.


inflammasome

(biochemistry) A multi-protein complex that is responsible for inflammatory rheumatic diseases via activation of caspases.


caspase

Short for cysteine-aspartic acid protease.

(biochemistry) Any of several intracellular proteolytic enzymes that mediate apoptosis and pyroptosis.


catenina

(biochemistry) catenin (any of several proteins that have a role in cell adhesion)


virogenesis

en-noun

virogenesis (countable and uncountable, plural virogeneses)

(virology) The production or formation of a virus


morfina

(biochemistry, pharmacology) morphine (opioid used as an anaesthetic or recreational drug)


morfina

morfinowy (adjective)
morfina (nominative singular)
morfiny (genitive singular)
morfinie (dative singular)
morfinę (accusative singular)
morfiną (instrumental singular)
morfinie (locative singular)
morfino (singular vocative)

Internationalism; compare English morphine, French morphine, German Morphin, ultimately from Ancient Greek Μορφεύς (Morpheús).


chicken soup

chicken soup (countable and uncountable, plural chicken soups)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-chicken soup.wav

The figurative sense comes from the fact that a folk remedy for colds is serving such soup.

(biochemistry, slang, historical) The aqueous solution of nutrients used in the Viking lander biological experiments to detect microbial Martian life.


glycome

(biochemistry) All the polysaccharides, glycosides and similar carbohydrate-related compounds in an organism considered as a whole.


ligandome

(biochemistry) All the molecular ligands for proteins in cells and organisms considered as a whole


metabonome

(biochemistry, genetics) The complete set of metabolically regulated elements in cells.


functome

(biochemistry, genetics) The complete set of functional molecular units in biological cells.


functional genomics

(biochemistry, genetics) A genomics branch that measures expression levels of RNAs and proteins to understand biological functions of a set of genes in cells.


textome

(biochemistry, genetics) The complete set of biological literature that contain useful information when combined to generate new information through bioinformatics.


bibliome

From bibliography and -ome, as in genome.

(biochemistry, genetics) The complete set of biological journal articles and associated information.


harpin

(biochemistry) A protein produced by certain plant pathogens


autoreceptor

(biochemistry, medicine) A receptor, situated in the terminal of a presynaptic nerve cell, that is sensitive to neurotransmitters released by the neuron in whose membrane the autoreceptor sits.


selenoprotein

(biochemistry) Any of many proteins that include a selenocysteine or selenomethionine residue.


selenocysteine

selenocysteine (countable and uncountable, plural selenocysteines)

(biochemistry) A naturally-occurring amino acid, present in several enzymes, whose structure is that of cysteine but with the sulfur atom replaced by one of selenium


colony counter

(microbiology) laboratory equipment used to count colonies of bacteria, or other microorganisms, growing on agar, usually in a Petri dish.


microplate reader

microplate reader (plural microplate readers)

(chemistry, biochemistry) A piece of laboratory equipment used to detect the changes that might occur in a microtiter plate.


enzym

head

enzym n (singular definite enzymet, plural indefinite enzymer)

enzymet (definite singular)
enzymer (indefinite plural)
enzym (indefinite nominative singular)
enzymet (definite nominative singular)
enzymer (indefinite nominative plural)
enzymerne (definite nominative plural)
enzyms (genitive indefinite singular)
enzymets (definite genitive singular)
enzymers (genitive indefinite plural)
enzymernes (definite genitive plural)

From German Enzym, created in 1878, by the German physiologist Wilhelm Kühne from Ancient Greek ἐν (en, “in”) and ζύμη (zúmē, “sourdough”).


enzym

enzymet (definite singular)
enzym (indefinite plural)
enzymer (indefinite plural)
enzyma (definite plural)
enzymene (definite plural)

Coined in German as Enzym from Ancient Greek ἐν (en, “in”) and ζύμη (zúmē, “sourdough”).


enzym

enzymet (definite singular)
enzym (indefinite plural)
enzyma (definite plural)

Coined in German as Enzym, from Ancient Greek ἐν (en, “in”) and ζύμη (zúmē, “sourdough”).


enzym

enzym (indefinite nominative singular)
enzyms (genitive indefinite singular)
enzymet (definite nominative singular)
enzymets (definite genitive singular)
enzym (indefinite nominative plural)
enzyms (genitive indefinite plural)
enzymen (definite nominative plural)
enzymens (definite genitive plural)


aminoácido

(biochemistry) amino acid (any of the twenty α-amino acids)


血清澱粉酶

ㄒㄩㄝˋ ㄑㄧㄥ ㄉㄧㄢˋ ㄈㄣˇ ㄇㄟˊ

ㄒㄩㄝˇ ㄑㄧㄥ ㄉㄧㄢˋ ㄈㄣˇ ㄇㄟˊ

ㄒㄧㄝˇ ㄑㄧㄥ ㄉㄧㄢˋ ㄈㄣˇ ㄇㄟˊ

сюэцин дяньфэньмэй

/ɕy̯ɛ⁵¹ t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ti̯ɛn⁵¹ fən²¹⁴⁻²¹ meɪ̯³⁵/

/ɕy̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ti̯ɛn⁵¹ fən²¹⁴⁻²¹ meɪ̯³⁵/

сецин дяньфэньмэй

/ɕi̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ti̯ɛn⁵¹ fən²¹⁴⁻²¹ meɪ̯³⁵/


澱粉酶

ㄉㄧㄢˋ ㄈㄣˇ ㄇㄟˊ

/ti̯ɛn⁵¹ fən²¹⁴⁻²¹ meɪ̯³⁵/

/tiːn²² fɐn³⁵ muːi̯²¹/

/ti̯ɛn⁵¹ fən²¹⁴⁻²¹ meɪ̯³⁵/

/tiːn²² fɐn³⁵ muːi̯²¹/


methyltransferase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes transmethylation


transmethylation

It was realized that direct proof of the transfer of the methyl group (transmethylation) was highly desirable.

1940 July 25, V Du Vigneaud, “The transfer of the methyl group from methionine to choline and creatine”, in The Journal of Biological Chemistry, page 787:

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) The transfer of a methyl group between molecules, especially between biological compounds such as amino acids or the components of nucleic acids.


reprogramming

en-noun

reprogramming (countable and uncountable, plural reprogrammings)

(biochemistry) The erasure and reestablishment of DNA methylation during mammalian development


venin

From French venin (“venom”), from Latin venēnum (“juice; venom”). Doublet of venene and venom.

(biochemistry) A toxic substance found in the venom of poisonous snakes.

(biochemistry) A supposedly identical toxic substance obtained by cleavage of an albumose.


serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase

serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (uncountable)

(biochemistry) An enzyme found in heart and liver tissues.


aspartate transaminase

(biochemistry) An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of amino groups between biologically active compounds, especially between aspartic acid and glutamic acid


clathrin

clathrin (countable and uncountable, plural clathrins)

(biochemistry) A fibrous protein that forms a polyhedral coat on the surface of the coated pits and vesicles of cells during endocytosis.


luciferin

From Latin lūcifer (“light bringer”) + -in.

Aptly enough, glowworms light up their underworld with a pair of chemicals that have a satanic etymology—luciferins and luciferases, after the Latin for “light bringer.”

2017 October 6, Ed Yong, “The Most Beautiful Death Trap”, in The Atlantic:

(biochemistry) Any of a class of polycyclic heterocycles that are responsible for the bioluminescence of fireflies, being converted to oxyluciferin by luciferase in the process.

luciferino

biochemistry: any of a class of polycyclic heterocycles


oxyluciferin

oxyluciferin (countable and uncountable, plural oxyluciferins)

(biochemistry) The luminescent product of the oxidation of luciferin by luciferase


octopamine

From oct(opus) + -opamine (“dopaminergic agent, dopamine derivative”), because it was isolated from an octopus's salivary gland.

af

(biochemistry, pharmacology) An aromatic amine, 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxy-ethyl)phenol, related to noradrenaline, having similar characteristics to dopamine.


photoprotein

(biochemistry) Any of several proteins that generate light when oxidized, normally without the aid of an enzyme catalyst


swainsonine

(chemistry, biochemistry) An indolizidine alkaloid, found in various Swainsona and other species (including locoweed), which disrupts the nervous system.