viral

From ví[rus] + -al. Piecewise doublet of virusal.

(microbiology) viral (relating to viruses)


hyaline

en-noun

hyaline (countable and uncountable, plural hyalines)

From Latin hyalinus, from Koine Greek ὑάλινος (huálinos), from ὕαλος (húalos, “glass”).

where a villus comes next to a gland the short cubical cells of the gland may be traced into the columnar cells of the villus , the hyaline border becoming more marked

1880, Arthur Gamgee, A Text-book of the physiological chemistry […] :

(biochemistry) The main constituent of the walls of hydatid cysts; a nitrogenous body, which, by decomposition, yields a dextrogyrate sugar, susceptible to alcoholic fermentation.


amyloid

amyloid (nominative singular)
amyloidy (nominative plural)
amyloidu (genitive singular)
amyloidów (genitive plural)
amyloidowi (dative singular)
amyloidom (dative plural)
amyloid (accusative singular)
amyloidy (accusative plural)
amyloidem (instrumental singular)
amyloidami (instrumental plural)
amyloidzie (locative singular)
amyloidach (locative plural)
amyloidzie (singular vocative)
amyloidy (plural vocative)

From amyl + -oid. First attested in 1852.

ref

Szymon Fabian (1852) Farmacya. T. 1, Początki botaniki i zoologii, chemia organiczna i farmakognozya (in Polish), page 61

złogi amyloidu

(medicine, biochemistry) amyloid (protein compound)


mineral

Borrowed from Dutch mineraal (“mineral”), from Old French mineral, (French minéral), from Medieval Latin minerale, from minera (“ore”), probably ultimately derived from Latin mina (“ore, mine”).

bor+

(biochemistry, nutrition, physiology) any inorganic element that is essential to nutrition; a dietary mineral.


GC

en-noun

GC (countable and uncountable, plural GCs)

(biochemistry) Initialism of glucocorticoid.

guanylate cyclase
guanylate cyclase#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of guanylate cyclase.


dopamine

dopamine (countable and uncountable, plural dopamines)

From DOPA (“dihydroxyphenylalanine”) + -amine.

af

Epinephrine and dopamine are two other catecholamine transmitters.

1988, Lubert Stryer, Biochemistry, 3rd edition, page 1025:

“The short-term, dopamine-driven feedback loops that we have created are destroying how society works: no civil discourse, no cooperation, misinformation, mistruth. And it’s not an American problem. This is not about Russian ads. This is a global problem.”

2017 December 12, Amy B Wang, “Former Facebook VP says social media is destroying society with ‘dopamine-driven feedback loops’”, in The Washington Post:

(biochemistry, pharmacology) A monoamine C₈H₁₁NO₂ that is a decarboxylated form of dopa, present in the body as a neurotransmitter and a precursor of other substances including adrenalin.


APT

acyl protein thioesterase
acyl protein thioesterase#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of acyl protein thioesterase.


channel

→ Japanese: チャンネル (channeru)

→ Korean: 채널 (chaeneol)

→ Welsh: sianel

From Middle English chanel (also as canel, cannel, kanel), a borrowing from Old French chanel, canel, from Latin canālis (“groove; canal; channel”). Doublet of canal.

kanal

communication: single path provided by a transmission medium via physical separation

kanaal

broadcasting: specific radio frequency or band of frequencies used for transmitting television

(biochemistry) An ion channel: pore-forming proteins located in a cell membrane that allow specific ions to pass through.


ion channel

2008 Daniels, David. "Ion Channels Play Key Role in R&D". 1 June 2008. Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News, 28 (11), pg 24.; archived 2 January 2010. ISSN 1935-472X. OCLC 77706455.
Ion channels, which facilitate this movement, are protein assemblies that penetrate the membrane and catalyze passage of specific ions such as sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), or calcium (Ca2+) into or out of the cell down the electrochemical gradient.

Pleurobrachia was missing many common proteins called ion channels that generate electric signals that travel rapidly down a nerve.

2017 August 1, Douglas Fox, “Aliens in our midst”, in Aeon:

(biochemistry) A protein complex or single protein that spans between both sides of a cell membrane and allows specific ions to pass through.

離子通道 /离子通道

membrane protein(s) allowing ions to pass


keratin

en-noun

keratin (countable and uncountable, plural keratins)

Borrowed from German Keratin, from Ancient Greek κέρας (kéras, “horn”) + -in.

(biochemistry) The protein of which hair and nails are composed.


keratin

From English keratin, from Ancient Greek κέρας (kéras) -in.


keratin

keratin (indefinite nominative singular)
keratins (genitive indefinite singular)
keratinet (definite nominative singular)
keratinets (definite genitive singular)


hesperidin

hesperidin (countable and uncountable, plural hesperidins)

(biochemistry) a flavanone glycoside found in citrus fruit


permease

(biochemistry) Any of several enzymes that transport membrane proteins.

permeaasi

enzyme that transports membrane proteins


coco

Learned borrowing from New Latin coccus, from Late Latin coccum, from Ancient Greek κόκκος (kókkos).


isolate

en-verb

isolate (third-person singular simple present isolates, present participle isolating, simple past and past participle isolated)

isolates (present singular third-person)
isolating (participle present)
isolated (participle past)
isolated (past)

Back-formation of isolated, from French isolé, from Italian isolato, from Latin insulatus (whence also insulate).

(transitive, microbiology) To separate a pure strain of bacteria etc. from a mixed culture.

isoleren

transitive, microbiology: to separate a pure strain of bacteria etc. from a mixed culture


androgen

It is known as Hatschek's pit and has been found to react positively to antibodies against substance P, met-enkephalin, cholecystokinin (CCK), mammalian luteinizing hormone (LH), and the enzyme aromatase (P450ₐᵣₒ), which converts certain androgens into estrogens (see Chapter 3).

2013, David O. Norris, Vertebrate Endocrinology, page 151:

However, high levels of the nonaromatizable androgen dihydrotestosterone and of sex-hormone binding globulin that inhibit fat accumulation in the abdomen might also contribute to reducing the waist.

2015 August 17, Ricardo Mondragón-Ceballos et al., “Waist-to-Hip Ratio, but Not Body Mass Index, Is Associated with Testosterone and Estradiol Concentrations in Young Women”, in International Journal of Endocrinology, volume 2015, →DOI:

(biochemistry, steroids) Any natural or synthetic compound, usually a steroid hormone, that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates. A male sex hormone such as testosterone or anabolic steroids.


androgen

[ənˈdɾɔ.ʒən]


androgen

androgen (nominative singular)
androgeny (nominative plural)
androgenu (genitive singular)
androgenów (genitive plural)
androgenowi (dative singular)
androgenom (dative plural)
androgen (accusative singular)
androgeny (accusative plural)
androgenem (instrumental singular)
androgenami (instrumental plural)
androgenie (locative singular)
androgenach (locative plural)
androgenie (singular vocative)
androgeny (plural vocative)

From andro- + gen. First attested in 1884.

ref

Juliusz Słowacki (1884) Genezis z Ducha ; List do J. N. Rembowskiego ; Wykład nauki ; Dziennik z r. 1847-1849 (in Polish), page 86

męskie androgeny


throw up

en-verb

throw up (third-person singular simple present throws up, present participle throwing up, simple past threw up, past participle thrown up)

throws up (present singular third-person)
throwing up (participle present)
threw up (past)
thrown up (participle past)

The vomit sense is a clipping of throw up one's accounts (18th century), from earlier idiom cast up one's accounts (15th century).

The baby threw up all over my shirt.

That cat is always throwing up hairballs.

I wonder what happens if you throw up in zero gravity.

1988 September 19, Bill Watterson, Calvin & Hobbes (comic):

(intransitive, transitive, now informal, bacteriology) To vomit.


CV

(virology) circovirus: A virus of the genus Circovirus

(virology) coronavirus: A virus of the genus Coronavirus


amino acid

See amine and acid. Likely a calque of German Aminosäure, which is attested earlier.

(biochemistry) Any organic compound containing both an amino and a carboxylic acid functional group.

حمض أميني

any organic compound containing amino and carboxylic acid

(biochemistry) Any of the twenty naturally occurring α-amino acids (having the amino, and carboxylic acid groups on the same carbon atom), and a variety of side chains, that combine, via peptide bonds, to form proteins.


essential amino acid

en-noun

essential amino acid (plural essential amino acids)

(biochemistry) One of the nine naturally occurring amino acids that the human body cannot synthesize, and so must be provided by dietary protein.

aminoàcid essencial

amino acid which is a dietry requirement


nonessential amino acid

nonessential amino acid (plural nonessential amino acids)

(biochemistry) Those of the naturally occurring amino acids that the human body can synthesize for itself, and so need not be provided by dietary protein.

非必需氨基酸

amino acid that the human body can synthesize


MIT

(biochemistry) Abbreviation of monoiodotyrosine.


interface

→ Armenian: միջերես (miǰeres) (calque)

→ Japanese: インターフェース (intāfēsu)

→ Korean: 인터페이스 (inteopeiseu)

desctree

→ Russian: интерфе́йс (interféjs)
→ Kazakh: интерфейс (interfeis)

→ Turkish: ayarüz (calque)

From inter- (“between”) + face (“shape, figure, form”).

تَعْشِيق

point of interconnection between entities

interfaze

computing, object-oriented: connection between parts of software

(biochemistry) The internal surface of a coiled protein (compare exoface).


terminator

[ˈtɜː.mɪ.næɪ.ɾə]

* Partly from post-classical Latin terminator (5th century), from Latin terminō; partly from terminate + -or.
* (android that kills humans): After the 1984 film The Terminator.

(biochemistry) A DNA sequence that causes RNA transcription to cease and an mRNA transcript to break off.


protist

From translingual Protista, from Ancient Greek πρώτιστος (prṓtistos).

(microbiology) Any of the eukaryotic unicellular organisms—including protozoans, slime molds and some algae—historically grouped into the kingdom Protista (or Protoctista), now distributed over several clades.

Any single-celled eukaryote, prokaryote or sponge .

Any single-celled eukaryote or prokaryote .

Besides the hundreds or thousands of metres of fungal mycelium in a teaspoon of healthy soil, there are more bacteria, protists, insects and arthropods than the number of humans who have ever lived on Earth.

2020, Merlin Sheldrake, Entangled Life, page 162:


denature

en-verb

denature (third-person singular simple present denatures, present participle denaturing, simple past and past participle denatured)

denatures (present singular third-person)
denaturing (participle present)
denatured (participle past)
denatured (past)
denaturise (alternative)

Sugars are wonderfully robust materials! Unlike proteins that easily denature and coagulate, unlike fats that are damaged by air and heat and go rancid, unlike starch chains that break apart into smaller chains of glucose molecules, sugars themselves are small and stable molecules.

2004, Harold McGee, chapter 12, in On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen, Scribner, →ISBN:

Because the activity of an enzyme depends on its structure, any change in that structure will destroy its effectiveness. So cooking foods sufficiently will denature and inactivate any enzymes they may contain.

2004, Harold McGee, chapter 15, in On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen, Scribner, →ISBN:

(transitive, intransitive, biochemistry) To alter its original form or state, especially of a protein, by heat, acidity etc.

denaturoida

to subject a protein to conditions altering its original form


FA

fosfatasa alcalina
fosfatasa alcalina#Spanish

(biochemistry) Initialism of fosfatasa alcalina (“alkaline phosphatase”).


substrate

(biochemistry) A substance acted upon, as by an enzyme.

substrat

the material or substance on which an enzyme acts


blotto

Partial acronym of bovine lacto transfer technique optimizer.

acronym of

Secondary goat anti-rabbit antiserum coupled to horseradish peroxidase at a dilution of 1:500 in blotto was then incubated with the blot for 1 hour. Again the unbound antibodies were removed by three rinses in 10% blotto for 15 minutes.

2006, Kimberly Kay Kutz-Naber, Mass Spectral Characterization of Neuropeptides in Cancer Crabs: Method Development and Biological Application (unpublished Ph. D. dissertation), [Madison, Wis.]: University of Wisconsin–Madison, →OCLC, page 236:

Generalized background staining of colostral cell preparations was blocked most effectively with Blotto + 10% FBS.

2007, Anna Levitt Smith, Detection of Bovine Leukemia Virus in Density-separated Bovine Colostral Cells (unpublished M.S. dissertation), [Davis, Calif.]: University of California, Davis, →OCLC, page 40:

Following transfer, the PVDF membrane was removed from the transfer cassette and placed in a sandwich tray and incubated in 20ml blotto (1×tBST, 7% nonfat dry milk and 0.1% Tween-20 pH 7.4) for 1 h while rocking.

2007, Jeffery Ray Williams, Alternate Substrates and Phosphorylation in the Function and Regulation of the Neuronal K-C1 Cotransporter, KCC2 (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation), [Davis, Calif.]: University of California, Davis, →OCLC, page 69:

Membranes were blocked at RT for 2 h with blotto [50 mM Tris pH 7.5, 0.185 mM NaCl, 0.05% Tween-20, 3% nonfat dry milk]. Ape1 monoclonal antibody developed in our laboratory (Novus Biologicals, Littleton, CO, USA) was diluted in blotto and incubated with the membrane overnight at 4°C (1:1000).

2009 April, Christopher N. Batuello, Mark R. Kelley, Joseph R. Dynlacht, “Role of Ape1 and Base Excision Repair in the Radiation Response and Heat-radiosensitization of HeLa Cells”, in Anticancer Research, volume 29, number 4, →ISSN, →PMID, page 1320, column 1:

(biochemistry) A reagent made from non-fat dry milk, phosphate buffered saline, and sodium azide, which is used to block protein binding sites for laboratory techniques such as blots and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

بلوتو

reagent used to block protein binding sites for laboratory techniques


morphine

en-noun

morphine (countable and uncountable, plural morphines)

morphines (plural)
morphin (alternative)
morphina (alternative)

Borrowed from French morphine or German Morphin, from Ancient Greek Μορφεύς (Morpheús, “the god and personification of dreams”).

der

(biochemistry, pharmacology) A crystalline alkaloid (7,8-didehydro-4,5-epoxy-17-methyl-morphinan-3,6-diol), extracted from opium, the salts of which are soluble in water and are used as analgesics, anaesthetics and sedatives; it is one of a group of morphine alkaloids.


morphine

From Ancient Greek Μορφεύς (Morpheús) + -ine.


vasodilator

(biochemistry, organic chemistry, pharmacology) A drug or chemical agent that causes dilation of the blood vessels thereby reducing blood pressure.


chlorophyll

en-noun

chlorophyll (usually uncountable, plural chlorophylls)

chlorophylls (plural)
chlorophyl (alternative)

Borrowed from French chlorophylle, from Ancient Greek χλωρός (khlōrós, “pale green”) and φύλλον (phúllon, “leaf”).

(biochemistry) Any of a group of green pigments that are found in the chloroplasts of plants and in other photosynthetic organisms such as cyanobacteria.


virulent

en-adj

virulent (comparative more virulent, superlative most virulent)

more virulent (comparative)
most virulent (superlative)

PIE word
 *wisós
From Middle English virulent (“leaking or seeping pus, purulent; (of putrefaction) extremely severe (sense uncertain)”) [and other forms], borrowed from Latin vīrulentus (“poisonous”), from vīrus (“poison; venom; slime, slimy liquid; stinking smell; nasty taste”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *wisós (“poison; slime; fluidity”)) + -ulentus (suffix meaning ‘abounding in, full of’, forming adjectives).
Sense 4 (“of a pathogen: replicating within its host cell, then immediately causing it to undergo lysis”) is derived from French virulent, which was first used in this sense by the French biologist François Jacob (1920–2013) and his co-authors in a 1953 article.

nb...

éditeurs, Libraris de l’Académie de Médecine, 120, Boulevard Saint-Germain

(microbiology) Of a pathogen: replicating within its host cell, then immediately causing it to undergo lysis.


lactose

en-noun

lactose (countable and uncountable, plural lactoses)

Borrowed from French lactose, from Latin lac (“milk”) + -ose (derivation of glucose). Coined by French chemist Marcelin Berthelot.

(biochemistry) The disaccharide sugar of milk and dairy products, C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁, a product of glucose and galactose used as a food and in medicinal compounds.


lactose

fr-noun

lactose m (usually uncountable, plural lactoses)

Coined by French chemist Marcelin Berthelot, from Latin lac (“milk”) + -ose (“sugar”) (derivation of sucrose). See also lait.


lactose

Borrowed from French lactose, formed from Latin lac (“milk”) + -ose (“sugar”) (derivation of sucrose).

(biochemistry) lactose (disaccharide sugar of milk)


disaccharide

(biochemistry) Any sugar, such as sucrose, maltose and lactose, consisting of two monosaccharides combined together.

disacàrid

a sugar consisting of two monosaccharides


monosaccharide

(biochemistry) A simple sugar such as glucose, fructose or deoxyribose that has a single ring

monosacàrid

a simple sugar, composed of a single ring


catabolism

en-noun

catabolism (usually uncountable, plural catabolisms)

From Ancient Greek καταβολή (katabolḗ, “throwing down”), from κατά (katá, “down”) + βάλλω (bállō, “I throw”).

uder

(biochemistry) Destructive (lytic) metabolism or metabolization, usually including the release of energy and breakdown of materials.


mtRNA

(biochemistry) Abbreviation of mitochondrial RNA.


mRNA

en-noun

mRNA (countable and uncountable, plural mRNAs)

When a cell “expresses” a gene, it translates the DNA first into a signature messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence and subsequently into a chain of amino acids that forms a protein.

2015 November 28, Ferris Jabr, “How Humans Ended Up With Freakishly Huge Brains”, in Wired:

Because of their fragility, the mRNA molecules will quickly fall apart at room temperature. Moderna’s vaccine will need to be refrigerated, and should be stable for up to six months when shipped and stored at –4°F (–20°C).

2020 December 5, Jonathan Corum, Carl Zimmer, “How Moderna’s Vaccine Works”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(uncountable, biochemistry) Initialism of messenger RNA.

(countable, biochemistry) A strand of messenger RNA.


tRNA

tRNA (countable and uncountable, plural tRNAs)

(biochemistry) Initialism of transfer RNA.


fatty acid

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-fatty acid.wav

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) Any of a class of aliphatic carboxylic acids, of general formula CₙH₂ₙ₊₁COOH, that occur combined with glycerol as animal or vegetable oils and fats. Only those with an even number of carbon atoms are normally found in natural fats.


collagen

collagen (countable and uncountable, plural collagens)

/ˈkɒləd͡ʒən/

/ˈkɒləd͡ʒɪn/

From French collagène, coined from Ancient Greek κόλλα (kólla, “glue”) and -γενής (-genḗs, “-forming”) (see -gen); it is the main substance that animal glues are derived from. Doublet of collage, colloid, and protocol.

doublet

Science cannot yet account for the conversion of collagen into gelatin.

1843, R. F. Marchand, “On the Chemical Composition of the Bones”, in The Chemist, volume 4, page 57:

(biochemistry) Any of more than 28 types of glycoprotein that form elongated fibers, usually found in the extracellular matrix of connective tissue.

كولاجين

glycoprotein that forms elongated fibers


glycoprotein

(biochemistry) A protein with covalently bonded carbohydrates.


peptide bond

(biochemistry) The primary linkage of amino acids in proteins.


saccharide

The saccharides include such substances as dextrose and levulose, which are typical examples of the two classes into which these bodies are divisible, viz. the Aldoses and Ketoses.

1895, Richard Lloyd Whiteley, chapter XXXV, in Organic Chemistry: The Fatty Compounds, London, New York: Longmans, Green, and Co., →OCLC, page 263:

(biochemistry) The unit structure of carbohydrates, of general formula CₙH₂ₙOₙ. Either the simple sugars or polymers such as starch and cellulose. The saccharides exist in either a ring or short chain conformation, and typically contain five or six carbon atoms.

сахары́д

the unit structure of carbohydrates, of general formula CnH2nOn


cellulose

en-noun

cellulose (countable and uncountable, plural celluloses)

(biochemistry) A polysaccharide containing many glucose units in parallel chains.


triose

(biochemistry) A sugar or saccharide containing three carbon atoms. Trioses are the smallest monosaccharides. Dihydroxyacetone and L-/D-glyceraldehyde are the only trioses.


tetrose

(biochemistry) A sugar or saccharide containing four carbon atoms.


pentose

pentoses (plural)
pentaose (alternative)

Ribose, found in RNA, is a common pentose.

(biochemistry) A sugar or saccharide containing five carbon atoms.


hexose

Glucose is a common hexose

(biochemistry) A sugar or saccharide containing six carbon atoms.


hexose

(biochemistry) hexose (a sugar containing six carbon atoms)


polysaccharide

Cellulose, starches, and complex carbohydrates, such as glycogen, are common polysaccharides in biology.

(biochemistry) A polymer made of many saccharide units linked by glycosidic bonds.


ketose

(biochemistry) A saccharide containing a ketone functional group.


CP

CP (countable and uncountable, plural CPs)

(virology) Initialism of capsid protein.


lactic

From Latin lactis (“of milk”), genitive form of lac (“milk”), with the suffix -ic.

lactic fermentation

In the morning the blood was crowded with commuters, the glucose peons, lactic and ureic sanitation workers, hemoglobinous deliverymen carrying loads of freshly brewed oxygen in their dented vans, […]

2001, Jonathan Franzen, The Corrections:

(biochemistry) Relating to, or producing, lactic acid.


flora

From Dutch flora, from Latin Flōra (goddess of flowers), flōs (“blossom”), from Proto-Italic *flōs, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₃-s (“flower, blossom”), from *bʰleh₃- (“to bloom”).

der

(microbiology) the microorganisms that inhabit some part of the body.


oxygenase

From German Oxygenase, corresponding to oxygen + -ase.

(biochemistry) An enzyme which catalyses biochemical reactions with oxygen.


oxyhaemoglobin

en-noun

oxyhaemoglobin (countable and uncountable, plural oxyhaemoglobins)

oxyhaemoglobins (plural)
oxyhæmoglobin (alternative)
oxyhemoglobin (alternative)

(biochemistry) The form of haemoglobin, loosely combined with oxygen, present in arterial and capillary blood.


oxytocin

oxytocin (countable and uncountable, plural oxytocins)

From oxytocic, from Ancient Greek ὀξύς (oxús, “swift”) + τόκος (tókos, “childbirth”, from τίκτω (tíktō, “I give birth”)).

af

from <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">τίκτω</i> (tíktō, “I give birth”)

Some women describe episodes of intense pleasure akin to orgasm during nursing. It would be interesting to know whether the release of oxytocin during suckling plays a role in this subjective feeling, as it may do in actual orgasm.

1994, Simon LeVay, The Sexual Brain, MIT Press, →ISBN, page 67:

MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, greatly increases feelings of empathy (and perhaps the actual capacity to perceive the emotions of others); one of the mechanisms (oxytocin release) is now becoming understood, […]

2011, Mark A.R. Kleiman et al., Drugs and Drug Policy, Oxford University Press, →ISBN:

When human beings bond—by hugging, kissing, touching, having sex, eating together, giving massages, or even when singing together or speaking reassuring words—oxytocin brings us “in from the cold,” warming us—quite literally—as it redirects blood flow into hands, feet, chests and cheeks.

2012, Giles Slade, “World without oxytocin”, in Big Disconnect, Prometheus Books, →ISBN:

(biochemistry) A hormone that stimulates contractions during labor, and then the production of milk; also plays a role in social bonding.


oxytocin

oxytocin (indefinite nominative singular)
oxytocins (genitive indefinite singular)
oxytocinet (definite nominative singular)
oxytocinets (definite genitive singular)
oxytociner (indefinite nominative plural)
oxytociners (genitive indefinite plural)
oxytocinerna (definite nominative plural)
oxytocinernas (definite genitive plural)


urochrome

en-noun

urochrome (countable and uncountable, plural urochromes)

(biochemistry) A pigment that causes the yellow color in urine. It is a breakdown product of the blood's haemoglobin and is removed by the kidneys.


obelisk

Hippodrome of Constantinople
Obelisk of Theodosius
Theodosius I
Thutmose III

From Middle French obelisque, from Latin obeliscus (“obelisk”), from Ancient Greek ὀβελίσκος (obelískos), diminutive of ὀβελός (obelós, “needle”). Compare obelus.

(virology) An RNA structure similar to a viroid, with a rod-like secondary structure, which comprises its own phylogenetic group.


meta-

From Ancient Greek μετα- (meta-), from μετά (metá), from Mycenaean Greek 𐀕𐀲 (me-ta), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *meth₂ (“in the middle”).


lysin

lysin (indefinite nominative singular)
lysins (genitive indefinite singular)
lysinet (definite nominative singular)
lysinets (definite genitive singular)


ricin

It had to be one of three things: A hoax. Or anthrax, which meant I’d have to go on Cipro for a month. Or if it was ricin, I was dead, so bye-bye.

2021 January 24, Donald G. McNeil Jr, “Fauci on What Working for Trump Was Really Like”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(biochemistry, toxicology) An extremely toxic lectin extracted from the castor bean.


actinidin

en-noun

actinidin (countable and uncountable, plural actinidins)

(biochemistry) A protein-digesting enzyme present in kiwi fruit. It is also an allergen.


quiescence

quiescence (countable and uncountable, plural quiescences)

From quiescent + -ence, or borrowed from Latin quiescentia, from quiescens, present participle of quiesco, from quies.

(microbiology) The period when a cell is in a term of no growth and no division.


mixed inhibition

mixed inhibition (countable and uncountable, plural mixed inhibitions)

(biochemistry) A mode of enzyme inhibition that includes components of both competitive and uncompetitive inhibition.


gluten

gluten (countable and uncountable, plural glutens)

From Middle French gluten, borrowed from Latin glūten (“glue”).

Chew on a small piece of dough, and it becomes more compact but persists as a gum-like, elastic mass, the residue that the Chinese named “the muscle of flour” and that we call gluten. It consists mainly of protein, and includes what may well be the largest protein molecules to be found in the natural world.

2004, Harold McGee, chapter 10, in On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen, Scribner, →ISBN:

Unfortunately, wholemeal bread is, according to many experts, a tricky thing to get right, as the lower gluten content of the flour makes for dense results […]

2010 June 10, Felicity Cloake, Word of Mouth Blog, The Guardian:

(cooking, biochemistry) The major protein in cereal grains, especially wheat; responsible for the elasticity in dough and the structure in baked bread.


gluten

gluten (nominative singular)
glutenu (genitive singular)
glutenowi (dative singular)
gluten (accusative singular)
glutenem (instrumental singular)
glutenie (locative singular)
glutenie (singular vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin glūten. Doublet of glut and glutyna.

(cooking, biochemistry) gluten (the major protein in cereal grains, especially wheat; responsible for the elasticity in dough and the structure in baked bread)


maltase

maltase (countable and uncountable, plural maltases)

(biochemistry) An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of maltose to glucose; often associated with amylase.

maltáza

an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of maltose to glucose


maltose

maltose (countable and uncountable, plural maltoses)

(biochemistry) A disaccharide, C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ formed from the digestion of starch by amylase; is converted to glucose by maltase; it is an isomer of trehalose


amylase

amylase (countable and uncountable, plural amylases)

egg yolk amylase

Egg yolks contain a starch-digesting enzyme, amylase, that is remarkably resistant to heat. Unless a starch-egg mix is brought to a full boil, the yolk amylase will survive, digest the starch, and turn the stiff cream into a pourable one.

2004, Harold McGee, chapter 2, in On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen, Scribner, →ISBN:

(biochemistry) Any of a class of digestive enzymes, present in saliva and also contributed to the gut by the exocrine pancreas, that break down complex carbohydrates such as starch into simpler sugars such as glucose.

amilasa

enzyme, present in saliva, that breaks down carbohydrates such as starch


albumin

albumin (countable and uncountable, plural albumins)

Borrowed from French albumine, from Latin albumen. Compare albumen.

(biochemistry) Any of a class of monomeric proteins that are soluble in water, and are coagulated by heat; they occur in egg white, milk etc; they function as carrier protein for steroids, fatty acids, and thyroid hormones and play a role in stabilizing extracellular fluid volume.


PCV

(virology, taxonomy) Porcine circovirus: A taxonomic species within the genus Circovirus – now divided into species Porcine circovirus 1, Porcine circovirus 2, Porcine circovirus 3.


probe

For verb: borrowed from Latin probare (“to test, examine, prove”), from probus (“good”). Doublet of prove.
For noun: borrowed from Late Latin proba (“a proof”), from probare (“to test, examine, prove”); Doublet of proof. Compare Spanish tienta (“a surgeon's probe”), from tentar (“try, test”); see tempt.

сонда

any of various medical instruments used to explore wounds, organs, etc

(biochemistry) Any group of atoms or molecules radioactively labeled in order to study a given molecule or other structure


intergenic region

en-noun

intergenic region (plural intergenic regions)

(microbiology) DNA sequences located between genes that make up a large percentage of the human genome with no known function.


insular

en-adj

insular (comparative more insular, superlative most insular)

more insular (comparative)
most insular (superlative)

Borrowed from Latin insularis (“of or belonging to an island”), from insula (“an island”), perhaps, from in (“in”) + salum (“the main sea”).


regulome

Regulation materials of cells vary greatly: even water can be an important regulome entity.

(biochemistry) The whole set of regulation components in a cell, tissue, organ, organism, and species, usually used in the context of a signal transduction.


fastidious

en-adj

fastidious (comparative more fastidious, superlative most fastidious)

more fastidious (comparative)
most fastidious (superlative)

From Latin fastīdiōsus (“passive: that feels disgust, disdainful, scornful, fastidious; active: that causes disgust, disgusting, loathsome”), from fastīdium (“a loathing, aversion, disgust, niceness of taste, daintiness, etc.”), perhaps for *fastutidium, from fastus (“disdain, haughtiness, arrogance, disgust”) + taedium (“disgust”). Cf. French fastidieux.

bor

fastidious organism

fastidious species

(microbiology, of a microorganism) Having precise requirements for nutrition and environment (chemical and physical); especially, being difficult to culture because of those requirements.


ulcerate

en-adj

ulcerate (comparative more ulcerate, superlative most ulcerate)

more ulcerate (comparative)
most ulcerate (superlative)

(palynology, of a pollen grain) Having an ulcus, a rounded pore-like aperture, at one or both poles.


mescaline

en-noun

mescaline (usually uncountable, plural mescalines)

mescalines (plural)
mescalin (alternative)

Lophophora williamsii
Lophophora williamsii#Translingual

(biochemistry) A hallucinogenic and intoxicating compound present in the peyote cactus (Lophophora williamsii), the San Pedro cactus (Echinopsis pachanoi), and the Peruvian torch (Echinopsis peruviana).


/ˌtiː ˈθɹiː/

(biochemistry) Abbreviation of triiodothyronine.


oso

Substantivization of the chemistry suffix -oso.

(biochemistry) Synonym of osio (“monose”)


ulcus

From Latin ulcus (“sore”). Doublet of ulcer.

(palynology) A rounded, pore-like aperture at either pole of a pollen grain.


CK

(biochemistry) Initialism of cytokeratin.

(biochemistry) Initialism of creatine kinase.


histone

Borrowed from German Histon, perhaps from Ancient Greek ἵστημι (hístēmi, “make stand”) or ἱστός (histós, “loom”).

der

(biochemistry) Any of various simple water-soluble proteins that are rich in the basic amino acids lysine and arginine and are complexed with DNA in the nucleosomes of eukaryotic chromatin.


histaminase

We suggest, however, that the substance, or system, which produces a change in structure responsible for the loss of physiological activity of histamine be designated histaminase.

1930 December 4, C. H. Best, E. W. McHenry, “The inactivation of histamine”, in The Journal of Physiology:

(biochemistry) A widely occurring flavoprotein enzyme that oxidizes histamine and various diamines.


histamine

en-noun

histamine (countable and uncountable, plural histamines)

histamines (plural)
histamin (alternative)

Mellanby and Twort have isolated from the fæces a bacillus which is able to produce from one of the amino acids normally formed in digestion of proteins a highly active body, histamine.

1913 June 1, Henderson VE, “Res Judicatae: On the Colon and Ileocolotomy”, in The Canadian Medical Association Journal, volume 3, number 6, page 521:

The intake of food triggers a release of histamine, which activates the acid-secreting cells.

2001, Leslie Iversen, Drugs: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford, page 46:

In a strongly ripened cheese, the casein proteins are broken down to amino acids, and the amino acids can be broken down into amines, small molecules that can serve as chemical signals in the human body. Histamine and tyramine are found in large quantities in Cheddar, blue, Swiss, and Dutch-style cheeses, and can cause a rise in blood pressure, headaches, and rashes in people who are especially sensitive to them.

2004, Harold McGee, chapter 1, in On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen, Scribner, →ISBN:

(biochemistry) An amine, C₅H₉N₃, formed by decarboxylation of histidine, that causes dilatation of capillaries, contraction of smooth muscle, and stimulation of gastric acid secretion; it is released during allergic reactions.


histidine

histidines (plural)
histidin (alternative)

essential amino acid
essential amino acid

(biochemistry) An essential amino acid C₆H₉N₃O₂ found in most animal proteins; essential for tissue growth and repair.


MRSA

MRSA (usually uncountable, plural MRSAs)

Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus#Translingual

(microbiology, medicine) Initialism of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; a bacterium responsible for serious infections.

MRSA

initialism or acronym for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus


side chain

side chains (plural)
sidechain (alternative)
side-chain (alternative)

(biochemistry) Any of the variable parts of amino acids that extend from the peptide backbone in proteins; they are referred to as R-groups, which branch off the backbone at the alpha carbon (Cα).


alginic acid

For the long-stalked kelps that sway in dusky forests just below the level of the spring tides, survival in the surf zone is largely a matter of chemistry. Their tissues contain large amounts of alginic acid and its salts, which create a tensile strength and elasticity able to withstand the pulling and pounding of the waves.

1955, Rachel Carson, chapter 2, in The Edge of the Sea, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, page 17:

(biochemistry) An insoluble colloidal acid (C₆H₈O₆)ₙ that in the form of its salts is a constituent of the cell walls of brown algae and is used as a food additive.


ascorbic acid

(biochemistry) A white crystalline organic compound, C₆H₈O₆, found in citrus fruits and many vegetables; it is an antioxidant and an efficient scavenger of free radicals.

àcid ascòrbic

the white crystalline organic compound, C6H8O6


aspartic acid

nonessential amino acid
nonessential amino acid

(biochemistry) A nonessential amino acid, L-α-amino-succinic acid, aminobutanedioic acid, found in animal protein and in sugar beet etc (C₄H₇NO₄).


citric acid cycle

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Persent101-citric acid cycle.wav

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) The Krebs cycle.

檸檬酸循環 /柠檬酸循环

the Krebs cycle — see also Krebs cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle


Krebs cycle

Named after German biochemist and physician Hans Adolf Krebs.

named-after

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) A series of enzymatic reactions that occurs in all aerobic organisms, involving the oxidative metabolism of acetyl units, and serving as the main source of cellular energy.

克雷伯氏循環 /克雷伯氏循环

series of enzymatic reactions — see also citric acid cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle


cholic acid

en-noun

cholic acid (countable and uncountable, plural cholic acids)

Mid 19th century, from Greek kholikos, from Ancient Greek χολή (kholḗ, “bile”).

(biochemistry) a steroidal bile acid, C₂₄H₄₀O₅, derived from cholesterol

(countable, biochemistry) Synonym of bile acid


steroidal

(biochemistry) Of, being, or derived from a steroid.


steroid

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) A class of organic compounds having a structure of 17 carbon atoms arranged in four rings; they are lipids, and occur naturally as sterols, bile acids, adrenal and sex hormones, and some vitamins; many drugs are synthetic steroids.


steroid

pl-noun

steroid m inan (related adjective steroidowy)

steroidowy (adjective)
steroid (nominative singular)
steroidy (nominative plural)
steroidu (genitive singular)
steroidów (genitive plural)
steroidowi (dative singular)
steroidom (dative plural)
steroid (accusative singular)
steroidy (accusative plural)
steroidem (instrumental singular)
steroidami (instrumental plural)
steroidzie (locative singular)
steroidach (locative plural)
steroidzie (singular vocative)
steroidy (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English steroid. Doublet of steryd.

(biochemistry) steroid (class of organic compounds)


macromolecule

Beadle discovered that genes carried instructions to build proteins—complex, multidimensional macromolecules that were the workhorses of the cell.

2010, Siddhartha Mukherjee, The Emperor of All Maladies, Fourth Estate (2011), page 345:

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) A very large molecule, especially used in reference to large biological polymers (e.g. nucleic acids and proteins).


unsaturated fatty acid

en-noun

unsaturated fatty acid (plural unsaturated fatty acids)

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) A fatty acid, such as oleic acid, that contains at least one carbon to carbon double bond.

不飽和脂肪酸 /不饱和脂肪酸

a fatty acid that contains at least one carbon to carbon double bond

不飽和脂肪酸 /不饱和脂肪酸

put-páu-hô chi-hông-sng, put-páu-hô chí-hông-sng


cholesterol

cholesterol (countable and uncountable, plural cholesterols)

cholesterols (plural)
cholest. (alternative)
cholesterin (alternative)
cholesterine (alternative)

(biochemistry) A sterol lipid synthesized by the liver and transported in the bloodstream to the membranes of all animal cells; it plays a central role in many biochemical processes and, as a lipoprotein that coats the walls of blood vessels, is associated with cardiovascular disease.

كُولِسْتِرُول

an essential component of mammalian cell membranes


sterol

From 1913; back-formation of cholesterol.

Sterols are found in all animal and plant tissue and play an important role in hormone chemistry.

Research into marine sterols falls neatly into three chronological periods.

1973, Paul J. Scheuer, Chemistry Of Marine Natural Products, Academic Press, page 58:

1989, Alain Rahier, Pierre Benveniste, 11: Mass Spectral Identification of Phytosterols, W. David Nes, Edward J. Parish (editors), Analysis of Sterols and Other Biologically Significant Steroids, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich (Academic Press), page 223,
Mass spectrometry (MS) and particularly the combination of mass spectrometry with gas spectrometry (GS/MS) has become an indispensable method for studying plant sterols and their biosynthesis.

The third major class of lipids is sterols. Sitosterol and stigmasterol are the major sterols found in plant membranes whereas cholesterol and ergosterol are found in small quantities. The primary sterol of yeast and other fungi is ergosterol Several sterol derivatives are found in nature.

1993, H. R. Petty, Molecular Biology of Membranes, Plenum Press, page 14:

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) Any steroid that contains a hydroxyl group in the 3-position of the A-ring.


gibberellic acid

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) An organic compound, one of the gibberellins, obtained from the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi, that functions as a growth hormone in plants.


gibberellin

gibberellin (countable and uncountable, plural gibberellins)

(biochemistry) Any of a class of diterpene plant growth hormones first isolated from the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi.


glutamic acid

monosodium glutamate
monosodium glutamate

(biochemistry) A nonessential amino acid, α-amino-glutaric acid, occurring widely in animal and plant tissues; the salt, monosodium glutamate is used as a flavour-enhancing seasoning.

àcid glutàmic

the nonessential amino acid (α-amino-glutaric acid)


tryptophan

tryptophan (countable and uncountable, plural tryptophans)

From German Tryptophan, from Ancient Greek φαίνω (phaínō, “to appear”).

der

The quickest way to raise serotonin levels again is to send more tryptophan into the brain, because serotonin is made from tryptophan.

1999, Matt Ridley, Genome, Harper Perennial, published 2004, page 169:

Tryptophan is an amino acid found in many foods, including dairy and turkey, which is one of the reasons commonly given for why so many of us feel so sleepy after our Thanksgiving feasts.

2020 December 10, Anahad O’Connor, “How Foods May Affect Our Sleep”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(biochemistry) An essential amino acid with an indole side chain; present in many foods, especially chocolate, oats, banana and milk; it is essential for normal growth and development and is the precursor of serotonin and niacin; any specific form of this compound, or any derivative of it.


ferment

ferment (nominative singular)
fermenty (nominative plural)
fermentu (genitive singular)
fermentów (genitive plural)
fermentowi (dative singular)
fermentom (dative plural)
ferment (accusative singular)
fermenty (accusative plural)
fermentem (instrumental singular)
fermentami (instrumental plural)
fermencie (locative singular)
fermentach (locative plural)
fermencie (singular vocative)
fermenty (plural vocative)


photosynthesis

en-noun

photosynthesis (usually uncountable, plural photosyntheses)

[ˌfəʊ.tʰəʊˈsɪn̪.θə.sɪs]

[ˌfŏʊ.ɾoʊˈsɪn̪.θə.sɪs]

ışık yardımı ile besin biriktirme süreci

Oxygen levels on Earth skyrocketed 2.4 billion years ago, when cyanobacteria evolved photosynthesis: the ability to convert water and carbon dioxide into carbohydrates and waste oxygen using solar energy.

2013 September-October, Katie L. Burke, “In the News”, in American Scientist:

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) Any process by which plants and other photoautotrophs convert light energy into chemical energy.

principally, oxygenic photosynthesis, any process by which plants and algae convert water and carbon dioxide into carbohydrates and waste oxygen using solar energy.

also, non-oxygenic photosynthesis, used by purple and green bacteria, heliobacteria, and acidobacteria.


aspis

As might be expected, characters of the aspides themselves are not of much value in pollen identification, but they are easily recognized and many three-pored, aspidate grains are broadly categorized as "betuloid" in studies of airborne pollen.

1974, Eugene Cecil Ogden, Manual for Sampling Airborne Pollen, →ISBN, page 128:

(palynology) A prominent ring of thickened exine around a pore on a pollen grain


indoleacetic acid

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) an auxin plant hormone, synthesized in leaves, that stimulates growth, especially in the presence of ethylene


transacetylase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of an acetyl group from one molecule to another. It is produced by the ‘a’ structural gene of the lac operon.


coenzyme A

adenosine triphosphate
adenosine triphosphate

(biochemistry) A coenzyme, formed from pantothenic acid and adenosine triphosphate, that is necessary for fatty acid synthesis and metabolism.


coenzyme

(biochemistry) Any small molecule that is necessary for the functioning of an enzyme.


pantothenic acid

(biochemistry) A water-soluble antioxidant vitamin, 3-[(2R)-2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido]propanoic acid needed for the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins; it is found in cereals, legumes, meat and other foods


adenosine triphosphate

(biochemistry) A nucleotide that is used as a source of energy in cellular reactions, in the synthesis of nucleic acids, and as a neurotransmitter recognized by purinergic receptors.


transaminase

(biochemistry) Any of a group of enzymes that catalyze transamination.

轉氨酶 /转氨酶

biochemistry: any of a group of enzymes that catalyze transamination


transamination

transamination (countable and uncountable, plural transaminations)

(biochemistry) the transfer of an amino group from an amino acid to another molecule


loop

From Middle English loupe (“noose, loop”), earlier lowp-knot (“loop-knot”), of North Germanic origin, from Old Norse hlaup (“a run”), used in the sense of a "running knot", from hlaupa (“to leap”), ultimately from Proto-Germanic *hlaupaną (“to leap, run”). Compare Swedish löp-knut (“loop-knot”), Danish løb-knude (“a running knot”), Danish løb (“a course”). More at leap. The verb is derived from the noun.

der

(biochemistry) A flexible region in a protein's secondary structure.


transcribe

en-verb

transcribe (third-person singular simple present transcribes, present participle transcribing, simple past and past participle transcribed)

transcribes (present singular third-person)
transcribing (participle present)
transcribed (participle past)
transcribed (past)

Learned borrowing from Latin trānscrībere (“to write again in another place, transcribe, copy”).

lbor

(biochemistry) To cause DNA to undergo transcription.

transkriboida

biology: to cause to undergo transcription


transcriptase

(biochemistry) A polymerase that catalyzes the transcription of DNA to RNA.


reverse transcriptase

en-noun

reverse transcriptase (plural reverse transcriptases)

(biochemistry) A polymerase that catalyzes the formation of DNA from an RNA template.


polymerase

(biochemistry) Any of various enzymes that catalyze the formation of polymers of DNA or RNA using an existing strand of RNA or DNA respectively as a template.

聚合酶

enzyme that catalyses the formation of polymers


messenger RNA

In the past, RNA did not get this kind of respect. The central dogma of biology has been that DNA makes messenger RNA, messenger RNA makes proteins, and proteins do everything else that needs to be done in a living cell.

2006 June 20, Nicholas Wade, “DNA or RNA? Versatile Player Takes a Leading Role in Molecular Research”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(biochemistry) RNA that encodes and carries information from DNA during transcription to sites of protein synthesis to undergo translation in order to yield a protein.


bacterial

[bækˈtɪəɹiəɫ]

[The researchers] noticed many of their pieces of [plastic marine] debris sported surface pits around two microns across. Such pits are about the size of a bacterial cell. Closer examination showed that some of these pits did, indeed, contain bacteria, […].

2013 July 20, “Welcome to the plastisphere”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8845:

(microbiology) Of, relating to, or caused by bacteria.


bacterio-

bacter- (alternative)
bacteri- (alternative)


bacteriology

bacteriology (usually uncountable, plural bacteriologies)

/bækˌtɪəɹ.ɪˈɒləd͡ʒi/

(biology, microbiology) The scientific study of bacteria, especially in relation to disease and agriculture.


transferase

(biochemistry) Any of various enzymes that catalyze the transfer of a functional group, such as amine or phosphate from one molecule to another.

transferasa

enzyme which catalyses the transfer of a functional group


transferrin

transferrin (countable and uncountable, plural transferrins)

Coordinate term: ferritin (key protein of intracellular iron storage)

(biochemistry) A glycoprotein, a beta globulin, in blood serum that combines with and transports iron.


transhydrogenase

(biochemistry) A mitochondrial enzyme that transports protons across a cell membrane.


DA

DA (countable and uncountable, plural DAs or DA's)


translocate

en-verb

translocate (third-person singular simple present translocates, present participle translocating, simple past and past participle translocated)

translocates (present singular third-person)
translocating (participle present)
translocated (participle past)
translocated (past)

(biochemistry, transitive) To cause to undergo translocation, usually a transition through a membrane.


transposase

en-noun

transposase (countable and uncountable, plural transposases)

(biochemistry) An enzyme required for the transposition of transposons


compartment

First attested 1564, from Middle French compartiment, from Italian compartimento, from Late Latin compartiri (“to divide with, to share with”), from com- + partiri (“to apportion, to divide, to share”).

der

(biochemistry) The part of a protein that serves a specific function.


nicotinic acid

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) pyridine-3-carboxylic acid; together with nicotinamide is a part of the vitamin B complex

E375 when used as a colour retention agent


folic acid

From Latin folium (“leaf”), from its occurrence in leafy vegetables.

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) A polycyclic heterocyclic carboxylic acid, one of the vitamin B complex, essential for cell growth and reproduction

azido foliko

vitamin B9, a polycyclic heterocyclic carboxylic acid

folate

coordinate as a base versus an acid, but synonymous in the practical sense that the conjugate base and conjugate acid coexist in solution


folate

From folic acid + -ate (“salt or ester”).

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) A salt or ester of folic acid, especially one present in the vitamin B complex.


essential fatty acid

en-noun

essential fatty acid (plural essential fatty acids)

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) any fatty acid required for human metabolism that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be present in the diet; originally designated as vitamin F


nanodomain

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-nanodomain.wav

(biochemistry) In reference calcium signalling, is where the calcium-binding proteins (or "sensors") are located within a few nanometers of an open calcium channel.


virid

PIE word
 *wisós
Either:
* from virus + -id (suffix meaning ‘of or pertaining to’ forming adjectives and nouns); or
* from translingual viridae (“grouping of viruses”) + English -id; viridae is derived from Latin virus (“poison; venom; (New Latin) virus (infectious organism)”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *wisós (“poison; slime”)) + translingual -idae (suffix forming names of families of animals).

cog

(virology, chiefly in the plural) Any of a group of related viruses.


blot

→ Polish: blotka

From Middle English blot (“blot, spot, stain, blemish”). Perhaps from Old Norse *blettr (“blot, stain”) (only attested in documents from after Old Norse transitioned to Icelandic blettur), or from Old French bloche (“clod of earth”).

inh

(biochemistry) A method of transferring proteins, DNA or RNA, onto a carrier.


CTR

Intriguingly, the rat C1b isoform of the calcitonin receptor (CTR) (see Section VI-B) has very little interaction with the thyroidally derived form of calcitonin.

1997, Louis V. Avioli, Metabolic Bone Disease and Clinically Related Disorders, page 98:

Once more significant differences were observed for CTR w/o LIF. (E)- Protein levels for Hexokinase I and II, GAPDH and PKM1/2 were determined by western Blot and quantified by densiometric evaluation.

2015 July 6, “Dichloroacetate, the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex and the Modulation of mESC Pluripotency”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

calcitonin receptor
w:calcitonin receptor

(biochemistry) Abbreviation of calcitonin receptor.


HD

en-noun

HD (countable and uncountable, plural HDs)

(biochemistry) Initialism of homeodomain.


nitrogenase

(biochemistry) Any enzyme, especially in nitrogen-fixing bacteria, that catalyzes the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia.


phenol red

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) A pH indicator and red dye used to test kidney function.


pyruvic acid

From New Latin acidum pyruvicum, from Ancient Greek πῦρ (pûr, “fire”) + ūva (“grape”) + -icum (neuter singular of -icus), from its being produced by the dry distillation of racemic acid, originally derived from grapes.

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) A yellowish organic keto acid, 2-oxopropanoic acid, which occurs as an intermediate in many metabolic processes, especially glycolysis.


pyruvate

From pyruvic acid + -ate (“salt or ester”).

On the other hand, it can be observed that, with small exceptions, the S. pneumonia strains are the only Streptococci equipped with homospermidine biosynthesis and pyruvate oxidation pathways, which have been found to be involved in pathogenicity mechanisms [50 ] and in the counteraction of oxidative stress [51 ].

2015 September 15, “Assessing the Metabolic Diversity of Streptococcus from a Protein Domain Point of View”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Any salt or ester of pyruvic acid.

焦性葡萄酸塩

しょうせいぶどうさんえん


retinoic acid

(organic chemistry, pharmacology, biochemistry) A derivative of vitamin A, used in the treatment of acne; it is essential for bone and tissue development.


ribonucleic acid

ribonucleic acid (countable and uncountable, plural ribonucleic acids)

ribonucleic acids (plural)
RNA (abbreviation)

(biochemistry) A derivative of DNA having ribose in place of deoxyribose, and uracil in place of thymine; its primary function is in the transcription of genetic material and subsequent synthesis of protein.

àcid ribonucleic

derivative of DNA, used in the transcription of genetic material


deoxyribose

deoxyribose (countable and uncountable, plural deoxyriboses)

deoxyriboses (plural)
desoxyribose (alternative)

deoxyribonucleic acid
deoxyribonucleic acid

(biochemistry) A derivative of the pentose sugar ribose in which the 2' hydroxyl (-OH) is reduced to a hydrogen (H); it is a constituent of the nucleotides that constitute the biopolymer, deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA.


monotreme

Nomotreme fern and moss spores are monotreme.

1952, G. Erdtman, Pollen Morphology and Plant Taxonomy, published 1986, →ISBN, page 548:

(palynology, of a pollen grain) Having a single trema, or aperture.


surfactant

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-surfactant.wav

It is conceivable that impairment of surfactant proteins is due to rheological and immunodefensive disorders of testis and epididymis or prostate.

2015 November 25, “Expression and Localization of Lung Surfactant Proteins in Human Testis”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) A lipoprotein in the tissues of the lung that reduces surface tension and permits more efficient gas transport.

surfaktantti

lipoprotein that facilitates gas transport in the lungs

肺表面活性物質

はいひょうめんかっせいぶっしつ


Ad

(virology) adenovirus; Abbreviation of Adenoviridae.


Ala

(biochemistry) IUPAC 3-letter symbol for alanine


Asp

(biochemistry) IUPAC 3-letter abbreviation of aspartic acid


B

(biochemistry) As an IUPAC code for amino acids, aspartic acid or asparagine.


C

* (element symbol, carbon): abbreviation
* (metrology, coulomb): abbreviation
* (computing, hexadecimal 12): From its position as the twelfth element of the series {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F}

(biochemistry) IUPAC 1-letter abbreviation for cysteine


Chitin

de-noun

Chitin n (strong, genitive Chitins, no plural)

Chitins (genitive)
Chitin (nominative singular)
Chitins (genitive singular)
Chitin (dative singular)
Chitin (accusative singular)


D

* (chemistry, deuterium): abbreviation of deuterium
* (computing, hexadecimal 13): From its position as the thirteenth element of the series {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F}
* (Germany): abbreviation of German word Deutschland (“Germany”)

(biochemistry) IUPAC one-letter abbreviation for aspartic acid.


E

From the Etruscan letter 𐌄 (e, “e”), from the Ancient Greek letter Ε (E, “epsilon”), derived from the Phoenician letter 𐤄 (h, “he”), from the Egyptian hieroglyph 𓀠.

(biochemistry) IUPAC 1-letter abbreviation for glutamic acid


F

From the Etruscan letter 𐌅 (v, “ve”), from the Ancient Greek letter Ϝ (W, “digamma”), derived from the Phoenician letter 𐤅 (w, “waw”), from the Egyptian hieroglyph 𓏲.

(biochemistry) IUPAC 1-letter abbreviation for phenylalanine.


F

Abbreviation.
# (Stenoscript) Abbreviation of full, fully.
# (Stenoscript) suffixes -full, -fully.

ng

<i class="Latn mention" lang="en">fully</i>.

fertility factor
w:fertility factor (bacteria)

(bacteriology) Abbreviation of fertility factor.


G

From a modification of the Latin letter C (“ce”), from the Etruscan letter 𐌂 (c, “ce”), from the Ancient Greek letter Γ (G, “gamma”), derived from the Phoenician letter 𐤂 (g, “giml”), from the Egyptian hieroglyph 𓌙.

(biochemistry) glycine, a natural amino acid.

(biochemistry) Any of the nucleotides guanodine, nucleoside guanosine, or nucleobase guanine, which are components of DNA.


H

From the Etruscan letter 𐌇 (h, he), from the Ancient Greek letter Η (Ē, eta), derived from the Phoenician letter 𐤇 (ḥ, het), from the Egyptian hieroglyph 𓈈 or maybe 𓉗.

(biochemistry) IUPAC 1-letter abbreviation for histidine


His

(biochemistry) IUPAC 3-letter abbreviation of histidine


I

From the Etruscan letter 𐌉 (i), from the Ancient Greek letter Ι (I, iota), derived from the Phoenician letter 𐤉 (y, yod), from the Egyptian hieroglyph 𓂝.

Ⅰ (alternative)
i (alternative)
ⅰ (alternative)
I. (alternative)

(biochemistry) IUPAC 1-letter abbreviation for isoleucine


Ile

(biochemistry) IUPAC 3-letter abbreviation of isoleucine


K

From the Etruscan letter 𐌊 (k, “ka”), from the Ancient Greek letter Κ (K, “kappa”), derived from the Phoenician letter 𐤊 (k, “kap”), from the Egyptian hieroglyph 𓂧.

(biochemistry) IUPAC 1-letter abbreviation for lysine.


L

From the Etruscan letter 𐌋 (l, “el”), from the Ancient Greek letter Λ (L, “lambda”), derived from the Phoenician letter 𐤋 (l, “lamed”), from the Egyptian hieroglyph 𓌅.

(biochemistry, IUPAC 1-letter abbreviation) leucine


Leu

(biochemistry) IUPAC 3-letter abbreviation of leucine


Lys

(biochemistry) IUPAC 3-letter abbreviation of lysine


M

(biochemistry) Abbreviation of methionine, as established by IUPAC.


Met

(biochemistry) IUPAC 3-letter abbreviation of methionine


N

From the Etruscan letter 𐌍 (n, en), from the Ancient Greek letter Ν (N, nu), derived from the Phoenician letter 𐤍 (n, nun), possibly from the Egyptian hieroglyph 𓆓.

(biochemistry) IUPAC 1-letter abbreviation for aspargine


P

From the Etruscan letter 𐌐 (p, “pe”), from the Ancient Greek letter Π (P, “pi”), derived from the Phoenician letter 𐤐 (p, “pe”), from the Egyptian hieroglyph 𓂋.

(biochemistry) IUPAC 1-letter abbreviation for proline


PK

en-noun

PK (countable and uncountable, plural PKs)

(biochemistry) Initialism of protein kinase.


Pro

(biochemistry) IUPAC 3-letter Abbreviation of proline.


Protein

de-noun

Protein n (strong, genitive Proteins, plural Proteine)

Proteins (genitive)
Proteine (plural)
Protein (nominative singular)
Proteine (definite nominative plural)
Proteins (genitive singular)
Proteine (definite genitive plural)
Protein (dative singular)
Proteinen (dative definite plural)
Protein (accusative singular)
Proteine (accusative definite plural)

Suggested by Berzelius in a letter to Mulder, from Ancient Greek πρωτεῖος (prōteîos, “primary”), from πρῶτος (prôtos, “first”), with a suffix derived from Latin -īnus.

der

Proteine sind ein lebensnotwendiger Bestandteil aller Zellen.

Proteins are a vital component of all cells.

Gerardus Johannes Mulder
Jöns Jacob Berzelius


Q

English: max Q

Ancient Greek language
Egyptian language
Etruscan language
Phoenician language
Q

From the Etruscan letter 𐌒 (q, “cu”), from the Ancient Greek letter Ϙ (Q, “qoppa”), derived from the Phoenician letter 𐤒 (q, “qop”), from the Egyptian hieroglyph 𓃻.

(biochemistry) IUPAC 1-letter abbreviation for glutamine.


R

From the Etruscan letter 𐌓 (r, “er”), from the Ancient Greek letter Ρ (R, “rho”), derived from the Phoenician letter 𐤓 (r, “reš”), from the Egyptian hieroglyph 𓁶.

(biochemistry) IUPAC 1-letter abbreviation for arginine.


Rho

(biochemistry) Any of a family of GTP-binding proteins


S

From the Etruscan letter 𐌔 (s, “es”), from the Ancient Greek letter Σ (S, “sigma”), derived from the Phoenician letter 𐤔 (š, “šin”), from the Egyptian hieroglyph 𓌒.

(biochemistry) IUPAC 1-letter abbreviation for serine


Ser

(biochemistry) IUPAC 3-letter abbreviation of serine


T

From the Etruscan letter 𐌕 (t, “te”), from the Ancient Greek letter Τ (T, “tau”), derived from the Phoenician letter 𐤕 (t, “taw”), from the Egyptian hieroglyph 𓏴.

(biochemistry) IUPAC 1-letter abbreviation for threonine


V

From the Etruscan letter 𐌖 (u, “u”), from the Ancient Greek letter Υ (U, “ypsilon”), derived from the Phoenician letter 𐤅 (w, “waw”), from the Egyptian hieroglyph 𓏲. Doublet of Y and U.

(biochemistry) IUPAC 1-letter abbreviation for valine


Val

(biochemistry) IUPAC 3-letter abbreviation of valine


W

From a modification of the Latin letter V (“ve”), from the Etruscan letter 𐌖 (u, “u”), from the Ancient Greek letter Υ (U, “ypsilon”), derived from the Phoenician letter 𐤅 (w, “waw”), from the Egyptian hieroglyph 𓏲.
Its use as a symbol for tungsten is based on German Wolfram.

UU (alternative)
Uu (alternative)
VV (alternative)
Vv (alternative)

(biochemistry) IUPAC 1-letter abbreviation for tryptophan.


Y

A late borrowing from the Ancient Greek letter Υ (U, “ypsilon”), first used to write Greek loanwords in Latin, derived from the Phoenician letter 𐤅 (w, “waw”), from the Egyptian hieroglyph 𓏲. Doublet of U and V.

(biochemistry) IUPAC 1-letter abbreviation for tyrosine


Z

From the Etruscan letter 𐌆 (z, “ze”), from the Ancient Greek letter Ζ (Z, “zeta”), derived from the Phoenician letter 𐤆 (z, “zayin”), from the Egyptian hieroglyph 𓏭.

(biochemistry) IUPAC 1-letter abbreviation for either glutamine or glutamic acid


protista

Borrowed from New Latin Protista, from Ancient Greek πρώτιστος (prṓtistos), corresponding to proto- + -ista.


MAC

en-noun

MAC (countable and uncountable, plural MACs)

Mycobacterium avium complex
w:Mycobacterium avium complex

(microbiology) Initialism of Mycobacterium avium complex.


mediator

mediator (nominative singular)
mediatory (nominative plural)
mediatora (genitive singular)
mediatorów (genitive plural)
mediatorowi (dative singular)
mediatorom (dative plural)
mediator (accusative singular)
mediatory (accusative plural)
mediatorem (instrumental singular)
mediatorami (instrumental plural)
mediatorze (locative singular)
mediatorach (locative plural)
mediatorze (singular vocative)
mediatory (plural vocative)

(biochemistry, neuroscience) mediator (chemical substance transmitting information to a targeted cell)


antidiuretic hormone

antidiuretic hormone (plural antidiuretic hormones)

(biochemistry) a hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland


urea

urea (countable and uncountable, plural ureas)

From New Latin, from French urée, from Ancient Greek οὖρον (oûron, “urine”).

(organic chemistry, biochemistry, uncountable) A water-soluble organic compound, CO(NH₂)₂, formed by the metabolism of proteins and excreted in the urine.


ER

ER (countable and uncountable, plural ERs)

(biochemistry) Initialism of estrogen receptor.


RE

RE (countable and uncountable, plural REs)

response element
response element#English

(biochemistry, genetics) Initialism of response element.


invertase

invertase (usually uncountable, plural invertases)

The costs incurred for the processing of sucrose with invertase could be considerably reduced with the introduction of immobilised invertases, by adopting technology similar to that developed for glucose isomerase.

1995, L. F. J. Woods, S. J. Swinton, “8: Enzymes in the starch and sugar industries”, in Gregory A. Tucker, L.F.J. Woods, editors, Enzymes in Food Processing, page 257:

The disaccharide sucrose and the trisaccharide raffinose are both substrates of invertase. Invertase is encoded by the SUC genes from which six unlinked loci have been identified (SUC1-SUC5, SUC7), which are dipersed through the yeast genome (Lampen, 1968; Ouwehand and van Wijk, 1972; Ottolenghi, 1971).

1997, Karl-Dieter Entian, Hans-Joachim Schüller, “Chapter 13: Genetics of Di- and Trisaccharide Utilization”, in Friedrich K. Zimmermann, Karl-Dieter Entian, editors, Yeast Sugar Metabolism, page 226:

Up-regulation of these invertases is a common response to infection (Hall and Williams, 2000).

2004, J. S. C. Clark, P. T. N. Spencer-Phillips, “The Compatible Interaction in Downy Mildew Infections”, in Peter Spencer-Phillips, Michael J. Jeger, editors, Advances in Downy Mildew Research, volume 2, page 18:

2013, Maria Kamiko Kadowaki, Rite de Cássia Garcia Simão, Jose Luís da Conceição Silva, Clarice Aoki Osaku, Luis Henrique Souza Guimarāes, 1: Biotechnical Advances in Fungal Invertases, Maria de Lourdes T. M. Polizeli, Mahendra Rai (editors), Fungal Enzymes, page 14,
The methods used for the immobilization of fungal invertases include adsorption, covalent binding, cross-linking and entrapment (Uzun et al. 2011).
Nelson and Griffin (1916) reported that invertase was the first enzyme to be immobilized, and it was bound on charcoal and aluminium hydroxide. Subsequently, mant fungal invertases have been immobilized onto a variety of media […] .

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose into glucose and fructose (invert sugar), used by bees to produce honey and in the food industry to soften chocolate.


tartaric acid

tartaric acid (countable and uncountable, plural tartaric acids)

From Medieval Latin tartarum (“tartar”).

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) The aldaric acid, 2,3 dihydroxy-succinic acid, that occurs naturally in many plants, in wine and in tamarind; it is used as the salts cream of tartar and Rochelle salt.

àcid tartàric

the aldaric acid, 2,3 dihydroxy-succinic acid, that occurs naturally in many plants, in wine and in tamarind


Sepharose

Trade name, from Separation-Pharmacia-Agarose.

(biochemistry) A cross-linked polysaccharide bead-formed gel based on agarose.


cross-link

(biochemistry) A similar bond between strands of nucleic acid


electrophoresis

electrophoresis (countable and uncountable, plural electrophoreses)

(analytical chemistry, biochemistry) The separation and analysis of large molecules (such as proteins) by migrating a colloidal solution of them through a gel; gel electrophoresis.

electroforesi

method for separation of large molecules


NCP

(biochemistry) Initialism of nucleosome core particle.


uric acid

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) a bicyclic heterocyclic phenolic compound, formed in the body by the metabolism of protein and excreted in the urine (or in faeces, as in birds and insects)


uridine

uridine (countable and uncountable, plural uridines)

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) A nucleoside formed from uracil and ribose.


UTP

uridine triphosphate
uridine triphosphate

(biochemistry) uridine triphosphate — a biomolecule.


residue

residue (countable and uncountable, plural residues)

From Middle English residue, from Old French residu, from Latin residuum, neuter of residuus (“remaining”), from resideō (“I remain behind”). Doublet of residuum.

(biochemistry) A molecule that is released from a polymer after bonds between neighbouring monomers are broken, such as an amino acid in a polypeptide chain.


TGIF

transforming growth interacting factor#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of transforming growth interacting factor.


ACTH

adrenocorticotropic hormone
adrenocorticotropic hormone#English

(endocrinology, biochemistry) Initialism of adrenocorticotropic hormone.


BP

BP (countable and uncountable, plural BPs)


VIP

VIP (countable and uncountable, plural VIPs)

vasoactive intestinal peptide
vasoactive intestinal peptide#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of vasoactive intestinal peptide.


urokinase

urokinase (countable and uncountable, plural urokinases)

deep vein thrombosis
deep vein thrombosis

(biochemistry) A protease, found in the urine, which converts plasminogen to plasmin, and is used in the treatment of deep vein thrombosis.


LHRH

luteinizing hormone
luteinizing hormone#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone.


HSV

HSV (countable and uncountable, plural HSVs)

BHV

bovine herpes virus or bovine herpesvirus

CeHV

cercopithecine herpes virus or cercopithecine herpesvirus

EHV

equine herpes virus or equine herpesvirus

FHV

feline herpes virus or feline herpesvirus

KSHV

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus or Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus

MaHV

macropodid herpes virus or macropodid herpesvirus

OsHV

oyster herpes virus or oyster herpesvirus

herpes simplex virus
herpes simplex virus#English

(virology) Initialism of herpes simplex virus.


HDL

high-density lipoprotein
high-density lipoprotein#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of high-density lipoprotein.


LDL

High saturated fat intake has been tied to increased levels of LDL, or “bad,” cholesterol, which raises the risk of heart disease.

2017 December 22, Sophie Egan, “Is It Better to Cook With Coconut Oil or Olive Oil?”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

In rare instances, however, high blood levels of the so-called bad cholesterol, LDL, result from a genetic defect called familial hypercholesterolemia (FH).

2018, American Heart Association, “Multi-gene Test Predicts Early Heart Disease Risk”, in Drug Discovery & Development:

low-density lipoprotein
low-density lipoprotein#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of low-density lipoprotein.


ACE

ACE (countable and uncountable, plural ACEs)

human recombinant soluble angiotensin-converting enzyme 2

angiotensin converting enzyme
angiotensin converting enzyme#English

(biochemistry, medicine) Initialism of angiotensin converting enzyme.


PPI

proton-pump inhibitor
w:proton-pump inhibitor

(biochemistry) Initialism of proton-pump inhibitor.

2010, Kodama and Hu, "An improved biomolecular flourescence complementation assay with a high signal-to-noise ratio", BioTechniques, vol 49, no 5, pg. 793.
in abstract This improved Venus-based BiFC system will facilitate PPI studies in various biological research fields.

protein–protein interaction
w:protein–protein interaction

(biochemistry) Initialism of protein–protein interaction.


DHT

DHT (countable and uncountable, plural DHTs)

(uncountable, biochemistry) Initialism of dihydrotestosterone.


PL

(biochemistry) Initialism of proximity labeling.


adaptive enzyme

adaptive enzyme (plural adaptive enzymes)

(biochemistry) An enzyme that is present in the cell only under conditions in which it is clear of adaptive value.


serotonin

serotonin (countable and uncountable, plural serotonins)

/ˌsɛɹəˈtəʊnɪn/

/ˌsɛɹəˈtoʊnɪn/

Notably, mouse lines targeting genes codifying for serotonin receptors, for enzymes involved in 5-HT synthesis as Tph1 and Tph2, in its metabolism as monoaminoxidase A (MAOA) or in its re-uptake as serotonin transporter (SERT), have been generated.

2015 August 21, “Generation of a Tph2 Conditional Knockout Mouse Line for Time- and Tissue-Specific Depletion of Brain Serotonin”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

The class of antidepressants most commonly associated with sexual dysfunction is selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or SSRIs, which treat depression by ultimately increasing levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin in the brain.

2024 March 21, Kristen Rogers, “If antidepressants are killing your sex life, here’s what you can do”, in CNN:

(biochemistry) An indoleamine neurotransmitter, 5-hydroxytryptamine, that is involved in depression, appetite, etc., and is crucial in maintaining a sense of well-being, security, etc.


serotonin

sh-noun

serotònīn m (Cyrillic spelling серото̀нӣн)

serotònīn (canonical masculine)
серото̀нӣн (Cyrillic)
serotònīn (nominative singular)
serotonína (genitive singular)
serotoninu (dative singular)
serotonin (accusative singular)
serotonine (singular vocative)
serotoninu (locative singular)
serotoninom (instrumental singular)


neurotransmitter

Together with this is the influence of an infinite number of neurotransmitters, neurohormones, environmental hazards, and accidental programmings.

2016, David R. Hawkins, The Eye of the I: From Which Nothing is Hidden, page 142:

(biochemistry, neuroscience) Any substance, such as acetylcholine or dopamine, responsible for sending nerve signals across a synapse between two neurons.

نَاقِل عَصَبِيّ

substance responsible for sending nerve signals across a synapse between two neurons

神経伝達物質

しんけいでんたつぶっしつ

нейромедіа́тор m (nejromediátor, literally “neuromediator”)


EPS

extracellular polymeric substance
w:extracellular polymeric substance

(microbiology) Initialism of extracellular polymeric substance high-molecular weight compounds secreted by microorganisms


SIR

en-noun

SIR (countable and uncountable, plural SIRs)

(biochemistry, genetics) Abbreviation of silent information regulator.


PNA

peptide nucleic acid
peptide nucleic acid#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of peptide nucleic acid.


ATP

ATP (countable and uncountable, plural ATPs)

adenosine triphosphate
adenosine triphosphate#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of adenosine triphosphate.


ATP

adenosín trifosfato
adenosín trifosfato#Galician

(biochemistry) Initialism of adenosín trifosfato (“ATP”).


DOM

(biochemistry) Initialism of dissolved organic matter.


agonistic

en-adj

agonistic (comparative more agonistic, superlative most agonistic)

more agonistic (comparative)
most agonistic (superlative)

From Ancient Greek ἀγωνιστικός (agōnistikós).

(pharmacology, biochemistry) Pertaining to an agonist.


dihydrotestosterone

en-noun

dihydrotestosterone (countable and uncountable, plural dihydrotestosterones)

By surface analysis, di- + hydro- + testosterone.

surf

However, high levels of the nonaromatizable androgen dihydrotestosterone and of sex-hormone binding globulin that inhibit fat accumulation in the abdomen might also contribute to reducing the waist.

2015 August 17, Ricardo Mondragón-Ceballos et al., “Waist-to-Hip Ratio, but Not Body Mass Index, Is Associated with Testosterone and Estradiol Concentrations in Young Women”, in International Journal of Endocrinology, volume 2015, →DOI:

(biochemistry) An androgenic metabolite of testosterone; used to treat certain breast cancers.


testosterone

en-noun

testosterone (countable and uncountable, plural testosterones)

From test(is) + -o- + -sterone (“steroid hormone”).

af

Mammalian testes contain almost no testosterone because it is sent out into the body as quickly as it is made.

2019, Bill Bryson, The Body: A Guide for Occupants, Black Swan (2020), page 168:

(biochemistry, steroids) A steroid hormone that stimulates development of male secondary sexual characteristics, produced mainly in the testes, but also in the ovaries and adrenal cortex.


heparin

en-noun

heparin (countable and uncountable, plural heparins)

(biochemistry, pharmacology) A compound occurring in the liver and other tissues which inhibits blood coagulation. A sulfur-containing polysaccharide, it is used as an anticoagulant in the treatment of thrombosis.


AAS

AAS (countable and uncountable, plural AASs)

(biochemistry) Initialism of anabolic–androgenic steroid.


MAO

monoamine oxidase
monoamine oxidase#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of monoamine oxidase.


MAO

monoamine oxydase
monoamine oxydase#French

(biochemistry) initialism of monoamine oxydase; monoamine oxidase


trypsin

trypsin (countable and uncountable, plural trypsins)

From Ancient Greek τρῖψις (trîpsis, “rubbing”) + -in, since the substance was first found on rubbing down the pancreas with glycerine.

af

(biochemistry) A digestive enzyme that cleaves peptide bonds (a serine protease)


HGV

(rare, pathology, virology) Abbreviation of hepatitis G virus.


noggin

Uncertain. First use appears c. 1588. Appears in publications in the 1600s (e.g. in The Tincker of Turvey) in several forms including the still-current Irish English form naggin, the rare older Irish, Scottish and Northern English form noggan, used by Jonathan Swift, and the Wexford form nuggeen. Tomás S. Ó Máille and some older dictionaries like Skeat's derive it from Irish naigín, cnaigín, from cnagaire, cnag, but the Oxford English Dictionary argues that Irish naigín and Scottish Gaelic noigean instead derive from English. Compare nog.

(biochemistry) A signalling molecule involved in embryo development, producing large heads at high concentrations.


competitive

en-adj

competitive (comparative more competitive, superlative most competitive)

more competitive (comparative)
most competitive (superlative)

From Latin competītus (past participle of competere) + -ive.

competitive antagonist

(biochemistry) Relating to the inhibition of the effects of a chemical substance by another substance competing with it for binding or bonding.


IF

en-noun

IF (countable and uncountable, plural IFs)

intermediate filament
intermediate filament#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of intermediate filament.


EB

EB (countable and uncountable, plural EBs)

Epstein-Barr virus
Epstein-Barr virus#English

(virology) Initialism of Epstein-Barr virus.


PKC

protein kinase C
protein kinase C#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of protein kinase C.


zymase

(biochemistry) Any of a group of enzymes that catalyze the fermentation of simple carbohydrates to ethanol and carbon dioxide.


cepa

(microbiology) strain (variant of a virus)


cepa

cepa de hongos

cepa de bacteria

En eso y en que tampoco parecen de momento muy alarmados los ciudadanos de una de las capitales financieras del mundo por la aparición en su país de una nueva cepa del coronavirus, con mayor poder de contagio.

2020 December 21, Ferran Bono, Guillermo Vega, Rafa Burgos, ““En Londres la gente pasa de llevar mascarilla en la calle y no parece muy preocupada por la nueva cepa””, in El País:

Besides this, the citizens of one of the world's largest financial capitals don't seem very concerned with the appearance of a new strain of the coronavirus in their country, one with greater contagious power.


IDE

IDE (countable and uncountable, plural IDEs)

(biochemistry, countable) Initialism of insulin-degrading enzyme.


rubisco

rubiscos (plural)
RuBisCO (alternative)
Rubisco (alternative)

Coined by David Eisenberg, from r(ib)u(lose) + bis(phosphate) + c(arboxylase) + o(xygenase).

To turn light into food takes several steps, but the key is an extremely inefficient enzyme called RuBisCO.

2022, Thomas Halliday, Otherworlds, Penguin, published 2023, page 29:

(biochemistry) A enzyme (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase) which catalyzes both the fixing of atmospheric carbon dioxide during photosynthesis and the reverse process of photorespiration.


isoleucine

isoleucine (countable and uncountable, plural isoleucines)

essential amino acid
essential amino acid

(biochemistry) An essential amino acid, C₆H₁₃NO₂, isomeric with leucine, found in most animal proteins.


leucine

leucine (countable and uncountable, plural leucines)

Derived from Ancient Greek λευκός (leukós, “white”) + -ine, equivalent to leuco- + -ine.

der+

Thus, leucine is already being seen as a pharmaconutrient of great relevance for the supplementary feeding of malnourished and frail elderly and for specific subpopulations.

2015 October 15, “Buffalo Cheese Whey Proteins, Identification of a 24 kDa Protein and Characterization of Their Hydrolysates: In Vitro Gastrointestinal Digestion”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(biochemistry) An essential amino acid, C₆H₁₃NO₂, isomeric with isoleucine, found in most animal proteins; it is essential for growth in children.


methionine

en-noun

methionine (countable and uncountable, plural methionines)

/mɪˈθʌɪəniːn/

/mɪˈθʌɪənɪn/

/mɛˈθaɪəˌniːn/

The purpose was to make soya beans more healthy for those for whom they are a staple food by correcting soya beans' natural deficiency in a chemical called methionine.

1999, Matt Ridley, Genome, Harper Perennial, published 2004, page 253:

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) A lipotropic, sulphur-containing essential amino acid, C₅H₁₁NO₂S, found in most protein.


lipotropic

en-adj

lipotropic (comparative more lipotropic, superlative most lipotropic)

more lipotropic (comparative)
most lipotropic (superlative)

(biochemistry) helping to metabolize lipids


phenylalanine

en-noun

phenylalanine (countable and uncountable, plural phenylalanines)

(biochemistry) An essential amino acid C₉H₁₁NO₂ found in most animal proteins; it is essential for growth; the inability to metabolize it leads to phenylketonuria; it is a constituent of aspartame.


dipeptide

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) An organic compound formed from two amino acids joined by a peptide bond.


polypeptide

(biochemistry) Any such polymer that is not folded into a secondary structure of a protein.

多肽

biochemistry: any such polymer that is not folded into a secondary structure of a protein

(biochemistry) A small protein containing up to 100 amino acids; see also oligopeptide.

多肽

biochemistry: a small protein containing up to 100 amino acids


actinomycin

actinomycin (countable and uncountable, plural actinomycins)

(biochemistry, pharmacology) Any of a class of toxic polypeptide antibiotics found in soil bacteria of genus Streptomyces.

اکتینومایسین

antibiotic found in bacteria of genus Streptomyces


threonine

threonine (countable and uncountable, plural threonines)

(biochemistry) An essential amino acid C₄H₉NO₃ found in most animal proteins.


alanine

alanine (countable and uncountable, plural alanines)

From aldehyde + -anine, in reference to aldehyde, with the infix -an- for ease of pronunciation, when the German chemist Adolph Strecker first synthesized alanine in 1850 by mixing acetaldehyde (then just known as aldehyde) with ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, and hydrochloric acid.

Potatoes can be a good source of alanine.

Furthermore, wedelolactone also increased the activities of superoxidase dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and decreased the level of the lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA) in the liver, therefore decreasing the activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT).

2015 July 14, “Wedelolactone Regulates Lipid Metabolism and Improves Hepatic Steatosis Partly by AMPK Activation and Up-Regulation of Expression of PPARα/LPL and LDLR”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

nonessential amino acid
nonessential amino acid

(biochemistry, uncountable) A nonessential amino acid 2-aminopropanoic acid found in most animal proteins


aspargine

aspargine (countable and uncountable, plural aspargines)

(biochemistry) Alternative form of asparagine.


cysteine

cysteine (countable and uncountable, plural cysteines)

(biochemistry) A sulphur-containing nonessential amino acid C₃H₇NO₂S found in most animal proteins; it readily oxidizes to cystine.

Cys when viewed as a monomer in proteins


glutamine

glutamine (countable and uncountable, plural glutamines)

(biochemistry) A nonessential amino acid C₅H₁₀N₂O₃ found in most animal and plant proteins.


glycine

glycine (countable and uncountable, plural glycines)

Ancient Greek γλυκύς (glukús, “sweet”) + -ine

(biochemistry) A nonessential amino acid, amino-acetic acid, C₂H₅NO₂ found in most proteins but especially in sugar cane; the simplest amino acid.


proline

proline (countable and uncountable, plural prolines)

(biochemistry) A nonessential amino acid C₅H₉NO₂ found in most animal proteins, especially collagen; its cyclic structure leads to kinks in the peptide chain of proteins.


peptide chain

(biochemistry) a chain of amino acids, linked by peptide bonds, that forms the 'backbone' of proteins


tyrosine

tyrosine (countable and uncountable, plural tyrosines)

From Ancient Greek τῡρός (tūrós, “cheese”) + -ine (since first discovered in cheese); surface analysis is approximately tyro- + -ine.

(biochemistry) A nonessential amino acid 2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid found in most animal proteins, especially casein


култура

head

култура (kultura) f (related adjective културни)

kultura (romanization)
културни (adjective)
култура (nominative singular)
култури (nominative plural)
култури (genitive singular)
културох (genitive plural)
култури (dative singular)
културом (dative plural)
културу (accusative singular)
култури (accusative plural)
културу (instrumental singular)
културами (instrumental plural)
култури (locative singular)
културох (locative plural)
културо (singular vocative)
култури (plural vocative)

Internationalism, ultimately from Latin cultūra. Cognate with Serbo-Croatian култура /kultura and Slovak kultúra.

(countable, microbiology) culture (the process of growing a bacterial or other biological entity in an artificial medium)


kultura

kultura (nominative singular)
kultury (nominative plural)
kultury (genitive singular)
kultur (genitive plural)
kultuře (dative singular)
kulturám (dative plural)
kulturu (accusative singular)
kultury (accusative plural)
kulturo (singular vocative)
kultury (plural vocative)
kultuře (locative singular)
kulturách (locative plural)
kulturou (instrumental singular)
kulturami (instrumental plural)

Derived from Latin cultūra (“cultivation; culture”), from cultus, perfect passive participle of colō (“till, cultivate, worship”) (related to colōnus and colōnia), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷel- (“to move; to turn (around)”).


kultura

pl-noun

kultura f (diminutive kulturka, related adjective kulturowy, abbreviation kult.)

kulturka (diminutive)
kulturowy (adjective)
kult. (abbreviation)
kultura (nominative singular)
kultury (nominative plural)
kultury (genitive singular)
kultur (genitive plural)
kulturze (dative singular)
kulturom (dative plural)
kulturę (accusative singular)
kultury (accusative plural)
kulturą (instrumental singular)
kulturami (instrumental plural)
kulturze (locative singular)
kulturach (locative plural)
kulturo (singular vocative)
kultury (plural vocative)

Kashubian: kùltura

Silesian: kultura

Internationalism; possibly borrowed from German Kultur or French culture, ultimately from Latin cultūra. First attested in 1732.

ref

Franciszek Gościecki (1732) Jadwiga Sokołowska, Kazimiera Żukowska, editors, Poeci polskiego Baroku (in Polish), volume 2, published 1965, POSELSTWO WIELKIE JAŚNIE WIELMOŻNEGO STANISŁAWA CHOMENTOWSKIEGO WOJEWODY MAZOWIECKIEGO OD NAJAŚNIEJSZEGO AUGUSTA II, KRÓLA POLSKIEGO, KSIĄŻĘCIA SASKIEGO..., page 461: “Większą pilność mają Grecy i cudzoziemcy, którzy tu mieszkają, Koło tego, albowiem jeden nad drugiego Przesadza się w kulturze wirydarza swego.”


tricolpate

The pollen grains are tricolpate to tricolporoidate.

Tricolpate pollen, the signature of eudicots, first appears ca. 110 million years ago.

(botany, palynology, of a pollen) Having three grooves, or colpi, on each grain.


arcus

Borrowed from Latin arcus. Doublet of arc and arco. Distantly related to arrow.

(palynology) An arc-shaped band of thickened sexine extending between two apertures on a pollen grain or spore


DNA polymerase

en-noun

DNA polymerase (countable and uncountable, plural DNA polymerases)

(biochemistry) An enzyme that assists DNA replication.


photoautotroph

From photo- (from the combining form φωτω- (phōtō-) of Ancient Greek φῶς (phôs, “light”)) + autotroph, from auto- (from Ancient Greek αὐτο- (auto-, “self-”)) + -troph (from Ancient Greek τροφή (trophḗ, “nourishment”)).

confix

from Ancient Greek <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">αὐτο-</i> (auto-, “self-”)

from Ancient Greek <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">τροφή</i> (trophḗ, “nourishment”)

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) an organism, such as all green plants, that can synthesize its own food from inorganic material using light as a source of energy


antivitamin

(biochemistry) Any compound that inhibits the metabolic action of a vitamin.

antywitamina

any compound that inhibits the metabolic action of a vitamin


antiparallel

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-antiparallel.wav

Upon interaction with ss- nucleic acid (NA) targets (deoxyribooligonucleotides (ODNs) or ribooligonucleotides), they form very stable anti-parallel and parallel duplexes [3 ], and the melting temperatures of the antiparallel duplexes are 10 to 15°C higher than those of the parallel duplexes.

2015 October 16, “Polyanionic Carboxyethyl Peptide Nucleic Acids ( ce -PNAs): Synthesis and DNA Binding”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(mathematics) (of vectors) Parallel but in opposite directions.

(biochemistry) Describing the orientations of the two strands of DNA.

secondary structure
secondary structure#English

(biochemistry) Describing two beta strands comprising a protein's secondary structure that are aligned and hydrogen bonded but where the vectors describing the amino- and carboxy-terminal ends of each strand are oriented 180° relative to one another.


chemotaxis

en-noun

chemotaxis (countable and uncountable, plural chemotaxes)

chemotaxes (plural)
chemiotaxis (alternative)

(biology, biochemistry) The movement of a cell or an organism in response to a chemical stimulant.

趨化性 /趋化性

the movement of a cell or an organism in response to a chemical stimulant


androgenous

en-adj

androgenous (comparative more androgenous, superlative most androgenous)

more androgenous (comparative)
most androgenous (superlative)

The Leydig cells play a primary role in synthesis of androgenous hormones in gonochoristic fish.

1983, B.J. Duchac et al., “Electron microscopical studies of gonads in primary and secondary males of protogynous hermaphroditic fish”, in Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, →DOI:

(biochemistry) Of, pertaining to, or producing androgens; androgenic


molecular biology

(biology, biochemistry) the branch of biology that studies the macromolecules of life, such as proteins, lipoproteins and nucleic acids


molecular biologist

en-noun

molecular biologist (plural molecular biologists)

(biochemistry, genetics) a scientist who specializes in molecular biology


amphipathic

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-amphipathic.wav

From amphi- + Ancient Greek παθικός (pathikós, “remaining passive in a sexual intercourse”), from Ancient Greek ἀμφί (amphí, “on both sides”).

der

(biochemistry) Of the surface(s) on a protein, particularly an alpha helix, where one surface of the alpha helix has hydrophilic amino acids and the opposite face has hydrophobic (or lipophilic) amino acids.

anfipático

of an alpha helix: having one surface with hydrophilic amino acids and the opposite surface with hydrophobic or lipophilic aminoacids


secondary structure

en-noun

secondary structure (countable and uncountable, plural secondary structures)

(biochemistry) The general three-dimensional structure of a biopolymer such as DNA or a protein.


biomolecule

Zinc oxide is biosafe and, therefore, there are no toxic effects for biomedical applications that immobilize and modify biomolecules (Kumar and Shen, 2008).

2011, Sam Zhang, Biological and Biomedical Coatings Handbook: Applications, page 343:

In the close vicinity of a chiral nanostructure, the circular dichroism of a biomolecule could be greatly enhanced, due to the interaction with the local superchiral fields.

2016, S. Hamed Shams Mousavi, Sajanlal R. Panikkanvalappil, Mostafa A. El-Sayed, Ali A. Eftekhar, Ali Adibi, “Large Enhancement of Circular Dichroism Using an Embossed Chiral Metamaterial”, in arXiv:

(biochemistry) Molecules, such as amino acids, sugars, nucleic acids, proteins, polysaccharides, DNA, and RNA, that occur naturally in living organisms; any such molecule, even if created outside a living thing (as for example in a test tube or bioreactor).


biopolymer

Coordinate term: biometal

There are three main classes of biopolymers: polynucleotides (such as RNA and DNA), polypeptides (such as collagen and actin), and polysaccharides (such as cellulose and starch).

Products based on durable biopolymers have begun appearing in the marketplace.

2007 March 21, Susan Moran, “The new bioplastics, more than just forks”, in The New York Times:

CJ Biomaterials was the first company in the world to produce amorphous PHA, it says, which is a softer, rubberier version of PHA that offers fundamentally different performance characteristics than crystalline or semi-crystalline forms of the biopolymer.

2023 June 29, Mike Edwards, “Collaboration leads to eco-friendly straw made with polyhydroxyalkanoate”, in CPECN:

(biochemistry) Any macromolecule of a living organism that is formed from the polymerization of smaller entities; a polymer that occurs in a living organism or results from life.


glycogen

glycogen (countable and uncountable, plural glycogens)

Specifically the liver converts glucose into glycogen — a more compact chemical. It is a little bit like shrink-wrapping food so you can pack more of it into your freezer.

2019, Bill Bryson, The Body: A Guide for Occupants, Black Swan (2020), page 175:

(biochemistry) A polysaccharide that is the main form of carbohydrate storage in animals; converted to glucose as needed.


nucleobase

(biochemistry) The base of a nucleic acid, such as thymine, uracil, adenine, cytosine and guanine.

含氮碱基 (hándàn jiǎnjī, literally “nitrogenous base”)