GDP

Coordinate term: GTP

(biochemistry) Initialism of guanosine diphosphate, a nucleotide.


nonsense

en-adj

nonsense (comparative more nonsense, superlative most nonsense)

more nonsense (comparative)
most nonsense (superlative)
nonsence (alternative)
non-sense (alternative)

From non- (“no, none, lack of”) + sense, from c. 1610. Compare the semantically similar West Frisian ûnsin (“nonsense”), Dutch onzin (“nonsense”), German Unsinn (“nonsense”), English unsense (“nonsense”).

(biochemistry) Resulting from the substitution of a nucleotide in a sense codon, causing it to become a stop codon (not coding for an amino-acid).

無義 /无义

resulting from the substitution of a nucleotide in a sense codon, causing it to become a stop codon


A

(biochemistry) IUPAC 1-letter symbol for alanine in proteins.


acceptor

acceptors (plural)
acceptour (alternative)

From Middle English acceptour, from Latin acceptor, with the meanings from accept.

(biochemistry) A transfer RNA molecule that can accept a specific amino acid


AA

en-noun

AA (countable and uncountable, plural AAs)

The two tests presently in this category are the blood tests carbohydrate deficient transferrin (CDT) and hemoglobin or whole blood acetaldehyde adducts (AA). […] Measurement of AA in the blood has also generated a great deal of recent research interest.

1995, Raymond F. Anton, Raye Z. Litten, John P. Allen, “Biological Assessment of Alcohol Consumption”, in John P. Allen, Megan Columbus, editors, Assessing Alcohol Problems: A Guide for Clinicians and Researchers, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, →ISBN, page 36:

(biochemistry) Initialism of acetaldehyde adduct.

Although the ovaries are the main source of androgen excess in PCOS, excess adrenal androgen (AA) levels (e.g., dehydroepiandrosterone [DHEA] and adrenal-secreted androsteredione [A4]) and adrenocortical dysfunction have also been observed in many patients with PCOS (2–6). Proof of the role of AA excess in the development of PCOS is circumstantial at best.

2007, Bulent O. Yildiz, Enrico Carmina, Ricardo Azziz, “Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Dysfunction in the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome”, in Ricardo Azziz, John E. Nestler, Didier Dewailly, editors, Androgen Excess Disorders in Women: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Other Disorders, 2nd edition, Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, →ISBN, page 213:

(biochemistry) Initialism of adrenal androgen.

(biochemistry, medicine) Initialism of antiandrogen.


retrovirus

From retro- + virus, from its reverse direction of replication.

Montagnier soon deduced that this was an RNA virus that could convert its genes into DNA and lodge into the human genome—a retrovirus.

2010, Siddhartha Mukherjee, The Emperor of All Maladies, Fourth Estate (2011), page 318:

(virology) Any of a group of viruses which insert a copy of their RNA genome into the DNA of a host cell, thus changing the genome of that cell.

retrovirus

any of a group of viruses which insert a copy of their RNA genome into the DNA of a host cell


retrovirus

retrovirus (nominative singular)
retrovirukset (nominative plural)
retrovirus (accusative nominative singular)
retrovirukset (accusative nominative plural)
retroviruksen (accusative genitive singular)
retrovirukset (accusative genitive plural)
retroviruksen (genitive singular)
retrovirusten (genitive plural)
retroviruksien (genitive plural)
retrovirusta (partitive singular)
retroviruksia (partitive plural)
retroviruksessa (inessive singular)
retroviruksissa (inessive plural)
retroviruksesta (elative singular)
retroviruksista (elative plural)
retrovirukseen (illative singular)
retroviruksiin (illative plural)
retroviruksella (adessive singular)
retroviruksilla (adessive plural)
retrovirukselta (ablative singular)
retroviruksilta (ablative plural)
retrovirukselle (allative singular)
retroviruksille (allative plural)
retroviruksena (essive singular)
retroviruksina (essive plural)
retrovirukseksi (singular translative)
retroviruksiksi (plural translative)
retroviruksetta (abessive singular)
retroviruksitta (abessive plural)
retroviruksin (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
retrovirukseni (nominative singular)
retrovirukseni (nominative plural)
retrovirukseni (accusative nominative singular)
retrovirukseni (accusative nominative plural)
retrovirukseni (accusative genitive singular)
retrovirukseni (accusative genitive plural)
retrovirukseni (genitive singular)
retrovirusteni (genitive plural)
retroviruksieni (genitive plural)
retrovirustani (partitive singular)
retroviruksiani (partitive plural)
retroviruksessani (inessive singular)
retroviruksissani (inessive plural)
retroviruksestani (elative singular)
retroviruksistani (elative plural)
retrovirukseeni (illative singular)
retroviruksiini (illative plural)
retroviruksellani (adessive singular)
retroviruksillani (adessive plural)
retrovirukseltani (ablative singular)
retroviruksiltani (ablative plural)
retrovirukselleni (allative singular)
retroviruksilleni (allative plural)
retroviruksenani (essive singular)
retroviruksinani (essive plural)
retroviruksekseni (singular translative)
retroviruksikseni (plural translative)
retroviruksettani (abessive singular)
retroviruksittani (abessive plural)
retroviruksineni (comitative plural)
retroviruksesi (nominative singular)
retroviruksesi (nominative plural)
retroviruksesi (accusative nominative singular)
retroviruksesi (accusative nominative plural)
retroviruksesi (accusative genitive singular)
retroviruksesi (accusative genitive plural)
retroviruksesi (genitive singular)
retrovirustesi (genitive plural)
retroviruksiesi (genitive plural)
retrovirustasi (partitive singular)
retroviruksiasi (partitive plural)
retroviruksessasi (inessive singular)
retroviruksissasi (inessive plural)
retroviruksestasi (elative singular)
retroviruksistasi (elative plural)
retrovirukseesi (illative singular)
retroviruksiisi (illative plural)
retroviruksellasi (adessive singular)
retroviruksillasi (adessive plural)
retrovirukseltasi (ablative singular)
retroviruksiltasi (ablative plural)
retroviruksellesi (allative singular)
retroviruksillesi (allative plural)
retroviruksenasi (essive singular)
retroviruksinasi (essive plural)
retrovirukseksesi (singular translative)
retroviruksiksesi (plural translative)
retroviruksettasi (abessive singular)
retroviruksittasi (abessive plural)
retroviruksinesi (comitative plural)
retroviruksemme (nominative singular)
retroviruksemme (nominative plural)
retroviruksemme (accusative nominative singular)
retroviruksemme (accusative nominative plural)
retroviruksemme (accusative genitive singular)
retroviruksemme (accusative genitive plural)
retroviruksemme (genitive singular)
retrovirustemme (genitive plural)
retroviruksiemme (genitive plural)
retrovirustamme (partitive singular)
retroviruksiamme (partitive plural)
retroviruksessamme (inessive singular)
retroviruksissamme (inessive plural)
retroviruksestamme (elative singular)
retroviruksistamme (elative plural)
retrovirukseemme (illative singular)
retroviruksiimme (illative plural)
retroviruksellamme (adessive singular)
retroviruksillamme (adessive plural)
retrovirukseltamme (ablative singular)
retroviruksiltamme (ablative plural)
retroviruksellemme (allative singular)
retroviruksillemme (allative plural)
retroviruksenamme (essive singular)
retroviruksinamme (essive plural)
retrovirukseksemme (singular translative)
retroviruksiksemme (plural translative)
retroviruksettamme (abessive singular)
retroviruksittamme (abessive plural)
retroviruksinemme (comitative plural)
retroviruksenne (nominative singular)
retroviruksenne (nominative plural)
retroviruksenne (accusative nominative singular)
retroviruksenne (accusative nominative plural)
retroviruksenne (accusative genitive singular)
retroviruksenne (accusative genitive plural)
retroviruksenne (genitive singular)
retrovirustenne (genitive plural)
retroviruksienne (genitive plural)
retrovirustanne (partitive singular)
retroviruksianne (partitive plural)
retroviruksessanne (inessive singular)
retroviruksissanne (inessive plural)
retroviruksestanne (elative singular)
retroviruksistanne (elative plural)
retrovirukseenne (illative singular)
retroviruksiinne (illative plural)
retroviruksellanne (adessive singular)
retroviruksillanne (adessive plural)
retrovirukseltanne (ablative singular)
retroviruksiltanne (ablative plural)
retroviruksellenne (allative singular)
retroviruksillenne (allative plural)
retroviruksenanne (essive singular)
retroviruksinanne (essive plural)
retrovirukseksenne (singular translative)
retroviruksiksenne (plural translative)
retroviruksettanne (abessive singular)
retroviruksittanne (abessive plural)
retroviruksinenne (comitative plural)
retroviruksensa (nominative singular)
retroviruksensa (nominative plural)
retroviruksensa (accusative nominative singular)
retroviruksensa (accusative nominative plural)
retroviruksensa (accusative genitive singular)
retroviruksensa (accusative genitive plural)
retroviruksensa (genitive singular)
retrovirustensa (genitive plural)
retroviruksiensa (genitive plural)
retrovirustaan (partitive singular)
retrovirustansa (partitive singular)
retroviruksiaan (partitive plural)
retroviruksiansa (partitive plural)
retroviruksessaan (inessive singular)
retroviruksessansa (inessive singular)
retroviruksissaan (inessive plural)
retroviruksissansa (inessive plural)
retroviruksestaan (elative singular)
retroviruksestansa (elative singular)
retroviruksistaan (elative plural)
retroviruksistansa (elative plural)
retrovirukseensa (illative singular)
retroviruksiinsa (illative plural)
retroviruksellaan (adessive singular)
retroviruksellansa (adessive singular)
retroviruksillaan (adessive plural)
retroviruksillansa (adessive plural)
retrovirukseltaan (ablative singular)
retrovirukseltansa (ablative singular)
retroviruksiltaan (ablative plural)
retroviruksiltansa (ablative plural)
retrovirukselleen (allative singular)
retroviruksellensa (allative singular)
retroviruksilleen (allative plural)
retroviruksillensa (allative plural)
retroviruksenaan (essive singular)
retroviruksenansa (essive singular)
retroviruksinaan (essive plural)
retroviruksinansa (essive plural)
retroviruksekseen (singular translative)
retrovirukseksensa (singular translative)
retroviruksikseen (plural translative)
retroviruksiksensa (plural translative)
retroviruksettaan (abessive singular)
retroviruksettansa (abessive singular)
retroviruksittaan (abessive plural)
retroviruksittansa (abessive plural)
retroviruksineen (comitative plural)
retroviruksinensa (comitative plural)

Internationalism (see English retrovirus).


HIV

There have been other drugs since reticulose that I became aware of the successes of, some even able to claim "cure," even turning people from HIV-positive to negative.

1998, Gavin Dillard, In the Flesh: Undressing for Success, page 141:

Accordingly, we varied HIV transmission probability per coital act, duration of each HIV stage, frequency of coital acts per HIV stage, duration of partnership, degree of assortativeness, scale parameter in the gamma distribution of the population across the risk groups, and exponent parameter in the power-law function of the distribution of sexual-risk behavior.

2015 December 31, “Investigating Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision Program Efficiency Gains through Subpopulation Prioritization: Insights from Application to Zambia”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

human immunodeficiency virus
human immunodeficiency virus#English

(virology) Initialism of human immunodeficiency virus.

atsʼíís yichʼą́ą́h naabaah bąąh dahooʼaʼ

atsʼíís yichʼą́ą́h naabaahii bąąh dah hazʼą́ yileehgo


HIV

fi-decl-table

HIV (Kotus type filee)

HIV (nominative singular)
HIVit (nominative plural)
HIV (accusative nominative singular)
HIVit (accusative nominative plural)
HIVin (accusative genitive singular)
HIVit (accusative genitive plural)
HIVin (genitive singular)
HIVien (genitive plural)
HIViä (partitive singular)
HIVejä (partitive plural)
HIVissä (inessive singular)
HIVeissä (inessive plural)
HIVistä (elative singular)
HIVeistä (elative plural)
HIViin (illative singular)
HIVeihin (illative plural)
HIVillä (adessive singular)
HIVeillä (adessive plural)
HIViltä (ablative singular)
HIVeiltä (ablative plural)
HIVille (allative singular)
HIVeille (allative plural)
HIVinä (essive singular)
HIVeinä (essive plural)
HIViksi (singular translative)
HIVeiksi (plural translative)
HIVittä (abessive singular)
HIVeittä (abessive plural)
HIVein (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
HIVini (nominative singular)
HIVini (nominative plural)
HIVini (accusative nominative singular)
HIVini (accusative nominative plural)
HIVini (accusative genitive singular)
HIVini (accusative genitive plural)
HIVini (genitive singular)
HIVieni (genitive plural)
HIViäni (partitive singular)
HIVejäni (partitive plural)
HIVissäni (inessive singular)
HIVeissäni (inessive plural)
HIVistäni (elative singular)
HIVeistäni (elative plural)
HIViini (illative singular)
HIVeihini (illative plural)
HIVilläni (adessive singular)
HIVeilläni (adessive plural)
HIViltäni (ablative singular)
HIVeiltäni (ablative plural)
HIVilleni (allative singular)
HIVeilleni (allative plural)
HIVinäni (essive singular)
HIVeinäni (essive plural)
HIVikseni (singular translative)
HIVeikseni (plural translative)
HIVittäni (abessive singular)
HIVeittäni (abessive plural)
HIVeineni (comitative plural)
HIVisi (nominative singular)
HIVisi (nominative plural)
HIVisi (accusative nominative singular)
HIVisi (accusative nominative plural)
HIVisi (accusative genitive singular)
HIVisi (accusative genitive plural)
HIVisi (genitive singular)
HIViesi (genitive plural)
HIViäsi (partitive singular)
HIVejäsi (partitive plural)
HIVissäsi (inessive singular)
HIVeissäsi (inessive plural)
HIVistäsi (elative singular)
HIVeistäsi (elative plural)
HIViisi (illative singular)
HIVeihisi (illative plural)
HIVilläsi (adessive singular)
HIVeilläsi (adessive plural)
HIViltäsi (ablative singular)
HIVeiltäsi (ablative plural)
HIVillesi (allative singular)
HIVeillesi (allative plural)
HIVinäsi (essive singular)
HIVeinäsi (essive plural)
HIViksesi (singular translative)
HIVeiksesi (plural translative)
HIVittäsi (abessive singular)
HIVeittäsi (abessive plural)
HIVeinesi (comitative plural)
HIVimme (nominative singular)
HIVimme (nominative plural)
HIVimme (accusative nominative singular)
HIVimme (accusative nominative plural)
HIVimme (accusative genitive singular)
HIVimme (accusative genitive plural)
HIVimme (genitive singular)
HIViemme (genitive plural)
HIViämme (partitive singular)
HIVejämme (partitive plural)
HIVissämme (inessive singular)
HIVeissämme (inessive plural)
HIVistämme (elative singular)
HIVeistämme (elative plural)
HIViimme (illative singular)
HIVeihimme (illative plural)
HIVillämme (adessive singular)
HIVeillämme (adessive plural)
HIViltämme (ablative singular)
HIVeiltämme (ablative plural)
HIVillemme (allative singular)
HIVeillemme (allative plural)
HIVinämme (essive singular)
HIVeinämme (essive plural)
HIViksemme (singular translative)
HIVeiksemme (plural translative)
HIVittämme (abessive singular)
HIVeittämme (abessive plural)
HIVeinemme (comitative plural)
HIVinne (nominative singular)
HIVinne (nominative plural)
HIVinne (accusative nominative singular)
HIVinne (accusative nominative plural)
HIVinne (accusative genitive singular)
HIVinne (accusative genitive plural)
HIVinne (genitive singular)
HIVienne (genitive plural)
HIViänne (partitive singular)
HIVejänne (partitive plural)
HIVissänne (inessive singular)
HIVeissänne (inessive plural)
HIVistänne (elative singular)
HIVeistänne (elative plural)
HIViinne (illative singular)
HIVeihinne (illative plural)
HIVillänne (adessive singular)
HIVeillänne (adessive plural)
HIViltänne (ablative singular)
HIVeiltänne (ablative plural)
HIVillenne (allative singular)
HIVeillenne (allative plural)
HIVinänne (essive singular)
HIVeinänne (essive plural)
HIViksenne (singular translative)
HIVeiksenne (plural translative)
HIVittänne (abessive singular)
HIVeittänne (abessive plural)
HIVeinenne (comitative plural)
HIVinsä (nominative singular)
HIVinsä (nominative plural)
HIVinsä (accusative nominative singular)
HIVinsä (accusative nominative plural)
HIVinsä (accusative genitive singular)
HIVinsä (accusative genitive plural)
HIVinsä (genitive singular)
HIViensä (genitive plural)
HIViään (partitive singular)
HIViänsä (partitive singular)
HIVejään (partitive plural)
HIVejänsä (partitive plural)
HIVissään (inessive singular)
HIVissänsä (inessive singular)
HIVeissään (inessive plural)
HIVeissänsä (inessive plural)
HIVistään (elative singular)
HIVistänsä (elative singular)
HIVeistään (elative plural)
HIVeistänsä (elative plural)
HIViinsä (illative singular)
HIVeihinsä (illative plural)
HIVillään (adessive singular)
HIVillänsä (adessive singular)
HIVeillään (adessive plural)
HIVeillänsä (adessive plural)
HIViltään (ablative singular)
HIViltänsä (ablative singular)
HIVeiltään (ablative plural)
HIVeiltänsä (ablative plural)
HIVilleen (allative singular)
HIVillensä (allative singular)
HIVeilleen (allative plural)
HIVeillensä (allative plural)
HIVinään (essive singular)
HIVinänsä (essive singular)
HIVeinään (essive plural)
HIVeinänsä (essive plural)
HIVikseen (singular translative)
HIViksensä (singular translative)
HIVeikseen (plural translative)
HIVeiksensä (plural translative)
HIVittään (abessive singular)
HIVittänsä (abessive singular)
HIVeittään (abessive plural)
HIVeittänsä (abessive plural)
HIVeineen (comitative plural)
HIVeinensä (comitative plural)
HIV (nominative singular)
HIV:t (nominative plural)
HIV:n (genitive singular)
HIV:iden (genitive plural)
HIV:itten (genitive plural)
HIV:ta (partitive singular)
HIV:ita (partitive plural)
HIV (accusative singular)
HIV:n (accusative singular)
HIV:t (accusative plural)
HIV:ssa (inessive singular)
HIV:issa (inessive plural)
HIV:sta (elative singular)
HIV:ista (elative plural)
HIV:hän (illative singular)
HIV:seen (illative singular)
HIV:ihin (illative plural)
HIV:isiin (illative plural)
HIV:lla (adessive singular)
HIV:illa (adessive plural)
HIV:lta (ablative singular)
HIV:ilta (ablative plural)
HIV:lle (allative singular)
HIV:ille (allative plural)
HIV:na (essive singular)
HIV:ina (essive plural)
HIV:ksi (singular translative)
HIV:iksi (plural translative)
HIV:tta (abessive singular)
HIV:itta (abessive plural)
HIV:in (instructive plural)
HIV:ineen (comitative plural)

/ˈhoːˌiːˌʋeː/

[ˈho̞ːˌiːˌʋe̞ː]

(virology) HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)


DNA

en-noun

DNA (countable and uncountable, plural DNAs)

The noun is an initialism of deoxyribonucleic acid. The verb is derived from the noun.

Among the various fractions isolated was one presumed to contain only desoxyribosenucleic acid (DNA). Because of certain speculations on the role of nucleic acids in protein synthesis it was necessary to measure and compare the rate of phosphate entry into DNA with that in other fractions of yeast phosphate.

1948 March–April, Martin D[avid] Kamen, “Detection of Intermediates, Criteria of Purity”, in Louis H. Roddis, editor, Supplement to the United States Naval Medical Bulletin on Preparation and Measurement of Isotopes and Some of Their Medical Aspects, Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, U.S. Navy; U.S. Government Printing Office, →OCLC, page 118:

We wish to suggest a structure for the salt of deoxyribose nucleic acid (D.N.A.). This structure has novel features which are of considerable biological interest.

1953 April 25, J[ames] D[ewey] Watson, F[rancis] H[arry] C[ompton] Crick, “Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid”, in Nature: A Weekly Illustrated Journal of Science, volume 171, number 4356, London: Macmillan and Co.; New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-04-03, page 737, column 1:

As you know, heredity resides in our genes. Our genes are, in turn, composed of complex molecules called DNA. About 10 years ago we learned how to synthesize DNA in the test tube with the use of a certain cellular catalyst or enzyme. […] During the past year, we have been able to synthesize DNA which has the full genetic activity of natural DNA.

1968 March 8, Arthur Kornberg (witness), “Statement of Dr. Arthur Kornberg, Professor and Executive Head of the Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, Calif.”, in National Commission on Health Science and Society: Hearings before the Subcommittee on Government Research of the Committee on Government Operations, United States Senate, Ninetieth Congress, Second Session on S.J. Res. 145: A Joint Resolution for the Establishment of the National Commission on Health Science and Society […], Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, →OCLC, page 40:

Recent breakthroughs in DNA technology are expected to provide investigators with powerful forensic tools to help solve these difficult kinds of cases.

1988 August, John W. Hicks, “DNA Profiling: A Tool for Law Enforcement”, in Thomas J. Deakin, editor, FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, volume 57, number 8, Washington, D.C.: Federal Bureau of Investigation, United States Department of Justice; Office of Congressional and Public Affairs, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 1, column 3:

[I]n bacteria, recombination between the DNAs of different organisms usually occurs between a piece of DNA from one strain of a bacterium, called the donor strain, and the entire chromosome of another strain, called the recipient strain.

2020, Tina M. Henkin, Joseph E. Peters, “Bacterial Genetic Analysis: Fundamentals and Current Approaches”, in Snyder & Champness: Molecular Genetics of Bacteria, 5th edition, Washington, D.C.: ASM Press, →ISBN, page 157, column 1:

deoxyribonucleic acid
deoxyribonucleic acid#English

(biochemistry, genetics) Initialism of deoxyribonucleic acid (“a nucleic acid found in all living things (and some non-living things such as certain viruses) which consists of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix; encoded in its structure are genetic instructions for development, functioning, growth, and reproduction”).

DNS

initialism of deoxyribonucleic acid (for full forms, see deoxyribonucleic acid)


DNA

[dʲiːe̞nɯ̟e̞ː]

デオキシリボ核酸 デオキシリボ核酸#Japanese

deoxyribonucleic acid
deoxyribonucleic acid

(genetics, biochemistry) Synonym of デオキシリボ核酸 (deokishiribo-kakusan, “deoxyribonucleic acid”); DNA


DNA

DNA (indefinite nominative singular)
DNA:s (genitive indefinite singular)
DNA:t (definite nominative singular)
DNA:ts (definite genitive singular)
dna (alternative)


DNA

[ˌd̪i ʔɛn̪ ˈʔeɪ̯]

Borrowed from English DNA, an initialism of deoxyribonucleic acid.


abscissin

abscissin (usually uncountable, plural abscissins)

abscissins (plural)
abscisin (alternative)

(biochemistry, dated) A plant hormone controlling the dropping off or abscission of certain plant parts, notably the leaves of trees in autumn or cotton bolls.


maskin

(biochemistry) A molecule that binds to CPE (cytoplasmic polyadenylation element) and thus affects the translation of mRNA in dictyate.


deoxyribonucleic acid

deoxyribonucleic acid (plural deoxyribonucleic acids)

deoxyribonucleic acids (plural)
desoxyribonucleic acid (alternative)

Meronym: nucleotide

(biochemistry, genetics) A nucleic acid found in all living things (and some non-living things such as certain viruses) which consists of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix; encoded in its structure are genetic instructions for development, functioning, growth, and reproduction.

xüčiltörögč ügejdüülsen bööm čixriin bööm xüčil

хүчилтөрөгч үгэйдүүлсэн бөөм чихрийн бөөм хүчил

küčiltöröɣči ügeyidegülüɣsen bögem sikir-un bögem küčil

ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯᠲᠥᠷᠥᠭᠴᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠶᠢᠳᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠮ ᠰᠢᠬᠢᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠮ ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯ


SARS

(medicine, pathology, virology) SARS (“severe acute respiratory syndrome”) (a disease)

severe acute respiratory syndrome#English

(medicine, pathology, virology, informal) SARS-CoV-1 (the virus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome, SARS)

(medicine, pathology, virology, informal) SARSr-CoV (the virus species that contains the SARS virus)


SARS

SARS (nominative singular)
SARS (accusative nominative singular)
SARSin (accusative genitive singular)
SARSin (genitive singular)
SARSia (partitive singular)
SARSissa (inessive singular)
SARSista (elative singular)
SARSiin (illative singular)
SARSilla (adessive singular)
SARSilta (ablative singular)
SARSille (allative singular)
SARSina (essive singular)
SARSiksi (singular translative)
SARSitta (abessive singular)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
SARSini (nominative singular)
SARSini (accusative nominative singular)
SARSini (accusative genitive singular)
SARSini (genitive singular)
SARSiani (partitive singular)
SARSissani (inessive singular)
SARSistani (elative singular)
SARSiini (illative singular)
SARSillani (adessive singular)
SARSiltani (ablative singular)
SARSilleni (allative singular)
SARSinani (essive singular)
SARSikseni (singular translative)
SARSittani (abessive singular)
SARSisi (nominative singular)
SARSisi (accusative nominative singular)
SARSisi (accusative genitive singular)
SARSisi (genitive singular)
SARSiasi (partitive singular)
SARSissasi (inessive singular)
SARSistasi (elative singular)
SARSiisi (illative singular)
SARSillasi (adessive singular)
SARSiltasi (ablative singular)
SARSillesi (allative singular)
SARSinasi (essive singular)
SARSiksesi (singular translative)
SARSittasi (abessive singular)
SARSimme (nominative singular)
SARSimme (accusative nominative singular)
SARSimme (accusative genitive singular)
SARSimme (genitive singular)
SARSiamme (partitive singular)
SARSissamme (inessive singular)
SARSistamme (elative singular)
SARSiimme (illative singular)
SARSillamme (adessive singular)
SARSiltamme (ablative singular)
SARSillemme (allative singular)
SARSinamme (essive singular)
SARSiksemme (singular translative)
SARSittamme (abessive singular)
SARSinne (nominative singular)
SARSinne (accusative nominative singular)
SARSinne (accusative genitive singular)
SARSinne (genitive singular)
SARSianne (partitive singular)
SARSissanne (inessive singular)
SARSistanne (elative singular)
SARSiinne (illative singular)
SARSillanne (adessive singular)
SARSiltanne (ablative singular)
SARSillenne (allative singular)
SARSinanne (essive singular)
SARSiksenne (singular translative)
SARSittanne (abessive singular)
SARSinsa (nominative singular)
SARSinsa (accusative nominative singular)
SARSinsa (accusative genitive singular)
SARSinsa (genitive singular)
SARSiaan (partitive singular)
SARSiansa (partitive singular)
SARSissaan (inessive singular)
SARSissansa (inessive singular)
SARSistaan (elative singular)
SARSistansa (elative singular)
SARSiinsa (illative singular)
SARSillaan (adessive singular)
SARSillansa (adessive singular)
SARSiltaan (ablative singular)
SARSiltansa (ablative singular)
SARSilleen (allative singular)
SARSillensa (allative singular)
SARSinaan (essive singular)
SARSinansa (essive singular)
SARSikseen (singular translative)
SARSiksensa (singular translative)
SARSittaan (abessive singular)
SARSittansa (abessive singular)

(medicine, pathology, virology) SARS: severe acute respiratory syndrome


zipper

→ Cebuano: siper

→ Esperanto: zipo

→ French: zipper

→ Japanese: ジッパー (jippā)

→ Korean: 지퍼 (jipeo)

→ Portuguese: zíper

→ Spanish: zíper

→ Tagalog: siper

1925, zip + -er. The trade name was registered in 1925 by B.F. Goodrich for “boots made of rubber and fabric,” claiming use of the name since June 1923. No longer a registered trademark.


amber

amber (countable and uncountable, plural ambers)

red

antonym(s) of “intermediate light in a set of three traffic lights”

From Middle English ambre, aumbre, from Old French aumbre, ambre, from Arabic عَنْبَر (ʕanbar, “ambergris”), from Middle Persian 𐭠𐭭𐭡𐭫 (ʾnbl /ambar/, “ambergris”). Compare English lamber, ambergris. Displaced Middle English smulting (from Old English smelting (“amber”)), Old English eolhsand (“amber”), Old English glær (“amber”), and Old English sāp (“amber, resin, pomade”).
* The nucleotide sequence "UAG" is named "amber" for the first person to isolate the amber mutation, California Institute of Technology graduate student Harris Bernstein, whose last name ("Bernstein") is the German word for the resin "amber".

ambergris

obsolete: the waxy product of the sperm whale

an amber codon, an amber mutation, an amber suppressor

For example, to cross a temperature-sensitive mutation with an amber mutation, amber suppressor cells are infected at the low (permissive) temperature.

2007, Molecular Genetics of Bacteria, edition 3, page 333:

Double ambers revert at 10⁻⁸−10⁻⁹, and therefore, reversion is negligible. Double-amber mutants are made by crossing single-amber mutants with each other.

2007, Jonathan C. Kuhn, “Detection of Salmonella by Bacteriophage Felix 01”, in Salmonella: Methods and Protocols, pages 27–28:

(biology, genetics, biochemistry) The stop codon (nucleotide triplet) "UAG", or a mutant which has this stop codon at a premature place in its DNA sequence.


amber

head

amber (definite accusative amberi, plural amberler)

amberi (accusative definite)
amberler (plural)
amber (nominative singular)
amberler (nominative plural)
amberi (accusative definite singular)
amberleri (accusative definite plural)
ambere (dative singular)
amberlere (dative plural)
amberde (locative singular)
amberlerde (locative plural)
amberden (ablative singular)
amberlerden (ablative plural)
amberin (genitive singular)
amberlerin (genitive plural)

From Ottoman Turkish عنبر (anber), from Arabic عَنْبَر (ʕanbar).

(biochemistry, genetics) The stop codon "UAG".


AC

ACs (plural)
a.c. (alternative)
A/C (alternative)
a/c (alternative)
A.C. (alternative)
a.c. (alternative)
ac (alternative)
A.C. (alternative)
A.C. (alternative)
A. C. (alternative)
a.c. (alternative)

adenylyl cyclase
adenylyl cyclase#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of adenylyl cyclase.


MT

en-noun

MT (countable and uncountable, plural MTs)


PI

PI (countable and uncountable, plural PIs)

(biochemistry) Abbreviation of phosphatidylinositol (a phospholipid component of eukaryotic cell membranes, also abbreviated in PtdIns)


PR

PR (countable and uncountable, plural PRs)

progesterone receptor
progesterone receptor#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of progesterone receptor.


SP

SP (countable and uncountable, plural SPs)

SPs (plural)
S.P. (alternative)
S. P. (alternative)


GR

GR (countable and uncountable, plural GRs)

2001 Nussey, S. S. and Whitehead, S. A. The adrenal gland. In: Bosher, Andrea. Endocrinology: An Integrated Approach. Oxford, UK: BIOS Scientific Publishers; 2001 [cited 18 December 2009]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=endocrin&part=A442#A468 .
The expression of GR is ubiquitous and it occurs in two forms, GR-α and GR-β.

glucocorticoid receptor
glucocorticoid receptor#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of glucocorticoid receptor.


TA

(microbiology) Initialism of toxin-antitoxin.


AR

AR (countable and uncountable, plural ARs)

(biochemistry) Initialism of androgen receptor.


IN

(biochemistry) Abbreviation of integrase.


read

From Middle English reden, from Old English rǣdan (“to counsel, advise, consult; interpret, read”), from Proto-West Germanic *rādan, from Proto-Germanic *rēdaną (“advise, counsel”), from Proto-Indo-European *Hreh₁dʰ- (“to arrange”).
Cognate with Scots rede, red (“to advise, counsel, decipher, read”), Saterland Frisian räide (“to advise, counsel”), West Frisian riede (“to advise, counsel”), Dutch raden (“to advise; guess”), German raten (“to advise; guess”), Danish råde (“to advise”), Swedish råda (“to advise, counsel”), Persian رده (rade, “to order, to arrange, class”). In West Germanic the verb had a sense “interpret”, which developed further into “interpret letters” in English and “interpret by intuition, guess” on the continent. Compare rede.

cog

(biochemistry) The identification of a specific sequence of genes in a genome or bases in a nucleic acid string


polycystine

(biochemistry) a homopolymer of the amino acid cystine


race

en-noun

race (countable and uncountable, plural races)

1560s, via Middle French race from Italian razza (early 14th century), of uncertain origin. Partially displaced native Middle English kinde (“kind, type, sort, race, nature”), whence English kind.
theories
* Diez and some other scholars suggest derivation from Proto-Germanic *raitō (whence Old High German reiza (“line”) and Old Norse ríta (“to score, log, outline”)), perhaps via Lombardic *raiza (“line”), which Körting notes is a literal rendering of Latin linea sanguinis (“bloodline of descent”). Anatoly Liberman says "the semantic fit is good" but the chronology falters; he says the Germanic word went out of use before the Italian word arose, and he says the intermediary is not attested.
* Some scholars suggest derivation from Old Spanish raza, rasa, from earlier ras, res (“head of cattle”), from Arabic رَأْس (raʔs, “head”), but Italian razza predates the Spanish word according to Diez and Meyer-Lübke.
* Meyer-Lübke suggested Latin generatio as the root; Körting says "the disappearance of two initial syllables hardly seems credible", but Meyer-Lübke notes the Venetian form narazza and the Old Bellunesian form naraccia, positing that after the first syllable ge- was lost, the remaining (una) narazza came to be reanalysed as una razza.
* Gianfranco Contini suggests the Italian word comes from Old French haraz (“troop of horses”), whence Modern French haras (“breeding farm for horses; stud farm”), from Old Norse hárr (“grey-haired; hoary”). Liberman considers this derivation the most likely.
* Other suggested Latin etyma:
** radius (perhaps via Vulgar Latin *radia) (per Baist).
** radix (“root”) (per Ulrich); Liberman says "the semantic match is excellent", and race (“rhizome of ginger”) (which definitely derives from radix) shows that the phonology is plausible.
** *raptiare (“breed falcons”) (per Körting).
** The nominative of ratio (perhaps via an unattested intermediate form *razzo), as opposed to ragione which derives from the accusative rationem.
* Other implausible suggestions include Slavic raz and Basque arraca, supposedly meaning "stud animal" (Basque arrazza, "race", derives from Spanish).

raça

a group of sentient beings distinguished by common characteristics

عِرْق

a large group of people distinguished from others on the basis of physical characteristics

raça

a group of organisms distinguished by common characteristics

Now Mary MacDonald of the Plant Breeding Institute at Maris Lane, Cambridge, has made an interesting study which has duplicated the conditions under which new races arise. And she has produced at least one new fungal race.

1977 March 24, “Why is cereal fungus so resistant?”, in New Scientist, volume 73, number 1044, page 697:

The type of microorganisms is a very important factor influencing the quality of cider. Yeast of various producers and races result in different taste and flavor.

2018 December, Anna Kolobaeva, Olga Kotik, “Technological Approaches to Cider Quality”, in Advances in Engineering Research, volume 151, Atlantis Press, →DOI:

A group of organisms distinguished by common characteristics; often an informal infraspecific rank in taxonomy, below species:

(mycology, bacteriology) A strain of microorganism, fungi, etc.


base

en-noun

base (countable and uncountable, plural bases)

acid

antonym(s) of “chemical compound that will neutralize an alkali”

From Middle English base, bas, baas, from Old French base, from Latin basis, from Ancient Greek βάσις (básis). Doublet of basis and bass.

أَسَاس

something from which other things extend

(biology, biochemistry) A nucleotide's nucleobase in the context of a DNA or RNA biopolymer.

báze

biology: nucleobase in the context of DNA or RNA


microbe

→ Welsh: microb

From French microbe, from Ancient Greek μικρός (mikrós, “small”) and βίος (bíos, “life”). By surface analysis, micro- + -obe.

(microbiology) Any microorganism; (loosely, nonscientifically) especially, a harmful bacterium.


microbe

nl-noun

microbe f (plural microben or microbes, diminutive microbetje n)

microben (plural)
microbes (plural)
microbetje (diminutive neuter)

Borrowed from French microbe, from Ancient Greek μικρός (mikrós, “small”) and βίος (bíos, “life”).


microbe

→ English: microbe
→ Welsh: microb

→ Persian: میکروب (mikrob)

→ Romanian: microb

→ Spanish: microbio
→ Tagalog: mikrobyo

→ Turkish: mikrop

From Ancient Greek μικρός (mikrós, “small”) and βίος (bíos, “life”).


domain

range

antonym(s) of “domain of definition of a function”

From Middle English demayne, demain (“rule”), from Old French demeine, demaine, demeigne, domaine (“power”), (French domaine), from Latin dominium (“property, right of ownership”), from dominus (“master, proprietor, owner”). See dame, and compare demain, danger, dungeon. Doublet of demesne, domino.

definisieversameling

(mathematics) the set on which a function is defined

(biochemistry) A folded section of a protein molecule that has a discrete function; the equivalent section of a chromosome.


datiscin

(biochemistry) A white crystalline glucoside extracted from bastard hemp (Datisca cannabina).


hem

hemek (plural)
hem (nominative singular)
hemek (nominative plural)
hemet (accusative singular)
hemeket (accusative plural)
hemnek (dative singular)
hemeknek (dative plural)
hemmel (instrumental singular)
hemekkel (instrumental plural)
hemért (causal-final singular)
hemekért (causal-final plural)
hemmé (singular translative)
hemekké (plural translative)
hemig (singular terminative)
hemekig (plural terminative)
hemként (essive-formal singular)
hemekként (essive-formal plural)
hemben (inessive singular)
hemekben (inessive plural)
hemen (singular superessive)
hemeken (plural superessive)
hemnél (adessive singular)
hemeknél (adessive plural)
hembe (illative singular)
hemekbe (illative plural)
hemre (singular sublative)
hemekre (plural sublative)
hemhez (allative singular)
hemekhez (allative plural)
hemből (elative singular)
hemekből (elative plural)
hemről (delative singular)
hemekről (delative plural)
hemtől (ablative singular)
hemektől (ablative plural)
hemé (singular)
hemeké (plural)
heméi (singular)
hemekéi (plural)
hemem (first-person possessed-single possessive singular)
hemjeim (first-person possessed-many possessive singular)
hemed (possessed-single possessive second-person singular)
hemjeid (possessed-many possessive second-person singular)
hemje (possessed-single possessive singular third-person)
hemjei (possessed-many possessive singular third-person)
hemünk (first-person plural possessed-single possessive)
hemjeink (first-person plural possessed-many possessive)
hemetek (plural possessed-single possessive second-person)
hemjeitek (plural possessed-many possessive second-person)
hemjük (plural possessed-single possessive third-person)
hemjeik (plural possessed-many possessive third-person)

(biochemistry) heme (component of hemoglobin)


hem

(biochemistry) heme: the component of hemoglobin (and other hemoproteins) responsible for binding oxygen.


translocation

en-noun

translocation (countable and uncountable, plural translocations)

(biochemistry) A transfer of a molecule through a membrane.


朊

Newly coined character. Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic ⺼ (“flesh”) + phonetic 元 (OC *ŋon, “original; first”).
Modelled after the etymology of English "protein": from Ancient Greek πρῶτος (prôtos, “first”) ― cf. 元 (yuán, “original, first”), which also acted as the phonetic component of the character.
The choice of this character for the sense of "prion" is primarily due to the nature of prions as proteins, but might also have been influenced by the pronunciation of the word prion.


株

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *kampu. Cognate with Kunigami 株 (khabū), Northern Amami Ōshima 株 (gabu), Okinawan 株 (kabu).

デルタ株


sequence

en-verb

sequence (third-person singular simple present sequences, present participle sequencing, simple past and past participle sequenced)

sequences (present singular third-person)
sequencing (participle present)
sequenced (participle past)
sequenced (past)

From Middle English sequence, borrowed from Old French sequence (“a sequence of cards, answering verses”), from Late Latin sequentia (“a following”), from Latin sequens (“following”), from sequi (“to follow”); see sequent.

der

(transitive, biochemistry) To determine the order of monomers in (a biological polymer), e.g. of amino acids in (a protein), or of bases in (a nucleic acid).

szekvenál

to determine the order of monomers in (a biological polymer)


passage

Borrowed into Middle English from Old French passage, from passer (“to pass”).

(bacteriology, virology) Serial passage.


sense

en-noun

sense (countable and uncountable, plural senses)

→ Afrikaans: sense

From Middle English sense, from Old French sens, sen, san (“sense, perception, direction”); partly from Latin sēnsus (“sensation, feeling, meaning”), from sentiō (“feel, perceive”); partly of Germanic origin (whence also Occitan sen, Italian senno), from Vulgar Latin *sennus (“sense, reason, way”), from Frankish *sinn ("reason, judgement, mental faculty, way, direction"; whence also Dutch zin, German Sinn, Swedish sinne, Norwegian sinn). Both Latin and Germanic from Proto-Indo-European *sent- (“to feel”).

gl

enough sense to pound sand into a rathole

where there's no sense there's no feeling

(biochemistry) referring to the strand of a nucleic acid that directly specifies the product.


ABC

en-noun

ABC (countable and uncountable, plural ABCs)

ABC transporter

ABC-transporters are multispan membrane proteins that mediate the active uptake or efflux of specific substrates across various biological membrane systems. A functional ABC-transporter protein usually consists of two transmembrane domains and two ABCs.

2008, Gerd Schmitz, “Sterol Transporters”, in Stefan Offermanns, Walter Rosenthal, editors, Encyclopedia of Molecular Pharmacology, 2nd edition, volume 1, Springer, →ISBN, page 1157:

(biochemistry) Initialism of ATP-binding cassette.


CD

CD (countable and uncountable, plural CDs)

Abbreviation of various terms and phrases.

cluster of differentiation
cluster of differentiation#English

(immunology, biochemistry) Initialism of cluster of differentiation.


ADH

ADH (countable and uncountable, plural ADHs)

antidiuretic hormone
antidiuretic hormone#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of antidiuretic hormone.


ADP

adenosina difosfat
adenosina difosfat#Indonesian

adenosine diphosphate
adenosine diphosphate

(biochemistry) Initialism of adenosina difosfat (“adenosine diphosphate”).


glycolysis

glycolysis (usually uncountable, plural glycolyses)

(biochemistry) The cellular degradation of the simple sugar glucose to yield pyruvic acid, and ATP as an energy source


酶

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *mɯː): semantic 酉 + phonetic 每 (OC *mɯːʔ).

Han compound

酯酶

蛋白酶


Cr

(biochemistry) Abbreviation of creatine.

(biochemistry) Abbreviation of creatinine.


PG

en-noun

PG (countable and uncountable, plural PGs)

(biochemistry) Initialism of proteoglycan.


omicron

/əʊˈmaɪkɹɒn/

/əʊˈmaɪkɹən/

/ˈoʊməˌkɹɑn/

/ˈoʊmɪˌkɹɑn/

Johann Bayer
Uranometria
en:omicron (disambiguation)

From Latin omicron, from Koine Greek ὂ μῑκρόν (ò mīkrón, “little o”), named in contrast with omega (“big o”). The uncommon form omicra is similarly borrowed from Latin and Greek. The use for designating stars in a constellation—typically in order of apparent brightness—began with Johann Bayer's 1603 Uranometria.

der

Omicron (alternative)
omikron (alternative)
Omikron (alternative)
o (alternative)
O (alternative)
Ο (alternative)
ο (alternative)

(virology, pathology) Ellipsis of Omicron variant.


BSA

(biochemistry) Initialism of bovine serum albumin.


PLC

en-noun

PLC (countable and uncountable, plural PLCs)

PLCs (plural)
plc (alternative)
Plc (alternative)
p.l.c. (alternative)

Audio (US)

(countable, biochemistry) Initialism of phospholipase C.


fate

fate (countable and uncountable, plural fates)

From Latin fāta (“prediction”), plural of fātum, from fātus (“spoken”), from for (“to speak”). In this sense, displaced native Old English wyrd, whence Modern English weird.

It’s important to research chemical fate because chemical fate is the best tool we have for understanding and managing human health risks or environmental damage caused by chemical release.

2019 July 12, Danielle Freeman, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, retrieved 2022-08-02:

(biochemistry) The products of a chemical reaction in their final form in the biosphere.


nucleic acid

nucleic acid (countable and uncountable, plural nucleic acids)

nucleic + acid; named for the fact that in eukaryotes, some of the important actions of such acids are especially associated with the nucleus of the cell.

(biochemistry, genetics) Any acidic, chainlike biological macromolecule consisting of multiple repeat units of phosphoric acid, sugar and purine and pyrimidine bases; they are involved in the preservation, replication and expression of hereditary information in every living cell

azido nukleiko

acidic chainlike biological macromolecule


signal

From Old French segnal, seignal or Medieval Latin signāle; noun use of the neuter of Late Latin signālis, from Latin signum; verb use from 1805, as a shortened from signalize (1650s).

(biochemistry) A signalling interaction between cells


ADN

Initialism of ácido desoxirribonucleico (“deoxyribonucleic acid”).

initialism

ácido desoxirribonucleico
ácido desoxirribonucleico#Galician

(biochemistry) Initialism of ácido desoxirribonucleico. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)


ADN

acido desossiribonucleico
acido desossiribonucleico#Italian

(biochemistry, genetics) Initialism of acido desossiribonucleico; DNA


ADN

acid dezoxiribonucleic
acid dezoxiribonucleic#Romanian

(biochemistry, genetics) Initialism of acid dezoxiribonucleic; DNA


ADN

ácido desoxirribonucleico
ácido desoxirribonucleico#Spanish


ADN

[ʔaː˧˧ ʔɗe˧˧ ʔɛn˧˧]

[ʔaː˧˧ ʔɗej˧˧ ʔɛŋ˧˧]

[ʔaː˧˧ ʔɗej˧˧ ʔɛŋ˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-ADN.wav


antagonist

From Latin antagonista, from Ancient Greek ἀνταγωνιστής (antagōnistḗs, “opponent”) (ἀντί (antí, “against”) + ἀγωνιστής (agōnistḗs, “a combatant, pleader, actor”)), from ἀνταγωνίζομαι (antagōnízomai, “to antagonize”).

der

ἀνταγωνιστής

2001: The calcium antagonists represent one of the top ten classes of prescription drugs in terms of commercial value, with worldwide sales of nearly $10 billion in 1999. — Leslie Iversen, Drugs: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford 2001, p. 41)

(biochemistry) A chemical that binds to a receptor but does not produce a physiological response, blocking the action of agonist chemicals.


antagonist

antagonist (indefinite nominative singular)
antagonists (genitive indefinite singular)
antagonisten (definite nominative singular)
antagonistens (definite genitive singular)
antagonister (indefinite nominative plural)
antagonisters (genitive indefinite plural)
antagonisterna (definite nominative plural)
antagonisternas (definite genitive plural)


antenna

From Latin antenna, antemna (“yard, sailyard; pole”). First used in this sense as a Latin word in the 15th century and as an English word by the end of the 17th century.

bor

(biochemistry) A fragment of an oligosaccharide


bacterium

en-noun

bacterium (plural bacteria or (uncommon, possibly nonstandard) bacteriums)

bacteria (plural)
bacteriums (nonstandard plural possibly uncommon)

/bækˈtɪəɹ.ɪəm/

From New Latin bactērium, from Ancient Greek βακτήριον (baktḗrion, “small staff”), from βακτηρία (baktēría).

der

Plastics are energy-rich substances, which is why many of them burn so readily. Any organism that could unlock and use that energy would do well in the Anthropocene. Terrestrial bacteria and fungi which can manage this trick are already familiar to experts in the field.

2013 July 20, “Welcome to the plastisphere”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8845:

(microbiology) A single-celled organism with cell walls but no nucleus or organelles.

bakterie

single-celled organism with no nucleus or organelles


bacterium

la-noun

bactērium n (genitive bactēriī); second declension

bactērium (canonical neuter)
bactēriī (genitive)
bactērium (nominative singular)
bactēria (nominative plural)
bactēriī (genitive singular)
bactēriōrum (genitive plural)
bactēriō (dative singular)
bactēriīs (dative plural)
bactērium (accusative singular)
bactēria (accusative plural)
bactēriō (ablative singular)
bactēriīs (ablative plural)
bactērium (singular vocative)
bactēria (plural vocative)
bactērius (alternative)

From Ancient Greek βακτήριον (baktḗrion, “small staff”), from βακτηρία (baktēría).


label

en-verb

label (third-person singular simple present labels, present participle (UK) labelling or (US) labeling, simple past and past participle (UK) labelled or (US) labeled)

labels (present singular third-person)
labelling (UK participle present)
labeling (US participle present)
labelled (UK participle past)
labelled (UK past)
labeled (US participle past)
labeled (US past)
labell (alternative)

From Middle English label (“narrow band, strip of cloth”), from Old French label, lambel (Modern French lambeau), from Frankish *lappā (“torn piece of cloth”), from Proto-Germanic *lappǭ, *lappô (“cloth stuff, rag, scraps, flap, dewlap, lobe, rabbit ear”), from Proto-Indo-European *leb- (“blade”). Cognate with Old High German lappa (“rag, piece of cloth”), Old English læppa (“skirt, flap of a garment”). More at lap.

cog

(biochemistry) To replace specific atoms by their isotope in order to track the presence or movement of this isotope through a reaction, metabolic pathway or cell.

2015, "Protein binder woes" (editorial), Nature Methods, 12(5) (May): 373.
They may be used to label and image a protein within tissue, to isolate cells on the basis of marker expression, or to physically capture a protein from a complex biological mixture....

(biochemistry) To add a detectable substance, either transiently or permanently, to a biological substance in order to track the presence of the label-substance combination either in situ or in vitro


medium

Borrowed from Latin medium, neuter of medius (“middle”), from Proto-Italic *meðjos, from Proto-Indo-European *médʰyos (“between”). Compare middle. Doublet of mid, medio, media, and mediate.

doublet

In some instances one can take advantage of differential carbohydrate fermentation capabilities of microorganisms by incorporating one or more carbohydrates in the medium along with a suitable pH indicator. Such media are called differential media (e.g., eosin methylene blue or MacConkey agar) and are commonly used to isolate enteric bacilli.

1996, Samuel Baron, editor, Medical Microbiology:

(microbiology) A nutrient substance, commonly a solution or solid, for the growth of cells in vitro.

среда́

nutrient solution for the growth of cells in vitro


pelta

Latin, a shield, from Ancient Greek πέλτη (péltē, “shield”).

A striated parabasal fibre is closely associated with a large parabasal golgi system; a dense pre-axostylar fibre connects to the axostyle, which is a curved sheet of microtubules that encloses the nucleus and extends to (or protrudes from) the posterior end of the cell; the same pre-axostylar fibre links to the pelta, which is a sheet of microtubules that curves around within a sort of collar that encloses the flagellar bases before turning back to meet the axostyle […]

1991, Michael A. Sleigh, Protozoa and Other Protists, page 116:

The pelta is a crescent-shaped sheet also formed by microtubules, and it overlaps with the axostyle in the anterior region of the cell. The pelta supports the wall of the anterior region of the cell and the flagellar canal from which the flagella emerges.

2010, W. de Souza, Structures and Organelles in Pathogenic Protists, page 16:

The anterior semi-circular pelta surrounds the basal body area and the axostyle forms the longitudinal axis of the cell.

2012, Michael Melkonian, The Cytoskeleton of Flagellate and Ciliate Protists, page 86:

(microbiology) A crescent-shaped sheet of microtubules that encircles the base of the flagella of a protozoan.


culture

en-noun

culture (countable and uncountable, plural cultures)

From Middle French culture (“cultivation; culture”), from Latin cultūra (“cultivation; culture”), from cultus, perfect passive participle of colō (“till, cultivate, to grow, worship”) (related to colōnus and colōnia), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷel- (“to move; to turn (around)”).

der

(microbiology) The process of growing a bacterial or other biological entity in an artificial medium.

култу́ра

microbiology: the process of growing a bacterial or other biological entity


bacteriophage

/bækˈtɪəɹ.ɪəʊˌfeɪd͡ʒ/

Borrowed from French bactériophage, coined by microbiologist Félix d'Hérelle, from bacterio- (“bacteria”) + -phage (“eater”).

af

Another possibility is to enlist a bacteriophage, a kind of virus, to hunt down and kill harmful bacteria for us.

2019, Bill Bryson, The Body: A Guide for Occupants, Black Swan (2020), page 54:

(microbiology, virology) A virus that specifically infects bacteria.


phage

From Ancient Greek -φάγος (-phágos, “eater”), from φαγ- (phag-), aorist stem of ἐσθίω (esthíō), ἔδω (édō, “to eat, to consume”).

"The plural word phages refers to different types of phage, whereas in common usage the word phage can be both singular and plural, referring in the plural sense to particles of the same type of phage." Maloy et al: Microbial Genetics, 2nd ed., 1984, →ISBN, p. 81

(microbiology, virology) A virus that is parasitic on bacteria.


socker

socker (indefinite nominative singular)
sockers (genitive indefinite singular)
sockret (definite nominative singular)
sockrets (definite genitive singular)
socker (indefinite nominative plural)
sockers (genitive indefinite plural)
sockren (definite nominative plural)
sockrens (definite genitive plural)

→ Finnish: sokeri

From Old Swedish soker, from Middle Low German sucker, from Italian zucchero, from Arabic سُكَّر (sukkar), from Persian شکر (šakar).

Sockret i sirapen är främst pentoser (till exempel xylos) eftersom det är ett socker som jästsvamparna i etanolproduktionen inte förbrukar (Erlandsson, personlig kommunikation).

2010, Jennie Molin, Utvärdering av potentialen för produktion av algbiobränsle vid en etanolanläggning (thesis), Linköping University:

(countable, biochemistry) sugar; any of various small carbohydrates that are used by organisms to store energy.


migration

en-noun

migration (countable and uncountable, plural migrations)

From Middle French migration and its source, Latin migrātiō, from the participle stem of migrō (“I migrate”).
Morphologically migrate + -ion

(biochemistry) The movement of cells in particular directions to specific locations.


antagonistic

en-adj

antagonistic (comparative more antagonistic, superlative most antagonistic)

more antagonistic (comparative)
most antagonistic (superlative)

(biochemistry) Relating to an antagonist.


adenine

en-noun

adenine (countable and uncountable, plural adenines)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-adenine.wav

From German Adenin, from Ancient Greek ἀδήν (adḗn, “gland”). By surface analysis, aden- + -ine. It was named in 1885 by the German biochemist Albrecht Kossel, in reference to the pancreas (a specific gland) from which Kossel's sample had been extracted.

One of these labels is ethenoadenine, which is obtained by chemical modification of adenine.

2002, Nikolai L. Vekshin, Photonics of Biopolymers, page 115:

There are two genes in the adenine biosynthetic pathway of yeast (ADE1 and ADE2) that, apart from producing an absolute requirement for adenine when mutant, also produce a change in colony color.

2006, David Markie, “1: Markers, Selection, and Media in Yeast Artificial Chromosome Cloning”, in Alasdair MacKenzie, editor, YAC Protocols, 2nd edition, page 2:

The HCN pentamer, adenine (a constituent of DNA, RNA and many coenzymes), is one of the most abundant biochemical molecules.

2010, Debjani Roy, Rogué Schleyer, “6: Chemical Origin of Life: How do Five HCN Molecules Combine to form Adenine under Prebiotic and Interstellar Conditions”, in Chérif F. Matta, editor, Quantum Biochemistry, page 202:

(biochemistry, genetics) A base, C₅H₅N₅, found in certain glands and tissues, which pairs with thymine in DNA and uracil in RNA.

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate


cytosine

After German Cytosin, equivalent to Ancient Greek κύτος (kútos) + -ine. Cytosine was discovered and named by the German biochemists Albrecht Kossel and Albert Neumann in 1894 when it was hydrolyzed from calf thymus tissues.

Then he found them, the substances that made up the four-letter alphabet in whose language all life is written — adenine and cytosine, guanine and thymine.

1997, Ian McEwan, Enduring Love, Vintage (1998), page 164:

(biochemistry) A heterocyclic base, 4-aminopyrimidin-2(1H)-one, which pairs with guanine in DNA and RNA (by means of three hydrogen bonds).


GABA

[Valium] was followed by many imitators, all sharing the same pharmacological mechanism, which is to enhance the actions of the key inhibitory brain chemical messenger GABA.

2001, Leslie Iversen, Drugs: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford, page 58:

Its action as an inhibitor also distinguishes GABA from the “big three” amines—dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin—which generally stimulate brain circuits.

2003, Samuel H. Barondes, chapter 4, in Better than Prozac, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 54:

gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-aminobutyric acid#English

(biochemistry) Acronym of gamma-aminobutyric acid.


UPS

UPS (countable and uncountable, plural UPSes)

(biochemistry) Initialism of ubiquitin-proteasome system.


CAD

CAD (countable and uncountable, plural CADs)

(biochemistry) Initialism of caspase-activated DNase.


PAL

PAL (countable and uncountable, plural PALs)

phenylalanine ammonia lyase
phenylalanine ammonia lyase#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of phenylalanine ammonia lyase.


exchange

exchange (countable and uncountable, plural exchanges)

From Middle English eschaunge, borrowed from Anglo-Norman eschaunge, from Old French eschange (whence modern French échange), from the verb eschanger, from Vulgar Latin *excambiāre (from Latin ex with Late Latin cambiō). Spelling later changed on the basis of ex- in English. By surface analysis, ex- + change.

(biochemistry) The transfer of substances or elements like gas, amino-acids, ions etc. sometimes through a surface like a membrane.


gum

gum (countable and uncountable, plural gums)

From Middle English gomme, gumme, borrowed from Anglo-Norman gome, from Late Latin gumma, from Latin cummi, gummi, from Ancient Greek κόμμι (kómmi), from Egyptian qmy (“anointing oil”), qmyt (“acanthus resin, gum”). Cognate with Spanish goma (“rubber”). Doublet of gumma.

صَمْغ

sticky substance exuded by certain plants

խեժ

sticky substance resembling that exuded by certain plants

gum arabic

gum-oleo-resin

(botany, biochemistry, chiefly uncountable) A viscous water-soluble carbohydrate exudate of certain plants that hardens when it becomes dry, or such a substance as a component of a plant exudate.


RNA

RNA (countable and uncountable, plural RNAs)

Looked at from RNA’s point of view, DNA is just a passive archive of information, a dull hunk of a telephone directory; it is RNA that looks up the numbers, establishes the connections and determines how long each call will last.

2006 June 20, Nicholas Wade, “DNA or RNA? Versatile Player Takes a Leading Role in Molecular Research”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

ribonucleic acid
ribonucleic acid#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of ribonucleic acid.

РНК

рибонуклеинова киселина (ribonukleinova kiselina)

РНК

рибонуклеинска киселина f (ribonukleinska kiselina)

РНК

рибонуклеи́новая кислота́ (ribonukleínovaja kislotá)


RNA

RNA (canonical)
āru-enu-ē (romanization)

[a̠ːɾɯ̟e̞nɯ̟e̞ː]

(genetics, biochemistry) Synonym of リボ核酸 (ribo-kakusan, “ribonucleic acid”); RNA


RNA

RNA (indefinite nominative singular)
RNA:s (genitive indefinite singular)
RNA:t (definite nominative singular)
RNA:ts (definite genitive singular)
rna (alternative)


xylose

xylose (countable and uncountable, plural xyloses)

(biochemistry) One of the pentoses, C₅H₁₀O₅, a white crystalline sugar, derived from wood.

древе́сный са́хар m (drevésnyj sáxar, literally “wood sugar”)

деревни́й цу́кор m (derevnýj cúkor, literally “wood sugar”)


express

en-verb

express (third-person singular simple present expresses, present participle expressing, simple past and past participle expressed)

expresses (present singular third-person)
expressing (participle present)
expressed (participle past)
expressed (past)

From Old French espresser, expresser, from frequentative form of Latin exprimere.

(biochemistry) To translate messenger RNA into protein.

When a cell “expresses” a gene, it translates the DNA first into a signature messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence and subsequently into a chain of amino acids that forms a protein.

2015, Ferris Jabr, How Humans Ended Up With Freakishly Huge Brains Wired:

(biochemistry) To transcribe deoxyribonucleic acid into messenger RNA.


PSP

en-noun

PSP (countable and uncountable, plural PSPs)

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) Initialism of phenolsulfonphthalein.


complement

complement (countable and uncountable, plural complements)

From Middle English complement, from Latin complēmentum (“that which fills up or completes”), from compleō (“I fill up, I complete”) (English complete). Doublet of compliment. The verb is from the noun.


protein

en-noun

protein (countable and uncountable, plural proteins)

Gerardus Johannes Mulder
Jöns Jacob Berzelius

From proto- + -ein. Suggested by Jöns Jacob Berzelius in a letter to Gerardus Johannes Mulder, from French protéine and German Protein, both coined based on Ancient Greek πρωτεῖος (prōteîos, “primary”), from πρῶτος (prôtos, “first”).

der

human seminal plasma protein hypersensitivity

Meronym: amino acid

Proteins carry out the bulk of cellular functions, including relaying signals, providing structural support, and accelerating biochemical reactions.

2010, Siddhartha Mukherjee, The Emperor of All Maladies, Fourth Estate (2011), page 534:

(biochemistry, countable) Any of numerous large, complex naturally-produced molecules composed of one or more long chains of amino acids, in which the amino acid groups are held together by peptide bonds.


protein

protein (nominative singular)
proteiny (nominative plural)
proteinu (genitive singular)
proteinů (genitive plural)
proteinu (dative singular)
proteinům (dative plural)
protein (accusative singular)
proteiny (accusative plural)
proteine (singular vocative)
proteiny (plural vocative)
proteinu (locative singular)
proteinech (locative plural)
proteinem (instrumental singular)
proteiny (instrumental plural)


protein

head

protein n (singular definite proteinet, plural indefinite proteiner)

proteinet (definite singular)
proteiner (indefinite plural)
protein (indefinite nominative singular)
proteinet (definite nominative singular)
proteiner (indefinite nominative plural)
proteinerne (definite nominative plural)
proteins (genitive indefinite singular)
proteinets (definite genitive singular)
proteiners (genitive indefinite plural)
proteinernes (definite genitive plural)


protein

proteinek (plural)
protein (nominative singular)
proteinek (nominative plural)
proteint (accusative singular)
proteineket (accusative plural)
proteinnek (dative singular)
proteineknek (dative plural)
proteinnel (instrumental singular)
proteinekkel (instrumental plural)
proteinért (causal-final singular)
proteinekért (causal-final plural)
proteinné (singular translative)
proteinekké (plural translative)
proteinig (singular terminative)
proteinekig (plural terminative)
proteinként (essive-formal singular)
proteinekként (essive-formal plural)
proteinben (inessive singular)
proteinekben (inessive plural)
proteinen (singular superessive)
proteineken (plural superessive)
proteinnél (adessive singular)
proteineknél (adessive plural)
proteinbe (illative singular)
proteinekbe (illative plural)
proteinre (singular sublative)
proteinekre (plural sublative)
proteinhez (allative singular)
proteinekhez (allative plural)
proteinből (elative singular)
proteinekből (elative plural)
proteinről (delative singular)
proteinekről (delative plural)
proteintől (ablative singular)
proteinektől (ablative plural)
proteiné (singular)
proteineké (plural)
proteinéi (singular)
proteinekéi (plural)
proteinem (first-person possessed-single possessive singular)
proteinjeim (first-person possessed-many possessive singular)
proteined (possessed-single possessive second-person singular)
proteinjeid (possessed-many possessive second-person singular)
proteinje (possessed-single possessive singular third-person)
proteinjei (possessed-many possessive singular third-person)
proteinünk (first-person plural possessed-single possessive)
proteinjeink (first-person plural possessed-many possessive)
proteinetek (plural possessed-single possessive second-person)
proteinjeitek (plural possessed-many possessive second-person)
proteinjük (plural possessed-single possessive third-person)
proteinjeik (plural possessed-many possessive third-person)


protein

protéin (canonical)
protein-protein (plural)
protin (alternative)

From Dutch proteïne, from French protéine and German Protein, both coined based on Ancient Greek πρωτεῖος (prōteîos, “primary”), from πρῶτος (prôtos, “first”).


protein

proteinet (definite singular)
protein (indefinite plural)
proteiner (indefinite plural)
proteina (definite plural)
proteinene (definite plural)


protein

proteinet (definite singular)
protein (indefinite plural)
proteina (definite plural)


protein

protein (indefinite nominative singular)
proteins (genitive indefinite singular)
proteinet (definite nominative singular)
proteinets (definite genitive singular)


protein

protein (definite accusative proteini, plural proteinler)

proteini (accusative definite)
proteinler (plural)
protein (nominative singular)
proteinler (nominative plural)
proteini (accusative definite singular)
proteinleri (accusative definite plural)
proteine (dative singular)
proteinlere (dative plural)
proteinde (locative singular)
proteinlerde (locative plural)
proteinden (ablative singular)
proteinlerden (ablative plural)
proteinin (genitive singular)
proteinlerin (genitive plural)
proteinim (first-person nominative singular)
proteinlerim (first-person nominative singular)
proteinin (nominative second-person singular)
proteinlerin (nominative second-person singular)
proteini (nominative singular third-person)
proteinleri (nominative singular third-person)
proteinimiz (first-person nominative plural)
proteinlerimiz (first-person nominative plural)
proteininiz (nominative plural second-person)
proteinleriniz (nominative plural second-person)
proteinleri (nominative plural third-person)
proteinimi (accusative definite first-person singular)
proteinlerimi (accusative definite first-person singular)
proteinini (accusative definite second-person singular)
proteinlerini (accusative definite second-person singular)
proteinini (accusative definite singular third-person)
proteinlerini (accusative definite singular third-person)
proteinimizi (accusative definite first-person plural)
proteinlerimizi (accusative definite first-person plural)
proteininizi (accusative definite plural second-person)
proteinlerinizi (accusative definite plural second-person)
proteinlerini (accusative definite plural third-person)
proteinime (dative first-person singular)
proteinlerime (dative first-person singular)
proteinine (dative second-person singular)
proteinlerine (dative second-person singular)
proteinine (dative singular third-person)
proteinlerine (dative singular third-person)
proteinimize (dative first-person plural)
proteinlerimize (dative first-person plural)
proteininize (dative plural second-person)
proteinlerinize (dative plural second-person)
proteinlerine (dative plural third-person)
proteinimde (first-person locative singular)
proteinlerimde (first-person locative singular)
proteininde (locative second-person singular)
proteinlerinde (locative second-person singular)
proteininde (locative singular third-person)
proteinlerinde (locative singular third-person)
proteinimizde (first-person locative plural)
proteinlerimizde (first-person locative plural)
proteininizde (locative plural second-person)
proteinlerinizde (locative plural second-person)
proteinlerinde (locative plural third-person)
proteinimden (ablative first-person singular)
proteinlerimden (ablative first-person singular)
proteininden (ablative second-person singular)
proteinlerinden (ablative second-person singular)
proteininden (ablative singular third-person)
proteinlerinden (ablative singular third-person)
proteinimizden (ablative first-person plural)
proteinlerimizden (ablative first-person plural)
proteininizden (ablative plural second-person)
proteinlerinizden (ablative plural second-person)
proteinlerinden (ablative plural third-person)
proteinimin (first-person genitive singular)
proteinlerimin (first-person genitive singular)
proteininin (genitive second-person singular)
proteinlerinin (genitive second-person singular)
proteininin (genitive singular third-person)
proteinlerinin (genitive singular third-person)
proteinimizin (first-person genitive plural)
proteinlerimizin (first-person genitive plural)
proteininizin (genitive plural second-person)
proteinlerinizin (genitive plural second-person)
proteinlerinin (genitive plural third-person)


protein

[pɹo˧˧ te˧˧ ʔin˧˧]

[pɹow˧˧ tej˧˧ ʔɨn˧˧]


activation

en-noun

activation (countable and uncountable, plural activations)

/ˌæktɪˈveɪʃən/

/ˌæktəˈveɪʃən/

(biochemistry) The process by which molecules are made able to react.

aktivaatio

process through which molecules are made able to react


duplex

PIE word
 *dwóh₁
Borrowed from Latin duplex (“double, two-fold”), from duo (“two”) + plico (“fold together”); compare the roots of διπλόος (diplóos, “double”); compare also πλέκω (plékō, “twist, braid”). By surface analysis, duo- + -plex.

(biochemistry) A double-stranded polynucleotide.


achroödextrin

From Ancient Greek privative ἀ- (a-, “not”) + χρῶμα (khrôma, “color”) + dextrin.

(biochemistry) Dextrin not colorable by iodine.


enzyme

enzyme (countable and uncountable, plural enzymes)

From German Enzym, coined 1878 by the German physiologist Wilhelm Kühne from Ancient Greek ἐν (en, “in”) + ζύμη (zúmē, “sourdough”).

affix

en:proteinaceous or ribonucleic biocatalyst

(biochemistry) A biomolecule that catalyses a biological chemical reaction: either a globular protein with this function or an RNA molecule with this function.

Coordinate term: ribozyme

(strictly) The protein type specifically.


enzyme

From Ancient Greek ἐν (en, “in”) + ζύμη (zúmē, “sourdough”).


agonist

→ Polish: agonista

Borrowed from Latin agōnista, from Ancient Greek ἀγωνιστής (agōnistḗs, “combatant, champion”). By surface analysis, agon or agony + -ist.

surf

Acetylcholine is an agonist at the cholinergic receptor.

(biochemistry, pharmacology) A molecule that can combine with a receptor on a cell to produce a physiological reaction.


microorganism

microorganisms (plural)
micro-organism (alternative)
microörganism (alternative)

/ˌmaɪ.kɹəʊˈɔː.ɡəˌnɪz.m̩/

/ˌmaɪ.kɹoʊˈɔɹ.ɡəˌnɪz.m̩/

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-microorganism.wav

The cud is then reswallowed and further digested by specialized microorganisms that live in the rumen.

Bacillus anthracis: from the first up to the sixth day, this microorganism was isolatable, or in other words still alive.

1957, Communicationes Veterinariae - Volumes 1-3, page 52:

The differences in biofilm penetration patterns of both tested photosensitisers and the light source could have played an important role for the survival of microorganisms after the application of aPDT. In a recent own study, we showed that the deepest layers of the oral biofilm were not affected by the aPDT [4 ].

2015 November 7, “Antimicrobial Photoinactivation Using Visible Light Plus Water-Filtered Infrared-A (VIS + wIRA) Alters In Situ Oral Biofilms”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(microbiology) An organism that is too small to be seen by the unaided eye; especially, a single-celled organism, such as a bacterium.

مِيكْرُوب

an organism too small to be seen by unaided eye


virus

virus (nominative singular)
viruslar (nominative plural)
virusnıñ (genitive singular)
viruslarnıñ (genitive plural)
virusqa (dative singular)
viruslarğa (dative plural)
virusnı (accusative singular)
viruslarnı (accusative plural)
virusta (locative singular)
viruslarda (locative plural)
virustan (ablative singular)
viruslardan (ablative plural)


virus

virus (nominative singular)
viry (nominative plural)
virusy (nominative plural)
viru (genitive singular)
virusu (genitive singular)
virů (genitive plural)
virusů (genitive plural)
viru (dative singular)
virusu (dative singular)
virům (dative plural)
virusům (dative plural)
virus (accusative singular)
viry (accusative plural)
virusy (accusative plural)
vire (singular vocative)
viruse (singular vocative)
viry (plural vocative)
virusy (plural vocative)
viru (locative singular)
virusu (locative singular)
virech (locative plural)
virusech (locative plural)
virem (instrumental singular)
virusem (instrumental singular)
viry (instrumental plural)
virusy (instrumental plural)
vir (alternative)

(virology) virus (a submicroscopic, non-cellular structure)


virus

nl-noun

virus n (plural virussen, diminutive virusje n)

virussen (plural)
virusje (diminutive neuter)

From Latin vīrus. Coined in the virological sense by Martinus Beijerinck; the word had been previously used for pathogens, although not for viruses in the modern sense. The computing sense derives from English virus.


virus

ms-noun

virus (plural virus-virus, informal 1st possessive virusku, 2nd possessive virusmu, 3rd possessive virusnya)

virus-virus (plural)
virusku (first-person informal possessive)
virusmu (possessive second-person)
virusnya (possessive third-person)

From English virus, from Latin vīrus, from rhotacism from Proto-Italic *weizos.

(biology, virology) A submicroscopic, non-cellular structure consisting of a core of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat, that requires a living host cell to replicate, and often causes disease in the host organism; such agents are often classed as nonliving infectious particles and less often as microorganisms.


virus

viruset (definite singular)
virus (indefinite plural)
virusa (definite plural)
virusene (definite plural)


virus

viruset (definite singular)
virus (indefinite plural)
virusa (definite plural)


virus

virusuri (plural)
virus (accusative indefinite nominative singular)
virusul (accusative definite nominative singular)
virusuri (accusative indefinite nominative singular)
virusurile (accusative definite nominative plural)
virus (indefinite singular)
virusului (definite singular)
virusuri (indefinite singular)
virusurilor (definite plural)
virusule (singular vocative)
virusurilor (vocative)

Borrowed from French virus, Latin vīrus.


virus

virus (indefinite nominative singular)
virus (genitive indefinite singular)
viruset (definite nominative singular)
virusets (definite genitive singular)
virus (indefinite nominative plural)
virus (genitive indefinite plural)
virusen (definite nominative plural)
virusens (definite genitive plural)


virus

tl-noun

virus (Baybayin spelling ᜊᜌ᜔ᜇᜓᜐ᜔ or ᜊᜒᜇᜓᜐ᜔)

ᜊᜌ᜔ᜇᜓᜐ᜔ (Baybayin)
ᜊᜒᜇᜓᜐ᜔ (Baybayin)
bayrus (alternative)
vayrus (alternative)
birus (alternative)

Unadapted borrowing from English virus, from Latin vīrus. Doublet of bisa and birus. Used due to Tagalog-English code-switching (Taglish).


gate

en-verb

gate (third-person singular simple present gates, present participle gating, simple past and past participle gated)

gates (present singular third-person)
gating (participle present)
gated (participle past)
gated (past)
yate (alternative)

From Middle English gate, gat, ȝate, ȝeat, from Old English ġeat (“gate”), from Proto-West Germanic *gat, from Proto-Germanic *gatą (“hole, opening”).
See also Old Norse gat, Swedish and Dutch gat, Low German Gaat, Gööt.

(transitive, biochemistry) To open (a closed ion channel).


bilirubin

en-noun

bilirubin (countable and uncountable, plural bilirubins)

From international scientific vocabulary, from German Bilirubin. By surface analysis, bili- + rub- + -in. The German word was naturalized into other languages as international scientific vocabulary (e.g., bilirubin, bilirubine, bilirubina).

The doctors said this was very common, just her new-born liver catching up with the rest of her — the build-up of bilirubin in her blood. The substance red blood cells produce when broken down.

2022, Maddie Mortimer, Maps of Our Spectacular Bodies, Picador, page 339:

(biochemistry) A bile pigment that is a product of the breakdown of the heme portion of hemoglobin (which occurs within macrophages as they digest red blood cells), and which is responsible for the yellowish color seen in bruises. Extremely high levels of bilirubin may cause jaundice.

bilirubin
international scientific vocabulary


heme

heme (countable and uncountable, plural hemes)

hemes (plural)
haem (alternative)
haeme (alternative)

The binding of oxygen to the iron molecule causes the hemoglobin molecule to undergo conformational changes that affect the binding of oxygen to other heme sites.

2008, John Greer, John Foerster, George Rodgers, Fixos Paraskevas, Bertil Glader, Daniel Arber, Robert Means Jr, Wintrobe's Clinical Hematology: Volume One: Twelfth Edition, page 141

Impossible's breakthrough was in discovering that meat's essence comes from heme—the iron-rich molecule in blood that carries oxygen and is responsible for the deep-red color.

2018, Ruth Reichl, Silvia Killingsworth, The Best American Food Writing 2018, Mariner Books, →ISBN, page 152:

(biochemistry) The component of hemoglobin (and other hemoproteins) responsible for binding oxygen. It consists of an iron ion that binds oxygen and a porphyrin ring that binds the globin molecules; one molecule binds one molecule of oxygen.


avidity

avidity (usually uncountable, plural avidities)

From Middle English avidite, from Old French avidite (modern French avidité), from Latin aviditās (“avidity, covetousness”), equivalent to avid + -ity.

der

(biochemistry) The measure of the synergism of the strength of individual interactions between proteins.


WAP

en-noun

WAP (countable and uncountable, plural WAPs)

whey acidic protein
whey acidic protein#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of whey acidic protein.


sorbitol

sorbitol (countable and uncountable, plural sorbitols)

From earlier sorbite (from sorb + -ite) + -ol. By surface analysis, sorb + -itol.

(biochemistry) A faintly sweet alcohol C₆H₁₄O₆ that occurs in some fruits, is made synthetically, and is used especially as a humectant and softener and in making ascorbic acid.


tag

From Middle English tagge (“small piece hanging from a garment”), probably of North Germanic origin. Compare Norwegian tagg (“point; prong; barb; tag”), Swedish tagg (“thorn; prickle; tine”), Icelandic tág (“a willow-twig”). Compare also tack.

cog

(biochemistry) Any short peptide sequence artificially attached to proteins mostly in order to help purify, solubilize or visualize these proteins.

merkkipeptidi

biochemistry: short peptide sequence artificially attached to proteins


realm

From Middle English rewme, realme, reaume, from Old French reaume, realme (“kingdom”), of unclear origins. A postulated *rēgālimen (“domain, kingdom”), Late Latin or Vulgar Latin cross of regimen with rēgālis is usually cited.
The modern pronunciation with /l/ is either a spelling pronunciation or influenced by the etymology.

(virology, taxonomy) A taxonomic rank in the phylogeny of viruses, higher than kingdoms.


-in

albumin, casein, chitin, pepsin, saponin

(biochemistry) Used, as a modification of -ine, to form the names of a variety of types of compound; examples include proteins (globulin), carbohydrates (dextrin), dyes (alizarin) and others (vanillin).

renin, pancreatin

penicillin, streptomycin

cobalamin, niacin, vitamin


-in

nominative (indefinite)
-in (indefinite singular)
vocative (indefinite)
a -in (indefinite singular)
genitive (indefinite)
-ine (indefinite singular)
dative (indefinite)
nominative (definite)
an -in (definite singular)
genitive (definite)
na -ine (definite singular)
dative (definite)
leis an -in (definite singular)
don -in (definite singular)


trehalose

en-noun

trehalose (countable and uncountable, plural trehaloses)

/ˈtɹiːələʊz/

The most important of these is the common sugar furnished by the sugar cane, hence termed cane sugar, related to which are some others of small importance, viz., trehalose, melezitose, and melitose, represented by the general formula (C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁,xH₂O).

1862, William Allen Miller, Elements of Chemistry: Theoretical and Practical, volume 3:

The researchers fed a natural sugar called trehalose to mice genetically engineered to have a severe version of Huntington's disease.

2004 January 24, New Scientist, page 14:

Major components of the polar lipids are the acylated trehaloses which differ considerably in their acylation patterns to trehalose and in fatty acid content.

2013, Thomas M. Shinnick, Tuberculosis, page 14:

Two bacterial strains that have plagued hospitals around the country may have been at least partly fueled by a sugar additive in our food products, scientists say. Trehalose, a sugar that is added to a wide range of food products, could have allowed certain strains of Clostridium difficile to become far more virulent than they were before, a new study finds.

2018 January 3, Amina Khan, “A popular sugar additive may have fueled the spread of not one but two superbugs”, in Los Angeles Times:

(biochemistry) A disaccharide formed from two glucose units; it is an isomer of maltose


chitin

chitin (countable and uncountable, plural chitins)

From French chitine, from Latin chitōn (“mollusk”), from Ancient Greek χιτών (khitṓn). See also chiton.

Chitin usually occurs throughout Invertebrates in the form of an investment to the outermost cellular layer or ectoderm.

1880, Arthur Gamgee, A Text-book of the Physiological Chemistry of the Animal Body, Macmillan, page 299:

The robot’s energy source is the sugar in the polysaccharide called chitin that makes up a fly’s exoskeleton.

2004 September 11, New Scientist, page 19:

(biochemistry) A complex polysaccharide, a polymer of N-acetylglucosamine, found in the exoskeletons of arthropods and in the cell walls of fungi; thought to be responsible for some forms of asthma in humans.

խիտին

polymer of N-acetylglucosamine, found in arthropod and fungi


LT

LT (countable and uncountable, plural LTs)

(biochemistry, immunology) Initialism of leukotriene.


nucleotide

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-nucleotide.wav

From nucleo- (“relating to the nucleus”) + -ide (“chemical suffix”).

af

With a genome of only 400 million or so nucleotide bases, the pufferfish, Fugu rubripes rubripes, has the smallest known genome of any vertebrate animal. […] But the region of DNA between the landmarks can be a million or more nucleotides long.

1993 December 28, James Younger, “Fishy Short Cut To Mapping Human Genome”, in The New York Times:

Magid draws […] a diagram depicting a restriction enzyme cutting neatly through a sequence of nucleotides.

2000, Zadie Smith, White Teeth, London: Penguin Books, published 2001, →ISBN, page 464:

(biochemistry) The monomer constituting DNA or RNA biopolymer molecules. Each nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous heterocyclic base (or nucleobase), which can be either a double-ringed purine or a single-ringed pyrimidine; a five-carbon pentose sugar (deoxyribose in DNA or ribose in RNA); and a phosphate group.


nucleoside

(biochemistry) an organic molecule in which a nitrogenous heterocyclic base (or nucleobase), which can be either a double-ringed purine or a single-ringed pyrimidine, is covalently attached to a five-carbon pentose sugar (deoxyribose in DNA or ribose in RNA). When the phosphate group is covalently attached to the pentose sugar, it forms a nucleotide.


glucoside

glucosides (plural)
glucosid (alternative)

(biochemistry) A glycoside that yields glucose after hydrolysis.


glucoside

glucosidi (plural)
glicoside (alternative)


glycoside

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) A molecule in which a sugar group (the glycone) is bound to a non-sugar group (the corresponding aglycone) by a nitrogen or oxygen atom. Glycosides yield a sugar after undergoing hydrolysis.


glucose

en-noun

glucose (countable and uncountable, plural glucoses)

Through French, from Ancient Greek γλεῦκος (gleûkos, “wine, must”); note: -ose comes from glucose, not the other way round. In other words, the view of the word glucose as gluco- + -ose is a reanalysis rather than a historical etymology. This is unusual for being a reanalysis that works completely, that is, without any leftover nonsense syllables (such as the ham- in reanalyzed hamburger).

uder

(biochemistry) A simple monosaccharide (sugar) with a molecular formula of C₆H₁₂O₆; it is a principle source of energy for cellular metabolism.

葡萄糖

phû-tô-thn̂g, phô-tô-thn̂g, phôe-tô-thn̂g, pû-tô-thn̂g

葡萄糖 (pútáotáng, literally “grape sugar/grape carbohydrate”)


sucrose

en-noun

sucrose (countable and uncountable, plural sucroses)

There were four forms of sugar interesting to the physiologist---cane sugar, grape sugar, milk sugar, and liver sugar. They might be called, for the sake of distinction, sucrose, glucose, lactose, and hepatose. The first two were vegetable, the last two, animal products.

1858, July 3, The Medical Times & Gazette, 20

Dextran is an indicator of cane deterioration and sucrose loss after harvesting of the cane.

2019, S. Nel, S. B. Davis, A. Endo, and L. M. T. Dicks, “Differentiation between Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Bacillus subtilis isolated from a South African sugarcane processing factory using ARDRA and rpoB gene sequencing” in Archives of Microbiology, 1

(biochemistry) A disaccharide with formula C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁, consisting of two simple sugars, glucose and fructose; normal culinary sugar.


fructose

fructose (countable and uncountable, plural fructoses)

From Latin fructus (“fruit”) + -ose (“sugar”) (derivation of sucrose).

(biochemistry) A monosaccharide ketose sugar, formula C₆H₁₂O₆.


-ose

(biochemistry) Used to indicate a product of protein breakdown


primer

primer (countable and uncountable, plural primers)

запалка

small charge used to ignite gunpowder or other explosive

(biochemistry, genetics) A molecule which initiates the synthesis of an enzyme, (especially) a single-stranded nucleic acid molecule which initiates DNA replication.

引物

biology: molecule required for replication of DNA


lesion

From Middle English lesioun, from Old French lesion, from Latin laesiō (“injury”), itself from laesus, perfect passive participle of laedō (“I injure, hurt”).

(biochemistry) Any compound formed from damage to a nucleic acid.


repeat

From Middle English repeten, from Old French repeter, from Latin repetō, repetere, from the prefix re- (“again”) + peto (“attack, beseech”).

ҡабатлау

rerun of a television broadcast — see also rerun

(genetics, biochemistry) A pattern of nucleic acids that occur in multiple copies throughout a genome (or of amino acids in a protein).


lysis

From Latin lysis, from Ancient Greek λύσις (lúsis, “a loosening”). Compare -lysis.

der

The breakdown of molecules into constituent molecules.

The disintegration or destruction of cells.


atrium

From Latin ātrium (“entry hall”), from Etruscan.

Nexine 0.5μ thick, separating from the sexine about 5μ from the pore and forming a deep, well-defined atrium.

1965, Janet Kircher Warter, Palynology of a Lignite of Lower Eocene (Wilcox) Age from Kemper County, page 52:

(palynology) A cavity inside a porate aperture of a pollen grain formed by the separation of the sexine and nexine layers, widening toward the interior of the grain.


casein

en-noun

casein (countable and uncountable, plural caseins)

From French caséine, formed from Latin cāseus (“cheese”) + -ine.

It’s the clumping nature of the caseins that makes possible most thickened milk products, from yogurt to cheese. The whey proteins play a more minor role; they influence the texture of casein curds, and stabilize the milk foams on specialty coffees.

2004, Harold McGee, chapter 1, in On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen, Scribner, →ISBN:

(biochemistry) A protein present in both milk and in the seeds of leguminous plants


codon

(biochemistry) A sequence of three adjacent nucleotides, which encode for a specific amino acid during protein synthesis or translation.


corona

corona (plural coronas or coronae or (obsolete) coronæ)

coronas (plural)
coronae (plural)
coronæ (obsolete plural)

→ Japanese: コロナ (korona)

The noun is borrowed from Latin corōna (“crown; garland, wreath”), from Ancient Greek κορώνη (korṓnē, “type of crown; curved object (door handle, tip of a bow, stern of a ship, etc.)”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to turn, bend”). The English word is a doublet of crown, korona, koruna, krona, króna, and krone.
The plural form coronae is borrowed from Latin corōnae.
The verb is derived from the noun.

laki

upper or crownlike portion of certain parts of the body

kruunu

Coronaviruses are medium-sized, enveloped, ribonucleic acid viruses which, in negatively stained preparations, appear round and bear a corona of irregular, petal-shaped surface projections.

1972 October, Lawrence S. Sturman, Kenneth K. Takemoto, “Enhanced Growth of a Murine Coronavirus in Transformed Mouse Cells”, in Infection and Immunity, volume 6, number 4, Washington, D.C.: American Society for Microbiology, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2020-03-22, page 501, column 1:

(biology) Any appendage of an organism that resembles a crown or corona (sense 4.1).

(virology) A fringe of large, bulbous surface projections on coronaviruses, formed by viral spike peplomers, creating an appearance reminiscent of the solar corona.

korona

fringe of large, bulbous surface projects on coronaviruses


ligand

Borrowed from Latin ligandus, gerundive of ligo (“bind”).

ربيطة

something that binds to another chemical entity

(inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, physical chemistry) A molecule or moiety (ion, functional group, or radical) that binds to another chemical entity to form a larger complex; as, especially:

(biochemistry, physiology, pharmacology, medicine) Such an entity that forms a complex with a biomolecule to serve a biological purpose.


lysine

en-noun

lysine (countable and uncountable, plural lysines)

From lysis + -ine, in reference to its tendency to participate in catalysis.

Lysine is an essential amino acid required for many body functions, including growth and bone development in children; calcium absorption and maintenance of the correct nitrogen balance in the body; maintenance of lean body mass; production of antibodies, hormones, and enzymes; collagen formation and repair of tissue.

2010, Michael T. Murray, Joseph Pizzorno, The Encyclopedia of Healing Foods, Simon and Schuster, →ISBN, page 65:

essential amino acid
essential amino acid

(biochemistry) An essential amino acid, C₆H₁₄N₂O₂.


motif

From French motif (1848), with the meaning of "main idea or theme". Doublet of motive.

(biochemistry) In a nucleotide or aminoacid sequence, pattern that is widespread and has, or is conjectured to have, a biological significance.

motif

nucleotide or amino-acid sequence pattern


myosin

myosin (countable and uncountable, plural myosins)

myo- (“relating to muscle”), from Ancient Greek μυός (muós), genitive of μῦς (mûs, “muscle”) + -in.

(biochemistry) Any of a large family of motor proteins found in eukaryotic tissues, allowing mobility in muscles.


niacin

in 1942 derived from nicotinic + acid + vitamin, chosen to dissociate it from nicotine, to avoid the perception that vitamins or niacin-rich food contains nicotine, or that cigarettes contain vitamins.

Mixing the alkali into the recipe in the right way chemically releases the otherwise unavailable niacin in the corn, which stops pellagra in its tracks, and allowed corn-based agricultural populations to grow and spread.

2016, Joseph Henrich, chapter 7, in The Secret of Our Success […] , Princeton: Princeton University Press, →ISBN:

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) A water-soluble vitamin, a component of vitamin B complex, found in meat, yeast, and dairy products; it is essential to metabolism.

E375 when used as a colour retention agent


opal

In Florio’s A World of Words 1598 as opale, from French opale, from Latin opalus, from Byzantine Greek ὀπάλλιος (opállios), from Sanskrit उपल (upala, “gem, stone”), from उपरि (upári, “the upper millstone”). Distantly related to over.

أُوبَال

a mineral consisting, like quartz, of silica, but inferior to quartz in hardness and specific gravity

(biology, genetics, biochemistry) A colloquial name used in molecular biology referring to a particular stop codon sequence, "UGA."


opine

Derived from Ancient Greek ὀπός (opós, “juice of a plant”) + -ine.

der+

(biochemistry) Any of a class of organic compounds, derived from amino acids, found in some plant tumours

冠瘿氨基酸

any of a class of organic compounds, derived from amino acids, found in some plant tumours


ribose

From German Ribose, formed from Ribonsäure, the first element of which comes from a rearrangement of English arabinose.

(biochemistry) A naturally occurring pentose sugar, which is a component of the nucleosides and nucleotides that constitute the nucleic acid biopolymer, RNA. It is also found in riboflavin.


ribose

pt-noun

ribose f (usually uncountable, plural riboses)

(biochemistry) ribose (a naturally occurring pentose sugar)


serine

en-noun

serine (countable and uncountable, plural serines)

From Latin sericus (“silken”). The compound was first obtained from silk protein, a particularly rich source, in 1865.

nonessential amino acid
nonessential amino acid

(biochemistry) A nonessential amino acid, CH₂OH.CH(NH₂)COOH, found in most animal proteins, notably silk.

絲胺酸 /丝胺酸

nonessential amino acid; CH2OH.CH(NH2)COOH

絲氨酸 /丝氨酸 (sī'ānsuān, literally “silk amino acid”)


valine

valine (countable and uncountable, plural valines)

(biochemistry) An essential amino acid 2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid found in most animal proteins.


decoration

decoration (countable and uncountable, plural decorations)

/ˌdɛkəˈɹeɪʃən/

From Latin decoratio: compare French décoration.
Morphologically decorate + -ion

(biochemistry, immunology) The use of exotic sugars as decoys to distract the immune system of a host


dissimilation

dissimilation (countable and uncountable, plural dissimilations)

/ˌdɪsɪmɪˈleɪʃən/

From dis- + -similation, after assimilation.

(microbiology) A dissimilatory process that supply a cell with energy only without the assimilation of nutrients.


fermentation

fermentation (countable and uncountable, plural fermentations)

From Middle English fermentacioun, from Latin fermentātiō, fermentātiōnem.

(biochemistry) Any of many anaerobic biochemical reactions in which an enzyme (or several enzymes produced by a microorganism) catalyses the conversion of one substance into another; especially the conversion (using yeast) of sugars to alcohol or acetic acid with the evolution of carbon dioxide


core

core (countable and uncountable, plural cores)

desc

Translingual: core eudicots, core Malvales

From Middle English core, kore, coor (“apple-core, pith”), of obscure and uncertain origin. Possibly of native English origin, from Old English *cor, related to Old English *coruc, *corc (diminutive) (> Middle English cork, crok (“core of an apple or other fruit, heart of an onion”)) and Old English corn (“seed", also "grain”); or alternatively perhaps from Old French cuer (“heart”), from Latin cor (“heart”); or from Old French cors (“body”), from Latin corpus (“body”). Compare also Middle English colk, coke, coll (“the heart or centre of an apple or onion, core”), Dutch kern (“core”), German Kern (“core”). See also heart, corpse.

unc

obscure and uncertain

non-rhotic, without the horse–hoarse merger

сърцеви́на

something that produces a hollow space in a casting

structural robustness
w:structural robustness

Hence particular parts of a subject studied or examined by technical operations, likened by position and practical or structural robustness to kernels, cores in the most vulgar sense above.

(biochemistry) The central part of a protein's structure, consisting mostly of hydrophobic amino acids.


hemoglobin

From hemo- + globin (“from Latin globus”).

prefix

from Latin <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">globus</i>


inoculation

en-noun

inoculation (countable and uncountable, plural inoculations)

/ɪˌnɒkjʊˈleɪʃən/

/ɪˌnɑkjəˈleɪʃən/

From Latin inoculātio. Equivalent to inoculate + -ion.

(microbiology) The introduction of a microorganism into a culture medium.

تَلْقِيح

introduction of microorganisms into culture medium


pathway

From Middle English pathwei, equivalent to path + way. Cognate with German Pfadweg, Afrikaans padweg.

On the other hand, it can be observed that, with small exceptions, the S. pneumonia strains are the only Streptococci equipped with homospermidine biosynthesis and pyruvate oxidation pathways, which have been found to be involved in pathogenicity mechanisms [50 ] and in the counteraction of oxidative stress [51 ].

2015 September 15, “Assessing the Metabolic Diversity of Streptococcus from a Protein Domain Point of View”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A sequence of biochemical compounds, and the reactions linking them, that describe a process in metabolism or catabolism.

voie

biochemistry: sequence of biochemical compounds


protean

From Ancient Greek Πρωτεύς (Prōteús, literally “first”), the Greek warden of sea-beasts, renowned for his ability to change shape.

bor

(biochemistry) A protein that has been slightly modified by water, dilute acid, or enzymes, but not modified to the extent of a metaprotein.


recruit

en-verb

recruit (third-person singular simple present recruits, present participle recruiting, simple past and past participle recruited)

recruits (present singular third-person)
recruiting (participle present)
recruited (participle past)
recruited (past)

(biochemistry) To prompt a protein, leucocyte. etc. to intervene in a given region of the body.


release

en-noun

release (countable and uncountable, plural releases)

From Middle English relesen, relessen, from Old French relaisser (variant of relascher).

отцепване

a device adapted to hold or release a device or mechanism as required

(biochemistry) The process by which a chemical substance is set free.


release

en-verb

release (third-person singular simple present releases, present participle releasing, simple past and past participle released)

releases (present singular third-person)
releasing (participle present)
released (participle past)
released (past)

(biochemistry) To set free a chemical substance.


viral

viral DNA

(virology) Of or relating to a biological virus.

viral infection


viral

(computing, virology) of or relating to virus; caused by a virus.