glycosaminoglycan

From glycosamino- (“combining form of glycosamine”) + glycan (“polysaccharide”); compare aminoglycan.

prefix

Subcellular fractionation techniques have indicated that the greatest percentage of these glycosaminoglycans that is not extracted with water is contained within the microsomal fraction (36-60%).

1982, Stanislav Reinis, Jerome Goldman, The Chemistry of Behavior: A Molecular Approach to Neuronal Plasticity, page 229:

1998, Christopher C. Rider, 9: Analysis of Glycosaminoglycans and Proteoglycans, Elizabeth F. Hounsell (editor), Glycoanalysis Protocols, 2nd Edition, page 131,
The biosynthesis of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and proteoglycans appears to be a ubiquitous function in mammalian cells.

The mucopolysaccharidoses (MPSs) are a group of inherited disorders caused by specific enzyme deficiencies in the degradation of the glycosaminoglycans (mucopolysaccharides).

2008, Reuben Matalon, Kimberlee Michals Matalon, Gita Bhatia, “Chapter 22: The Mucopolysaccharidoses and the Mucolipidoses”, in Roger N. Rosenberg, editor, The Molecular and Genetic Basis of Neurologic and Psychiatric Disease, 4th edition, page 245:

(biochemistry) Any polysaccharide that is a polymer of amino sugars; they are the carbohydrate units of proteoglycans.


glycose

Ancient Greek γλυκύς (glukús, “sweet”) + -ose


glyco-amino-acid

(biochemistry) any glycoside of an amino acid (linked via O-, N- or S-)


heteropolysaccharide

(biochemistry) any polysaccharide formed from two or more different kinds of monosaccharide


iron-sulfur cluster

en-noun

iron-sulfur cluster (plural iron-sulfur clusters)

iron-sulfur clusters (plural)
iron-sulphur cluster (alternative)

(biochemistry) A unit comprising two or more iron atoms and bridging sulfur ligands in an iron-sulfur protein.


iron-sulfur protein

iron-sulfur protein (plural iron-sulfur proteins)

iron-sulfur proteins (plural)
iron-sulphur protein (alternative)

(biochemistry) any protein in which iron is coordinated with cysteine sulfur and sometimes also with inorganic sulfur; they have electron transfer and enzymatic function


isoenzyme

Near-synonym: allozyme

(biochemistry) Any of a group of enzymes that catalyze the same reaction but have structures that are (minorly or substantially) different and have physical, biochemical, and immunological properties that are (minorly or substantially) different.


metalloenzyme

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that contains a metal atom which is essential for its biological activity


mucopolysaccharide

fr-noun

mucopolysaccharide m (plural mucopolysaccharides)


phosphorylation

en-noun

phosphorylation (countable and uncountable, plural phosphorylations)

Src worked by unleashing an indiscriminate volley of phosphorylation—throwing “on” dozens of molecular switches.

2010, Siddhartha Mukherjee, The Emperor of All Maladies, Fourth Estate (2011), page 359:

(biochemistry) the process of transferring a phosphate group from a donor to an acceptor; often catalysed by enzymes.


prostaglandin

From German Prostaglandin. Equivalent to prosta(te) + gland + -in. So called because it was originally believed to be secreted by the prostate.

This enzyme generates an inflammatory mediator known as prostaglandin, which triggers pain and other aspects of inflammation.

2001, Leslie Iversen, Drugs: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford, page 51:

Indeed, it’s possible to create the full storm of cold symptoms with no cold virus at all, but only a potent cocktail of the so-called inflammatory mediators that the body makes itself[,] among them, cytokines, kinins, prostaglandins and interleukins, powerful little chemical messengers that cause the blood vessels in the nose to dilate and leak, stimulate the secretion of mucus, activate sneeze and cough reflexes and set off pain in our nerve fibers.

2010 October 4, Jennifer Ackerman, “How Not to Fight Colds”, in The New York Times:

(biochemistry) Any of a group of naturally occurring lipids derived from the C₂₀ acid prostanoic acid; they have a number of physiological functions and may be considered to be hormones.


lise

Learned borrowing from Latin lysis, from Ancient Greek λύσις (lúsis).

(biology, biochemistry) lysis (destruction of cells)


proteome

/ˈpɹəʊtɪəʊm/

Blend of protein + genome or proteo- + -ome.

Two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis allows the separation of thousands of proteins, and provides the means for separating the proteome (the PROTEin complement expressed by a genOME) of a simple species, or the protein component of a complex tissue.

1996 January 25, Marc R. Wilkins, “From Proteins to Proteomes: Large Scale Protein Identification by Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis and Amino Acid Analysis”, in Nature Biotechnology, volume 14, page 61:

So now the quest is to crack the human proteome – a concept so novel that the term proteome didn't even exist a decade ago.

2003, Bill Bryson, A Short History of Nearly Everything, BCA, published 2003, page 367:

(biochemistry, genetics) The complete set of proteins encoded by a particular genome.


regular star macromolecule

regular star macromolecule (plural regular star macromolecules)

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) a star macromolecule having identical arms


variegated star macromolecule

variegated star macromolecule (plural variegated star macromolecules)

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) A star macromolecule having arms composed of different types or numbers of monomers.


glycosphingolipid

(biochemistry) a lipid that contains at least one monosaccharide unit and either a sphingoid or a ceramide


ceramide

Blend of cerebroside + amide, or from Latin cēra (“wax”) + amide.

(biochemistry) Any of various lipids formed by linking a fatty acid to sphingosine and found widely but in small amounts in plant and animal tissue


pepsin

pepsin (countable and uncountable, plural pepsins)

From German Pepsin, corresponding to Ancient Greek πέψις (pépsis, “digestion”) + -in.

der

(biochemistry) A digestive enzyme that chemically digests, or breaks down, proteins into shorter chains of amino acids.


pepsin

pèpsīn (canonical masculine)
пѐпсӣн (Cyrillic)
pèpsīn (nominative singular)
pepsíni (nominative plural)
pepsína (genitive singular)
pepsínā (genitive plural)
pepsínu (dative singular)
pepsínima (dative plural)
pèpsīn (accusative singular)
pepsíne (accusative plural)
pepsíne (singular vocative)
pepsíni (plural vocative)
pepsínu (locative singular)
pepsínima (locative plural)
pepsínom (instrumental singular)
pepsínima (instrumental plural)


tetrapyrrole

(biochemistry) any of several natural pigments having a structure of four pyrrole rings connected by a one-carbon unit

tetrapirrolo

any of several natural pigments with four pyrrole rings


SIV

en-noun

SIV (countable and uncountable, plural SIVs)

simian immunodeficiency virus
simian immunodeficiency virus#English

(virology) Initialism of simian immunodeficiency virus.

(virology) Initialism of swine influenza virus, usually Influenza A virus.


FIV

(virology, initialism) Feline immunodeficiency virus.


orotic acid

/əˌɹɑt.ɪk ˈæs.ɪd/

From Ancient Greek ὀρός (orós, “whey”) + -ic acid.

(biochemistry) A crystalline acid which was discovered in milk and is a growth factor for various microorganisms (as Lactobacillus bulgaricus) and an intermediate in pyrimidine biosynthesis; uracil-6-carboxylic acid, C₅H₄N₂O₄.


ossiemoglobina

it-noun

ossiemoglobina f (plural ossiemoglobine)


oxidoreductase

From its morphology, oxido- + reductase.

It remains to be seen whether oxidoreductase deficiency is a significant cause of non-syndromic ambiguous genitalia in newborn females and undermasculinized males of unknown diagnosis as assessed by urinary steroid analyses.

2011, Charles G. D. Brook, Peter Clayton, Rosalind Brown, Brook's Clinical Pediatric Endocrinology, page 196:

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction.


Stamm

de-noun

Stamm m (strong, genitive Stammes or Stamms, plural Stämme)

Stammes (genitive)
Stamms (genitive)
Stämme (plural)
Stamm (nominative singular)
Stämme (definite nominative plural)
Stammes (genitive singular)
Stamms (genitive singular)
Stämme (definite genitive plural)
Stamm (dative singular)
Stamme (dative singular)
Stämmen (dative definite plural)
Stamm (accusative singular)
Stämme (accusative definite plural)
Stam (alternative)

From Middle High German stam, from Old High German stam, from Proto-Germanic *stamnaz, *stamniz, from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂- (“to stand, stay”). Cognate with English stem.

der

(microbiology) strain (of bacteria, etc.)


PAH

phenylalanine hydroxylase
phenylalanine hydroxylase#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of phenylalanine hydroxylase.


dinitrogenase

(biochemistry) Either of two enzymes which, together with ATP, catalyze the reduction of molecular nitrogen into ammonia.


dinitrogenase reductase

(biochemistry) One of two enzymes which, together with ATP, catalyze the reduction of molecular nitrogen into ammonia.


dinitrogen reductase

dinitrogenase reductase
dinitrogenase reductase


nitrogen fixer

(biochemistry) a plant or other organism which performs nitrogen fixation


dioxygenase

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes that catalyze dioxygenation reactions


phycobilin

From international scientific vocabulary, reflecting New Latin roots/stems referring to plants and bile. By surface analysis, phyco- + bilin = phyco- + bili- + -in, although according to American Heritage Dictionary, bilin was back-formed from phycobilin (as opposed to phycobilin being derived from bilin as surface analysis suggests).

(biochemistry) Any of a group of bilins (pigments derived from porphyrins) found in some photosynthetic algae; they are open-chain tetrapyrroles related to mammalian bile pigments.

international scientific vocabulary
phycobilin

ficobilina

highly coloured pigment found in photosynthetic algae


phytochrome

(biochemistry) Any of a class of pigments that control most photomorphogenic responses in higher plants


acetilcolina

(biochemistry) acetylcholine (a neurotransmitter in humans and other animals)


adenosintrifosfato

it-noun

adenosintrifosfato m (plural adenosintrifosfati)

From adenosina (“adenosine”) + trifosfato (“triphosphate”).

compound

adenosine triphosphate
adenosine triphosphate#English:_Q80863

(biochemistry) adenosine triphosphate (a nucleotide that is used as a source of energy in cellular reactions, in the synthesis of nucleic acids, and as a neurotransmitter recognized by purinergic receptors)


osteocalcin

en-noun

osteocalcin (countable and uncountable, plural osteocalcins)

Comparison of the sequences of the various osteocalcins indicates that the central portion of the molecule is highly conserved.

1994, Hideaki Ogura, Pharmacological Approach to the Study of the Formation and the Resorption Mechanism of Hard Tissues, Ishiyaku EuroAmerica, page 134:

Osteocalcin has recently been identified as a bone-derived hormone with significant functional impacts on sex steroid production by the testis, completing the circle of mutual interdependence between the skeletal system and gonad (for reviews, see Refs 536–538).

2014, Lee B. Smith, William H. Walker, “16: Hormone Signaling in the Testis”, in Tony M. Plant, Anthony J. Zeleznik, editors, Knobil and Neill's Physiology of Reproduction, Elsevier (Academic Press), page 669:

Osteocalcin together with the other Gla-protein MGP belongs to a distinct subgroup of the larger vitamin K-dependent protein family, the constituents of which are primarily involved in blood coagulation.

2017, Olena V. Andrukhova, Reinhold G. Erben, “11: Kidney—Bone: Interaction”, in Susan Y. Smith, Aurore Varela, Rana Samadfam, editors, Bone Toxicology, Springer, page 349:

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) A protein, found in bone and dentin and manufactured by osteoblasts, that plays a role in mineralization and calcium ion homeostasis.

ostéocalcine

protein found in bone and dentin, manufactured by osteoblasts


anabolic steroid

anabolic steroid (plural anabolic steroids)

(biochemistry, steroids) A class of steroid hormones that promote growth of tissue.

“anabole Steroide”)

anaboles Steroid n (often referred to in plural

anabol steroid

often referred to in plural: “anabola steroider”


oxyproline

oxyproline (countable and uncountable, plural oxyprolines)

(biochemistry) a lactam of glutamic acid


sodium pump

(biochemistry) The transport of sodium ions across biological membranes using the metabolic energy of ATP.

natriumpumppu

transport of sodium ions across membranes


nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (uncountable)

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

(biochemistry) The phosphate of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; a coenzyme important in fatty acid synthesis.


dinucleotide

(biochemistry) Any molecule consisting primarily of two nucleotide units


phosphatase

phosphatase (countable and uncountable, plural phosphatases)

These results are in accordance with the observations of Pirani et al., who found that in normal pregnancy there was no correlation between serum heat-stable alkaline phosphatase activity and crude baby weight or placental weight.

2018, A.S. Curry, Biochemistry of Women Methods, page 241:

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes that hydrolyze phosphate esters, and are important in the metabolism of carbohydrates, nucleotides and phospholipids, and in the formation of bone.

磷酸酶

an enzyme that hydrolyzes phosphate esters


phospholipase

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes that hydrolyze the phosphate ester bonds of phospholipids.


auxin

auxin (countable and uncountable, plural auxins)

From Ancient Greek αὐξάνειν (auxánein, “to grow”).

der

In Arabidopsis roots, cold stress may reduce shootward auxin transport and alter the intracellular auxin gradient.

2015 July 2, Yang Y-W, Chen H-C, Jen W-F, Liu L-Y, Chang M-C, “Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Shoots and Roots of TNG67 and TCN1 Rice Seedlings under Cold Stress and Following Subsequent Recovery: Insights into Metabolic Pathways, Phytohormones, and Transcription Factors”, in PLOS ONE, volume 10, number 7, →DOI:

SE onset depends on a complex network of interactions among plant growth regulators, mainly auxins and cytokinins, during the proembryogenic early stages, and ethylene and gibberellic and abscisic acids later in the development of somatic embryos.

2015 August 18, Clelia De-la-Peña et al., “The role of chromatin modifications in somatic embryogenesis in plants”, in Frontiers in Plant Science, volume 6, →DOI:

(botany, biochemistry) A class of plant growth substance (often called phytohormones or plant hormones) which play an essential role in coordination of many growth and behavioral processes in the plant life cycle.


constitutively

(biochemistry, of a metabolic process) at a constant rate regardless of physiological demand


papovavirus

(archaic, virology) Any of the former family Papovaviridae, now split into the Papillomaviridae and Polyomaviridae families, of viruses that cause papillomas or polyomas in animals.


guanylic acid

guanosine monophosphate
guanosine monophosphate

(biochemistry) the nucleotide guanosine monophosphate formed during protein synthesis


guanylate

From guanylic acid + -ate (“salt or ester”).

(biochemistry) Any salt or ester of guanylic acid; the salts are used as flavour enhancers.


inosinic acid

(biochemistry) a nucleotide, inosine phosphate, found in muscle tissue


TR

thioredoxin reductase
w:thioredoxin reductase

(biochemistry) Initialism of thioredoxin reductase.


papain

en-noun

papain (countable and uncountable, plural papains)

Attested since the late 1800s. From papaya + -in.

(biochemistry) A proteolytic enzyme in papaya fruit which can be used to tenderize meat.


ALP

alkaline phosphatase
alkaline phosphatase#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of alkaline phosphatase.


aptamer

From Latin aptus (“apt, proper”) + -mer (from Ancient Greek μέρος (méros, “part, portion”); compare mero-).

uder

Aptamers are oligomers of RNA or DNA that spontaneously fold into specific three-dimensional shapes that can bind defined targets. The specificity of the shape of the binding site arises from the base sequence of the aptamer, which determines the base-pairing pattern of the oligomer.

2005, (US) National Research Council, Sensor Systems for Biological Agent Attacks, page 117:

2009, Corinne Ravelet, Eric Peyrin, Chapter 10: Aptamers in Affinity Separations: Stationary Separation, Yingfu Li, Yi Lu (editors), Functional Nucleic Acids for Analytical Applications, page 271,
The use of DNA or RNA aptamers as tools in analytical chemistry is a very promising field of research because of their capabilities to bind specifically the target molecules with an affinity similar to that of antibodies.

The field of aptamer research is also more targeted, with many more catalytic aptamers being examined rather than for binding alone.

2010, Dabid Loakes, “Nucleotides an Nucleic Acids; Oligo- and Polynucleotides”, in D. W. Allen, J. C. Tebby, John C. Tebby, David Loakes, editors, Organophosphorus Chemistry, page 144:

2015, Caroli J et al, "APTANI: a computational tool to select aptamers through sequence-structure motif analysis of HT-SELEX data", Bioinformatics, 32 (2): 161-164, "3 Results".
To test APTANI performances and validate its findings, we analyzed a sequence library corresponding to an HT-SELEX experiment designed to isolate aptamers specific for murine IL4Ra (Roth et al., 2012).

(biochemistry, genetics) Any subsequence of nucleic acid or protein, selected from a large random sequence-pool, used to bind to a specific target molecule.

aptameeri

any subsequence of nucleic acid or protein used to bind to a specific target molecule


aad

alloxazine adenine dinucleotide
alloxazine adenine dinucleotide#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of alloxazine adenine dinucleotide.


GHB

(organic chemistry, biochemistry, pharmacology) Initialism of gamma-hydroxybutyrate, often used as a date rape drug.


cystine

en-noun

cystine (countable and uncountable, plural cystines)

From Ancient Greek κύστις (kústis, “bladder”), where it was found.

uder

nonessential amino acid
nonessential amino acid

(biochemistry) A nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of cysteine; it contains two cysteine residues linked by a disulfide bond.


AMP

en-noun

AMP (countable and uncountable, plural AMPs)

adenosine monophosphate
adenosine monophosphate#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of adenosine monophosphate.

antimicrobial peptide
antimicrobial peptide#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of antimicrobial peptide.


adenosine monophosphate

adenosine monophosphate (plural adenosine monophosphates)

adenosine monophosphates (plural)
AMP (abbreviation)

adenosine diphosphate
adenosine diphosphate

adenosine triphosphate
adenosine triphosphate

(biochemistry) A nucleotide, found in all animal muscle cells, reversibly convertible to adenosine diphosphate and adenosine triphosphate.


vitamin A

(biochemistry) Any of several closely related fat-soluble vitamins that are essential for normal vision; retinol.

فِيتَامِين أَلِف

any fat-soluble vitamin essential for vision


vitamin A acid

(organic chemistry, pharmacology, biochemistry) Synonym of retinoic acid


vitamin B

(biochemistry) Any member of the vitamin B complex.


retinol

retinol (countable and uncountable, plural retinols)

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) A fat-soluble carotenoid vitamin (vitamin A), present in fish oils and green vegetables, essential to normal vision and to bone development.


vitamin B3

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) niacin


vitamin B12

(biochemistry) The compound cobalamin or cyanocobalamin.


biotin

biotin (countable and uncountable, plural biotins)

Borrowed from German Biotin, from Ancient Greek βίοτος (bíotos, “life”) + the suffix -in.

(biochemistry) A sulfur-containing member of the vitamin B complex, 5-[(3aS,4S,6aR)-2-oxohexahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-4-yl]pentanoic acid, found in liver, egg yolk, milk, and yeast, essential to the activity of multiple enzyme systems.


cyanocobalamin

cyanocobalamin (usually uncountable, plural cyanocobalamins)

The cyanocobalamin molecule contains the element cobalt (Co). Cattle and sheep grazing areas deficient in this element develop vitamin B12 deficiency, as the rumen microorganisms are then unable to manufacture the vitamin.

2013, David Frape, Equine Nutrition and Feeding, John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN:

(biochemistry) A synthetic form of vitamin B₁₂ (cobalamin).


vitamin D

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-vitamin D.wav

From vitamin + D (“4th letter”). From being the fourth vitamin discovered. Coined in 1922 by Elmer McCollum, who discovered the vitamin.

(biochemistry) Any of a number of fat-soluble vitamins, required for normal bone development and that prevents rickets; can be manufactured in the skin on exposure to sunlight.


vitamin D1

(biochemistry) Ergocalciferol and lumisterol; a constituent of vitamin D.


vitamin D2

(biochemistry) Ergocalciferol or calciferol; a constituent of vitamin D.


vitamin D3

(biochemistry) Cholecalciferol; a constituent of vitamin D.


vitamin D4

(biochemistry) Dihydroergocalciferol; a constituent of vitamin D.


vitamin D5

(biochemistry) Sitocalciferol; a constituent of vitamin D.


norovirus

/ˈnɒɹə(ʊ)vaɪɹəs/

The norovirus causes nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and stomach cramping.

(virology) Norovirus, the genus of Norwalk virus, which causes gastric distress in humans.


norovirus

norovirus (nominative singular)
norovirukset (nominative plural)
norovirus (accusative nominative singular)
norovirukset (accusative nominative plural)
noroviruksen (accusative genitive singular)
norovirukset (accusative genitive plural)
noroviruksen (genitive singular)
norovirusten (genitive plural)
noroviruksien (genitive plural)
norovirusta (partitive singular)
noroviruksia (partitive plural)
noroviruksessa (inessive singular)
noroviruksissa (inessive plural)
noroviruksesta (elative singular)
noroviruksista (elative plural)
norovirukseen (illative singular)
noroviruksiin (illative plural)
noroviruksella (adessive singular)
noroviruksilla (adessive plural)
norovirukselta (ablative singular)
noroviruksilta (ablative plural)
norovirukselle (allative singular)
noroviruksille (allative plural)
noroviruksena (essive singular)
noroviruksina (essive plural)
norovirukseksi (singular translative)
noroviruksiksi (plural translative)
noroviruksetta (abessive singular)
noroviruksitta (abessive plural)
noroviruksin (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
norovirukseni (nominative singular)
norovirukseni (nominative plural)
norovirukseni (accusative nominative singular)
norovirukseni (accusative nominative plural)
norovirukseni (accusative genitive singular)
norovirukseni (accusative genitive plural)
norovirukseni (genitive singular)
norovirusteni (genitive plural)
noroviruksieni (genitive plural)
norovirustani (partitive singular)
noroviruksiani (partitive plural)
noroviruksessani (inessive singular)
noroviruksissani (inessive plural)
noroviruksestani (elative singular)
noroviruksistani (elative plural)
norovirukseeni (illative singular)
noroviruksiini (illative plural)
noroviruksellani (adessive singular)
noroviruksillani (adessive plural)
norovirukseltani (ablative singular)
noroviruksiltani (ablative plural)
norovirukselleni (allative singular)
noroviruksilleni (allative plural)
noroviruksenani (essive singular)
noroviruksinani (essive plural)
noroviruksekseni (singular translative)
noroviruksikseni (plural translative)
noroviruksettani (abessive singular)
noroviruksittani (abessive plural)
noroviruksineni (comitative plural)
noroviruksesi (nominative singular)
noroviruksesi (nominative plural)
noroviruksesi (accusative nominative singular)
noroviruksesi (accusative nominative plural)
noroviruksesi (accusative genitive singular)
noroviruksesi (accusative genitive plural)
noroviruksesi (genitive singular)
norovirustesi (genitive plural)
noroviruksiesi (genitive plural)
norovirustasi (partitive singular)
noroviruksiasi (partitive plural)
noroviruksessasi (inessive singular)
noroviruksissasi (inessive plural)
noroviruksestasi (elative singular)
noroviruksistasi (elative plural)
norovirukseesi (illative singular)
noroviruksiisi (illative plural)
noroviruksellasi (adessive singular)
noroviruksillasi (adessive plural)
norovirukseltasi (ablative singular)
noroviruksiltasi (ablative plural)
noroviruksellesi (allative singular)
noroviruksillesi (allative plural)
noroviruksenasi (essive singular)
noroviruksinasi (essive plural)
norovirukseksesi (singular translative)
noroviruksiksesi (plural translative)
noroviruksettasi (abessive singular)
noroviruksittasi (abessive plural)
noroviruksinesi (comitative plural)
noroviruksemme (nominative singular)
noroviruksemme (nominative plural)
noroviruksemme (accusative nominative singular)
noroviruksemme (accusative nominative plural)
noroviruksemme (accusative genitive singular)
noroviruksemme (accusative genitive plural)
noroviruksemme (genitive singular)
norovirustemme (genitive plural)
noroviruksiemme (genitive plural)
norovirustamme (partitive singular)
noroviruksiamme (partitive plural)
noroviruksessamme (inessive singular)
noroviruksissamme (inessive plural)
noroviruksestamme (elative singular)
noroviruksistamme (elative plural)
norovirukseemme (illative singular)
noroviruksiimme (illative plural)
noroviruksellamme (adessive singular)
noroviruksillamme (adessive plural)
norovirukseltamme (ablative singular)
noroviruksiltamme (ablative plural)
noroviruksellemme (allative singular)
noroviruksillemme (allative plural)
noroviruksenamme (essive singular)
noroviruksinamme (essive plural)
norovirukseksemme (singular translative)
noroviruksiksemme (plural translative)
noroviruksettamme (abessive singular)
noroviruksittamme (abessive plural)
noroviruksinemme (comitative plural)
noroviruksenne (nominative singular)
noroviruksenne (nominative plural)
noroviruksenne (accusative nominative singular)
noroviruksenne (accusative nominative plural)
noroviruksenne (accusative genitive singular)
noroviruksenne (accusative genitive plural)
noroviruksenne (genitive singular)
norovirustenne (genitive plural)
noroviruksienne (genitive plural)
norovirustanne (partitive singular)
noroviruksianne (partitive plural)
noroviruksessanne (inessive singular)
noroviruksissanne (inessive plural)
noroviruksestanne (elative singular)
noroviruksistanne (elative plural)
norovirukseenne (illative singular)
noroviruksiinne (illative plural)
noroviruksellanne (adessive singular)
noroviruksillanne (adessive plural)
norovirukseltanne (ablative singular)
noroviruksiltanne (ablative plural)
noroviruksellenne (allative singular)
noroviruksillenne (allative plural)
noroviruksenanne (essive singular)
noroviruksinanne (essive plural)
norovirukseksenne (singular translative)
noroviruksiksenne (plural translative)
noroviruksettanne (abessive singular)
noroviruksittanne (abessive plural)
noroviruksinenne (comitative plural)
noroviruksensa (nominative singular)
noroviruksensa (nominative plural)
noroviruksensa (accusative nominative singular)
noroviruksensa (accusative nominative plural)
noroviruksensa (accusative genitive singular)
noroviruksensa (accusative genitive plural)
noroviruksensa (genitive singular)
norovirustensa (genitive plural)
noroviruksiensa (genitive plural)
norovirustaan (partitive singular)
norovirustansa (partitive singular)
noroviruksiaan (partitive plural)
noroviruksiansa (partitive plural)
noroviruksessaan (inessive singular)
noroviruksessansa (inessive singular)
noroviruksissaan (inessive plural)
noroviruksissansa (inessive plural)
noroviruksestaan (elative singular)
noroviruksestansa (elative singular)
noroviruksistaan (elative plural)
noroviruksistansa (elative plural)
norovirukseensa (illative singular)
noroviruksiinsa (illative plural)
noroviruksellaan (adessive singular)
noroviruksellansa (adessive singular)
noroviruksillaan (adessive plural)
noroviruksillansa (adessive plural)
norovirukseltaan (ablative singular)
norovirukseltansa (ablative singular)
noroviruksiltaan (ablative plural)
noroviruksiltansa (ablative plural)
norovirukselleen (allative singular)
noroviruksellensa (allative singular)
noroviruksilleen (allative plural)
noroviruksillensa (allative plural)
noroviruksenaan (essive singular)
noroviruksenansa (essive singular)
noroviruksinaan (essive plural)
noroviruksinansa (essive plural)
noroviruksekseen (singular translative)
norovirukseksensa (singular translative)
noroviruksikseen (plural translative)
noroviruksiksensa (plural translative)
noroviruksettaan (abessive singular)
noroviruksettansa (abessive singular)
noroviruksittaan (abessive plural)
noroviruksittansa (abessive plural)
noroviruksineen (comitative plural)
noroviruksinensa (comitative plural)

Internationalism (see English norovirus).


laccase

Higushi (54) reported on mushroom phenol oxidase prepared by the method of Freudenberg and its use for oxidation of coniferyl alcohol and related compounds and demonstrated that the enzyme product was a mixture of tyrosinase and laccase.

1962, Forest Products Journal, volume 12, page 142:

(biochemistry) Any of several copper-containing oxidase enzymes found in plants and microorganisms.


protease

/ˈpɹəʊtɪeɪz/

As a matter of fact the casein protease digests boiled and coagulated serum far more easily than unboiled serum, as set forth by the following experiments.

1903 November 2, S. G. Hedin, “On the presence of a proteolytic enzyme in the normal serum of the ox”, in The Journal of Physiology, volume 30, number 2, page 195:

All were tested for their ability to clot milk and to hydrolyze denatured hemoglobin, egg albumin, protamine (salmon), histone (calf thymus), and benzoyl-l-arginineamide. In no case was any trace of protease activity detected.

1948 September 20, Margaret R. McDonald, “A method for the preparation of "protease-free" crystalline ribonuclease”, in Journal of General Physiology, volume 32, number 1, page 39:

For our purposes, it is sufficient to note that dysregulation of desquamatory protease activity in the SC is often involved in conditions of compromised skin barrier.

2015, Raja Sivamani, Jared R. Jagdeo, Peter Elsner, Cosmeceuticals and Active Cosmetics:

(biochemistry) An enzyme that cuts or cleaves proteins.

蛋白質分解酵素

たんぱくしつぶんかいこうそ


protease

proteases (plural)
protéase (alternative)

(biochemistry) protease (any of a group of enzymes that cleave proteins)


polarity

polarity (countable and uncountable, plural polarities)

polaritat

chemistry: dipole-dipole intermolecular force

(microbiology) Spatial differences in shape, structure, and function within a cell. ᵂᵖ


fagi

fagi (nominative singular)
fagit (nominative plural)
fagi (accusative nominative singular)
fagit (accusative nominative plural)
fagin (accusative genitive singular)
fagit (accusative genitive plural)
fagin (genitive singular)
fagien (genitive plural)
fagia (partitive singular)
fageja (partitive plural)
fagissa (inessive singular)
fageissa (inessive plural)
fagista (elative singular)
fageista (elative plural)
fagiin (illative singular)
fageihin (illative plural)
fagilla (adessive singular)
fageilla (adessive plural)
fagilta (ablative singular)
fageilta (ablative plural)
fagille (allative singular)
fageille (allative plural)
fagina (essive singular)
fageina (essive plural)
fagiksi (singular translative)
fageiksi (plural translative)
fagitta (abessive singular)
fageitta (abessive plural)
fagein (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
fagini (nominative singular)
fagini (nominative plural)
fagini (accusative nominative singular)
fagini (accusative nominative plural)
fagini (accusative genitive singular)
fagini (accusative genitive plural)
fagini (genitive singular)
fagieni (genitive plural)
fagiani (partitive singular)
fagejani (partitive plural)
fagissani (inessive singular)
fageissani (inessive plural)
fagistani (elative singular)
fageistani (elative plural)
fagiini (illative singular)
fageihini (illative plural)
fagillani (adessive singular)
fageillani (adessive plural)
fagiltani (ablative singular)
fageiltani (ablative plural)
fagilleni (allative singular)
fageilleni (allative plural)
faginani (essive singular)
fageinani (essive plural)
fagikseni (singular translative)
fageikseni (plural translative)
fagittani (abessive singular)
fageittani (abessive plural)
fageineni (comitative plural)
fagisi (nominative singular)
fagisi (nominative plural)
fagisi (accusative nominative singular)
fagisi (accusative nominative plural)
fagisi (accusative genitive singular)
fagisi (accusative genitive plural)
fagisi (genitive singular)
fagiesi (genitive plural)
fagiasi (partitive singular)
fagejasi (partitive plural)
fagissasi (inessive singular)
fageissasi (inessive plural)
fagistasi (elative singular)
fageistasi (elative plural)
fagiisi (illative singular)
fageihisi (illative plural)
fagillasi (adessive singular)
fageillasi (adessive plural)
fagiltasi (ablative singular)
fageiltasi (ablative plural)
fagillesi (allative singular)
fageillesi (allative plural)
faginasi (essive singular)
fageinasi (essive plural)
fagiksesi (singular translative)
fageiksesi (plural translative)
fagittasi (abessive singular)
fageittasi (abessive plural)
fageinesi (comitative plural)
fagimme (nominative singular)
fagimme (nominative plural)
fagimme (accusative nominative singular)
fagimme (accusative nominative plural)
fagimme (accusative genitive singular)
fagimme (accusative genitive plural)
fagimme (genitive singular)
fagiemme (genitive plural)
fagiamme (partitive singular)
fagejamme (partitive plural)
fagissamme (inessive singular)
fageissamme (inessive plural)
fagistamme (elative singular)
fageistamme (elative plural)
fagiimme (illative singular)
fageihimme (illative plural)
fagillamme (adessive singular)
fageillamme (adessive plural)
fagiltamme (ablative singular)
fageiltamme (ablative plural)
fagillemme (allative singular)
fageillemme (allative plural)
faginamme (essive singular)
fageinamme (essive plural)
fagiksemme (singular translative)
fageiksemme (plural translative)
fagittamme (abessive singular)
fageittamme (abessive plural)
fageinemme (comitative plural)
faginne (nominative singular)
faginne (nominative plural)
faginne (accusative nominative singular)
faginne (accusative nominative plural)
faginne (accusative genitive singular)
faginne (accusative genitive plural)
faginne (genitive singular)
fagienne (genitive plural)
fagianne (partitive singular)
fagejanne (partitive plural)
fagissanne (inessive singular)
fageissanne (inessive plural)
fagistanne (elative singular)
fageistanne (elative plural)
fagiinne (illative singular)
fageihinne (illative plural)
fagillanne (adessive singular)
fageillanne (adessive plural)
fagiltanne (ablative singular)
fageiltanne (ablative plural)
fagillenne (allative singular)
fageillenne (allative plural)
faginanne (essive singular)
fageinanne (essive plural)
fagiksenne (singular translative)
fageiksenne (plural translative)
fagittanne (abessive singular)
fageittanne (abessive plural)
fageinenne (comitative plural)
faginsa (nominative singular)
faginsa (nominative plural)
faginsa (accusative nominative singular)
faginsa (accusative nominative plural)
faginsa (accusative genitive singular)
faginsa (accusative genitive plural)
faginsa (genitive singular)
fagiensa (genitive plural)
fagiaan (partitive singular)
fagiansa (partitive singular)
fagejaan (partitive plural)
fagejansa (partitive plural)
fagissaan (inessive singular)
fagissansa (inessive singular)
fageissaan (inessive plural)
fageissansa (inessive plural)
fagistaan (elative singular)
fagistansa (elative singular)
fageistaan (elative plural)
fageistansa (elative plural)
fagiinsa (illative singular)
fageihinsa (illative plural)
fagillaan (adessive singular)
fagillansa (adessive singular)
fageillaan (adessive plural)
fageillansa (adessive plural)
fagiltaan (ablative singular)
fagiltansa (ablative singular)
fageiltaan (ablative plural)
fageiltansa (ablative plural)
fagilleen (allative singular)
fagillensa (allative singular)
fageilleen (allative plural)
fageillensa (allative plural)
faginaan (essive singular)
faginansa (essive singular)
fageinaan (essive plural)
fageinansa (essive plural)
fagikseen (singular translative)
fagiksensa (singular translative)
fageikseen (plural translative)
fageiksensa (plural translative)
fagittaan (abessive singular)
fagittansa (abessive singular)
fageittaan (abessive plural)
fageittansa (abessive plural)
fageineen (comitative plural)
fageinensa (comitative plural)
faagi (alternative)


endorphin

Borrowed from French endorphine, from endo(gène) (“endogenous, produced within”) and morphine.

The explanation for the depression-reducing effects of exercise that clearly has been the most popular with the media is the endorphin hypothesis (see Hoffmann, 1997), which has also been discussed as a possible explanation in nearly every exercise-depression literature review.

2019, Curt L. Lox, Kathleen A. Martin Ginis, Heather L. Gainforth, Steven J. Petruzzello, The Psychology of Exercise: Integrating Theory and Practice, Routledge, →ISBN:

(biochemistry) Any of a group of peptide hormones found in the mammalian brain that act as neurotransmitters and have properties similar to morphine.


proteolytic

desc

протеоли́тик

→ Russian: протеоли́тик (proteolítik)

A recent study focused on the enzymatic and cytotoxic functions of jellyfish metalloproteases and identified diverse proteolytic effects including gelatinolytic, caseinolytic, and fibrinolytic activities.

2015 June 18, Mahdokht Jouiaei et al., “Ancient Venom Systems: A Review on Cnidaria Toxins”, in Toxins, volume 7, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Of, relating to, or promoting proteolysis.

protéolytique

of, relating to, or promoting proteolysis


proteolysis

en-noun

proteolysis (countable and uncountable, plural proteolyses)

(biochemistry) The hydrolysis of proteins into peptides and amino acids, especially as part of the digestion of food.


respiratory pigment

respiratory pigment (plural respiratory pigments)

(biochemistry) any of several coloured metal-containing protein pigments which combine reversibly with oxygen and which are found in the tissues of vertebrates and invertebrates and whose role is to transport oxygen


chlorocruorin

From chloro- + cruor + -in (see also cruorin). Named by British zoologist Ray Lankester in 1868.

Later it was shown that the α-bands of the pyridine haemochromogens of both cytochrome a and chlorocruorin resemble each other closely (Keilin, 1933 a).

1966, David Keilin, edited by Joan Keilin, The History of Cell Respiration and Cytochrome, University of Cambridge, page 174:

The affinity of chlorocruorin for oxygen is equivalent to the haemoglobin. It is interesting that within the same family of worms like [S]abellidae, [S]erpulidae and [A]mphotritidae same^([sic]) species have chlorocruorin while others have haemoglobin.

2003, Ashok Kumar, Animal Physiology, Discovery Publishing House, page 192:

1992, N. B. Terwilliger, Chapter 8: Molecular Structure of the Extracellular Heme Proteins, Ch. P. Mangum (editor), Advances in Comparative & Environmental Physiology 13: Blood and Tissue Oxygen Carriers, Springer-Verlag, 1992 softcover reprint, page 203,
It was earlier thought that chlorocruorin was very different from hemoglobin based on a subunit structure with a mass of 34-35 kDa (Antonini et al. 1962; Guerratore and Zito 1977). […] Some writers have questioned the value of drawing a distinction between the chlorocruorins and hemoglobins, especially from an evolutionary point of view (Mangum 1985; see also Toulson, Chap. 9, this Vol.). The visual phenomenon of green blood has perhaps led to a stronger distinction between chlorocruorin and hemoglobin than warranted.

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) A green respiratory pigment found in many annelids.

chlorocruorine

respiratory pigment found in some annelids


hemerythrin

hemerythrin (countable and uncountable, plural hemerythrins)

hemerythrins (plural)
haemerythrin (alternative)
hæmerythrin (alternative)

(biochemistry) A respiratory pigment found in sipunculids, priapulids and brachiopods.


hemocyanin

hemocyanin (countable and uncountable, plural hemocyanins)

hemocyanins (plural)
haemocyanin (alternative)

(biochemistry) a blue copper-containing respiratory pigment (a metalloprotein) found in most molluscs, and some arthropods


viroid

A short section of RNA but without the protein coat typical of viruses, that are plant pathogens

Any of certain defective viruses, such as hepatitis D, a human pathogen.


rhamnose

From translingual Rhamnus "genus of buckthorns" + -ose (“used to form names of sugars”).

(biochemistry) A methyl-pentose, 6-deoxy-L-mannose, which occurs in the leaves and flowers of poison ivy and is a constituent of many plant glycosides.


ribulose

ribulose (countable and uncountable, plural ribuloses)

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) a ketopentose whose phosphate derivatives participate in photosynthesis

ribulosa

ketopentose whose derivatives participate in photosynthesis


ketopentose

(biochemistry) A pentose that is also a ketose.


aldopentose

(biochemistry) A pentose that is also an aldose.


aldopentose

(biochemistry) aldopentose (a pentose that is also a aldose)


NASBA

(microbiology, biochemistry) Initialism of nucleic acid sequence-based amplification: a transcription-based isothermal nucleic acid amplification technique.


sulfur cycle

(chemistry, biochemistry) the natural cycle which includes the mineralization of organic sulfur to sulfide, oxidation of this to sulfate, and reduction of this to sulfide followed by microbial incorporation of this into organic compounds


tenderizer

(biochemistry) Any substance added to meat, especially papain, before cooking in order to make it more tender.


sulphatase

(biochemistry) Alternative spelling of sulfatase


sulfatase

sulfatases (plural)
sulphatase (alternative)

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes, in animals and bacteria, which catalyze the hydrolysis of organic sulfates


second messenger

second messenger (plural second messengers)

(biochemistry) Any substance used to transmit a signal within a cell, especially one which triggers a cascade of events by activating cellular components


sedoheptulose

sedoheptulose (countable and uncountable, plural sedoheptuloses)

(biochemistry) A heptose ketose widely distributed in plants of the family Crassulaceae especially in the leaves of the sedum; it plays a part in the fixation of carbon dioxide by photosynthesis


exoenzyme

(biochemistry) Any enzyme, generated by a cell, that functions outside of that cell.


endoenzyme

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that functions within the cell in which it was generated.


exonuclease

(biochemistry, genetics) Any of a group of enzymes which cleave single nucleotides from the end of a polynucleotide (DNA or RNA) chain.


exopeptidase

(biochemistry) Any of a group of enzymes which catalyze the removal of a single amino acid from the end of a polypeptide chain


endopeptidase

(biochemistry) Any of a group of enzymes, such as trypsin, chymotrypsin, pepsin and elastase, which catalyze the splitting of polypeptide chains away from the ends


exine

(botany, palynology) The outer layer of a pollen grain or spore; the exosporium.


siderophore

From sidero- + -phore, literally iron carrier.

(biochemistry) Any medium-sized molecule that has a high specificity for binding or chelating iron; they are employed by microorganisms to obtain iron from the environment


endonuclease

(biochemistry) Any enzyme which catalyzes the cleavage of nucleic acids so as to produce variously sized fragments.


intine

(botany, palynology) The innermost wall of a spore or pollen grain


endostatin

(biochemistry) A protein which inhibits the formation of the blood vessels that supply tumours.

endostatiini

protein which inhibits the formation of blood vessels


somatostatin

somatostatin (countable and uncountable, plural somatostatins)

From Ancient Greek σῶμα (sôma) + statin.

(biochemistry) A cyclopeptide hormone, secreted by the pancreas, that inhibits the production of certain other hormones


virologist

(virology) A scientist or doctor who studies or specializes in viruses.

վիրուսաբան

scientist or doctor specializing in virology


epitope

Holonym: idiotope

(biochemistry) The part of a biomolecule (such as a protein) which is the target of an immune response


paratope

(biochemistry) That part of the molecule of an antibody that binds to an antigen.


infrasubspecific

Holonyms: infraspecific, subspecific < specific < generic < familial

(zoology, bacteriology) pertaining to a taxon at a rank lower than subspecies. The names of such taxa are not regulated by a nomenclatural code; they are not available names.


glycin

glycin (indefinite nominative singular)
glycins (genitive indefinite singular)
glycinet (definite nominative singular)
glycinets (definite genitive singular)


photoinhibition

(biochemistry) The inhibition of photosynthesis caused by protein damage due to high levels of light (especially ultraviolet)


photolyase

photolyase (countable and uncountable, plural photolyases)

(biochemistry) An enzyme that repairs DNA that has been damaged by light.

fótaláis

an enzyme that repairs DNA that has been damaged by light


photophosphorylase

(biochemistry) An enzyme that is involved in the photosynthetic phosphorylation of ATP.


photophosphorylation

photophosphorylation (countable and uncountable, plural photophosphorylations)


photosynthate

From photosynthesis + -ate (noun-forming suffix).

af

(biochemistry) Any compound that is a product of photosynthesis.


photosystem

(biochemistry) Either of two biochemical systems, active in chloroplasts, that are part of photosynthesis


MMO

methane monooxygenase
methane monooxygenase#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of methane monooxygenase. See Methane monooxygenase.


taurine

Researchers found that a high daily dose of taurine, an amino acid commonly added to energy drinks and naturally found in various foods, helped to delay death and mitigate against the biological ravages of aging.

2023 June 8, Elie Dolgin, “From Energy Drinks to Extending Life? Supplement Slows Aging in Mice and Monkeys”, in The New York Times, New York, N.Y.: The New York Times Company, →ISSN, →OCLC:

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) An amino-sulfonic acid, NH₂CH₂CH₂SO₃H, that has regulatory functions in mammals.


բակտերիա

bakteria (romanization)
բակտերիա (nominative singular)
բակտերիաներ (nominative plural)
բակտերիայի (dative singular)
բակտերիաների (dative plural)
բակտերիայից (ablative singular)
բակտերիաներից (ablative plural)
բակտերիայով (instrumental singular)
բակտերիաներով (instrumental plural)
բակտերիայում (locative singular)
բակտերիաներում (locative plural)
բակտերիան (definite nominative singular)
բակտերիաները (definite nominative plural)
բակտերիաներն (definite nominative plural)
բակտերիային (dative definite singular)
բակտերիաներին (dative definite plural)
բակտերիաս (first-person nominative possessive singular)
բակտերիաներս (first-person nominative plural possessive)
բակտերիայիս (dative first-person possessive singular)
բակտերիաներիս (dative first-person plural possessive)
բակտերիայիցս (ablative first-person possessive singular)
բակտերիաներիցս (ablative first-person plural possessive)
բակտերիայովս (first-person instrumental possessive singular)
բակտերիաներովս (first-person instrumental plural possessive)
բակտերիայումս (first-person locative possessive singular)
բակտերիաներումս (first-person locative plural possessive)
բակտերիադ (nominative possessive second-person singular)
բակտերիաներդ (nominative plural possessive second-person)
բակտերիայիդ (dative possessive second-person singular)
բակտերիաներիդ (dative plural possessive second-person)
բակտերիայիցդ (ablative possessive second-person singular)
բակտերիաներիցդ (ablative plural possessive second-person)
բակտերիայովդ (instrumental possessive second-person singular)
բակտերիաներովդ (instrumental plural possessive second-person)
բակտերիայումդ (locative possessive second-person singular)
բակտերիաներումդ (locative plural possessive second-person)

hy-decl-noun

բակտերիաները/բակտերիաներն

բակտերիաների

բակտերիաներին

բակտերիաներից

բակտերիաներով

բակտերիայում

բակտերիաներում

բակտերիաներս

բակտերիաներիս

բակտերիայիցս

բակտերիաներիցս

բակտերիայովս

բակտերիաներովս

բակտերիայումս

բակտերիաներումս

բակտերիաներդ

բակտերիաներիդ

բակտերիայիցդ

բակտերիաներիցդ

բակտերիայովդ

բակտերիաներովդ

բակտերիայումդ

բակտերիաներումդ

Hy-բակտերիա.ogg


adrenalina

(biochemistry) adrenaline (epinephrine, the hormone and neurotransmitter)


adrenalina

adrenalina (nominative singular)
adrenaliny (genitive singular)
adrenalinie (dative singular)
adrenalinę (accusative singular)
adrenaliną (instrumental singular)
adrenalinie (locative singular)
adrenalino (singular vocative)

Borrowed from French adrénaline, from English adrenalina, from Latin ad- + Latin rēnālis + -ina, coined by Japanese chemist Takamine Jōkichi in 1901. Genericized trademark. First attested in 1901.


adrenalina

Borrowed from English adrenaline, equivalent to adrenal + -ina.

La adrenalina que me irriga el cerebro había anestesiado el dolor.

2013, Mathias Malzieu, translated by Tros de Ilarduya, Sofía, Metamorfosis en el Cielo, page 97:

The adrenaline that irrigates my brain had anesthesized the pain.


adrenalina

tl-noun

adrenalina (Baybayin spelling ᜀᜇ᜔ᜇᜒᜈᜎᜒᜈ)

[ʔɐ.d̪ɾɛ.n̪ɐˈliː.n̪ɐ]

Borrowed from Spanish adrenalina, from English adrenaline, coined by Japanese chemist Takamine Jōkichi in 1901.


nuclease

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes capable of cleaving the phosphodiester bonds between the nucleotide subunits of nucleic acids.

核酸酶

any of several enzymes capable of cleaving the phosphodiester


pendrin

en-noun

pendrin (countable and uncountable, plural pendrins)

(biochemistry) A protein involved in the exchange of chloride and iodide ions across biological membranes.


proteomics

The derived word "proteomics", which has come into use almost as an afterthought, may be equally useful since it indicates something less well-defined but more ambitious. Proteomics is a field, just as genomics is, rather than a closed and conceptually static body of knowledge (as are the genome and proteome, by definition).

1998, N. Leigh Anderson, “Proteome and proteomics: New technologies, new concepts, and new words”, in Electrophoresis, volume 19, page 1853:

(biochemistry) The branch of molecular biology that studies the set of proteins expressed by the genome of an organism.


leptin

leptin (countable and uncountable, plural leptins)

Ancient Greek λεπτός (leptós, “thin”) + -in

If we could control leptin, then presumably we could help people to control their weight.

2019, Bill Bryson, The Body: A Guide for Occupants, Black Swan (2020), page 171:

That is because sleep affects two appetite-controlling hormones, leptin and ghrelin.

2022 February 26, Ruth Alexander, “The surprising links between what you eat and how well you sleep”, in BBC News, BBC, retrieved 2022-02-27:

(biochemistry) A protein hormone produced in adipose tissue; it plays a role in regulating appetite and metabolism.


alkenone

(biochemistry) Any long-chain di-, tri- and tetra- unsaturated methyl and ethyl ketones that are synthesized by a limited number of haptophyte microalgae; the degree of unsaturation is a function of the water temperature


araban

araban (countable and uncountable, plural arabans)

(biochemistry) A polysaccharide composed of arabinose residues


heteroduplex

heteroduplex (plural heteroduplexes or heteroduplices)

heteroduplexes (plural)
heteroduplices (plural)

(biochemistry) A nucleic acid composed of two chains with each derived from a different parent molecule


concatemer

concatemers (plural)
concatamer (alternative)

(biochemistry) A segment of DNA composed of multiple repeated sequences linked end to end.


mineralocorticoid

Severely undervirilized males may have normal mineralocorticoid activity; fully masculinized males may display salt loss.

2011, Christine A. Gleason, Sandra E. Juul, Avery's Diseases of the Newborn, page 1301:

(biochemistry, steroids) Any of a group of steroid hormones, characterised by their similarity to aldosterone and their influence on salt and water metabolism.

電解質コルチコイド

でんかいしつコルチコイド


phytosterol

(biochemistry, botany) Any of a group of steroid alcohols, phytochemicals naturally occurring in plants. They are white powders with mild, characteristic odor, insoluble in water and soluble in alcohols.


progestagen

progestagens (plural)
progestogen (alternative)

(biochemistry, steroids) The steroid hormone progesterone.

(biochemistry, steroids) Any of a class of synthetic hormones which produce effects similar to progesterone (the only natural progestagen) and have antiestrogenic and antigonadotropic properties.


ergosterol

ergosterol (countable and uncountable, plural ergosterols)

Terbinafine has a unique mechanism of action among the antifugal agents (Petranyi et al, 1984; Balfour and Faulds, 1992), inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol, a key sterol component in the plasma membrane of the fungal cell.

2003, Peter G. Pappas, “Terbinafine”, in William E. Dismukes, Peter G. Pappas, Jack D. Sobel, editors, Clinical Mycology, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 104:

(biochemistry, steroids, mycology) The steroid precursor of vitamin D₂. It is found in cell membranes of fungi, and is their functional equivalent of cholesterol. It is also found in the membranes of some protists.


ergosterol

[eʁ.ɡoʃ.teˈɾɔʊ̯]

[iɾ.ɣuʃ.tɨˈɾɔɫ]

[iɾ.ɣuʃ.tɨˈɾɔɫ]

(biochemistry, steroids, mycology) ergosterol (steroid precursor of vitamin D2)


coagulase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that induces coagulation

(biochemistry) Specifically, the enzyme produced by various Staphylococcus species that converts fibrinogen to fibrin


hybridize

en-verb

hybridize (third-person singular simple present hybridizes, present participle hybridizing, simple past and past participle hybridized)

hybridizes (present singular third-person)
hybridizing (participle present)
hybridized (participle past)
hybridized (past)
hybridise (alternative)

(biochemistry) To combine complementary subunits of multiple biological macromolecules.


flagelo

(microbiology) flagellum (whip-like appendage in bacteria and protists)


lactoflavin

en-noun

lactoflavin (usually uncountable, plural lactoflavins)


estrene

A series of compounds related to the estrenes, parent saturated hydrocarbon of which is 5a-estrane (Fig. 4.3), have been obtained by removing the 19-methyl group (No R or Nor) attached to the 10th position in androstene derivatives.

1979, L. V. Asolkar, Diosgenin and Other Steroid Drug Precursors, page 99:

In 1993 , a U.S. patent (# 5,272,134) was granted for fragrances containing 16-androstene and estrene steroids (see examples in Figure 14).

1997, J. J. Lagowski, Macmillan Encyclopedia of Chemistry, page 1192:

A pharmaceutical composition in a dosage unit form adapted for nasal administration in a human subject, said composition comprising per dosage unit, an effective amount of an Estrene steroid in a range to effect the nervous system through the vomeronasal organ but ineffective to have a systemic effect by absorption into the circulatory system […]

2000, David L. Berliner, Nathan William Adams, Clive L. Jennings-White, “6140316 Estrebe Steriuds as Neurochemical Initiators of Change in Human Hypothalamic Function and Related pharmaceutical Compositions”, in Official Gazette of the United States Patent and Trademark Office:

(biochemistry) A derivative of estradiol characterized by a structure that includes a phenolic ring.


lactase

lactase (countable and uncountable, plural lactases)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-lactase.wav

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) A β-galactosidase enzyme that is involved in the hydrolysis of the disaccharide lactose into constituent galactose and glucose monomers.


lactase

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) lactase (a β-galactosidase enzyme)


telomerase

(biochemistry, genetics) An enzyme in eukaryotic cells that adds a specific sequence of DNA to the telomeres of chromosomes after they divide; gives the chromosomes stability over time.


telopeptide

(biochemistry) an amino acid sequence, (normally at one or more ends), that have a function in building or conforming a protein and are proteolytically removed at maturity


mutase

(biochemistry) An isomerase that catalyzes the shifting of a functional group from one position to another within the same molecule


secretase

(biochemistry) An enzyme that "snips" pieces off a longer protein that is embedded in the cell membrane.


Martinize

en-verb

Martinize (third-person singular simple present Martinizes, present participle Martinizing, simple past and past participle Martinized)

Martinizes (present singular third-person)
Martinizing (participle present)
Martinized (participle past)
Martinized (past)

(biochemistry) To produce a coarse-grain structure of a protein topology


ephedrine

en-noun

ephedrine (countable and uncountable, plural ephedrines)

The great advantage of ephedrine is its effectiveness if taken as a pill, whereas adrenaline works only if injected or inhaled.

2003, Samuel H. Barondes, chapter 5, in Better than Prozac, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 63:

(biochemistry, pharmacology) A crystalline alkaloid drug C₁₀H₁₅NO obtained from a Chinese ephedra (Ephedra sinica) or synthesized that has the physiological action of epinephrine. It causes constriction of the blood vessels and widening of the bronchial passages and is used in the form of its hydrochloride or sulfate to relieve asthma and hay fever.


peptone

From German Pepton, from Ancient Greek πεπτόν (peptón, “cooked, digested”) derived from πέπτω (péptō, “soften, ripen, boil, cook, bake, digest”).

der

(biochemistry) Any water-soluble mixture of polypeptides and amino acids formed by the partial hydrolysis of protein.

πεπτόνη

water-soluble product of partial protein hydrolysis


chymotrypsin

en-noun

chymotrypsin (countable and uncountable, plural chymotrypsins)

(biochemistry) An endopeptidase enzyme that cleaves peptides at the carboxyl side of tyrosine, tryptophan, and phenylalanine amino acids.


elastin

elastin (countable and uncountable, plural elastins)

Our stomachs produce an enzyme specifically designed to break down elastin, a type of protein found in meat and nowhere else.

2006, Michael Pollan, The Omnivore's Dilemma, The Penguin Press, →ISBN, page 289:

(biochemistry) A protein, similar to collagen, found in connective tissue, that has elastic properties.

élastine

protein with elastic properties, similar to collagen


PCP

PCP (countable and uncountable, plural PCPs)

(biochemistry) Initialism of peptidyl carrier protein.


lipase

(biochemistry) Any of a group of enzymes which catalyses the hydrolysis of lipids.


lipase

(biochemistry) lipase (any enzyme which catalyses the hydrolysis of lipids)


reductase

disulfide reduction by glutathione is a three-step process, the last of which is catalyzed by glutathione reductase

2008, Louis J. Casarett, Curtis D. Klaassen, Casarett and Doull's toxicology: the basic science of poisons, McGraw-Hill Professional, page 187:

(biochemistry) An enzyme that chemically reduces its substrate.


polyadenylic acid

(biochemistry) A polymer of adenylic acid attached to mRNA before transportation to the cytoplasm.


catechol oxidase

(biochemistry) An enzyme, similar to tyrosinase, that catalyses the oxidation of phenols such as catechol.


peroxidase

Furthermore, wedelolactone also increased the activities of superoxidase dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and decreased the level of the lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA) in the liver, therefore decreasing the activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT).

2015 July 14, “Wedelolactone Regulates Lipid Metabolism and Improves Hepatic Steatosis Partly by AMPK Activation and Up-Regulation of Expression of PPARα/LPL and LDLR”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any of a class of enzymes that act on substrates such as hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxides such as lipid peroxides.


kinase

From Ancient Greek κινεῖν (kineîn, “to move”) + -ase, a suffix forming enzyme names.

uder

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) Any of a group of enzymes that transfer phosphate groups from high-energy donor molecules, such as ATP, to specific target molecules (substrates), in a process termed phosphorylation.


kinase

kinasê (canonical)
kinase-kinase (plural)

Internationalism, borrowed from Dutch kinase, from Ancient Greek κινεῖν (kineîn, “to move”) + -ase, a suffix forming enzyme names.


diastase

From Ancient Greek διάστασις (diástasis, “separation”).

(biochemistry) Any one of a group of enzymes which catalyse the breakdown of starch into maltose; mostly amylases (α-amylase and β-amylase).

diastaasi

enzyme which catalyses the breakdown of starch into maltose


polynucleotide

(biochemistry) A polymeric macromolecule composed of many nucleotides; examples include DNA and RNA


proteid

When strong nitric acid is added to an aqueous solution of any of the proteids, a white precipitate forms, which turns yellow on heating the liquid.

1907, R. Douglas Bailey, The Brewer's Analyst, page 89:

1914, Eugene Christian, Encyclopedia of Diet: A Treatise on the Food Question, Digital Edition, unnumbered page,
The proteid substances in the body must be formed from proteids taken in the form of food, because only proteid foods contain the element nitrogen. All proteids contain nitrogen, but all nitrogen does not contain protein. All proteids, therefore, are nitrogenous compounds.

1996, Arnold Eiloart (translator and editor), M. Bircher-Benner, Food Science for All and a New Sunlight Theory of Nutrition, page 12,
It was in the forties of the last century that the great chemist, Justus Liebig, brought the chemistry of food up to this point. As he believed moreover that proteids provide not only the building-material of living substance, but also muscular power, he regarded it as a nourishing principle.


polyribonucleotide

(biochemistry) A biological macromolecule consisting of multiple ribonucleotides


polyribosome

(biochemistry) A cluster of ribosomes, connected by mRNA, that collectively synthesizes protein


polytypic

en-adj

polytypic (comparative more polytypic, superlative most polytypic)

more polytypic (comparative)
most polytypic (superlative)

From Ancient Greek πολῠ- (polŭ-) + τῠπῐκός (tŭpĭkós). By surface analysis, poly- + type + -ic.

(microbiology) of a cell sample, containing several cell types


cistrome

From cis + trans + -ome. Coined by investigators at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School Technologies.

(microbiology) The set of DNA segments (cis) of a transacting factor on a genome scale.

(microbiology) A map of all locations effected by the estrogen receptor.


nonsteroidal

Finerenone, a nonsteroidal MRA, was among the drugs in the trials.

2024 January 9, Jacqueline Howard, “Kidney disease medication found to reduce risk of cardiovascular death in certain heart failure patients in new study”, in CNN:

(biochemistry) That does not consist of or contain steroids.


constitutive

constitutive (comparative more constitutive, superlative most constitutive)

more constitutive (comparative)
most constitutive (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-constitutive.wav

(biochemistry) (of an enzyme) that is continuously produced at a constant rate


muscarina

From Scientific Latin muscarina, from translingual Amanita muscaria.


Östrogen

de-noun

Östrogen n (strong, genitive Östrogens, plural Östrogene)

(biochemistry, steroids) estrogen, œstrogen, oestrogen


metallochaperone

(biochemistry) Any of a family of proteins that move metal ions to specific sites within a cell, normally to bind with metalloenzymes and cofactors


misfold

en-verb

misfold (third-person singular simple present misfolds, present participle misfolding, simple past and past participle misfolded)

misfolds (present singular third-person)
misfolding (participle present)
misfolded (participle past)
misfolded (past)

The prionopathies are best known among the neurodegenerative diseases for their ability to misfold, self-propagate, and infect other organisms.

2021 March 1, Anderson, K.N., Overcast, W.B., Brosch, J.R., Graner, B.D., Veronesi, M.C., “Prionopathies and Prionlike Protein Aberrations in Neurodegenerative Diseases”, in American Society of Neuroradiology, volume 11, number 2, →DOI, pages 127-148:

(biochemistry, intransitive, of a protein or nucleic acid) To fold into an unusual or incorrect tertiary structure; misfolded proteins occur in various diseases, including amyloidoses and dementias, although the question of causation versus consequence is not yet definitively answered for dementias.


sphingolipid

(biochemistry) Any lipid, such as sphingomyelin, that is derived from sphingosine or one of its derivatives


sphingomyelin

(biochemistry) a phospholipid, derived from sphingosine and choline, found in nerve tissue


sphingosine

(biochemistry) An unsaturated aliphatic amino alcohol associated with the lipids of brain tissue


globulin

en-noun

globulin (countable and uncountable, plural globulins)

globulins (plural)
globuline (alternative)

The most effective approach to delaying and preventing recurrent HBV infection has been high dose immune globulin (anti-HBsIg) perioperatively and postoperatively (table 4).

1993 November 27, Teresa L. Wright, Johnson Y. N. Lau, “Clinical aspects of hepatitis B virus infection”, in The Lancet, volume 342, number 8883, →PMID, page 1342:

On the good news front, the guide reports that a new hepatitis A vaccine, which is now licensed in Europe, should be available in the United States sometime this year. It provides longer protection than the current recommended vaccine -- immune globulin (IG) -- against the hepatitis A virus, which means it does not have to be administered as frequently.

1994 March 20, James Yenckel, “Health in the Tropics”, in The Washington Post:

Even for the unprotected, those who are exposed can expect 90 percent effectiveness with a course of postexposure prophylaxis that includes hepatitis B immune globulin and initiation of hepatitis B vaccine.

2000, Kimbra Cutlip, “Preventing needlestick injuries in healthcare settings”, in Hospital Topics, volume 78, →PMID:

(biochemistry) Any of a group of simple proteins, soluble in water only in the presence of salts, that are coagulated by heat


auricula

auricula (plural auriculae or auriculas)

Unadapted borrowing from Latin auricula (“external ear; ear”). Doublet of auricle.

ubor

(palynology) A pronounced thickening at the corner of a trilete spore, beyond the end of the laesura.


ιός

iós (romanization)
ιοί (plural)
ιός (nominative singular)
ιοί (nominative plural)
ιού (genitive singular)
ιών (genitive plural)
ιό (accusative singular)
ιούς (accusative plural)
ιέ (singular vocative)
ιοί (plural vocative)

Inherited from Ancient Greek ἰός (iós, “poison; venom”).

ιοβόλος

poisonus -of snakes-, emitting poison; in its ancient sense

Ο ιός και η ασθένεια εντοπίστηκαν για πρώτη φορά στην πόλη Γουχάν της Κίνας τον Δεκέμβριο του 2019.

2020 November 1, Μερόπη Μανταίου, “Ο ιός της πανδημίας [The pandemic virus]”, in Η Εφημερίδα των Συντακτών [Newspaper of the Journalists]:

The virus and the disease were first detected in Wuhan, China in December 2019.

O iós kai i asthéneia entopístikan gia próti forá stin póli Gouchán tis Kínas ton Dekémvrio tou 2019.


retinoblastoma protein

en-noun

retinoblastoma protein (plural retinoblastoma proteins)

(biochemistry) A protein whose inactivation by mutation leads to the formation of retinoblastomas.


ubiquitin

(biochemistry) Any of a class of small protein, or polypeptide, present in the cells of all eukaryotes, that play a part in modifying and degrading proteins.


ubiquitination

ubiquitination (countable and uncountable, plural ubiquitinations)

(biochemistry) The modification of a protein by the covalent attachment of one or more ubiquitin molecules.


ubiquitinate

en-verb

ubiquitinate (third-person singular simple present ubiquitinates, present participle ubiquitinating, simple past and past participle ubiquitinated)

ubiquitinates (present singular third-person)
ubiquitinating (participle present)
ubiquitinated (participle past)
ubiquitinated (past)

From ubiquitin + -ate (verb-forming suffix).

(biochemistry) To modify a protein by attaching ubiquitin molecules.


ubiquitinated

(biochemistry) Modified or degraded by the attachment of ubiquitin molecules.


enterobacterium

(microbiology) Any of very many gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae, many of which are pathogenic.


depyrimidination

en-noun

depyrimidination (countable and uncountable, plural depyrimidinations)

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) A process in which the chemical bond linking a pyrimidine (cytosine or thymine) to a deoxyribose sugar breaks spontaneously. It occurs at a lower rate compared to depurination with only 500 cytosine and thymine bases lost per cell per day in a typical mammalian cell.


thyrocalcitonin

thyrocalcitonin (countable and uncountable, plural thyrocalcitonins)

(biochemistry) Alternative form of calcitonin.


calcitonin

calcitonin (countable and uncountable, plural calcitonins)

calcitonins (plural)
thyrocalcitonin (alternative)

Intriguingly, the rat C1b isoform of the calcitonin receptor (CTR) (see Section VI-B) has very little interaction with the thyroidally derived form of calcitonin.

1997, Louis V. Avioli, Metabolic Bone Disease and Clinically Related Disorders, page 98:

(biochemistry) A polypeptide hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that has the effect of lowering blood calcium.


thyroxine

thyroxine (countable and uncountable, plural thyroxines)

From thyr- (“thyroid”) + ox- (“oxygen”) + -ine.

af

(biochemistry) A hormone (an iodine derivative of tyrosine), produced by the thyroid gland, that regulates cell metabolism and growth.


satori

en-noun

satori (usually uncountable, plural satoris)

Borrowed from Japanese 悟り (satori, “understanding; (Buddhism) enlightenment, satori”), from 悟る (satoru, “to perceive; to comprehend, understand; to come to enlightenment”), from Middle Chinese 悟 (nguH, “to become aware, apprehend, realize; to awaken”) (modern Mandarin 悟 (wù)), used to translate Pali bodhi (“supreme knowledge”) or its etymon Sanskrit बोधि (bodhi, “perfect knowledge or wisdom by which a person becomes a buddha or jina; enlightened or illuminated intellect of a Buddha or jina”).
Sense 3 (“mutant gene of Drosophila that causes homosexual behaviour in males”) was coined by the Japanese scientist Daisuke Yamamoto in a 1991 paper, based on the Japanese term.

coinage

We have isolated a new Drosophila mutant, satori (sat), the males of which do not court or copulate with female flies. […] We have screened about 2000 fly lines with single P-element insertions for altered sexual behavior, yielding a mutant named satori (sat; nirvana in Japanese), the males of which do not court or copulate with females. Instead, sat males exhibit homosexual courtship.

1996 September, Hiroki Ito, Daisuke Yamamoto [et al.], “Sexual Orientation in Drosophila is Altered by the Satori Mutation in the Sex-determination Gene Fruitless that Encodes a Zinc Finger Protein with a BTB Domain”, in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, volume 93, number 18, Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, →DOI, →ISSN, →JSTOR, →OCLC, →PMID, archived from the original on 2024-09-30, page 9687, column 1:

[T]he primary site of action of the fru gene should be in the neural cells. satori,^([sic]) one of the P-insertion alleles of fru which we isolated, carried the lacZ gene of E. coli as a reporter, and β-galactosidase expression was found in a subset of brain cells including those in the antennal lobe in the satori mutant.

1996 October, Daisuke Yamamoto, Hiroki Ito, Kazuko Fujitani, “Genetic Dissection of Sexual Orientation: Behavioral, Cellular, and Molecular Approaches in Drosophila melanogaster”, in Neuroscience Research: The Official Journal of the Japan Neuroscience Society, volume 26, number 2, Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC, abstract, page 95:

In Drosophila the satori (sat) mutants of males do not court or copulate with females but have sexual interest in males.

1998, George P. Rédei, “HOMOSEXUAL”, in Genetics Manual: Current Theory, Concepts, Terms, Singapore; River Edge, N.J.: World Scientific, published 1999, →ISBN, page 484:

(countable, biochemistry) A mutant gene of Drosophila, a genus of fruit flies, that causes homosexual behaviour in males (specifically, courtship directed to other males).


anserine

en-noun

anserine (countable and uncountable, plural anserines)

From Latin anser (“goose”) + -ine, after German Anserin.

(biochemistry) A dipeptide compound present in birds and other vertebrates, originally isolated from goose muscle.


rhomboid protease

rhomboid protease (plural rhomboid proteases)

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes that cleave proteins within biological membranes allowing release of effector domains from the membrane


translocon

endoplasmic reticulum
endoplasmic reticulum

(biochemistry) A complex of proteins associated with the translocation of nascent polypeptides into the interior space of the endoplasmic reticulum from the cytosol


hemagglutinin

hemagglutinin (countable and uncountable, plural hemagglutinins)

hemagglutinins (plural)
haemagglutinin (alternative)
haemoagglutinin (alternative)

(biochemistry) An antigenic glycoprotein that causes agglutination of red blood cells


neuraminidase

neuraminidase (countable and uncountable, plural neuraminidases)

(biochemistry) An antigenic enzyme, found on the surfaces of viruses, that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal acylneuraminic residues from oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids.


agonis

Borrowed from Dutch agonist (“agonist”), from Latin agōnista, from Ancient Greek ἀγωνιστής (agōnistḗs, “combatant, champion”).

der

(biochemistry, pharmacology) a molecule that can combine with a receptor on a cell to produce a physiological reaction.


resveratrol

en-noun

resveratrol (countable and uncountable, plural resveratrols)

Resveratrol (3,4,5-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene) is a phenolic compound of the stilbene family present in wines and various parts of the grape, including the skin, and shows antioxidant and antiproliferative activities.

2003, Massimo Maffei, “7: Biochemistry, physiology and bioengineering of bioactive compounds from plants used as dietary supplements”, in Massimo Maffei, editor, Dietary Supplements of Plant Origin: A Nutrition and Health Approach, page 152:

2003, Diane F. Birt, Weiqun Wang, Nancy Paiva, Angela Au, Chilly Chung, Laura Schmitt, Yu Jiang, Chapter 5: Cancer Prevention by Phytochemicals, Modulation of Cell Cycle, Mark S. Meskin, Wayne R. Bidlack, Audra J. Davies, Douglas S. Lewis, R. Keith Randolph (editors), Phytochemicals: Mechanisms of Action, Volume 4, page 64,
Resveratrol was first identified in grape vines in 1976 and in wine in 1992.

2011, Yiwei Li, Dejuan Kong, Aamir Ahmad, Bin Bao, Fazlul H. Sarkar, Chapter 16: Augmenting the Efficacy of Chemo- and Radio-Therapy by Nutraceuticals: Evidence from Pre-Clinical and Clinical Trials, Fazlul H. Sarkar (editor), Nutraceuticals and Cancer, page 366,
Resveratrol is a phytoalexin mainly found in grapes. Red wine contains a high level of resveratrol. Resveratrol has been shown to prevent the development of mammary and other tumors in vivo in animal models (Bishayee 2009).

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) A phenolic substance, 3,5,4'-trihydroxystilbene, a stilbenoid and phytoalexin, that is found in some fruits and nuts, and in red wine, and is reputed to have some beneficial properties for humans.


sonic hedgehog

Named after the video game character Sonic the Hedgehog, in reference to the hedgehog signalling pathway, itself from sonic (Japanese ソニック (Sonikku)).

(biochemistry, sometimes capitalized) A morphogenic protein that controls cell division of adult stem cells and has been implicated in the development of some cancers.

Sonic the Hedgehog (character)
sonic hedgehog


protein phosphorylation

protein phosphorylation (countable and uncountable, plural protein phosphorylations)

(biochemistry) The binding of phosphate to proteins to form phosphoproteins.


phosphoprotein

(biochemistry) any protein containing bound phosphate or complexed with a phospholipid


proacrosin

(biochemistry) A protein that is a precursor of acrosin.


acrosin

(biochemistry) A proteolytic enzyme, found in the acrosome of spermatozoa, that enables penetration of the egg.


tetrahydropalmatine

(biochemistry) A neuroactive alkaloid with analgesic and hypnotic action.


neurosteroid

(biochemistry, neuroscience) A neuroactive steroid


neuroactive steroid

neuroactive steroid (plural neuroactive steroids)

(biochemistry, neuroscience) Any of several steroids, synthesized in the myelinating glial cells, which alter neuronal excitability through interaction with neurotransmitter-gated ion channels.


Polo kinase

Polo kinases (plural)
polo kinase (alternative)

From the Polo/polo gene in Drosophila melanogaster.

(biochemistry) An enzyme that regulates cell cycle progression.


trafficking

(biochemistry) The movement of an enzyme (or other protein) through tissue.

traficación

the movement of an enzyme or other protein through tissue


met-enkephalin

(biochemistry) One of a pair of pentapeptides, (Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met) occurring naturally in the brain, that affects pain perception.


pentapeptide

(biochemistry) An oligopeptide formed from five amino acids.


radiobiology

(biochemistry) The use of radioactive labels to study biological processes


CAG

CAG (countable and uncountable, plural CAGs)

(genetics, biochemistry) The nucleobase coding triplet cytosine (C), adenine (A), guanine (G).


aminohappo

aminohappo (nominative singular)
aminohapot (nominative plural)
aminohappo (accusative nominative singular)
aminohapot (accusative nominative plural)
aminohapon (accusative genitive singular)
aminohapot (accusative genitive plural)
aminohapon (genitive singular)
aminohappojen (genitive plural)
aminohappoa (partitive singular)
aminohappoja (partitive plural)
aminohapossa (inessive singular)
aminohapoissa (inessive plural)
aminohaposta (elative singular)
aminohapoista (elative plural)
aminohappoon (illative singular)
aminohappoihin (illative plural)
aminohapolla (adessive singular)
aminohapoilla (adessive plural)
aminohapolta (ablative singular)
aminohapoilta (ablative plural)
aminohapolle (allative singular)
aminohapoille (allative plural)
aminohappona (essive singular)
aminohappoina (essive plural)
aminohapoksi (singular translative)
aminohapoiksi (plural translative)
aminohapotta (abessive singular)
aminohapoitta (abessive plural)
aminohapoin (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
aminohapponi (nominative singular)
aminohapponi (nominative plural)
aminohapponi (accusative nominative singular)
aminohapponi (accusative nominative plural)
aminohapponi (accusative genitive singular)
aminohapponi (accusative genitive plural)
aminohapponi (genitive singular)
aminohappojeni (genitive plural)
aminohappoani (partitive singular)
aminohappojani (partitive plural)
aminohapossani (inessive singular)
aminohapoissani (inessive plural)
aminohapostani (elative singular)
aminohapoistani (elative plural)
aminohappooni (illative singular)
aminohappoihini (illative plural)
aminohapollani (adessive singular)
aminohapoillani (adessive plural)
aminohapoltani (ablative singular)
aminohapoiltani (ablative plural)
aminohapolleni (allative singular)
aminohapoilleni (allative plural)
aminohapponani (essive singular)
aminohappoinani (essive plural)
aminohapokseni (singular translative)
aminohapoikseni (plural translative)
aminohapottani (abessive singular)
aminohapoittani (abessive plural)
aminohappoineni (comitative plural)
aminohapposi (nominative singular)
aminohapposi (nominative plural)
aminohapposi (accusative nominative singular)
aminohapposi (accusative nominative plural)
aminohapposi (accusative genitive singular)
aminohapposi (accusative genitive plural)
aminohapposi (genitive singular)
aminohappojesi (genitive plural)
aminohappoasi (partitive singular)
aminohappojasi (partitive plural)
aminohapossasi (inessive singular)
aminohapoissasi (inessive plural)
aminohapostasi (elative singular)
aminohapoistasi (elative plural)
aminohappoosi (illative singular)
aminohappoihisi (illative plural)
aminohapollasi (adessive singular)
aminohapoillasi (adessive plural)
aminohapoltasi (ablative singular)
aminohapoiltasi (ablative plural)
aminohapollesi (allative singular)
aminohapoillesi (allative plural)
aminohapponasi (essive singular)
aminohappoinasi (essive plural)
aminohapoksesi (singular translative)
aminohapoiksesi (plural translative)
aminohapottasi (abessive singular)
aminohapoittasi (abessive plural)
aminohappoinesi (comitative plural)
aminohappomme (nominative singular)
aminohappomme (nominative plural)
aminohappomme (accusative nominative singular)
aminohappomme (accusative nominative plural)
aminohappomme (accusative genitive singular)
aminohappomme (accusative genitive plural)
aminohappomme (genitive singular)
aminohappojemme (genitive plural)
aminohappoamme (partitive singular)
aminohappojamme (partitive plural)
aminohapossamme (inessive singular)
aminohapoissamme (inessive plural)
aminohapostamme (elative singular)
aminohapoistamme (elative plural)
aminohappoomme (illative singular)
aminohappoihimme (illative plural)
aminohapollamme (adessive singular)
aminohapoillamme (adessive plural)
aminohapoltamme (ablative singular)
aminohapoiltamme (ablative plural)
aminohapollemme (allative singular)
aminohapoillemme (allative plural)
aminohapponamme (essive singular)
aminohappoinamme (essive plural)
aminohapoksemme (singular translative)
aminohapoiksemme (plural translative)
aminohapottamme (abessive singular)
aminohapoittamme (abessive plural)
aminohappoinemme (comitative plural)
aminohapponne (nominative singular)
aminohapponne (nominative plural)
aminohapponne (accusative nominative singular)
aminohapponne (accusative nominative plural)
aminohapponne (accusative genitive singular)
aminohapponne (accusative genitive plural)
aminohapponne (genitive singular)
aminohappojenne (genitive plural)
aminohappoanne (partitive singular)
aminohappojanne (partitive plural)
aminohapossanne (inessive singular)
aminohapoissanne (inessive plural)
aminohapostanne (elative singular)
aminohapoistanne (elative plural)
aminohappoonne (illative singular)
aminohappoihinne (illative plural)
aminohapollanne (adessive singular)
aminohapoillanne (adessive plural)
aminohapoltanne (ablative singular)
aminohapoiltanne (ablative plural)
aminohapollenne (allative singular)
aminohapoillenne (allative plural)
aminohapponanne (essive singular)
aminohappoinanne (essive plural)
aminohapoksenne (singular translative)
aminohapoiksenne (plural translative)
aminohapottanne (abessive singular)
aminohapoittanne (abessive plural)
aminohappoinenne (comitative plural)
aminohapponsa (nominative singular)
aminohapponsa (nominative plural)
aminohapponsa (accusative nominative singular)
aminohapponsa (accusative nominative plural)
aminohapponsa (accusative genitive singular)
aminohapponsa (accusative genitive plural)
aminohapponsa (genitive singular)
aminohappojensa (genitive plural)
aminohappoaan (partitive singular)
aminohappoansa (partitive singular)
aminohappojaan (partitive plural)
aminohappojansa (partitive plural)
aminohapossaan (inessive singular)
aminohapossansa (inessive singular)
aminohapoissaan (inessive plural)
aminohapoissansa (inessive plural)
aminohapostaan (elative singular)
aminohapostansa (elative singular)
aminohapoistaan (elative plural)
aminohapoistansa (elative plural)
aminohappoonsa (illative singular)
aminohappoihinsa (illative plural)
aminohapollaan (adessive singular)
aminohapollansa (adessive singular)
aminohapoillaan (adessive plural)
aminohapoillansa (adessive plural)
aminohapoltaan (ablative singular)
aminohapoltansa (ablative singular)
aminohapoiltaan (ablative plural)
aminohapoiltansa (ablative plural)
aminohapolleen (allative singular)
aminohapollensa (allative singular)
aminohapoilleen (allative plural)
aminohapoillensa (allative plural)
aminohapponaan (essive singular)
aminohapponansa (essive singular)
aminohappoinaan (essive plural)
aminohappoinansa (essive plural)
aminohapokseen (singular translative)
aminohapoksensa (singular translative)
aminohapoikseen (plural translative)
aminohapoiksensa (plural translative)
aminohapottaan (abessive singular)
aminohapottansa (abessive singular)
aminohapoittaan (abessive plural)
aminohapoittansa (abessive plural)
aminohappoineen (comitative plural)
aminohappoinensa (comitative plural)

[ˈɑ̝mino̞ˌhɑ̝pːo̞]

ei-välttämätön aminohappo

välttämätön aminohappo

essentiaali aminohappo


glycosidic bond

glycosidic bond (plural glycosidic bonds)

(biochemistry) Any bond by reaction of the hemiacetal part of a saccharide and the hydroxyl group of another saccharide or an alcohol


actin

actin (countable and uncountable, plural actins)

→ Spanish: actina

From Ancient Greek ἀκτίς (aktís, “ray”), based on the shape of the filament formed, + -in.

2012, Elaine N. Marieb & Katja Hoehn, Human Anatomy & Physiology, 8th ed., chapter 9 "Muscles and Muscle Tissue", page 281.
Actin has kidney-shaped polypeptide subunits, called globular actin or G actin, which bear the active sites to which the myosin heads attach during contraction.

(biochemistry, uncountable) A globular structural protein that polymerizes in a helical fashion to form an actin filament (or microfilament).

(biochemistry, countable) One of the six isoforms of actin.


HIV virus

human immunodeficiency virus
human immunodeficiency virus#English

(virology, pleonastic) Synonym of HIV (“human immunodeficiency virus”)


human immunodeficiency virus

human immunodeficiency virus (plural human immunodeficiency viruses)

human immunodeficiency virus 1
human immunodeficiency virus 1

human immunodeficiency virus 2
human immunodeficiency virus 2

(virology) Either of the two related viruses, human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) and human immunodeficiency virus 2 (HIV-2) that progressively destroy the body's immune system and can potentially lead to AIDS.

atsʼíís yichʼą́ą́h naabaah bąąh dahooʼaʼ


polyketide

(biochemistry) Any of many biochemical intermediates, having such a structure, that have a role in biosynthesis and metabolism.


biosynthesis

biosynthesis (countable and uncountable, plural biosyntheses)

The rate-limiting step for cytokinin biosynthesis involves a group of isopentenyltransferase (IPT) enzymes.

2015 April 23, Simon Moore et al., “Spatiotemporal modelling of hormonal crosstalk explains the level and patterning of hormones and gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana wild-type and mutant roots”, in The New Phytologist, volume 207, →DOI:

(biochemistry) The synthesis of organic compounds within a living organism, especially the synthesis of large compounds from small ones.


tricarboxylic acid cycle

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) The Krebs cycle.

trikarboksyylihappokierto

the Krebs cycle — see also Krebs cycle, citric acid cycle


cytohesin

(biochemistry, immunology) Any of a family of proteins, abundant in cells of the immune system, that are regulatory factors in lymphocytes.


azaspiracid

Mytilus edulis
Mytilus edulis#Translingual

(biochemistry) Any of several organic compounds with a complex polycyclic structure, that is responsible for the toxicity of some mussels (Mytilus edulis)


non-esterified fatty acid

non-esterified fatty acid (plural non-esterified fatty acids)

non-esterified fatty acids (plural)
as NEFA (abbreviation)
nonesterified fatty acid (alternative)

(biochemistry) Any fatty acid which occurs free, rather than esterified with glycerol to form a glyceride or other lipid; usually as the result of hydrolysis


adiponectin

adiponectin (countable and uncountable, plural adiponectins)

(biochemistry) A protein hormone that modulates glucose regulation and fatty acid catabolism.


oxyntomodulin

oxyntomodulin (countable and uncountable, plural oxyntomodulins)

(biochemistry) A polypeptide hormone found to suppress appetite.


sirtuin

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes that act as regulatory factors that mediate the life-extending effects of a low-calorie diet.


protein subunit

protein subunit (plural protein subunits)

(biochemistry) Any protein that forms assemblies with others, especially those that form multimers or oligomers.


prodigiosin

(microbiology) A red pigment produced by certain bacteria.


vascular endothelial growth factor

vascular endothelial growth factor (plural vascular endothelial growth factors)

vascular endothelial growth factors (plural)
as: VEGF (abbreviation)

(biochemistry) A signalling protein that regulates vasculogenesis.


GH

(medicine, biochemistry) Initialism of growth hormone.


phylloquinone

phylloquinone (countable and uncountable, plural phylloquinones)

From phyllo- (“leaf”) + (naphtho)quinone.

(biochemistry, pharmacology) Synonym of phytomenadione.


collectrin

(biochemistry) A glycoprotein that has a regulatory function in kidney development.


phytonadione

(biochemistry, pharmacology) Alternative form of phytomenadione.


phytomenadione

(biochemistry, pharmacology) A yellow oily naphthoquinone C₃₁H₄₆O₂ that is obtained especially from alfalfa, cabbage, spinach, and other leafy green vegetables or made synthetically and that has a fast, potent, and prolonged biological effect. It is essential for the blood-clotting process, effective orally, and useful especially in treating hypoprothrombinemia induced by anticoagulant drugs (trademark Mephyton).


angiotensin

/ænd͡ʒɪəʊˈtɛnsɪn/

From angio- + (hyper)tens(ion) + -in. Compare also the morphologic parallels of vasopressin.

2001: In addition to stimulating the srteries to constrict, angiotensin also acts on the kidneys to suppress urine production, and acts on the brain to stimulate thirst and drinking behaviour. — Leslie Iversen, Drugs: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford 2001, p. 43)

(biochemistry) Any of several polypeptides that narrow blood vessels and thus regulate arterial pressure.

human recombinant soluble angiotensin-converting enzyme 2


menaquinone

(biochemistry, pharmacology) A pale yellow crystalline naphthoquinone C₄₁H₅₆O₂ that is obtained especially from putrefied fish meal and produced by bacteria in the large intestine and essential for the blood-clotting process. It is much more unsaturated than vitamin K₁ and slightly less active biologically, and is an isoprenoid derivative of menadione.


virion

(virology) A single individual particle of a virus (the viral equivalent of a cell).


virion

From virus + Ancient Greek -ιον (-ion, diminutive suffix).


psilocybin

en-noun

psilocybin (countable and uncountable, plural psilocybins)

Borrowed from German Psilocybin (coined by Albert Hofmann), from translingual Psilocybe (“genus of mushroom”) + -in.

af

The problem of the mushroom supply was solved straight away when Leary learned from a graduate student named George Litwin that a chemist at the Sandoz Corporation, Dr. Albert Hofmann, had recently synthesized the psychoactive molecule of the mushroom, calling it psilocybin.

2004, Martin Torgoff, “Psychedelic Spring”, in Can’t Find My Way Home: America in the Great Stoned Age, 1945–2000, New York, N.Y.: Simon & Schuster, →ISBN, page 70:

It’s no stretch to posit that because human neurotransmitters respond to the platform’s iconic use of a certain shade of blue, and spark with dopamine upon receiving a “like” or “tag” notification, desperate children are now living in cages and a raving madman occupies the Oval Office. Not even Orwell, after a feast of psilocybin, could have predicted this dystopia.

2019 January 29, Tom Bissell, “An Anti-Facebook Manifesto”, in New York Times:

(biochemistry) A hallucinogenic alkaloid, C₁₂H₁₅N₂O·H₂PO₃, present in several species of Central American mushroom and producing effects similar to LSD. The prodrug of psilocin.


glycoform

(biochemistry) Any of several different forms of a glycoprotein (or other biological glycoside) having different saccharides attached, or having a different structure.


isoform

This can be demonstrated in NOD mice in which a point mutation in the autoimmune regulator (Aire) gene results in the reduced expression of P0 in the thymus and a concomitant increase of P0 specific T cells in the periphery. 107 Similarly, autoimmunity is shifted towards the peripheral nerve in another NOD model deficient for isoforms of ICAM-1. 108 Altered expression of ICAM-1 on thymic epithelial cells transforms selection of T cells from a diabetogenic into a neuritogenic repertoire. 108 Studies such as these highlight the critical role of regulatory mechanisms in maintaining immune homeostasis and the impact that changes to regulation can have on the development of disease.

2015 February 12, Emily K Mathey et al., “Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy: from pathology to phenotype”, in Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, volume 86, →DOI:

single nucleotide polymorphism
single nucleotide polymorphism

(biochemistry) Any of several different forms of the same protein, arising from either single nucleotide polymorphisms, differential splicing of mRNA, or post-translational modifications (e.g. sulfation, glycosylation, etc.)


heterotrimeric

(biochemistry, of a protein) Containing three different subunits.


G protein

G proteins (plural)
G-protein (alternative)

From guanine nucleotide-binding protein.

(biochemistry) Any of a class of proteins, found in cell membranes, that pass signals between hormone receptors and effector enzymes


haloenzyme

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that is activated by a cofactor.


apoenzyme

(biochemistry) An inactive haloenzyme lacking a cofactor.

apoentsyymi

an inactive haloenzyme lacking a cofactor


VOC

(virology) Abbreviation of variant of concern.


培養

培養する (canonical)
baiyō suru (romanization)
培養し (stem)
培養した (past)
培養し
ばいようし
baiyō shi
培養する
ばいようする
baiyō suru
培養すれ
ばいようすれ
baiyō sure
培養せよ (imperative literary)
培養しろ (colloquial imperative)
ばいようせよ (imperative literary)
ばいようしろ (colloquial imperative)
baiyō seyo (imperative literary)
baiyō shiro (colloquial imperative)
培養される (passive)
ばいようされる (passive)
baiyō sareru (passive)
培養させる (causative)
培養さす (causative)
ばいようさせる (causative)
ばいようさす (causative)
baiyō saseru (causative)
baiyō sasu (causative)
培養できる (potential)
ばいようできる (potential)
baiyō dekiru (potential)
培養しよう (volitional)
ばいようしよう (volitional)
baiyō shiyō (volitional)
培養しない (negative)
ばいようしない (negative)
baiyō shinai (negative)
培養せず (continuative negative)
ばいようせず (continuative negative)
baiyō sezu (continuative negative)
培養します (formal)
ばいようします (formal)
baiyō shimasu (formal)
培養した (perfective)
ばいようした (perfective)
baiyō shita (perfective)
培養して (conjunctive)
ばいようして (conjunctive)
baiyō shite (conjunctive)
培養すれば (conditional hypothetical)
ばいようすれば (conditional hypothetical)
baiyō sureba (conditional hypothetical)


ヌクレオチド

Internationalism; see English nucleotide.


cutan

en-noun

cutan (countable and uncountable, plural cutans)

(biochemistry) A hydrocarbon polymer, of uncertain structure but thought to be similar to kerogen, found in some plants.


phosphoglycolipid

(biochemistry) Any phospholipid glycoside.


endoperoxide

(chemistry, biochemistry) Any heterocycle containing a peroxide -O-O- residue in the ring; found especially in certain intermediates in prostaglandin biosynthesis.


peptoprime

(biochemistry, very rare) A sequence of amino acids that has never been found in any protein in any species; some of these sequences may be incompatible with life.


proteorhodopsin

(biochemistry) Any of several proteins, found in marine bacteria, that are light-dependent proton pumps.


proton pump

proton pumps (plural)
proton-pump (alternative)

(biochemistry) Any protein in the membrane of a cell or mitochondrion whose function is to move protons across the membrane and thus establish an electrochemical potential.


bacteriorhodopsin

(biochemistry) Any of several related purple photosynthetic proteins, found in halobacteria, that act as proton pumps


abscisic acid

(biochemistry) A terpenoid best known as a plant hormone that inhibits seed germination and was once thought to be important in abscission.


plant hormone

(biochemistry) Any of many substances, produced by plants, that control or regulate their germination, growth, metabolism etc.


bioreactor

First, there will be little reaction in the settler so that the concentrations of soluble constituents in the recycle stream are the same as those in the bioreactor.

2011, C. P. Leslie Grady, Jr., Glen T. Daigger, Nancy G. Love, Biological Wastewater Treatment, Third Edition, page 189:

(biochemistry) A vat or pressure vessel, containing microorganisms or biochemically active substances, used for biotechnological processes such as fermentation, waste recycling, or making drugs.

bioreaktori

A fermentation vat containing microorganisms


alginate

From alginic acid + -ate (“salt, ester”).

(biochemistry) Any salt or ester of alginic acid.


胃液

/weɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ jɛ⁵¹/

/weɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ i⁵¹/

/wɐi̯²² jɪk̚²/

/ui²²⁻²¹ iɪk̚¹²¹/

/ui³³⁻²¹ iɪk̚⁴/

/ui²²⁻²¹ iɪk̚⁴/

/ui³³⁻¹¹ iɪk̚⁴/

/weɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ jɛ⁵¹/

/weɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ i⁵¹/

/wɐi̯²² jɪk̚²/

/ui²²⁻²¹ iɪk̚¹²¹/

/ui³³⁻²¹ iɪk̚⁴/

/ui²²⁻²¹ iɪk̚⁴/

/ui³³⁻¹¹ iɪk̚⁴/


apoinducer

(biochemistry) A protein that binds to DNA to activate transcription, particularly in positive gene control mechanisms.


proteasome

proteasomes (plural)
proteosome (alternative)

(biochemistry) A complex protein, found in bacterial, archeal and eukaryotic cells, that breaks down other proteins via proteolysis.


培養液

/pʰeɪ̯³⁵ jɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ jɛ⁵¹/

/pʰeɪ̯³⁵ jɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ i⁵¹/

/pʰuːi̯²¹ jœːŋ¹³ jɪk̚²/

/pʰeɪ̯³⁵ jɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ jɛ⁵¹/

/pʰeɪ̯³⁵ jɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ i⁵¹/

/pʰuːi̯²¹ jœːŋ¹³ jɪk̚²/


interleukin

From inter- + leuko- + -in;
*inter-: from Latin inter- (“between, amid”), a form of prepositional inter (“between”).
*leuko: from Ancient Greek λευκός (leukós, “white”)
*-in: from French -ine, from Latin -īna, feminine of -īnus "of" or "belonging to"

Indeed, it’s possible to create the full storm of cold symptoms with no cold virus at all, but only a potent cocktail of the so-called inflammatory mediators that the body makes itself[,] among them, cytokines, kinins, prostaglandins and interleukins, powerful little chemical messengers that cause the blood vessels in the nose to dilate and leak, stimulate the secretion of mucus, activate sneeze and cough reflexes and set off pain in our nerve fibers.

2010 October 4, Jennifer Ackerman, “How Not to Fight Colds”, in The New York Times:

As another interleukin 12/23 antagonist, briakinumab, was withdrawn from further development in part due to concerns about cardiovascular safety, discussion has also emerged on cardiovascular safety of ustekinumab.

2015 December 4, “Patient Preferences for Biologicals in Psoriasis: Top Priority of Safety for Cardiovascular Patients”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any of a group of cytokine proteins important in the regulation of lymphocyte function.